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• 1. [Article] The influence of contemporary forest harvesting on summer stream temperatures in headwater streams of Hinkle Creek, Oregon

  Stream temperature is a water quality parameter that directly influences the quality of aquatic habitat, particularly for cold-water species such as Pacific salmonids. Forest harvesting adjacent to a stream ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of contemporary forest harvesting on summer stream temperatures in headwater streams of Hinkle Creek, Oregon Author: Kibler, Kelly Maren Stream temperature is a water quality parameter that directly influences the quality of aquatic habitat, particularly for cold-water species such as Pacific salmonids. Forest harvesting adjacent to a stream can increase the amount of solar radiation the stream receives, which can elevate stream temperatures and impair aquatic habitat. Oregon Forest Practice Rules mandate that forest operators leave Riparian Management Areas (RMAs) adjacent to streams in order to minimize the water quality impacts from forest harvesting. However, RMAs that contain overstory merchantable conifers are not required for small non-fish-bearing streams in Oregon, thus there is potential for increases in stream temperature to occur in headwater streams after harvesting. There is concern that increases in stream temperatures and changes to onsite processes in non-fish-bearing, headwater streams may propagate downstream and impair habitat in fish-bearing streams. The objectives of the following work are to assess the effects of contemporary forest management practices on stream temperatures of small non-fish-bearing headwater streams and to develop new knowledge regarding the physical processes that control reach-level stream temperature patterns. Summer stream temperatures were measured for five years in six headwater streams in the Hinkle Creek basin in southern Oregon. After four years, four of the streams were harvested and vegetated RMAs were not left between the streams and harvest units. The watersheds of the two remaining streams were not disturbed. Post-harvest stream temperatures were monitored for one year in all six streams. Each harvested stream was paired with one unharvested stream and regression relationships for maximum, minimum and mean daily stream temperatures were developed. Changes to temperatures of harvested streams were detected by comparing the mean pre-harvest regression relationship to the mean post-harvest relationship. Change detection analyses that considered the mean response among all four harvested streams indicated that maximum daily stream temperatures did not increase after harvesting, but that minimum and mean daily temperatures decreased significantly after harvesting. Additionally, diel stream temperature fluctuations were significantly greater one year after harvesting. Pre- and post-harvest surveys of canopy closure in the harvested and unharvested streams were completed in order to compare levels of stream shading before and after harvest. The post-harvest survey quantified canopy closure from remaining overstory vegetation as well as from logging slash that partially covered the harvested streams. The surveys indicated that mean overstory canopy closure in the harvested streams decreased by 84% as a result of the harvest, but as the logging slash provided considerable cover, total canopy closure decreased by only 20%. It is possible that the logging slash effectively attenuated solar radiation and prevented extreme temperature increases in the harvested streams. However, it is likely that streamflow increased after harvesting and that the increased streamflow also prevented increases to maximum temperatures and contributed to lower minimum and mean stream temperatures. Title: The influence of contemporary forest harvesting on summer stream temperatures in headwater streams of Hinkle Creek, Oregon Author: Kibler, Kelly Maren Stream temperature is a water quality parameter that directly influences the quality of aquatic habitat, particularly for cold-water species such as Pacific salmonids. Forest harvesting adjacent to a stream can increase the amount of solar radiation the stream receives, which can elevate stream temperatures and impair aquatic habitat. Oregon Forest Practice Rules mandate that forest operators leave Riparian Management Areas (RMAs) adjacent to streams in order to minimize the water quality impacts from forest harvesting. However, RMAs that contain overstory merchantable conifers are not required for small non-fish-bearing streams in Oregon, thus there is potential for increases in stream temperature to occur in headwater streams after harvesting. There is concern that increases in stream temperatures and changes to onsite processes in non-fish-bearing, headwater streams may propagate downstream and impair habitat in fish-bearing streams. The objectives of the following work are to assess the effects of contemporary forest management practices on stream temperatures of small non-fish-bearing headwater streams and to develop new knowledge regarding the physical processes that control reach-level stream temperature patterns. Summer stream temperatures were measured for five years in six headwater streams in the Hinkle Creek basin in southern Oregon. After four years, four of the streams were harvested and vegetated RMAs were not left between the streams and harvest units. The watersheds of the two remaining streams were not disturbed. Post-harvest stream temperatures were monitored for one year in all six streams. Each harvested stream was paired with one unharvested stream and regression relationships for maximum, minimum and mean daily stream temperatures were developed. Changes to temperatures of harvested streams were detected by comparing the mean pre-harvest regression relationship to the mean post-harvest relationship. Change detection analyses that considered the mean response among all four harvested streams indicated that maximum daily stream temperatures did not increase after harvesting, but that minimum and mean daily temperatures decreased significantly after harvesting. Additionally, diel stream temperature fluctuations were significantly greater one year after harvesting. Pre- and post-harvest surveys of canopy closure in the harvested and unharvested streams were completed in order to compare levels of stream shading before and after harvest. The post-harvest survey quantified canopy closure from remaining overstory vegetation as well as from logging slash that partially covered the harvested streams. The surveys indicated that mean overstory canopy closure in the harvested streams decreased by 84% as a result of the harvest, but as the logging slash provided considerable cover, total canopy closure decreased by only 20%. It is possible that the logging slash effectively attenuated solar radiation and prevented extreme temperature increases in the harvested streams. However, it is likely that streamflow increased after harvesting and that the increased streamflow also prevented increases to maximum temperatures and contributed to lower minimum and mean stream temperatures. Close

• 2. [Article] Large woody debris and channel morphology of undisturbed streams in southeast Alaska

  The characteristics and interactions of the riparian stand, large woody debris (LWD), and channel morphology were examined on five undisturbed, low gradient streams in southeast Alaska. One first-, two ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Large woody debris and channel morphology of undisturbed streams in southeast Alaska Author: Robison, E. George The characteristics and interactions of the riparian stand, large woody debris (LWD), and channel morphology were examined on five undisturbed, low gradient streams in southeast Alaska. One first-, two second-, one third-, and one fourth-order streams were studied. Stream morphology variables were measured systematically at fixed intervals of three to ten feet depending on stream size: 50-foot intervals were used for riparian forest measurements. The percentage of alder comprising the riparian forest increased with stream size. The first- and second-order streams had alder comprising approximately 8% of the total basal area whereas, the fourth-order stream had 25 Likewise, the percentage of LWD pieces consisting of alder increased from 129 in the two smallest first and second-order streams to 319 in the fourth-order stream. These findings, along with inspection of air photos indicate a alternating 1'one sided" alder corridor exists along the largest stream. The proportion of large woody debris pieces with rootwads in the channel increased from 2 and 6% in the two smallest first- and second-order streams to 32° in the fourth-order stream indicating the largest stream has recruited LWD from bank cutting and/or lateral channel migration. LWD oriented perpendicular (900) to general stream flow was relatively frequent for all streams. No significant (alpha=0.05) linear relationship was found (r2<O.05) between piece length and orientation to flow. Channel morphology changed with stream size. For example, the length of stream with side channels and/or braided reaches increased from 1% in the first-order stream to 416 of stream length in the fourth-order stream. The overall percentage of pools averaged 579 and showed no changes with changes in stream size. However, the relative proportions of individual pool "morphological types" and "causal elements" did change with stream size. "Underf low pools" comprised less than 10% of the morphological types in the first-, second-, and third-order streams but increased to 17% in the fourth-order stream. Autocorrelations of the spatial distributions of stream morphological variables (i.e., depth and width) indicated that the streams are influenced by a wide variety of interacting factors and processes. Thus channel dimensions are characterized by high variability and an absence of "memory" or repeatable" components. A positive linear relationship (alpha<O.O1, r2=O.23) was found between LWD volume and the standard deviation of bankfull width. No such relationships were found for other stream morphological variables including thalweg depth, low-flow width, cross-sectional area, and width depth ratio, indicating other variables besides wood volume present are influencing variability in stream morphology, or that the effects of large woody debris upon channel morphology is not easily expressed by linear regression techniques. Autocorrelations and frequency histograms of an upstream forested section, with instream LWD, and a downstream meadow section with no LWD, noncohesive soils and tidal effects, show that the meadow section had greater "memory" and less diversity in "morphological types" and "pool causal elements." These results provide a quantitative assessment of several stream morphology variables for first- through fourth-order streams in southeast Alaska. Further research is needed to compare these results for undisturbed streams with streams influenced by management activities. Title: Large woody debris and channel morphology of undisturbed streams in southeast Alaska Author: Robison, E. George The characteristics and interactions of the riparian stand, large woody debris (LWD), and channel morphology were examined on five undisturbed, low gradient streams in southeast Alaska. One first-, two second-, one third-, and one fourth-order streams were studied. Stream morphology variables were measured systematically at fixed intervals of three to ten feet depending on stream size: 50-foot intervals were used for riparian forest measurements. The percentage of alder comprising the riparian forest increased with stream size. The first- and second-order streams had alder comprising approximately 8% of the total basal area whereas, the fourth-order stream had 25 Likewise, the percentage of LWD pieces consisting of alder increased from 129 in the two smallest first and second-order streams to 319 in the fourth-order stream. These findings, along with inspection of air photos indicate a alternating 1'one sided" alder corridor exists along the largest stream. The proportion of large woody debris pieces with rootwads in the channel increased from 2 and 6% in the two smallest first- and second-order streams to 32° in the fourth-order stream indicating the largest stream has recruited LWD from bank cutting and/or lateral channel migration. LWD oriented perpendicular (900) to general stream flow was relatively frequent for all streams. No significant (alpha=0.05) linear relationship was found (r2<O.05) between piece length and orientation to flow. Channel morphology changed with stream size. For example, the length of stream with side channels and/or braided reaches increased from 1% in the first-order stream to 416 of stream length in the fourth-order stream. The overall percentage of pools averaged 579 and showed no changes with changes in stream size. However, the relative proportions of individual pool "morphological types" and "causal elements" did change with stream size. "Underf low pools" comprised less than 10% of the morphological types in the first-, second-, and third-order streams but increased to 17% in the fourth-order stream. Autocorrelations of the spatial distributions of stream morphological variables (i.e., depth and width) indicated that the streams are influenced by a wide variety of interacting factors and processes. Thus channel dimensions are characterized by high variability and an absence of "memory" or repeatable" components. A positive linear relationship (alpha<O.O1, r2=O.23) was found between LWD volume and the standard deviation of bankfull width. No such relationships were found for other stream morphological variables including thalweg depth, low-flow width, cross-sectional area, and width depth ratio, indicating other variables besides wood volume present are influencing variability in stream morphology, or that the effects of large woody debris upon channel morphology is not easily expressed by linear regression techniques. Autocorrelations and frequency histograms of an upstream forested section, with instream LWD, and a downstream meadow section with no LWD, noncohesive soils and tidal effects, show that the meadow section had greater "memory" and less diversity in "morphological types" and "pool causal elements." These results provide a quantitative assessment of several stream morphology variables for first- through fourth-order streams in southeast Alaska. Further research is needed to compare these results for undisturbed streams with streams influenced by management activities. Close

• 3. [Article] Contributions of riparian vegetation and stream morphology to headwater stream temperature patterns in the Oregon Coast Range

  The role of riparian forests in maintaining temperatures of headwater streams is well established and is a foundation of forest practice rules designed to protect streamwater quality. However, detailed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Contributions of riparian vegetation and stream morphology to headwater stream temperature patterns in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Smith, Danielle D. The role of riparian forests in maintaining temperatures of headwater streams is well established and is a foundation of forest practice rules designed to protect streamwater quality. However, detailed investigation is still needed quantifying specific characteristics of stream systems that affect streamwater temperature including riparian features, stream morphology, and subsurface interactions. The objectives of this research were to investigate summertime streamwater temperature patterns and identify characteristics within headwater streams and riparian zones that influence stream temperature. This study was designed to evaluate these relationships prior to logging in 38 perennial headwater catchments of the Oregon Coast Range. Stream reaches of greater than 1000 m were instrumented with temperature probes and selected stream and riparian characteristics were measured at 60-m intervals within each study reach in 2002 and 2003. A subset of the streams was examined in 2003 to determine the potential influence of streamwater residence time on temperature patterns. Findings suggest that canopy cover is the driving factor controlling summer stream temperature in these small headwater streams, but other stream and riparian characteristics should not be discarded. Longitudinal stream temperature patterns were quite variable for these forested streams and results suggest a high degree of complexity in small headwater streams. Maximum 7-day moving average temperatures ranged from 11.4°C to 16.8°C, with three streams above the standard 16°C threshold. Effects of stream and riparian characteristics on stream temperature were strongest when average of the weekly high temperature was assessed, suggesting this may be a more sensitive index of stream temperature than the commonly used maximum 7-day moving average. Results of tracer dilution tests were inconclusive in that temperature was not consistently correlated to residence time in streams. Title: Contributions of riparian vegetation and stream morphology to headwater stream temperature patterns in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Smith, Danielle D. The role of riparian forests in maintaining temperatures of headwater streams is well established and is a foundation of forest practice rules designed to protect streamwater quality. However, detailed investigation is still needed quantifying specific characteristics of stream systems that affect streamwater temperature including riparian features, stream morphology, and subsurface interactions. The objectives of this research were to investigate summertime streamwater temperature patterns and identify characteristics within headwater streams and riparian zones that influence stream temperature. This study was designed to evaluate these relationships prior to logging in 38 perennial headwater catchments of the Oregon Coast Range. Stream reaches of greater than 1000 m were instrumented with temperature probes and selected stream and riparian characteristics were measured at 60-m intervals within each study reach in 2002 and 2003. A subset of the streams was examined in 2003 to determine the potential influence of streamwater residence time on temperature patterns. Findings suggest that canopy cover is the driving factor controlling summer stream temperature in these small headwater streams, but other stream and riparian characteristics should not be discarded. Longitudinal stream temperature patterns were quite variable for these forested streams and results suggest a high degree of complexity in small headwater streams. Maximum 7-day moving average temperatures ranged from 11.4°C to 16.8°C, with three streams above the standard 16°C threshold. Effects of stream and riparian characteristics on stream temperature were strongest when average of the weekly high temperature was assessed, suggesting this may be a more sensitive index of stream temperature than the commonly used maximum 7-day moving average. Results of tracer dilution tests were inconclusive in that temperature was not consistently correlated to residence time in streams. Close

• 4. [Article] Headwater stream macroinvertebrates of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon

  Recent studies of headwater streams have demonstrated their importance to overall watershed biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and energy flux. However, little attention has been paid to long-term effects ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Headwater stream macroinvertebrates of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Frady, Charles H. Recent studies of headwater streams have demonstrated their importance to overall watershed biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and energy flux. However, little attention has been paid to long-term effects of forest harvest on macroinvertebrate communities in headwater streams. This study investigated headwater stream macroinvertebrate communities in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon, U.S.A and used a paired-stream study design to examine the effect of prior forest harvest on stream macroinvertebrates. Concomitantly, this study examined how macroinvertebrate life-history traits were related to stream size, substrates, discharge, or water temperature. Results from this study suggest that neither richness nor densities differed between streams flowing through young growth versus old growth forests. Despite similarities among these metrics, multivariate ordination techniques helped elucidate differences in benthic community composition between paired streams when red alder was present in riparian zones of previously harvested basins. Indicator Species Analysis of community composition and abundance revealed that no taxa were exclusively indicative of either forest type. Macroinvertebrate life-history traits among headwater streams were related to stream size, stream substrates, or stream discharge. As predicted, macroinvertebrates that ingest leaf litter (shredders) decreased proportionally with increasing stream width, while macroinvertebrates that scrape off algae and biofilms from instream substrates (scrapers) increased with increasing stream width. Differences in macroinvertebrate habit-trait groups were related to differences in stream substrates or stream discharge between very small headwater streams (< 20ha basin area) and larger headwater streams (50-100ha basin size). Seasonal variation in stream discharge also influenced macroinvertebrate communities. Patterns in adult insect emergence in these streams displayed pulses of activity that varied among streams. During summer 2003, total emergence was greatest in one high elevation stream in this study. During spring 2004, total emergence began earlier in one low elevation and one mid elevation stream, but linkages with stream water temperature were tenuous; cumulative emergence remained higher in these streams than all others through early summer 2004. Though forest harvest often has immediate effects on macroinvertebrate communities, shifts in community composition may persist long-term if regrowth of riparian vegetation includes red alder (Alnus rubra). Analyses of macroinvertebrate life-history traits provided insight regarding species adaptations to environmental conditions. Among six headwater streams within a relatively small landscape (6400ha), proportions of stream macroinvertebrate communities with specific traits differed among streams relative to variability in physical stream attributes. Title: Headwater stream macroinvertebrates of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Frady, Charles H. Recent studies of headwater streams have demonstrated their importance to overall watershed biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and energy flux. However, little attention has been paid to long-term effects of forest harvest on macroinvertebrate communities in headwater streams. This study investigated headwater stream macroinvertebrate communities in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon, U.S.A and used a paired-stream study design to examine the effect of prior forest harvest on stream macroinvertebrates. Concomitantly, this study examined how macroinvertebrate life-history traits were related to stream size, substrates, discharge, or water temperature. Results from this study suggest that neither richness nor densities differed between streams flowing through young growth versus old growth forests. Despite similarities among these metrics, multivariate ordination techniques helped elucidate differences in benthic community composition between paired streams when red alder was present in riparian zones of previously harvested basins. Indicator Species Analysis of community composition and abundance revealed that no taxa were exclusively indicative of either forest type. Macroinvertebrate life-history traits among headwater streams were related to stream size, stream substrates, or stream discharge. As predicted, macroinvertebrates that ingest leaf litter (shredders) decreased proportionally with increasing stream width, while macroinvertebrates that scrape off algae and biofilms from instream substrates (scrapers) increased with increasing stream width. Differences in macroinvertebrate habit-trait groups were related to differences in stream substrates or stream discharge between very small headwater streams (< 20ha basin area) and larger headwater streams (50-100ha basin size). Seasonal variation in stream discharge also influenced macroinvertebrate communities. Patterns in adult insect emergence in these streams displayed pulses of activity that varied among streams. During summer 2003, total emergence was greatest in one high elevation stream in this study. During spring 2004, total emergence began earlier in one low elevation and one mid elevation stream, but linkages with stream water temperature were tenuous; cumulative emergence remained higher in these streams than all others through early summer 2004. Though forest harvest often has immediate effects on macroinvertebrate communities, shifts in community composition may persist long-term if regrowth of riparian vegetation includes red alder (Alnus rubra). Analyses of macroinvertebrate life-history traits provided insight regarding species adaptations to environmental conditions. Among six headwater streams within a relatively small landscape (6400ha), proportions of stream macroinvertebrate communities with specific traits differed among streams relative to variability in physical stream attributes. Close

• 5. [Article] Patterns and Impacts of Urban Stream Burial and the Potential for Stream Daylighting in Portland, Oregon

  Over the last 150 years, many urban areas have seen streams disappear underground into sewer systems and pipes. Stream burial, the rerouting of open channels to pipes and culverts, has a strong positive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns and Impacts of Urban Stream Burial and the Potential for Stream Daylighting in Portland, Oregon Author: Weil, Ella Year: 2017 Over the last 150 years, many urban areas have seen streams disappear underground into sewer systems and pipes. Stream burial, the rerouting of open channels to pipes and culverts, has a strong positive correlation with urban development. Patterns of development contributing to stream burial include the building of freeways, roads, sewer infrastructure, and residential housing. This study uses a combination of archival analysis, spatial analysis, and statistical methods to determine the patterns and impacts of stream burial in Portland, Oregon. Urban stream deserts have been identified in many metropolitan areas and can be defined as areas with dense urban development that have lost all hydrological connectivity. This study discusses the history of stream burial in Portland, delineates Portland's urban stream desert and identifies ecological impacts associated with stream burial. Spatial analysis shows the hotspots of stream deserts are concentrated in east Portland where both impervious areas and pipes are highly co-present. Water quality analysis is conducted by comparing five urban subwatersheds with varying degrees of burial and identifying the differences in water quality between upstream open channels and downstream buried reaches. While the ecological impacts of stream burial are not uniform, it can be argued that there is a relationship between stream burial and stream degradation. The results from the available data show significant differences between the upstream and downstream sites in three streams for several water quality parameters, and two streams that showed very little difference between upstream and downstream sites. The streams with the greatest variance in land use across the subwatershed had the most significant changes in water quality between the upstream and downstream sites. This study concludes by looking at stream daylighting as an option for both ecological restoration and social benefits. Recent efforts to design around existing nature and daylight streams in urban environments have contributed to improved water quality, increased biodiversity, community engagement, and reduced strain on aging sewer infrastructure. Title: Patterns and Impacts of Urban Stream Burial and the Potential for Stream Daylighting in Portland, Oregon Author: Weil, Ella Year: 2017 Over the last 150 years, many urban areas have seen streams disappear underground into sewer systems and pipes. Stream burial, the rerouting of open channels to pipes and culverts, has a strong positive correlation with urban development. Patterns of development contributing to stream burial include the building of freeways, roads, sewer infrastructure, and residential housing. This study uses a combination of archival analysis, spatial analysis, and statistical methods to determine the patterns and impacts of stream burial in Portland, Oregon. Urban stream deserts have been identified in many metropolitan areas and can be defined as areas with dense urban development that have lost all hydrological connectivity. This study discusses the history of stream burial in Portland, delineates Portland's urban stream desert and identifies ecological impacts associated with stream burial. Spatial analysis shows the hotspots of stream deserts are concentrated in east Portland where both impervious areas and pipes are highly co-present. Water quality analysis is conducted by comparing five urban subwatersheds with varying degrees of burial and identifying the differences in water quality between upstream open channels and downstream buried reaches. While the ecological impacts of stream burial are not uniform, it can be argued that there is a relationship between stream burial and stream degradation. The results from the available data show significant differences between the upstream and downstream sites in three streams for several water quality parameters, and two streams that showed very little difference between upstream and downstream sites. The streams with the greatest variance in land use across the subwatershed had the most significant changes in water quality between the upstream and downstream sites. This study concludes by looking at stream daylighting as an option for both ecological restoration and social benefits. Recent efforts to design around existing nature and daylight streams in urban environments have contributed to improved water quality, increased biodiversity, community engagement, and reduced strain on aging sewer infrastructure. Close

