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• 1. [Article] Diurnal timing of warmer air under climate change affects magnitude, timing and duration of stream temperature change

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Diurnal timing of warmer air under climate change affects magnitude, timing and duration of stream temperature change Author: Haggerty, Roy, Wondzell, Steven M., Diabat, Mousa To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1085. Title: Diurnal timing of warmer air under climate change affects magnitude, timing and duration of stream temperature change Author: Haggerty, Roy, Wondzell, Steven M., Diabat, Mousa To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1085. Close

• 2. [Article] Can air temperature be used to project influences of climate change on stream temperature?

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Institute ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Can air temperature be used to project influences of climate change on stream temperature? Author: Arismendi, Ivan, Johnson, Sherri L., Safeeq, Mohammad, Dunham, Jason B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Institute of Physics Publishing and can be found at: http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/. Title: Can air temperature be used to project influences of climate change on stream temperature? Author: Arismendi, Ivan, Johnson, Sherri L., Safeeq, Mohammad, Dunham, Jason B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Institute of Physics Publishing and can be found at: http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/. Close

• 3. [Article] Formulation of surface heat flux: application to BOREAS

  The aerodynamic temperature is required for prediction of the surface heat flux using Monin-Obukhov similarity. This "fictitious" temperature is not systematically equal to the actual air temperature near ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Formulation of surface heat flux: application to BOREAS Author: Mahrt, Larry, Jensen, N.O., MacPherson, J.I., Sun, Jielun, Desjardins, R.L. The aerodynamic temperature is required for prediction of the surface heat flux using Monin-Obukhov similarity. This "fictitious" temperature is not systematically equal to the actual air temperature near the surface and is not directly available from observations or in numerical models. The aerodynamic temperature is normally replaced with either the canopy air temperature or the surface radiation temperature, sometimes accompanied by adjustment of the thermal roughness length or specification of an excess resistance. In this study, the relationship between the aerodynamic temperature and the surface radiation temperature is examined in terms of the surface energy budget and simple representation of canopy structure. Previous inconsistencies are discussed. The observed behavior of the aerodynamic temperature is studied using Canadian Twin Otter aircraft data from BOREAS over nine different forested and nonforested sites. Variation of the behavior of the aerodynamic temperature between different parts of the boreal forest is found to be strongly correlated with the red reflectance. Title: Formulation of surface heat flux: application to BOREAS Author: Mahrt, Larry, Jensen, N.O., MacPherson, J.I., Sun, Jielun, Desjardins, R.L. The aerodynamic temperature is required for prediction of the surface heat flux using Monin-Obukhov similarity. This "fictitious" temperature is not systematically equal to the actual air temperature near the surface and is not directly available from observations or in numerical models. The aerodynamic temperature is normally replaced with either the canopy air temperature or the surface radiation temperature, sometimes accompanied by adjustment of the thermal roughness length or specification of an excess resistance. In this study, the relationship between the aerodynamic temperature and the surface radiation temperature is examined in terms of the surface energy budget and simple representation of canopy structure. Previous inconsistencies are discussed. The observed behavior of the aerodynamic temperature is studied using Canadian Twin Otter aircraft data from BOREAS over nine different forested and nonforested sites. Variation of the behavior of the aerodynamic temperature between different parts of the boreal forest is found to be strongly correlated with the red reflectance. Close

• 4. [Article] The influence of air and soil temperatures on the growth and development of Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum, during different growth phases

  Greenhouse-grown, September-harvested Lilium longiflorum cv. 'Nellie white' bulbs were used to determine temperature requirements during 5 pre-bloom and 1 post-bloom phases of development each of 1 month's ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of air and soil temperatures on the growth and development of Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum, during different growth phases Author: Wang, Yin-Tung Greenhouse-grown, September-harvested Lilium longiflorum cv. 'Nellie white' bulbs were used to determine temperature requirements during 5 pre-bloom and 1 post-bloom phases of development each of 1 month's duration. Plantes were subjected to 3 air temperatures(24°day/ 18°C night, 18°/13° and 13°/10°) in combination with soil temperatures at 30°, 24°, and equal to or lower than ambient air temperature during each growth phase and evaluated by growth analysis at the termination of each phase. This study has substantiated that top growth needs high air temperature and daughter scale initiation and filling require high soil temperature. An air and soil temperature of 24°C was required for rapid flowering, leaf unfolding and stem elongation but at the expense of reserves in mother scales. Air temperature approaching 18°/13° during the month prior to anthesis favored maintenance of mother scales. Growth of daughter scales during the pre-bloom period was directly related to soil temperature rather than air temperature with 30° soil temperature being no better than 24°. Soil temperature had no effect on flower bud expansion after buds-visible stage, air temperature being the determining factor thereafter. Growth of the flower bud, leaf unfolding rate or stem elongation were of equal value in monitoring crop growth rate and status. Soil temperatures approaching 24°C. favored scale primordia initiation, regardless of air temperature. Daughter meristem diameter, as well as the rate of scale primordia initiation decreased progressively from daughter bulb appearance toward anthesis of the mother axis. High soil temperatures also reduced daughter bulb apex diameter during early growth phases. Since prevailing air and soil temperatures in the commercial lily growing sites are below those required for maximum growth and development of above- and below-ground organs during the pre-bloom period, it is concluded that air temperatures alone are adequate in monitoring field crop status and predicting ultimate yield potential during this period. Title: The influence of air and soil temperatures on the growth and development of Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum, during different growth phases Author: Wang, Yin-Tung Greenhouse-grown, September-harvested Lilium longiflorum cv. 'Nellie white' bulbs were used to determine temperature requirements during 5 pre-bloom and 1 post-bloom phases of development each of 1 month's duration. Plantes were subjected to 3 air temperatures(24°day/ 18°C night, 18°/13° and 13°/10°) in combination with soil temperatures at 30°, 24°, and equal to or lower than ambient air temperature during each growth phase and evaluated by growth analysis at the termination of each phase. This study has substantiated that top growth needs high air temperature and daughter scale initiation and filling require high soil temperature. An air and soil temperature of 24°C was required for rapid flowering, leaf unfolding and stem elongation but at the expense of reserves in mother scales. Air temperature approaching 18°/13° during the month prior to anthesis favored maintenance of mother scales. Growth of daughter scales during the pre-bloom period was directly related to soil temperature rather than air temperature with 30° soil temperature being no better than 24°. Soil temperature had no effect on flower bud expansion after buds-visible stage, air temperature being the determining factor thereafter. Growth of the flower bud, leaf unfolding rate or stem elongation were of equal value in monitoring crop growth rate and status. Soil temperatures approaching 24°C. favored scale primordia initiation, regardless of air temperature. Daughter meristem diameter, as well as the rate of scale primordia initiation decreased progressively from daughter bulb appearance toward anthesis of the mother axis. High soil temperatures also reduced daughter bulb apex diameter during early growth phases. Since prevailing air and soil temperatures in the commercial lily growing sites are below those required for maximum growth and development of above- and below-ground organs during the pre-bloom period, it is concluded that air temperatures alone are adequate in monitoring field crop status and predicting ultimate yield potential during this period. Close

• 5. [Article] Influences of Human Activity on Stream Temperatures and Existence of Cold-Water Fish in Streams with Elevated Temperature: Report of a Workshop

  This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influences of Human Activity on Stream Temperatures and Existence of Cold-Water Fish in Streams with Elevated Temperature: Report of a Workshop Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Title: Influences of Human Activity on Stream Temperatures and Existence of Cold-Water Fish in Streams with Elevated Temperature: Report of a Workshop Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Close

• 6. [Article] Oxygen consumption of three species of sea urchins at different temperatures

  Metabolic rate-temperature responses of three related species of sea urchins were determined using oxygen consumption rate measurements. The three species used were Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Strongylocentrotus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oxygen consumption of three species of sea urchins at different temperatures Author: Ulbricht, Richard Jules Metabolic rate-temperature responses of three related species of sea urchins were determined using oxygen consumption rate measurements. The three species used were Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, and Allocentrotus fragilis. All measurements were made using an oxygen macro-electrode, physiological gas analyzer, and sealed respiratory container. Two series of experiments--field-acclimatized and temperature-acclimated--were conducted. In each case, oxygen consumption was determined at 3° intervals over a temperature range extending from 6° to 24°. The results of the field-acclimatized animals, maintained in the laboratory for only short periods after collection, are consistent with the temperature fluctuations of the respective habitats. The benthic A. fragilis did not possess any rate-temperature independence. The partly intertidal S. franciscanus possessed little independence. The largely intertidal S. purpuratus possessed a great deal of rate-temperature independence, especially from 12° to 21°. S. purpuratus and S. franciscanus were used in the temperature acclimation study. Both species were maintained at 9° and 18° for a month. The results of both species clearly show "reverse" compensation--i.e. the rate mean of the warm-acclimated animals exceeds that of the cold-acclimated animals at the same test temperature. Temperature-acclimated S. purpuratus possessed considerable temperature compensation. Cold-acclimated animals had greater rate-temperature independence between 9° and 15°, whereas warm-acclimated animals had greater independence between 15° and 24°. Temperature-acclimated S. franciscanus possessed little temperature compensation. Cold-acclimated animals had no rate-temperature independence. Warm-acclimated animals had some independence over the upper end of the temperature range tested. Comparison of the "field-acclimatized" metabolic rate-temperature curve with the appropriate "temperature-acclimated" curves suggests that summer-acclimatized S. purpuratus is more warm-acclimated and summer-acclimatized S. franciscanus is more cold-acclimated. Title: Oxygen consumption of three species of sea urchins at different temperatures Author: Ulbricht, Richard Jules Metabolic rate-temperature responses of three related species of sea urchins were determined using oxygen consumption rate measurements. The three species used were Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, and Allocentrotus fragilis. All measurements were made using an oxygen macro-electrode, physiological gas analyzer, and sealed respiratory container. Two series of experiments--field-acclimatized and temperature-acclimated--were conducted. In each case, oxygen consumption was determined at 3° intervals over a temperature range extending from 6° to 24°. The results of the field-acclimatized animals, maintained in the laboratory for only short periods after collection, are consistent with the temperature fluctuations of the respective habitats. The benthic A. fragilis did not possess any rate-temperature independence. The partly intertidal S. franciscanus possessed little independence. The largely intertidal S. purpuratus possessed a great deal of rate-temperature independence, especially from 12° to 21°. S. purpuratus and S. franciscanus were used in the temperature acclimation study. Both species were maintained at 9° and 18° for a month. The results of both species clearly show "reverse" compensation--i.e. the rate mean of the warm-acclimated animals exceeds that of the cold-acclimated animals at the same test temperature. Temperature-acclimated S. purpuratus possessed considerable temperature compensation. Cold-acclimated animals had greater rate-temperature independence between 9° and 15°, whereas warm-acclimated animals had greater independence between 15° and 24°. Temperature-acclimated S. franciscanus possessed little temperature compensation. Cold-acclimated animals had no rate-temperature independence. Warm-acclimated animals had some independence over the upper end of the temperature range tested. Comparison of the "field-acclimatized" metabolic rate-temperature curve with the appropriate "temperature-acclimated" curves suggests that summer-acclimatized S. purpuratus is more warm-acclimated and summer-acclimatized S. franciscanus is more cold-acclimated. Close

• 7. [Article] Appendix C - Stream Temperature Model.zip

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Appendix C - Stream Temperature Model.zip Author: Arik, Aida D. Title: Appendix C - Stream Temperature Model.zip Author: Arik, Aida D. Close

• 8. [Article] Geothermics and climate change : 2. joint analysis of borehole temperature and meteorological data

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermics and climate change : 2. joint analysis of borehole temperature and meteorological data Author: Chapman, David S., Harris, Robert N. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Geothermics and climate change : 2. joint analysis of borehole temperature and meteorological data Author: Chapman, David S., Harris, Robert N. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 9. [Article] A distributed stream temperature model using high resolution temperature observations

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by European Geosciences Union and can be found at: http://www.egu.eu/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A distributed stream temperature model using high resolution temperature observations Author: Westhoff, M. C., Selker, J. S., Pfister, L., van de Giesen, N. C., Savenije, H. H. G., Stelling, G. S., Luxemburg, W. M. J ., Uhlenbrook, S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by European Geosciences Union and can be found at: http://www.egu.eu/. Title: A distributed stream temperature model using high resolution temperature observations Author: Westhoff, M. C., Selker, J. S., Pfister, L., van de Giesen, N. C., Savenije, H. H. G., Stelling, G. S., Luxemburg, W. M. J ., Uhlenbrook, S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by European Geosciences Union and can be found at: http://www.egu.eu/. Close

• 10. [Article] Bed conduction impact on fiber optic distributed temperature sensing water temperature measurements

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bed conduction impact on fiber optic distributed temperature sensing water temperature measurements Author: O'Donnell Meininger, T., Selker, J. S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can be found at: http://www.geoscientific-instrumentation-methods-and-data-systems.net/ Title: Bed conduction impact on fiber optic distributed temperature sensing water temperature measurements Author: O'Donnell Meininger, T., Selker, J. S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can be found at: http://www.geoscientific-instrumentation-methods-and-data-systems.net/ Close

• 11. [Article] Repeat temperature measurements in boreholes from northwestern Utah link ground and air temperature changes at the decadal time scale

