Search

Search Results

• 1. [Article] Effective Single-Parent Training Group Program: Three System Studies

  Objective: This study highlights Dr. Elsie Pinkston and colleagues’ research on the effectiveness of behavior parent training and examines the application of single-parent training group (SPG) programs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effective Single-Parent Training Group Program: Three System Studies Author: Briggs, Harold E., Miller, Keva M., Orellana, Edwin Roberto, Briggs, Adam C., Cox, Wendell H. Year: 2013 Objective: This study highlights Dr. Elsie Pinkston and colleagues’ research on the effectiveness of behavior parent training and examines the application of single-parent training group (SPG) programs to three parent–child dyads exposed to distressed family circumstances. Methods: Single-system evaluation designs were conducted with two single birth parents, one single foster parent, and each parent’s three respective children, in an effort to appraise the results of a SPG program. Results: Two of the three parent–child dyads benefited from the SPG. Results suggested that there were changes in parent reinforcement and attention behaviors and children’s noncompliance behaviors. Conclusion: Behavioral improvements in single parent and child dyads lend support for the effectiveness of the parent training group for single parents. Implications for practice and future research on SPG programs are discussed. Title: Effective Single-Parent Training Group Program: Three System Studies Author: Briggs, Harold E., Miller, Keva M., Orellana, Edwin Roberto, Briggs, Adam C., Cox, Wendell H. Year: 2013 Objective: This study highlights Dr. Elsie Pinkston and colleagues’ research on the effectiveness of behavior parent training and examines the application of single-parent training group (SPG) programs to three parent–child dyads exposed to distressed family circumstances. Methods: Single-system evaluation designs were conducted with two single birth parents, one single foster parent, and each parent’s three respective children, in an effort to appraise the results of a SPG program. Results: Two of the three parent–child dyads benefited from the SPG. Results suggested that there were changes in parent reinforcement and attention behaviors and children’s noncompliance behaviors. Conclusion: Behavioral improvements in single parent and child dyads lend support for the effectiveness of the parent training group for single parents. Implications for practice and future research on SPG programs are discussed. Close

• 2. [Article] Understanding the Experience of Air Force Single Parents: A Phenomenological Study

  Today, raising children under the best of circumstances represents a daunting endeavor as any parent and a growing body of research confirm. When a single parent is on active duty in one of the U.S. armed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Understanding the Experience of Air Force Single Parents: A Phenomenological Study Author: Blanchard, Samantha Everhart Year: 2012 Today, raising children under the best of circumstances represents a daunting endeavor as any parent and a growing body of research confirm. When a single parent is on active duty in one of the U.S. armed forces, there are additional challenges involved that may not exist among civilian counterparts. The phenomenon of single parents on active duty with its unique difficulties associated both with single parenting and with military service was the basis of this study. The purpose of the research was twofold: to describe the experiences of Air Force single parents as related to social support and work-life theory in the context of bureaucracy and to use that understanding to identify needed improvements in support services. The specific aim of this study was to gain an understanding of single parents in the military through a phenomenological approach. Purposive sampling was utilized to identify the 13 participants. The central question for the study was the following: What are the experiences of single parents serving on active duty in the United States Air Force? The seven themes that were identified as part of the single parent experience were: (a) transition to single parent in the Air Force, (b) better life (c) parental responsibilities, (d) work responsibilities, (e) support provided by the work organizations, (f) informal social supports, and (g) work-life conflict. Major findings include the importance of family-friendly supervisors that alleviated work-family conflict. Participants also noted the military family as being significant to their adjustment and acceptance of military life. Finally, participants were seeking a better life for themselves and their children by either joining as a single parent or deciding to stay as a single parent. This study offers an opportunity to change policy and practice to enhance and encourage the retention of single parents. One application of study findings is the reexamination of the Family Care Plan to alleviate work-family conflict. Another area identified for practice enhancement is the education and training of family-friendly supervisors. Title: Understanding the Experience of Air Force Single Parents: A Phenomenological Study Author: Blanchard, Samantha Everhart Year: 2012 Today, raising children under the best of circumstances represents a daunting endeavor as any parent and a growing body of research confirm. When a single parent is on active duty in one of the U.S. armed forces, there are additional challenges involved that may not exist among civilian counterparts. The phenomenon of single parents on active duty with its unique difficulties associated both with single parenting and with military service was the basis of this study. The purpose of the research was twofold: to describe the experiences of Air Force single parents as related to social support and work-life theory in the context of bureaucracy and to use that understanding to identify needed improvements in support services. The specific aim of this study was to gain an understanding of single parents in the military through a phenomenological approach. Purposive sampling was utilized to identify the 13 participants. The central question for the study was the following: What are the experiences of single parents serving on active duty in the United States Air Force? The seven themes that were identified as part of the single parent experience were: (a) transition to single parent in the Air Force, (b) better life (c) parental responsibilities, (d) work responsibilities, (e) support provided by the work organizations, (f) informal social supports, and (g) work-life conflict. Major findings include the importance of family-friendly supervisors that alleviated work-family conflict. Participants also noted the military family as being significant to their adjustment and acceptance of military life. Finally, participants were seeking a better life for themselves and their children by either joining as a single parent or deciding to stay as a single parent. This study offers an opportunity to change policy and practice to enhance and encourage the retention of single parents. One application of study findings is the reexamination of the Family Care Plan to alleviate work-family conflict. Another area identified for practice enhancement is the education and training of family-friendly supervisors. Close

• 3. [Article] Housing for nuclear and single parent families : a comparison by two methods

  The vast majority of housing in the United States today has been created to conform to a family definition that does not match current demographic realities. The "traditional family" - a married couple ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Housing for nuclear and single parent families : a comparison by two methods Author: Asam, Susan Lynn The vast majority of housing in the United States today has been created to conform to a family definition that does not match current demographic realities. The "traditional family" - a married couple with an employed husband, a homemaker wife, and several children has been the model family that housing designers have strived to accommodate on a grand scale since at least the mid-1940's. This type of family, however, comprises only 10% of all American families; the remaining 90%, despite being a majority, have had their housing needs ignored. One family group often considered to be non-traditional and often left out of housing considerations is the single parent family. This family type is an established household form in the United States; currently nearly one third of all American families are single parent families, most of which are headed by women. During the past few years housing projects have begun to appear that are designed to house "non-traditional families" such as single parent families. It has been generally assumed that the spatial needs of single parent families are different from those of nuclear families or the "traditional family". This research will focus on the analysis of housing as designed for single parent families in comparison to housing as designed for the American nuclear family. Floor plans of the two housing types were obtained from the following cities: Denver, CO, Hayward, CA, Providence, RI, and Minneapolis, MN. The intent of this study is to examine what, if any, differences occur in the spatial orientation of housing designed for single parent families and housing designed for the nuclear family: the single family detached home. The study examined room layout in relation to use and commonly accepted social function. Two methods of analysis were employed: gamma analysis as developed by Hillier and Hanson and annotated analysis developed specifically for this research. The method of gamma analysis was used to determine if the housing as designed for the two family types is different in form and social function, while the annotated analysis was used to measure the "fit" of the housing for each of the family types. It was originally expected that the single parent family dwellings would exhibit a higher degree of integration than the single family detached homes based on predictions gleaned form the literature. However, the gamma analysis revealed a lower mean relative asymmetry value for the single family detached houses (0.308), indicating a higher degree of integration, than the mean relative asymmetry value for the single parent family dwellings (0.368). This difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.276). The annotated analysis results indicated single family detached houses scored a better fit to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.638) than did the single parent family dwellings to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.533). Again, this difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.385). The findings of this study provide a glimpse at the interior spatial arrangements of housing as designed for the two family types in question. While the results of the two analysis methods seems to indicate that the interior spatial arrangement of housing is not meeting the needs of either family type, more research should be conducted to further substantiate the findings. These findings will be of interest to designers of homes, housing developers, planners and policy makers, and researchers in the field of housing, all of whom can have an effect on the shape of the housing environment and can help make it more suitable for all family types. Title: Housing for nuclear and single parent families : a comparison by two methods Author: Asam, Susan Lynn The vast majority of housing in the United States today has been created to conform to a family definition that does not match current demographic realities. The "traditional family" - a married couple with an employed husband, a homemaker wife, and several children has been the model family that housing designers have strived to accommodate on a grand scale since at least the mid-1940's. This type of family, however, comprises only 10% of all American families; the remaining 90%, despite being a majority, have had their housing needs ignored. One family group often considered to be non-traditional and often left out of housing considerations is the single parent family. This family type is an established household form in the United States; currently nearly one third of all American families are single parent families, most of which are headed by women. During the past few years housing projects have begun to appear that are designed to house "non-traditional families" such as single parent families. It has been generally assumed that the spatial needs of single parent families are different from those of nuclear families or the "traditional family". This research will focus on the analysis of housing as designed for single parent families in comparison to housing as designed for the American nuclear family. Floor plans of the two housing types were obtained from the following cities: Denver, CO, Hayward, CA, Providence, RI, and Minneapolis, MN. The intent of this study is to examine what, if any, differences occur in the spatial orientation of housing designed for single parent families and housing designed for the nuclear family: the single family detached home. The study examined room layout in relation to use and commonly accepted social function. Two methods of analysis were employed: gamma analysis as developed by Hillier and Hanson and annotated analysis developed specifically for this research. The method of gamma analysis was used to determine if the housing as designed for the two family types is different in form and social function, while the annotated analysis was used to measure the "fit" of the housing for each of the family types. It was originally expected that the single parent family dwellings would exhibit a higher degree of integration than the single family detached homes based on predictions gleaned form the literature. However, the gamma analysis revealed a lower mean relative asymmetry value for the single family detached houses (0.308), indicating a higher degree of integration, than the mean relative asymmetry value for the single parent family dwellings (0.368). This difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.276). The annotated analysis results indicated single family detached houses scored a better fit to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.638) than did the single parent family dwellings to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.533). Again, this difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.385). The findings of this study provide a glimpse at the interior spatial arrangements of housing as designed for the two family types in question. While the results of the two analysis methods seems to indicate that the interior spatial arrangement of housing is not meeting the needs of either family type, more research should be conducted to further substantiate the findings. These findings will be of interest to designers of homes, housing developers, planners and policy makers, and researchers in the field of housing, all of whom can have an effect on the shape of the housing environment and can help make it more suitable for all family types. Close

• 4. [Article] Sex role patterns of school age children in time used for household work : an analysis of single parent/two-child and two-parent/two-child California households