• 6. [Article] The thermal characteristics of hydrologically intact Type C and E streams in eastern Oregon

  Many streams in eastern Oregon are listed as water quality impaired on the basis of water temperature. However, it is often difficult to predict water temperature for these streams even if there are no ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The thermal characteristics of hydrologically intact Type C and E streams in eastern Oregon Author: Hopkins, Karl T. Many streams in eastern Oregon are listed as water quality impaired on the basis of water temperature. However, it is often difficult to predict water temperature for these streams even if there are no anthropogenic impacts. We measured air and water temperature and stream characteristics on three Type C and E channel streams to determine if stream type can help predict stream thermal characteristics. All six streams were hydrologically intact, assessed as Proper Functioning Condition (PFC), and were located in eastern and south central Oregon. Water and air temperatures and stream geomorphic data were taken during the summer months of 1998 and 1999. Average daily maximum and minimum water temperature and average daily maximum and minimum rates of change in water temperature following normalization of data with estimated water residence time were analyzed. There was more variation within stream type than across groups, which precluded separation of stream types based on thermal characteristics. Most streams regardless of type and year exhibited similar daily mean nighttime recoveries of approximately 0.53°C/hour cooling in the downstream direction following normalization by water residence time. All of the streams heated at least 1.0°C/hour during the day with some streams gaining 2.25°C/hour in the downstream direction following normalization by water residence time. Thermal variation among the streams was likely a result of the daily initial water temperature, the gradient between stream and thermal environment, and the varied physical character of each stream within type. Atmospheric temperature is probably the single most critical factor for characterizing stream temperature behavior during the periods of heating and cooling. Title: The thermal characteristics of hydrologically intact Type C and E streams in eastern Oregon Author: Hopkins, Karl T. Many streams in eastern Oregon are listed as water quality impaired on the basis of water temperature. However, it is often difficult to predict water temperature for these streams even if there are no anthropogenic impacts. We measured air and water temperature and stream characteristics on three Type C and E channel streams to determine if stream type can help predict stream thermal characteristics. All six streams were hydrologically intact, assessed as Proper Functioning Condition (PFC), and were located in eastern and south central Oregon. Water and air temperatures and stream geomorphic data were taken during the summer months of 1998 and 1999. Average daily maximum and minimum water temperature and average daily maximum and minimum rates of change in water temperature following normalization of data with estimated water residence time were analyzed. There was more variation within stream type than across groups, which precluded separation of stream types based on thermal characteristics. Most streams regardless of type and year exhibited similar daily mean nighttime recoveries of approximately 0.53°C/hour cooling in the downstream direction following normalization by water residence time. All of the streams heated at least 1.0°C/hour during the day with some streams gaining 2.25°C/hour in the downstream direction following normalization by water residence time. Thermal variation among the streams was likely a result of the daily initial water temperature, the gradient between stream and thermal environment, and the varied physical character of each stream within type. Atmospheric temperature is probably the single most critical factor for characterizing stream temperature behavior during the periods of heating and cooling. Close

• 7. [Article] Heat source : stream, river and open channel temperature prediction

  Reach defined analysis concentrated on the water temperature change that occurred in a stream/river segment over the course of one full diurnal cycle. Digital thermistors, data loggers and computer model ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heat source : stream, river and open channel temperature prediction Author: Boyd, Matthew S. Reach defined analysis concentrated on the water temperature change that occurred in a stream/river segment over the course of one full diurnal cycle. Digital thermistors, data loggers and computer model development were utilized in reach analysis to link parameters of the stream system to a specific temperature change. The methodology employed was relatively simple and fast, and many successive stream segments were analyzed simultaneously. Reach analysis of stream temperature change identified the existing components of the stream system that caused increased water temperature and predicted the effectiveness of managed improvements to the stream system. Stream and river temperature regulation has focused on system and basin wide management. Often, the source of increased water temperature originates in only a part of the stream system. Reach defined analysis identified the portions of the stream system in which most water temperature change occurred, offered an explanation for the temperature response and provided specific information about the alternate strategies that may ameliorate undesired water temperatures. The development of the computer model Heat Source included physically based mathematical descriptions of stream energy and hydrologic processes. An implicit finite difference numerical method was implemented for simultaneous solution. The methodology presented in Heat Source is portable and applicable to all streams, rivers and open channels. Title: Heat source : stream, river and open channel temperature prediction Author: Boyd, Matthew S. Reach defined analysis concentrated on the water temperature change that occurred in a stream/river segment over the course of one full diurnal cycle. Digital thermistors, data loggers and computer model development were utilized in reach analysis to link parameters of the stream system to a specific temperature change. The methodology employed was relatively simple and fast, and many successive stream segments were analyzed simultaneously. Reach analysis of stream temperature change identified the existing components of the stream system that caused increased water temperature and predicted the effectiveness of managed improvements to the stream system. Stream and river temperature regulation has focused on system and basin wide management. Often, the source of increased water temperature originates in only a part of the stream system. Reach defined analysis identified the portions of the stream system in which most water temperature change occurred, offered an explanation for the temperature response and provided specific information about the alternate strategies that may ameliorate undesired water temperatures. The development of the computer model Heat Source included physically based mathematical descriptions of stream energy and hydrologic processes. An implicit finite difference numerical method was implemented for simultaneous solution. The methodology presented in Heat Source is portable and applicable to all streams, rivers and open channels. Close

• 8. [Article] Processes that influence the downstream propagation of heat in streams below clearcut harvest units : Hinkle Creek paired watershed study

  This research investigates the direct and downstream impacts of clearcut harvest units on stream temperature as a part of the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study. The Hinkle Creek watershed is located ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Processes that influence the downstream propagation of heat in streams below clearcut harvest units : Hinkle Creek paired watershed study Author: Otis, Timothy Leonard This research investigates the direct and downstream impacts of clearcut harvest units on stream temperature as a part of the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study. The Hinkle Creek watershed is located in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains about 30 kilometers northeast of Roseburg, Oregon, is privately owned, and supports a 60-year old, harvest-regenerated, Douglas-fir forest. The study watershed contains four treatment and two control sub-watersheds within the larger treatment and control watersheds, respectively. The first harvest entry, which took place during the winter 2005–2006, consisted of five clearcut harvest units located adjacent to perennial, non-fish-bearing streams. One year each of calibration and post-harvest data are analyzed. The experimental design for the study was a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design. Maximum daily stream temperatures (MDST) were analyzed for the four treatment streams for one year before and one year after harvest. A multiple linear regression model was used to compare the 2005 data with the 2006 data for each stream. Stream temperature data from Myers Creek (temperature probe C04) was the control. The model for this analysis was: yt = μ +α + βx + ε where yt is the temperature of the stream on a day t, μ is the overall mean value of y, αi is the effect of year, xt is the corresponding temperature of the control stream on a day t, β is the coefficient estimated by regression, and εt is the error term. This method is an analysis of variance of values that are adjusted for regression with an independent variable, in this case the maximum daily temperatures of the control stream. The impact of timber harvest on MDST is small when compared to the spatial (between-stream) variation in MDST and this impact decreased downstream. At 300 meters, nominally, downstream of the harvest units the impact of timber harvest on MDST was not statistically significant for two streams and only moderately statistically significant for the other two streams. Stream velocity, discharge, and groundwater advection in the streams downstream of the harvest units were quantified using dye tracer dilution techniques. The One-dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS) model was used to quantify longitudinal dispersions, transient storage volumes, storage transfer rates, and hyporheic residence times in four 75 meter reaches in each of the four treatment streams. Stream velocities calculated with OTIS ranged from 0.24 to 0.40 m/sec for the four streams. Dispersions ranged from 0.18 and 0.84 m2/sec. The estimated crosssectional area of the ‘immobile’ zones of water storage divided by the stream cross-sectional area, As/A or the storage ratio, varied from near zero to 7.2. The residence times of water in hyporheic storage ranged from 2.3 hrs to 32 hrs. Water stored in a shaded reach of stream, in pools, and in hyporheic zones provides a volume of water that can be exchanged with the water in the active stream channel. This provides for physical mixing with cooler water and heat transfer to the stream bed. Latent heat, Sensible heat, Longwave Radiant heat and Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) were calculated for August 7-17, 2006 at the center of the 300 meter study reach in Russell Creek. The air temperature was lower than stream temperature during four of those nights and the stream cooled due to a net loss of longwave radiation and evaporative cooling. Title: Processes that influence the downstream propagation of heat in streams below clearcut harvest units : Hinkle Creek paired watershed study Author: Otis, Timothy Leonard This research investigates the direct and downstream impacts of clearcut harvest units on stream temperature as a part of the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study. The Hinkle Creek watershed is located in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains about 30 kilometers northeast of Roseburg, Oregon, is privately owned, and supports a 60-year old, harvest-regenerated, Douglas-fir forest. The study watershed contains four treatment and two control sub-watersheds within the larger treatment and control watersheds, respectively. The first harvest entry, which took place during the winter 2005–2006, consisted of five clearcut harvest units located adjacent to perennial, non-fish-bearing streams. One year each of calibration and post-harvest data are analyzed. The experimental design for the study was a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design. Maximum daily stream temperatures (MDST) were analyzed for the four treatment streams for one year before and one year after harvest. A multiple linear regression model was used to compare the 2005 data with the 2006 data for each stream. Stream temperature data from Myers Creek (temperature probe C04) was the control. The model for this analysis was: yt = μ +α + βx + ε where yt is the temperature of the stream on a day t, μ is the overall mean value of y, αi is the effect of year, xt is the corresponding temperature of the control stream on a day t, β is the coefficient estimated by regression, and εt is the error term. This method is an analysis of variance of values that are adjusted for regression with an independent variable, in this case the maximum daily temperatures of the control stream. The impact of timber harvest on MDST is small when compared to the spatial (between-stream) variation in MDST and this impact decreased downstream. At 300 meters, nominally, downstream of the harvest units the impact of timber harvest on MDST was not statistically significant for two streams and only moderately statistically significant for the other two streams. Stream velocity, discharge, and groundwater advection in the streams downstream of the harvest units were quantified using dye tracer dilution techniques. The One-dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS) model was used to quantify longitudinal dispersions, transient storage volumes, storage transfer rates, and hyporheic residence times in four 75 meter reaches in each of the four treatment streams. Stream velocities calculated with OTIS ranged from 0.24 to 0.40 m/sec for the four streams. Dispersions ranged from 0.18 and 0.84 m2/sec. The estimated crosssectional area of the ‘immobile’ zones of water storage divided by the stream cross-sectional area, As/A or the storage ratio, varied from near zero to 7.2. The residence times of water in hyporheic storage ranged from 2.3 hrs to 32 hrs. Water stored in a shaded reach of stream, in pools, and in hyporheic zones provides a volume of water that can be exchanged with the water in the active stream channel. This provides for physical mixing with cooler water and heat transfer to the stream bed. Latent heat, Sensible heat, Longwave Radiant heat and Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) were calculated for August 7-17, 2006 at the center of the 300 meter study reach in Russell Creek. The air temperature was lower than stream temperature during four of those nights and the stream cooled due to a net loss of longwave radiation and evaporative cooling. Close

• 9. [Article] The influence of environmental and physical factors on the thermal patterns of headwater streams

  A case study was performed in 2000 and 2001 to characterize the thermal pattern of four morphologically similar eastern Oregon streams and to identify the physical and environmental factors that expressed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of environmental and physical factors on the thermal patterns of headwater streams Author: Carr, Craig A. A case study was performed in 2000 and 2001 to characterize the thermal pattern of four morphologically similar eastern Oregon streams and to identify the physical and environmental factors that expressed significant and functionally viable relationships with stream temperature (daily maximum, daily minimum and daily rate of heating). Stream and environmental attributes were measured at various locations along each stream to provide a data set comprised of variables representing daily stream temperatures (minimum, maximum and rates of heating), daily air temperatures (minimum and maximum), shade, elevation, elevation change and length. Data from the 20 hottest days were analyzed using analysis of variance and regression-based path analysis. With the exception of those reaches that were influenced by groundwater or subsurface flow, downstream reaches consistently experienced increases in the daily maximum stream temperature. The most significant parameter with respect to daily maximum stream temperature appeared to be reach elevation; expressed through reach location in the watershed. Maximum air temperature also positively influenced maximum stream temperature however, only on streams that expressed significant variation in maximum air temperature. The dominant influence of groundwater on maximum stream temperature was also apparent. Significant reach level variation in daily minimum stream temperatures was not observed in this study, however most streams did record increases in the downstream direction. Daily minimum air temperature was consistent across all streams in expressing the most significant relationship with daily minimum stream temperature. With the exception of groundwater influenced reaches, all streams exhibited obvious downstream increases in the daily rate of stream heating. Daily minimum air temperature consistently exhibited a significant negative association with the rate of heating and a relationship was also implied between reach elevation, maximum stream temperature and minimum stream temperature and this stream temperature response. Groundwater and subsurface flow, when present, also appeared to influence the daily rate of stream heating. Resource management activities should have little impact on the parameters found, on these streams, to be associated with stream temperature. Location in the watershed and climatic influence through both minimum and maximum air temperatures emerged as the dominant factors with respect to stream thermal patterns. Title: The influence of environmental and physical factors on the thermal patterns of headwater streams Author: Carr, Craig A. A case study was performed in 2000 and 2001 to characterize the thermal pattern of four morphologically similar eastern Oregon streams and to identify the physical and environmental factors that expressed significant and functionally viable relationships with stream temperature (daily maximum, daily minimum and daily rate of heating). Stream and environmental attributes were measured at various locations along each stream to provide a data set comprised of variables representing daily stream temperatures (minimum, maximum and rates of heating), daily air temperatures (minimum and maximum), shade, elevation, elevation change and length. Data from the 20 hottest days were analyzed using analysis of variance and regression-based path analysis. With the exception of those reaches that were influenced by groundwater or subsurface flow, downstream reaches consistently experienced increases in the daily maximum stream temperature. The most significant parameter with respect to daily maximum stream temperature appeared to be reach elevation; expressed through reach location in the watershed. Maximum air temperature also positively influenced maximum stream temperature however, only on streams that expressed significant variation in maximum air temperature. The dominant influence of groundwater on maximum stream temperature was also apparent. Significant reach level variation in daily minimum stream temperatures was not observed in this study, however most streams did record increases in the downstream direction. Daily minimum air temperature was consistent across all streams in expressing the most significant relationship with daily minimum stream temperature. With the exception of groundwater influenced reaches, all streams exhibited obvious downstream increases in the daily rate of stream heating. Daily minimum air temperature consistently exhibited a significant negative association with the rate of heating and a relationship was also implied between reach elevation, maximum stream temperature and minimum stream temperature and this stream temperature response. Groundwater and subsurface flow, when present, also appeared to influence the daily rate of stream heating. Resource management activities should have little impact on the parameters found, on these streams, to be associated with stream temperature. Location in the watershed and climatic influence through both minimum and maximum air temperatures emerged as the dominant factors with respect to stream thermal patterns. Close

• 10. [Article] Mass erosion occurrence and debris torrent impacts on some streams in the Willamette National Forest

  This study focused on extensive soil mass movement occurrence in the Willamette National Forest of western Oregon and on intensive measurements of some physical and biological changes in streams following ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mass erosion occurrence and debris torrent impacts on some streams in the Willamette National Forest Author: Chesney, Charles J. This study focused on extensive soil mass movement occurrence in the Willamette National Forest of western Oregon and on intensive measurements of some physical and biological changes in streams following debris torrents. Debris torrents are a rapid movement of water-charged debris confined to steep headwater channels. The frequency (events/ha/yr) of mass failures identified from aerial photos increased in the presence of clearcuts and roads relative to forest conditions. Approximately 71% of hillslope mass failures entered the stream channel, and an estimated 43% of hillslope mass failures resulted in debris torrents. Standing crop of large organic debris and annual input to streams affected by debris torrents were highly variable. Silvicultural conditions of upslope vegetation and morphological features of debris torrent tracks influenced woody loading and input. Old-growth streams and depositional stream sites contained higher amounts of large organic debris and received higher inputs of large organic debris than streams in clearcuts and erosional stream sites. Depositional sites along debris torrent tracks have higher pool area and depth relative to erosional stream sites. Stream channel gradient and channel cross-sectional form influence the character of erosional or depositional sites sluiced by a debris torrent. Higher total pool ratings in depositional stream sites indicate spatial complexity of channel form that is related to the availability, transport, and stability of particulate bed materials. Herbs produced the majority of foliar biomass (> 50% of total) in one-fifth of all stream sites. Shrubs produced the majority of foliar biomass in one-third of all stream sites. Stream sites where estimated foliar biomass of post-torrent plant strata exceeded estimated foliar biomass of residual plant strata were more numerous. Successional changes in clearcut riparian zones included a shift to intolerant deciduous overstory species and more numerous shrub species than in old-growth riparian zones. The diameter growth of tolerant late successional overstory species in these riparian zones was inconsistent, whereas diameter growth of early successional species was rapid. Case studies of two streams permitted analysis of riparian recovery relative to that of an undisturbed stream site upstream of the debris torrent track. Warfield Creek is a stream where a high energy debris torrent remarkably altered stream conditions. Simmonds Creek is a stream where a low energy debris torrent imperceptibly changed stream conditions. Channel slope, channel cross-sectional form, severity of debris torrent, position of stream segment within the drainage, and presence of channel obstructions all affect stream response to debris torrents, as do riparian vegetation and litterfall inputs to the stream. Riparian recovery remains difficult to quantify because of physical and biological structures of stream ecosystems that vary in space and time. Title: Mass erosion occurrence and debris torrent impacts on some streams in the Willamette National Forest Author: Chesney, Charles J. This study focused on extensive soil mass movement occurrence in the Willamette National Forest of western Oregon and on intensive measurements of some physical and biological changes in streams following debris torrents. Debris torrents are a rapid movement of water-charged debris confined to steep headwater channels. The frequency (events/ha/yr) of mass failures identified from aerial photos increased in the presence of clearcuts and roads relative to forest conditions. Approximately 71% of hillslope mass failures entered the stream channel, and an estimated 43% of hillslope mass failures resulted in debris torrents. Standing crop of large organic debris and annual input to streams affected by debris torrents were highly variable. Silvicultural conditions of upslope vegetation and morphological features of debris torrent tracks influenced woody loading and input. Old-growth streams and depositional stream sites contained higher amounts of large organic debris and received higher inputs of large organic debris than streams in clearcuts and erosional stream sites. Depositional sites along debris torrent tracks have higher pool area and depth relative to erosional stream sites. Stream channel gradient and channel cross-sectional form influence the character of erosional or depositional sites sluiced by a debris torrent. Higher total pool ratings in depositional stream sites indicate spatial complexity of channel form that is related to the availability, transport, and stability of particulate bed materials. Herbs produced the majority of foliar biomass (> 50% of total) in one-fifth of all stream sites. Shrubs produced the majority of foliar biomass in one-third of all stream sites. Stream sites where estimated foliar biomass of post-torrent plant strata exceeded estimated foliar biomass of residual plant strata were more numerous. Successional changes in clearcut riparian zones included a shift to intolerant deciduous overstory species and more numerous shrub species than in old-growth riparian zones. The diameter growth of tolerant late successional overstory species in these riparian zones was inconsistent, whereas diameter growth of early successional species was rapid. Case studies of two streams permitted analysis of riparian recovery relative to that of an undisturbed stream site upstream of the debris torrent track. Warfield Creek is a stream where a high energy debris torrent remarkably altered stream conditions. Simmonds Creek is a stream where a low energy debris torrent imperceptibly changed stream conditions. Channel slope, channel cross-sectional form, severity of debris torrent, position of stream segment within the drainage, and presence of channel obstructions all affect stream response to debris torrents, as do riparian vegetation and litterfall inputs to the stream. Riparian recovery remains difficult to quantify because of physical and biological structures of stream ecosystems that vary in space and time. Close

• 11. [Article] Headwater stream characterization : an energy and physical approach to stream temperature using distributed temperature sensing