  Borehole temperature profiles provide a record of ground surface temperature (GST) change at the decadal to centennial time scale. GST histories reconstructed from boreholes are particularly useful in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Repeat temperature measurements in boreholes from northwestern Utah link ground and air temperature changes at the decadal time scale Author: Chapman, David S., Harris, Robert N., Davis, Michael G. Borehole temperature profiles provide a record of ground surface temperature (GST) change at the decadal to centennial time scale. GST histories reconstructed from boreholes are particularly useful in climate reconstruction if changes in GST and surface air temperature (SAT) are effectively coupled at decadal and longer time periods and it can be shown that borehole temperatures respond faithfully to surface temperature changes. We test these assumptions using three boreholes in northwestern Utah that have been repeatedly logged for temperature over a time span of 29 years. We report 13 temperaturedepth logs at the Emigrant Pass Observatory borehole GC‐1, eight at borehole SI‐1 and five at borehole DM‐1, acquired between 1978 and 2007. Systematic subsurface temperature changes of up to 0.6°C are observed over this time span in the upper sections of the boreholes; below approximately 100 m any temperature transients are within observational noise. We difference the temperature logs to highlight subsurface transients and to remove any ambiguity resulting from steady state source of curvature. Synthetic temperature profiles computed from SAT data at nearby meteorological stations reproduce both the amplitude and pattern of the transient temperature observations, fitting the observations to within 0.03°C or better. This observational confirmation of the strong coupling between surface temperature change and borehole temperature transients lends further support to the use of borehole temperatures to complement SAT and multiproxy reconstructions of climate change. Title: Repeat temperature measurements in boreholes from northwestern Utah link ground and air temperature changes at the decadal time scale Author: Chapman, David S., Harris, Robert N., Davis, Michael G. Borehole temperature profiles provide a record of ground surface temperature (GST) change at the decadal to centennial time scale. GST histories reconstructed from boreholes are particularly useful in climate reconstruction if changes in GST and surface air temperature (SAT) are effectively coupled at decadal and longer time periods and it can be shown that borehole temperatures respond faithfully to surface temperature changes. We test these assumptions using three boreholes in northwestern Utah that have been repeatedly logged for temperature over a time span of 29 years. We report 13 temperaturedepth logs at the Emigrant Pass Observatory borehole GC‐1, eight at borehole SI‐1 and five at borehole DM‐1, acquired between 1978 and 2007. Systematic subsurface temperature changes of up to 0.6°C are observed over this time span in the upper sections of the boreholes; below approximately 100 m any temperature transients are within observational noise. We difference the temperature logs to highlight subsurface transients and to remove any ambiguity resulting from steady state source of curvature. Synthetic temperature profiles computed from SAT data at nearby meteorological stations reproduce both the amplitude and pattern of the transient temperature observations, fitting the observations to within 0.03°C or better. This observational confirmation of the strong coupling between surface temperature change and borehole temperature transients lends further support to the use of borehole temperatures to complement SAT and multiproxy reconstructions of climate change. Close

• 12. [Article] Summer stream temperatures and channel characteristics of a southwestern Oregon coastal stream

  The Elk River Basin drains 93 sq ml of steep forested terrain on the west side of the Klamath Mountains in Southwest Oregon. This river and its tributaries support a diverse and abundant population of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summer stream temperatures and channel characteristics of a southwestern Oregon coastal stream Author: McSwain, Michelle D. The Elk River Basin drains 93 sq ml of steep forested terrain on the west side of the Klamath Mountains in Southwest Oregon. This river and its tributaries support a diverse and abundant population of anadromous fish; a hatchery located at river mile 13 (km 21) supplements these native populations. Clear weather in combination with dry summers and low streamflow produce warm water temperatures. Historical data indicate that summer stream temperatures as high as 76°F (24.4°C) have occurred in the mainstem of the Elk River. This study was undertaken to evaluate summer stream temperatures and to what extent they were affected by natural factors and land use. In selected tributaries and along the mainstem of the Elk River, measurements were made on canopy cover, stream surface width, and thalweg depth during the summers of 1984 and 1985. Recording thermographs and maximum/minimum thermometers were used to determine the overall temperature pattern of the basin. In genera.l, maximum stream temperatures appear to be declining since 1970, following a period of increased landslide activity in the basin. The trend of decreasing maximum temperatures was not associated with changes in summer streamflow or summer precipitation patterns, suggesting that a recovery of streamside vegetation and/or change in channel morphology is proceeding within the basin. Tributaries with relatively large width / depth ratios (exceeding 14 or more), generally exhibited large diurnal fluctuations in temperature indicating solar heating was occurring. For drainages of similar size, large diurnal temperature fluctuations were associated with large surface area to volume ratios. Tributaries found to be especially low in maximum temperatures generally flow subsurface as a result of channel aggradation. In the 1984 and 1985 field seasons, maximum stream temperatures in the tributaries never exceeded the maximum temperature of 69°F (20.6°C) found in the mainstem. The upper reaches of the mainstem, which is wide and aggraded, was the portion of the basin found to have the highest maximum stream temperatures. Five pools were sampled to determine vertical profiles of temperature and dissolved oxygen. Temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations did not vary with depth. Title: Summer stream temperatures and channel characteristics of a southwestern Oregon coastal stream Author: McSwain, Michelle D. The Elk River Basin drains 93 sq ml of steep forested terrain on the west side of the Klamath Mountains in Southwest Oregon. This river and its tributaries support a diverse and abundant population of anadromous fish; a hatchery located at river mile 13 (km 21) supplements these native populations. Clear weather in combination with dry summers and low streamflow produce warm water temperatures. Historical data indicate that summer stream temperatures as high as 76°F (24.4°C) have occurred in the mainstem of the Elk River. This study was undertaken to evaluate summer stream temperatures and to what extent they were affected by natural factors and land use. In selected tributaries and along the mainstem of the Elk River, measurements were made on canopy cover, stream surface width, and thalweg depth during the summers of 1984 and 1985. Recording thermographs and maximum/minimum thermometers were used to determine the overall temperature pattern of the basin. In genera.l, maximum stream temperatures appear to be declining since 1970, following a period of increased landslide activity in the basin. The trend of decreasing maximum temperatures was not associated with changes in summer streamflow or summer precipitation patterns, suggesting that a recovery of streamside vegetation and/or change in channel morphology is proceeding within the basin. Tributaries with relatively large width / depth ratios (exceeding 14 or more), generally exhibited large diurnal fluctuations in temperature indicating solar heating was occurring. For drainages of similar size, large diurnal temperature fluctuations were associated with large surface area to volume ratios. Tributaries found to be especially low in maximum temperatures generally flow subsurface as a result of channel aggradation. In the 1984 and 1985 field seasons, maximum stream temperatures in the tributaries never exceeded the maximum temperature of 69°F (20.6°C) found in the mainstem. The upper reaches of the mainstem, which is wide and aggraded, was the portion of the basin found to have the highest maximum stream temperatures. Five pools were sampled to determine vertical profiles of temperature and dissolved oxygen. Temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations did not vary with depth. Close

• 13. [Article] Stream Temperature Modeling for Marys River Watershed

  High water temperatures in rivers have detrimental effects on riverine water quality and ecology. In this study, two river temperature models, within the agricultural watershed model Soil and Water Assessment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream Temperature Modeling for Marys River Watershed Author: Mustafa, Mamoon High water temperatures in rivers have detrimental effects on riverine water quality and ecology. In this study, two river temperature models, within the agricultural watershed model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), were investigated for their ability to simulate water temperatures accurately throughout the year. The original temperature model within SWAT uses a linear approach to estimate stream temperature based on air temperature and does not account for hydrological components for calculating stream temperature. Recently, a new stream temperature model for SWAT was developed that combines meteorological with hydrological components such as lateral flow, snowmelt, groundwater flow and surface runoff. The model also uses three elements for the stream temperature calculations – specifically, within a sub-basin (temperature and flow rate), upstream of sub-basin (temperature and incoming flow), and air-water temperature heat exchange transfer. The goal of this research was to improve the recently developed temperature model further by incorporating different types of heat exchange sources, in addition to air-water heat transfer. The edited model was tested for Marys River, a west tributary of the Willamette River in Oregon. The output from the edited model was then compared with observed stream temperatures, for different spatial locations within the watershed to assess the model efficiency. The results showed a good agreement for forested region compared to Ficklin’s default model with RMSE of both models matching. However, there were over predictions and more noise in predicting stream temperature for agricultural region within the watershed in which resulted in higher RMSE for edited model. Title: Stream Temperature Modeling for Marys River Watershed Author: Mustafa, Mamoon High water temperatures in rivers have detrimental effects on riverine water quality and ecology. In this study, two river temperature models, within the agricultural watershed model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), were investigated for their ability to simulate water temperatures accurately throughout the year. The original temperature model within SWAT uses a linear approach to estimate stream temperature based on air temperature and does not account for hydrological components for calculating stream temperature. Recently, a new stream temperature model for SWAT was developed that combines meteorological with hydrological components such as lateral flow, snowmelt, groundwater flow and surface runoff. The model also uses three elements for the stream temperature calculations – specifically, within a sub-basin (temperature and flow rate), upstream of sub-basin (temperature and incoming flow), and air-water temperature heat exchange transfer. The goal of this research was to improve the recently developed temperature model further by incorporating different types of heat exchange sources, in addition to air-water heat transfer. The edited model was tested for Marys River, a west tributary of the Willamette River in Oregon. The output from the edited model was then compared with observed stream temperatures, for different spatial locations within the watershed to assess the model efficiency. The results showed a good agreement for forested region compared to Ficklin’s default model with RMSE of both models matching. However, there were over predictions and more noise in predicting stream temperature for agricultural region within the watershed in which resulted in higher RMSE for edited model. Close

• 14. [Image] Temperatures of Springs in the vicinity of Crater Lake, Oregon in Relation to Air and Ground Temperatures

  	ill.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 6-8)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperatures of Springs in the vicinity of Crater Lake, Oregon in Relation to Air and Ground Temperatures Author: Nathenson, Manuel Year: 1990, 2008 ill.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 6-8) Title: Temperatures of Springs in the vicinity of Crater Lake, Oregon in Relation to Air and Ground Temperatures Author: Nathenson, Manuel Year: 1990, 2008 ill.; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 6-8) Close

• 15. [Article] Evaluation of stream temperature spatial variation using distributed temperature sensing

  Water temperature in rivers and streams is an important factor for aquatic ecosystem health. Measurement of stream temperature has traditionally been accomplished by point temperature measurements, continuous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of stream temperature spatial variation using distributed temperature sensing Author: O'Donnell, Tara Water temperature in rivers and streams is an important factor for aquatic ecosystem health. Measurement of stream temperature has traditionally been accomplished by point temperature measurements, continuous point temperature loggers, and more recently, airborne remote sensing techniques such as Forward-Looking Infrared Radar (FLIR) or Thermal Infrared Radiometry. While each of these measurement techniques has certain advantages, none allows for the combined spatial and temporal information provided by Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS). DTS employs fiber optic signals to measure temperature and is a relatively new temperature measurement technology for hydrologic sensing applications. Nine DTS stream temperature datasets were collected in the Middle Fork John Day River (MFJDR) as part of a basin-wide stream monitoring effort. The datasets encompassed five 1-3 kilometer long reaches, some monitored over three summers (2009-2011). In contrast to existing stream temperature measurement technologies, DTS can provide stream temperature data in both the spatial and temporal domains. Techniques and challenges of interpreting DTS stream temperature data were documented, and three applications of the technology to stream temperature monitoring were explored. Cold water patches, potentially used by fish as thermal refugia during stream temperature maximums, were located using DTS. No identified cold patch exceeded 2.31°C cooler than ambient stream temperature. Tributary inflows provided some of the most temperature-differentiated cold patches. These findings provide a reference for the degree of thermal heterogeneity in the MFJDR system and beg the question of whether fish respond to small (<3°C) spatial temperature variations. Theoretical predictions of stream mixing potential (Richardson number and cavity flow mixing predictions) suggested that increasing stream thermal heterogeneity would require channel modification to decrease stream flow velocity in select areas. The combined spatial and temporal coverage of a DTS stream temperature dataset on the Oxbow Conservation Area allowed diagnosis of a 2°C longitudinal stream temperature decrease observed in multiple Thermal Infrared Radiometry (TIR) and Forward-Looking Infrared Radiometry (FLIR) datasets collected on that reach. Advection velocity and channel depth, rather than groundwater or tributary inflows, were the main cause of the decrease, and the magnitude of the decrease peaked in the early afternoon, disappearing completely by evening. This finding suggests caution for interpretation of FLIR and TIR stream temperature datasets, which represent "snapshot" temperature measurements. For these datasets, knowledge of flow conditions (velocity and depth) may help avoid misinterpretation of temporally-transient temperature anomalies. Diurnal slope periodicity was observed in linear-like spatial trends in four DTS datasets, and an analysis was made to examine this subtle spatially and temporally varying phenomenon. The phase of the diurnal slope variation differed between river reaches, suggesting that propagation of larger-scale thermal waves might be one driving mechanism. Temporally-constant offsets between slope magnitudes within reaches suggested some intra-reach differences in heat fluxes. Title: Evaluation of stream temperature spatial variation using distributed temperature sensing Author: O'Donnell, Tara Water temperature in rivers and streams is an important factor for aquatic ecosystem health. Measurement of stream temperature has traditionally been accomplished by point temperature measurements, continuous point temperature loggers, and more recently, airborne remote sensing techniques such as Forward-Looking Infrared Radar (FLIR) or Thermal Infrared Radiometry. While each of these measurement techniques has certain advantages, none allows for the combined spatial and temporal information provided by Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS). DTS employs fiber optic signals to measure temperature and is a relatively new temperature measurement technology for hydrologic sensing applications. Nine DTS stream temperature datasets were collected in the Middle Fork John Day River (MFJDR) as part of a basin-wide stream monitoring effort. The datasets encompassed five 1-3 kilometer long reaches, some monitored over three summers (2009-2011). In contrast to existing stream temperature measurement technologies, DTS can provide stream temperature data in both the spatial and temporal domains. Techniques and challenges of interpreting DTS stream temperature data were documented, and three applications of the technology to stream temperature monitoring were explored. Cold water patches, potentially used by fish as thermal refugia during stream temperature maximums, were located using DTS. No identified cold patch exceeded 2.31°C cooler than ambient stream temperature. Tributary inflows provided some of the most temperature-differentiated cold patches. These findings provide a reference for the degree of thermal heterogeneity in the MFJDR system and beg the question of whether fish respond to small (<3°C) spatial temperature variations. Theoretical predictions of stream mixing potential (Richardson number and cavity flow mixing predictions) suggested that increasing stream thermal heterogeneity would require channel modification to decrease stream flow velocity in select areas. The combined spatial and temporal coverage of a DTS stream temperature dataset on the Oxbow Conservation Area allowed diagnosis of a 2°C longitudinal stream temperature decrease observed in multiple Thermal Infrared Radiometry (TIR) and Forward-Looking Infrared Radiometry (FLIR) datasets collected on that reach. Advection velocity and channel depth, rather than groundwater or tributary inflows, were the main cause of the decrease, and the magnitude of the decrease peaked in the early afternoon, disappearing completely by evening. This finding suggests caution for interpretation of FLIR and TIR stream temperature datasets, which represent "snapshot" temperature measurements. For these datasets, knowledge of flow conditions (velocity and depth) may help avoid misinterpretation of temporally-transient temperature anomalies. Diurnal slope periodicity was observed in linear-like spatial trends in four DTS datasets, and an analysis was made to examine this subtle spatially and temporally varying phenomenon. The phase of the diurnal slope variation differed between river reaches, suggesting that propagation of larger-scale thermal waves might be one driving mechanism. Temporally-constant offsets between slope magnitudes within reaches suggested some intra-reach differences in heat fluxes. Close