  Systems theory and role theory were used in this study to develop a management model, integrating the managerial and psycho-social subsystems of the family system. The integrated theory and model were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sex role patterns of school age children in time used for household work : an analysis of single parent/two-child and two-parent/two-child California households Author: Peters, Jeanne M. Systems theory and role theory were used in this study to develop a management model, integrating the managerial and psycho-social subsystems of the family system. The integrated theory and model were used to derive hypotheses concerning whether or not type of task and actual/relative amount of time spent on household tasks performed by school age children varied according to the sex of the child, attitude toward feminism of the homemaker, number of parents, and employment status of the homemaker. Whether parents were more sex-segregated than school age children in the performance of household tasks was also assessed. The sample used in this study included 325 school age children from 79 single parent families and 208 two parent families interviewed for the Northeastern Regional Research Project, 113: "An Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families Time Use." Families included in this study were limited to those with at least one school age child, since time data were not collected for children Less than six years of age. Data were collected using two face-to-face interviews, and three instruments: a survey questionnaire, a time-use chart, and a 20-item attitude toward feminism scale. The data were evaluated using both univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions reached on the basis of the data analyses were: (1) increased demands in the households of employed women and single parent homemakers were associated with more relative time spent on household tasks by their children, (2) boys in single parent families were more traditional in sex role behavior in the performance of household work than boys in two parent families, (3) girls in single parent families were undifferentiated in sex role behavior in the performance of household work, (4) children in both single parent and two parent families were less sex-segregated than parents in the performance of household work, and (5) the homemaker's attitude toward feminism was not directly related to children's time use in the performance of household work. The results of this study have provided baseline data for examining changing sex roles and time use for household work in the next generation of adults. Title: Sex role patterns of school age children in time used for household work : an analysis of single parent/two-child and two-parent/two-child California households Author: Peters, Jeanne M. Systems theory and role theory were used in this study to develop a management model, integrating the managerial and psycho-social subsystems of the family system. The integrated theory and model were used to derive hypotheses concerning whether or not type of task and actual/relative amount of time spent on household tasks performed by school age children varied according to the sex of the child, attitude toward feminism of the homemaker, number of parents, and employment status of the homemaker. Whether parents were more sex-segregated than school age children in the performance of household tasks was also assessed. The sample used in this study included 325 school age children from 79 single parent families and 208 two parent families interviewed for the Northeastern Regional Research Project, 113: "An Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families Time Use." Families included in this study were limited to those with at least one school age child, since time data were not collected for children Less than six years of age. Data were collected using two face-to-face interviews, and three instruments: a survey questionnaire, a time-use chart, and a 20-item attitude toward feminism scale. The data were evaluated using both univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions reached on the basis of the data analyses were: (1) increased demands in the households of employed women and single parent homemakers were associated with more relative time spent on household tasks by their children, (2) boys in single parent families were more traditional in sex role behavior in the performance of household work than boys in two parent families, (3) girls in single parent families were undifferentiated in sex role behavior in the performance of household work, (4) children in both single parent and two parent families were less sex-segregated than parents in the performance of household work, and (5) the homemaker's attitude toward feminism was not directly related to children's time use in the performance of household work. The results of this study have provided baseline data for examining changing sex roles and time use for household work in the next generation of adults. Close

• 5. [Article] Parental marital status and child self-regulation

  Parents play an essential role in their child’s development of the skills needed for self-regulation. The current study examined the relationship between parental marital status and child self-regulation. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Parental marital status and child self-regulation Author: Gooding, Elisa K., Schmitt, Sara, McClelland, Megan M. Parents play an essential role in their child’s development of the skills needed for self-regulation. The current study examined the relationship between parental marital status and child self-regulation. Analyzing a sample of 328 preschool children, results indicate having married parents is related to higher self-regulation in children. These results suggest that living in a single-parent or married parent household Title: Parental marital status and child self-regulation Author: Gooding, Elisa K., Schmitt, Sara, McClelland, Megan M. Parents play an essential role in their child’s development of the skills needed for self-regulation. The current study examined the relationship between parental marital status and child self-regulation. Analyzing a sample of 328 preschool children, results indicate having married parents is related to higher self-regulation in children. These results suggest that living in a single-parent or married parent household Close

• 6. [Article] Children's housework in single-mother and single-father families

  Using data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this study compared time children of single mothers (n = 717) and fathers (n = 78) spent on housework. Housework takes time and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Children's housework in single-mother and single-father families Author: Hall, Leslie Duke Using data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this study compared time children of single mothers (n = 717) and fathers (n = 78) spent on housework. Housework takes time and many parents combine it with employment and child rearing. Characteristics of families headed by single mothers and fathers differ: mothers have more and younger children, fathers have more. The purpose of this study was to use a nationally representative data set to examine participation in housework by children in single-parent families. It examined whether the pattern of labor differed by gender of parent or child, or by an interaction between the two. Central to the theoretical perspective is the nation that the gendered division of labor in unpaid family work is part of socially constructed gender. Because parent characteristics and child characteristics influence children's housework, these and other variables were explored. Variables which were significant in preliminary analyses were entered into the final analyses. The dependent variables were time children spent in housework, both absolute (hours) and relative (percentage of time spent by children of the time spent by children and parents), measured for overall, "feminine," and "masculine" housework. General Linear Models were used in the first set of analyses, testing for differences by gender of parent as if mother households and father households were equal on all covariates. Multiple regression models were used in the second set of analyses exploring the impact of child gender. Multiple regression models with an interaction factor (gender of child and gender of parent) were used in the final analyses. Families headed by single fathers overall did less housework than families headed by single mothers. Children of fathers spent a higher percentage of time in housework than children of mothers. There was no interaction between parent gender and child gender that would show only fathers or only mothers burden their daughters. As in two-parent households, daughters in single-mother and in single-father families do more housework than sons. Title: Children's housework in single-mother and single-father families Author: Hall, Leslie Duke Using data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this study compared time children of single mothers (n = 717) and fathers (n = 78) spent on housework. Housework takes time and many parents combine it with employment and child rearing. Characteristics of families headed by single mothers and fathers differ: mothers have more and younger children, fathers have more. The purpose of this study was to use a nationally representative data set to examine participation in housework by children in single-parent families. It examined whether the pattern of labor differed by gender of parent or child, or by an interaction between the two. Central to the theoretical perspective is the nation that the gendered division of labor in unpaid family work is part of socially constructed gender. Because parent characteristics and child characteristics influence children's housework, these and other variables were explored. Variables which were significant in preliminary analyses were entered into the final analyses. The dependent variables were time children spent in housework, both absolute (hours) and relative (percentage of time spent by children of the time spent by children and parents), measured for overall, "feminine," and "masculine" housework. General Linear Models were used in the first set of analyses, testing for differences by gender of parent as if mother households and father households were equal on all covariates. Multiple regression models were used in the second set of analyses exploring the impact of child gender. Multiple regression models with an interaction factor (gender of child and gender of parent) were used in the final analyses. Families headed by single fathers overall did less housework than families headed by single mothers. Children of fathers spent a higher percentage of time in housework than children of mothers. There was no interaction between parent gender and child gender that would show only fathers or only mothers burden their daughters. As in two-parent households, daughters in single-mother and in single-father families do more housework than sons. Close

• 7. [Article] Forging new paths : life course transitions for American women and their families

  Families of remarriage constitute a growing number of American families. The spiraling divorce rate of the 1970s was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the number of remarriages. Forty percent of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forging new paths : life course transitions for American women and their families Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Families of remarriage constitute a growing number of American families. The spiraling divorce rate of the 1970s was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the number of remarriages. Forty percent of American families today contain at least one spouse that has been previously married, thus studying relationships within families of remarriage is crucial to understanding the experiences of both children and adults in American families. This study uses a life-span perspective to examine the qualitative accounts of 62 women 43 of whom divorced, spent some time as a single parent of at least one child, and remarried and 19 of whom had divorced and did not remarry. Some of those women also had a remarriage end in divorce. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques were used to both explore relationships within families of remarriage, and differences between those women that remarried and those who remained single parents. Quantitative analyses revealed that women who did not remarry were better educated and had more conflict with their former spouse over time. Women who were younger when they became a single parent for the first time, had more children, had jobs rather than careers, and had less education reported more marriages overall. Qualitative analyses showed that particular problem areas in families of remarriage centered around the adjustment period between the children and the new partner, finances, and communication. Remarriages that failed were characterized by problematic relationships between children and their mother's partner. As this was predominantly a white, middle-class sample, generalizations to other populations should be made with caution. Directions for future research are discussed. Title: Forging new paths : life course transitions for American women and their families Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Families of remarriage constitute a growing number of American families. The spiraling divorce rate of the 1970s was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the number of remarriages. Forty percent of American families today contain at least one spouse that has been previously married, thus studying relationships within families of remarriage is crucial to understanding the experiences of both children and adults in American families. This study uses a life-span perspective to examine the qualitative accounts of 62 women 43 of whom divorced, spent some time as a single parent of at least one child, and remarried and 19 of whom had divorced and did not remarry. Some of those women also had a remarriage end in divorce. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques were used to both explore relationships within families of remarriage, and differences between those women that remarried and those who remained single parents. Quantitative analyses revealed that women who did not remarry were better educated and had more conflict with their former spouse over time. Women who were younger when they became a single parent for the first time, had more children, had jobs rather than careers, and had less education reported more marriages overall. Qualitative analyses showed that particular problem areas in families of remarriage centered around the adjustment period between the children and the new partner, finances, and communication. Remarriages that failed were characterized by problematic relationships between children and their mother's partner. As this was predominantly a white, middle-class sample, generalizations to other populations should be made with caution. Directions for future research are discussed. Close

• 8. [Article] The effects of the family context and parent involvement on perceptions of children's school achievement

  The study examined dimensions of the family context associated with variations in parent involvement and parent perceptions of children's school achievement using data from 1,085 male and 2,239 female respondents ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of the family context and parent involvement on perceptions of children's school achievement Author: Katzev, Aphra R. The study examined dimensions of the family context associated with variations in parent involvement and parent perceptions of children's school achievement using data from 1,085 male and 2,239 female respondents with a child between the ages of 5 and 18 years collected in the 1987-88 National Survey of Families and Households. Small but significant differences in parent perceptions of school achievement were found in favor of children being raised in a first-married two-parent home. Negative effects on school outcomes were centered on children who experienced family disruption. Living in a one-parent household with a parent who was previous married was associated with parent reports of poorer performance for elementary school children and lower grades for adolescents. Neither living in a one-parent household with a continuously single parent nor living in a stepfamily was significantly related to achievement. Parent employment status was not directly related to children's achievement but did have indirect effects through parent involvement both at home and school. Parent involvement at school and in child-centered home activities was associated with perceptions of improved school performance for elementary school children and higher grades for adolescents. Mothers were more likely to be involved in children's schooling than fathers. Single and cohabiting mothers were less involved at school than first-married mothers, but single fathers tended to be more likely to participate than their first-married counterparts. There were no significant differences between the home involvement of single mothers and their first-married counterparts but single fathers were more involved at home than first-married fathers. For both mothers and fathers, receiving tangible aid from a wide network of relatives and friends was associated with higher levels of school and home involvement. Findings suggest that educators who have negative beliefs about single parents' engagement in school-family partnerships may be influenced by these parents' low presence at school. Recognizing that single parents are as involved with their children at home as parents in traditional families can lead to educational practices that support home involvement and result in positive effects on children's academic progress. Title: The effects of the family context and parent involvement on perceptions of children's school achievement Author: Katzev, Aphra R. The study examined dimensions of the family context associated with variations in parent involvement and parent perceptions of children's school achievement using data from 1,085 male and 2,239 female respondents with a child between the ages of 5 and 18 years collected in the 1987-88 National Survey of Families and Households. Small but significant differences in parent perceptions of school achievement were found in favor of children being raised in a first-married two-parent home. Negative effects on school outcomes were centered on children who experienced family disruption. Living in a one-parent household with a parent who was previous married was associated with parent reports of poorer performance for elementary school children and lower grades for adolescents. Neither living in a one-parent household with a continuously single parent nor living in a stepfamily was significantly related to achievement. Parent employment status was not directly related to children's achievement but did have indirect effects through parent involvement both at home and school. Parent involvement at school and in child-centered home activities was associated with perceptions of improved school performance for elementary school children and higher grades for adolescents. Mothers were more likely to be involved in children's schooling than fathers. Single and cohabiting mothers were less involved at school than first-married mothers, but single fathers tended to be more likely to participate than their first-married counterparts. There were no significant differences between the home involvement of single mothers and their first-married counterparts but single fathers were more involved at home than first-married fathers. For both mothers and fathers, receiving tangible aid from a wide network of relatives and friends was associated with higher levels of school and home involvement. Findings suggest that educators who have negative beliefs about single parents' engagement in school-family partnerships may be influenced by these parents' low presence at school. Recognizing that single parents are as involved with their children at home as parents in traditional families can lead to educational practices that support home involvement and result in positive effects on children's academic progress. Close