  Headwater streams are an integral part of the ecological health of the greater stream network as they provide valuable biological habitat, provide upwards to 95% of total in channel flow, while providing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Headwater stream characterization : an energy and physical approach to stream temperature using distributed temperature sensing Author: Roth, Travis R. Headwater streams are an integral part of the ecological health of the greater stream network as they provide valuable biological habitat, provide upwards to 95% of total in channel flow, while providing downstream reaches with important constituents such as sediment and woody debris. Small headwater streams are particularly susceptible to anthropogenic and natural disturbances that affect their runoff production, chemical make-up, and thermal regime. Based on their position in the drainage basin and contribution to stream flow, heat energy transfer within a small mountain stream helps establish the thermal regime of the downstream lower order streams. However, headwater catchment thermal function remains poorly understood. Stream temperature is a manifestation of the environment through which it flows and the mechanisms by which it reaches the stream. Subsurface process controls, such as local soil properties, bedrock topography, and lateral flow discharge play an important role in headwater stream generation. Study outcomes are a result of vigorous field experimental work at the Watershed 07 (WS07) stream at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) located in the Western Cascades, Oregon. Bedrock Topography was delineated through the use of a dynamic cone penetrometer, local lateral inflow sources were identified and quantified through the application of a salt tracer, and the energy budget was characterized through the use of Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) technology. High gradient, low volume streams such as WS07 provide unique challenges for DTS deployment which require extensive post-calibration data analysis. An automated cable submersion identification process was developed and was carried out on the collected temperature data with 32.8 % (379 of 1155) of measured temperature points identified as "in-water". Uncertainty propagation analysis associated with DTS measurement was calculated to be 0.21 °C. Salt tracer application found that 2 localized lateral inflow discharge to the stream accounted for 15% and 16% of total discharge in the upper section of the stream. Downstream lateral inflows exhibited incremental additions to stream discharge on the order of 5%. Stream discharge increased by 1.13 l/s from the upper section to the start of the lower section, an increase of 45%. Substantial lateral inflows provided reduction of stream temperatures in the lower section. Using DTS technology we measured stream temperature as a validation method for a physically based energy balance stream temperature model to characterize energy controls on stream temperature. Analysis of model performance was determined through root mean square error with reported values of 0.38 °C and 0.32 °C for the upper and lower section, respectively. Total energy inputs into the upper and lower sections of the stream were 302 W/m² and 210 W/m². Primary energy balance components were found to be solar radiation, atmospheric longwave radiation, and bed conduction. Solar radiation accounted for 63% of total energy flux into the stream in the upper section and 28% in the lower section. This is primarily a result of the distinct vegetation differences between the two reaches. Atmospheric longwave radiation contributed 27% and 26% of total energy flux in the upper and lower sections, respectively. While bed conduction made up 11% and 24% of the total flux in the upper and lower sections. Title: Headwater stream characterization : an energy and physical approach to stream temperature using distributed temperature sensing Author: Roth, Travis R. Headwater streams are an integral part of the ecological health of the greater stream network as they provide valuable biological habitat, provide upwards to 95% of total in channel flow, while providing downstream reaches with important constituents such as sediment and woody debris. Small headwater streams are particularly susceptible to anthropogenic and natural disturbances that affect their runoff production, chemical make-up, and thermal regime. Based on their position in the drainage basin and contribution to stream flow, heat energy transfer within a small mountain stream helps establish the thermal regime of the downstream lower order streams. However, headwater catchment thermal function remains poorly understood. Stream temperature is a manifestation of the environment through which it flows and the mechanisms by which it reaches the stream. Subsurface process controls, such as local soil properties, bedrock topography, and lateral flow discharge play an important role in headwater stream generation. Study outcomes are a result of vigorous field experimental work at the Watershed 07 (WS07) stream at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) located in the Western Cascades, Oregon. Bedrock Topography was delineated through the use of a dynamic cone penetrometer, local lateral inflow sources were identified and quantified through the application of a salt tracer, and the energy budget was characterized through the use of Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) technology. High gradient, low volume streams such as WS07 provide unique challenges for DTS deployment which require extensive post-calibration data analysis. An automated cable submersion identification process was developed and was carried out on the collected temperature data with 32.8 % (379 of 1155) of measured temperature points identified as "in-water". Uncertainty propagation analysis associated with DTS measurement was calculated to be 0.21 °C. Salt tracer application found that 2 localized lateral inflow discharge to the stream accounted for 15% and 16% of total discharge in the upper section of the stream. Downstream lateral inflows exhibited incremental additions to stream discharge on the order of 5%. Stream discharge increased by 1.13 l/s from the upper section to the start of the lower section, an increase of 45%. Substantial lateral inflows provided reduction of stream temperatures in the lower section. Using DTS technology we measured stream temperature as a validation method for a physically based energy balance stream temperature model to characterize energy controls on stream temperature. Analysis of model performance was determined through root mean square error with reported values of 0.38 °C and 0.32 °C for the upper and lower section, respectively. Total energy inputs into the upper and lower sections of the stream were 302 W/m² and 210 W/m². Primary energy balance components were found to be solar radiation, atmospheric longwave radiation, and bed conduction. Solar radiation accounted for 63% of total energy flux into the stream in the upper section and 28% in the lower section. This is primarily a result of the distinct vegetation differences between the two reaches. Atmospheric longwave radiation contributed 27% and 26% of total energy flux in the upper and lower sections, respectively. While bed conduction made up 11% and 24% of the total flux in the upper and lower sections. Close

• 12. [Article] Can air temperature be used to project influences of climate change on stream temperature?

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Institute ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Can air temperature be used to project influences of climate change on stream temperature? Author: Arismendi, Ivan, Johnson, Sherri L., Safeeq, Mohammad, Dunham, Jason B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Institute of Physics Publishing and can be found at: http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/. Title: Can air temperature be used to project influences of climate change on stream temperature? Author: Arismendi, Ivan, Johnson, Sherri L., Safeeq, Mohammad, Dunham, Jason B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Institute of Physics Publishing and can be found at: http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/. Close

• 13. [Article] Forest road hydrology : the influence of forest roads on stream flow at stream crossings

  The management of existing forest road systems is an issue of growing importance and public debate. Roads can alter the hydrologic processes in a watershed especially at stream crossing culverts where ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forest road hydrology : the influence of forest roads on stream flow at stream crossings Author: Toman, Elizabeth Myers The management of existing forest road systems is an issue of growing importance and public debate. Roads can alter the hydrologic processes in a watershed especially at stream crossing culverts where road ditches channel runoff directly into the stream. The objective of this study was to determine how surface runoff from roads augments natural stream flow at stream crossing culverts. This study took place within an 824 ha watershed in the foothills of the Oregon Coast Range approximately three miles west of Corvallis, Oregon. Sixteen stream crossing culverts were selected for study. Discharge was measured from October 2002 through May 2003 at each stream and at the adjoining ditch(es). Hydrographs for both stream flow and ditch flow were analyzed for five storms that occurred during the winter 2002-2003. The interaction of the road with subsurface flow from the hillslope caused the hydrology of the road segment to be classified as either “intermittent” or “ephemeral.” Peak flow and total runoff at the stream crossing culverts was compared with the magnitude and timing of peak flow and total runoff in the adjoining ditch(es). Forest roads were found to alter the flow paths of water through the Oak Creek watershed. The road altered storm runoff and peak flow at the stream crossing culverts seventy-four times out of seventy-eight opportunities during five storms. The amount of the change depended primarily on whether or not the road cutslope intercepted subsurface flow. Contributions of intercepted subsurface runoff to the stream were greater than contributions of surface runoff by an order of magnitude. In the Oak Creek watershed, 56 percent of the road cutslopes adjacent to streams intercepted subsurface flow. Intercepted subsurface flow was more connected in time to stream flow than surface runoff. Ditch flow, on average, contributed the most volume on the rising limb of the stream hydrograph at the culvert. Flow responses at individual culvert locations were highly variable and could not be predicted using traditional topographic variables. Title: Forest road hydrology : the influence of forest roads on stream flow at stream crossings Author: Toman, Elizabeth Myers The management of existing forest road systems is an issue of growing importance and public debate. Roads can alter the hydrologic processes in a watershed especially at stream crossing culverts where road ditches channel runoff directly into the stream. The objective of this study was to determine how surface runoff from roads augments natural stream flow at stream crossing culverts. This study took place within an 824 ha watershed in the foothills of the Oregon Coast Range approximately three miles west of Corvallis, Oregon. Sixteen stream crossing culverts were selected for study. Discharge was measured from October 2002 through May 2003 at each stream and at the adjoining ditch(es). Hydrographs for both stream flow and ditch flow were analyzed for five storms that occurred during the winter 2002-2003. The interaction of the road with subsurface flow from the hillslope caused the hydrology of the road segment to be classified as either “intermittent” or “ephemeral.” Peak flow and total runoff at the stream crossing culverts was compared with the magnitude and timing of peak flow and total runoff in the adjoining ditch(es). Forest roads were found to alter the flow paths of water through the Oak Creek watershed. The road altered storm runoff and peak flow at the stream crossing culverts seventy-four times out of seventy-eight opportunities during five storms. The amount of the change depended primarily on whether or not the road cutslope intercepted subsurface flow. Contributions of intercepted subsurface runoff to the stream were greater than contributions of surface runoff by an order of magnitude. In the Oak Creek watershed, 56 percent of the road cutslopes adjacent to streams intercepted subsurface flow. Intercepted subsurface flow was more connected in time to stream flow than surface runoff. Ditch flow, on average, contributed the most volume on the rising limb of the stream hydrograph at the culvert. Flow responses at individual culvert locations were highly variable and could not be predicted using traditional topographic variables. Close

• 14. [Article] The population dynamics and reproductive strategy of the stream snail Oxytrema silicula (Gould) in relation to stream order

  The population dynamics and reproductive strategies of the stream snail Oxytrema silicula were examined in four coastal streams in Oregon representing a small first order stream, a wider third order stream ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The population dynamics and reproductive strategy of the stream snail Oxytrema silicula (Gould) in relation to stream order Author: Diamond, J. (Jerome), 1951- The population dynamics and reproductive strategies of the stream snail Oxytrema silicula were examined in four coastal streams in Oregon representing a small first order stream, a wider third order stream and a fourth and sixth order stream. Samples were taken in each type of stream bottom for each stream every three months for one year. During each sampling period several characteristics of the population were determined including snail densities for each stream and each of five predetermined weight classes, sex ratio, reproductive activity, fecundity and apparent mortality. In addition, sediment type, water depth and type of cover, if any, were determined for each sampling point. Snail densities were generally highest in the summer and fall following the egg hatch in the late spring. During any sampling period, snail abundance was greater on gravel and cobble substrates than on sand or silt substrates. Only larger sized snails (greater than 9 mm in length) were found on the latter with smaller snails being concentrated in the shallow, rocky areas. Highest densities were always recorded on allochthonous materials in the stream such as leaves, twigs and flowers. On the basis of the CLUSTER and multivariate analyses, it was determined that stream depth was the most important environmental parameter of the ones measured determining the observed distribution of snails in the stream. Subsequent substrate preference experiments supported this conclusion. As stream order increases, several changes occur in the population structure and reproductive output of O. silicula. Mean density, apparent mortality and fecundity decrease with increasing stream width while mean biomass, and the proportion of larger snails increase. Mortality, as measured by numbers of empty shells and dead snails observed, was usually highest following the winter freshets. Dead snails representing all size classes were recorded in both the first and third order streams while dead snails in the fourth and six order streams were usually in the largest size classes. The shell:biomass ratio of the larger weight snails in each stream (those weighing more than 300 mg total fresh weight) increases with increasing stream order. Thus, relatively more of the total weight of larger snails in larger streams is shell. Perhaps this is indirectly related to the increase in the incidence of gonadal parasitism of O. silicula with stream width which may also be a possible selection force maintaining the relatively low densities and fecundity for snails inhabiting larger streams. Preliminary evidence using isolated snails both from Oak Creek (third order) and Salmon Creek (fourth order) suggested no inherent difference in reproductive capabilities between the two snail populations. Furthermore, results of short-term feeding experiments indicated that snail growth and timing of reproductive maturity are directly related to food abundance and perhaps food quality. Other environmental parameters such as temperature and stream flow rates are believed to be important in regulating the growth and reproductive activity of 0. silicula. These results suggest that reproductive strategies and resulting population structure of O. silicula are due to a high level of phenotypic plasticity which is at least partly controlled by environmental factors such as flow rates, temperature and competitive interactions. Title: The population dynamics and reproductive strategy of the stream snail Oxytrema silicula (Gould) in relation to stream order Author: Diamond, J. (Jerome), 1951- The population dynamics and reproductive strategies of the stream snail Oxytrema silicula were examined in four coastal streams in Oregon representing a small first order stream, a wider third order stream and a fourth and sixth order stream. Samples were taken in each type of stream bottom for each stream every three months for one year. During each sampling period several characteristics of the population were determined including snail densities for each stream and each of five predetermined weight classes, sex ratio, reproductive activity, fecundity and apparent mortality. In addition, sediment type, water depth and type of cover, if any, were determined for each sampling point. Snail densities were generally highest in the summer and fall following the egg hatch in the late spring. During any sampling period, snail abundance was greater on gravel and cobble substrates than on sand or silt substrates. Only larger sized snails (greater than 9 mm in length) were found on the latter with smaller snails being concentrated in the shallow, rocky areas. Highest densities were always recorded on allochthonous materials in the stream such as leaves, twigs and flowers. On the basis of the CLUSTER and multivariate analyses, it was determined that stream depth was the most important environmental parameter of the ones measured determining the observed distribution of snails in the stream. Subsequent substrate preference experiments supported this conclusion. As stream order increases, several changes occur in the population structure and reproductive output of O. silicula. Mean density, apparent mortality and fecundity decrease with increasing stream width while mean biomass, and the proportion of larger snails increase. Mortality, as measured by numbers of empty shells and dead snails observed, was usually highest following the winter freshets. Dead snails representing all size classes were recorded in both the first and third order streams while dead snails in the fourth and six order streams were usually in the largest size classes. The shell:biomass ratio of the larger weight snails in each stream (those weighing more than 300 mg total fresh weight) increases with increasing stream order. Thus, relatively more of the total weight of larger snails in larger streams is shell. Perhaps this is indirectly related to the increase in the incidence of gonadal parasitism of O. silicula with stream width which may also be a possible selection force maintaining the relatively low densities and fecundity for snails inhabiting larger streams. Preliminary evidence using isolated snails both from Oak Creek (third order) and Salmon Creek (fourth order) suggested no inherent difference in reproductive capabilities between the two snail populations. Furthermore, results of short-term feeding experiments indicated that snail growth and timing of reproductive maturity are directly related to food abundance and perhaps food quality. Other environmental parameters such as temperature and stream flow rates are believed to be important in regulating the growth and reproductive activity of 0. silicula. These results suggest that reproductive strategies and resulting population structure of O. silicula are due to a high level of phenotypic plasticity which is at least partly controlled by environmental factors such as flow rates, temperature and competitive interactions. Close

• 15. [Article] Effects of elevated temperature on juvenile Coho salmon and benthic invertebrates in model stream communities

  Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)) and aquatic invertebrates were subjected to experimentally increased, but naturally fluctuating, temperatures in a model stream channel. Coho of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of elevated temperature on juvenile Coho salmon and benthic invertebrates in model stream communities Author: Iverson, Ronald Albert Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)) and aquatic invertebrates were subjected to experimentally increased, but naturally fluctuating, temperatures in a model stream channel. Coho of the 1969, 1970, and 1971 year classes were reared in the heated model stream and in an unheated control stream, both located at the Oak Creek laboratory west of Corvallis, Oregon. The average increment of experimental over control temperature was 4.3 C over the entire experimental period of 22 months. Temperatures in the control stream were generally favorable for growth of coho if food organisms were scarce, while temperatures in the heated stream were favorable for growth if food organisms were abundant. Coho of the 1969 year class were reared for one winter as yearlings, and total production of this group was approximately the same in the two streams. Coho of the 1970 year class were reared from small fry to smolts over a one-year period. In this group, total production in the control stream was approximately twice as great as in the heated stream. While population size was nearly the same in the two streams, coho in the control stream grew much more rapidly than in the heated stream. Total production of coho of the 1971 year class, which were reared from the egg stage, was approximately five times as great in the control as in the heated stream when the experiment was terminated in August 1971. The difference in production resulted from larger population size and higher growth rate in the control stream. Production of aquatic stages of insects was approximately twice as great in the control as in the heated stream over the period May 1970-May 1971. This difference between streams was especially marked in mayfly and stonefly nymphs, which were the most abundant insects in both streams, and which appeared to be the major sources of food for coho. The reduced growth rates of coho in the heated as compared to the control stream probably resulted from effects of temperature on the invertebrate food supply as well as from direct effects of temperature on the coho in raising their standard metabolic rates so that energy available for growth was reduced. Winter growth rates of coho in the heated stream were generally higher than in the control, probably as a result of an increase in appetite with increased temperature. Winter growth rates of the 1969 year class were high, probably because young coho fry were available as food. Winter growth rates of coho of the 1970 year class, which had a more natural food supply, were low in both streams. The insect fauna of the Oak Creek area is probably adapted to cool water temperatures, and this adaptation presumably contributed to the reduced insect production in the heated model stream. If heat tolerant species of insects were present in or able to migrate into a stream receiving a heated effluent, the simplication of the invertebrate fauna caused by the thermal pollution might increase the amount of food available to the top carnivore. Such heat-tolerant forms apparently were not present in the model streams or, if present, were not able to contribute significantly to total production. Title: Effects of elevated temperature on juvenile Coho salmon and benthic invertebrates in model stream communities Author: Iverson, Ronald Albert Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)) and aquatic invertebrates were subjected to experimentally increased, but naturally fluctuating, temperatures in a model stream channel. Coho of the 1969, 1970, and 1971 year classes were reared in the heated model stream and in an unheated control stream, both located at the Oak Creek laboratory west of Corvallis, Oregon. The average increment of experimental over control temperature was 4.3 C over the entire experimental period of 22 months. Temperatures in the control stream were generally favorable for growth of coho if food organisms were scarce, while temperatures in the heated stream were favorable for growth if food organisms were abundant. Coho of the 1969 year class were reared for one winter as yearlings, and total production of this group was approximately the same in the two streams. Coho of the 1970 year class were reared from small fry to smolts over a one-year period. In this group, total production in the control stream was approximately twice as great as in the heated stream. While population size was nearly the same in the two streams, coho in the control stream grew much more rapidly than in the heated stream. Total production of coho of the 1971 year class, which were reared from the egg stage, was approximately five times as great in the control as in the heated stream when the experiment was terminated in August 1971. The difference in production resulted from larger population size and higher growth rate in the control stream. Production of aquatic stages of insects was approximately twice as great in the control as in the heated stream over the period May 1970-May 1971. This difference between streams was especially marked in mayfly and stonefly nymphs, which were the most abundant insects in both streams, and which appeared to be the major sources of food for coho. The reduced growth rates of coho in the heated as compared to the control stream probably resulted from effects of temperature on the invertebrate food supply as well as from direct effects of temperature on the coho in raising their standard metabolic rates so that energy available for growth was reduced. Winter growth rates of coho in the heated stream were generally higher than in the control, probably as a result of an increase in appetite with increased temperature. Winter growth rates of the 1969 year class were high, probably because young coho fry were available as food. Winter growth rates of coho of the 1970 year class, which had a more natural food supply, were low in both streams. The insect fauna of the Oak Creek area is probably adapted to cool water temperatures, and this adaptation presumably contributed to the reduced insect production in the heated model stream. If heat tolerant species of insects were present in or able to migrate into a stream receiving a heated effluent, the simplication of the invertebrate fauna caused by the thermal pollution might increase the amount of food available to the top carnivore. Such heat-tolerant forms apparently were not present in the model streams or, if present, were not able to contribute significantly to total production. Close

• 16. [Article] Summertime water temperature trends in Steamboat Creek Basin, Umpqua National Forest

  The Steamboat Creek basin drains 227 mi² (588 km²) of steep forested terrain into the North Umpqua River of Southwest Oregon, 39 mi (63 km) northeast of Roseburg. Summer base flows for Steamboat Creek ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summertime water temperature trends in Steamboat Creek Basin, Umpqua National Forest Author: Holaday, Steven A. The Steamboat Creek basin drains 227 mi² (588 km²) of steep forested terrain into the North Umpqua River of Southwest Oregon, 39 mi (63 km) northeast of Roseburg. Summer base flows for Steamboat Creek average 83 cfs (2.35 m³/sec). Steamboat Creek and its tributaries are considered important to the production of summer-run steelhead; the basin has been closed to angling since 1932. Harvesting has occurred in every subdrainage of the Steamboat Creek basin. Trees were routinely removed from riparian areas when harvesting in the basin began in 1955. Since the mid-1970s to early-1980s, however, buffer strips were left adjacent to streams. In addition, the floods of 1964-65 caused significant damage to riparian vegetation in the basin. This study was undertaken to: (1) determine long-term trends over the period 1969-90 of summertime water temperatures in the mainstem of Steamboat Creek, selected tributaries, and in Boulder Creek, an unharvested control stream in an adjacent watershed and (2) evaluate spacial patterns of maximum water temperatures in the Steamboat Creek basin during the summer of 1990. Significant (P≤0.10) trends of decreasing maximum daily summertime stream temperatures on Steamboat Creek and tributaries occurred from 1969-90. In contrast, an unharvested control stream showed a small, but nonsignificant, increasing trend in stream temperatures. The largest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (7 to 11°F, 3.9 to 6.1°C) occurred on small streams with summer base flows less than 6 cfs (0.17 m³/sec). These streams also had the highest proportion of stream length adjacent to harvesting activities before 1974. The smallest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (0 to 3°F, 0 to 1.7°C) occurred on streams with little or no history of timber harvest activity along riparian areas, or at locations where summer base flows were greater than 15 cfs (0.42 m³/sec). Since no trends in either air temperature or streamflow were apparent over the 1969-90 period, regrowth of riparian vegetation that was previously removed by flooding, debris torrents, or streamside harvesting, appears to be the major cause of trends in decreasing maximum summer stream temperature. Regrowth of riparian vegetation provides shade over small streams, decreasing energy input to the stream from solar radiation. Maximum daily stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek did not change significantly during the 1969-90 study period and stream temperature data in 1960 indicates that maximum stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek have historically been high. Any cooling effects by groundwater or tributaries are largely negated by the large volume of water in the main channel. Also, the large stream width renders riparian vegetation relatively ineffective in protecting the stream from solar radiation. Minimum stream temperatures decreased during the 1969-90 study period for all of the long-term stations in the Steamboat Creek basin while the control stream showed a slight increasing trend. Similarly, diurnal stream temperature fluctuations decreased for several tributaries. Title: Summertime water temperature trends in Steamboat Creek Basin, Umpqua National Forest Author: Holaday, Steven A. The Steamboat Creek basin drains 227 mi² (588 km²) of steep forested terrain into the North Umpqua River of Southwest Oregon, 39 mi (63 km) northeast of Roseburg. Summer base flows for Steamboat Creek average 83 cfs (2.35 m³/sec). Steamboat Creek and its tributaries are considered important to the production of summer-run steelhead; the basin has been closed to angling since 1932. Harvesting has occurred in every subdrainage of the Steamboat Creek basin. Trees were routinely removed from riparian areas when harvesting in the basin began in 1955. Since the mid-1970s to early-1980s, however, buffer strips were left adjacent to streams. In addition, the floods of 1964-65 caused significant damage to riparian vegetation in the basin. This study was undertaken to: (1) determine long-term trends over the period 1969-90 of summertime water temperatures in the mainstem of Steamboat Creek, selected tributaries, and in Boulder Creek, an unharvested control stream in an adjacent watershed and (2) evaluate spacial patterns of maximum water temperatures in the Steamboat Creek basin during the summer of 1990. Significant (P≤0.10) trends of decreasing maximum daily summertime stream temperatures on Steamboat Creek and tributaries occurred from 1969-90. In contrast, an unharvested control stream showed a small, but nonsignificant, increasing trend in stream temperatures. The largest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (7 to 11°F, 3.9 to 6.1°C) occurred on small streams with summer base flows less than 6 cfs (0.17 m³/sec). These streams also had the highest proportion of stream length adjacent to harvesting activities before 1974. The smallest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (0 to 3°F, 0 to 1.7°C) occurred on streams with little or no history of timber harvest activity along riparian areas, or at locations where summer base flows were greater than 15 cfs (0.42 m³/sec). Since no trends in either air temperature or streamflow were apparent over the 1969-90 period, regrowth of riparian vegetation that was previously removed by flooding, debris torrents, or streamside harvesting, appears to be the major cause of trends in decreasing maximum summer stream temperature. Regrowth of riparian vegetation provides shade over small streams, decreasing energy input to the stream from solar radiation. Maximum daily stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek did not change significantly during the 1969-90 study period and stream temperature data in 1960 indicates that maximum stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek have historically been high. Any cooling effects by groundwater or tributaries are largely negated by the large volume of water in the main channel. Also, the large stream width renders riparian vegetation relatively ineffective in protecting the stream from solar radiation. Minimum stream temperatures decreased during the 1969-90 study period for all of the long-term stations in the Steamboat Creek basin while the control stream showed a slight increasing trend. Similarly, diurnal stream temperature fluctuations decreased for several tributaries. Close