• 16. [Article] Effects of modifying the environment on flowering, fruiting, and biochemical composition of the snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

  The effects of modifying air temperature, soil temperature, and soil moisture levels on flowering, fruiting, and chemical composition of Tendercrop snap beans were studied in experiments in the field and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of modifying the environment on flowering, fruiting, and biochemical composition of the snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Author: Singh, Jyotendra Narain The effects of modifying air temperature, soil temperature, and soil moisture levels on flowering, fruiting, and chemical composition of Tendercrop snap beans were studied in experiments in the field and in the greenhouse during 1961, 1962, and 1963. High maximum temperatures of 95-105° F. during bloom reduced the percent set and number and weight of pods of bean plants. Plants appeared to be most sensitive to temperatures at six to eight days after first bloom. Air temperatures in the field were increased 8-10° F. above controls by use of clear polyethylene plastic cages. The carbohydrate content of leaves and stems of plants subjected to high temperatures was decreased with a greater relative reduction of starch than of other sugars. Air temperature appeared also to affect the protein metabolism since cystine was not detected in plants subjected- to high temperature. Furthermore, threonine was detected in plants exposed to high temperatures, but not in control plants. Soil temperatures ranging from 55° to 90° F. had a pronounced effect on growth, flowering, and yield of snap beans, with best growth of plants and highest number of flowers and pods and weight of pods being obtained at soil temperatures of 75° to 80° F. Diurnal fluctuation of soil temperature had no advantage over comparable constant mean soil temperature for growth of plants. An exception was at fluctuating soil temperatures of 50-60° F- compared to constant temperature of 55° F. Soil temperature did not affect levels of total sugar and reducing sugar, but the starch content was decreased with an increase in soil temperature. Sucrose content of plants at fluctuating soil temperatures tended to be higher than in plants grown at comparable constant mean temperatures. Dry weight of shoots and roots and P and K content of plants increased with increased soil temperature. Magnesium content tended to decrease with an increase of soil temperature while Ca content of plants was variable. Snap bean plants which received the highest amount and frequency of irrigation from planting to harvest had the highest dry weight of shoots, number of flowers, percent set, and yield of pods when compared to plants subjected to moisture stress, either before or after bloom, or during both periods. On a dry weight basis, the carbohydrate content of leaves and stems of plants was highest when amount and frequency of irrigation was highest, but on the fresh weight basis, the carbohydrate content decreased with an increase in soil moisture. The stems and leaves of plants at the high moisture treatments contained highest levels of P and K while N and Mg levels of the same plants were lowest. A higher concentration of arginine was found in plants at high moisture levels than at low moisture levels. Tyrosine was detected in plants grown at the higher moisture, but not in plants subjected to moisture stress. Data suggest that soil moisture levels affected protein metabolism. Sucrose sprays had no significant effect on production of pods and carbohydrate content of bean plants. When soil temperature and moisture levels were varied, significant correlation co-efficients were obtained between weight of plants and number of pods, and between weight of plants and weight of pods. Data suggest that for highest yield, environmental factors should favor production of a large vigorous plant, with large photosynthetic capacity for bearing flowers and fruits. Bean plants appear to be especially sensitive to adverse temperature and moisture conditions during the period of anthesis and early pod development. Although adverse effects of high temperature and of moisture stress on pollination and fertilization were not studied, per se, in the present investigations, these adverse conditions caused a lower production of pods, lower carbohydrates levels, and appeared also to affect protein metabolism in snap beans. Further research is needed, especially to elucidate the adverse effects of high temperatures and moisture stress on biochemical processes and constituents of the snap bean and the significant relationship of these to growth, flowering, and fruiting. Title: Effects of modifying the environment on flowering, fruiting, and biochemical composition of the snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Author: Singh, Jyotendra Narain The effects of modifying air temperature, soil temperature, and soil moisture levels on flowering, fruiting, and chemical composition of Tendercrop snap beans were studied in experiments in the field and in the greenhouse during 1961, 1962, and 1963. High maximum temperatures of 95-105° F. during bloom reduced the percent set and number and weight of pods of bean plants. Plants appeared to be most sensitive to temperatures at six to eight days after first bloom. Air temperatures in the field were increased 8-10° F. above controls by use of clear polyethylene plastic cages. The carbohydrate content of leaves and stems of plants subjected to high temperatures was decreased with a greater relative reduction of starch than of other sugars. Air temperature appeared also to affect the protein metabolism since cystine was not detected in plants subjected- to high temperature. Furthermore, threonine was detected in plants exposed to high temperatures, but not in control plants. Soil temperatures ranging from 55° to 90° F. had a pronounced effect on growth, flowering, and yield of snap beans, with best growth of plants and highest number of flowers and pods and weight of pods being obtained at soil temperatures of 75° to 80° F. Diurnal fluctuation of soil temperature had no advantage over comparable constant mean soil temperature for growth of plants. An exception was at fluctuating soil temperatures of 50-60° F- compared to constant temperature of 55° F. Soil temperature did not affect levels of total sugar and reducing sugar, but the starch content was decreased with an increase in soil temperature. Sucrose content of plants at fluctuating soil temperatures tended to be higher than in plants grown at comparable constant mean temperatures. Dry weight of shoots and roots and P and K content of plants increased with increased soil temperature. Magnesium content tended to decrease with an increase of soil temperature while Ca content of plants was variable. Snap bean plants which received the highest amount and frequency of irrigation from planting to harvest had the highest dry weight of shoots, number of flowers, percent set, and yield of pods when compared to plants subjected to moisture stress, either before or after bloom, or during both periods. On a dry weight basis, the carbohydrate content of leaves and stems of plants was highest when amount and frequency of irrigation was highest, but on the fresh weight basis, the carbohydrate content decreased with an increase in soil moisture. The stems and leaves of plants at the high moisture treatments contained highest levels of P and K while N and Mg levels of the same plants were lowest. A higher concentration of arginine was found in plants at high moisture levels than at low moisture levels. Tyrosine was detected in plants grown at the higher moisture, but not in plants subjected to moisture stress. Data suggest that soil moisture levels affected protein metabolism. Sucrose sprays had no significant effect on production of pods and carbohydrate content of bean plants. When soil temperature and moisture levels were varied, significant correlation co-efficients were obtained between weight of plants and number of pods, and between weight of plants and weight of pods. Data suggest that for highest yield, environmental factors should favor production of a large vigorous plant, with large photosynthetic capacity for bearing flowers and fruits. Bean plants appear to be especially sensitive to adverse temperature and moisture conditions during the period of anthesis and early pod development. Although adverse effects of high temperature and of moisture stress on pollination and fertilization were not studied, per se, in the present investigations, these adverse conditions caused a lower production of pods, lower carbohydrates levels, and appeared also to affect protein metabolism in snap beans. Further research is needed, especially to elucidate the adverse effects of high temperatures and moisture stress on biochemical processes and constituents of the snap bean and the significant relationship of these to growth, flowering, and fruiting. Close

• 17. [Article] The effects of thermal processing on the mechanical properties of AA2024, 2014 and 2618 aluminum alloys

  This study determined the independent effects of various homogenization cycles and precipitation treatments on the elevated temperature workability and the final ambient temperature mechanical properties ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of thermal processing on the mechanical properties of AA2024, 2014 and 2618 aluminum alloys Author: Li, Xiao, 1963- This study determined the independent effects of various homogenization cycles and precipitation treatments on the elevated temperature workability and the final ambient temperature mechanical properties of AA2024 aluminum alloy and on the T3 tensile properties of 2014 aluminum alloy as well as T6 tensile properties of 2618 and 2618 (Curich) aluminum alloys. The elevated-temperature tensile and extrusion tests indicate that the workability of AA2024 alloy improves with elevated-temperature precipitation treatment as suggested by earlier investigations. The precipitation treatments do not appear to degrade the ambient-temperature T3 and T8 tensile properties. The time at the precipitation temperature appears to affect the T3 and T8 tensile properties in unextruded ingot, longer times especially providing both relatively high ambient-temperature strength and ductility of AA2024 alloy. The time at the standard homogenization temperature and the heat-up and cool-down rates do not dramatically affect the T3 tensile properties of unextruded ingot of AA2024 and 2014 alloys. However, long soak times at the homogenization temperature and more rapid cooling rates may improve the properties somewhat of AA2024 alloy and longer heat-up times and rapid cooling rates may slightly improve the properties of 2014 alloy. The higher standard solution temperature appears to increase both strength and ductility of 2014 alloy over lower temperatures. The homogenization temperature affects the T6 tensile properties of 2618 and 2618 (Cu-rich) alloys, a high homogenization temperature (compare to standard homogenization temperature) providing both high strength and ductility. Increased manganese and copper appears to increase the strength, but slightly decreases the ductility. The standard aging temperature and time produce higher strength but lower the ductility than lower temperatures at the same or shorter aging times in 2618 (Cu-rich) alloy. Title: The effects of thermal processing on the mechanical properties of AA2024, 2014 and 2618 aluminum alloys Author: Li, Xiao, 1963- This study determined the independent effects of various homogenization cycles and precipitation treatments on the elevated temperature workability and the final ambient temperature mechanical properties of AA2024 aluminum alloy and on the T3 tensile properties of 2014 aluminum alloy as well as T6 tensile properties of 2618 and 2618 (Curich) aluminum alloys. The elevated-temperature tensile and extrusion tests indicate that the workability of AA2024 alloy improves with elevated-temperature precipitation treatment as suggested by earlier investigations. The precipitation treatments do not appear to degrade the ambient-temperature T3 and T8 tensile properties. The time at the precipitation temperature appears to affect the T3 and T8 tensile properties in unextruded ingot, longer times especially providing both relatively high ambient-temperature strength and ductility of AA2024 alloy. The time at the standard homogenization temperature and the heat-up and cool-down rates do not dramatically affect the T3 tensile properties of unextruded ingot of AA2024 and 2014 alloys. However, long soak times at the homogenization temperature and more rapid cooling rates may improve the properties somewhat of AA2024 alloy and longer heat-up times and rapid cooling rates may slightly improve the properties of 2014 alloy. The higher standard solution temperature appears to increase both strength and ductility of 2014 alloy over lower temperatures. The homogenization temperature affects the T6 tensile properties of 2618 and 2618 (Cu-rich) alloys, a high homogenization temperature (compare to standard homogenization temperature) providing both high strength and ductility. Increased manganese and copper appears to increase the strength, but slightly decreases the ductility. The standard aging temperature and time produce higher strength but lower the ductility than lower temperatures at the same or shorter aging times in 2618 (Cu-rich) alloy. Close

• 18. [Article] Contributions of riparian vegetation and stream morphology to headwater stream temperature patterns in the Oregon Coast Range

  The role of riparian forests in maintaining temperatures of headwater streams is well established and is a foundation of forest practice rules designed to protect streamwater quality. However, detailed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Contributions of riparian vegetation and stream morphology to headwater stream temperature patterns in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Smith, Danielle D. The role of riparian forests in maintaining temperatures of headwater streams is well established and is a foundation of forest practice rules designed to protect streamwater quality. However, detailed investigation is still needed quantifying specific characteristics of stream systems that affect streamwater temperature including riparian features, stream morphology, and subsurface interactions. The objectives of this research were to investigate summertime streamwater temperature patterns and identify characteristics within headwater streams and riparian zones that influence stream temperature. This study was designed to evaluate these relationships prior to logging in 38 perennial headwater catchments of the Oregon Coast Range. Stream reaches of greater than 1000 m were instrumented with temperature probes and selected stream and riparian characteristics were measured at 60-m intervals within each study reach in 2002 and 2003. A subset of the streams was examined in 2003 to determine the potential influence of streamwater residence time on temperature patterns. Findings suggest that canopy cover is the driving factor controlling summer stream temperature in these small headwater streams, but other stream and riparian characteristics should not be discarded. Longitudinal stream temperature patterns were quite variable for these forested streams and results suggest a high degree of complexity in small headwater streams. Maximum 7-day moving average temperatures ranged from 11.4°C to 16.8°C, with three streams above the standard 16°C threshold. Effects of stream and riparian characteristics on stream temperature were strongest when average of the weekly high temperature was assessed, suggesting this may be a more sensitive index of stream temperature than the commonly used maximum 7-day moving average. Results of tracer dilution tests were inconclusive in that temperature was not consistently correlated to residence time in streams. Title: Contributions of riparian vegetation and stream morphology to headwater stream temperature patterns in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Smith, Danielle D. The role of riparian forests in maintaining temperatures of headwater streams is well established and is a foundation of forest practice rules designed to protect streamwater quality. However, detailed investigation is still needed quantifying specific characteristics of stream systems that affect streamwater temperature including riparian features, stream morphology, and subsurface interactions. The objectives of this research were to investigate summertime streamwater temperature patterns and identify characteristics within headwater streams and riparian zones that influence stream temperature. This study was designed to evaluate these relationships prior to logging in 38 perennial headwater catchments of the Oregon Coast Range. Stream reaches of greater than 1000 m were instrumented with temperature probes and selected stream and riparian characteristics were measured at 60-m intervals within each study reach in 2002 and 2003. A subset of the streams was examined in 2003 to determine the potential influence of streamwater residence time on temperature patterns. Findings suggest that canopy cover is the driving factor controlling summer stream temperature in these small headwater streams, but other stream and riparian characteristics should not be discarded. Longitudinal stream temperature patterns were quite variable for these forested streams and results suggest a high degree of complexity in small headwater streams. Maximum 7-day moving average temperatures ranged from 11.4°C to 16.8°C, with three streams above the standard 16°C threshold. Effects of stream and riparian characteristics on stream temperature were strongest when average of the weekly high temperature was assessed, suggesting this may be a more sensitive index of stream temperature than the commonly used maximum 7-day moving average. Results of tracer dilution tests were inconclusive in that temperature was not consistently correlated to residence time in streams. Close

• 19. [Article] Monitoring Restoration in South Sister Creek : The Effect of Stream Enhancement Structures on Water Temperature