• 9. [Article] Relations between Parental Marital Status, Residential Mobility, and Children’s Academic Achievement and Self-Regulation in Kindergarten

  Children’s self-regulation and academic achievement are important factors in predicting school readiness and later academic outcomes. This study examined relationships between parental marital status and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relations between Parental Marital Status, Residential Mobility, and Children’s Academic Achievement and Self-Regulation in Kindergarten Author: Tracy, Alexis, Bukres, Aya, McClelland, Megan M. Children’s self-regulation and academic achievement are important factors in predicting school readiness and later academic outcomes. This study examined relationships between parental marital status and residential mobility on children’s academic achievement and self-regulation in kindergarten. Using a diverse sample of 131 kindergarten children, results indicated that the number of family moves was related to lower literacy skills at the beginning of kindergarten In addition, being a single parent was significantly related to lower self-regulation in children. Title: Relations between Parental Marital Status, Residential Mobility, and Children’s Academic Achievement and Self-Regulation in Kindergarten Author: Tracy, Alexis, Bukres, Aya, McClelland, Megan M. Children’s self-regulation and academic achievement are important factors in predicting school readiness and later academic outcomes. This study examined relationships between parental marital status and residential mobility on children’s academic achievement and self-regulation in kindergarten. Using a diverse sample of 131 kindergarten children, results indicated that the number of family moves was related to lower literacy skills at the beginning of kindergarten In addition, being a single parent was significantly related to lower self-regulation in children. Close

• 10. [Article] Non-traditional Families and Their Architectural Needs

  9 p.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Non-traditional Families and Their Architectural Needs Author: Freiberg, Kirstyn Year: 2005 9 p. Title: Non-traditional Families and Their Architectural Needs Author: Freiberg, Kirstyn Year: 2005 9 p. Close

• 11. [Article] Perceptions of family of origin health, self-esteem, and the divorced single mother among college students

  This study sought to determine the contributions of college students' perceptions of family of origin health and self-esteem to their perceptions of the divorced single mother. It was hypothesized that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Perceptions of family of origin health, self-esteem, and the divorced single mother among college students Author: Burke, Susan J. This study sought to determine the contributions of college students' perceptions of family of origin health and self-esteem to their perceptions of the divorced single mother. It was hypothesized that individuals who hold more positive views of their family of origin health will also view themselves and, consequently, the divorced single mother more positively. Participants were 170 college students, 113 of whom lived only with their biological parents, and 57 of whom lived at sometime in their lives with a divorced single mother. Four instruments were used to collect the data, including the Family of Origin Health Scale (Hovestadt et al., 1985), the Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Perception of Divorced Mother Scale (Ganong & Coleman, 1983), and a demographic questionnaire. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were used in data analyses. Generally, results indicated that family type made no major impact on participants' perceptions of the divorced single mother. Among participants in the biological parent group and the divorced single mother group, family of origin health significantly predicted more positive perceptions of the divorced single mother. In this analysis, the regression model for the biological parent group was significant, while for the divorced single mother group it was not. Self-esteem was not found to contribute significantly to participants' perceptions of the divorced single mother, and thus did not mediate the relationship between family of origin health and perceptions of the divorced single mother. Finally, among the biological parent group, amount of interaction with single parent families headed by a divorced single mother significantly predicted more positive perceptions of the divorced single mother. Among the divorced single mother group, however, amount of time lived in a single parent family headed by a divorced mother did not significantly predict their perceptions of the divorced single mother. Title: Perceptions of family of origin health, self-esteem, and the divorced single mother among college students Author: Burke, Susan J. This study sought to determine the contributions of college students' perceptions of family of origin health and self-esteem to their perceptions of the divorced single mother. It was hypothesized that individuals who hold more positive views of their family of origin health will also view themselves and, consequently, the divorced single mother more positively. Participants were 170 college students, 113 of whom lived only with their biological parents, and 57 of whom lived at sometime in their lives with a divorced single mother. Four instruments were used to collect the data, including the Family of Origin Health Scale (Hovestadt et al., 1985), the Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Perception of Divorced Mother Scale (Ganong & Coleman, 1983), and a demographic questionnaire. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were used in data analyses. Generally, results indicated that family type made no major impact on participants' perceptions of the divorced single mother. Among participants in the biological parent group and the divorced single mother group, family of origin health significantly predicted more positive perceptions of the divorced single mother. In this analysis, the regression model for the biological parent group was significant, while for the divorced single mother group it was not. Self-esteem was not found to contribute significantly to participants' perceptions of the divorced single mother, and thus did not mediate the relationship between family of origin health and perceptions of the divorced single mother. Finally, among the biological parent group, amount of interaction with single parent families headed by a divorced single mother significantly predicted more positive perceptions of the divorced single mother. Among the divorced single mother group, however, amount of time lived in a single parent family headed by a divorced mother did not significantly predict their perceptions of the divorced single mother. Close

• 12. [Article] The effect of social support on the well-being of single-mothers enrolled in a rural community college

  The primary purpose of this research was to examine the effects of informal social support on the psychological sense of well-being of single-parent mothers who are enrolled in a rural Oregon community ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of social support on the well-being of single-mothers enrolled in a rural community college Author: Stenson, Julie Ann The primary purpose of this research was to examine the effects of informal social support on the psychological sense of well-being of single-parent mothers who are enrolled in a rural Oregon community college. A secondary purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of selected demographic indices upon the mothers' well-being. A 32-item questionnaire was mailed to a randomly selected population of 1,000 female spring term enrollees at Linn-Benton Community College, resulting in an 82 percent rate of response and 781 usable surveys, including 76 (10 percent) from single-mother students. Characteristically 35 to 39 years of age, Caucasian, and maintaining her own household on a gross monthly income of $1,000 or less, the single-mother student worked part-time, had been a single-parent for more than two years, raised one child, and was enrolled for six or fewer credits during the spring term. Analyses of variance among demographic indices and well-being measures indicated that single-mother students employed part-time scored lowest on Total Well-Being, Problems and Isolation. There was a significant effect on Problems from those enrolled in a degree program for seven or more credits and receiving financial aid. Simple linear and multiple stepwise regressions between components of Support and Well-Being, showed that: (1) Total Support had an effect upon Problems, Loneliness, Happiness, and Total Well-Being; (2) Personal Conversations influenced or affected all measures of Well-Being; (3) Relatives influenced Isolation, Loneliness, Happiness, and Total Well-Being; (4) Friendship affected Problems, Loneliness, Happiness, and Total Well-Being; and (5) Neighbors influenced Total Well-Being. Stepwise multiple regressions indicated that (1) Total Well-Being was affected by Conversations and to a lesser extent by Relatives and Friends; (2) Problems and Loneliness were influenced by Friends; (3) Isolation was affected by Relatives, and (4) Happiness was influenced by Conversations and to a lesser degree by Relatives. Recommendations for further research and implications for educational and family professionals working with single-mother students are discussed. Title: The effect of social support on the well-being of single-mothers enrolled in a rural community college Author: Stenson, Julie Ann The primary purpose of this research was to examine the effects of informal social support on the psychological sense of well-being of single-parent mothers who are enrolled in a rural Oregon community college. A secondary purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of selected demographic indices upon the mothers' well-being. A 32-item questionnaire was mailed to a randomly selected population of 1,000 female spring term enrollees at Linn-Benton Community College, resulting in an 82 percent rate of response and 781 usable surveys, including 76 (10 percent) from single-mother students. Characteristically 35 to 39 years of age, Caucasian, and maintaining her own household on a gross monthly income of $1,000 or less, the single-mother student worked part-time, had been a single-parent for more than two years, raised one child, and was enrolled for six or fewer credits during the spring term. Analyses of variance among demographic indices and well-being measures indicated that single-mother students employed part-time scored lowest on Total Well-Being, Problems and Isolation. There was a significant effect on Problems from those enrolled in a degree program for seven or more credits and receiving financial aid. Simple linear and multiple stepwise regressions between components of Support and Well-Being, showed that: (1) Total Support had an effect upon Problems, Loneliness, Happiness, and Total Well-Being; (2) Personal Conversations influenced or affected all measures of Well-Being; (3) Relatives influenced Isolation, Loneliness, Happiness, and Total Well-Being; (4) Friendship affected Problems, Loneliness, Happiness, and Total Well-Being; and (5) Neighbors influenced Total Well-Being. Stepwise multiple regressions indicated that (1) Total Well-Being was affected by Conversations and to a lesser extent by Relatives and Friends; (2) Problems and Loneliness were influenced by Friends; (3) Isolation was affected by Relatives, and (4) Happiness was influenced by Conversations and to a lesser degree by Relatives. Recommendations for further research and implications for educational and family professionals working with single-mother students are discussed. Close

• 13. [Article] A descriptive study of the perceptions of employers, teachers and graduates of Oregon single parent/displaced homemaker programs regarding non-technical employment qualities needed on the job

