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• 1. [Article] A mathematical model for adsorptive bubble-separation processes

  Adsorptive bubble-separation processes are used to remove adsorptive contaminants from wastewater. A mathematical model was developed for the adsorptive bubble separation processes in a countercurrent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A mathematical model for adsorptive bubble-separation processes Author: Tʻang, Li Adsorptive bubble-separation processes are used to remove adsorptive contaminants from wastewater. A mathematical model was developed for the adsorptive bubble separation processes in a countercurrent column. The model included an assumption that linear adsorption of the solute occurred on the gas bubbles. Predictions indicated that aqueous column height has less effect on the solute removal efficiency than water flow rates, gas flow rates or bubble size. Increased water flow rates reduce removal efficiency; greater gas flow rates increase removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiency is determined by adsorption characteristics of the solute; the removal rate is controlled by mass-transfer rate. However, influent concentrations of the solute in the water phase do not affect removal efficiency. These predictions were tested by means of solvent sublation experiments conducted in a laboratory setting. The data were collected from the sublation of Triton-X100 in a water-ethyl acetate-nitrogen system. Linear regression was used to compare predictions and experimental data with respect to column height. Five column heights ranged from 30 to 100 cm were compared at three water flow rates, 3.0, 5.5 and 13.0 ml/min. The calculated column heights agreed the observed column heights well. As the model predicted, the effect of influent concentraion on the removal efficiency was not significant. The surface excess of Triton-X100 (0.75 E-10 to 7.5 E-10 g mole/cm²) estimated from the adsorption constant in the model agrees with other published values (2.6 E-10 to 2.8 E-10 g mole/cm²). The mass-transfer coefficients of Triton-X100 in water (kL, which ranged from 0.50 to 0.60 cm/min) determined from the model and experimental data at 3.0, 5.5, 8.0 and 13.0 ml/min water flows (Qw) are proportional to the 0.124 power of the water flow rates. kL = 0.0441 Qw⁰.¹²⁴ This empirical exponent correlation between mass-transfer coefficients and water flow rates for the adsorption processes is similar to the correlation determined from previous absorption models. Title: A mathematical model for adsorptive bubble-separation processes Author: Tʻang, Li Adsorptive bubble-separation processes are used to remove adsorptive contaminants from wastewater. A mathematical model was developed for the adsorptive bubble separation processes in a countercurrent column. The model included an assumption that linear adsorption of the solute occurred on the gas bubbles. Predictions indicated that aqueous column height has less effect on the solute removal efficiency than water flow rates, gas flow rates or bubble size. Increased water flow rates reduce removal efficiency; greater gas flow rates increase removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiency is determined by adsorption characteristics of the solute; the removal rate is controlled by mass-transfer rate. However, influent concentrations of the solute in the water phase do not affect removal efficiency. These predictions were tested by means of solvent sublation experiments conducted in a laboratory setting. The data were collected from the sublation of Triton-X100 in a water-ethyl acetate-nitrogen system. Linear regression was used to compare predictions and experimental data with respect to column height. Five column heights ranged from 30 to 100 cm were compared at three water flow rates, 3.0, 5.5 and 13.0 ml/min. The calculated column heights agreed the observed column heights well. As the model predicted, the effect of influent concentraion on the removal efficiency was not significant. The surface excess of Triton-X100 (0.75 E-10 to 7.5 E-10 g mole/cm²) estimated from the adsorption constant in the model agrees with other published values (2.6 E-10 to 2.8 E-10 g mole/cm²). The mass-transfer coefficients of Triton-X100 in water (kL, which ranged from 0.50 to 0.60 cm/min) determined from the model and experimental data at 3.0, 5.5, 8.0 and 13.0 ml/min water flows (Qw) are proportional to the 0.124 power of the water flow rates. kL = 0.0441 Qw⁰.¹²⁴ This empirical exponent correlation between mass-transfer coefficients and water flow rates for the adsorption processes is similar to the correlation determined from previous absorption models. Close

• 2. [Article] Cardiac output and respiratory measurements in the rainbow trout and their application to the study of blood and water flow limitations on chemical flux at the gill

  A method has been developed for the continuous automated monitoring of cardiac output in adult rainbow trout. Average cardiac output measured under control conditions and varied environmental conditions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cardiac output and respiratory measurements in the rainbow trout and their application to the study of blood and water flow limitations on chemical flux at the gill Author: Schmieder, Patricia K. (Patricia Kathleen) A method has been developed for the continuous automated monitoring of cardiac output in adult rainbow trout. Average cardiac output measured under control conditions and varied environmental conditions of hypoxia and post-hypoxia was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) in male than female trout. The cardiac output of trout in spawning condition was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) than that of trout not in spawning condition. Measurements of pulsatile cardiac output were made simultaneously with trout ventilation, and revealed ventilatory interactions with blood flow that varied depending on environmental oxygen condition. The method for monitoring gill blood flow was used with methods for automated measurement of gill water flow, oxygen uptake, and chemical flux in vivo. An experimental protocol was developed in which environmental oxygen was varied to obtain maximum increases in water flow over the gills without blood flow changes, and subsequent attainment of maximum increases in blood flow through the gills with decreasing water flow. The protocol was used as a probe to study variations in chemical flux with varied blood or water flow. The changes in gill flux of butanol (Log octanol/water partition coefficient (P) = 0.88) measured during control, hypoxia, and post-hypoxia correlated with observed changes in blood flow. A 70% increase in butanol flux was noted with a 50% increase in cardiac output, but there was no increase in butanol flux with a 100% increase in ventilation volume. Changes observed in the gill flux of decanol (Log P = 4.57) measured under varied environmental oxygen conditions correlated with observed changes in ventilation volume. A 100% increase in decanol flux was noted with a 160% increase in ventilation volume. The observed blood flow limitations to uptake of the low Log P butanol, and the water flow limitations to uptake of the high Log P decanol helped to verify assumptions made in recently proposed flow-limited models for prediction of chemical flux across fish gills. Title: Cardiac output and respiratory measurements in the rainbow trout and their application to the study of blood and water flow limitations on chemical flux at the gill Author: Schmieder, Patricia K. (Patricia Kathleen) A method has been developed for the continuous automated monitoring of cardiac output in adult rainbow trout. Average cardiac output measured under control conditions and varied environmental conditions of hypoxia and post-hypoxia was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) in male than female trout. The cardiac output of trout in spawning condition was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) than that of trout not in spawning condition. Measurements of pulsatile cardiac output were made simultaneously with trout ventilation, and revealed ventilatory interactions with blood flow that varied depending on environmental oxygen condition. The method for monitoring gill blood flow was used with methods for automated measurement of gill water flow, oxygen uptake, and chemical flux in vivo. An experimental protocol was developed in which environmental oxygen was varied to obtain maximum increases in water flow over the gills without blood flow changes, and subsequent attainment of maximum increases in blood flow through the gills with decreasing water flow. The protocol was used as a probe to study variations in chemical flux with varied blood or water flow. The changes in gill flux of butanol (Log octanol/water partition coefficient (P) = 0.88) measured during control, hypoxia, and post-hypoxia correlated with observed changes in blood flow. A 70% increase in butanol flux was noted with a 50% increase in cardiac output, but there was no increase in butanol flux with a 100% increase in ventilation volume. Changes observed in the gill flux of decanol (Log P = 4.57) measured under varied environmental oxygen conditions correlated with observed changes in ventilation volume. A 100% increase in decanol flux was noted with a 160% increase in ventilation volume. The observed blood flow limitations to uptake of the low Log P butanol, and the water flow limitations to uptake of the high Log P decanol helped to verify assumptions made in recently proposed flow-limited models for prediction of chemical flux across fish gills. Close

• 3. [Article] Thesis Appendices.zip

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thesis Appendices.zip Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Title: Thesis Appendices.zip Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Close

• 4. [Article] Evaporator analysis for application to water-source and ice-maker heat pumps