  This pilot study of South Sister Creek (8 km length) examined stream-scale (i.e., longitudinal trends) and sub-reach scale (less than 100 m) water temperature. Hourly summer temperature time-series data ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring Restoration in South Sister Creek : The Effect of Stream Enhancement Structures on Water Temperature Author: Harewood, Alessandra Greer This pilot study of South Sister Creek (8 km length) examined stream-scale (i.e., longitudinal trends) and sub-reach scale (less than 100 m) water temperature. Hourly summer temperature time-series data were gathered at four to seven locations along South Sister Creek in 2006, 2012, and 2013 and were used to explore whether restoration projects (in 2007 to 2011) affected stream temperature. Calculated seven-day maximum temperatures were cooler in post-treatment years (2012 and 2013) than the pre-treatment year (2006) at all four multi-year sites with the greatest differences near the mouth of the creek (4 to 5ºC cooler). While median stream temperature values were highest in 2013 for all four of the multi-year sites, the upper quartiles of measured hourly temperature for 2006 compared to 2012 and 2013 indicated more extreme high temperatures in 2006 than in subsequent years. Cross-correlation between stream and air temperature were used as an indicator of hyporheic flow. All peak CCF coefficients indicated a strong (.70) positive correlation in the early summer period between air and stream temperature, with lags ranging from 3 to 6 hours between peak air temperature and peak stream temperature. In the late summer period, most sites demonstrated lower correlations and longer lag times, patterns consistent with greater groundwater influence during low summer flows. There was no observable difference between pre- and post-treatment air-stream temperature cross correlation relationships. At a sub-reach scale, sites with more in-stream structural complexity -- including designed structures -- displayed greater spatial temperature variability than bedrock dominated reaches with simpler geomorphology. Title: Monitoring Restoration in South Sister Creek : The Effect of Stream Enhancement Structures on Water Temperature Author: Harewood, Alessandra Greer This pilot study of South Sister Creek (8 km length) examined stream-scale (i.e., longitudinal trends) and sub-reach scale (less than 100 m) water temperature. Hourly summer temperature time-series data were gathered at four to seven locations along South Sister Creek in 2006, 2012, and 2013 and were used to explore whether restoration projects (in 2007 to 2011) affected stream temperature. Calculated seven-day maximum temperatures were cooler in post-treatment years (2012 and 2013) than the pre-treatment year (2006) at all four multi-year sites with the greatest differences near the mouth of the creek (4 to 5ºC cooler). While median stream temperature values were highest in 2013 for all four of the multi-year sites, the upper quartiles of measured hourly temperature for 2006 compared to 2012 and 2013 indicated more extreme high temperatures in 2006 than in subsequent years. Cross-correlation between stream and air temperature were used as an indicator of hyporheic flow. All peak CCF coefficients indicated a strong (.70) positive correlation in the early summer period between air and stream temperature, with lags ranging from 3 to 6 hours between peak air temperature and peak stream temperature. In the late summer period, most sites demonstrated lower correlations and longer lag times, patterns consistent with greater groundwater influence during low summer flows. There was no observable difference between pre- and post-treatment air-stream temperature cross correlation relationships. At a sub-reach scale, sites with more in-stream structural complexity -- including designed structures -- displayed greater spatial temperature variability than bedrock dominated reaches with simpler geomorphology. Close

• 20. [Article] The effect of cold acclimation on the temperature preference of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, and the brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus

  Two species of fish, Carassius auratus and Ictalurus nebulosus, were subjected to cold acclimation regimes. Acclimation temperatures were slowly lowered to 3°c, then held for a period of time. At various ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of cold acclimation on the temperature preference of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, and the brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus Author: Lord, Alfred Year: 1987 Two species of fish, Carassius auratus and Ictalurus nebulosus, were subjected to cold acclimation regimes. Acclimation temperatures were slowly lowered to 3°c, then held for a period of time. At various times during this regime, fish were taken out and allowed to spend time in a temperature gradient to determine their preferred temperatures. Carassius were left in the gradient just long enough to determine a measure of the acute temperature preference, while Ictalurus were left in the temperature gradient for longer periods of time to observe any changes that might occur as the fish adjusted to selected temperatures. In both species of fish, lower acclimation temperatures and increased time spent at low temperatures caused a preference for lower temperatures in the gradient. Title: The effect of cold acclimation on the temperature preference of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, and the brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus Author: Lord, Alfred Year: 1987 Two species of fish, Carassius auratus and Ictalurus nebulosus, were subjected to cold acclimation regimes. Acclimation temperatures were slowly lowered to 3°c, then held for a period of time. At various times during this regime, fish were taken out and allowed to spend time in a temperature gradient to determine their preferred temperatures. Carassius were left in the gradient just long enough to determine a measure of the acute temperature preference, while Ictalurus were left in the temperature gradient for longer periods of time to observe any changes that might occur as the fish adjusted to selected temperatures. In both species of fish, lower acclimation temperatures and increased time spent at low temperatures caused a preference for lower temperatures in the gradient. Close

• 21. [Article] Heat source : stream, river and open channel temperature prediction

  Reach defined analysis concentrated on the water temperature change that occurred in a stream/river segment over the course of one full diurnal cycle. Digital thermistors, data loggers and computer model ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heat source : stream, river and open channel temperature prediction Author: Boyd, Matthew S. Reach defined analysis concentrated on the water temperature change that occurred in a stream/river segment over the course of one full diurnal cycle. Digital thermistors, data loggers and computer model development were utilized in reach analysis to link parameters of the stream system to a specific temperature change. The methodology employed was relatively simple and fast, and many successive stream segments were analyzed simultaneously. Reach analysis of stream temperature change identified the existing components of the stream system that caused increased water temperature and predicted the effectiveness of managed improvements to the stream system. Stream and river temperature regulation has focused on system and basin wide management. Often, the source of increased water temperature originates in only a part of the stream system. Reach defined analysis identified the portions of the stream system in which most water temperature change occurred, offered an explanation for the temperature response and provided specific information about the alternate strategies that may ameliorate undesired water temperatures. The development of the computer model Heat Source included physically based mathematical descriptions of stream energy and hydrologic processes. An implicit finite difference numerical method was implemented for simultaneous solution. The methodology presented in Heat Source is portable and applicable to all streams, rivers and open channels. Title: Heat source : stream, river and open channel temperature prediction Author: Boyd, Matthew S. Reach defined analysis concentrated on the water temperature change that occurred in a stream/river segment over the course of one full diurnal cycle. Digital thermistors, data loggers and computer model development were utilized in reach analysis to link parameters of the stream system to a specific temperature change. The methodology employed was relatively simple and fast, and many successive stream segments were analyzed simultaneously. Reach analysis of stream temperature change identified the existing components of the stream system that caused increased water temperature and predicted the effectiveness of managed improvements to the stream system. Stream and river temperature regulation has focused on system and basin wide management. Often, the source of increased water temperature originates in only a part of the stream system. Reach defined analysis identified the portions of the stream system in which most water temperature change occurred, offered an explanation for the temperature response and provided specific information about the alternate strategies that may ameliorate undesired water temperatures. The development of the computer model Heat Source included physically based mathematical descriptions of stream energy and hydrologic processes. An implicit finite difference numerical method was implemented for simultaneous solution. The methodology presented in Heat Source is portable and applicable to all streams, rivers and open channels. Close

• 22. [Article] Small-Scale Sea Surface Temperature Structure

  Observations of sea surface temperature and wave height were made from a large, manned spar buoy (R/P FLIP) ~100 km off the coast of Baja California. Surface temperature was measured with a radiation thermometer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Small-Scale Sea Surface Temperature Structure Author: Paulson, Clayton A., Simpson, James J. Observations of sea surface temperature and wave height were made from a large, manned spar buoy (R/P FLIP) ~100 km off the coast of Baja California. Surface temperature was measured with a radiation thermometer which viewed a disc on the surface 12 cm in diameter. The instrument responded to frequencies up to 3 Hz. Wave height was measured with a resistance gage located close to the field of view of the radiometer. Log-log plots of spectra of sea surface temperature exhibit a plateau between 0.05 and 0.5 Hz, followed by a rapid decrease in energy at frequencies >1 Hz. A coherence of 0.5 between waves and surface temperature occurs at the same frequency as the peak in the wave spectrum. Phase spectra show that warm temperatures associated with the thinning of the surface viscous layer occur systematically upwind of the crests of the dominant gravity waves and downwind of the crests of steeply sloping, shorter period gravity waves. The warm temperatures are hypothesized to be caused by enhanced wind stress upwind from the crests and by surface instability and surface convergence downwind from the crests. The magnitude of the mean temperature difference between the surface and the warmer, well-mixed water below is estimated from the surface temperature record. It is assumed that the warmest surface temperatures observed are associated with thinning of the viscous layer and are representative of the well-mixed water below. The dimensionless constant in a formula due to Saunders (1967), which relates the temperature difference to wind stress and heat flux, is found to be seven. Title: Small-Scale Sea Surface Temperature Structure Author: Paulson, Clayton A., Simpson, James J. Observations of sea surface temperature and wave height were made from a large, manned spar buoy (R/P FLIP) ~100 km off the coast of Baja California. Surface temperature was measured with a radiation thermometer which viewed a disc on the surface 12 cm in diameter. The instrument responded to frequencies up to 3 Hz. Wave height was measured with a resistance gage located close to the field of view of the radiometer. Log-log plots of spectra of sea surface temperature exhibit a plateau between 0.05 and 0.5 Hz, followed by a rapid decrease in energy at frequencies >1 Hz. A coherence of 0.5 between waves and surface temperature occurs at the same frequency as the peak in the wave spectrum. Phase spectra show that warm temperatures associated with the thinning of the surface viscous layer occur systematically upwind of the crests of the dominant gravity waves and downwind of the crests of steeply sloping, shorter period gravity waves. The warm temperatures are hypothesized to be caused by enhanced wind stress upwind from the crests and by surface instability and surface convergence downwind from the crests. The magnitude of the mean temperature difference between the surface and the warmer, well-mixed water below is estimated from the surface temperature record. It is assumed that the warmest surface temperatures observed are associated with thinning of the viscous layer and are representative of the well-mixed water below. The dimensionless constant in a formula due to Saunders (1967), which relates the temperature difference to wind stress and heat flux, is found to be seven. Close

• 23. [Article] The Effect of Temperature on the Survival of Chinook Eggs and Fry

  Temperature data from above and below the Cougar Dam collected by the U.S. Geological Survey prior to the construction of the temperature control structure was analyzed to determine how the di®ering temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effect of Temperature on the Survival of Chinook Eggs and Fry Author: Teose, Maarika Temperature data from above and below the Cougar Dam collected by the U.S. Geological Survey prior to the construction of the temperature control structure was analyzed to determine how the di®ering temperature regimes a®ect the growth and survival of threatened spring- run Chinook salmon. An ARIMA time-series model was used to approximate each temperature record and a MATLAB program was written to simulate the growth of an individual Chinook salmon from egg to fry. Given a spawning distribution, the model was used to grow several hundred ¯sh in each temperature regime for a given period of time, and the distributions of ¯sh weights were recorded in histograms. The distributions of ¯sh weights above and below the dam were signi¯cantly di®erent (p < 0:001) and the temperature regime above the dam produced larger ¯sh than the temperature regime below the dam (p < 0:001). We conclude that the temperature regime below the dam (prior to the construction of the temperature control structure) is less conducive to the survival of Chinook than the temperature regime above. Title: The Effect of Temperature on the Survival of Chinook Eggs and Fry Author: Teose, Maarika Temperature data from above and below the Cougar Dam collected by the U.S. Geological Survey prior to the construction of the temperature control structure was analyzed to determine how the di®ering temperature regimes a®ect the growth and survival of threatened spring- run Chinook salmon. An ARIMA time-series model was used to approximate each temperature record and a MATLAB program was written to simulate the growth of an individual Chinook salmon from egg to fry. Given a spawning distribution, the model was used to grow several hundred ¯sh in each temperature regime for a given period of time, and the distributions of ¯sh weights were recorded in histograms. The distributions of ¯sh weights above and below the dam were signi¯cantly di®erent (p < 0:001) and the temperature regime above the dam produced larger ¯sh than the temperature regime below the dam (p < 0:001). We conclude that the temperature regime below the dam (prior to the construction of the temperature control structure) is less conducive to the survival of Chinook than the temperature regime above. Close

• 24. [Article] Water temperature prediction and control study, Umpqua River Basin

  Tiller Reservoir In an average year the reservoir is capable of holding water temperatures in South Umpqua River below 70° F. for a wide range of regulation schedules. In a year of maximum temperature, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water temperature prediction and control study, Umpqua River Basin Author: Delay, William H. Tiller Reservoir In an average year the reservoir is capable of holding water temperatures in South Umpqua River below 70° F. for a wide range of regulation schedules. In a year of maximum temperature, it will also hold temperatures below 700 F. but flexibility of operation will be restricted. Regulations designed to control water temperatures in South Umpqua River will have no significant influence on water temperatures in the main stem of the Umpqua River because of the large volume contributed by the unregulated North Umpqua River. Galesville Reservoir The reservoir has the capability to hold water temperatures in Cow Creek below 70° F. in an average year provided nearly the entire storage capacity is regulated for temperature control. In a year of maximum temperature, only about one-half of the length of Cow Creek below the reservoir can be held below 70° F. for the entire summer. Hinkle Reservoir The reservoir is capable of holding water temperatures in Calapooya Creek below 70° F. for all meteorological conditions. Substantial flexibility of reservoir regulation will be available in average years. Title: Water temperature prediction and control study, Umpqua River Basin Author: Delay, William H. Tiller Reservoir In an average year the reservoir is capable of holding water temperatures in South Umpqua River below 70° F. for a wide range of regulation schedules. In a year of maximum temperature, it will also hold temperatures below 700 F. but flexibility of operation will be restricted. Regulations designed to control water temperatures in South Umpqua River will have no significant influence on water temperatures in the main stem of the Umpqua River because of the large volume contributed by the unregulated North Umpqua River. Galesville Reservoir The reservoir has the capability to hold water temperatures in Cow Creek below 70° F. in an average year provided nearly the entire storage capacity is regulated for temperature control. In a year of maximum temperature, only about one-half of the length of Cow Creek below the reservoir can be held below 70° F. for the entire summer. Hinkle Reservoir The reservoir is capable of holding water temperatures in Calapooya Creek below 70° F. for all meteorological conditions. Substantial flexibility of reservoir regulation will be available in average years. Close

• 25. [Article] Long-term tracking of climate change by underground temperatures

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Long-term tracking of climate change by underground temperatures Author: Harris, Robert N., Ferguson, Grant, Beltrami, Hugo Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: Long-term tracking of climate change by underground temperatures Author: Harris, Robert N., Ferguson, Grant, Beltrami, Hugo Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 26. [Article] The effect of ultra-high pressure on the emf of thermocouples