  The purpose of this research was to explore the perceptions of employers, teachers and graduates of the Oregon Carl Perkins Single Parent/Displaced Homemaker Programs regarding non-technical employment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A descriptive study of the perceptions of employers, teachers and graduates of Oregon single parent/displaced homemaker programs regarding non-technical employment qualities needed on the job Author: Anderson, GwenEllyn The purpose of this research was to explore the perceptions of employers, teachers and graduates of the Oregon Carl Perkins Single Parent/Displaced Homemaker Programs regarding non-technical employment qualities. The Luft "Non-Technical Employment Qualities Survey Instrument" and open-ended questions were used to elicit personal responses from members of each group for the purpose of comparing the results. The research questions addressed the perceived rankings of non-technical employment qualities, the extent to which programs were perceived to have addressed these nontechnical employment qualities, the extent to which graduates were perceived to possess these non-technical employment qualities, the extent to which graduates were perceived to seek and receive feedback regarding these non-technical employment qualities, the specific non-technical employment qualities that were perceived as essential prior to entering the workforce, the perceptions as to why employees were terminated and the perceived reasons why graduates left employment. The findings concluded that the respondent populations were in general agreement as to their perceptions. Employers and teachers agreed more frequently regarding their perceptions as to the extent graduates possessed these non-technical employment qualities and the extent to which graduates sought and received feedback. Graduates agreed more frequently with the employers as to their rankings of the qualities needed, but there was great disagreement between graduates, and their employers as to the number of qualities possessed and the amount of feedback sought. Employers and teachers disagreed more frequently in their rankings as to which qualities were the most important. The principle implication of this research for education with regard to these populations is that a close relationship between employers and the instructors preparing graduates for employment is imperative. The principle research recommendation entails further inquiry into the specific behaviors that demonstrate the possession of these skills and that would prevent employment termination. Title: A descriptive study of the perceptions of employers, teachers and graduates of Oregon single parent/displaced homemaker programs regarding non-technical employment qualities needed on the job Author: Anderson, GwenEllyn The purpose of this research was to explore the perceptions of employers, teachers and graduates of the Oregon Carl Perkins Single Parent/Displaced Homemaker Programs regarding non-technical employment qualities. The Luft "Non-Technical Employment Qualities Survey Instrument" and open-ended questions were used to elicit personal responses from members of each group for the purpose of comparing the results. The research questions addressed the perceived rankings of non-technical employment qualities, the extent to which programs were perceived to have addressed these nontechnical employment qualities, the extent to which graduates were perceived to possess these non-technical employment qualities, the extent to which graduates were perceived to seek and receive feedback regarding these non-technical employment qualities, the specific non-technical employment qualities that were perceived as essential prior to entering the workforce, the perceptions as to why employees were terminated and the perceived reasons why graduates left employment. The findings concluded that the respondent populations were in general agreement as to their perceptions. Employers and teachers agreed more frequently regarding their perceptions as to the extent graduates possessed these non-technical employment qualities and the extent to which graduates sought and received feedback. Graduates agreed more frequently with the employers as to their rankings of the qualities needed, but there was great disagreement between graduates, and their employers as to the number of qualities possessed and the amount of feedback sought. Employers and teachers disagreed more frequently in their rankings as to which qualities were the most important. The principle implication of this research for education with regard to these populations is that a close relationship between employers and the instructors preparing graduates for employment is imperative. The principle research recommendation entails further inquiry into the specific behaviors that demonstrate the possession of these skills and that would prevent employment termination. Close

• 14. [Article] Right Directions, Wrong Maps: Understanding the Involvement of Low-SES African American Parents to Enlist Them as Partners in College Choice

  While research extols the benefits of parent involvement in college choice, low SES African American parents are increasingly less able to match the efforts of wealthier parents. A qualitative methodology ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Right Directions, Wrong Maps: Understanding the Involvement of Low-SES African American Parents to Enlist Them as Partners in College Choice Author: Smith, Michael J. Year: 2009 While research extols the benefits of parent involvement in college choice, low SES African American parents are increasingly less able to match the efforts of wealthier parents. A qualitative methodology is used to explore the lives 5 urban African American single parents whose low-SES parents encouraged education for postsecondary advancement. The study found that the high school diploma was the normative credential for upward mobility in their communities. Their parents used narratives of struggle to encourage their children while utilizing maps that helped navigate the road towards a high school diploma. It concludes that a high level of involvement already exists in these families albeit for different goals than those of mainstream America. It suggests that in order to convert postsecondary planning into college choice participation the Academy must assume that these parents want their children to use education to succeed, must bring them into college choice long before their children enter high school, and must simultaneously deliver critical college knowledge by co-constructing maps of all the necessary college preparatory protocols, college benefits, and a description of financial aid. Title: Right Directions, Wrong Maps: Understanding the Involvement of Low-SES African American Parents to Enlist Them as Partners in College Choice Author: Smith, Michael J. Year: 2009 While research extols the benefits of parent involvement in college choice, low SES African American parents are increasingly less able to match the efforts of wealthier parents. A qualitative methodology is used to explore the lives 5 urban African American single parents whose low-SES parents encouraged education for postsecondary advancement. The study found that the high school diploma was the normative credential for upward mobility in their communities. Their parents used narratives of struggle to encourage their children while utilizing maps that helped navigate the road towards a high school diploma. It concludes that a high level of involvement already exists in these families albeit for different goals than those of mainstream America. It suggests that in order to convert postsecondary planning into college choice participation the Academy must assume that these parents want their children to use education to succeed, must bring them into college choice long before their children enter high school, and must simultaneously deliver critical college knowledge by co-constructing maps of all the necessary college preparatory protocols, college benefits, and a description of financial aid. Close

• 15. [Article] The crisis in housing for the poor : homelessness

  The purpose is to investigate the number, causes, services denied, and reasons for denial of services to homeless families with children--single parent families (female and male) and couples--in a tri-county ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The crisis in housing for the poor : homelessness Author: Taffesse, Hanna The purpose is to investigate the number, causes, services denied, and reasons for denial of services to homeless families with children--single parent families (female and male) and couples--in a tri-county region, Linn, Benton and Lincoln counties, Oregon. The data for this study were obtained from monthly survey forms (July 1992- December 1995) completed by Linn, Benton, and Lincoln county agencies funded by the Community Services Consortium (CSC). In fiscal years 1993-1995, the homeless and at risk of homelessness family population (n=2825) received assistance in the form of emergency shelter, transitional housing, motel/hotel voucher, information and referral, case management, crisis intervention, meals, rent mortgage assistance, and utility assistance. The analysis includes descriptive and inferential statistics, chi-square. The number of homeless families served yearly over a three year period beginning July 1, 1992-June 30, 1995 did not differ. There was also no difference (p=.258) in the number of homeless families served by family type. The causes of homelessness in Linn, Benton and Lincoln counties were multiple. Single female parent families most self reported cause was domestic violence (52.71%). Lack of affordable housing and (40.96% and 26.07%, respectively) unemployment (21.69% and 27.15%, respectively) were the more frequent self reported causes of homelessness for single male parent families and couples with children. The three services most denied to homeless families had to do with shelter--emergency shelter (n=234), rent and mortgage assistance (n=181), and motel/hotel voucher (n=83). The two reasons given most frequently by agencies for the denial of services to homeless families were that the shelter was full (47.21%) and program was out of funds (23.04%). The findings of this study will benefit government and non profit organizations, including churches, for the opportunity to better supply the types of services needed, by improved allocation and use of funds, and to organize volunteers. By doing this they can help homeless families regain independence as quickly as possible to become healthy and productive citizens. Title: The crisis in housing for the poor : homelessness Author: Taffesse, Hanna The purpose is to investigate the number, causes, services denied, and reasons for denial of services to homeless families with children--single parent families (female and male) and couples--in a tri-county region, Linn, Benton and Lincoln counties, Oregon. The data for this study were obtained from monthly survey forms (July 1992- December 1995) completed by Linn, Benton, and Lincoln county agencies funded by the Community Services Consortium (CSC). In fiscal years 1993-1995, the homeless and at risk of homelessness family population (n=2825) received assistance in the form of emergency shelter, transitional housing, motel/hotel voucher, information and referral, case management, crisis intervention, meals, rent mortgage assistance, and utility assistance. The analysis includes descriptive and inferential statistics, chi-square. The number of homeless families served yearly over a three year period beginning July 1, 1992-June 30, 1995 did not differ. There was also no difference (p=.258) in the number of homeless families served by family type. The causes of homelessness in Linn, Benton and Lincoln counties were multiple. Single female parent families most self reported cause was domestic violence (52.71%). Lack of affordable housing and (40.96% and 26.07%, respectively) unemployment (21.69% and 27.15%, respectively) were the more frequent self reported causes of homelessness for single male parent families and couples with children. The three services most denied to homeless families had to do with shelter--emergency shelter (n=234), rent and mortgage assistance (n=181), and motel/hotel voucher (n=83). The two reasons given most frequently by agencies for the denial of services to homeless families were that the shelter was full (47.21%) and program was out of funds (23.04%). The findings of this study will benefit government and non profit organizations, including churches, for the opportunity to better supply the types of services needed, by improved allocation and use of funds, and to organize volunteers. By doing this they can help homeless families regain independence as quickly as possible to become healthy and productive citizens. Close

• 16. [Article] Stress among working women : an examination of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships

  Since the industrial revolution, work and family have been viewed as separate spheres, with women relegated to the family sphere. With the advent of women into the paid labor force, few studies have considered the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stress among working women : an examination of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Since the industrial revolution, work and family have been viewed as separate spheres, with women relegated to the family sphere. With the advent of women into the paid labor force, few studies have considered the potentially complex context of women's work and family experiences. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships on women workers' perceptions of stress. The sample for this study included 379 women dental assistants and hygienists who responded to mailed questionnaires sent to the dental offices where they worked. The dependent variables used in this analysis were mental stress, physical stress, and four social stress items. Analysis of variance was performed for the family structure groups on physical, mental, and social stress items. Single parents and parents in general were especially stressed in terms of financial stress and marital stress. The second series of analyses included t-tests on stress by occupation. Dental assistants had more financial stress than hygienists. Hygienists had more mental stress than assistants. Workplace relationships were assessed in the full regression models. Frequency of talking with fellow workers was strongly and positively associated with financial problems. The full regression models supported the findings in earlier analyses that tensions from children and financial problems were associated with the presence of children in the home. The findings in this study suggest that for women workers, work and family do not occupy separate spheres. Women workers think about family matters at the workplace and discuss them with their other women workers. Further research needs to focus on women workers, especially those in traditionally female occupations, and the work and family connections for these workers. Title: Stress among working women : an examination of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Since the industrial revolution, work and family have been viewed as separate spheres, with women relegated to the family sphere. With the advent of women into the paid labor force, few studies have considered the potentially complex context of women's work and family experiences. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships on women workers' perceptions of stress. The sample for this study included 379 women dental assistants and hygienists who responded to mailed questionnaires sent to the dental offices where they worked. The dependent variables used in this analysis were mental stress, physical stress, and four social stress items. Analysis of variance was performed for the family structure groups on physical, mental, and social stress items. Single parents and parents in general were especially stressed in terms of financial stress and marital stress. The second series of analyses included t-tests on stress by occupation. Dental assistants had more financial stress than hygienists. Hygienists had more mental stress than assistants. Workplace relationships were assessed in the full regression models. Frequency of talking with fellow workers was strongly and positively associated with financial problems. The full regression models supported the findings in earlier analyses that tensions from children and financial problems were associated with the presence of children in the home. The findings in this study suggest that for women workers, work and family do not occupy separate spheres. Women workers think about family matters at the workplace and discuss them with their other women workers. Further research needs to focus on women workers, especially those in traditionally female occupations, and the work and family connections for these workers. Close

• 17. [Article] Forging their way : the experience of single fathers on a community college campus