  Water-source and ice-maker heat pumps share many characteristics. However, each presents different technical difficulties that have prevented them from being used more widely. In a water-source heat pump ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaporator analysis for application to water-source and ice-maker heat pumps Author: Aceves, Salvador M. Water-source and ice-maker heat pumps share many characteristics. However, each presents different technical difficulties that have prevented them from being used more widely. In a water-source heat pump a very important consideration is to reduce water consumption, while in an ice-maker heat pump a major concern is to reduce the number of deicing cycles while keeping a high performance. Previous research by this author has indicated that the use of the flow reversal method (reversing periodically the water flow direction in the evaporator) has the effect of partly deicing the evaporator, reducing pressure drop and enhancing heat transfer. This thesis shows the development and application of analytical and numerical models to study the effect of different evaporator parameters on heat pump efficiency, as well as the possible advantages of using the flow reversal method in a water-source or ice-maker heat pump. The conclusion reached from these studies is that periodic water flow reversals inside an evaporator with freezing help improve the performance of a heat pump system in two different ways. First, periodic water flow direction reversals serve to enhance heat transfer in the evaporator. Second, reversing the water flow direction also delays ice blockage in the evaporator, or totally prevents blockage from happening. Delaying ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for ice-maker heat pumps, since these may then operate for a longer time without deicing. Preventing ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for water-source heat pumps, since these may then operate at lower water flow rates. Suggestions for future work include further testing of the flow reversal method for different evaporator geometries, as well as an experimental evaluation of the flow reversal method. Title: Evaporator analysis for application to water-source and ice-maker heat pumps Author: Aceves, Salvador M. Water-source and ice-maker heat pumps share many characteristics. However, each presents different technical difficulties that have prevented them from being used more widely. In a water-source heat pump a very important consideration is to reduce water consumption, while in an ice-maker heat pump a major concern is to reduce the number of deicing cycles while keeping a high performance. Previous research by this author has indicated that the use of the flow reversal method (reversing periodically the water flow direction in the evaporator) has the effect of partly deicing the evaporator, reducing pressure drop and enhancing heat transfer. This thesis shows the development and application of analytical and numerical models to study the effect of different evaporator parameters on heat pump efficiency, as well as the possible advantages of using the flow reversal method in a water-source or ice-maker heat pump. The conclusion reached from these studies is that periodic water flow reversals inside an evaporator with freezing help improve the performance of a heat pump system in two different ways. First, periodic water flow direction reversals serve to enhance heat transfer in the evaporator. Second, reversing the water flow direction also delays ice blockage in the evaporator, or totally prevents blockage from happening. Delaying ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for ice-maker heat pumps, since these may then operate for a longer time without deicing. Preventing ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for water-source heat pumps, since these may then operate at lower water flow rates. Suggestions for future work include further testing of the flow reversal method for different evaporator geometries, as well as an experimental evaluation of the flow reversal method. Close

• 5. [Image] Log dam with water flowing through

  	Log dam with water flowing through
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Log dam with water flowing through Year: 1910 Log dam with water flowing through Title: Log dam with water flowing through Year: 1910 Log dam with water flowing through Close

• 6. [Article] Numerical computation of free surface water flow

  The present thesis is a report of investigations on a model for computing the water flow in the wave tank of the OSU Wave Laboratory. A wave board, established at one end of the 100 m long, 4 m wide and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Numerical computation of free surface water flow Author: Kuhnert, Jorg The present thesis is a report of investigations on a model for computing the water flow in the wave tank of the OSU Wave Laboratory. A wave board, established at one end of the 100 m long, 4 m wide and 6 m deep wave tank, produces water waves by periodically moving back and forth. The resulting free surface water flow will be modeled physically. This physical model will be transformed into a mathematical model which is implemented on a computer. The goal is to approximately compute the velocity distribution of the fluid modeled as a linear combination of basis functions. Certain well known mathematical tools such as the Galerkin method or the idea of finite elements are employed. The theoretical developments are done for the three-dimensional case. However, numerical experiments are performed in two dimensions only. Two different types of basis functions will be introduced and investigated. Their advantages, disadvantages and capability to compute realistic results will clearly be shown and demonstrated in practice. Several problems occured during the development of the computation algorithms. These problems are outlined in this thesis, and several solutions are suggested. For example, a method how to deal with rising and falling water surface at a vertical boundary will be presented. The results of five numerical test runs will be exhibited, underlining what the theory predicts. Title: Numerical computation of free surface water flow Author: Kuhnert, Jorg The present thesis is a report of investigations on a model for computing the water flow in the wave tank of the OSU Wave Laboratory. A wave board, established at one end of the 100 m long, 4 m wide and 6 m deep wave tank, produces water waves by periodically moving back and forth. The resulting free surface water flow will be modeled physically. This physical model will be transformed into a mathematical model which is implemented on a computer. The goal is to approximately compute the velocity distribution of the fluid modeled as a linear combination of basis functions. Certain well known mathematical tools such as the Galerkin method or the idea of finite elements are employed. The theoretical developments are done for the three-dimensional case. However, numerical experiments are performed in two dimensions only. Two different types of basis functions will be introduced and investigated. Their advantages, disadvantages and capability to compute realistic results will clearly be shown and demonstrated in practice. Several problems occured during the development of the computation algorithms. These problems are outlined in this thesis, and several solutions are suggested. For example, a method how to deal with rising and falling water surface at a vertical boundary will be presented. The results of five numerical test runs will be exhibited, underlining what the theory predicts. Close

• 7. [Image] Tule Lake outlet, showing pit, into which water flows and disappears

  	August 3, 1908
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tule Lake outlet, showing pit, into which water flows and disappears Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1908, 2005, 2004 August 3, 1908 Title: Tule Lake outlet, showing pit, into which water flows and disappears Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1908, 2005, 2004 August 3, 1908 Close

• 8. [Article] Estimating water flow rates

  Declared out of print December 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonst...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating water flow rates Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Trimmer, Walter L. Declared out of print December 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Estimating water flow rates Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Trimmer, Walter L. Declared out of print December 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 9. [Article] Investigations into the Regional and Local Timescale Variations of Subglacial Drainage Networks

  Subglacial water plays an important role in the regulation of an ice sheet's mass balance. It may be the dominant control on the velocities of ice streams and outlet glaciers on scales of months to millennia. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigations into the Regional and Local Timescale Variations of Subglacial Drainage Networks Author: Hiester, Justin Year: 2013 Subglacial water plays an important role in the regulation of an ice sheet's mass balance. It may be the dominant control on the velocities of ice streams and outlet glaciers on scales of months to millennia. Recent satellite observations of ice surface elevation changes have given researchers new insights into how subglacial water is stored and transported. Localized uplift and settling of the ice surface implies that lakes exist beneath the ice sheet that are being filled and drained on relatively short time scales. %At the base of an ice sheet water can be transported through a variety of drainage networks or stored in subglacial lakes. Here, a numerical investigation of the mechanisms of transport and storage of subglacial water and the associated time scales is presented. Experiments are carried out using a finite element model of coupled ice and water flow. The first experiment seeks to understand the relationship between the depth of a basal depression and the area over which the feature affects basal water flow. It is found that as the perturbation to a topographic depression's depth is increased, water is rerouted in response to the perturbation. Additionally it is found that the relationship between perturbation depth and the extent upstream to which its effects reach is nonlinear. The second experiment examines how the aspect ratio of bed features (prolate, oblate, or equidimensional) influences basal water flow. It is found that the systems that develop and their interactions are mediated by both the topography and the feedbacks taken into account by the coupling of the systems in the model. Features oriented parallel to ice and water flow are associated with distributed fan systems that develop branches which migrate laterally across the domain and interact with one another on monthly and yearly timescales. Laterally oriented features develop laterally extensive ponds. As the ratio of longitudinal to lateral dimension of the topography is increased, a combination of these two water distributions is seen. Title: Investigations into the Regional and Local Timescale Variations of Subglacial Drainage Networks Author: Hiester, Justin Year: 2013 Subglacial water plays an important role in the regulation of an ice sheet's mass balance. It may be the dominant control on the velocities of ice streams and outlet glaciers on scales of months to millennia. Recent satellite observations of ice surface elevation changes have given researchers new insights into how subglacial water is stored and transported. Localized uplift and settling of the ice surface implies that lakes exist beneath the ice sheet that are being filled and drained on relatively short time scales. %At the base of an ice sheet water can be transported through a variety of drainage networks or stored in subglacial lakes. Here, a numerical investigation of the mechanisms of transport and storage of subglacial water and the associated time scales is presented. Experiments are carried out using a finite element model of coupled ice and water flow. The first experiment seeks to understand the relationship between the depth of a basal depression and the area over which the feature affects basal water flow. It is found that as the perturbation to a topographic depression's depth is increased, water is rerouted in response to the perturbation. Additionally it is found that the relationship between perturbation depth and the extent upstream to which its effects reach is nonlinear. The second experiment examines how the aspect ratio of bed features (prolate, oblate, or equidimensional) influences basal water flow. It is found that the systems that develop and their interactions are mediated by both the topography and the feedbacks taken into account by the coupling of the systems in the model. Features oriented parallel to ice and water flow are associated with distributed fan systems that develop branches which migrate laterally across the domain and interact with one another on monthly and yearly timescales. Laterally oriented features develop laterally extensive ponds. As the ratio of longitudinal to lateral dimension of the topography is increased, a combination of these two water distributions is seen. Close