  The effect of ultra-high pressure on the thermal emf of a chromelialumel thermocouple is investigated using an indirect method which does not require a direct knowledge of the temperature of the pressurized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of ultra-high pressure on the emf of thermocouples Author: Eide, Stuart Ames The effect of ultra-high pressure on the thermal emf of a chromelialumel thermocouple is investigated using an indirect method which does not require a direct knowledge of the temperature of the pressurized junction. The unknown temperature is written parametrically as a function of a directly measured quantity, the electrical power delivered to the internal furnace. The emf of the pressurized thermocouple is then written as a function of the temperature and a set of unknown coefficients. Combining the two functions to eliminate the unknown junction temperature, the pressurized emf is given as a function of the furnace power. The coefficients of both the temperature-versus-power function and the pressure-corrected emfver sus -temperature function are then obtained simultaneously by per forming a nonlinear least-squares fit to the directly measured emfversus -furnace power data. Results for the temperature correction due to pressure are compared with estimates obtained by other methods for pressures between 25.0 kbar and 60.6 kbar and temperatures up to approximately 900°C. Title: The effect of ultra-high pressure on the emf of thermocouples Author: Eide, Stuart Ames The effect of ultra-high pressure on the thermal emf of a chromelialumel thermocouple is investigated using an indirect method which does not require a direct knowledge of the temperature of the pressurized junction. The unknown temperature is written parametrically as a function of a directly measured quantity, the electrical power delivered to the internal furnace. The emf of the pressurized thermocouple is then written as a function of the temperature and a set of unknown coefficients. Combining the two functions to eliminate the unknown junction temperature, the pressurized emf is given as a function of the furnace power. The coefficients of both the temperature-versus-power function and the pressure-corrected emfver sus -temperature function are then obtained simultaneously by per forming a nonlinear least-squares fit to the directly measured emfversus -furnace power data. Results for the temperature correction due to pressure are compared with estimates obtained by other methods for pressures between 25.0 kbar and 60.6 kbar and temperatures up to approximately 900°C. Close

• 27. [Article] A study of stream temperature using distributed temperature sensing fiber optics technology in Big Boulder Creek, a tributary to the Middle Fork John Day River in eastern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of stream temperature using distributed temperature sensing fiber optics technology in Big Boulder Creek, a tributary to the Middle Fork John Day River in eastern Oregon Author: Arik, Aida D. Title: A study of stream temperature using distributed temperature sensing fiber optics technology in Big Boulder Creek, a tributary to the Middle Fork John Day River in eastern Oregon Author: Arik, Aida D. Close

• 28. [Article] Temperature Monitoring and Modeling of the Mary's River Watershed

  Abstract -- Stream temperatures were monitored at 42 sites in the summer of 1998 and at 26 sites in the summer of 1999 throughout the Mary's River watershed. Segments of streams were identified where reduced ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature Monitoring and Modeling of the Mary's River Watershed Abstract -- Stream temperatures were monitored at 42 sites in the summer of 1998 and at 26 sites in the summer of 1999 throughout the Mary's River watershed. Segments of streams were identified where reduced temperatures would benefit native cutthroat trout. Computer modeling of riparian shade enhancement predicted temperature reductions. Title: Temperature Monitoring and Modeling of the Mary's River Watershed Abstract -- Stream temperatures were monitored at 42 sites in the summer of 1998 and at 26 sites in the summer of 1999 throughout the Mary's River watershed. Segments of streams were identified where reduced temperatures would benefit native cutthroat trout. Computer modeling of riparian shade enhancement predicted temperature reductions. Close

• 29. [Article] Growth and food consumption of juvenile coho salmon exposed to natural and elevated fluctuating temperatures

  The growth and food consumption of juvenile coho salmon [Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)] exposed to natural and elevated fluctuating temperatures were studied in the laboratory with wild fish collected ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth and food consumption of juvenile coho salmon exposed to natural and elevated fluctuating temperatures Author: Everson, Larry B. The growth and food consumption of juvenile coho salmon [Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)] exposed to natural and elevated fluctuating temperatures were studied in the laboratory with wild fish collected from a salmonid rearing stream. Control temperatures were similar to the temperature regime of a natural stream and the elevated temperatures were increased incrementally 3-4 C and 7-8 C. Short-term, 30-day experiments were conducted during five different seasonal periods in 1969 and 1970. Concurrent long-term studies were carried out during the entire experimental period. Relationships between rates of food consumption, growth and food assimilation of the fish were determined for the different experimental temperature conditions during the short-term experiments. Relationships between maintenance ration and temperature were derived from curves relating rates of food consumption and growth. The efficiency of food assimilation was determined from measurements of the quantities of the food consumed and the amounts of fecal wastes produced. Caloric measurements were obtained from oxygen bomb calorimetry of the fish and food consumed, and from wet combustion of the fecal wastes collected during short intervals within each experiment. Bioenergetic measurements were used to estimate the major fates of the energy of food consumed under the different temperature conditions during a period of fluctuating high summer temperatures. Long-term studies were conducted over eight-month and four-month periods under temperature conditions similar to those of the short-term experiments. Growth rates of the juvenile coho salmon were obtained from measurement of changes in their wet weight during 15-day intervals. The growth rates of salmon at equivalent ration levels were compared between the short- and long-term experiments. Growth rates of juvenile coho salmon kept as controls were generally greater than those of fish exposed to elevated temperatures for each of the five short-term experiments. Increases of ration size generally ameliorated the effects of elevated temperatures on the salmon growth rates. Comparisons of the caloric values of coho salmon recorded for a natural rearing stream with those of experimentally fed fish suggest that wild fish subsist on a restricted ration. Results of the long-term studies showed that salmon exposed to naturally fluctuating temperatures in the laboratory and fed restricted rations reached sizes typical of downstream smolts in Oregon coastal streams, whereas the fish exposed to incremental temperature increases of 3-4 C and 7-8 C were respectively 25 and 47 percent smaller than the control fish. Comparison of results of studies based upon naturally fluctuating temperatures with those of other workers based upon constant temperatures indicates that at average temperatures above 20 C the fluctuation of temperature is favorable for coho salmon growth. The results of the study suggest that temperature criteria for juvenile coho salmon derived from measurements based upon constant temperatures may not be satisfactory for protecting the fish during the extended period of their freshwater existence. Measurements of the growth of the young salmon during long-term experiments indicated that any substantial increases of temperature would result in a reduction in the size of smolts. Significant reductions of juvenile salmon growth resulting from elevated stream temperatures could influence the production of salmon populations through decreased marine survival. Long-term studies of the fish as well as other components of stream communities influenced by elevated temperatures are necessary for establishing meaningful temperature criteria. Title: Growth and food consumption of juvenile coho salmon exposed to natural and elevated fluctuating temperatures Author: Everson, Larry B. The growth and food consumption of juvenile coho salmon [Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)] exposed to natural and elevated fluctuating temperatures were studied in the laboratory with wild fish collected from a salmonid rearing stream. Control temperatures were similar to the temperature regime of a natural stream and the elevated temperatures were increased incrementally 3-4 C and 7-8 C. Short-term, 30-day experiments were conducted during five different seasonal periods in 1969 and 1970. Concurrent long-term studies were carried out during the entire experimental period. Relationships between rates of food consumption, growth and food assimilation of the fish were determined for the different experimental temperature conditions during the short-term experiments. Relationships between maintenance ration and temperature were derived from curves relating rates of food consumption and growth. The efficiency of food assimilation was determined from measurements of the quantities of the food consumed and the amounts of fecal wastes produced. Caloric measurements were obtained from oxygen bomb calorimetry of the fish and food consumed, and from wet combustion of the fecal wastes collected during short intervals within each experiment. Bioenergetic measurements were used to estimate the major fates of the energy of food consumed under the different temperature conditions during a period of fluctuating high summer temperatures. Long-term studies were conducted over eight-month and four-month periods under temperature conditions similar to those of the short-term experiments. Growth rates of the juvenile coho salmon were obtained from measurement of changes in their wet weight during 15-day intervals. The growth rates of salmon at equivalent ration levels were compared between the short- and long-term experiments. Growth rates of juvenile coho salmon kept as controls were generally greater than those of fish exposed to elevated temperatures for each of the five short-term experiments. Increases of ration size generally ameliorated the effects of elevated temperatures on the salmon growth rates. Comparisons of the caloric values of coho salmon recorded for a natural rearing stream with those of experimentally fed fish suggest that wild fish subsist on a restricted ration. Results of the long-term studies showed that salmon exposed to naturally fluctuating temperatures in the laboratory and fed restricted rations reached sizes typical of downstream smolts in Oregon coastal streams, whereas the fish exposed to incremental temperature increases of 3-4 C and 7-8 C were respectively 25 and 47 percent smaller than the control fish. Comparison of results of studies based upon naturally fluctuating temperatures with those of other workers based upon constant temperatures indicates that at average temperatures above 20 C the fluctuation of temperature is favorable for coho salmon growth. The results of the study suggest that temperature criteria for juvenile coho salmon derived from measurements based upon constant temperatures may not be satisfactory for protecting the fish during the extended period of their freshwater existence. Measurements of the growth of the young salmon during long-term experiments indicated that any substantial increases of temperature would result in a reduction in the size of smolts. Significant reductions of juvenile salmon growth resulting from elevated stream temperatures could influence the production of salmon populations through decreased marine survival. Long-term studies of the fish as well as other components of stream communities influenced by elevated temperatures are necessary for establishing meaningful temperature criteria. Close

• 30. [Article] ArikAidaD2011.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: ArikAidaD2011.pdf Author: Arik, Aida D. Title: ArikAidaD2011.pdf Author: Arik, Aida D. Close

• 31. [Article] Appendix B - Data Collected 1-June 2008.zip

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Appendix B - Data Collected 1-June 2008.zip Author: Arik, Aida D. Title: Appendix B - Data Collected 1-June 2008.zip Author: Arik, Aida D. Close

• 32. [Article] Appendix B - Data Collected 2-Sept 2008.zip

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Appendix B - Data Collected 2-Sept 2008.zip Author: Arik, Aida D. Title: Appendix B - Data Collected 2-Sept 2008.zip Author: Arik, Aida D. Close

• 33. [Article] Appendix B - Data Collected 3-July 2009.zip

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Appendix B - Data Collected 3-July 2009.zip Author: Arik, Aida D. Title: Appendix B - Data Collected 3-July 2009.zip Author: Arik, Aida D. Close

• 34. [Article] Appendix B - Data Collected 4-Aug 2009.zip

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Appendix B - Data Collected 4-Aug 2009.zip Author: Arik, Aida D. Title: Appendix B - Data Collected 4-Aug 2009.zip Author: Arik, Aida D. Close

• 35. [Article] A study of wind, oceanic temperature and hydrography in the upwelling area off Peru

  Observations of sea temperature, wind and hydrography obtained during the three months' period of MAM 77 - CUEA experiment (JOINT-II) along the C-line, near 15°S are described. Wind and temperature observations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of wind, oceanic temperature and hydrography in the upwelling area off Peru Author: Medina, Francisco A. Observations of sea temperature, wind and hydrography obtained during the three months' period of MAM 77 - CUEA experiment (JOINT-II) along the C-line, near 15°S are described. Wind and temperature observations made during March - May 1977 are compared to demonstrate that a relationship exists. Linear correlation analysis was performed on the temperature data and on the alongshore component of wind and wind stress. Auto-correlations and cross-correlations were computed for the temperature and wind. These analyses show that the alongshore fluctuations of the wind are very similar at the different stations, and the wind at each location was favorable for upwelling throughout the period of measurements. Temperature fluctuations in the near-surface, the nearshore and the near-bottom water over the shelf are coherent with temperature changes at a depth of 150 - 200 m over the upper slope. Temperature-wind analysis show that there is a good response of the near-surface temperature to the wind force. The time lag between the wind and the near-surface temperature was about 24 hours nearshore; the wind always led the temperature. Subsurface temperatures were not as well correlated with the alongshore wind, both negative and positive correlations were observed in this analysis, and the time lag between the wind and temperature was variable; on a few occasions the temperature led the wind. Vertical sections of sigma-t and temperature indicate the existence of conditions consistent with upwelling. Oscillation in the wind with periods of several days caused significant changes in the region inshore of 25 km. Title: A study of wind, oceanic temperature and hydrography in the upwelling area off Peru Author: Medina, Francisco A. Observations of sea temperature, wind and hydrography obtained during the three months' period of MAM 77 - CUEA experiment (JOINT-II) along the C-line, near 15°S are described. Wind and temperature observations made during March - May 1977 are compared to demonstrate that a relationship exists. Linear correlation analysis was performed on the temperature data and on the alongshore component of wind and wind stress. Auto-correlations and cross-correlations were computed for the temperature and wind. These analyses show that the alongshore fluctuations of the wind are very similar at the different stations, and the wind at each location was favorable for upwelling throughout the period of measurements. Temperature fluctuations in the near-surface, the nearshore and the near-bottom water over the shelf are coherent with temperature changes at a depth of 150 - 200 m over the upper slope. Temperature-wind analysis show that there is a good response of the near-surface temperature to the wind force. The time lag between the wind and the near-surface temperature was about 24 hours nearshore; the wind always led the temperature. Subsurface temperatures were not as well correlated with the alongshore wind, both negative and positive correlations were observed in this analysis, and the time lag between the wind and temperature was variable; on a few occasions the temperature led the wind. Vertical sections of sigma-t and temperature indicate the existence of conditions consistent with upwelling. Oscillation in the wind with periods of several days caused significant changes in the region inshore of 25 km. Close

• 36. [Article] A spatially explicit network-based model for estimating stream temperature distribution