  The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of single fathers attending a community college. Single fathers comprise one-fifth of all single parent families, yet little research has been ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forging their way : the experience of single fathers on a community college campus Author: Cook, Tim S. The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of single fathers attending a community college. Single fathers comprise one-fifth of all single parent families, yet little research has been done on this growing segment of the population. A phenomenological approach was utilized to examine the attributes, needs, and challenges facing single fathers who were community college students. Seven single fathers attending a community college in the Northwest participated in this study. The fathers had primary responsibility for raising their children, had been enrolled at least half-time, and were attending the college for a minimum of one year. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews and a focus group. Seven main themes emerged from the data: 1) Ambivalence, 2) Stability, 3) Finding support, 4) Mattering, 5) Success Factors, 6) Barriers, and 7) How the college can assist single father students. Three factors were identified as a result of the study. (1) Attending community college improved family relationships. The flexibility of class scheduling allowed the fathers to spend more time with their children. (2) The experience of single fathers and single mothers attending community college are remarkably similar, with the exception of how each accessed support networks. Single fathers were much less likely to initially identify and utilize support networks. (3) How single fathers viewed their identity and their definition of masculinity changed. Prior to attending community college, their primary identity was related to their work. As students, their identity shifted to being recognized as good students and good fathers. Title: Forging their way : the experience of single fathers on a community college campus Author: Cook, Tim S. The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of single fathers attending a community college. Single fathers comprise one-fifth of all single parent families, yet little research has been done on this growing segment of the population. A phenomenological approach was utilized to examine the attributes, needs, and challenges facing single fathers who were community college students. Seven single fathers attending a community college in the Northwest participated in this study. The fathers had primary responsibility for raising their children, had been enrolled at least half-time, and were attending the college for a minimum of one year. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews and a focus group. Seven main themes emerged from the data: 1) Ambivalence, 2) Stability, 3) Finding support, 4) Mattering, 5) Success Factors, 6) Barriers, and 7) How the college can assist single father students. Three factors were identified as a result of the study. (1) Attending community college improved family relationships. The flexibility of class scheduling allowed the fathers to spend more time with their children. (2) The experience of single fathers and single mothers attending community college are remarkably similar, with the exception of how each accessed support networks. Single fathers were much less likely to initially identify and utilize support networks. (3) How single fathers viewed their identity and their definition of masculinity changed. Prior to attending community college, their primary identity was related to their work. As students, their identity shifted to being recognized as good students and good fathers. Close

• 18. [Article] The Adoption History Project

  Website preserved as 865 page interactive pdf.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Adoption History Project Author: Herman, Ellen Year: 2017, 2003 Website preserved as 865 page interactive pdf. Title: The Adoption History Project Author: Herman, Ellen Year: 2017, 2003 Website preserved as 865 page interactive pdf. Close

• 19. [Article] Daycare Center Selection using Hierarchical Decision Model

  One of the most important decision that families will ever make is choosing the best kind of day care for their children. This decision is faced by many as the number of dual-income and single parent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Daycare Center Selection using Hierarchical Decision Model Author: Chavarria, Maria Year: 2017 One of the most important decision that families will ever make is choosing the best kind of day care for their children. This decision is faced by many as the number of dual-income and single parent households, and maternal employment continues to grow in the United States(US Census Bureau, 2013). Working parents are looking for an alternative that will provide the same quality care for their children in their absence. The objective of this paper is to develop a decision framework that can be used by families in the selection of a daycare center for their children. A hierarchical decision model (HDM) was developed in which experts actively participated during the model development stage as well as provided judgments using weights for the criteria, subcriteria, and alternatives, using pairwise comparisons among the decision elements. Four prospective daycare centers are identified as alternatives. Common elements of daycare centers are identified and used as criteria and sub-criteria. Findings from this research show that staff qualification and program reputation are the top two indicators that influence the decision making process in choosing a daycare center, followed by a tie between base cost, health policy, and curriculum. Findings from the case study used in this research resulted to the identification of the top alternative (Daycare Center N1) from the quantified expert judgments, both collectively and individually. But how robust is this result? Unfortunately, robustness check was not implemented in this research paper due to limitations in terms of time and resources. For future study, a sensitivity analysis of the model is recommended. Title: Daycare Center Selection using Hierarchical Decision Model Author: Chavarria, Maria Year: 2017 One of the most important decision that families will ever make is choosing the best kind of day care for their children. This decision is faced by many as the number of dual-income and single parent households, and maternal employment continues to grow in the United States(US Census Bureau, 2013). Working parents are looking for an alternative that will provide the same quality care for their children in their absence. The objective of this paper is to develop a decision framework that can be used by families in the selection of a daycare center for their children. A hierarchical decision model (HDM) was developed in which experts actively participated during the model development stage as well as provided judgments using weights for the criteria, subcriteria, and alternatives, using pairwise comparisons among the decision elements. Four prospective daycare centers are identified as alternatives. Common elements of daycare centers are identified and used as criteria and sub-criteria. Findings from this research show that staff qualification and program reputation are the top two indicators that influence the decision making process in choosing a daycare center, followed by a tie between base cost, health policy, and curriculum. Findings from the case study used in this research resulted to the identification of the top alternative (Daycare Center N1) from the quantified expert judgments, both collectively and individually. But how robust is this result? Unfortunately, robustness check was not implemented in this research paper due to limitations in terms of time and resources. For future study, a sensitivity analysis of the model is recommended. Close

• 20. [Article] The effects of career planning on self-concept and academic achievement of at-risk middle school students in an urban public school environment

  The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a six-week career planning dropout prevention program on the self-concepts and academic achievement of at-risk middle school students in an inner-city ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of career planning on self-concept and academic achievement of at-risk middle school students in an urban public school environment Author: Casey, Michael Winfield The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a six-week career planning dropout prevention program on the self-concepts and academic achievement of at-risk middle school students in an inner-city public school environment. The research population consisted of 1,434 students (grades seven, eight and nine) attending an inner city public junior high school in south-central Los Angeles, California. The selection of the research site and sample was based on the assumption that the student population met the criteria and demographic profile of at-risk students: Students are from low-income and/or single parent families; have low achievement scores in reading and mathematics; exhibit a high incidence of truancy, absenteeism and teenage pregnancy; have low career aspirations and plans; and exhibit other related characteristics of at-risk students. The study was conducted from September, 1993 to January, 1994 (fall semester, 1993). All students were selected by random procedure from grades seven, eight and nine. The experimental group consisted of 195 students enrolled in a woodworking class. The control group consisted of 1,239 students who were not enrolled in a woodworking class but were enrolled in other elective classes. The experimental treatment consisted of a six week career planning dropout prevention program. The career planning dropout prevention program was infused into the 20-week woodworking class during the 6th through 12th week, and consisted of seven interrelated topics and lesson plans. The objectives of the study were to research and explore career interests and options, and to construct personal career planning portfolios for students in the experimental group. It was concluded that: a) There were no significant differences between pre and post measures of self-concept in the experimental group, b) There was no significant difference in the pre and post academic achievement scores between the control and experimental groups, c) There was a substantial increase int he academic achievement scores of the experimental group, but this increase did not equal or exceed the alpha value. Title: The effects of career planning on self-concept and academic achievement of at-risk middle school students in an urban public school environment Author: Casey, Michael Winfield The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a six-week career planning dropout prevention program on the self-concepts and academic achievement of at-risk middle school students in an inner-city public school environment. The research population consisted of 1,434 students (grades seven, eight and nine) attending an inner city public junior high school in south-central Los Angeles, California. The selection of the research site and sample was based on the assumption that the student population met the criteria and demographic profile of at-risk students: Students are from low-income and/or single parent families; have low achievement scores in reading and mathematics; exhibit a high incidence of truancy, absenteeism and teenage pregnancy; have low career aspirations and plans; and exhibit other related characteristics of at-risk students. The study was conducted from September, 1993 to January, 1994 (fall semester, 1993). All students were selected by random procedure from grades seven, eight and nine. The experimental group consisted of 195 students enrolled in a woodworking class. The control group consisted of 1,239 students who were not enrolled in a woodworking class but were enrolled in other elective classes. The experimental treatment consisted of a six week career planning dropout prevention program. The career planning dropout prevention program was infused into the 20-week woodworking class during the 6th through 12th week, and consisted of seven interrelated topics and lesson plans. The objectives of the study were to research and explore career interests and options, and to construct personal career planning portfolios for students in the experimental group. It was concluded that: a) There were no significant differences between pre and post measures of self-concept in the experimental group, b) There was no significant difference in the pre and post academic achievement scores between the control and experimental groups, c) There was a substantial increase int he academic achievement scores of the experimental group, but this increase did not equal or exceed the alpha value. Close

• 21. [Article] Selected risk factors contribute to homelessness among youth: a comparative study of Chile and the United States

  Youth who are at-risk of homelessness are placed into jeopardizing situations because they are often pushed toward the outer edges of society, disconnected from healthy support networks, involved in illegal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selected risk factors contribute to homelessness among youth: a comparative study of Chile and the United States Author: Minks, Kelly Youth who are at-risk of homelessness are placed into jeopardizing situations because they are often pushed toward the outer edges of society, disconnected from healthy support networks, involved in illegal activities, and their chances of having successful futures are, in turn, diminished. The goals of this project were to: review current literature of homelessness among youth in the United States and Chile and identify parallel risk factors occurring in both countries; determine causes and effects of selected risk factors; and identify methods cited in the literature that may prevent the occurrence of selected risk factors, and provide them to one social welfare agency in each of the two countries (SEDEJ and JSYSI). In order to identify these risk factors, I chose to conduct a literature review which resulted in the following: substance abuse, lack of education, single parent household, low social class, childhood abuse, mental illness, involvement in criminal activity, and lack of healthy support networks. I subsequently decided to conduct interviews with Chilean and American social workers so that I could determine whether the literature corresponded with actual experience. These interviews proved there to be a strong correlation between the literature and experiences that the social workers have had while working with youth who are at-risk of homelessness. Although I discovered many parallels in my research about the populations of at-risk youth in Chile and the United States, I also observed several differences that clearly relate to the cultural values that are distinct to each of these countries. Title: Selected risk factors contribute to homelessness among youth: a comparative study of Chile and the United States Author: Minks, Kelly Youth who are at-risk of homelessness are placed into jeopardizing situations because they are often pushed toward the outer edges of society, disconnected from healthy support networks, involved in illegal activities, and their chances of having successful futures are, in turn, diminished. The goals of this project were to: review current literature of homelessness among youth in the United States and Chile and identify parallel risk factors occurring in both countries; determine causes and effects of selected risk factors; and identify methods cited in the literature that may prevent the occurrence of selected risk factors, and provide them to one social welfare agency in each of the two countries (SEDEJ and JSYSI). In order to identify these risk factors, I chose to conduct a literature review which resulted in the following: substance abuse, lack of education, single parent household, low social class, childhood abuse, mental illness, involvement in criminal activity, and lack of healthy support networks. I subsequently decided to conduct interviews with Chilean and American social workers so that I could determine whether the literature corresponded with actual experience. These interviews proved there to be a strong correlation between the literature and experiences that the social workers have had while working with youth who are at-risk of homelessness. Although I discovered many parallels in my research about the populations of at-risk youth in Chile and the United States, I also observed several differences that clearly relate to the cultural values that are distinct to each of these countries. Close

• 22. [Article] Factors related to the use of pediatricians as resources for child behavior problems