• 10. [Article] The development of a hydrological model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The development of a hydrological model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM.pdf Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Title: The development of a hydrological model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM.pdf Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Close

• 11. [Article] Statistical Analysis for Groundwater / Surface Water Interaction at a Drinking Water Well

  Drinking water at a certain groundwater well is located at the confluence of a north fork and south fork of a major river. Data was collected to determine if the well is under direct influence by surface ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Statistical Analysis for Groundwater / Surface Water Interaction at a Drinking Water Well Author: Garlitz, John Year: 2008 Drinking water at a certain groundwater well is located at the confluence of a north fork and south fork of a major river. Data was collected to determine if the well is under direct influence by surface water. Direct influence and the extent of the correlation was determined by statistically analyzing the well turbidity with surface water flow and temperature variability. The surface water flow and was lagged per period and with a weighted average to determine the highest correlation. Logistic regression models were developed to determine if a predictive model can predict permit conditions based on the data collected. Title: Statistical Analysis for Groundwater / Surface Water Interaction at a Drinking Water Well Author: Garlitz, John Year: 2008 Drinking water at a certain groundwater well is located at the confluence of a north fork and south fork of a major river. Data was collected to determine if the well is under direct influence by surface water. Direct influence and the extent of the correlation was determined by statistically analyzing the well turbidity with surface water flow and temperature variability. The surface water flow and was lagged per period and with a weighted average to determine the highest correlation. Logistic regression models were developed to determine if a predictive model can predict permit conditions based on the data collected. Close

• 12. [Image] Culvert with small water flow

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Culvert with small water flow Year: 1982 Title: Culvert with small water flow Year: 1982 Close

• 13. [Image] Log dam with water flowing through

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Log dam with water flowing through Year: 1910 Title: Log dam with water flowing through Year: 1910 Close

• 14. [Image] WCPA 170E-12

  	The picturesque waterwheels on the Deschutes built by Joseph Miller and his sons, Joe and Don, were 42 feet high. Built in a protected place surrounded on the river side by a dam with a gate to control ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: WCPA 170E-12 The picturesque waterwheels on the Deschutes built by Joseph Miller and his sons, Joe and Don, were 42 feet high. Built in a protected place surrounded on the river side by a dam with a gate to control water flow, the water buckets lifted water and dumped it into a through on stilts which fed into a pipe which carried water as far east as their house. About one a week the water wheels were stooped and tethered by a chain so repairs could be made. Title: WCPA 170E-12 The picturesque waterwheels on the Deschutes built by Joseph Miller and his sons, Joe and Don, were 42 feet high. Built in a protected place surrounded on the river side by a dam with a gate to control water flow, the water buckets lifted water and dumped it into a through on stilts which fed into a pipe which carried water as far east as their house. About one a week the water wheels were stooped and tethered by a chain so repairs could be made. Close

• 15. [Article] Effects of estuarine circulation patterns and stress on the migratory behavior of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus sp.)

  For the first objective of this thesis, we attempt to understand the role of water flow and directionality in determining steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and spring/summer and fall Chinook (O. tschawytscha) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of estuarine circulation patterns and stress on the migratory behavior of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus sp.) Author: Truelove, Nathan Kobun For the first objective of this thesis, we attempt to understand the role of water flow and directionality in determining steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and spring/summer and fall Chinook (O. tschawytscha) migration patterns within the Columbia River Estuary and plume by integrating recent advances in biotelemetry and environmental observation and forecasting systems (EOFS). The underlying methodology included analysis of the spatial and temporal movements of juvenile outmigrant salmonids with hydrological data from the CORIE modeling system (http://www.ccalmr.ogi.edu/CORIE). The CORIE modeling system, an EOFS for the Columbia River and nearshore environment, integrates a real-time sensor network, data management system and advanced 3-dimensional numerical models. Numerical simulations of key physical variables (water level, velocities, and directionality) were generated for the precise time and location that individual juvenile salmonids implanted with radio transmitters were present in the Columbia River Estuary. Five general behavioral trends were evident from these simulations: i) passive movement (drifting) during ebb tides, ii) active swimming with the current during ebb tides, iii) active swimming against the current during flood tides, iv) active swimming cross current during flood tides, and v) passive drifting during flood tide. Direction of water flow had a significant effect on fish velocity. All fish types showed a positive relationship between fish velocity and simulated drifter velocity with outgoing water flow. During slack water flow (< 0.25 m/s), this relationship was only observed in barged fall Chinook. With incoming water flow, spring/summer and fall Chinook fish types showed no relationship, whereas steelhead did. Analysis over a three-year period suggested that data from the CORIE modeling system corresponded well with juvenile salmonid migratory behavior and that the model may be a useful tool for evaluating the impact of different hydrological regimes on fish movement. The secondary objective of this thesis evaluated the effects of both acute and chronic crowding stressors on the migratory behavior of hatchery reared juvenile steelhead released into Abernathy Creek, a tributary of the Columbia River Estuary, Washington. The acute stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a NanoTag radio transmitter (Lotek Wireless, Canada), followed by 6 hours of crowding immediately prior to release. The chronic stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a PIT-tag (Digital Angel Corporation), 36 days of acclimation, followed by 3 weeks of crowding in low water conditions prior to release. Short-term migratory success of steelhead that received the acute stress treatment was determined by radio telemetry. Numbers of migrating fish that received experimental stress treatments and their speed was determined by both mobile radio telemetry and stationary PIT-tag and radio-tag interrogation systems already established on Abernathy Creek. Acute and chronic stress treatments both significantly delayed migration by 2 to 10 days, respectively, compared to controls. Furthermore, the acute stress treatment significantly decreased the both the rate of migration and numbers of juvenile steelhead that successfully migrated out of Abernathy creek. Title: Effects of estuarine circulation patterns and stress on the migratory behavior of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus sp.) Author: Truelove, Nathan Kobun For the first objective of this thesis, we attempt to understand the role of water flow and directionality in determining steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and spring/summer and fall Chinook (O. tschawytscha) migration patterns within the Columbia River Estuary and plume by integrating recent advances in biotelemetry and environmental observation and forecasting systems (EOFS). The underlying methodology included analysis of the spatial and temporal movements of juvenile outmigrant salmonids with hydrological data from the CORIE modeling system (http://www.ccalmr.ogi.edu/CORIE). The CORIE modeling system, an EOFS for the Columbia River and nearshore environment, integrates a real-time sensor network, data management system and advanced 3-dimensional numerical models. Numerical simulations of key physical variables (water level, velocities, and directionality) were generated for the precise time and location that individual juvenile salmonids implanted with radio transmitters were present in the Columbia River Estuary. Five general behavioral trends were evident from these simulations: i) passive movement (drifting) during ebb tides, ii) active swimming with the current during ebb tides, iii) active swimming against the current during flood tides, iv) active swimming cross current during flood tides, and v) passive drifting during flood tide. Direction of water flow had a significant effect on fish velocity. All fish types showed a positive relationship between fish velocity and simulated drifter velocity with outgoing water flow. During slack water flow (< 0.25 m/s), this relationship was only observed in barged fall Chinook. With incoming water flow, spring/summer and fall Chinook fish types showed no relationship, whereas steelhead did. Analysis over a three-year period suggested that data from the CORIE modeling system corresponded well with juvenile salmonid migratory behavior and that the model may be a useful tool for evaluating the impact of different hydrological regimes on fish movement. The secondary objective of this thesis evaluated the effects of both acute and chronic crowding stressors on the migratory behavior of hatchery reared juvenile steelhead released into Abernathy Creek, a tributary of the Columbia River Estuary, Washington. The acute stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a NanoTag radio transmitter (Lotek Wireless, Canada), followed by 6 hours of crowding immediately prior to release. The chronic stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a PIT-tag (Digital Angel Corporation), 36 days of acclimation, followed by 3 weeks of crowding in low water conditions prior to release. Short-term migratory success of steelhead that received the acute stress treatment was determined by radio telemetry. Numbers of migrating fish that received experimental stress treatments and their speed was determined by both mobile radio telemetry and stationary PIT-tag and radio-tag interrogation systems already established on Abernathy Creek. Acute and chronic stress treatments both significantly delayed migration by 2 to 10 days, respectively, compared to controls. Furthermore, the acute stress treatment significantly decreased the both the rate of migration and numbers of juvenile steelhead that successfully migrated out of Abernathy creek. Close