  The WET-Temp (Watershed Evaluation Tool Temperature) model is designed to take advantage of spatially explicit datasets to predict stream temperature distribution. Datasets describing vegetation cover, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A spatially explicit network-based model for estimating stream temperature distribution Author: Cox, Matthew M. The WET-Temp (Watershed Evaluation Tool Temperature) model is designed to take advantage of spatially explicit datasets to predict stream temperature distribution. Datasets describing vegetation cover, stream network locations, elevation and stream discharge are utilized by WET-Temp to quantify geometric relationships between the sun, stream channel and riparian areas. These relationships are used to estimate the energy gained or lost by the stream via various heat flux processes (solar and longwave radiation, evaporation, convection and advection). The sum of these processes is expressed as a differential energy balance equation applied at discrete locations across the stream network. The model describes diurnal temperature dynamics at each of these locations and thus temperature distribution across the entire network. WET-Temp is calibrated to a tributary of the South Santiam River in western Oregon, McDowell Creek. The mean differences between measured and modeled values in McDowell Creek were 0.6°C for daily maximum temperature and 1.3°C for daily minimum temperature. The model was then used to predict maximum and minimum temperatures in an adjacent tributary, Hamilton Creek. The mean differences between modeled and measured values in this paired basin were 1.8°C for daily maximum temperatures and 1.4°C for daily minimum temperatures. Influences of model parameters on modeled temperature distributions are explored in a sensitivity analysis. The ability of WET-Temp to utilize spatially explicit datasets in estimating temperature distributions across stream networks advances the state of the art in modeling stream temperature. Title: A spatially explicit network-based model for estimating stream temperature distribution Author: Cox, Matthew M. The WET-Temp (Watershed Evaluation Tool Temperature) model is designed to take advantage of spatially explicit datasets to predict stream temperature distribution. Datasets describing vegetation cover, stream network locations, elevation and stream discharge are utilized by WET-Temp to quantify geometric relationships between the sun, stream channel and riparian areas. These relationships are used to estimate the energy gained or lost by the stream via various heat flux processes (solar and longwave radiation, evaporation, convection and advection). The sum of these processes is expressed as a differential energy balance equation applied at discrete locations across the stream network. The model describes diurnal temperature dynamics at each of these locations and thus temperature distribution across the entire network. WET-Temp is calibrated to a tributary of the South Santiam River in western Oregon, McDowell Creek. The mean differences between measured and modeled values in McDowell Creek were 0.6°C for daily maximum temperature and 1.3°C for daily minimum temperature. The model was then used to predict maximum and minimum temperatures in an adjacent tributary, Hamilton Creek. The mean differences between modeled and measured values in this paired basin were 1.8°C for daily maximum temperatures and 1.4°C for daily minimum temperatures. Influences of model parameters on modeled temperature distributions are explored in a sensitivity analysis. The ability of WET-Temp to utilize spatially explicit datasets in estimating temperature distributions across stream networks advances the state of the art in modeling stream temperature. Close

• 37. [Article] Drop it like it’s Hot : Combining DTS and Temperature Modeling to Evaluate Stream Restoration on the Middle Fork of the John Day River

  Temperature is a key factor for salmonid health and is an important restoration metric on the Middle Fork of the John Day River in northeast Oregon. In the past century, dredge mining, deforestation, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drop it like it’s Hot : Combining DTS and Temperature Modeling to Evaluate Stream Restoration on the Middle Fork of the John Day River Author: Hall, Austin (Austin Garrett) Temperature is a key factor for salmonid health and is an important restoration metric on the Middle Fork of the John Day River in northeast Oregon. In the past century, dredge mining, deforestation, and overgrazing have degraded stream habitat and resulted in greater daytime stream temperatures in the region. Recent restoration efforts have focused on mitigating these anthropogenic disturbances by reestablishing floodplain connections, replanting riparian vegetation, and improving instream habitat features and sediment. To evaluate these restoration projects, the Middle Fork of the John Day River was designated as an intensively monitored watershed in 2008, setting the stage for a 10-year temperature monitoring study. Temperatures measured during the summers of 2013 and 2014 add to the wealth of high resolution distributed temperature sensing (DTS) data collected by Oregon State University and serve as the first post-restoration data for a 2012 restoration project. Utilizing these data in coordination with the model, Heat Source, temperature change from two large restoration projects was quantified. Results from the study emphasize the significance of stream area and riparian vegetation on stream temperatures on the Middle Fork. Phase 2 of the Oxbow Tailings Restoration, completed in 2012, filled over a channel used for past dredge mining activities, reducing stream surface area and restoring the bifurcated channel to its historic south path. Findings show that this project has buffered daily stream temperatures, leading to decreases in maximum and daytime temperatures and increases in nightly temperatures for early August. Maximum and afternoon temperatures were shown to decrease by 0.65 °C and 0.91 °C, respectively, while nightly temperatures increased 0.85 °C. Continuing immediately downstream of the Phase 2 project, Phase 3 is currently in its final stages of construction. Objectives of Phase 3 seek to increase stream meanders, restore vegetation, and reconnect the stream to the adjacent valley and Ruby Creek tributary. Projecting future temperatures shows that the longer, wider restored channel increases afternoon temperature by 0.53 °C. Unlike Phase 2, changes to maximum and nightly temperatures were negligable. Altering the design width and vegetation for the restored channel revealed strong linear correlations to stream temperature, providing a simple tool that can be used to estimate temperature difference for future areal and shading scenarios. Title: Drop it like it’s Hot : Combining DTS and Temperature Modeling to Evaluate Stream Restoration on the Middle Fork of the John Day River Author: Hall, Austin (Austin Garrett) Temperature is a key factor for salmonid health and is an important restoration metric on the Middle Fork of the John Day River in northeast Oregon. In the past century, dredge mining, deforestation, and overgrazing have degraded stream habitat and resulted in greater daytime stream temperatures in the region. Recent restoration efforts have focused on mitigating these anthropogenic disturbances by reestablishing floodplain connections, replanting riparian vegetation, and improving instream habitat features and sediment. To evaluate these restoration projects, the Middle Fork of the John Day River was designated as an intensively monitored watershed in 2008, setting the stage for a 10-year temperature monitoring study. Temperatures measured during the summers of 2013 and 2014 add to the wealth of high resolution distributed temperature sensing (DTS) data collected by Oregon State University and serve as the first post-restoration data for a 2012 restoration project. Utilizing these data in coordination with the model, Heat Source, temperature change from two large restoration projects was quantified. Results from the study emphasize the significance of stream area and riparian vegetation on stream temperatures on the Middle Fork. Phase 2 of the Oxbow Tailings Restoration, completed in 2012, filled over a channel used for past dredge mining activities, reducing stream surface area and restoring the bifurcated channel to its historic south path. Findings show that this project has buffered daily stream temperatures, leading to decreases in maximum and daytime temperatures and increases in nightly temperatures for early August. Maximum and afternoon temperatures were shown to decrease by 0.65 °C and 0.91 °C, respectively, while nightly temperatures increased 0.85 °C. Continuing immediately downstream of the Phase 2 project, Phase 3 is currently in its final stages of construction. Objectives of Phase 3 seek to increase stream meanders, restore vegetation, and reconnect the stream to the adjacent valley and Ruby Creek tributary. Projecting future temperatures shows that the longer, wider restored channel increases afternoon temperature by 0.53 °C. Unlike Phase 2, changes to maximum and nightly temperatures were negligable. Altering the design width and vegetation for the restored channel revealed strong linear correlations to stream temperature, providing a simple tool that can be used to estimate temperature difference for future areal and shading scenarios. Close

• 38. [Article] Internal Temperature of Douglas-Fir Buds is Altered at Elevated Temperature

  Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) saplings were grown in sun-lit controlled environment chambers at ambient or elevated (4°C above ambient) temperature. We measured internal temperatures of vegetative ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Internal Temperature of Douglas-Fir Buds is Altered at Elevated Temperature Author: Apple, Martha E., Lucash, Melissa S., Olszyk, David M., Tingey, David T., Phillips, Donald L. Year: 1999 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) saplings were grown in sun-lit controlled environment chambers at ambient or elevated (4°C above ambient) temperature. We measured internal temperatures of vegetative buds with thermocouple probes and compared temperatures of normal buds and abnormal buds with loosened, rosetted outer scales in elevated temperature chambers. The abnormal buds had higher and earlier peak daily temperatures than normal buds. Elevated temperature may influence the internal temperature of buds and contribute to the development of abnormal, rosetted buds with loosened outer scales. Abnormal bud development may alter branching patterns and allometry of Douglas-fir trees subjected to climatic change. Title: Internal Temperature of Douglas-Fir Buds is Altered at Elevated Temperature Author: Apple, Martha E., Lucash, Melissa S., Olszyk, David M., Tingey, David T., Phillips, Donald L. Year: 1999 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) saplings were grown in sun-lit controlled environment chambers at ambient or elevated (4°C above ambient) temperature. We measured internal temperatures of vegetative buds with thermocouple probes and compared temperatures of normal buds and abnormal buds with loosened, rosetted outer scales in elevated temperature chambers. The abnormal buds had higher and earlier peak daily temperatures than normal buds. Elevated temperature may influence the internal temperature of buds and contribute to the development of abnormal, rosetted buds with loosened outer scales. Abnormal bud development may alter branching patterns and allometry of Douglas-fir trees subjected to climatic change. Close

• 39. [Article] Temperature and water potential effects on physiological functions of sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare var. Piper)

  Temperature and water potential effects on the growth, transpiration, total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content, and nutrient uptake of sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare var. piper) were investigated in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature and water potential effects on physiological functions of sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare var. Piper) Author: Young, Richard Su-Shung Temperature and water potential effects on the growth, transpiration, total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content, and nutrient uptake of sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare var. piper) were investigated in laboratory experiments. The effect of nitrogen supply on the growth and nutrient uptake at constant soil water potential was also investigated in this study. Two week old seedlings were used for all experiments. Soil temperatures of 10.0, 15.6, 21.1, 26.7, 32.2 and 37.8 C were tested. Plants were grown at soil water potentials of -0.35 and -2.50 bars for 10 days using the polyethylene glycol semi-permeable membrane technique for controlling soil water potential. Air temperature remained constant at 26.7 C during these experiments. Air temperatures of 18.3, 22.8, 26.7 and 32.2 C were tested in a second series of experiments, with the soil water potential and soil temperature constant at -0.35 bars and 26.7 C. Further experiment.; were conducted with nitrogen levels in the nutrient solutions of 0, 10, 25 and 100 ppm. The soil temperature and soil water potential were kept constant in these experiments. Finally, the effect of soil temperature and soil water potential on plant water potential at soil water potentials of -0.35, -0.70, -1.50 and -2.50 bars was measured. Growth rate increased with soil temperature up to an optimum temperature, then decreased at higher temperatures for both shoots and roots at both soil water potentials tested. The highest growth rate was at 30 C for the shoots and 26 C for the roots. The rate was higher at -0.35 bars than at -2.50 bars for both shoots and roots. By varying the air temperature, the rate of growth was found to be highest at the air temperature of 26.7 C. The nitrogen level of 100 ppm in the nutrient solution produced the highest growth rate. The dry matter weight increased exponentially with time in all experiments. It was concluded that the soil temperature of 30 C, air temperature of 26.7 C and a soil water potential of -0.35 bars was optimal for sudangrass growth. Transpiration rates increased exponentially as a function of time for all treatments. Transpiration rates (cm³/day) increased as the soil temperature increased at both soil water potentials. The rate at -2.50 bars was lower than at -0.35 bars. The transpiration rate also increased with increasing air temperature independent of RH differences. An equilibrium content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn and Zn in the plant material at each combination of treatment variables was determined based on the assumption that equilibrium was attained as time progressed. The maximum concentration of N occurred at a temperature of about 30 C in both shoots and roots, while the concentration was lower at -0.35 bars than at -2.50 bars. The concentration of P increased with soil temperature, in the shoot, but reached a maximum at 30 C in the roots. The concentration at -0.35 bars was lower than at -2.50 bars. The concentrations of K, Ca and S were not significantly different at the two water potentials. The concentration of K was highest at about 30 C in both shoots and roots. The concentration of Ca was highest at about 22 C in both shoots and roots. The suflfur concentration of the shoots increased as soil temperature increased, but a maximum concentration in the roots occurred at 30 C. The concentration of Mn was highest at 26.7 C in the shoots and at 21.1 C in the roots. Concentrations of Mn at -0.35 bars were lower than at -2.50 bars. The Zn concentration increased as soil temperature increased for both shoots and roots. The concentration at -0.35 bars was lower than at -2.50 bars. In the experiments with air temperature as the variable the concentration of N in the shoots was highest at 26.7 C, but decreased in the roots as air temperature increased. The concentration of P decreased with increasing air temperature in both shoots and roots. The concentration of K increased with increasing air temperature in the shoots but decreased in the roots. The concentration of Ca was highest at 26.7 C in the shoots, and increased with increasing air temperature in the roots. The concentration of Mg in the shoots was highest at 26.7 C, while the concentration in the roots slightly decreased with increasing air temperature. The concentration of S decreased with increasing air temperature in both shoots and roots. The Mn concentration was highest at 26.7 C in both shoots and roots. The concentration of Zn increased as air temperature increased. The increase in the roots was greater than in the shoots. The concentration of N, P. Ca and Mg in both shoots and roots increased as the nitrogen level of the nutrient solution increased. The concentration of K in the shoots increased with increasing N level, but in the roots, a maximum concentration occurred at 25 ppm. The concentration of S in the shoots increased as the nitrogen level increased but decreased in the roots. Mn concentrations increased in the shoots but decreased in the roots with increasing nitrogen supply. The Zn concentration increased in the shoots, but decreased in the roots as the N level increased. The total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content decreased as the soil temperature increased. The decrease was 10 percent at a soil water potential of -0.35 bars and 2 percent at a soil water potential of -2.50 bars as the soil temperature increased from 10.0 to 32.2 C. The TNC also decreased as the air temperature increased. The decrease was 8.3 percent as the air temperature increased from 18.3 to 32.2 C. This decrease was attributed to increased respiration and increased translocation from shoots to roots. The leaf water potential (Ψ[subscript c]) and osmotic potential (Ψ[subscript π]) decreased with time at all soil temperature and soil water potential combinations. The decrease was greater at low temperatures than at high temperatures for all soil water potentials. As the soil water potential decreased from -0.35 to -2.50 bars, the leaf water potential (Ψ[subscript c]) and osmotic potential (Ψ[subscript π]) decreased at all soil temperatures. The decrease is osmotic potential (Ψ[subscript π]) was greater than the decrease in leaf water potential (Ψ[subscript c]). The turgor pressure decreased with decreasing soil temperature, and slightly increased with decreasing soil water potential. The growth rate was correlated with turgor pressure. The relationship between turgor pressure and growth rate varied with soil temperature and soil water potential. It was concluded that this relationship may have been the primary growth controlling mechanism. The rate of nutrient uptake increased with increasing water uptake at both water potentials of -0.35 and -2.50 bars. The ion concentration in the transpiration stream was lower at -0.35 bars than at -2.50 bars. The concentration increased slightly with increasing soil temperature at both soil water potentials tested, but relatively more at -2.50 bars. Title: Temperature and water potential effects on physiological functions of sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare var. Piper) Author: Young, Richard Su-Shung Temperature and water potential effects on the growth, transpiration, total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content, and nutrient uptake of sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare var. piper) were investigated in laboratory experiments. The effect of nitrogen supply on the growth and nutrient uptake at constant soil water potential was also investigated in this study. Two week old seedlings were used for all experiments. Soil temperatures of 10.0, 15.6, 21.1, 26.7, 32.2 and 37.8 C were tested. Plants were grown at soil water potentials of -0.35 and -2.50 bars for 10 days using the polyethylene glycol semi-permeable membrane technique for controlling soil water potential. Air temperature remained constant at 26.7 C during these experiments. Air temperatures of 18.3, 22.8, 26.7 and 32.2 C were tested in a second series of experiments, with the soil water potential and soil temperature constant at -0.35 bars and 26.7 C. Further experiment.; were conducted with nitrogen levels in the nutrient solutions of 0, 10, 25 and 100 ppm. The soil temperature and soil water potential were kept constant in these experiments. Finally, the effect of soil temperature and soil water potential on plant water potential at soil water potentials of -0.35, -0.70, -1.50 and -2.50 bars was measured. Growth rate increased with soil temperature up to an optimum temperature, then decreased at higher temperatures for both shoots and roots at both soil water potentials tested. The highest growth rate was at 30 C for the shoots and 26 C for the roots. The rate was higher at -0.35 bars than at -2.50 bars for both shoots and roots. By varying the air temperature, the rate of growth was found to be highest at the air temperature of 26.7 C. The nitrogen level of 100 ppm in the nutrient solution produced the highest growth rate. The dry matter weight increased exponentially with time in all experiments. It was concluded that the soil temperature of 30 C, air temperature of 26.7 C and a soil water potential of -0.35 bars was optimal for sudangrass growth. Transpiration rates increased exponentially as a function of time for all treatments. Transpiration rates (cm³/day) increased as the soil temperature increased at both soil water potentials. The rate at -2.50 bars was lower than at -0.35 bars. The transpiration rate also increased with increasing air temperature independent of RH differences. An equilibrium content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn and Zn in the plant material at each combination of treatment variables was determined based on the assumption that equilibrium was attained as time progressed. The maximum concentration of N occurred at a temperature of about 30 C in both shoots and roots, while the concentration was lower at -0.35 bars than at -2.50 bars. The concentration of P increased with soil temperature, in the shoot, but reached a maximum at 30 C in the roots. The concentration at -0.35 bars was lower than at -2.50 bars. The concentrations of K, Ca and S were not significantly different at the two water potentials. The concentration of K was highest at about 30 C in both shoots and roots. The concentration of Ca was highest at about 22 C in both shoots and roots. The suflfur concentration of the shoots increased as soil temperature increased, but a maximum concentration in the roots occurred at 30 C. The concentration of Mn was highest at 26.7 C in the shoots and at 21.1 C in the roots. Concentrations of Mn at -0.35 bars were lower than at -2.50 bars. The Zn concentration increased as soil temperature increased for both shoots and roots. The concentration at -0.35 bars was lower than at -2.50 bars. In the experiments with air temperature as the variable the concentration of N in the shoots was highest at 26.7 C, but decreased in the roots as air temperature increased. The concentration of P decreased with increasing air temperature in both shoots and roots. The concentration of K increased with increasing air temperature in the shoots but decreased in the roots. The concentration of Ca was highest at 26.7 C in the shoots, and increased with increasing air temperature in the roots. The concentration of Mg in the shoots was highest at 26.7 C, while the concentration in the roots slightly decreased with increasing air temperature. The concentration of S decreased with increasing air temperature in both shoots and roots. The Mn concentration was highest at 26.7 C in both shoots and roots. The concentration of Zn increased as air temperature increased. The increase in the roots was greater than in the shoots. The concentration of N, P. Ca and Mg in both shoots and roots increased as the nitrogen level of the nutrient solution increased. The concentration of K in the shoots increased with increasing N level, but in the roots, a maximum concentration occurred at 25 ppm. The concentration of S in the shoots increased as the nitrogen level increased but decreased in the roots. Mn concentrations increased in the shoots but decreased in the roots with increasing nitrogen supply. The Zn concentration increased in the shoots, but decreased in the roots as the N level increased. The total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content decreased as the soil temperature increased. The decrease was 10 percent at a soil water potential of -0.35 bars and 2 percent at a soil water potential of -2.50 bars as the soil temperature increased from 10.0 to 32.2 C. The TNC also decreased as the air temperature increased. The decrease was 8.3 percent as the air temperature increased from 18.3 to 32.2 C. This decrease was attributed to increased respiration and increased translocation from shoots to roots. The leaf water potential (Ψ[subscript c]) and osmotic potential (Ψ[subscript π]) decreased with time at all soil temperature and soil water potential combinations. The decrease was greater at low temperatures than at high temperatures for all soil water potentials. As the soil water potential decreased from -0.35 to -2.50 bars, the leaf water potential (Ψ[subscript c]) and osmotic potential (Ψ[subscript π]) decreased at all soil temperatures. The decrease is osmotic potential (Ψ[subscript π]) was greater than the decrease in leaf water potential (Ψ[subscript c]). The turgor pressure decreased with decreasing soil temperature, and slightly increased with decreasing soil water potential. The growth rate was correlated with turgor pressure. The relationship between turgor pressure and growth rate varied with soil temperature and soil water potential. It was concluded that this relationship may have been the primary growth controlling mechanism. The rate of nutrient uptake increased with increasing water uptake at both water potentials of -0.35 and -2.50 bars. The ion concentration in the transpiration stream was lower at -0.35 bars than at -2.50 bars. The concentration increased slightly with increasing soil temperature at both soil water potentials tested, but relatively more at -2.50 bars. Close