• 17. [Article] AI - Stream Habitat Conditions in Western Oregon, 1999

  Abstract -- The physical habitat of a stream forms the template from which the biological community can develop. The structure and complexity of the stream habitat influences the species composition, distribution, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AI - Stream Habitat Conditions in Western Oregon, 1999 Abstract -- The physical habitat of a stream forms the template from which the biological community can develop. The structure and complexity of the stream habitat influences the species composition, distribution, and production of the fish community. Assessing the status of stream habitat conditions in coastal Oregon streams is important for monitoring the effects of landscape and aquatic management practices on the character of riparian stream habitat. Comprehensive habitat assessments are also important for watershed assessments, restoration planning, and for studying the relationship between stream habitat, fish abundance, and fish distribution. The goals of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds (OPSW) Habitat Monitoring Program are to 1) provide an annual update on the status of stream habitat in Western Oregon, and 2) track trends in habitat over time. This report on stream habitat conditions covers sampling that occurred between June and October of 1999. The report is grouped into six different areas: • Current habitat status by Gene Conservation Area (GCA) • The status of habitat in relation to landscape variables • An assessment of the high quality habitat existing on the landscape • A comparison of 1998 and 1999 stream conditions • An analysis of habitat variable precision • An assessment of fish distribution outside of known coho salmon distribution Title: AI - Stream Habitat Conditions in Western Oregon, 1999 Abstract -- The physical habitat of a stream forms the template from which the biological community can develop. The structure and complexity of the stream habitat influences the species composition, distribution, and production of the fish community. Assessing the status of stream habitat conditions in coastal Oregon streams is important for monitoring the effects of landscape and aquatic management practices on the character of riparian stream habitat. Comprehensive habitat assessments are also important for watershed assessments, restoration planning, and for studying the relationship between stream habitat, fish abundance, and fish distribution. The goals of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds (OPSW) Habitat Monitoring Program are to 1) provide an annual update on the status of stream habitat in Western Oregon, and 2) track trends in habitat over time. This report on stream habitat conditions covers sampling that occurred between June and October of 1999. The report is grouped into six different areas: • Current habitat status by Gene Conservation Area (GCA) • The status of habitat in relation to landscape variables • An assessment of the high quality habitat existing on the landscape • A comparison of 1998 and 1999 stream conditions • An analysis of habitat variable precision • An assessment of fish distribution outside of known coho salmon distribution Close

• 18. [Article] Temperature prediction using energy budget techniques on small mountain streams

  This study is part of the Alsea Basin Logging-Aquatic Resources Study research program. It was initiated to determine the applicability of energy budget theory to stream temperature prediction on small forested ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature prediction using energy budget techniques on small mountain streams Author: Brown, George Wallace, 1939- This study is part of the Alsea Basin Logging-Aquatic Resources Study research program. It was initiated to determine the applicability of energy budget theory to stream temperature prediction on small forested streams. The study was also designed to evaluate the energy budget technique as a tool in the management of mountain streams for the production of high quality water. Temperature predictions were made on four stretches of three streams in the Coast and Cascade Ranges in Oregon during the summers of 1965 and 1966. Three of these stretches were forested. The fourth was completely exposed to direct radiation. Stream temperature change occurring within a stretch of stream was determined by evaluating the radiative, evaporative, and conductive fluxes incident at the surface of the water as it moved down stream. Net radiation was measured directly. Evaporation was computed using a Dalton type equation. Conduction was determined with the Bowen ratio. These fluxes were then added to determine the net flux. Stream temperature change was computed as: [see pdf for equation] Stream temperature was predicted with varying degrees of accuracy on the four stretches. Tests suggested that the predictions could be improved slightly on long stretches by subdivision of the stretch and by separating data into daytime or nighttime units. Additional tests indicated that under a broken canopy. net radiation estimates, and thus stream temperature predictions, may be improved by measuring, or utilizing in the predictive equation, only the diffuse radiation penetrating the canopy. Integration of the net radiation recorded to include occasional spots of sunlight results in an overestimation of temperature change during sunny periods. A stream bottom may act as a heat sink during the day and as a heat source at night. This phenomenon was measured on one stretch. This helped explain predictive errors of about 10° F. The study on the open stretch showed that during the day, conductive and evaporative fluxes were small compared to the radiative flux. This led to modification of the original formula for predicting temperature maxima. This formula is: [see pdf for equation] This permits field personnel to make estimates of maximum temperature changes attainable by opening a stretch of stream. Title: Temperature prediction using energy budget techniques on small mountain streams Author: Brown, George Wallace, 1939- This study is part of the Alsea Basin Logging-Aquatic Resources Study research program. It was initiated to determine the applicability of energy budget theory to stream temperature prediction on small forested streams. The study was also designed to evaluate the energy budget technique as a tool in the management of mountain streams for the production of high quality water. Temperature predictions were made on four stretches of three streams in the Coast and Cascade Ranges in Oregon during the summers of 1965 and 1966. Three of these stretches were forested. The fourth was completely exposed to direct radiation. Stream temperature change occurring within a stretch of stream was determined by evaluating the radiative, evaporative, and conductive fluxes incident at the surface of the water as it moved down stream. Net radiation was measured directly. Evaporation was computed using a Dalton type equation. Conduction was determined with the Bowen ratio. These fluxes were then added to determine the net flux. Stream temperature change was computed as: [see pdf for equation] Stream temperature was predicted with varying degrees of accuracy on the four stretches. Tests suggested that the predictions could be improved slightly on long stretches by subdivision of the stretch and by separating data into daytime or nighttime units. Additional tests indicated that under a broken canopy. net radiation estimates, and thus stream temperature predictions, may be improved by measuring, or utilizing in the predictive equation, only the diffuse radiation penetrating the canopy. Integration of the net radiation recorded to include occasional spots of sunlight results in an overestimation of temperature change during sunny periods. A stream bottom may act as a heat sink during the day and as a heat source at night. This phenomenon was measured on one stretch. This helped explain predictive errors of about 10° F. The study on the open stretch showed that during the day, conductive and evaporative fluxes were small compared to the radiative flux. This led to modification of the original formula for predicting temperature maxima. This formula is: [see pdf for equation] This permits field personnel to make estimates of maximum temperature changes attainable by opening a stretch of stream. Close

• 19. [Article] Habrate: A Limiting Factors Model for Accessing Stream Habitat Quality for Salmon and Steelhead in the Deschutes River Basin, 2010. Information Reports Number 2010-03

  Abstract -- Fishery managers are commonly tasked with the basic question "Will the contemporary habitat above a barrier support the fish populations that historically resided in the watershed?" Managers ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habrate: A Limiting Factors Model for Accessing Stream Habitat Quality for Salmon and Steelhead in the Deschutes River Basin, 2010. Information Reports Number 2010-03 Abstract -- Fishery managers are commonly tasked with the basic question "Will the contemporary habitat above a barrier support the fish populations that historically resided in the watershed?" Managers in central Oregon were confronted with that question in an effort to reestablish fish populations in 375 kilometers of stream above the Round Butte-Pelton Dam complex (Rkm 161) on the Deschutes River. Stream surveys had been conducted in most of the available stream habitat, but had not been synthesized in a form that allowed managers to view the quality and complexity of stream habitat in an easily-understandable fashion. In response, we developed a limiting factors model (HabRate) that assessed the potential quality of stream habitat using stream survey data for each juvenile life stage of salmon and steelhead. The model was developed for a specific application to the middle Deschutes River basin in Oregon, but was intended for general application to Pacific Northwest basins. To paramatize the model, we summarized available literature on salmonid habitat requirements. Habitat criteria were developed for discrete life history stages (i.e. spawning, egg survival, emergence, summer rearing, and winter rearing) and used to rate the quality of stream reaches as poor, fair, or good, based on attributes relating to stream substrate, habitat unit type, cover, gradient, temperature, and flow. Reach level summaries of stream habitat data were entered into MS Excel, and interpreted by a series of algorithms to provide a limiting factor assessment of potential egg-to-fry and fry-to-parr survival for each reach. Model output lists habitat quality by species and life stage for each reach of stream. The model is a decision making tool that is intended to provide a qualitative assessment of the habitat potential of stream reaches within a basin context. Design criteria for the model were simplicity, flexibility, and transparency. While HabRate was based on our interpretations of the published literature, specific criteria for habitat quality were structured to be easily adjusted where interpretations differ from ours. Information not common to standard stream survey designs, such as seasonal flow or temperature extremes can be included as input from professional judgment. The results were integrated into a GIS coverage coupled with the stream network and habitat data to provide a comprehensive map-based perspective of habitat quality in a watershed. Title: Habrate: A Limiting Factors Model for Accessing Stream Habitat Quality for Salmon and Steelhead in the Deschutes River Basin, 2010. Information Reports Number 2010-03 Abstract -- Fishery managers are commonly tasked with the basic question "Will the contemporary habitat above a barrier support the fish populations that historically resided in the watershed?" Managers in central Oregon were confronted with that question in an effort to reestablish fish populations in 375 kilometers of stream above the Round Butte-Pelton Dam complex (Rkm 161) on the Deschutes River. Stream surveys had been conducted in most of the available stream habitat, but had not been synthesized in a form that allowed managers to view the quality and complexity of stream habitat in an easily-understandable fashion. In response, we developed a limiting factors model (HabRate) that assessed the potential quality of stream habitat using stream survey data for each juvenile life stage of salmon and steelhead. The model was developed for a specific application to the middle Deschutes River basin in Oregon, but was intended for general application to Pacific Northwest basins. To paramatize the model, we summarized available literature on salmonid habitat requirements. Habitat criteria were developed for discrete life history stages (i.e. spawning, egg survival, emergence, summer rearing, and winter rearing) and used to rate the quality of stream reaches as poor, fair, or good, based on attributes relating to stream substrate, habitat unit type, cover, gradient, temperature, and flow. Reach level summaries of stream habitat data were entered into MS Excel, and interpreted by a series of algorithms to provide a limiting factor assessment of potential egg-to-fry and fry-to-parr survival for each reach. Model output lists habitat quality by species and life stage for each reach of stream. The model is a decision making tool that is intended to provide a qualitative assessment of the habitat potential of stream reaches within a basin context. Design criteria for the model were simplicity, flexibility, and transparency. While HabRate was based on our interpretations of the published literature, specific criteria for habitat quality were structured to be easily adjusted where interpretations differ from ours. Information not common to standard stream survey designs, such as seasonal flow or temperature extremes can be included as input from professional judgment. The results were integrated into a GIS coverage coupled with the stream network and habitat data to provide a comprehensive map-based perspective of habitat quality in a watershed. Close

• 20. [Article] Linkages among land use, riparian zones, and uptake and transformation of nitrate in stream ecosystems

  Land use alters the physical and biological structure of stream ecosystems and potentially alters their capacity to process nitrogen (N), an essential nutrient that has nearly doubled in abundance on the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Linkages among land use, riparian zones, and uptake and transformation of nitrate in stream ecosystems Author: Sobota, Daniel J. Land use alters the physical and biological structure of stream ecosystems and potentially alters their capacity to process nitrogen (N), an essential nutrient that has nearly doubled in abundance on the biosphere during the past century from human activities. In this dissertation, I quantified uptake and transformation of nitrate (NO₃⁻) in small (≤ third-order) streams and related these dynamics to aquatic ecosystem processes, including primary production and organic matter decomposition, and attributes of riparian zone structure and vegetation composition. I also analyze patterns of stream NO₃⁻ processing among three classes of adjacent land use practices (forest, agriculture, and urban). In Chapter 2, ambient rates of NO₃⁻ uptake and transformation were measured with 24-hr releases of ¹⁵N-labeled NO₃⁻ in nine stream reaches in the Willamette River Basin of western Oregon during summer low flow (July – August). Three reaches each were surrounded by forested, agricultural or urban land use. After standardizing reaches to a 500-m length, I estimated that ≥ 20% of tracer ¹⁵NO₃⁻ was taken up by detrital and autotrophic biomass in eight of the reaches. In the remaining stream, which had the largest discharge (120 L s⁻¹) in this study, only 8% of the tracer was taken up in 500 m. Tracer labeling of detritus and autotrophic biomass and a positive correlation (rs=0.81) of uptake with gross primary production suggested that assimilation was the dominant uptake pathway in all streams. Denitrification, dissimilatory reduction of NO₃⁻ to N₂ and N₂O gases, composed 3 – 15% of ¹⁵N budgets over 500 m in two agricultural reaches and in one urban reach dominated by large slowly-turning over pools. However, denitrification was below detection limit at five of the remaining six reaches. This study showed that pathways of stream NO₃⁻ uptake and transformation differed among streams adjacent to three diverse land use practices. In Chapter 3, I quantified effects of substrate nutritional quality and inorganic N loading (as NO₃⁻) on wood breakdown in western Oregon streams. Short-term (< 2 month) breakdown rates of wood substrates of high nutritional quality (Alnus rubra; red alder) and low quality (Pseudotsuga menziesii; Douglas-fir) increased with dissolved inorganic N (11 to 111 mg N L⁻¹) across six streams (p = 0.04), but this relationship was confounded with concurrent increases in stream temperature. Across the six streams, breakdown rates of red alder were consistently double that of Douglas-fir. A longer-term study (313 d) in a coniferous forest Oregon Cascades stream suggested effects of increased NO₃⁻ availability on wood breakdown became evident after cellulose and lignin components of woody tissues began to decompose (> 4 months of incubation). Average breakdown rates substrates enriched with NO₃⁻ were higher than those incubated in low NO₃⁻ conditions, but this difference was not statistically significant. However, microbial biofilm respiration rates and activity of two enzymes involved in the breakdown of woody tissues (beta-glucosidase and phenol oxidase) on red alder had significantly greater responses to NO₃⁻ additions than on Douglas-fir after four months of incubation in the stream. Results suggest that increases in N loading to streams bordered by riparian forests with fast-growing deciduous species could increase wood breakdown rates. On the other hand, increases to N loading may have a smaller effect on wood breakdown in streams surrounded by long-lived coniferous species. In Chapter 4, I quantified patterns of stream channel and riparian zone attributes for 72 streams equally distributed among forests or grasslands, agriculture, and urban land use practices on from eight major North American regions. I also related these patterns to stream NO₃⁻ uptake determined from ¹⁵NO₃⁻ tracer releases. Agricultural and urban streams had a simplified channel structure (low width-to-depth ratio, low variation in stream depth, and high stream banks) relative to forest or grassland streams. Agricultural and urban streams also had a significantly smaller median sediment diameter (D₅₀) and fraction of benthic sediments composed by silt than in forest and grassland streams. Overstory canopy cover over the channel and in the riparian zone was lowest for agricultural streams but did not significantly differ between forest or grassland streams and urban streams. A multiple regression model showed that stream NO₃⁻ uptake decreased with increasing canopy cover, but also increased with abundance of silt in benthic sediments. This suggested NO₃⁻ uptake was strongly influenced by in-stream primary production and extent of anoxic environments (conducive for denitrification). A multiple regression model for fractional NO₃⁻ uptake by denitrification further supported the concept that extent of anoxic environments influenced overall NO₃⁻ uptake in streams. Through these studies, I demonstrated that attributes of riparian zone structure and vegetation composition can strongly influence NO₃⁻ uptake and transformation in stream ecosystems by controlling organic matter dynamics. I also have shown that riparian zone attributes vary significantly among three different land use types (forest or grassland, agriculture, and urban). Similarly, pathways of NO₃⁻ uptake and effects of NO₃⁻ on wood breakdown did or were expected to differ among different land use types / riparian zone characteristics. However, other factors besides riparian attributes, particularly level of nutrient loading, alteration of stream channel physical structure, and basin position of the stream, must be considered in concert when evaluating effects of land use on riparian zone and stream ecosystem structure and function. Title: Linkages among land use, riparian zones, and uptake and transformation of nitrate in stream ecosystems Author: Sobota, Daniel J. Land use alters the physical and biological structure of stream ecosystems and potentially alters their capacity to process nitrogen (N), an essential nutrient that has nearly doubled in abundance on the biosphere during the past century from human activities. In this dissertation, I quantified uptake and transformation of nitrate (NO₃⁻) in small (≤ third-order) streams and related these dynamics to aquatic ecosystem processes, including primary production and organic matter decomposition, and attributes of riparian zone structure and vegetation composition. I also analyze patterns of stream NO₃⁻ processing among three classes of adjacent land use practices (forest, agriculture, and urban). In Chapter 2, ambient rates of NO₃⁻ uptake and transformation were measured with 24-hr releases of ¹⁵N-labeled NO₃⁻ in nine stream reaches in the Willamette River Basin of western Oregon during summer low flow (July – August). Three reaches each were surrounded by forested, agricultural or urban land use. After standardizing reaches to a 500-m length, I estimated that ≥ 20% of tracer ¹⁵NO₃⁻ was taken up by detrital and autotrophic biomass in eight of the reaches. In the remaining stream, which had the largest discharge (120 L s⁻¹) in this study, only 8% of the tracer was taken up in 500 m. Tracer labeling of detritus and autotrophic biomass and a positive correlation (rs=0.81) of uptake with gross primary production suggested that assimilation was the dominant uptake pathway in all streams. Denitrification, dissimilatory reduction of NO₃⁻ to N₂ and N₂O gases, composed 3 – 15% of ¹⁵N budgets over 500 m in two agricultural reaches and in one urban reach dominated by large slowly-turning over pools. However, denitrification was below detection limit at five of the remaining six reaches. This study showed that pathways of stream NO₃⁻ uptake and transformation differed among streams adjacent to three diverse land use practices. In Chapter 3, I quantified effects of substrate nutritional quality and inorganic N loading (as NO₃⁻) on wood breakdown in western Oregon streams. Short-term (< 2 month) breakdown rates of wood substrates of high nutritional quality (Alnus rubra; red alder) and low quality (Pseudotsuga menziesii; Douglas-fir) increased with dissolved inorganic N (11 to 111 mg N L⁻¹) across six streams (p = 0.04), but this relationship was confounded with concurrent increases in stream temperature. Across the six streams, breakdown rates of red alder were consistently double that of Douglas-fir. A longer-term study (313 d) in a coniferous forest Oregon Cascades stream suggested effects of increased NO₃⁻ availability on wood breakdown became evident after cellulose and lignin components of woody tissues began to decompose (> 4 months of incubation). Average breakdown rates substrates enriched with NO₃⁻ were higher than those incubated in low NO₃⁻ conditions, but this difference was not statistically significant. However, microbial biofilm respiration rates and activity of two enzymes involved in the breakdown of woody tissues (beta-glucosidase and phenol oxidase) on red alder had significantly greater responses to NO₃⁻ additions than on Douglas-fir after four months of incubation in the stream. Results suggest that increases in N loading to streams bordered by riparian forests with fast-growing deciduous species could increase wood breakdown rates. On the other hand, increases to N loading may have a smaller effect on wood breakdown in streams surrounded by long-lived coniferous species. In Chapter 4, I quantified patterns of stream channel and riparian zone attributes for 72 streams equally distributed among forests or grasslands, agriculture, and urban land use practices on from eight major North American regions. I also related these patterns to stream NO₃⁻ uptake determined from ¹⁵NO₃⁻ tracer releases. Agricultural and urban streams had a simplified channel structure (low width-to-depth ratio, low variation in stream depth, and high stream banks) relative to forest or grassland streams. Agricultural and urban streams also had a significantly smaller median sediment diameter (D₅₀) and fraction of benthic sediments composed by silt than in forest and grassland streams. Overstory canopy cover over the channel and in the riparian zone was lowest for agricultural streams but did not significantly differ between forest or grassland streams and urban streams. A multiple regression model showed that stream NO₃⁻ uptake decreased with increasing canopy cover, but also increased with abundance of silt in benthic sediments. This suggested NO₃⁻ uptake was strongly influenced by in-stream primary production and extent of anoxic environments (conducive for denitrification). A multiple regression model for fractional NO₃⁻ uptake by denitrification further supported the concept that extent of anoxic environments influenced overall NO₃⁻ uptake in streams. Through these studies, I demonstrated that attributes of riparian zone structure and vegetation composition can strongly influence NO₃⁻ uptake and transformation in stream ecosystems by controlling organic matter dynamics. I also have shown that riparian zone attributes vary significantly among three different land use types (forest or grassland, agriculture, and urban). Similarly, pathways of NO₃⁻ uptake and effects of NO₃⁻ on wood breakdown did or were expected to differ among different land use types / riparian zone characteristics. However, other factors besides riparian attributes, particularly level of nutrient loading, alteration of stream channel physical structure, and basin position of the stream, must be considered in concert when evaluating effects of land use on riparian zone and stream ecosystem structure and function. Close

• 21. [Article] A comparison of nest site selection and reproductive effort by reticulate sculpin (Cottus perplexus) in two streams of different geologies in the central Coast Range of Oregon