• 16. [Article] Impact of microbial growth on water flow and solute transport in unsaturated porous media

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of microbial growth on water flow and solute transport in unsaturated porous media Author: Niemet, M. R., Selker, J. S., Rockhold, M. L., Bottomley, P. J., Yarwood, R. R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Title: Impact of microbial growth on water flow and solute transport in unsaturated porous media Author: Niemet, M. R., Selker, J. S., Rockhold, M. L., Bottomley, P. J., Yarwood, R. R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Close

• 17. [Article] Report on "Yaquina River" : Investigation sponsored by Oregon State Fish Commission, July, 1936

  Reports on potential sites for a salmon hatchery on the Yaquina River. "Each tributary has been carefully studied and special attention given to those creeks on which possible hatchery sites were found. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report on "Yaquina River" : Investigation sponsored by Oregon State Fish Commission, July, 1936 Author: Reynolds, John, Ledgerwood, Edgar, Oregon. Fish Commission Reports on potential sites for a salmon hatchery on the Yaquina River. "Each tributary has been carefully studied and special attention given to those creeks on which possible hatchery sites were found. Items given consideration on each stream were: pond site locations, flow of water, drop of stream bed, nature of creek bottom, temperature of water, flow of water, flood water levels, salmon run, obstructions to salmon run, stranded fingerlings, ownership of land, water rights, irrigation projects, etc." (From the Introduction) Includes hand-drawn maps. Title: Report on "Yaquina River" : Investigation sponsored by Oregon State Fish Commission, July, 1936 Author: Reynolds, John, Ledgerwood, Edgar, Oregon. Fish Commission Reports on potential sites for a salmon hatchery on the Yaquina River. "Each tributary has been carefully studied and special attention given to those creeks on which possible hatchery sites were found. Items given consideration on each stream were: pond site locations, flow of water, drop of stream bed, nature of creek bottom, temperature of water, flow of water, flood water levels, salmon run, obstructions to salmon run, stranded fingerlings, ownership of land, water rights, irrigation projects, etc." (From the Introduction) Includes hand-drawn maps. Close

• 18. [Article] Friction losses for water flowing in non-circular ducts

  Friction factors were measured for water flowing in ducts made up of two rods held between two flat plates. Three rod diameters of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 inches were used. The spacings between rods varied ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Friction losses for water flowing in non-circular ducts Author: Mohandes, Abdolhosein Friction factors were measured for water flowing in ducts made up of two rods held between two flat plates. Three rod diameters of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 inches were used. The spacings between rods varied from 0.0 to 0.32 inch. It was found that the concept of hydraulic diameter was adequate to correlate data and equations of the forms corresponding the Blasius power form and the Nikuradse-Von-Karman logarithmic form were obtained. The friction factor values are almost 40% less than values of circular tubes at the same Reynolds number. The correlations obtained have a maximum of 5% variation over 215 experimental data points. Analysis of data also showed that 2-8% of the cross-sectional area of duct can be considered laminar flow and the remainder to be in turbulent flow. This division of two regions is nearly constant at an angle of 20-30° which is the angle subtended by the laminar portion of the stream at the center of a rod. This angle is defined in Figure 7. Reynolds number range from 2,000 to 30,000. Title: Friction losses for water flowing in non-circular ducts Author: Mohandes, Abdolhosein Friction factors were measured for water flowing in ducts made up of two rods held between two flat plates. Three rod diameters of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 inches were used. The spacings between rods varied from 0.0 to 0.32 inch. It was found that the concept of hydraulic diameter was adequate to correlate data and equations of the forms corresponding the Blasius power form and the Nikuradse-Von-Karman logarithmic form were obtained. The friction factor values are almost 40% less than values of circular tubes at the same Reynolds number. The correlations obtained have a maximum of 5% variation over 215 experimental data points. Analysis of data also showed that 2-8% of the cross-sectional area of duct can be considered laminar flow and the remainder to be in turbulent flow. This division of two regions is nearly constant at an angle of 20-30° which is the angle subtended by the laminar portion of the stream at the center of a rod. This angle is defined in Figure 7. Reynolds number range from 2,000 to 30,000. Close

• 19. [Image] Scenes on the Umatilla River; PH036_5737

  	An outside photograph of what has been identified as the Umatilla River in Oregon. The river flows between two embankments of fir trees. The right embankment contains a high density of fir trees, and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scenes on the Umatilla River; PH036_5737 Year: 1897 An outside photograph of what has been identified as the Umatilla River in Oregon. The river flows between two embankments of fir trees. The right embankment contains a high density of fir trees, and the left embankment contains a patch of fir trees surrounded by wild grasses, rock, and dirt. The river shows its currents and ripples, with a water flow toward the bottom of the photograph. The water flow appears to drop off slightly, like a small waterfall. The river first appears in the photograph after it winds around a bend in the embankments. Toward the top of the photograph a mountain range can be seen in the distance. The top of the photograph displays large, dark clouds that threaten rain. Title: Scenes on the Umatilla River; PH036_5737 Year: 1897 An outside photograph of what has been identified as the Umatilla River in Oregon. The river flows between two embankments of fir trees. The right embankment contains a high density of fir trees, and the left embankment contains a patch of fir trees surrounded by wild grasses, rock, and dirt. The river shows its currents and ripples, with a water flow toward the bottom of the photograph. The water flow appears to drop off slightly, like a small waterfall. The river first appears in the photograph after it winds around a bend in the embankments. Toward the top of the photograph a mountain range can be seen in the distance. The top of the photograph displays large, dark clouds that threaten rain. Close

• 20. [Article] Incipient boiling and burnout heat flux for subcooled water flowing in annuli containing heated concentric wires

  Incipient boiling and burnout heat fluxes were studied for sub-cooled forced convection annular flow. Small wires varying from 0.010 to 0.020 inch in diameter were used as the inner core of the annulus and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Incipient boiling and burnout heat flux for subcooled water flowing in annuli containing heated concentric wires Author: Nolan, Lawrence Lyle Incipient boiling and burnout heat fluxes were studied for sub-cooled forced convection annular flow. Small wires varying from 0.010 to 0.020 inch in diameter were used as the inner core of the annulus and a one inch ID glass tube 24 inches long was used as the outer tube. This gave diameter ratios from 100:1 to 50:1. The water flow rate varied from 685,000 to 2,710,000 LBM/(hr.ft.²) at a constant temperature of 208.4°F and a constant pressure of 18.7 psia. Alternating current was supplied to the wires, and the power required for incipient boiling and burnout heat flux measured. Incipient boiling heat fluxes varied from 70,200 to 254,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²) while burnout heat fluxes ranged from 638,000 to 921,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²). For the range of operating conditions considered it was found that the heat transfer coefficient for incipient boiling was much less than predicted by other investigators. Measured burnout heat flux agreed well with an empirical relationship developed by Weatherhead. Title: Incipient boiling and burnout heat flux for subcooled water flowing in annuli containing heated concentric wires Author: Nolan, Lawrence Lyle Incipient boiling and burnout heat fluxes were studied for sub-cooled forced convection annular flow. Small wires varying from 0.010 to 0.020 inch in diameter were used as the inner core of the annulus and a one inch ID glass tube 24 inches long was used as the outer tube. This gave diameter ratios from 100:1 to 50:1. The water flow rate varied from 685,000 to 2,710,000 LBM/(hr.ft.²) at a constant temperature of 208.4°F and a constant pressure of 18.7 psia. Alternating current was supplied to the wires, and the power required for incipient boiling and burnout heat flux measured. Incipient boiling heat fluxes varied from 70,200 to 254,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²) while burnout heat fluxes ranged from 638,000 to 921,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²). For the range of operating conditions considered it was found that the heat transfer coefficient for incipient boiling was much less than predicted by other investigators. Measured burnout heat flux agreed well with an empirical relationship developed by Weatherhead. Close