• 40. [Article] Development and Testing of Single-Parameter Precipitation Distributions

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development and Testing of Single-Parameter Precipitation Distributions Author: Haith, Douglas A., Selker, John S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Title: Development and Testing of Single-Parameter Precipitation Distributions Author: Haith, Douglas A., Selker, John S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Close

• 41. [Article] Mid-Latitude (30°–60° N) climatic warming inferred by combining borehole temperatures with surface air temperatures

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mid-Latitude (30°–60° N) climatic warming inferred by combining borehole temperatures with surface air temperatures Author: Harris, Robert N., Chapman, David S. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Mid-Latitude (30°–60° N) climatic warming inferred by combining borehole temperatures with surface air temperatures Author: Harris, Robert N., Chapman, David S. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 42. [Article] Climate change in India inferred from geothermal observations

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate change in India inferred from geothermal observations Author: Harris, Robert N., Rao, R. U. M., Roy, Sukanta, Chapman, David S. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Climate change in India inferred from geothermal observations Author: Harris, Robert N., Rao, R. U. M., Roy, Sukanta, Chapman, David S. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 43. [Article] Effects of temperature and other abiotic and biotic factors on development and survival of the immature stages of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile pacifica (Panzer) (=rotundata (F.)) (Hymenoptera:Megachilidae)

  Larval mortality of leafcutting bee, Megachile pacifica (Panzer) (= rotundata (F.)), is high, usually exceeding 50%. Parasites and predators are not a limiting factor in the survival of the progeny. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of temperature and other abiotic and biotic factors on development and survival of the immature stages of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile pacifica (Panzer) (=rotundata (F.)) (Hymenoptera:Megachilidae) Author: Undurraga O., Jaime M. Larval mortality of leafcutting bee, Megachile pacifica (Panzer) (= rotundata (F.)), is high, usually exceeding 50%. Parasites and predators are not a limiting factor in the survival of the progeny. The disease chalk brood has been an important mortality factor since 1974. Inadequate food supply, pollen and nectar, may affect the survival of the progeny. Genetic differences within and between populations and the saponin content of alfalfa leaves do not affect brood production or survival. Domicile design and protection may also have a great influence on survival. Temperatures exceeding 50°C occur in cells when nesting material receives direct sunlight or when nesting material is housed in domiciles with poor ventilation and insulation. There are temperature differences between cells in a series, between nest positions within a domicile, and between types of nesting materials. There is no direct relationship between ambient and cell temperatures because the latter are influenced by exposure, nesting media, placement, and domicile structure. High internal bee body temperatures may occur during most bee activities, excluding resting. The effects of high temperatures on the adult bee or the eggs she contains are not known. Although larval development can proceed at temperatures below 21°C, survival is reduced. Adult activity, like metabolic larval development, can be conditioned to unusually high or low temperatures; thus, there is no absolute temperature threshold for development or activity in this bee. Eggs and young larvae reared at a constant 30°C had over 85% survival, in most years. An ambient temperature of 45°C applied for one to three hours resulted in a higher mortality of eggs and early instars than the control temperature of 30°C; at 50°C, mortality was complete. Exceptions were obtained for either situation. Half hour exposure at 50°C ambient temperature was also detrimental to immatures. An ambient temperature of 40°C in general does not affect survival of immatures. In-cell temperatures were at least 5°C lower than ambient temperatures in incubators during treatments. Repeating heat treatments on two or more days was not as severe as the duration of treatments. Larvae showed heat tolerance when exposed to two to three hours at 45°C but not to one hour, but some exceptions occurred. The mechanism for heat tolerance is not well understood, and may be related to a conditioning of individuals to high temperatures. A seasonal effect on survival was obtained and appears not to be related to the age of the laying females, nor to the generations, but rather to the thermal history to which the immatures were exposed. Heat susceptibility of eggs and early instars seemed to be similar. Fourth and fifth instars were the most heat tolerant of all larval stages. Exposure of young larvae to low temperatures before they were exposed to high temperatures did not increase mortality. However, sublethal high temperatures were generally less harmful to the immatures that were conditioned but this acclimation of the larvae did not occur in every test. Upper threshold temperature limits cannot be precisely defined, nevertheless, cell temperatures over 40°C result in egg and larval mortality. Brief exposure to 45°C was the upper limit that developing pupae could tolerate; 50°C was lethal. Pupae were most heat sensitive between three and six days before emergence. When exposed to high temperatures, pupae and emerging adults were able to arrest development. Pupae and emerging adults can be conditioned to tolerate short exposures to lethal temperatures up to seven days before emergence. Low temperatures did not affect the survival of pupae. Development of pupae and emerging adults could be arrested for up to a week at 15.6°C without harmful effect. Development and emergence proceed at 21 °C, but pupae need at least 2.5 hours per day of temperatures above 21°C to survive when not in an arrested state. Pupae not exposed to temperature above 29°C during 24 hours, emerged normally. Incubation at 29.5°C for less than 10 hours per day delayed the emergence. Pupae maintained at 15.6 °C for 22 hours per day for 8 days or for 20 hours per day for 16 days emerged after a delay longer than the period of cold. Cooling the emerging bees after high temperature treatment appeared to be more detrimental than cooling before exposures to high temperatures. The detrimental effect of extreme temperatures was shown on the survival of eggs, young larvae, and pupae, but possible chronic effects on later stadia were not studied. Title: Effects of temperature and other abiotic and biotic factors on development and survival of the immature stages of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile pacifica (Panzer) (=rotundata (F.)) (Hymenoptera:Megachilidae) Author: Undurraga O., Jaime M. Larval mortality of leafcutting bee, Megachile pacifica (Panzer) (= rotundata (F.)), is high, usually exceeding 50%. Parasites and predators are not a limiting factor in the survival of the progeny. The disease chalk brood has been an important mortality factor since 1974. Inadequate food supply, pollen and nectar, may affect the survival of the progeny. Genetic differences within and between populations and the saponin content of alfalfa leaves do not affect brood production or survival. Domicile design and protection may also have a great influence on survival. Temperatures exceeding 50°C occur in cells when nesting material receives direct sunlight or when nesting material is housed in domiciles with poor ventilation and insulation. There are temperature differences between cells in a series, between nest positions within a domicile, and between types of nesting materials. There is no direct relationship between ambient and cell temperatures because the latter are influenced by exposure, nesting media, placement, and domicile structure. High internal bee body temperatures may occur during most bee activities, excluding resting. The effects of high temperatures on the adult bee or the eggs she contains are not known. Although larval development can proceed at temperatures below 21°C, survival is reduced. Adult activity, like metabolic larval development, can be conditioned to unusually high or low temperatures; thus, there is no absolute temperature threshold for development or activity in this bee. Eggs and young larvae reared at a constant 30°C had over 85% survival, in most years. An ambient temperature of 45°C applied for one to three hours resulted in a higher mortality of eggs and early instars than the control temperature of 30°C; at 50°C, mortality was complete. Exceptions were obtained for either situation. Half hour exposure at 50°C ambient temperature was also detrimental to immatures. An ambient temperature of 40°C in general does not affect survival of immatures. In-cell temperatures were at least 5°C lower than ambient temperatures in incubators during treatments. Repeating heat treatments on two or more days was not as severe as the duration of treatments. Larvae showed heat tolerance when exposed to two to three hours at 45°C but not to one hour, but some exceptions occurred. The mechanism for heat tolerance is not well understood, and may be related to a conditioning of individuals to high temperatures. A seasonal effect on survival was obtained and appears not to be related to the age of the laying females, nor to the generations, but rather to the thermal history to which the immatures were exposed. Heat susceptibility of eggs and early instars seemed to be similar. Fourth and fifth instars were the most heat tolerant of all larval stages. Exposure of young larvae to low temperatures before they were exposed to high temperatures did not increase mortality. However, sublethal high temperatures were generally less harmful to the immatures that were conditioned but this acclimation of the larvae did not occur in every test. Upper threshold temperature limits cannot be precisely defined, nevertheless, cell temperatures over 40°C result in egg and larval mortality. Brief exposure to 45°C was the upper limit that developing pupae could tolerate; 50°C was lethal. Pupae were most heat sensitive between three and six days before emergence. When exposed to high temperatures, pupae and emerging adults were able to arrest development. Pupae and emerging adults can be conditioned to tolerate short exposures to lethal temperatures up to seven days before emergence. Low temperatures did not affect the survival of pupae. Development of pupae and emerging adults could be arrested for up to a week at 15.6°C without harmful effect. Development and emergence proceed at 21 °C, but pupae need at least 2.5 hours per day of temperatures above 21°C to survive when not in an arrested state. Pupae not exposed to temperature above 29°C during 24 hours, emerged normally. Incubation at 29.5°C for less than 10 hours per day delayed the emergence. Pupae maintained at 15.6 °C for 22 hours per day for 8 days or for 20 hours per day for 16 days emerged after a delay longer than the period of cold. Cooling the emerging bees after high temperature treatment appeared to be more detrimental than cooling before exposures to high temperatures. The detrimental effect of extreme temperatures was shown on the survival of eggs, young larvae, and pupae, but possible chronic effects on later stadia were not studied. Close

• 44. [Article] Effect of climate change on water temperature and attainment of water temperature criteria in the Yaquina Estuary, Oregon (USA)