  Nest sites of reticulate sculpin (Cottus perplexus) were located in two stream reaches, one from a basalt basin and one from a sandstone basin. Stream reaches were similar in gradient, basin area, elevation, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of nest site selection and reproductive effort by reticulate sculpin (Cottus perplexus) in two streams of different geologies in the central Coast Range of Oregon Author: Bateman, Douglas S. Nest sites of reticulate sculpin (Cottus perplexus) were located in two stream reaches, one from a basalt basin and one from a sandstone basin. Stream reaches were similar in gradient, basin area, elevation, climate, and riparian vegetation but differed in biologic community structure and substrate characteristics. An electivity index was used to determine if selection for nest sites occurred and also to compare patterns of selection between habitat types and stream reaches. Eggs from nests were collected so comparisons in reproductive effort could be made between streams and habitat types. Cobble sized substrate was positively elected in all habitat units examined and moderate embeddedness (6-25%) was positively elected in all units but one. No nests were found on bedrock, wood, or fine sediment substrate. A small number of nests were found on both larger gravel and boulder size particles. Only two out of 471 nests located were associated with rocks which were embedded 51% or more. Reproductive effort on a per nest basis was greater in the basalt stream. Nest weights in the basalt stream exceeded nest weights in the sandstone stream by 90% (95% confidence interval 52-152%) on average and the number of eggs per nest was 39% (95% confidence interval 8-79%)greater in the basalt stream. Differences in reproductive effort per nest within an individual stream were not detected in comparisons among scour pools, riffles, high cobble density and low cobble density habitat units. Reproductive effort per nest varied through the sampling period with intermediate effort early, low effort in the mid portion and the highest effort late. This pattern was apparent in both streams but statistically significant in the sandstone stream only. Nest densities were similar at 0.16 nest/m² and 0.17 nest/m² for the basalt and sandstone streams respectively. Differences in nest densities within streams were not detected between scour pools and riffles in either stream or between high and low cobble density units in the basalt stream. A difference was detected between high and low cobble density units in the sandstone stream (p=0.02). Nest densities were greater on average in the tailout portions of pools as opposed to the head and body portions in both streams but statistically significant in the sandstone stream only (p=0.04). We speculate that because patterns of electivity were similar between streams and between different habitat types within a stream, all with different levels of habitat availability, that male fitness is tightly linked with habitat selection for nest sites. Our results would suggest that reticulate sculpin nest site selection and reproductive effort are not strongly influenced by habitat on a geomorphic channel unit scale. It may be more appropriate to delineate sculpin habitat by substrate patches within geomorphic habitat units. Title: A comparison of nest site selection and reproductive effort by reticulate sculpin (Cottus perplexus) in two streams of different geologies in the central Coast Range of Oregon Author: Bateman, Douglas S. Nest sites of reticulate sculpin (Cottus perplexus) were located in two stream reaches, one from a basalt basin and one from a sandstone basin. Stream reaches were similar in gradient, basin area, elevation, climate, and riparian vegetation but differed in biologic community structure and substrate characteristics. An electivity index was used to determine if selection for nest sites occurred and also to compare patterns of selection between habitat types and stream reaches. Eggs from nests were collected so comparisons in reproductive effort could be made between streams and habitat types. Cobble sized substrate was positively elected in all habitat units examined and moderate embeddedness (6-25%) was positively elected in all units but one. No nests were found on bedrock, wood, or fine sediment substrate. A small number of nests were found on both larger gravel and boulder size particles. Only two out of 471 nests located were associated with rocks which were embedded 51% or more. Reproductive effort on a per nest basis was greater in the basalt stream. Nest weights in the basalt stream exceeded nest weights in the sandstone stream by 90% (95% confidence interval 52-152%) on average and the number of eggs per nest was 39% (95% confidence interval 8-79%)greater in the basalt stream. Differences in reproductive effort per nest within an individual stream were not detected in comparisons among scour pools, riffles, high cobble density and low cobble density habitat units. Reproductive effort per nest varied through the sampling period with intermediate effort early, low effort in the mid portion and the highest effort late. This pattern was apparent in both streams but statistically significant in the sandstone stream only. Nest densities were similar at 0.16 nest/m² and 0.17 nest/m² for the basalt and sandstone streams respectively. Differences in nest densities within streams were not detected between scour pools and riffles in either stream or between high and low cobble density units in the basalt stream. A difference was detected between high and low cobble density units in the sandstone stream (p=0.02). Nest densities were greater on average in the tailout portions of pools as opposed to the head and body portions in both streams but statistically significant in the sandstone stream only (p=0.04). We speculate that because patterns of electivity were similar between streams and between different habitat types within a stream, all with different levels of habitat availability, that male fitness is tightly linked with habitat selection for nest sites. Our results would suggest that reticulate sculpin nest site selection and reproductive effort are not strongly influenced by habitat on a geomorphic channel unit scale. It may be more appropriate to delineate sculpin habitat by substrate patches within geomorphic habitat units. Close

• 22. [Article] Comparing streambed light availability and canopy cover in streams with old-growth versus early-mature riparian forests in western Oregon

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/ecology/jou...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparing streambed light availability and canopy cover in streams with old-growth versus early-mature riparian forests in western Oregon Author: Bechtold, Heather A., Warren, Dana R., Keeton, William S., Rosi-Marshall, Emma J. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/ecology/journal/27. Title: Comparing streambed light availability and canopy cover in streams with old-growth versus early-mature riparian forests in western Oregon Author: Bechtold, Heather A., Warren, Dana R., Keeton, William S., Rosi-Marshall, Emma J. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/ecology/journal/27. Close

• 23. [Article] Structure and composition of unmanaged riparian forests in the coastal mountains of Oregon, U.S.A.

  We characterized the structure and composition of unmanaged riparian forests in three river basins in Oregon’s coastal mountains. Our objective was to evaluate stand attributes at three spatial scales: ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Structure and composition of unmanaged riparian forests in the coastal mountains of Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Pabst, Robert J., Spies, Thomas A. We characterized the structure and composition of unmanaged riparian forests in three river basins in Oregon’s coastal mountains. Our objective was to evaluate stand attributes at three spatial scales: streamside (site), drainage network (stream order), and basin (subregion). Data on basal area, species composition, snag density, canopy cover, and tree regeneration were collected along transects at 124 sites. Conifer basal area increased with distance from stream, a trend similar among subregions, and was highest at sites along first-order streams. Hardwood basal area was relatively constant with distance from stream and was proportionally higher at sites along second- and third-order streams than at sites along first-order streams. Conifer and hardwood tree regeneration occurred infrequently and varied by topographic position, stream order, and subregion. Conifer regeneration was associated with basal area of shadetolerant conifers and appeared to be limited by shrub competition. The unmanaged forests we studied were characterized by a patchy mosaic of structure and composition. Hardwoods and shrubs were major components of the near-stream environment in these forests, whereas dominance of conifers was limited to hillslopes. It appears that finescale patterns associated with proximity to the stream are influenced by coarser scale factors such as valley-floor width and climate. Title: Structure and composition of unmanaged riparian forests in the coastal mountains of Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Pabst, Robert J., Spies, Thomas A. We characterized the structure and composition of unmanaged riparian forests in three river basins in Oregon’s coastal mountains. Our objective was to evaluate stand attributes at three spatial scales: streamside (site), drainage network (stream order), and basin (subregion). Data on basal area, species composition, snag density, canopy cover, and tree regeneration were collected along transects at 124 sites. Conifer basal area increased with distance from stream, a trend similar among subregions, and was highest at sites along first-order streams. Hardwood basal area was relatively constant with distance from stream and was proportionally higher at sites along second- and third-order streams than at sites along first-order streams. Conifer and hardwood tree regeneration occurred infrequently and varied by topographic position, stream order, and subregion. Conifer regeneration was associated with basal area of shadetolerant conifers and appeared to be limited by shrub competition. The unmanaged forests we studied were characterized by a patchy mosaic of structure and composition. Hardwoods and shrubs were major components of the near-stream environment in these forests, whereas dominance of conifers was limited to hillslopes. It appears that finescale patterns associated with proximity to the stream are influenced by coarser scale factors such as valley-floor width and climate. Close

• 24. [Article] Influences of Human Activity on Stream Temperatures and Existence of Cold-Water Fish in Streams with Elevated Temperature: Report of a Workshop

  This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influences of Human Activity on Stream Temperatures and Existence of Cold-Water Fish in Streams with Elevated Temperature: Report of a Workshop Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Title: Influences of Human Activity on Stream Temperatures and Existence of Cold-Water Fish in Streams with Elevated Temperature: Report of a Workshop Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Close

• 25. [Article] Results and review of a riparian survey method used in eastern Oregon

  In the late 1970s, approximately 400 miles of streams were inventoried by the Prineville District of the Bureau of Land Management for in-stream and riparian condition. During the summer of 1994, the riparian ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Results and review of a riparian survey method used in eastern Oregon Author: Rasmussen, Christine G. In the late 1970s, approximately 400 miles of streams were inventoried by the Prineville District of the Bureau of Land Management for in-stream and riparian condition. During the summer of 1994, the riparian portion of the survey was repeated on 17 of the original streams miles, contained within 11 stream sections where grazing strategies had been altered. This project was a case study designed to evaluate efficiency of the original methods and identify factors involved in individual stream responses. The streams selected to be resurveyed varied in community types present, gradient, elevation, grazing system, disturbance history, influence of beaver, and restoration efforts. Community types were identified by their major components (grass-shrub, sedge-rush) and measured for length and width. Length of stream bank damage was estimated and causes noted. Stream sections were surveyed between matching points for the 1976-78 and 1994 surveys. Most streams had increases in riparian area and decreases in bank damage and lengths of cutbanks, suggesting an upward trend in condition. The bank damage, riparian area, and community identification portions of the survey were identified as useful though composition measurements were determined to be less dependable and repeatable. Title: Results and review of a riparian survey method used in eastern Oregon Author: Rasmussen, Christine G. In the late 1970s, approximately 400 miles of streams were inventoried by the Prineville District of the Bureau of Land Management for in-stream and riparian condition. During the summer of 1994, the riparian portion of the survey was repeated on 17 of the original streams miles, contained within 11 stream sections where grazing strategies had been altered. This project was a case study designed to evaluate efficiency of the original methods and identify factors involved in individual stream responses. The streams selected to be resurveyed varied in community types present, gradient, elevation, grazing system, disturbance history, influence of beaver, and restoration efforts. Community types were identified by their major components (grass-shrub, sedge-rush) and measured for length and width. Length of stream bank damage was estimated and causes noted. Stream sections were surveyed between matching points for the 1976-78 and 1994 surveys. Most streams had increases in riparian area and decreases in bank damage and lengths of cutbanks, suggesting an upward trend in condition. The bank damage, riparian area, and community identification portions of the survey were identified as useful though composition measurements were determined to be less dependable and repeatable. Close

• 26. [Article] Patterns in stream geomorphology and implications for hyporheic exchange flow

  Longitudinal water surface profiles from high-gradient mountain streams provide useful indicators of the relative potential for hyporheic exchange flow in stream reaches with varying morphology. The spacing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns in stream geomorphology and implications for hyporheic exchange flow Author: Anderson, Justin K. Longitudinal water surface profiles from high-gradient mountain streams provide useful indicators of the relative potential for hyporheic exchange flow in stream reaches with varying morphology. The spacing between slope breaks in step-pool and pool-riffle streams provides a geomorphic scaling metric that indicates how the length of average hyporheic flow paths change throughout the river continuum. Twelve stream reaches were randomly selected and surveyed in the Lookout Creek basin at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the western Cascades Mountains of Oregon. Stream reach morphology was examined for patterns that are expressed over a continuum ranging from headwater to mid-order streams that can be predicted from easily measured drainage basin characteristics. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to predict changes in lateral complexity in stream reaches, and to predict how the general shape of the water surface profile changes as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Patterns in the lateral complexity of stream reaches were associated with the degree of channel confinement in valley segments, and longitudinal patterns in bed configuration were strongly associated with the position of a stream reach within the river continuum. Stream reach longitudinal profiles were evaluated to determine how patterns in slope breaks change throughout the portion of the river continuum represented by the study area. Channel units were defined according to slope categories for flat water, steep water, and step units (FLATs, STEEPs and STEPs). A set of regression models was used to predict how slope break spacing and the general shape of the water surface profile change as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Output from these regression equations was tested against independent field data to evaluate model performance. The models generally performed well. Longitudinal transects of piezometers were installed along the thalweg of a second order, and a third order stream reach. Longitudinal profiles in the piezometer transects were surveyed, and piezometers were used to measure hydraulic head in stream beds. Data were used to test a theoretical model that predicts downwelling where stream profiles are convex, and upwelling where stream profiles are concave. Overall, the shape of the water surface profile explained 38% of the variation in the distribution of hydraulic pressure head in the streambed. Results demonstrated the usefulness of quantifying the magnitude of concavities and convexities in stream profiles. A metric for expressing the average water surface concavity (AWSC) is proposed. I demonstrated that this metric could be useful for comparing the potential for hyporheic exchange in stream reaches with varying degrees of stream profile roughness. Results showed a decreasing trend in AWSC as drainage basin area increased. Upwelling and downwelling zones were identified in piezometer transects, and their longitudinal lengths were measured. The lengths of downwelling zones were compared to the spacing between slope breaks in the water surface profile. Average lengths of downwelling zones and FLAT channel slope units increased with increasing basin area at a similar rate, indicating that slope break spacing was a useful indicator for average downwelling zone length. My results demonstrate that patterns in stream morphology are useful for predicting patterns in hyporheic exchange flow throughout the river continuum. I suggest that the potential for gravity driven exchange flow decreases along the river continuum as AWSC decreases. I also suggest that the frequency of hydrologic exchange between the stream and the hyporheic zone decreases, and that the average length of hyporheic flow paths increase, across the river continuum. Title: Patterns in stream geomorphology and implications for hyporheic exchange flow Author: Anderson, Justin K. Longitudinal water surface profiles from high-gradient mountain streams provide useful indicators of the relative potential for hyporheic exchange flow in stream reaches with varying morphology. The spacing between slope breaks in step-pool and pool-riffle streams provides a geomorphic scaling metric that indicates how the length of average hyporheic flow paths change throughout the river continuum. Twelve stream reaches were randomly selected and surveyed in the Lookout Creek basin at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the western Cascades Mountains of Oregon. Stream reach morphology was examined for patterns that are expressed over a continuum ranging from headwater to mid-order streams that can be predicted from easily measured drainage basin characteristics. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to predict changes in lateral complexity in stream reaches, and to predict how the general shape of the water surface profile changes as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Patterns in the lateral complexity of stream reaches were associated with the degree of channel confinement in valley segments, and longitudinal patterns in bed configuration were strongly associated with the position of a stream reach within the river continuum. Stream reach longitudinal profiles were evaluated to determine how patterns in slope breaks change throughout the portion of the river continuum represented by the study area. Channel units were defined according to slope categories for flat water, steep water, and step units (FLATs, STEEPs and STEPs). A set of regression models was used to predict how slope break spacing and the general shape of the water surface profile change as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Output from these regression equations was tested against independent field data to evaluate model performance. The models generally performed well. Longitudinal transects of piezometers were installed along the thalweg of a second order, and a third order stream reach. Longitudinal profiles in the piezometer transects were surveyed, and piezometers were used to measure hydraulic head in stream beds. Data were used to test a theoretical model that predicts downwelling where stream profiles are convex, and upwelling where stream profiles are concave. Overall, the shape of the water surface profile explained 38% of the variation in the distribution of hydraulic pressure head in the streambed. Results demonstrated the usefulness of quantifying the magnitude of concavities and convexities in stream profiles. A metric for expressing the average water surface concavity (AWSC) is proposed. I demonstrated that this metric could be useful for comparing the potential for hyporheic exchange in stream reaches with varying degrees of stream profile roughness. Results showed a decreasing trend in AWSC as drainage basin area increased. Upwelling and downwelling zones were identified in piezometer transects, and their longitudinal lengths were measured. The lengths of downwelling zones were compared to the spacing between slope breaks in the water surface profile. Average lengths of downwelling zones and FLAT channel slope units increased with increasing basin area at a similar rate, indicating that slope break spacing was a useful indicator for average downwelling zone length. My results demonstrate that patterns in stream morphology are useful for predicting patterns in hyporheic exchange flow throughout the river continuum. I suggest that the potential for gravity driven exchange flow decreases along the river continuum as AWSC decreases. I also suggest that the frequency of hydrologic exchange between the stream and the hyporheic zone decreases, and that the average length of hyporheic flow paths increase, across the river continuum. Close

• 27. [Article] The development and maintenance of stream community structure and organization

  The goal of this study was to better understand stream communities through a perspective that might make their structure, organization, and development more understandable. This goal was approached through ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The development and maintenance of stream community structure and organization Author: Wevers, Mary Jo The goal of this study was to better understand stream communities through a perspective that might make their structure, organization, and development more understandable. This goal was approached through the following objectives: 1. To determine the assemblages of stream organisms and define subsystems within a stream community. 2. To explain the structure and organization of the subsystems by means of habitat, life history, trophic, and environmental relationships. 3. To explain how the community as a whole and the subsystems develop and persist through immigration, colonization, and subsystem interactions. An organismic perspective of stream communities is utilized in addressing the development and maintenance of stream community structure and organization. The conceptual framework of Warren et al. (1979) provides a perspective which emphasizes the importance of species interrelationships and interdspendencies within a community. This perspective is organismic in that it takes the view that communities exhibit organismic properties. It is hot organismic in the Clementsian sense that communities are metaphorical organisms. A hierarchical scheme of stream community subsystems is presented. Habitat organization is used to define 2° and 3° subsystems. Trophic organization defines 4° subsystems, and other aspects of life history organization define 5° subsystems. Two model streams were employed in this study of stream community structure and organization. The 2° subsystems, shallow riffles, deep riffles, and pools, were sampled for one year following initiation of the experiment. Community organization and development are described in terms of biomass and taxa numbers. Macroinvertebrate biomass and taxa number tended to be greater in riffle habitats than in pool habitats. Biomass in 2° and 3° subsystems generally in creased with time. Taxa number increased until early winter when it declined slightly. Changes in biomass and taxa number in 4° trophic subsystems and 5° species population subsystems are also discussed. Species pool, life history, and colonization determination of stream community structure and organization are addressed. The potential capacity of the stream community resides in the species pool. The pattern of kinds and abundances of species in space and time is partially determined by the life history patterns of the species. Colonizing ability of species populations affects the development and organization of stream communities. Downstream drift and aerial sources of colonists contributed to the colonization of the experimental streams in this study, although the relative importance of the two sources changed through time. Stream habitat and environment play important roles in stream community development and organization by providing shelter or cover and supplying needed resources. As the environment provided by a stream system impinges upon the stream community, there must be concordance between the community and its environment. The climatic parameters light and temperature and autochthonous and allochthonous inputs such as litter fall are discussed as environmental parameters that impinge on the model stream communities. Title: The development and maintenance of stream community structure and organization Author: Wevers, Mary Jo The goal of this study was to better understand stream communities through a perspective that might make their structure, organization, and development more understandable. This goal was approached through the following objectives: 1. To determine the assemblages of stream organisms and define subsystems within a stream community. 2. To explain the structure and organization of the subsystems by means of habitat, life history, trophic, and environmental relationships. 3. To explain how the community as a whole and the subsystems develop and persist through immigration, colonization, and subsystem interactions. An organismic perspective of stream communities is utilized in addressing the development and maintenance of stream community structure and organization. The conceptual framework of Warren et al. (1979) provides a perspective which emphasizes the importance of species interrelationships and interdspendencies within a community. This perspective is organismic in that it takes the view that communities exhibit organismic properties. It is hot organismic in the Clementsian sense that communities are metaphorical organisms. A hierarchical scheme of stream community subsystems is presented. Habitat organization is used to define 2° and 3° subsystems. Trophic organization defines 4° subsystems, and other aspects of life history organization define 5° subsystems. Two model streams were employed in this study of stream community structure and organization. The 2° subsystems, shallow riffles, deep riffles, and pools, were sampled for one year following initiation of the experiment. Community organization and development are described in terms of biomass and taxa numbers. Macroinvertebrate biomass and taxa number tended to be greater in riffle habitats than in pool habitats. Biomass in 2° and 3° subsystems generally in creased with time. Taxa number increased until early winter when it declined slightly. Changes in biomass and taxa number in 4° trophic subsystems and 5° species population subsystems are also discussed. Species pool, life history, and colonization determination of stream community structure and organization are addressed. The potential capacity of the stream community resides in the species pool. The pattern of kinds and abundances of species in space and time is partially determined by the life history patterns of the species. Colonizing ability of species populations affects the development and organization of stream communities. Downstream drift and aerial sources of colonists contributed to the colonization of the experimental streams in this study, although the relative importance of the two sources changed through time. Stream habitat and environment play important roles in stream community development and organization by providing shelter or cover and supplying needed resources. As the environment provided by a stream system impinges upon the stream community, there must be concordance between the community and its environment. The climatic parameters light and temperature and autochthonous and allochthonous inputs such as litter fall are discussed as environmental parameters that impinge on the model stream communities. Close

• 28. [Article] Stream-Associated Amphibian Habitat Assessment in the Portland-Vancouver Metropolitan Region