• 21. [Image] Gerber Dam - leaks from construction joints

  	KP-2215-R2 - Klamath Project, Gerber Dam. Downstream face of spillway showing leaks from construction joints and water flowing along downstream face of dam. California Projects; July 14, 1953; Photo by ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam - leaks from construction joints Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Westphal, Donald M. Year: 1953, 2007, 2006 KP-2215-R2 - Klamath Project, Gerber Dam. Downstream face of spillway showing leaks from construction joints and water flowing along downstream face of dam. California Projects; July 14, 1953; Photo by Donald M. Westphal Title: Gerber Dam - leaks from construction joints Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Westphal, Donald M. Year: 1953, 2007, 2006 KP-2215-R2 - Klamath Project, Gerber Dam. Downstream face of spillway showing leaks from construction joints and water flowing along downstream face of dam. California Projects; July 14, 1953; Photo by Donald M. Westphal Close

• 22. [Article] The Effects of Villwok's Ford on Native and Exotic Fishes of Rickreall Creek

  Abstract -- Rickreall Creek is a 4th order tributary of the Willamette River in Polk County, Oregon (Mattson and Gallagher 2001). Previous fish sampling had indicated a high percentage of exotic fishes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Villwok's Ford on Native and Exotic Fishes of Rickreall Creek Abstract -- Rickreall Creek is a 4th order tributary of the Willamette River in Polk County, Oregon (Mattson and Gallagher 2001). Previous fish sampling had indicated a high percentage of exotic fishes in the lower portion of the creek (Altman 1997) and in an upstream reservoir (Chastain et. al. 2002). However, within the mainstem, exotic fishes (with the exception of planted juvenile coho) are absent above Villwok's Ford, the lowermost barrier on the creek at about river km 12.7 (Chastain et. al. 2002). A 1995 CH2MHill survey noted the ford was a culvert and not passable while Mattson and Gallagher (2001) found water flowing over the ford and fish passage "appeared possible". Because the ford appears to violate Oregon statutes regarding fish passage at man-made barriers, but may paradoxically provide benefits by excluding exotic fishes, we initiated a study of the ford and of a variety of fishes to determine the seasons and conditions during which the ford was a barrier to fish passage. Title: The Effects of Villwok's Ford on Native and Exotic Fishes of Rickreall Creek Abstract -- Rickreall Creek is a 4th order tributary of the Willamette River in Polk County, Oregon (Mattson and Gallagher 2001). Previous fish sampling had indicated a high percentage of exotic fishes in the lower portion of the creek (Altman 1997) and in an upstream reservoir (Chastain et. al. 2002). However, within the mainstem, exotic fishes (with the exception of planted juvenile coho) are absent above Villwok's Ford, the lowermost barrier on the creek at about river km 12.7 (Chastain et. al. 2002). A 1995 CH2MHill survey noted the ford was a culvert and not passable while Mattson and Gallagher (2001) found water flowing over the ford and fish passage "appeared possible". Because the ford appears to violate Oregon statutes regarding fish passage at man-made barriers, but may paradoxically provide benefits by excluding exotic fishes, we initiated a study of the ford and of a variety of fishes to determine the seasons and conditions during which the ford was a barrier to fish passage. Close

• 23. [Image] LANGELL VALLEY DIVISION - North Canal

  	KP-2599-R2-Klamath Project, LANGELL VALLEY DIVISION - North Canal. Looking northwest at Station 451. Emulsion and water flowing in empty canal; April 27, 1961; Photo by K.J. Greene
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: LANGELL VALLEY DIVISION - North Canal Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2599-R2-Klamath Project, LANGELL VALLEY DIVISION - North Canal. Looking northwest at Station 451. Emulsion and water flowing in empty canal; April 27, 1961; Photo by K.J. Greene Title: LANGELL VALLEY DIVISION - North Canal Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2599-R2-Klamath Project, LANGELL VALLEY DIVISION - North Canal. Looking northwest at Station 451. Emulsion and water flowing in empty canal; April 27, 1961; Photo by K.J. Greene Close

• 24. [Image] Gerber Dam

  	CN-12-201-542NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over Gerber spillway at 60 cfs from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-542NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over Gerber spillway at 60 cfs from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-542NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over Gerber spillway at 60 cfs from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Close

• 25. [Article] Observations of Fish and Shrimp Behavior in Ocean Shrimp (Pandalus jordani) Trawls, Information Reports 2003-03

  Abstract -- Underwater video observations of ocean shrimp (Panda/us jordani) and fish inside shrimp trawls and interacting with bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) were summarized. Ocean shrimp behavior inside ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Observations of Fish and Shrimp Behavior in Ocean Shrimp (Pandalus jordani) Trawls, Information Reports 2003-03 Abstract -- Underwater video observations of ocean shrimp (Panda/us jordani) and fish inside shrimp trawls and interacting with bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) were summarized. Ocean shrimp behavior inside trawl nets was passive and reactive in comparison to fish which generally exhibited the more typical optomotor responses. Mesh escapement for shrimp was mostly a two stage process in which shrimp entered an open mesh tail first. Escapement would occur a few seconds to many minutes later after a stimulus, such as motion of the catch or movement of the netting, initiated an escape response (tail flip) from the shrimp. Observations of rigid-grate BRDs showed that an accelerator funnel or panel was an important component of a successful BRD, keeping shrimp away from the escape hole and accelerating shrimp transport into the codend. Rigid-grate BRDs also provided a much more consistent net shape and grate angle with minimal water flow out the escape hole. Soft-panel BRDs were shown to deliver unpredictable angles in the deflector panel, due to an unpredictable net shape and diameter in the intermediate portion of shrimp nets, with associated water flow out the escape hole. Observations of the fisheye BRD showed it to be an ineffective BRD in ocean shrimp nets and very sensitive to placement. Title: Observations of Fish and Shrimp Behavior in Ocean Shrimp (Pandalus jordani) Trawls, Information Reports 2003-03 Abstract -- Underwater video observations of ocean shrimp (Panda/us jordani) and fish inside shrimp trawls and interacting with bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) were summarized. Ocean shrimp behavior inside trawl nets was passive and reactive in comparison to fish which generally exhibited the more typical optomotor responses. Mesh escapement for shrimp was mostly a two stage process in which shrimp entered an open mesh tail first. Escapement would occur a few seconds to many minutes later after a stimulus, such as motion of the catch or movement of the netting, initiated an escape response (tail flip) from the shrimp. Observations of rigid-grate BRDs showed that an accelerator funnel or panel was an important component of a successful BRD, keeping shrimp away from the escape hole and accelerating shrimp transport into the codend. Rigid-grate BRDs also provided a much more consistent net shape and grate angle with minimal water flow out the escape hole. Soft-panel BRDs were shown to deliver unpredictable angles in the deflector panel, due to an unpredictable net shape and diameter in the intermediate portion of shrimp nets, with associated water flow out the escape hole. Observations of the fisheye BRD showed it to be an ineffective BRD in ocean shrimp nets and very sensitive to placement. Close

• 26. [Article] Water rights and summer stream conditions

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water rights and summer stream conditions Title: Water rights and summer stream conditions Close

• 27. [Article] Soil suitability for on-site waste disposal : development of genetically marked Escherichia coli strains as tracers of subsurface water flow : completion report for Project A-039-ORE