  All parents experience some problems with their children and may look to various parenting resources for guidance and reassurance (Stoltz, 1967). The literature on the problems parents experience, including ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors related to the use of pediatricians as resources for child behavior problems Author: Jones, Laura Lynn All parents experience some problems with their children and may look to various parenting resources for guidance and reassurance (Stoltz, 1967). The literature on the problems parents experience, including tantrums, bedwetting, whining/crying, has not comprehensively explored the range and co-occurrence of child behavior problems across all ages (Kanoy and Schroeder, 1985). Many resources are available to parents experiencing difficulties; these include books and magazines, parenting classes, and other health professionals. The role of the pediatrician as a resource for information and guidance has received minimal attention. Two hundred parents and ten pediatricians served as respondents in this study. Of the parents, 94% were female and 97% were white. Ages of the children ranged from 9 months to 13 years. The parents' questionnaire explored the types of child behavior problems perceived by parents, their attitudes concerning the use of resources including the pediatrician, and demographic information about the structure of the family. The pediatricians themselves reported on their backgrounds and their attitudes about providing parenting assistance. A principal components factor analysis reveals that the child behavior problems group into two factors. Assertiveness includes problems such as talking back and destructiveness. Reliance includes problems during mealtime and bedtime. Age is related to assertiveness and reliance; in general younger children are viewed by their parents as more assertive and more reliant (ANOVA for assertiveness, F = 2.34, df = 4, E < .05) (ANOVA for reliance, F = 4.11, df = 4, p < .01). Families with lower income and single parent families reported more assertive children as well. The next step of data analysis was to examine the resources parents use when faced with child behavior problems. Relatives (99%) are the most frequently used resources. Consulting friends (98%) and reading books and magazines (93%) were also frequently reported. However, when parents were asked the value of resources, the pediatrician was ranked as the most valuable. Pediatrician characteristics, including the number of years in practice and number of patients per day, are positively related to the parents' rating of pediatricians as a valued resource for parenting information. It appears that parents tend to consult resources, not solely on value, but instead on convenience. Characteristics of the pediatricians' background and work schedules seem to influence how valuable their guidance is to parents. This study answers the questions of which problems occur together, and which resources are used by parents to aid them with child behavior problems. The results provide valuable information for pediatricians and other family health professionals interested in becoming more active in "well-child" work. Title: Factors related to the use of pediatricians as resources for child behavior problems Author: Jones, Laura Lynn All parents experience some problems with their children and may look to various parenting resources for guidance and reassurance (Stoltz, 1967). The literature on the problems parents experience, including tantrums, bedwetting, whining/crying, has not comprehensively explored the range and co-occurrence of child behavior problems across all ages (Kanoy and Schroeder, 1985). Many resources are available to parents experiencing difficulties; these include books and magazines, parenting classes, and other health professionals. The role of the pediatrician as a resource for information and guidance has received minimal attention. Two hundred parents and ten pediatricians served as respondents in this study. Of the parents, 94% were female and 97% were white. Ages of the children ranged from 9 months to 13 years. The parents' questionnaire explored the types of child behavior problems perceived by parents, their attitudes concerning the use of resources including the pediatrician, and demographic information about the structure of the family. The pediatricians themselves reported on their backgrounds and their attitudes about providing parenting assistance. A principal components factor analysis reveals that the child behavior problems group into two factors. Assertiveness includes problems such as talking back and destructiveness. Reliance includes problems during mealtime and bedtime. Age is related to assertiveness and reliance; in general younger children are viewed by their parents as more assertive and more reliant (ANOVA for assertiveness, F = 2.34, df = 4, E < .05) (ANOVA for reliance, F = 4.11, df = 4, p < .01). Families with lower income and single parent families reported more assertive children as well. The next step of data analysis was to examine the resources parents use when faced with child behavior problems. Relatives (99%) are the most frequently used resources. Consulting friends (98%) and reading books and magazines (93%) were also frequently reported. However, when parents were asked the value of resources, the pediatrician was ranked as the most valuable. Pediatrician characteristics, including the number of years in practice and number of patients per day, are positively related to the parents' rating of pediatricians as a valued resource for parenting information. It appears that parents tend to consult resources, not solely on value, but instead on convenience. Characteristics of the pediatricians' background and work schedules seem to influence how valuable their guidance is to parents. This study answers the questions of which problems occur together, and which resources are used by parents to aid them with child behavior problems. The results provide valuable information for pediatricians and other family health professionals interested in becoming more active in "well-child" work. Close

• 23. [Article] Fantasy in stories spontaneously told by two relatively privileged groups of preschoolers

  The purpose of this investigation was to duplicate the methodology of the Pitcher and Prelinger (1963) study, using their theoretical framework and category system, to examine the cultural impact upon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fantasy in stories spontaneously told by two relatively privileged groups of preschoolers Author: Lai, Shirley Tak Yan The purpose of this investigation was to duplicate the methodology of the Pitcher and Prelinger (1963) study, using their theoretical framework and category system, to examine the cultural impact upon the development of a group of socioeconomically disadvantaged preschool children as reflected in their fantasy products, specifically in their spontaneously told stories. The results for this disadvantaged group were analyzed separately, and were compared, where possible, with the Pitcher and Prelinger data on a socioeconomically privileged group of children. The general assumption underlying the hypotheses is that experiences due to cultural impact will be differentially expressed in the fantasy products of two socioeconomically different groups of children and will be reflected in their spontaneously told stories. The three null hypotheses formulated to test for differences within the less privileged group were: formal aspects of the stories, which presumably represent the child's ego structure, do not differ for boys and girls of the two age groups; story contents, which presumably represent the range of experience stored in the child, are independent of age, sex, and number of parents; and, the predominant psychosocial issue in the stories do not differ for boys and girls of the two age groups. The hypotheses formulated for comparison of the two different socioeconomic groups were: formal story aspects and psychosocial modalities do not differ for privilege group; and, story contents are independent of privilege group. The data (60 stories) were collected by the investigator using Jung's "free association" method and were rated by three judges using the Pitcher and Prelinger category system. Satisfactory interjudge reliability agreement was established on the ratings. Analysis of variance and the x² test of independence were used to analyze the data for tests within the less privileged group; whereas, analysis for the comparison of the two groups, with the exception of one modified x² test, had to be carried out on the basis of inspection alone due to the particular manner in which Pitcher and Prelinger reported their data. Stories were collected from 30 socioeconomically disadvantaged three- and four-year-old children enrolled in a United-Fund-supported day nursery in Portland, Oregon in the summer of 1964. The subjects, designated as socioeconomically disadvantaged (or less privileged) children were from families for whom the median annual take-home income is $3234.00; 53% of the sample were from single-parent families and 47% were from two-parent families; and, 21% of the parents had college or graduate education while 79% had high school education. The socioeconomically privileged subjects of the Pitcher and Prelinger study were from two-parent families of professional people, attended exclusive private nursery schools, and 60% of them showed superior capacity on intelligence tests. The results obtained within the less privileged group indicated that interaction of sex and age accounts for the significant difference in formal aspects as well as in relevant material on psychosocial modalities expressed in the stories; and, that the choice of the two major themes in the story contents category was dependent upon the sex of the child. Outstanding differences on the means for the sex and age groups were described and discussed. Findings on the comparison of data for the two relatively privileged groups showed that choice of themes in the stories was dependent on socioeconomic (privilege) group; the privileged group used themes reflecting socialization more often than the less privileged group and the less privileged group used themes centering in the self more often. Outstanding differences in the group means for the two relatively privileged groups were reported and discussed. Tentative explanations of the results in light of socio-cultural factors were considered and obvious weaknesses of the study were pointed up. It was concluded that fantasy products, in the form of spontaneously told stories, for the two relatively privileged socioeconomic groups of preschoolers do, at least to some degree, differentially reflect socio-cultural impact on child development. Title: Fantasy in stories spontaneously told by two relatively privileged groups of preschoolers Author: Lai, Shirley Tak Yan The purpose of this investigation was to duplicate the methodology of the Pitcher and Prelinger (1963) study, using their theoretical framework and category system, to examine the cultural impact upon the development of a group of socioeconomically disadvantaged preschool children as reflected in their fantasy products, specifically in their spontaneously told stories. The results for this disadvantaged group were analyzed separately, and were compared, where possible, with the Pitcher and Prelinger data on a socioeconomically privileged group of children. The general assumption underlying the hypotheses is that experiences due to cultural impact will be differentially expressed in the fantasy products of two socioeconomically different groups of children and will be reflected in their spontaneously told stories. The three null hypotheses formulated to test for differences within the less privileged group were: formal aspects of the stories, which presumably represent the child's ego structure, do not differ for boys and girls of the two age groups; story contents, which presumably represent the range of experience stored in the child, are independent of age, sex, and number of parents; and, the predominant psychosocial issue in the stories do not differ for boys and girls of the two age groups. The hypotheses formulated for comparison of the two different socioeconomic groups were: formal story aspects and psychosocial modalities do not differ for privilege group; and, story contents are independent of privilege group. The data (60 stories) were collected by the investigator using Jung's "free association" method and were rated by three judges using the Pitcher and Prelinger category system. Satisfactory interjudge reliability agreement was established on the ratings. Analysis of variance and the x² test of independence were used to analyze the data for tests within the less privileged group; whereas, analysis for the comparison of the two groups, with the exception of one modified x² test, had to be carried out on the basis of inspection alone due to the particular manner in which Pitcher and Prelinger reported their data. Stories were collected from 30 socioeconomically disadvantaged three- and four-year-old children enrolled in a United-Fund-supported day nursery in Portland, Oregon in the summer of 1964. The subjects, designated as socioeconomically disadvantaged (or less privileged) children were from families for whom the median annual take-home income is $3234.00; 53% of the sample were from single-parent families and 47% were from two-parent families; and, 21% of the parents had college or graduate education while 79% had high school education. The socioeconomically privileged subjects of the Pitcher and Prelinger study were from two-parent families of professional people, attended exclusive private nursery schools, and 60% of them showed superior capacity on intelligence tests. The results obtained within the less privileged group indicated that interaction of sex and age accounts for the significant difference in formal aspects as well as in relevant material on psychosocial modalities expressed in the stories; and, that the choice of the two major themes in the story contents category was dependent upon the sex of the child. Outstanding differences on the means for the sex and age groups were described and discussed. Findings on the comparison of data for the two relatively privileged groups showed that choice of themes in the stories was dependent on socioeconomic (privilege) group; the privileged group used themes reflecting socialization more often than the less privileged group and the less privileged group used themes centering in the self more often. Outstanding differences in the group means for the two relatively privileged groups were reported and discussed. Tentative explanations of the results in light of socio-cultural factors were considered and obvious weaknesses of the study were pointed up. It was concluded that fantasy products, in the form of spontaneously told stories, for the two relatively privileged socioeconomic groups of preschoolers do, at least to some degree, differentially reflect socio-cultural impact on child development. Close

• 24. [Article] Supporting children who struggle with self-regulation : the role of early family risk and child care quality