  This study assessed the influence of landscape development on stream-associated amphibians in forested riparian areas within the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan region. Human alteration of landscapes may ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream-Associated Amphibian Habitat Assessment in the Portland-Vancouver Metropolitan Region Author: Dietrich, Andrew Evans Year: 2012 This study assessed the influence of landscape development on stream-associated amphibians in forested riparian areas within the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan region. Human alteration of landscapes may dramatically affect the ecology of neighboring aquatic systems. It was hypothesized that lotic amphibians would be negatively associated with greater amounts of landscape development and positively associated with forested area within the surrounding watershed. Thirty-seven 1st-3rd order streams were sampled between June 21st and September 21st in 2011. Streams potentially providing adequate habitat for stream-obligate amphibians were randomly selected. Amphibians were surveyed along 30-meter stream transects using an active-cover search (ACS). Environmental variables associated with development in surrounding landscapes were measured in situ. GIS delineation was conducted to define landscape-scale variables at stratified distances from riparian networks up-stream of each site via the utilization of the 2006 NLCD dataset and a finer-scale, regional dataset compiled by the Institute for Natural Resources (INR). Amphibians were detected at seventeen of the thirty-seven sampled streams. The most commonly detected species were Dicamptadon tenebrosus, Plethadon vehiculum and Plethadon dunni. Streams where amphibians were observed had lower average water temperature and conductivity, coarser stream substrate and were located on public property more often than streams where no amphibians were detected. Landscape variables were most significant to amphibians within 100 and 200 meters of the upstream stream network. Occupancy of a site by facultative species was best explained by the proportion of mixed forest in the surrounding watershed (R2=0.343, p<0.001). Occupancy of a stream by obligate species was best predicted by measurements of water quality and in-stream cover (Water Temperature: R2=0.275, p<0.001; Water Conductivity: R2=0.248, p<0.001; Cover: R2=0.323, p<0.001). Occupancy of stream refugia by all observed amphibians was positively influenced by higher percentages of forest cover and lower percentages of urban development and herbaceous vegetation in the surrounding watershed. Results of this study indicate that urban refugia must contain adequate riparian forest area, coarse stream substrate and clean, cool water to sustain stream-amphibian communities. Protection of remnant forested headwater stream networks is essential to the conservation of lotic amphibians in this urbanized region. Title: Stream-Associated Amphibian Habitat Assessment in the Portland-Vancouver Metropolitan Region Author: Dietrich, Andrew Evans Year: 2012 This study assessed the influence of landscape development on stream-associated amphibians in forested riparian areas within the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan region. Human alteration of landscapes may dramatically affect the ecology of neighboring aquatic systems. It was hypothesized that lotic amphibians would be negatively associated with greater amounts of landscape development and positively associated with forested area within the surrounding watershed. Thirty-seven 1st-3rd order streams were sampled between June 21st and September 21st in 2011. Streams potentially providing adequate habitat for stream-obligate amphibians were randomly selected. Amphibians were surveyed along 30-meter stream transects using an active-cover search (ACS). Environmental variables associated with development in surrounding landscapes were measured in situ. GIS delineation was conducted to define landscape-scale variables at stratified distances from riparian networks up-stream of each site via the utilization of the 2006 NLCD dataset and a finer-scale, regional dataset compiled by the Institute for Natural Resources (INR). Amphibians were detected at seventeen of the thirty-seven sampled streams. The most commonly detected species were Dicamptadon tenebrosus, Plethadon vehiculum and Plethadon dunni. Streams where amphibians were observed had lower average water temperature and conductivity, coarser stream substrate and were located on public property more often than streams where no amphibians were detected. Landscape variables were most significant to amphibians within 100 and 200 meters of the upstream stream network. Occupancy of a site by facultative species was best explained by the proportion of mixed forest in the surrounding watershed (R2=0.343, p<0.001). Occupancy of a stream by obligate species was best predicted by measurements of water quality and in-stream cover (Water Temperature: R2=0.275, p<0.001; Water Conductivity: R2=0.248, p<0.001; Cover: R2=0.323, p<0.001). Occupancy of stream refugia by all observed amphibians was positively influenced by higher percentages of forest cover and lower percentages of urban development and herbaceous vegetation in the surrounding watershed. Results of this study indicate that urban refugia must contain adequate riparian forest area, coarse stream substrate and clean, cool water to sustain stream-amphibian communities. Protection of remnant forested headwater stream networks is essential to the conservation of lotic amphibians in this urbanized region. Close

• 29. [Article] Window Queries Over Data Streams

  Evaluating queries over data streams has become an appealing way to support various stream-processing applications. Window queries are commonly used in many stream applications. In a window query, certain ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Window Queries Over Data Streams Author: Li, Jin Year: 2008 Evaluating queries over data streams has become an appealing way to support various stream-processing applications. Window queries are commonly used in many stream applications. In a window query, certain query operators, especially blocking operators and stateful operators, appear in their windowed versions. Previous research work in evaluating window queries typically requires ordered streams and this order requirement limits the implementations of window operators and also carries performance penalties. This thesis presents efficient and flexible algorithms for evaluating window queries. We first present a new data model for streams, progressing streams, that separates stream progress from physical-arrival order. Then, we present our window semantic definitions for the most commonly used window operators—window aggregation and window join. Unlike previous research that often requires ordered streams when describing window semantics, our window semantic definitions do not rely on physical-stream arrival properties. Based on the window semantic definitions, we present new implementations of window aggregation and window join, WID and OA-Join. Compared to the existing implementations of stream query operators, our implementations do not require special stream-arrival properties, particularly stream order. In addition, for window aggregation, we present two other implementations extended from WID, Paned-WID and AdaptWID, to improve excution time by sharing sub-aggregates and to improve memory usage for input with data distribution skew, respectively. Leveraging our order-insenstive implementations of window operators, we present a new architecture for stream systems, OOP (Out-of- Order Processing). Instead of relying on ordered streams to indicate stream progress, OOP explicitly communicates stream progress to query operators, and thus is more flexible than the previous in-order processing (IOP) approach, which requires maintaining stream order. We implemented our order-insensitive window query operators and the OOP architecture in NiagaraST and Gigascope. Our performance study in both systems confirms the benefits of our window operator implementations and the OOP architecture compared to the commonly used approaches in terms of memory usage, execution time and latency. Title: Window Queries Over Data Streams Author: Li, Jin Year: 2008 Evaluating queries over data streams has become an appealing way to support various stream-processing applications. Window queries are commonly used in many stream applications. In a window query, certain query operators, especially blocking operators and stateful operators, appear in their windowed versions. Previous research work in evaluating window queries typically requires ordered streams and this order requirement limits the implementations of window operators and also carries performance penalties. This thesis presents efficient and flexible algorithms for evaluating window queries. We first present a new data model for streams, progressing streams, that separates stream progress from physical-arrival order. Then, we present our window semantic definitions for the most commonly used window operators—window aggregation and window join. Unlike previous research that often requires ordered streams when describing window semantics, our window semantic definitions do not rely on physical-stream arrival properties. Based on the window semantic definitions, we present new implementations of window aggregation and window join, WID and OA-Join. Compared to the existing implementations of stream query operators, our implementations do not require special stream-arrival properties, particularly stream order. In addition, for window aggregation, we present two other implementations extended from WID, Paned-WID and AdaptWID, to improve excution time by sharing sub-aggregates and to improve memory usage for input with data distribution skew, respectively. Leveraging our order-insenstive implementations of window operators, we present a new architecture for stream systems, OOP (Out-of- Order Processing). Instead of relying on ordered streams to indicate stream progress, OOP explicitly communicates stream progress to query operators, and thus is more flexible than the previous in-order processing (IOP) approach, which requires maintaining stream order. We implemented our order-insensitive window query operators and the OOP architecture in NiagaraST and Gigascope. Our performance study in both systems confirms the benefits of our window operator implementations and the OOP architecture compared to the commonly used approaches in terms of memory usage, execution time and latency. Close

• 30. [Article] Subsurface flow of a forested riparian area in the Oregon coast range

  This study was undertaken to gain further understanding of the subsurface hydrology for a stream-adjacent riparian area in Western Oregon's Coast Range. Spatial and temporal fluctuations of the free water surface ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Subsurface flow of a forested riparian area in the Oregon coast range Author: Reiter, Maryanne This study was undertaken to gain further understanding of the subsurface hydrology for a stream-adjacent riparian area in Western Oregon's Coast Range. Spatial and temporal fluctuations of the free water surface of a toeslope, adjacent riparian area, and stream channel in a forested terrace reach were monitored over a period of one year. A total of 27 piezometers were installed (nine in each of three transects established perpendicular to the stream) in a stream-adjacent terrace and hillslope. These piezometers were monitored from September 26, 1989 to July 25, 1990. Results indicate that the direction of flow within a forested terrace can vary throughout the year. During the drier months of September and October, flow direction was generally towards the stream. However, by November the direction of flow for those areas closest to the stream had begun to change. In some cases the direction of flow changed up to 180° from the September direction. The location of influent/effluent zones along the stream (i.e., zones along the stream where the terrace has a lower or higher hydraulic head than the stream, respectively) also varied throughout the year. During October, 1989 the furthest upvalley stream-adjacent piezometer had hydraulic heads greater than the stream for the entire month, while two other stream adjacent piezometers did not. During normal precipitation in January, 1990 both furthest upvalley and the middle stream-adjacent piezometers had hydraulic heads greater than the stream for the entire month. By July, 1990 only the middle stream-adjacent piezometer had a hydraulic head greater than the stream for the entire month, while the furthest upvalley piezometer had a higher head for 33% of the month and the hydraulic head of furthest downvalley piezometer never exceeded that of the stream. For the Deer Creek study site, subsurface velocities were estimated to be in the range of 10-8 to 10-11 m/s resulting in a 3.8 year minimum travel time for storm water to reach the stream. Thus, soil matrix velocities using the Darcy equation were not sufficient to generate stormflow. However, no overland flow was observed during storm events, indicating that alternative subsurface flow pathways, such as macrochannels, are being utilized. Previous research has suggested that the release of water from terrace storage in small headwater streams is no.t sufficient to maintain baseflow. The results of the Deer Creek study support this conclusion. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that forested riparian areas are hydrologically complex with respect to both space and time and that oversimplification of these systems may lead to misinterpretation of other processes associated with subsurface water dynamics. Title: Subsurface flow of a forested riparian area in the Oregon coast range Author: Reiter, Maryanne This study was undertaken to gain further understanding of the subsurface hydrology for a stream-adjacent riparian area in Western Oregon's Coast Range. Spatial and temporal fluctuations of the free water surface of a toeslope, adjacent riparian area, and stream channel in a forested terrace reach were monitored over a period of one year. A total of 27 piezometers were installed (nine in each of three transects established perpendicular to the stream) in a stream-adjacent terrace and hillslope. These piezometers were monitored from September 26, 1989 to July 25, 1990. Results indicate that the direction of flow within a forested terrace can vary throughout the year. During the drier months of September and October, flow direction was generally towards the stream. However, by November the direction of flow for those areas closest to the stream had begun to change. In some cases the direction of flow changed up to 180° from the September direction. The location of influent/effluent zones along the stream (i.e., zones along the stream where the terrace has a lower or higher hydraulic head than the stream, respectively) also varied throughout the year. During October, 1989 the furthest upvalley stream-adjacent piezometer had hydraulic heads greater than the stream for the entire month, while two other stream adjacent piezometers did not. During normal precipitation in January, 1990 both furthest upvalley and the middle stream-adjacent piezometers had hydraulic heads greater than the stream for the entire month. By July, 1990 only the middle stream-adjacent piezometer had a hydraulic head greater than the stream for the entire month, while the furthest upvalley piezometer had a higher head for 33% of the month and the hydraulic head of furthest downvalley piezometer never exceeded that of the stream. For the Deer Creek study site, subsurface velocities were estimated to be in the range of 10-8 to 10-11 m/s resulting in a 3.8 year minimum travel time for storm water to reach the stream. Thus, soil matrix velocities using the Darcy equation were not sufficient to generate stormflow. However, no overland flow was observed during storm events, indicating that alternative subsurface flow pathways, such as macrochannels, are being utilized. Previous research has suggested that the release of water from terrace storage in small headwater streams is no.t sufficient to maintain baseflow. The results of the Deer Creek study support this conclusion. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that forested riparian areas are hydrologically complex with respect to both space and time and that oversimplification of these systems may lead to misinterpretation of other processes associated with subsurface water dynamics. Close

• 31. [Article] Factors influencing pool morphology in Oregon coastal streams

  Pool morphology was surveyed in 19 stream sections within the central Oregon Coast Range. Pool locations, sizes, spacings, numbers, and factors affecting pool formation were determined for each stream ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors influencing pool morphology in Oregon coastal streams Author: Stack, William Robert Pool morphology was surveyed in 19 stream sections within the central Oregon Coast Range. Pool locations, sizes, spacings, numbers, and factors affecting pool formation were determined for each stream section. All sections were underlain by sedimentary rocks, had drainage areas ranging from 1.3 to 17.3 km², and had average water surface slopes from 0.5 to 5.6%. Stream sections were divided into two categories: (1) low timber harvest (<20% of watershed area harvested) and (2) high timber harvest (>45% of watershed area harvested). A "Rapid Bed Profile" (REP) technique was developed to measure residual pool characteristics in each stream section. The REP technique is a survey method that requires only thalweg depths and the average reach gradient. The technique was effective for classifying pools since it is objective, independent of flow, accurate, and time-efficient. Residual pool size characteristics (e.g., volume) for the low timber harvest stream sections were positively correlated to a power function of drainage area. Stream sections with beaver dams, especially those with at least 10% of their reach length in beaver-caused pools, typically had larger residual pools. Pool size characteristics for high timber harvest stream sections were not different from low timber harvest stream sections. The average spacing between residual pools was positively correlated to a power function of drainage area for the low timber harvest stream sections (a negative correlation was found between the number of pools and drainage area). High timber harvest stream sections may be associated with an increased spacing and a decreased number of pools for larger watersheds (i.e., greater than 8 km²). However, the potential effects of previous large storms, changes in timber management practices, and/or the small number of streams surveyed precluded a definitive conclusion. The frequency of occurrence of pool forming processes (e.g., plunge, deflection) was correlated with average water surface slope for the low timber harvest stream sections. The percentage of plunge and impoundment processes increased as water surface slope increased while the percentage of deflection and underflow processes decreased. Two high timber harvest streams had a higher percentage of plunge pools than expected based on the relationships established for the low timber harvest streams. The frequency of occurrence of wood and boulder pool forming elements was correlated with an index of stream power (drainage area times average water slope) for the low timber harvest stream sections. As the stream power index increased, the relative frequency of wood-formed pools decreased while boulder-formed pools increased. Wood and boulder combined, generally, made up 80% of the pool forming elements. The frequency of occurrence of pool forming elements was not different between low and high timber harvest stream sections. Title: Factors influencing pool morphology in Oregon coastal streams Author: Stack, William Robert Pool morphology was surveyed in 19 stream sections within the central Oregon Coast Range. Pool locations, sizes, spacings, numbers, and factors affecting pool formation were determined for each stream section. All sections were underlain by sedimentary rocks, had drainage areas ranging from 1.3 to 17.3 km², and had average water surface slopes from 0.5 to 5.6%. Stream sections were divided into two categories: (1) low timber harvest (<20% of watershed area harvested) and (2) high timber harvest (>45% of watershed area harvested). A "Rapid Bed Profile" (REP) technique was developed to measure residual pool characteristics in each stream section. The REP technique is a survey method that requires only thalweg depths and the average reach gradient. The technique was effective for classifying pools since it is objective, independent of flow, accurate, and time-efficient. Residual pool size characteristics (e.g., volume) for the low timber harvest stream sections were positively correlated to a power function of drainage area. Stream sections with beaver dams, especially those with at least 10% of their reach length in beaver-caused pools, typically had larger residual pools. Pool size characteristics for high timber harvest stream sections were not different from low timber harvest stream sections. The average spacing between residual pools was positively correlated to a power function of drainage area for the low timber harvest stream sections (a negative correlation was found between the number of pools and drainage area). High timber harvest stream sections may be associated with an increased spacing and a decreased number of pools for larger watersheds (i.e., greater than 8 km²). However, the potential effects of previous large storms, changes in timber management practices, and/or the small number of streams surveyed precluded a definitive conclusion. The frequency of occurrence of pool forming processes (e.g., plunge, deflection) was correlated with average water surface slope for the low timber harvest stream sections. The percentage of plunge and impoundment processes increased as water surface slope increased while the percentage of deflection and underflow processes decreased. Two high timber harvest streams had a higher percentage of plunge pools than expected based on the relationships established for the low timber harvest streams. The frequency of occurrence of wood and boulder pool forming elements was correlated with an index of stream power (drainage area times average water slope) for the low timber harvest stream sections. As the stream power index increased, the relative frequency of wood-formed pools decreased while boulder-formed pools increased. Wood and boulder combined, generally, made up 80% of the pool forming elements. The frequency of occurrence of pool forming elements was not different between low and high timber harvest stream sections. Close

• 32. [Article] Aquatic insect adaptations to different flow regimes

  My thesis explored the effects of environmental variability on population dynamics and community composition of aquatic insects. Environmental variability in the form of flow regime in streams can limit ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aquatic insect adaptations to different flow regimes Author: Yamamuro, Asako Melody My thesis explored the effects of environmental variability on population dynamics and community composition of aquatic insects. Environmental variability in the form of flow regime in streams can limit the distribution and life-history traits of aquatic insects. I used tributaries to the McKenzie River in Oregon with dramatically different flow regimes to compare aquatic insect community composition (Chapter 2). Runoff-dominated streams were responsive to precipitation events and had high flow events in the winter and dried down in the summer. Spring-fed streams had a relatively steady flow regime year round. Streams categorized as runoff-dominated had distinctly different taxonomic composition of aquatic insects compared to streams designated as having a spring-fed flow regime. Larval Ameletus (order Ephemeroptera) and Calineuria (order Plecoptera) were prominent indicator genera for runoff-dominated streams while Caudatella (order Ephemeroptera) and Yoraperla (order Plecoptera) were prominent indicator genera for spring-fed streams. Additionally, life-history trait indicators for spring-fed streams included semivoltinism, poorly synchronized emergence, and slow seasonal development. These analyses suggested that there were community level differences between seasonally fluctuating and relatively constant flow regimes. My thesis investigated population-level differences in life-history traits of an aquatic insect species that is found in both runoff-dominated and spring-fed streams (Chapter 3). Cohort patterns of Yoraperla nigrisoma were distinctly different between both stream types. At the end of the summer, spring-fed streams had three distinct cohorts, while runoff-dominated streams had two distinct cohorts present. Yoraperla nigrisoma in spring-fed streams have a more consistent growth rate year round, and they emerge at a larger size and have more cohorts present than in runoff-dominated streams. These analyses suggest that flow regime type is highly associated with these life-history differences. My thesis explored whether life-history trait differences at the population level are phenotypically plastic to environmental conditions in the short term (Chapter 4). The variability in sources of phenotypic variation may be due to the presence or lack of phenotyically plastic factors. I conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment to quantify the effects of environment on life-history traits of Yoraperla nigrisoma. Insects from the spring-fed stream that were transferred to the runoff-dominated stream sped up their development, which was measured by change in head width over time. Also, newly-emerged adults showed differences in head width and biomass between treatments, but the small sample sizes associated with these results should be considered. Overall, both phenotypically plastic factors and factors lacking phenotypic plasticity affect life-history traits between the runoff-dominated and spring-fed stream. Title: Aquatic insect adaptations to different flow regimes Author: Yamamuro, Asako Melody My thesis explored the effects of environmental variability on population dynamics and community composition of aquatic insects. Environmental variability in the form of flow regime in streams can limit the distribution and life-history traits of aquatic insects. I used tributaries to the McKenzie River in Oregon with dramatically different flow regimes to compare aquatic insect community composition (Chapter 2). Runoff-dominated streams were responsive to precipitation events and had high flow events in the winter and dried down in the summer. Spring-fed streams had a relatively steady flow regime year round. Streams categorized as runoff-dominated had distinctly different taxonomic composition of aquatic insects compared to streams designated as having a spring-fed flow regime. Larval Ameletus (order Ephemeroptera) and Calineuria (order Plecoptera) were prominent indicator genera for runoff-dominated streams while Caudatella (order Ephemeroptera) and Yoraperla (order Plecoptera) were prominent indicator genera for spring-fed streams. Additionally, life-history trait indicators for spring-fed streams included semivoltinism, poorly synchronized emergence, and slow seasonal development. These analyses suggested that there were community level differences between seasonally fluctuating and relatively constant flow regimes. My thesis investigated population-level differences in life-history traits of an aquatic insect species that is found in both runoff-dominated and spring-fed streams (Chapter 3). Cohort patterns of Yoraperla nigrisoma were distinctly different between both stream types. At the end of the summer, spring-fed streams had three distinct cohorts, while runoff-dominated streams had two distinct cohorts present. Yoraperla nigrisoma in spring-fed streams have a more consistent growth rate year round, and they emerge at a larger size and have more cohorts present than in runoff-dominated streams. These analyses suggest that flow regime type is highly associated with these life-history differences. My thesis explored whether life-history trait differences at the population level are phenotypically plastic to environmental conditions in the short term (Chapter 4). The variability in sources of phenotypic variation may be due to the presence or lack of phenotyically plastic factors. I conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment to quantify the effects of environment on life-history traits of Yoraperla nigrisoma. Insects from the spring-fed stream that were transferred to the runoff-dominated stream sped up their development, which was measured by change in head width over time. Also, newly-emerged adults showed differences in head width and biomass between treatments, but the small sample sizes associated with these results should be considered. Overall, both phenotypically plastic factors and factors lacking phenotypic plasticity affect life-history traits between the runoff-dominated and spring-fed stream. Close

• 33. [Article] Geomorphic influences on habitat formation, distribution, and development and the classification of upland coastal Oregon streams