  The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington D.C., as authorized by the Water ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil suitability for on-site waste disposal : development of genetically marked Escherichia coli strains as tracers of subsurface water flow : completion report for Project A-039-ORE Author: McCoy, Edward L., Hagedorn, Charles The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington D.C., as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978. Title: Soil suitability for on-site waste disposal : development of genetically marked Escherichia coli strains as tracers of subsurface water flow : completion report for Project A-039-ORE Author: McCoy, Edward L., Hagedorn, Charles The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington D.C., as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978. Close

• 28. [Article] Freshwater resources, Oregon Coastal Zone : a natural resource inventory report to the Oregon Coastal Conservation & Development Commission

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Freshwater resources, Oregon Coastal Zone : a natural resource inventory report to the Oregon Coastal Conservation & Development Commission Author: Oregon. State Water Resources Board, Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission Title: Freshwater resources, Oregon Coastal Zone : a natural resource inventory report to the Oregon Coastal Conservation & Development Commission Author: Oregon. State Water Resources Board, Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission Close

• 29. [Article] Spatial patterns in land use and water quality in the Tillamook Bay Watershed : a GIS mapping project

  No publishing date on piece.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial patterns in land use and water quality in the Tillamook Bay Watershed : a GIS mapping project Author: Frost, Pamela A., Garono, Ralph J., Strittholt, James R. No publishing date on piece. Title: Spatial patterns in land use and water quality in the Tillamook Bay Watershed : a GIS mapping project Author: Frost, Pamela A., Garono, Ralph J., Strittholt, James R. No publishing date on piece. Close

• 30. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 31. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 32. [Article] Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP) Title: Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP) Close

• 33. [Image] Prolonging water-flow in Negev Wadis

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prolonging water-flow in Negev Wadis Author: Orev, Y. Year: 1980 Title: Prolonging water-flow in Negev Wadis Author: Orev, Y. Year: 1980 Close

• 34. [Image] Water Flow in the Negev Riverbeds

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water Flow in the Negev Riverbeds Author: Ben-Zvi, Arie Year: 1980 Title: Water Flow in the Negev Riverbeds Author: Ben-Zvi, Arie Year: 1980 Close

• 35. [Image] Study of modelling the ground water flow in the Nile Delta using the Electrical Analog method

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Study of modelling the ground water flow in the Nile Delta using the Electrical Analog method Year: 1970 Title: Study of modelling the ground water flow in the Nile Delta using the Electrical Analog method Year: 1970 Close

• 36. [Image] Lebanese Water Flows to Israel

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lebanese Water Flows to Israel Year: 1986 Title: Lebanese Water Flows to Israel Year: 1986 Close

• 37. [Article] Squaw Creek Monitoring Project #97-211

  Abstract -- The project included watershed education of 400 students; water quality monitoring of water flow, temperature, dissolved oxygen, bacteria, and macro-invertebrates; riparian surveys; fish surveys; ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Squaw Creek Monitoring Project #97-211 Abstract -- The project included watershed education of 400 students; water quality monitoring of water flow, temperature, dissolved oxygen, bacteria, and macro-invertebrates; riparian surveys; fish surveys; and thermal infrared monitoring and color videography in the Squaw Creek sub-basin from 1997 through 2000. Reports on Squaw Creek watershed research, performed by USFS and ODFW during the same time period, are appended. Title: Squaw Creek Monitoring Project #97-211 Abstract -- The project included watershed education of 400 students; water quality monitoring of water flow, temperature, dissolved oxygen, bacteria, and macro-invertebrates; riparian surveys; fish surveys; and thermal infrared monitoring and color videography in the Squaw Creek sub-basin from 1997 through 2000. Reports on Squaw Creek watershed research, performed by USFS and ODFW during the same time period, are appended. Close

• 38. [Article] The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Close

• 39. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 40. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 41. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 42. [Article] A physical description of the Salmon River estuary

  A student report for a Civil Engineering 572 class, this document is an extensive description of the Salmon River estuary, including water flow, quality, predictions for the estuary’s future, and numerous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A physical description of the Salmon River estuary Author: Noble, Scott, Higgins, Bruce, Pratt, Robert, Askren, David, Hansen, Robert A student report for a Civil Engineering 572 class, this document is an extensive description of the Salmon River estuary, including water flow, quality, predictions for the estuary’s future, and numerous charts and graphs. Title: A physical description of the Salmon River estuary Author: Noble, Scott, Higgins, Bruce, Pratt, Robert, Askren, David, Hansen, Robert A student report for a Civil Engineering 572 class, this document is an extensive description of the Salmon River estuary, including water flow, quality, predictions for the estuary’s future, and numerous charts and graphs. Close

• 43. [Image] The main business district (the "loop"), Chicago

  	Looking north, from 20th Street to beyond Randolph Street. The Chicago Drainage Canal, its source in Lake Michigan and its north and south branches are well shown. Water flows from Lake Michigan through ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The main business district (the "loop"), Chicago Looking north, from 20th Street to beyond Randolph Street. The Chicago Drainage Canal, its source in Lake Michigan and its north and south branches are well shown. Water flows from Lake Michigan through the south branch of this canal into the Mississsippi River, and ultimately into the Gulf of Mexico. Title: The main business district (the "loop"), Chicago Looking north, from 20th Street to beyond Randolph Street. The Chicago Drainage Canal, its source in Lake Michigan and its north and south branches are well shown. Water flows from Lake Michigan through the south branch of this canal into the Mississsippi River, and ultimately into the Gulf of Mexico. Close

• 44. [Image] 500 ft. below great north glacier in early P.M. when water flows heavier - Cascade N. F.

  	Some of the glacial streams have dry channels in the early morning but as the ice begins to melt the stream grows until by evening it is a regular torrent. The glacier can be seen in the background.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 500 ft. below great north glacier in early P.M. when water flows heavier - Cascade N. F. Some of the glacial streams have dry channels in the early morning but as the ice begins to melt the stream grows until by evening it is a regular torrent. The glacier can be seen in the background. Title: 500 ft. below great north glacier in early P.M. when water flows heavier - Cascade N. F. Some of the glacial streams have dry channels in the early morning but as the ice begins to melt the stream grows until by evening it is a regular torrent. The glacier can be seen in the background. Close

• 45. [Image] Canyon near mouth of Klickitat River

  	The water flow is about 782 feet per second
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Canyon near mouth of Klickitat River Year: 1938 The water flow is about 782 feet per second Title: Canyon near mouth of Klickitat River Year: 1938 The water flow is about 782 feet per second Close

• 46. [Article] Modeling the hydrological aspects of the Fern Lake Watershed : annual report 1971

  Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling the hydrological aspects of the Fern Lake Watershed : annual report 1971 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Fowler, Charles W. (Charles Winsor), 1941-, University of Washington Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here is to develop a model of this flow using the climatological data available from the watershed. Measurements of air temperature, wind movement, air pressure, relative humidity, insolation, and precipitation were used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration through the use of the Penman equation (Penman 1948). A model based on relationships found in the published literature and some empirical relationships was developed to simulate the dynamics of the soil water. This submodel was incorporated into the larger model to link the climatological input variables to streamflow. Output from the computer program developed for the model includes soil water content, underground flow, evaporation, transpiration, and streamflow. In its tentative form, the model is sufficiently realistic to be used for further modeling of the dynamics of other aspects of the watershed involving water flow. Title: Modeling the hydrological aspects of the Fern Lake Watershed : annual report 1971 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Fowler, Charles W. (Charles Winsor), 1941-, University of Washington Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here is to develop a model of this flow using the climatological data available from the watershed. Measurements of air temperature, wind movement, air pressure, relative humidity, insolation, and precipitation were used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration through the use of the Penman equation (Penman 1948). A model based on relationships found in the published literature and some empirical relationships was developed to simulate the dynamics of the soil water. This submodel was incorporated into the larger model to link the climatological input variables to streamflow. Output from the computer program developed for the model includes soil water content, underground flow, evaporation, transpiration, and streamflow. In its tentative form, the model is sufficiently realistic to be used for further modeling of the dynamics of other aspects of the watershed involving water flow. Close