  Children's early self-regulation skills have long-term implications for a variety of academic, social, and health outcomes. Unfortunately, children facing multiple family risk factors (e.g., harsh parenting, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Supporting children who struggle with self-regulation : the role of early family risk and child care quality Author: Pratt, Megan E. Children's early self-regulation skills have long-term implications for a variety of academic, social, and health outcomes. Unfortunately, children facing multiple family risk factors (e.g., harsh parenting, economic disadvantage) are more likely to struggle with early self-regulation. Despite early disparities in self-regulation, promising intervention evidence suggests that high quality prekindergarten experiences can improve children's self-regulation skills, especially for children with self-regulatory challenges. At this point, few studies have examined how children's self-regulation may differ according to the unique combinations of family risks they experience during their first three years of life. Furthermore, it remains largely unknown how children's experiences in typical early care and education settings relate to their self-regulation development. To address these gaps in the literature, this dissertation includes two studies focused on understanding children with low early self-regulation. The first study addressed how distinct combinations of family risk factors (i.e., family risk profiles), as experienced during the first three years of life, predicted children's self-regulation at 36-months. Person-centered analyses indicated children's family risk experiences were captured by three distinct family risk profiles: 1) low risk, 2) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/single parent (ICS), and 3) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/high parental harshness (ICH). Each of the three profiles predicted significant differences in children's early self-regulation, with children characterized by the profile including high harshness (ICH) exhibiting the lowest self-regulation skills. Study 2 examined how two dimensions of early care and education process quality (positivity/responsivity and cognitive stimulation) experienced during children's prekindergarten year predicted their subsequent self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten. This study also considered children's earlier self-regulation as a moderator of both quality dimensions. Results indicated that higher positivity/responsivity predicted stronger self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten for children with low early self-regulation, but not for the overall sample. Cognitive stimulation did not predict children's self-regulation in kindergarten, regardless of early self-regulation skills. Overall, findings from these studies help explain why some children struggle more with early self-regulation than others, and how high quality early care and education can support children's transition to kindergarten, particularly for children with low early self-regulation. Title: Supporting children who struggle with self-regulation : the role of early family risk and child care quality Author: Pratt, Megan E. Children's early self-regulation skills have long-term implications for a variety of academic, social, and health outcomes. Unfortunately, children facing multiple family risk factors (e.g., harsh parenting, economic disadvantage) are more likely to struggle with early self-regulation. Despite early disparities in self-regulation, promising intervention evidence suggests that high quality prekindergarten experiences can improve children's self-regulation skills, especially for children with self-regulatory challenges. At this point, few studies have examined how children's self-regulation may differ according to the unique combinations of family risks they experience during their first three years of life. Furthermore, it remains largely unknown how children's experiences in typical early care and education settings relate to their self-regulation development. To address these gaps in the literature, this dissertation includes two studies focused on understanding children with low early self-regulation. The first study addressed how distinct combinations of family risk factors (i.e., family risk profiles), as experienced during the first three years of life, predicted children's self-regulation at 36-months. Person-centered analyses indicated children's family risk experiences were captured by three distinct family risk profiles: 1) low risk, 2) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/single parent (ICS), and 3) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/high parental harshness (ICH). Each of the three profiles predicted significant differences in children's early self-regulation, with children characterized by the profile including high harshness (ICH) exhibiting the lowest self-regulation skills. Study 2 examined how two dimensions of early care and education process quality (positivity/responsivity and cognitive stimulation) experienced during children's prekindergarten year predicted their subsequent self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten. This study also considered children's earlier self-regulation as a moderator of both quality dimensions. Results indicated that higher positivity/responsivity predicted stronger self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten for children with low early self-regulation, but not for the overall sample. Cognitive stimulation did not predict children's self-regulation in kindergarten, regardless of early self-regulation skills. Overall, findings from these studies help explain why some children struggle more with early self-regulation than others, and how high quality early care and education can support children's transition to kindergarten, particularly for children with low early self-regulation. Close

• 25. [Article] Participation, persistence, and progression : motivating factors in the success of Hispanic community college students who moved from mastering English as a second language to a certificate or degree program

  This interpretive research sought to understand how eight Hispanic students who mastered English as a Second Language (ESL) matriculated at a rural community college, and what motivating factors encouraged ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Participation, persistence, and progression : motivating factors in the success of Hispanic community college students who moved from mastering English as a second language to a certificate or degree program Author: Bennett, Judith N This interpretive research sought to understand how eight Hispanic students who mastered English as a Second Language (ESL) matriculated at a rural community college, and what motivating factors encouraged or encumbered their academic persistence and success. Particularly the study focused on student backgrounds, motivations, and persistence factors influencing their success. Participants were chosen as follows: + Spanish is their first language. + English is their second language. + They are over the age of 21. + They are or were enrolled in a certificate or degree program. + They had earned at least 21 credits at a community college. + They had a grade point average of at least 2.0. In-depth student interviews, conversations with staff, and examination of student records supplied data for the progression of case records. Data analysis resulted in the generation of eight hypotheses for academic success: (a) participatory learning; (b) appropriate support system, such as developmental classes, tutoring services, and mentoring instructors; (c) trust in the educational system; (d) social integration, (e) English and Spanish language fluency; (0 use of personal and community resources to combat racism; (g) family support; and (h) financial backing. Redacted for Privacy Theoretical frameworks used for data collection and analysis primarily were those of Paulo Freire and Margaret Wheatley. Both espoused participatory learning and leadership. I also found the literature that focused on multiculturalism valuable. The study revealed that Hispanic ESL students persisted despite major obstacles which might have been devastating. They had ethnic bias to overcome and the need to master the English language. Some were working single parents, some in full-time jobs. The initiative to become economically self-sufficient and to maintain a strong trust in education empowered students to persist and succeed. Participants supplied proof that Hispanic ESL students can succeed in community college when there is an appropriate support system. The study suggests that although the elements for moving toward multiculturalism are being put in place, they are not, as yet, attaining the necessary synthesis. The criteria for efficient use of participatory learning, improved curricula and environment, and administration committed to developing self-efficacy of ESL students are necessary conditions for success. Title: Participation, persistence, and progression : motivating factors in the success of Hispanic community college students who moved from mastering English as a second language to a certificate or degree program Author: Bennett, Judith N This interpretive research sought to understand how eight Hispanic students who mastered English as a Second Language (ESL) matriculated at a rural community college, and what motivating factors encouraged or encumbered their academic persistence and success. Particularly the study focused on student backgrounds, motivations, and persistence factors influencing their success. Participants were chosen as follows: + Spanish is their first language. + English is their second language. + They are over the age of 21. + They are or were enrolled in a certificate or degree program. + They had earned at least 21 credits at a community college. + They had a grade point average of at least 2.0. In-depth student interviews, conversations with staff, and examination of student records supplied data for the progression of case records. Data analysis resulted in the generation of eight hypotheses for academic success: (a) participatory learning; (b) appropriate support system, such as developmental classes, tutoring services, and mentoring instructors; (c) trust in the educational system; (d) social integration, (e) English and Spanish language fluency; (0 use of personal and community resources to combat racism; (g) family support; and (h) financial backing. Redacted for Privacy Theoretical frameworks used for data collection and analysis primarily were those of Paulo Freire and Margaret Wheatley. Both espoused participatory learning and leadership. I also found the literature that focused on multiculturalism valuable. The study revealed that Hispanic ESL students persisted despite major obstacles which might have been devastating. They had ethnic bias to overcome and the need to master the English language. Some were working single parents, some in full-time jobs. The initiative to become economically self-sufficient and to maintain a strong trust in education empowered students to persist and succeed. Participants supplied proof that Hispanic ESL students can succeed in community college when there is an appropriate support system. The study suggests that although the elements for moving toward multiculturalism are being put in place, they are not, as yet, attaining the necessary synthesis. The criteria for efficient use of participatory learning, improved curricula and environment, and administration committed to developing self-efficacy of ESL students are necessary conditions for success. Close

• 26. [Article] Off to the (labor) market: Women, work, and welfare reform in 21st century American cities

  xvi, 307 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Off to the (labor) market: Women, work, and welfare reform in 21st century American cities Author: Haney, Timothy James, 1980- Year: 2010, 2009 xvi, 307 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: Off to the (labor) market: Women, work, and welfare reform in 21st century American cities Author: Haney, Timothy James, 1980- Year: 2010, 2009 xvi, 307 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 27. [Article] One-Child Families in Urban Dalian: A Case Study of the Consequences of Current Family Planning Practices in China

  xi, 94 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: One-Child Families in Urban Dalian: A Case Study of the Consequences of Current Family Planning Practices in China Author: Hou, Xueyuan, 1983- Year: 2009 xi, 94 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: One-Child Families in Urban Dalian: A Case Study of the Consequences of Current Family Planning Practices in China Author: Hou, Xueyuan, 1983- Year: 2009 xi, 94 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 28. [Article] Genesis of some soils in the central western Cascades of Oregon