  A framework is presented for a more causal explanation and ordering of stream characteristics than traditional means have used. Patterns of stream habitat distribution are related to particular characteristics ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geomorphic influences on habitat formation, distribution, and development and the classification of upland coastal Oregon streams Author: Hurley, Michael D. A framework is presented for a more causal explanation and ordering of stream characteristics than traditional means have used. Patterns of stream habitat distribution are related to particular characteristics of the geomorphology of watersheds. Variability in stream characteristics can be explained by the spatial distribution of properties of the watershed and by identifying stages in the development of stream habitat. This has implications for the classification of streams in a geomorphic context, emphasizing the concepts of capacity and genesis. Within the context of a hierarchical watershed classification, stream segment is considered the most useful classification level for understanding habitat distribution and dynamics. Basins in basalt and sandstone geologic formations in the Oregon Coast Range were investigated for stream habitat distribution. In streams flowing through sandstone, repetitive patterns of large-scale valley segments are identified in headwaters to large rivers. Segment boundaries are identified by changes in valley morphology. Alternating patterns of wide valleys and constricted valleys are common in some landtype associations. The formation of these segments is influenced by bedrock stratigraphy and large-scale geomorphic processes such as slump-slides. Valley dimensions are quantified by nondimensional indices of valley width / channel width and the stream gradient index. Pool distribution was intensively analysed in 2.8 kilometers of a fourth order stream that flows through basalt bedrock. The mainstem was stratified by tributary junctions, each of which was further divided into 3 equal zones. Distributional patterns were analyzed by pool spacing, linear nearest neighbor, and by composition of zones. Pool spacing does not conform to the expected normal distribution with a median spacing at 5-7 channel widths. Pool spacing is strongly skewed towards shorter spacings and has a median spacing at 2-3 channel widths. Pools of similar size and type occur locally, which indicates that different areas of the stream have different conditions for habitat formation and development. Habitat distribution and composition is related to valley morphology, hillslope processes, location in relation to tributary junctions, and time since disturbance. Debris torrents are the dominant processes influencing the stream, these supplying sediment and instream structure of wood and boulders, as well as influencing channel slope. A balance between disturbance and recovery exists in unmanaged as well as perturbed watersheds. Effective management of watersheds must maintain the geomorphic integrity of the valley and stream. Classification of the stream and habitat in a geomorphic context enhances explanation and the understanding of the interaction between watershed form and process and characteristics of the stream. Stream habitat formation, distribution, and dynamics are better understood in the context of geomorphic concepts such as sediment storage and dynamics. Title: Geomorphic influences on habitat formation, distribution, and development and the classification of upland coastal Oregon streams Author: Hurley, Michael D. A framework is presented for a more causal explanation and ordering of stream characteristics than traditional means have used. Patterns of stream habitat distribution are related to particular characteristics of the geomorphology of watersheds. Variability in stream characteristics can be explained by the spatial distribution of properties of the watershed and by identifying stages in the development of stream habitat. This has implications for the classification of streams in a geomorphic context, emphasizing the concepts of capacity and genesis. Within the context of a hierarchical watershed classification, stream segment is considered the most useful classification level for understanding habitat distribution and dynamics. Basins in basalt and sandstone geologic formations in the Oregon Coast Range were investigated for stream habitat distribution. In streams flowing through sandstone, repetitive patterns of large-scale valley segments are identified in headwaters to large rivers. Segment boundaries are identified by changes in valley morphology. Alternating patterns of wide valleys and constricted valleys are common in some landtype associations. The formation of these segments is influenced by bedrock stratigraphy and large-scale geomorphic processes such as slump-slides. Valley dimensions are quantified by nondimensional indices of valley width / channel width and the stream gradient index. Pool distribution was intensively analysed in 2.8 kilometers of a fourth order stream that flows through basalt bedrock. The mainstem was stratified by tributary junctions, each of which was further divided into 3 equal zones. Distributional patterns were analyzed by pool spacing, linear nearest neighbor, and by composition of zones. Pool spacing does not conform to the expected normal distribution with a median spacing at 5-7 channel widths. Pool spacing is strongly skewed towards shorter spacings and has a median spacing at 2-3 channel widths. Pools of similar size and type occur locally, which indicates that different areas of the stream have different conditions for habitat formation and development. Habitat distribution and composition is related to valley morphology, hillslope processes, location in relation to tributary junctions, and time since disturbance. Debris torrents are the dominant processes influencing the stream, these supplying sediment and instream structure of wood and boulders, as well as influencing channel slope. A balance between disturbance and recovery exists in unmanaged as well as perturbed watersheds. Effective management of watersheds must maintain the geomorphic integrity of the valley and stream. Classification of the stream and habitat in a geomorphic context enhances explanation and the understanding of the interaction between watershed form and process and characteristics of the stream. Stream habitat formation, distribution, and dynamics are better understood in the context of geomorphic concepts such as sediment storage and dynamics. Close

• 34. [Article] Spatiotemporal dynamics and drivers of stream pCO₂ in a headwater mountain catchment in the Cascade Mountains, Oregon

  We examined the spatial and temporal variability of stream carbon dioxide (CO₂) and the drivers of these variations in a headwater catchment. To examine temporal variation and drivers, we measured stream ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics and drivers of stream pCO₂ in a headwater mountain catchment in the Cascade Mountains, Oregon Author: Dosch, Nicholas T. We examined the spatial and temporal variability of stream carbon dioxide (CO₂) and the drivers of these variations in a headwater catchment. To examine temporal variation and drivers, we measured stream and hyporheic pCO₂ at high temporal resolution over 11 months in a 95.9-ha forested headwater catchment in the Western Cascades of Central Oregon, USA. Stream and hyporheic pCO₂ showed high seasonal and event-scale variability with distinct stream and hyporheic dynamics during storm discharge events. Hyporheic exchange flow exported 37.5 kg-C yr⁻¹ per watershed hectare (confidence interval 4.0-122.3 kg-C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) from the riparian zone to the stream. Summing CO₂ evasion and downstream advection suggests that one third of inorganic carbon export originated in the hyporheic zone. Hyporheic exchange flow had greatest influence over stream pCO₂ during low and high baseflow, while CO₂ evasion had greatest influence during storm discharge events. These findings suggest that the hyporheic zone actively participates in carbon cycling in this headwater stream and continuously replenishes stream CO₂. To examine spatial variation and drivers, we measured stream CO₂ at monthly intervals from July 2013 through July 2014 at 38 locations across the 6400-ha HJ Andrews Experimental Forest. Stream pCO₂ was consistently supersaturated with respect to atmospheric concentrations. Stream pCO₂ ranged from atmospheric (~400 μatm) to 20 times atmospheric concentrations (8150 μatm) and exhibited strong spatial and temporal variability. The distribution of pCO₂ over the study period was different in small and large streams within the drainage network. At the watershed scale, pCO₂ decreased with distance downstream. At the reach scale, we did not detect clear patterns in the downstream direction. However, individual transects displayed persistent profile shape, with consistent high and low pCO₂ locations. We found negative relationships between stream pCO₂ and stream discharge, mean velocity and the carbon dioxide gas transfer velocity. Stream pCO₂ exhibited changes over short distances, with large changes in pCO₂ over less than 50 m. Longitudinal variability indicates spatial variability of in-stream controls on pCO₂ at this scale. Stream pCO₂ shows generally higher concentrations during the summer and lower concentrations in the winter, with considerable intrannual variability. Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics and drivers of stream pCO₂ in a headwater mountain catchment in the Cascade Mountains, Oregon Author: Dosch, Nicholas T. We examined the spatial and temporal variability of stream carbon dioxide (CO₂) and the drivers of these variations in a headwater catchment. To examine temporal variation and drivers, we measured stream and hyporheic pCO₂ at high temporal resolution over 11 months in a 95.9-ha forested headwater catchment in the Western Cascades of Central Oregon, USA. Stream and hyporheic pCO₂ showed high seasonal and event-scale variability with distinct stream and hyporheic dynamics during storm discharge events. Hyporheic exchange flow exported 37.5 kg-C yr⁻¹ per watershed hectare (confidence interval 4.0-122.3 kg-C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) from the riparian zone to the stream. Summing CO₂ evasion and downstream advection suggests that one third of inorganic carbon export originated in the hyporheic zone. Hyporheic exchange flow had greatest influence over stream pCO₂ during low and high baseflow, while CO₂ evasion had greatest influence during storm discharge events. These findings suggest that the hyporheic zone actively participates in carbon cycling in this headwater stream and continuously replenishes stream CO₂. To examine spatial variation and drivers, we measured stream CO₂ at monthly intervals from July 2013 through July 2014 at 38 locations across the 6400-ha HJ Andrews Experimental Forest. Stream pCO₂ was consistently supersaturated with respect to atmospheric concentrations. Stream pCO₂ ranged from atmospheric (~400 μatm) to 20 times atmospheric concentrations (8150 μatm) and exhibited strong spatial and temporal variability. The distribution of pCO₂ over the study period was different in small and large streams within the drainage network. At the watershed scale, pCO₂ decreased with distance downstream. At the reach scale, we did not detect clear patterns in the downstream direction. However, individual transects displayed persistent profile shape, with consistent high and low pCO₂ locations. We found negative relationships between stream pCO₂ and stream discharge, mean velocity and the carbon dioxide gas transfer velocity. Stream pCO₂ exhibited changes over short distances, with large changes in pCO₂ over less than 50 m. Longitudinal variability indicates spatial variability of in-stream controls on pCO₂ at this scale. Stream pCO₂ shows generally higher concentrations during the summer and lower concentrations in the winter, with considerable intrannual variability. Close

• 35. [Article] Stream temperature and streamside cover 14-17 years after clearcutting along small forested streams, western Oregon

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Society of American Foresters and can be found at: http://www.safnet.org/public...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream temperature and streamside cover 14-17 years after clearcutting along small forested streams, western Oregon Author: Newton, Mike, Cole, Liz This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Society of American Foresters and can be found at: http://www.safnet.org/publications/western/index.cfm. Title: Stream temperature and streamside cover 14-17 years after clearcutting along small forested streams, western Oregon Author: Newton, Mike, Cole, Liz This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Society of American Foresters and can be found at: http://www.safnet.org/publications/western/index.cfm. Close

• 36. [Article] Diurnal timing of warmer air under climate change affects magnitude, timing and duration of stream temperature change

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Diurnal timing of warmer air under climate change affects magnitude, timing and duration of stream temperature change Author: Haggerty, Roy, Wondzell, Steven M., Diabat, Mousa To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1085. Title: Diurnal timing of warmer air under climate change affects magnitude, timing and duration of stream temperature change Author: Haggerty, Roy, Wondzell, Steven M., Diabat, Mousa To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1085. Close

• 37. [Article] Influence of biologically stabilized kraft mill effluent on the food relations and production of juvenile chinook salmon in laboratory streams

  This thesis reports the results of a study on the influence of biologically stabilized kraft mill effluent (SKME) on the food relations and production of juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of biologically stabilized kraft mill effluent on the food relations and production of juvenile chinook salmon in laboratory streams Author: Seim, W. K. (Wayne K.) This thesis reports the results of a study on the influence of biologically stabilized kraft mill effluent (SKME) on the food relations and production of juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum), in laboratory streams. Experiments were conducted at the Oak Creek Fisheries Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, during 1967 and 1968. Kraft mill effluent used in this study was either collected raw and biologically stabilized at the laboratory, or collected already treated from a mill operating a stabilization pond. Stabilization of wastes was accomplished at the laboratory by sewage bacteria under constant aeration and with the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus. One aspect of this study dealt with the relationship between salmon production and salmon biomass in streams stocked with salmon at different densities in three control and three streams receiving 1.5 percent SKME by volume. This design permitted an analysis of the relationships between the abundance of the food organisms and the growth rate and biomass of salmon. Another aspect of the study dealt with the production of fish stocked at similar densities in two control streams and four streams each of which received a different concentration of SKME. In experiments conducted during the spring and fall periods, salmon production was lower in streams receiving a 1.5 percent SKME concentration than in control streams. This difference was attributed to a direct effect of SKME since no reduction in the abundance of food organisms or in the basic capacity of the streams to produce food organisms could be demonstrated. In experiments during the summer salmon production was found to be greater in streams receiving up to 4.0 percent SKME than in control streams. Salmon production was greatest at a 1.0 percent concentration and declined at concentrations of 2.0 and 4.0 percent SKME. The increase in production can probably be attributed to an increase in the numerical density of the major food organism, an amphipod identified as Crangonyx sp. The decline in salmon production at concentrations above 1.0 percent suggested that SKME was directly effecting salmon growth rates during summer experiments also, although this influence may have been small in relation to beneficial effects on food abundance. Amphipod biomass was related to the biomass of organic material in the laboratory streams. Title: Influence of biologically stabilized kraft mill effluent on the food relations and production of juvenile chinook salmon in laboratory streams Author: Seim, W. K. (Wayne K.) This thesis reports the results of a study on the influence of biologically stabilized kraft mill effluent (SKME) on the food relations and production of juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum), in laboratory streams. Experiments were conducted at the Oak Creek Fisheries Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, during 1967 and 1968. Kraft mill effluent used in this study was either collected raw and biologically stabilized at the laboratory, or collected already treated from a mill operating a stabilization pond. Stabilization of wastes was accomplished at the laboratory by sewage bacteria under constant aeration and with the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus. One aspect of this study dealt with the relationship between salmon production and salmon biomass in streams stocked with salmon at different densities in three control and three streams receiving 1.5 percent SKME by volume. This design permitted an analysis of the relationships between the abundance of the food organisms and the growth rate and biomass of salmon. Another aspect of the study dealt with the production of fish stocked at similar densities in two control streams and four streams each of which received a different concentration of SKME. In experiments conducted during the spring and fall periods, salmon production was lower in streams receiving a 1.5 percent SKME concentration than in control streams. This difference was attributed to a direct effect of SKME since no reduction in the abundance of food organisms or in the basic capacity of the streams to produce food organisms could be demonstrated. In experiments during the summer salmon production was found to be greater in streams receiving up to 4.0 percent SKME than in control streams. Salmon production was greatest at a 1.0 percent concentration and declined at concentrations of 2.0 and 4.0 percent SKME. The increase in production can probably be attributed to an increase in the numerical density of the major food organism, an amphipod identified as Crangonyx sp. The decline in salmon production at concentrations above 1.0 percent suggested that SKME was directly effecting salmon growth rates during summer experiments also, although this influence may have been small in relation to beneficial effects on food abundance. Amphipod biomass was related to the biomass of organic material in the laboratory streams. Close

• 38. [Article] Flow characteristics of co-flowing, laminar streams in a rectangular microchannel

  The effects of varying flow rate ratio and Reynolds number on the momentum diffusion and flow development of two co-flowing, laminar streams in a rectangular microchannel are presented. The microchannel ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flow characteristics of co-flowing, laminar streams in a rectangular microchannel Author: Oak, Jason The effects of varying flow rate ratio and Reynolds number on the momentum diffusion and flow development of two co-flowing, laminar streams in a rectangular microchannel are presented. The microchannel has an aspect ratio of approximately 16 with a width of 1006 μm and a height of 63 μm. A long, thin splitter plate initially separates the two streams such that fully developed flow in each of the two channels is obtained prior to merging. Fluorescent dye imaging and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) were utilized to observe the interaction between the streams for a range of flow rate ratios ranging from one to nine while maintaining a chamber Reynolds number of one. Additionally, PIV data was collected for the same flow rate ratios with a chamber Reynolds number of ten. It was found that when there is a velocity difference between the two streams, there is a cross-stream pressure gradient immediately downstream of the splitter plate that causes the faster moving fluid to expand into the slower moving fluid. Despite this rapid expansion, the fluids in two streams do not mix and continue to travel parallel to each other. As expected, the expansion of the faster moving fluid is diminished by the viscous effects present in the flow, although only at higher flow rate ratios. The merged streams eventually recover their fully developed profile although it is shown that existing entrance length relationships do not adequately predict the development length. In addition, the velocity flow characteristics between the streams is illustrated near the end of the splitter plate. As the streams travel past the splitter plate, the flow-wise momentum of the faster moving fluid is converted into a lateral, cross-stream velocity. The presence of an optimum flow rate ratio for obtaining a maximum cross-stream velocity magnitude is suggested. The effect of varying Reynolds number on these observations is also discussed. Title: Flow characteristics of co-flowing, laminar streams in a rectangular microchannel Author: Oak, Jason The effects of varying flow rate ratio and Reynolds number on the momentum diffusion and flow development of two co-flowing, laminar streams in a rectangular microchannel are presented. The microchannel has an aspect ratio of approximately 16 with a width of 1006 μm and a height of 63 μm. A long, thin splitter plate initially separates the two streams such that fully developed flow in each of the two channels is obtained prior to merging. Fluorescent dye imaging and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) were utilized to observe the interaction between the streams for a range of flow rate ratios ranging from one to nine while maintaining a chamber Reynolds number of one. Additionally, PIV data was collected for the same flow rate ratios with a chamber Reynolds number of ten. It was found that when there is a velocity difference between the two streams, there is a cross-stream pressure gradient immediately downstream of the splitter plate that causes the faster moving fluid to expand into the slower moving fluid. Despite this rapid expansion, the fluids in two streams do not mix and continue to travel parallel to each other. As expected, the expansion of the faster moving fluid is diminished by the viscous effects present in the flow, although only at higher flow rate ratios. The merged streams eventually recover their fully developed profile although it is shown that existing entrance length relationships do not adequately predict the development length. In addition, the velocity flow characteristics between the streams is illustrated near the end of the splitter plate. As the streams travel past the splitter plate, the flow-wise momentum of the faster moving fluid is converted into a lateral, cross-stream velocity. The presence of an optimum flow rate ratio for obtaining a maximum cross-stream velocity magnitude is suggested. The effect of varying Reynolds number on these observations is also discussed. Close

• 39. [Article] Characteristics of stream low flows in eastern Oregon : their relationship with precipitation and watershed parameters

  Characteristics of low flows of nine streams in eastern Oregon were explored using long-term streamflow records. Year-to-year dependence of low flows is highly significant for streams in the Blue Mountain ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characteristics of stream low flows in eastern Oregon : their relationship with precipitation and watershed parameters Author: Zeb, Aurang Characteristics of low flows of nine streams in eastern Oregon were explored using long-term streamflow records. Year-to-year dependence of low flows is highly significant for streams in the Blue Mountain and the southeastern Oregon regions. Low streamflows increased over the period of record for seven of the selected streams. Flow duration curves, flow-date curves and low flow frequency curves were constructed for each stream. Flow per unit area is higher for streams in northeastern Oregon than streams in southeastern Oregon. Forecast equations for streamflow recessions were made for each stream. Forecasts are highly accurate for recession volume and August average flow except for Mill creek and Bridge Creek. Forecasts are poor for the later part of the water year. Even for the later part of the water year, highly accurate results are obtained when forecasts are made for shorter periods (about 40 days). Annual precipitation is fairly well-distributed over the whole year in eastern Oregon with July and August as the driest months. Streams in the Wallowa Mountain and southeastern Oregon regions showed higher trend similarities between summer low flows and precipitation than streams in the Blue Mountain region. Correlations between summer low flows and precipitation were highly significant for the Wallowa Mountain and the southeastern Oregon regions. Correlations between low flows and watershed parameters, as well as average annual precipitation, were found insignificant for all streams. Title: Characteristics of stream low flows in eastern Oregon : their relationship with precipitation and watershed parameters Author: Zeb, Aurang Characteristics of low flows of nine streams in eastern Oregon were explored using long-term streamflow records. Year-to-year dependence of low flows is highly significant for streams in the Blue Mountain and the southeastern Oregon regions. Low streamflows increased over the period of record for seven of the selected streams. Flow duration curves, flow-date curves and low flow frequency curves were constructed for each stream. Flow per unit area is higher for streams in northeastern Oregon than streams in southeastern Oregon. Forecast equations for streamflow recessions were made for each stream. Forecasts are highly accurate for recession volume and August average flow except for Mill creek and Bridge Creek. Forecasts are poor for the later part of the water year. Even for the later part of the water year, highly accurate results are obtained when forecasts are made for shorter periods (about 40 days). Annual precipitation is fairly well-distributed over the whole year in eastern Oregon with July and August as the driest months. Streams in the Wallowa Mountain and southeastern Oregon regions showed higher trend similarities between summer low flows and precipitation than streams in the Blue Mountain region. Correlations between summer low flows and precipitation were highly significant for the Wallowa Mountain and the southeastern Oregon regions. Correlations between low flows and watershed parameters, as well as average annual precipitation, were found insignificant for all streams. Close

• 40. [Article] Monitoring Restoration in South Sister Creek : The Effect of Stream Enhancement Structures on Water Temperature

  This pilot study of South Sister Creek (8 km length) examined stream-scale (i.e., longitudinal trends) and sub-reach scale (less than 100 m) water temperature. Hourly summer temperature time-series data ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring Restoration in South Sister Creek : The Effect of Stream Enhancement Structures on Water Temperature Author: Harewood, Alessandra Greer This pilot study of South Sister Creek (8 km length) examined stream-scale (i.e., longitudinal trends) and sub-reach scale (less than 100 m) water temperature. Hourly summer temperature time-series data were gathered at four to seven locations along South Sister Creek in 2006, 2012, and 2013 and were used to explore whether restoration projects (in 2007 to 2011) affected stream temperature. Calculated seven-day maximum temperatures were cooler in post-treatment years (2012 and 2013) than the pre-treatment year (2006) at all four multi-year sites with the greatest differences near the mouth of the creek (4 to 5ºC cooler). While median stream temperature values were highest in 2013 for all four of the multi-year sites, the upper quartiles of measured hourly temperature for 2006 compared to 2012 and 2013 indicated more extreme high temperatures in 2006 than in subsequent years. Cross-correlation between stream and air temperature were used as an indicator of hyporheic flow. All peak CCF coefficients indicated a strong (.70) positive correlation in the early summer period between air and stream temperature, with lags ranging from 3 to 6 hours between peak air temperature and peak stream temperature. In the late summer period, most sites demonstrated lower correlations and longer lag times, patterns consistent with greater groundwater influence during low summer flows. There was no observable difference between pre- and post-treatment air-stream temperature cross correlation relationships. At a sub-reach scale, sites with more in-stream structural complexity -- including designed structures -- displayed greater spatial temperature variability than bedrock dominated reaches with simpler geomorphology. Title: Monitoring Restoration in South Sister Creek : The Effect of Stream Enhancement Structures on Water Temperature Author: Harewood, Alessandra Greer This pilot study of South Sister Creek (8 km length) examined stream-scale (i.e., longitudinal trends) and sub-reach scale (less than 100 m) water temperature. Hourly summer temperature time-series data were gathered at four to seven locations along South Sister Creek in 2006, 2012, and 2013 and were used to explore whether restoration projects (in 2007 to 2011) affected stream temperature. Calculated seven-day maximum temperatures were cooler in post-treatment years (2012 and 2013) than the pre-treatment year (2006) at all four multi-year sites with the greatest differences near the mouth of the creek (4 to 5ºC cooler). While median stream temperature values were highest in 2013 for all four of the multi-year sites, the upper quartiles of measured hourly temperature for 2006 compared to 2012 and 2013 indicated more extreme high temperatures in 2006 than in subsequent years. Cross-correlation between stream and air temperature were used as an indicator of hyporheic flow. All peak CCF coefficients indicated a strong (.70) positive correlation in the early summer period between air and stream temperature, with lags ranging from 3 to 6 hours between peak air temperature and peak stream temperature. In the late summer period, most sites demonstrated lower correlations and longer lag times, patterns consistent with greater groundwater influence during low summer flows. There was no observable difference between pre- and post-treatment air-stream temperature cross correlation relationships. At a sub-reach scale, sites with more in-stream structural complexity -- including designed structures -- displayed greater spatial temperature variability than bedrock dominated reaches with simpler geomorphology. Close