• 47. [Article] Water Flow through Temperate Glaciers

  Understanding water movement through a glacier is fundamental to several critical issues in glaciology, including glacier dynamics, glacier-induced floods, and the prediction of runoff from glacierized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water Flow through Temperate Glaciers Author: Fountain, Andrew G., Walder, Joseph S. Year: 1998 Understanding water movement through a glacier is fundamental to several critical issues in glaciology, including glacier dynamics, glacier-induced floods, and the prediction of runoff from glacierized drainage basins. To this end we have synthesized a conceptual model of water movement through a temperate glacier from the surface to the outlet stream. Processes that regulate the rate and distribution of water input at the glacier surface and that regulate water movement from the surface to the bed play important but commonly neglected roles in glacier hydrology. Where a glacier is covered by a layer of porous, permeable firn (the accumulation zone), the flux of water to the glacier interior varies slowly because the firn temporarily stores water and thereby smooths out variations in the supply rate. In the firn-free ablation zone, in contrast, the flux of water into the glacier depends directly on the rate of surface melt or rainfall and therefore varies greatly in time. Water moves from the surface to the bed through an upward branching arborescent network consisting of both steeply inclined conduits, formed by the enlargement of intergranular veins, and gently inclined conduits, spawned by water flow along the bottoms of near-surface fractures (crevasses). Englacial drainage conduits deliver water to the glacier bed at a limited number of points, probably a long distance downglacier of where water enters the glacier. Englacial conduits supplied from the accumulation zone are quasi steady state features that convey the slowly varying water flux delivered via the firn. Their size adjusts so that they are usually full of water and flow is pressurized. In contrast, water flow in englacial conduits supplied from the ablation area is pressurized only near times of peak daily flow or during rainstorms; flow is otherwise in an open-channel configuration. The subglacial drainage system typically consists of several elements that are distinct both morphologically and hydrologically. An upglacier branching, arborescent network of channels incised into the basal ice conveys water rapidly. Much of the water flux to the bed probably enters directly into the arborescent channel network, which covers only a small fraction of the glacier bed. More extensive spatially is a nonarborescent network, which commonly includes cavities (gaps between the glacier sole and bed), channels incised into the bed, and a layer of permeable sediment. The nonarborescent network conveys water slowly and is usually poorly connected to the arborescent system. The arborescent channel network largely collapses during winter but reforms in the spring as the first flush of meltwater to the bed destabilizes the cavities within the nonarborescent network. The volume of water stored by a glacier varies diurnally and seasonally. Small, temperate alpine glaciers seem to attain a maximum seasonal water storage of approximately 200 mm of water averaged over the area of the glacier bed, with daily fluctuations of as much as 20-30 mm. The likely storage capacity of subglacial cavities is insufficient to account for estimated stored water volumes, so most water storage may actually occur englacially. Stored water may also be released abruptly and catastrophically in the form of outburst floods. Title: Water Flow through Temperate Glaciers Author: Fountain, Andrew G., Walder, Joseph S. Year: 1998 Understanding water movement through a glacier is fundamental to several critical issues in glaciology, including glacier dynamics, glacier-induced floods, and the prediction of runoff from glacierized drainage basins. To this end we have synthesized a conceptual model of water movement through a temperate glacier from the surface to the outlet stream. Processes that regulate the rate and distribution of water input at the glacier surface and that regulate water movement from the surface to the bed play important but commonly neglected roles in glacier hydrology. Where a glacier is covered by a layer of porous, permeable firn (the accumulation zone), the flux of water to the glacier interior varies slowly because the firn temporarily stores water and thereby smooths out variations in the supply rate. In the firn-free ablation zone, in contrast, the flux of water into the glacier depends directly on the rate of surface melt or rainfall and therefore varies greatly in time. Water moves from the surface to the bed through an upward branching arborescent network consisting of both steeply inclined conduits, formed by the enlargement of intergranular veins, and gently inclined conduits, spawned by water flow along the bottoms of near-surface fractures (crevasses). Englacial drainage conduits deliver water to the glacier bed at a limited number of points, probably a long distance downglacier of where water enters the glacier. Englacial conduits supplied from the accumulation zone are quasi steady state features that convey the slowly varying water flux delivered via the firn. Their size adjusts so that they are usually full of water and flow is pressurized. In contrast, water flow in englacial conduits supplied from the ablation area is pressurized only near times of peak daily flow or during rainstorms; flow is otherwise in an open-channel configuration. The subglacial drainage system typically consists of several elements that are distinct both morphologically and hydrologically. An upglacier branching, arborescent network of channels incised into the basal ice conveys water rapidly. Much of the water flux to the bed probably enters directly into the arborescent channel network, which covers only a small fraction of the glacier bed. More extensive spatially is a nonarborescent network, which commonly includes cavities (gaps between the glacier sole and bed), channels incised into the bed, and a layer of permeable sediment. The nonarborescent network conveys water slowly and is usually poorly connected to the arborescent system. The arborescent channel network largely collapses during winter but reforms in the spring as the first flush of meltwater to the bed destabilizes the cavities within the nonarborescent network. The volume of water stored by a glacier varies diurnally and seasonally. Small, temperate alpine glaciers seem to attain a maximum seasonal water storage of approximately 200 mm of water averaged over the area of the glacier bed, with daily fluctuations of as much as 20-30 mm. The likely storage capacity of subglacial cavities is insufficient to account for estimated stored water volumes, so most water storage may actually occur englacially. Stored water may also be released abruptly and catastrophically in the form of outburst floods. Close

• 48. [Article] Sedimentologic changes in the deposits of an evolving lahar-flood in 2006, Hood River Basin, Mount Hood, Oregon

  Over a span of six days from November 2nd -- 7th, 2006 approximately 43 cm of precipitation fell over the Hood River Basin in Oregon. A lahar was initiated on the Eliot Branch of the Middle Fork Hood River ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sedimentologic changes in the deposits of an evolving lahar-flood in 2006, Hood River Basin, Mount Hood, Oregon Author: Poole, Matthew Ray Year: 2016 Over a span of six days from November 2nd -- 7th, 2006 approximately 43 cm of precipitation fell over the Hood River Basin in Oregon. A lahar was initiated on the Eliot Branch of the Middle Fork Hood River by two or more landslides that occurred on the lateral moraines of the Eliot Glacier on the early part of November 7th, 2006. The Eliot Branch lahar was embedded within the larger regional flood that was occurring in the Hood River Basin and traveled a total of 48 km from the initiation points on the north flank of Mount Hood to the Hood Rivers confluence with the Columbia River. The initiating landslides abruptly transformed into a debris flow upon mixing with flood waters of the Eliot Branch. The debris flow traveled a distance of ~28 km at which point it was transformed first to a hyperconcentrated flow and then to water flow via selective deposition of coarse sediment and progressive dilution by channel flow waters from the East and West Fork Hood Rivers. The transformation from debris flow to hyperconcentrated streamflow was recorded by a thickening wedge of hyperconcentrated streamflow sediments found above and below progressively fining debris flow sediments over a reach of 22 km. Finally, the hyperconcentrated-flow phase of the lahar transformed to water flow and then traveled an additional 20 km to the Hood River delta. Upon reaching the apex of the Hood River delta, depositing sediments led to an expansion of the delta. Debris-flow sediments were predominantly gravel (36.0-69.7% by wt.) with sand (22.1-55.9% by wt.) and fines (4.7-7.8% by wt.). Hyperconcentrated flow deposits contained a larger sand fraction of (66.8-99.2% by wt.) with few gravel clasts (0-26.0% by wt.) and fines (0-8.8% by wt.). Water flow deposits averaged 90.5% (wt.) sand with 6.0% (wt.) gravel and 3.0% (wt.) fines. Sorting was a key factor in flow identification and showed progressive improvement downstream from the initiation point. Sorting values for the flow types are as follows: debris flow deposits ranged from 3.3Φ (very poorly sorted) to 1.8Φ (poorly sorted), hyperconcentrated flow deposits ranged from 2.4Φ (very poorly sorted) to 0.8Φ (moderately sorted), and water flood deposits ranged between 1.4Φ (poorly sorted) to 0.6Φ (moderately sorted). Title: Sedimentologic changes in the deposits of an evolving lahar-flood in 2006, Hood River Basin, Mount Hood, Oregon Author: Poole, Matthew Ray Year: 2016 Over a span of six days from November 2nd -- 7th, 2006 approximately 43 cm of precipitation fell over the Hood River Basin in Oregon. A lahar was initiated on the Eliot Branch of the Middle Fork Hood River by two or more landslides that occurred on the lateral moraines of the Eliot Glacier on the early part of November 7th, 2006. The Eliot Branch lahar was embedded within the larger regional flood that was occurring in the Hood River Basin and traveled a total of 48 km from the initiation points on the north flank of Mount Hood to the Hood Rivers confluence with the Columbia River. The initiating landslides abruptly transformed into a debris flow upon mixing with flood waters of the Eliot Branch. The debris flow traveled a distance of ~28 km at which point it was transformed first to a hyperconcentrated flow and then to water flow via selective deposition of coarse sediment and progressive dilution by channel flow waters from the East and West Fork Hood Rivers. The transformation from debris flow to hyperconcentrated streamflow was recorded by a thickening wedge of hyperconcentrated streamflow sediments found above and below progressively fining debris flow sediments over a reach of 22 km. Finally, the hyperconcentrated-flow phase of the lahar transformed to water flow and then traveled an additional 20 km to the Hood River delta. Upon reaching the apex of the Hood River delta, depositing sediments led to an expansion of the delta. Debris-flow sediments were predominantly gravel (36.0-69.7% by wt.) with sand (22.1-55.9% by wt.) and fines (4.7-7.8% by wt.). Hyperconcentrated flow deposits contained a larger sand fraction of (66.8-99.2% by wt.) with few gravel clasts (0-26.0% by wt.) and fines (0-8.8% by wt.). Water flow deposits averaged 90.5% (wt.) sand with 6.0% (wt.) gravel and 3.0% (wt.) fines. Sorting was a key factor in flow identification and showed progressive improvement downstream from the initiation point. Sorting values for the flow types are as follows: debris flow deposits ranged from 3.3Φ (very poorly sorted) to 1.8Φ (poorly sorted), hyperconcentrated flow deposits ranged from 2.4Φ (very poorly sorted) to 0.8Φ (moderately sorted), and water flood deposits ranged between 1.4Φ (poorly sorted) to 0.6Φ (moderately sorted). Close