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of climate change on water temperature and attainment of water temperature criteria in the Yaquina Estuary, Oregon (USA) Author: Sharp, Darrin, Collura, T. Chris Mochon, Brown, Cheryl A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/estuarine-coastal-and-shelf-science/ Title: Effect of climate change on water temperature and attainment of water temperature criteria in the Yaquina Estuary, Oregon (USA) Author: Sharp, Darrin, Collura, T. Chris Mochon, Brown, Cheryl A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/estuarine-coastal-and-shelf-science/ Close

• 45. [Article] Processing effects on the ductility of chromium-vanadium alloys

  The next generation of high temperature structural alloys must exhibit exceptional resistance to fracture, creep, oxidation, and fatigue at high temperatures. Chromium is being considered due to its high ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Processing effects on the ductility of chromium-vanadium alloys Author: Murdock, Hailey M. The next generation of high temperature structural alloys must exhibit exceptional resistance to fracture, creep, oxidation, and fatigue at high temperatures. Chromium is being considered due to its high melting point (>1800°C), relatively low density (~7.2 g/cc), high temperature strength, and oxidation resistance. Limiting the use of chromium is its high ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Previous efforts to reduce the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature have considered elimination of embrittling interstitals, increasing the grain size, pre-deformation and alloying. Recent computational studies have renewed interest in using alloying additions to ductilize chromium. A series of first principles calculations recently revealed elements (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V) which have potential to reduce the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature when alloyed with chromium. To experimentally measure the effects of alloying and processing on the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature, chromium-vanadium alloy samples of 3 different compositions were prepared and compared to nominally pure chromium. Chromium vanadium samples were prepared from powders, hot isostatically pressed, heat treated at 1300°C and extruded at 1200°C. Elevated temperature Vickers hardness, elevated temperature tensile and elevated 3-point bend tests were performed. A diffusion study was performed using microprobe analysis to assist in the development of homogenization procedures for the alloys. Fracture surface analysis of bend and tensile specimens was used to determine the mode of fracture in bend and tensile specimens. Elevated temperature tensile tests determined a relationship between temperature and ductility in 100%Cr and 25%Cr-75%V alloys. Results from elevated temperature Vickers hardness suggest alloying with vanadium increases the strength by a factor of two. Premature failure in elevated temperature 3-point bend specimens and elevated temperature tensile tests made it difficult to quantify the effect of vanadium in affecting the ductility of chromium. Electron microscopy observations indicate that mechanical damage, likely caused by extrusion, is responsible for initiating the premature failures. Despite this complication, evidence of micro- and macro-scale ductile fracture mechanisms on the fracture surfaces of the Cr-V alloys indicate that the addition of vanadium indeed improves the ductility of chromium. Title: Processing effects on the ductility of chromium-vanadium alloys Author: Murdock, Hailey M. The next generation of high temperature structural alloys must exhibit exceptional resistance to fracture, creep, oxidation, and fatigue at high temperatures. Chromium is being considered due to its high melting point (>1800°C), relatively low density (~7.2 g/cc), high temperature strength, and oxidation resistance. Limiting the use of chromium is its high ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Previous efforts to reduce the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature have considered elimination of embrittling interstitals, increasing the grain size, pre-deformation and alloying. Recent computational studies have renewed interest in using alloying additions to ductilize chromium. A series of first principles calculations recently revealed elements (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V) which have potential to reduce the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature when alloyed with chromium. To experimentally measure the effects of alloying and processing on the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature, chromium-vanadium alloy samples of 3 different compositions were prepared and compared to nominally pure chromium. Chromium vanadium samples were prepared from powders, hot isostatically pressed, heat treated at 1300°C and extruded at 1200°C. Elevated temperature Vickers hardness, elevated temperature tensile and elevated 3-point bend tests were performed. A diffusion study was performed using microprobe analysis to assist in the development of homogenization procedures for the alloys. Fracture surface analysis of bend and tensile specimens was used to determine the mode of fracture in bend and tensile specimens. Elevated temperature tensile tests determined a relationship between temperature and ductility in 100%Cr and 25%Cr-75%V alloys. Results from elevated temperature Vickers hardness suggest alloying with vanadium increases the strength by a factor of two. Premature failure in elevated temperature 3-point bend specimens and elevated temperature tensile tests made it difficult to quantify the effect of vanadium in affecting the ductility of chromium. Electron microscopy observations indicate that mechanical damage, likely caused by extrusion, is responsible for initiating the premature failures. Despite this complication, evidence of micro- and macro-scale ductile fracture mechanisms on the fracture surfaces of the Cr-V alloys indicate that the addition of vanadium indeed improves the ductility of chromium. Close

• 46. [Article] Interaction and behavior of the redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) and the steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) in western Oregon : the influence of water temperature

  Water temperature influenced interactions between redside shiners and juvenile steelhead trout (≥1+) in the field and the laboratory. Distribution of the two species within various habitats was determined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interaction and behavior of the redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) and the steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) in western Oregon : the influence of water temperature Author: Reeves, Gordon H. Water temperature influenced interactions between redside shiners and juvenile steelhead trout (≥1+) in the field and the laboratory. Distribution of the two species within various habitats was determined in three streams with different water temperature regimes. The range of habitats occupied by trout in allopatry at cool temperatures and at intermediate temperatures in sympatry was similar but habitats occupied by shiners in allopatry at warm temperatures and in sympatry at intermediate temperatures differed. Shiners at warm temperatures in allopatry inhabited areas of intermediate depth and high velocity, similar to those inhabited by trout in the other streams. In the presence of trout at intermediate temperatures, shiners were found in deep, slow water. Water temperature and the presence of the other species influenced production, activity, and distribution of both trout and shiners in laboratory streams. Trout dominated at cool temperatures (12-15°C) and shiners prevailed at warm temperatures (19-22°C). The redside shiner exhibited two basic social organizations, loose aggregations and defense of an area. The type of organization observed varied with water temperature, abundance of food, and presence or absence of juvenile steelhead trout. The behavioral repertoire of the redside shiner was diverse. Size of the individual and proprietorship of an area were important in determining outcomes of interactions. Intensity of individual encounters varied with conditions in the laboratory streams. Plasticity of its social behavior appears to contribute to the ecological success of the redside shiner. Title: Interaction and behavior of the redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) and the steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) in western Oregon : the influence of water temperature Author: Reeves, Gordon H. Water temperature influenced interactions between redside shiners and juvenile steelhead trout (≥1+) in the field and the laboratory. Distribution of the two species within various habitats was determined in three streams with different water temperature regimes. The range of habitats occupied by trout in allopatry at cool temperatures and at intermediate temperatures in sympatry was similar but habitats occupied by shiners in allopatry at warm temperatures and in sympatry at intermediate temperatures differed. Shiners at warm temperatures in allopatry inhabited areas of intermediate depth and high velocity, similar to those inhabited by trout in the other streams. In the presence of trout at intermediate temperatures, shiners were found in deep, slow water. Water temperature and the presence of the other species influenced production, activity, and distribution of both trout and shiners in laboratory streams. Trout dominated at cool temperatures (12-15°C) and shiners prevailed at warm temperatures (19-22°C). The redside shiner exhibited two basic social organizations, loose aggregations and defense of an area. The type of organization observed varied with water temperature, abundance of food, and presence or absence of juvenile steelhead trout. The behavioral repertoire of the redside shiner was diverse. Size of the individual and proprietorship of an area were important in determining outcomes of interactions. Intensity of individual encounters varied with conditions in the laboratory streams. Plasticity of its social behavior appears to contribute to the ecological success of the redside shiner. Close

• 47. [Article] Amplification and dampening of soil respiration by changes in temperature variability

  NEWS COVERAGE: A news release based on this journal publication, which is written for a lay audience and has been approved by an author of the study, is available online: http://bit.ly/lyWhTB

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Amplification and dampening of soil respiration by changes in temperature variability Author: Loescher, H. W., Thomann, E., Sierra, C. A., Harmon, M. E., Perakis, S. S. NEWS COVERAGE: A news release based on this journal publication, which is written for a lay audience and has been approved by an author of the study, is available online: http://bit.ly/lyWhTB Title: Amplification and dampening of soil respiration by changes in temperature variability Author: Loescher, H. W., Thomann, E., Sierra, C. A., Harmon, M. E., Perakis, S. S. NEWS COVERAGE: A news release based on this journal publication, which is written for a lay audience and has been approved by an author of the study, is available online: http://bit.ly/lyWhTB Close

• 48. [Article] The effects of elevated temperature and stress on immune function in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

  Stress, including extreme or rapidly changing temperatures, are known to have deleterious effects on fish health and physiology. This thesis examines the combined effects of elevated acclimation temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of elevated temperature and stress on immune function in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Author: Harrahy, Laura Nicole Martini Stress, including extreme or rapidly changing temperatures, are known to have deleterious effects on fish health and physiology. This thesis examines the combined effects of elevated acclimation temperature and acute handling stress on the number of antibody producing cells, plasma lysozyme concentrations, and the number of pronephric leukocytes in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). An additional goal of this thesis was to explore the effects of a temperature fluctuation, as a potential instigator of thermal shock, on innate immunity in wild fall chinook salmon of the Columbia River, specifically to determine if there are effects on plasma lysozyme concentrations and on the frequencies of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and thrombocytes in circulation. Finally, based on results found in an experiment involving elevated acclimation temperature, the relationship between the number of antibody producing cells and fish body weight was examined. Plasma lysozyme concentrations and the number of pronephric leukocytes were both affected by acclimation to 21°C compared to 13°C. While a positive relationship was found between temperature and lysozyme, an inverse relationship was found between temperature and the number of pronephric leukocytes. Plasma lysozyme concentrations, the number of pronephric leukocytes, and the number of antibody producing cells did not respond to the stressor, and the combination of elevated temperature and stress did not have an additive effect on any of the physiological or immunological variables studied. Differences between controls and temperature-treated fish were not detected among individual time points throughout a temperature fluctuation experiment, despite overall responses in plasma lysozyme concentrations and the frequencies of circulating lymphocytes. The frequencies of circulating neutrophils and thrombocytes did not respond to the thermal stressor. Finally, a significant positive relationship was detected between the number of antibody producing cells (assessed by a hemolytic plaque assay) and body weight among non-stressed fish acclimated to 21°C and 13°C. Regardless of acclimation temperature, these results emphasize the importance of the standardization of fish size for immunological experiments. Results from this thesis suggest that some components of innate immunity are affected by elevated acclimation temperatures and that the adaptive immune system is affected by acclimation temperature differently in small and large fish. Title: The effects of elevated temperature and stress on immune function in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Author: Harrahy, Laura Nicole Martini Stress, including extreme or rapidly changing temperatures, are known to have deleterious effects on fish health and physiology. This thesis examines the combined effects of elevated acclimation temperature and acute handling stress on the number of antibody producing cells, plasma lysozyme concentrations, and the number of pronephric leukocytes in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). An additional goal of this thesis was to explore the effects of a temperature fluctuation, as a potential instigator of thermal shock, on innate immunity in wild fall chinook salmon of the Columbia River, specifically to determine if there are effects on plasma lysozyme concentrations and on the frequencies of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and thrombocytes in circulation. Finally, based on results found in an experiment involving elevated acclimation temperature, the relationship between the number of antibody producing cells and fish body weight was examined. Plasma lysozyme concentrations and the number of pronephric leukocytes were both affected by acclimation to 21°C compared to 13°C. While a positive relationship was found between temperature and lysozyme, an inverse relationship was found between temperature and the number of pronephric leukocytes. Plasma lysozyme concentrations, the number of pronephric leukocytes, and the number of antibody producing cells did not respond to the stressor, and the combination of elevated temperature and stress did not have an additive effect on any of the physiological or immunological variables studied. Differences between controls and temperature-treated fish were not detected among individual time points throughout a temperature fluctuation experiment, despite overall responses in plasma lysozyme concentrations and the frequencies of circulating lymphocytes. The frequencies of circulating neutrophils and thrombocytes did not respond to the thermal stressor. Finally, a significant positive relationship was detected between the number of antibody producing cells (assessed by a hemolytic plaque assay) and body weight among non-stressed fish acclimated to 21°C and 13°C. Regardless of acclimation temperature, these results emphasize the importance of the standardization of fish size for immunological experiments. Results from this thesis suggest that some components of innate immunity are affected by elevated acclimation temperatures and that the adaptive immune system is affected by acclimation temperature differently in small and large fish. Close

• 49. [Article] Repeat temperature measurements in borehole GC-1, northwestern Utah: towards isolating a climate-change signal borehole temperature profiles

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Repeat temperature measurements in borehole GC-1, northwestern Utah: towards isolating a climate-change signal borehole temperature profiles Author: Chapman, David S., Harris, Robert N. Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Repeat temperature measurements in borehole GC-1, northwestern Utah: towards isolating a climate-change signal borehole temperature profiles Author: Chapman, David S., Harris, Robert N. Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 50. [Article] Design of an apparatus with controlled rates of temperature change for use in cold tolerance tests of conifers

  An apparatus was designed to permit freezing tests of needles and other tissue parts from coniferous trees under controlled rates of temperature change with time. The design is based on the principle of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Design of an apparatus with controlled rates of temperature change for use in cold tolerance tests of conifers Author: Wessell, William James An apparatus was designed to permit freezing tests of needles and other tissue parts from coniferous trees under controlled rates of temperature change with time. The design is based on the principle of a balanced system of refrigeration demand and heat input to achieve a steady temperature state. The apparatus permits the operator to decrease temperatures from 0°C to -40°C at rates of 1, 2, 3, or 4°C per hour, to hold temperatures at the desired freezing level from 1 to 24 hours, and to increase to 0°C at rates of 1, 2, 3, or 4°C per hour. Temperatures achieved within the sample tubes are accurate to within ± 0. 9°C of the expected temperature. Title: Design of an apparatus with controlled rates of temperature change for use in cold tolerance tests of conifers Author: Wessell, William James An apparatus was designed to permit freezing tests of needles and other tissue parts from coniferous trees under controlled rates of temperature change with time. The design is based on the principle of a balanced system of refrigeration demand and heat input to achieve a steady temperature state. The apparatus permits the operator to decrease temperatures from 0°C to -40°C at rates of 1, 2, 3, or 4°C per hour, to hold temperatures at the desired freezing level from 1 to 24 hours, and to increase to 0°C at rates of 1, 2, 3, or 4°C per hour. Temperatures achieved within the sample tubes are accurate to within ± 0. 9°C of the expected temperature. Close