• 41. [Article] The influence of climate change and restoration on stream temperature

  Water temperature is an essential property of a stream. Temperature regulates physical and biochemical processes in aquatic habitats. Various factors related to climatic conditions, landscape characteristics, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of climate change and restoration on stream temperature Author: Diabat, Mousa Water temperature is an essential property of a stream. Temperature regulates physical and biochemical processes in aquatic habitats. Various factors related to climatic conditions, landscape characteristics, and channel structure directly influence stream temperature. Numerous studies indicate that increased average air temperature during the past century has led to stream warming across the world. The trend of stream warming was also present in spring-fed watersheds, where summer flow has decreased. In addition, anthropogenic practices that alter the natural landscape and channel structure, such as forest management, agriculture, and mining contributed to stream warming. For example, deforested and unshaded stream reaches or dredged channels were warmer than shaded reaches and meandering streams. Stream temperatures in North American lotic habitats are of a specific concern due to their significant economic, cultural, and ecological value. With climate projections indicating that air temperature will only continue to rise throughout the 21st century, cold- or cool-water organisms, especially fishes, will be affected. Therefore, there is a strong need to better understand the impacts of changing climate, riparian landscape, and channel structure on a stream's heat budget. This may assist in restoring the historic thermal regime in impacted sites and mitigating the impacts of future climate change. This study looks into the relative influences of the different factors on a stream's heat budget with three manuscripts: one on stream temperature response to diel timing of air warming, one on stream temperature response to changes in air temperature, flow, and riparian vegetation, and one on stream temperature response to air warming and channel reconstruction. I used the software Heat Source version 8.05 to simulate stream temperature for all three analyses along the Middle Fork John Day River, Oregon USA. Two of the manuscripts were applied to an upper 37 km section of the Middle Fork John Day River (presented in chapter 2 and 3), where the third manuscript was applied to a 1.5-km section. The sensitivity analysis of stream temperature response to diel timing of air warming (Chapter 2: Diel Timing of Warmer Air under Climate Change Affects Magnitude, Timing, and Duration of Stream Temperature Change) was based on scenarios representing uniform air warming over the diel period, daytime warming, and nighttime warming. Uniform warming of air temperature is a simple representation of increases in the average daily or monthly temperatures generated by the 'delta method'. The delta method relies on adding a constant value to the air temperature time-series data. This constant value is the difference (delta) between base case average air temperatures and the projected one. Scenarios of daytime or nighttime warming represent conditions under which most of the warming of the air occurs during the daytime or the nighttime, respectively. I simulated the stream temperature response to warmer air conditions of +2 °C and +4 °C in daily average for all three cases of air warming conditions. The three cases of different diel distributions of air warming generated 7-day average daily maximum stream temperature (7DADM) increases of approximately +1.8 °C ± 0.1 °C at the downstream end of the study section relative to the base case. In most parts of the reach, the three distributions of air warming generated different ranges of stream temperatures, different 7DADM values, different durations of stream temperature changes, and different average daily temperatures. Changes of stream temperature were out of phase with imposed changes of air temperature. Therefore, nighttime warming of air temperatures would cause the greatest increase in maximum daily stream temperature, which typically occurs during the daytime. The sensitivity analysis of the relative influences of changes in air temperature, stream flow, and riparian vegetation on stream temperature (Chapter 3: Assessing Stream Temperature Response to Cumulative Influence of Changing Air Temperature, Flow, and Riparian Vegetation). This study summarized stream temperature simulation in 36 scenarios representing possible manifestations of 21st century climate conditions and land management strategies. In addition to existing conditions (base case) of flow, air temperature, and riparian vegetation, scenarios consisted of: two air temperature increases of 2 °C and 4 °C, two stream flow variations of +30% and -30%, three spatially uniform riparian vegetation conditions that create averages of effective shade 7%, 34%, and 79%, in addition to 14% for base case conditions. Results suggest that variation in riparian vegetation was the dominant factor influencing stream temperature because it regulates incoming shortwave radiation, the largest heat input to the stream, while variation in stream flow has a negligible influence. Results indicated that increasing the effective shade along the study section, particularly in the currently unshaded sections, could mitigate the influence of increasing air temperature, and would reduce stream temperature maxima below current values even under future climate conditions of warmer air. With the small influence it had, increasing stream flow reduced the 7DADM under low shade conditions. However, increasing stream flow showed counterintuitive results as it contributed to increasing stream temperature maxima when the stream was heavily shaded. The applied study examined the stream temperature response to restoration practices and their potential to mitigate the influence of warmer air conditions (Chapter 4: Estimating Stream Temperature Response to Restoring Channel and Riparian Vegetation and the Potential to Mitigate Warmer Air Conditions). This study focused on a 1.5 km section along the upper part of the Middle Fork John Day River that was modified due to past anthropogenic activities of mining for gold and timber harvest. Currently, the riparian vegetation of the study site is mostly shrubs and stands of short trees. Restoration designs call for the restoration of both the channel structure and replanting the riparian vegetation. Simulation results showed that the 7DADM was higher in the restored channel than the existing channel with both conditions of low and high effective shade conditions. However, a combined restoration practice of channel reconstruction and medium effective shade conditions reduced stream temperature maxima more than restoring riparian vegetation alone. In addition, results showed that restoring riparian vegetation was sufficient to mitigate the influence of warmer air on stream temperature, while restoring the channel alone is not. Heat budget analysis showed that heat accumulation during the daytime increased in the restored channel, which was longer, narrower, and deeper than the existing channel. It is important to emphasize that stream temperature is one of many goals that restoration activities aim to improve. Furthermore, differences in 7DADM among the different scenarios of restoration are negligible. Such small differences could hardly be measure. While this study examined a short section of 1.5 km, longer stream sections may increase the differences in 7DADM. Primary conclusions of this study are: 1) daily maxima of stream temperature will increase in response to increased air temperature regardless of the distribution of air warming during the diel cycle; 2) nighttime air warming caused a greater increase in stream temperature maximum than daytime warming; 3) riparian vegetation was the dominant factor on stream's heat budget, more than air temperature or stream flow; 4) restoring riparian vegetation mitigated the influence of warmer air; 5) restoring channel structure alone was not sufficient to lower temperature maxima; and 6) restoration project was most successful in improving degraded stream temperature when combined with channel reconstruction and improved riparian shade. Title: The influence of climate change and restoration on stream temperature Author: Diabat, Mousa Water temperature is an essential property of a stream. Temperature regulates physical and biochemical processes in aquatic habitats. Various factors related to climatic conditions, landscape characteristics, and channel structure directly influence stream temperature. Numerous studies indicate that increased average air temperature during the past century has led to stream warming across the world. The trend of stream warming was also present in spring-fed watersheds, where summer flow has decreased. In addition, anthropogenic practices that alter the natural landscape and channel structure, such as forest management, agriculture, and mining contributed to stream warming. For example, deforested and unshaded stream reaches or dredged channels were warmer than shaded reaches and meandering streams. Stream temperatures in North American lotic habitats are of a specific concern due to their significant economic, cultural, and ecological value. With climate projections indicating that air temperature will only continue to rise throughout the 21st century, cold- or cool-water organisms, especially fishes, will be affected. Therefore, there is a strong need to better understand the impacts of changing climate, riparian landscape, and channel structure on a stream's heat budget. This may assist in restoring the historic thermal regime in impacted sites and mitigating the impacts of future climate change. This study looks into the relative influences of the different factors on a stream's heat budget with three manuscripts: one on stream temperature response to diel timing of air warming, one on stream temperature response to changes in air temperature, flow, and riparian vegetation, and one on stream temperature response to air warming and channel reconstruction. I used the software Heat Source version 8.05 to simulate stream temperature for all three analyses along the Middle Fork John Day River, Oregon USA. Two of the manuscripts were applied to an upper 37 km section of the Middle Fork John Day River (presented in chapter 2 and 3), where the third manuscript was applied to a 1.5-km section. The sensitivity analysis of stream temperature response to diel timing of air warming (Chapter 2: Diel Timing of Warmer Air under Climate Change Affects Magnitude, Timing, and Duration of Stream Temperature Change) was based on scenarios representing uniform air warming over the diel period, daytime warming, and nighttime warming. Uniform warming of air temperature is a simple representation of increases in the average daily or monthly temperatures generated by the 'delta method'. The delta method relies on adding a constant value to the air temperature time-series data. This constant value is the difference (delta) between base case average air temperatures and the projected one. Scenarios of daytime or nighttime warming represent conditions under which most of the warming of the air occurs during the daytime or the nighttime, respectively. I simulated the stream temperature response to warmer air conditions of +2 °C and +4 °C in daily average for all three cases of air warming conditions. The three cases of different diel distributions of air warming generated 7-day average daily maximum stream temperature (7DADM) increases of approximately +1.8 °C ± 0.1 °C at the downstream end of the study section relative to the base case. In most parts of the reach, the three distributions of air warming generated different ranges of stream temperatures, different 7DADM values, different durations of stream temperature changes, and different average daily temperatures. Changes of stream temperature were out of phase with imposed changes of air temperature. Therefore, nighttime warming of air temperatures would cause the greatest increase in maximum daily stream temperature, which typically occurs during the daytime. The sensitivity analysis of the relative influences of changes in air temperature, stream flow, and riparian vegetation on stream temperature (Chapter 3: Assessing Stream Temperature Response to Cumulative Influence of Changing Air Temperature, Flow, and Riparian Vegetation). This study summarized stream temperature simulation in 36 scenarios representing possible manifestations of 21st century climate conditions and land management strategies. In addition to existing conditions (base case) of flow, air temperature, and riparian vegetation, scenarios consisted of: two air temperature increases of 2 °C and 4 °C, two stream flow variations of +30% and -30%, three spatially uniform riparian vegetation conditions that create averages of effective shade 7%, 34%, and 79%, in addition to 14% for base case conditions. Results suggest that variation in riparian vegetation was the dominant factor influencing stream temperature because it regulates incoming shortwave radiation, the largest heat input to the stream, while variation in stream flow has a negligible influence. Results indicated that increasing the effective shade along the study section, particularly in the currently unshaded sections, could mitigate the influence of increasing air temperature, and would reduce stream temperature maxima below current values even under future climate conditions of warmer air. With the small influence it had, increasing stream flow reduced the 7DADM under low shade conditions. However, increasing stream flow showed counterintuitive results as it contributed to increasing stream temperature maxima when the stream was heavily shaded. The applied study examined the stream temperature response to restoration practices and their potential to mitigate the influence of warmer air conditions (Chapter 4: Estimating Stream Temperature Response to Restoring Channel and Riparian Vegetation and the Potential to Mitigate Warmer Air Conditions). This study focused on a 1.5 km section along the upper part of the Middle Fork John Day River that was modified due to past anthropogenic activities of mining for gold and timber harvest. Currently, the riparian vegetation of the study site is mostly shrubs and stands of short trees. Restoration designs call for the restoration of both the channel structure and replanting the riparian vegetation. Simulation results showed that the 7DADM was higher in the restored channel than the existing channel with both conditions of low and high effective shade conditions. However, a combined restoration practice of channel reconstruction and medium effective shade conditions reduced stream temperature maxima more than restoring riparian vegetation alone. In addition, results showed that restoring riparian vegetation was sufficient to mitigate the influence of warmer air on stream temperature, while restoring the channel alone is not. Heat budget analysis showed that heat accumulation during the daytime increased in the restored channel, which was longer, narrower, and deeper than the existing channel. It is important to emphasize that stream temperature is one of many goals that restoration activities aim to improve. Furthermore, differences in 7DADM among the different scenarios of restoration are negligible. Such small differences could hardly be measure. While this study examined a short section of 1.5 km, longer stream sections may increase the differences in 7DADM. Primary conclusions of this study are: 1) daily maxima of stream temperature will increase in response to increased air temperature regardless of the distribution of air warming during the diel cycle; 2) nighttime air warming caused a greater increase in stream temperature maximum than daytime warming; 3) riparian vegetation was the dominant factor on stream's heat budget, more than air temperature or stream flow; 4) restoring riparian vegetation mitigated the influence of warmer air; 5) restoring channel structure alone was not sufficient to lower temperature maxima; and 6) restoration project was most successful in improving degraded stream temperature when combined with channel reconstruction and improved riparian shade. Close

• 42. [Article] Multiscale habitat electivity and movement patterns by adult spring chinook salmon in seven river basins of northeast Oregon

  I examined habitat electivity and movement patterns of adult spring chinook salmon at microhabitat and channel unit spatial scales, and seasonal to annual temporal scales in seven streams in the Grande ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multiscale habitat electivity and movement patterns by adult spring chinook salmon in seven river basins of northeast Oregon Author: Price, David M. I examined habitat electivity and movement patterns of adult spring chinook salmon at microhabitat and channel unit spatial scales, and seasonal to annual temporal scales in seven streams in the Grande Ronde, John Day, and Imnaha basins. The objective was to compare habitat use and availability among streams, channel units, and microhabitats, and to assess chinook salmon fidelity to those habitats using radio-telemetry. The analyses showed that habitat quality and availability in the seven study streams varied. Each stream posed different physical constraints on adult chinook salmon habitat; this was reflected by the differential use of habitat by salmon among streams. Salmon elected pools almost exclusively in the John Day Basin, whereas pools and riffles were elected in near equal proportion in the Grande Ronde and Inmaha basins. Within streams, use was similar between years. Almost all salmon were observed in association with cover, but the type of cover largely reflected availablity. Chinook salmon elected the deepest depths within channel units (microhabitat scale), but not necessarily the deepest channel units among streams (channel unit scale). Chinook salmon did not elect cooler stream temperatures within channel units in any study stream, except the Middle Fork John Day River. Radio-tagged chinook showed a high fidelity to habitats, except when stream temperatures approached lethal limits. Due to stream specific differences in habitat availability and use, multiscale habitat assessments for individual streams are recommended to increase the success of watershed restoration activities. Title: Multiscale habitat electivity and movement patterns by adult spring chinook salmon in seven river basins of northeast Oregon Author: Price, David M. I examined habitat electivity and movement patterns of adult spring chinook salmon at microhabitat and channel unit spatial scales, and seasonal to annual temporal scales in seven streams in the Grande Ronde, John Day, and Imnaha basins. The objective was to compare habitat use and availability among streams, channel units, and microhabitats, and to assess chinook salmon fidelity to those habitats using radio-telemetry. The analyses showed that habitat quality and availability in the seven study streams varied. Each stream posed different physical constraints on adult chinook salmon habitat; this was reflected by the differential use of habitat by salmon among streams. Salmon elected pools almost exclusively in the John Day Basin, whereas pools and riffles were elected in near equal proportion in the Grande Ronde and Inmaha basins. Within streams, use was similar between years. Almost all salmon were observed in association with cover, but the type of cover largely reflected availablity. Chinook salmon elected the deepest depths within channel units (microhabitat scale), but not necessarily the deepest channel units among streams (channel unit scale). Chinook salmon did not elect cooler stream temperatures within channel units in any study stream, except the Middle Fork John Day River. Radio-tagged chinook showed a high fidelity to habitats, except when stream temperatures approached lethal limits. Due to stream specific differences in habitat availability and use, multiscale habitat assessments for individual streams are recommended to increase the success of watershed restoration activities. Close

• 43. [Image] Big Redfish Lake Stream, Idaho

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Big Redfish Lake Stream, Idaho Year: 1935 Title: Big Redfish Lake Stream, Idaho Year: 1935 Close

• 44. [Image] Big Redfish Lake Stream, Idaho

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Big Redfish Lake Stream, Idaho Year: 1935 Title: Big Redfish Lake Stream, Idaho Year: 1935 Close

• 45. [Image] Boulders in stream

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Boulders in stream Year: 1937 Title: Boulders in stream Year: 1937 Close

• 46. [Article] Oregon State Game Commission, Lakes and Streams, Index of Lakes

  Abstract -- A partial list of lakes and streams of Oregon by county. Also contains lake surveys from the early 1930's. Describes lake and streams general shape, fish species, and location.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon State Game Commission, Lakes and Streams, Index of Lakes Abstract -- A partial list of lakes and streams of Oregon by county. Also contains lake surveys from the early 1930's. Describes lake and streams general shape, fish species, and location. Title: Oregon State Game Commission, Lakes and Streams, Index of Lakes Abstract -- A partial list of lakes and streams of Oregon by county. Also contains lake surveys from the early 1930's. Describes lake and streams general shape, fish species, and location. Close

• 47. [Article] Dynamics of intermediate-size stream outlets, northern Oregon coast

  This study measured and evaluated the relation of coastal foredune morphology to stream beach outlets, and investigated the processes associated with the stream outlet. Intermediate-size streams were studied, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dynamics of intermediate-size stream outlets, northern Oregon coast Author: Eberhardt, Ellen Year: 1988 This study measured and evaluated the relation of coastal foredune morphology to stream beach outlets, and investigated the processes associated with the stream outlet. Intermediate-size streams were studied, and defined as those that flow across the beach most of the year but have no tidal influence. Fifty-four of these streams were found along the northern Oregon coast between the Columbia River and Yaquina Bay. Crescent Lake Outlet, Saltair Creek and Daley Lake Outlet were chosen as study streams for further investigation. Title: Dynamics of intermediate-size stream outlets, northern Oregon coast Author: Eberhardt, Ellen Year: 1988 This study measured and evaluated the relation of coastal foredune morphology to stream beach outlets, and investigated the processes associated with the stream outlet. Intermediate-size streams were studied, and defined as those that flow across the beach most of the year but have no tidal influence. Fifty-four of these streams were found along the northern Oregon coast between the Columbia River and Yaquina Bay. Crescent Lake Outlet, Saltair Creek and Daley Lake Outlet were chosen as study streams for further investigation. Close

• 48. [Article] Summer low flow characteristics of forest streams in northeast Oregon

  Summer low flow characteristics of six forest streams in Northeast Oregon were examined using long term streamflow records. Time series and trend analysis revealed highly significant (alpha=O.O1) increasing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summer low flow characteristics of forest streams in northeast Oregon Author: Widner, Gregory L. Summer low flow characteristics of six forest streams in Northeast Oregon were examined using long term streamflow records. Time series and trend analysis revealed highly significant (alpha=O.O1) increasing trends in summer low flow over the period of record on four of the selected streams, and significant (alpha=O.05) year-to-year dependence on three of the selected streams. Low flow frequency curves, flow duration curves, and flow-date curves were constructed for each stream from the long term flow records. A simple method of forecasting streamflow recessions using flow records is developed resulting in improvement over the average in forecasting recession volume, but little improvement in forecasting end-of-water year flow levels. Title: Summer low flow characteristics of forest streams in northeast Oregon Author: Widner, Gregory L. Summer low flow characteristics of six forest streams in Northeast Oregon were examined using long term streamflow records. Time series and trend analysis revealed highly significant (alpha=O.O1) increasing trends in summer low flow over the period of record on four of the selected streams, and significant (alpha=O.05) year-to-year dependence on three of the selected streams. Low flow frequency curves, flow duration curves, and flow-date curves were constructed for each stream from the long term flow records. A simple method of forecasting streamflow recessions using flow records is developed resulting in improvement over the average in forecasting recession volume, but little improvement in forecasting end-of-water year flow levels. Close

• 49. [Article] Enchanted Valley stream restoration and meadow management project decision notice and finding of no significant impact

  27 pp. Illus. T. 17 S., R. 11 W., Sections 19 & 30. Captured February 28, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enchanted Valley stream restoration and meadow management project decision notice and finding of no significant impact Author: Mapleton Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 27 pp. Illus. T. 17 S., R. 11 W., Sections 19 & 30. Captured February 28, 2008. Title: Enchanted Valley stream restoration and meadow management project decision notice and finding of no significant impact Author: Mapleton Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 27 pp. Illus. T. 17 S., R. 11 W., Sections 19 & 30. Captured February 28, 2008. Close

• 50. [Article] Oregon Hydrography - Whole Stream Routes

  Abstract -- This dataset provides a representation of the watercourses within the Oregon portion of the Columbia basin as well as coastal and Great Basin watersheds. A selected subset of streams were originally ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Hydrography - Whole Stream Routes Abstract -- This dataset provides a representation of the watercourses within the Oregon portion of the Columbia basin as well as coastal and Great Basin watersheds. A selected subset of streams were originally derived from the Framework hydrography dataset and include all records originally present within the 1:100,000 scale PNW Hydrography dataset, named 1:24,000 scale streams and unnamed 1:24,000 scale streams where ODFW managed aquatic resource information exist. The data were migrated to events on NHD between 2012 and 2014. Additional features were added in 2017 and all events were synchronized to April 2017 NHD. Title: Oregon Hydrography - Whole Stream Routes Abstract -- This dataset provides a representation of the watercourses within the Oregon portion of the Columbia basin as well as coastal and Great Basin watersheds. A selected subset of streams were originally derived from the Framework hydrography dataset and include all records originally present within the 1:100,000 scale PNW Hydrography dataset, named 1:24,000 scale streams and unnamed 1:24,000 scale streams where ODFW managed aquatic resource information exist. The data were migrated to events on NHD between 2012 and 2014. Additional features were added in 2017 and all events were synchronized to April 2017 NHD. Close