• 49. [Article] Water and anion movement in selected soils of western Oregon

  Experiments were carried out to study the movement of water and halide anions in perched water tables or saturated zones in the soil and upper rock mantle of eight different experimental sites located on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water and anion movement in selected soils of western Oregon Author: Hammermeister, Dale P. Experiments were carried out to study the movement of water and halide anions in perched water tables or saturated zones in the soil and upper rock mantle of eight different experimental sites located on low hills near the western border of the Willamette Valley. At each site the experimental procedure consisted of first injecting a solution of either KBr or KI into one of three line sources located at different depths in the soil-rock mantle. Ground water samples were then periodically collected from both saturated and unsaturated depths in the soilrock mantle at points both upslope and downslope from the line source. These samples were analyzed for either I⁻ or Br⁻ by specific ion electrodes. Tensiometers and piezometers were monitored at different depths in the soil-rock mantle at each site to determine water pressure potentials (P's) which were used to calculate hydraulic gradients both in the vertical and downslope directions. Saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements were made on intact cores of soil and weathered rock from different depths at each site. In situ conductivity measurements were made where possible at depths where intact cores could not be obtained. Conductivities of intact cores were found to be log normally distributed in the A horizons, B horizons, and also possibly in the C horizons. Further, an exponential relationship was found between the percent pore space occupied by pores drained by P = -50 cm of water and the conductivity of intact cores taken from different depths at all sites. Assuming that pores drained by P = -50 cm transmit most of the water flowing through the soil-rock mantle expressions were obtained for an average pore velocity (μ) of water flowing through pores drained by P = -50 cm, and for an average pore velocity (vi) of water flowing through different pore size increments (assuming a capillary bundle model) within this pore space. Plots of P's and rainfall vs. time indicated that impermeable regions of rock near or below the 110 cm depth are mainly responsible for the development of perched water tables at most sites. Similar plots indicated that subsurface flow contributed water to sites located on lower hill slope positions. Halide anions were found to move rapidly downslope by saturated flow at all experimental sites. These rapid rates of anion movement as well as other observed characteristics of anion movement suggested that water may move through the soil-rock mantle at these sites by laminar flow through interconnected regions of high conductivity and/or via turbulent flow through macroscopic voids. To attempt to describe the maximum rates of anion movement at several sites, pore water velocity vectors μ and Vi were calculated by resolving these vectors into vertical and downslope components. μ vectors failed to account for the maximum rates of anion movement even when conductivity coefficients were selected to maximize μ in the downslope direction. However, vi vectors when maximized in the downslope direction roughly approximated the maximum rates of anion movement. This together with some additional evidence concerning the apparent or effective diffusion of halide anions in the B horizon at site 8 suggested that the capillary bundle model of the soil-rock mantle may be a good approximation of the laminar flow paths in at least several sites. However, the possibility that turbulent flow occurs through macroscopic voids in the soil-rock mantle must also be considered as a possible flow mechanism in all experimental sites. Title: Water and anion movement in selected soils of western Oregon Author: Hammermeister, Dale P. Experiments were carried out to study the movement of water and halide anions in perched water tables or saturated zones in the soil and upper rock mantle of eight different experimental sites located on low hills near the western border of the Willamette Valley. At each site the experimental procedure consisted of first injecting a solution of either KBr or KI into one of three line sources located at different depths in the soil-rock mantle. Ground water samples were then periodically collected from both saturated and unsaturated depths in the soilrock mantle at points both upslope and downslope from the line source. These samples were analyzed for either I⁻ or Br⁻ by specific ion electrodes. Tensiometers and piezometers were monitored at different depths in the soil-rock mantle at each site to determine water pressure potentials (P's) which were used to calculate hydraulic gradients both in the vertical and downslope directions. Saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements were made on intact cores of soil and weathered rock from different depths at each site. In situ conductivity measurements were made where possible at depths where intact cores could not be obtained. Conductivities of intact cores were found to be log normally distributed in the A horizons, B horizons, and also possibly in the C horizons. Further, an exponential relationship was found between the percent pore space occupied by pores drained by P = -50 cm of water and the conductivity of intact cores taken from different depths at all sites. Assuming that pores drained by P = -50 cm transmit most of the water flowing through the soil-rock mantle expressions were obtained for an average pore velocity (μ) of water flowing through pores drained by P = -50 cm, and for an average pore velocity (vi) of water flowing through different pore size increments (assuming a capillary bundle model) within this pore space. Plots of P's and rainfall vs. time indicated that impermeable regions of rock near or below the 110 cm depth are mainly responsible for the development of perched water tables at most sites. Similar plots indicated that subsurface flow contributed water to sites located on lower hill slope positions. Halide anions were found to move rapidly downslope by saturated flow at all experimental sites. These rapid rates of anion movement as well as other observed characteristics of anion movement suggested that water may move through the soil-rock mantle at these sites by laminar flow through interconnected regions of high conductivity and/or via turbulent flow through macroscopic voids. To attempt to describe the maximum rates of anion movement at several sites, pore water velocity vectors μ and Vi were calculated by resolving these vectors into vertical and downslope components. μ vectors failed to account for the maximum rates of anion movement even when conductivity coefficients were selected to maximize μ in the downslope direction. However, vi vectors when maximized in the downslope direction roughly approximated the maximum rates of anion movement. This together with some additional evidence concerning the apparent or effective diffusion of halide anions in the B horizon at site 8 suggested that the capillary bundle model of the soil-rock mantle may be a good approximation of the laminar flow paths in at least several sites. However, the possibility that turbulent flow occurs through macroscopic voids in the soil-rock mantle must also be considered as a possible flow mechanism in all experimental sites. Close

• 50. [Article] Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean Author: McLaughlin, F. A., Civitarese, G., Jones, E. P., Kattner, G., Lipizer, M., Anderson, L. G., Falkner, Kelly, Swift, J. H. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean Author: McLaughlin, F. A., Civitarese, G., Jones, E. P., Kattner, G., Lipizer, M., Anderson, L. G., Falkner, Kelly, Swift, J. H. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close