  Soils representative of several landscape units in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Western Cascade Range, were sampled, analyzed, and tentatively classified. Genetic inferences were drawn relating ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Genesis of some soils in the central western Cascades of Oregon Author: Brown, R. B. Soils representative of several landscape units in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Western Cascade Range, were sampled, analyzed, and tentatively classified. Genetic inferences were drawn relating soils to landscape position and other factors of soil formation. Descriptive information and nutrient capital data were provided to support ecosystem modelling efforts by the Coniferous Forest Biome study group of the U. S./International Biological Program (IBP). To meet the "nutrient capital" requirements of IBP, and to gain insight particularly into the effects of coarse fragments on soil genesis, a volumetric approach was used. Soil organic matter, total N, extractable P, exchangeable cations, free Fe oxides, and cation exchange capacity were expressed in terms of weight or equivalents per unit volume of "whole soil," defined as organic and mineral fine earth components plus pore space plus coarse fragments. The various entities, in grams or equivalents per liter of whole soil, were observed as to their variation with depth. Additional calculations showed levels of the various entities per surface meter ³ of whole soil. Soil temperature data from several sites within the Andrews Forest showed the mesic-frigid soil temperature regime boundary to fall at about the 600 m (2, 000 ft) elevation on south slopes and at about the 450 m (1, 500 ft) elevation on north slopes. The frigidcryic boundary apparently was above the 1, 500 m (4,900 ft) elevation in the Andrews Forest. A sequence of three fluvial and two colluvial soils ranging in elevation from 440 to 460 m was studied in conjunction with concurrent IBP investigations into the geomorphic history of the area The soil on a floodplain adjacent to Lookout Creek, in the sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Hapludolls, was between 500 and 7, 000 yrs in age. The adjacent stream terrace soil, in the loamyskeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts, was > 7, 000 yrs old as evidenced Mazama pumice erposi tE-; on or near the surface of the terrace. Volumetric analysis suggested that the floodplain soil had a mollic epipedon largely by virtue of its high content of coarse fragments. The coarse fragments caused a concentration of soil organic matter and recycled cations into a smaller volume of fine earth as compared with the terrace soil, which was lower in coarse fragments. An alluvial-colluvial fan emanated from an adjacent slope and lapped onto the terrace. The soil in this fan was a member of the Fluventic Eutrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic. It was high in base status and moderately high in clay content, apparently because the southeast-facing source area for parent material here had experienced only shallow weathering and minimal leaching. Across Lookout Creek from these landscape units was a remnant of a high colluvial terrace emanating from a northwest-facing watershed. At the crest of this fan remnant the soil was a member of the loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts with a distinct layer of Mazama pumice at the 75 to 85 cm depth. This terrace is cut by the watershed stream, which has deposited a comparatively well sorted fan. Soils are in the coarseloamy, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts, Eight landscape units in longitudinal and transverse crosssections of upper McRae Creek valley, ranging in elevation from 800 to 1, 200 m, were chosen to study upland soil genesis. Proceeding up the valley, stage of profile development appeared to decrease, indicating a series of depositional events. Soils varied from Eutric Glossoboralfs, fine, mixed on the lowermost surface to Fluventic Dystrochrepts, fine-loamy, mixed, frigid on the next higher surface, to Fluventic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid on the next higher surface, to Typic Haplumbrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid on the backslope at the valley headwall. The two lowermost soils contrasted markedly with the two uppermost soils, being lower in content of organic matter and N, and higher in base status and clay content. The upper two soils, typical of upper valley bottom and sideslope soils in the region, were extremely low in exchangeable bases and base saturation as measured at pH 7. Compared with the two lower soils, however, these upper soils had relatively high soil: water pH values and relatively small drops in pH from soil:water to soil :KCI measurement. This may be an indication that the upper soils were higher in amorphous content. Greater pH-dependent-CEC would have caused the upper soils to exhibit unrealistically high CEO s--and thus low base saturations--when measured at pH 7. A topoclimosequence of soils on north, east (saddle), and south-facing landscape units with a single parent rock lithology was studied in the transverse valley transect. All three soils were placed tentatively in the Andic Dystrochrepts. The north-facing soil was in a medial - skeletal, frigid family, was the deepest to bedrock ( > 1 1/2 m), aria had the freshest coarse fragments of the three soils. The saddle and south-facing soils were in medial-skeletal, frigid and medial, frigid families, respectively. They were shallow ( <1 m) to saprolite bedrock, with well weathered coarse fragments in the regolith, demonstrating shallower, but apparently more intense weathering on the more exposed sites. These more exposed soils were darker in color than the north-facing soil. Soil organic matter levels were not strikingly different among the three soils. Soil N levels were significantly higher in the south-facing soil than in the east and north-facing soils. Levels of exchangeable bases, while low, were not as low in these three soils as in the upper valley bottom and backslope soils. Saprolite horizons had higher base saturations than overlying horizons. Title: Genesis of some soils in the central western Cascades of Oregon Author: Brown, R. B. Soils representative of several landscape units in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Western Cascade Range, were sampled, analyzed, and tentatively classified. Genetic inferences were drawn relating soils to landscape position and other factors of soil formation. Descriptive information and nutrient capital data were provided to support ecosystem modelling efforts by the Coniferous Forest Biome study group of the U. S./International Biological Program (IBP). To meet the "nutrient capital" requirements of IBP, and to gain insight particularly into the effects of coarse fragments on soil genesis, a volumetric approach was used. Soil organic matter, total N, extractable P, exchangeable cations, free Fe oxides, and cation exchange capacity were expressed in terms of weight or equivalents per unit volume of "whole soil," defined as organic and mineral fine earth components plus pore space plus coarse fragments. The various entities, in grams or equivalents per liter of whole soil, were observed as to their variation with depth. Additional calculations showed levels of the various entities per surface meter ³ of whole soil. Soil temperature data from several sites within the Andrews Forest showed the mesic-frigid soil temperature regime boundary to fall at about the 600 m (2, 000 ft) elevation on south slopes and at about the 450 m (1, 500 ft) elevation on north slopes. The frigidcryic boundary apparently was above the 1, 500 m (4,900 ft) elevation in the Andrews Forest. A sequence of three fluvial and two colluvial soils ranging in elevation from 440 to 460 m was studied in conjunction with concurrent IBP investigations into the geomorphic history of the area The soil on a floodplain adjacent to Lookout Creek, in the sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Hapludolls, was between 500 and 7, 000 yrs in age. The adjacent stream terrace soil, in the loamyskeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts, was > 7, 000 yrs old as evidenced Mazama pumice erposi tE-; on or near the surface of the terrace. Volumetric analysis suggested that the floodplain soil had a mollic epipedon largely by virtue of its high content of coarse fragments. The coarse fragments caused a concentration of soil organic matter and recycled cations into a smaller volume of fine earth as compared with the terrace soil, which was lower in coarse fragments. An alluvial-colluvial fan emanated from an adjacent slope and lapped onto the terrace. The soil in this fan was a member of the Fluventic Eutrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic. It was high in base status and moderately high in clay content, apparently because the southeast-facing source area for parent material here had experienced only shallow weathering and minimal leaching. Across Lookout Creek from these landscape units was a remnant of a high colluvial terrace emanating from a northwest-facing watershed. At the crest of this fan remnant the soil was a member of the loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts with a distinct layer of Mazama pumice at the 75 to 85 cm depth. This terrace is cut by the watershed stream, which has deposited a comparatively well sorted fan. Soils are in the coarseloamy, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts, Eight landscape units in longitudinal and transverse crosssections of upper McRae Creek valley, ranging in elevation from 800 to 1, 200 m, were chosen to study upland soil genesis. Proceeding up the valley, stage of profile development appeared to decrease, indicating a series of depositional events. Soils varied from Eutric Glossoboralfs, fine, mixed on the lowermost surface to Fluventic Dystrochrepts, fine-loamy, mixed, frigid on the next higher surface, to Fluventic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid on the next higher surface, to Typic Haplumbrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid on the backslope at the valley headwall. The two lowermost soils contrasted markedly with the two uppermost soils, being lower in content of organic matter and N, and higher in base status and clay content. The upper two soils, typical of upper valley bottom and sideslope soils in the region, were extremely low in exchangeable bases and base saturation as measured at pH 7. Compared with the two lower soils, however, these upper soils had relatively high soil: water pH values and relatively small drops in pH from soil:water to soil :KCI measurement. This may be an indication that the upper soils were higher in amorphous content. Greater pH-dependent-CEC would have caused the upper soils to exhibit unrealistically high CEO s--and thus low base saturations--when measured at pH 7. A topoclimosequence of soils on north, east (saddle), and south-facing landscape units with a single parent rock lithology was studied in the transverse valley transect. All three soils were placed tentatively in the Andic Dystrochrepts. The north-facing soil was in a medial - skeletal, frigid family, was the deepest to bedrock ( > 1 1/2 m), aria had the freshest coarse fragments of the three soils. The saddle and south-facing soils were in medial-skeletal, frigid and medial, frigid families, respectively. They were shallow ( <1 m) to saprolite bedrock, with well weathered coarse fragments in the regolith, demonstrating shallower, but apparently more intense weathering on the more exposed sites. These more exposed soils were darker in color than the north-facing soil. Soil organic matter levels were not strikingly different among the three soils. Soil N levels were significantly higher in the south-facing soil than in the east and north-facing soils. Levels of exchangeable bases, while low, were not as low in these three soils as in the upper valley bottom and backslope soils. Saprolite horizons had higher base saturations than overlying horizons. Close

• 29. [Article] A comparison of progeny testing methods and estimates of combining ability for seed yield and associated variables in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.)

  Eight genotypes of tall fescue were selected from a plant population consisting of 9000 individuals. Selection was based on early maturity, self-sterility, seed and forage potential, and nutritive value. Parental ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of progeny testing methods and estimates of combining ability for seed yield and associated variables in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Echeverri, Silvio Eight genotypes of tall fescue were selected from a plant population consisting of 9000 individuals. Selection was based on early maturity, self-sterility, seed and forage potential, and nutritive value. Parental clones, single cross, open pollinated, self pollinated and polycross seeds were organized into a randomized block experiment with five replications each of which contained 63 entries with ten plants to the entry. The distance between entry rows was three feet; plants within the entry were planted one foot apart. The experimental nursery was planted on October 11, 1961, at the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, Corvallis, Oregon. Alta and Kentucky 31 varieties were used as checks. Parchment bags were used to secure information on self sterility and seed production. Height, maturity, disease incidence, number of culms per plant, panicles not harvested and forage yield were also evaluated. Griffing's model 1, experimental method 4, was used to test both general and specific combining ability. Simple correlation coefficients were calculated to measure the association between characters and between progeny testing methods within characters. The height of F₁ progenies was positively correlated with the height of both the mean of the parents and the largest parent. Height was also correlated with the number of culms per plant and the stage of maturity before harvesting. The stage of maturity of the single crosses was positively correlated with the stage of maturity of both the mean of the parents and the largest parent. Either polycross or open pollination may be used for evaluating maturity with comparable results. Although there was an incidence of Helminthisporium dyctioides, it was not serious enough to affect markedly the general performance of the plants in the nursery. The number of culms per plant for single crosses was negatively correlated with the number of culms for both the mean of the parents and the smallest parent. The number of culms per plant was also correlated with seed yield. From parents to S₁ there was a reduction in the number per plant. Title: A comparison of progeny testing methods and estimates of combining ability for seed yield and associated variables in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Echeverri, Silvio Eight genotypes of tall fescue were selected from a plant population consisting of 9000 individuals. Selection was based on early maturity, self-sterility, seed and forage potential, and nutritive value. Parental clones, single cross, open pollinated, self pollinated and polycross seeds were organized into a randomized block experiment with five replications each of which contained 63 entries with ten plants to the entry. The distance between entry rows was three feet; plants within the entry were planted one foot apart. The experimental nursery was planted on October 11, 1961, at the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, Corvallis, Oregon. Alta and Kentucky 31 varieties were used as checks. Parchment bags were used to secure information on self sterility and seed production. Height, maturity, disease incidence, number of culms per plant, panicles not harvested and forage yield were also evaluated. Griffing's model 1, experimental method 4, was used to test both general and specific combining ability. Simple correlation coefficients were calculated to measure the association between characters and between progeny testing methods within characters. The height of F₁ progenies was positively correlated with the height of both the mean of the parents and the largest parent. Height was also correlated with the number of culms per plant and the stage of maturity before harvesting. The stage of maturity of the single crosses was positively correlated with the stage of maturity of both the mean of the parents and the largest parent. Either polycross or open pollination may be used for evaluating maturity with comparable results. Although there was an incidence of Helminthisporium dyctioides, it was not serious enough to affect markedly the general performance of the plants in the nursery. The number of culms per plant for single crosses was negatively correlated with the number of culms for both the mean of the parents and the smallest parent. The number of culms per plant was also correlated with seed yield. From parents to S₁ there was a reduction in the number per plant. Close

• 30. [Article] Heritabilities and associations of seed yield components and seed yield in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.)

  Estimates of heritability and associations of tiller number, seed number, seed weight, and seed yield were determined in two groups of tall fescue. Group E was early maturing and had eight parental clones, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heritabilities and associations of seed yield components and seed yield in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Thomas, Johnny Ray Estimates of heritability and associations of tiller number, seed number, seed weight, and seed yield were determined in two groups of tall fescue. Group E was early maturing and had eight parental clones, while group I was intermediate in maturity and had nine parental clones. The parents and five progeny groups were included in the study: first generation selfed progeny (S₁), open-pollinated progeny, polycross progeny, single-cross progeny, and selfed progeny from the single-crosses (F₂). Each entry consisted of ten plants in a nine foot row, with three feet between rows. The plants were established in the field in October 1962, in a randomized block design with four replications. Data were collected during the summers of 1963, 1964, and 1965. Group E plants had slightly higher seed yields than group I plants. This yield advantage was mainly the result of heavier seeds in group E. The parents and the open-pollinated, polycross, and single-cross progeny were generally highest in performance for all four characteristics, while the S₁ progeny were intermediate and the F₂ progeny were lowest in performance. The open-pollinated and polycross progeny were limited in their usefulness for evaluating breeding material since there were no significant differences among the open-pollinated progenies in 13 of 24 analyses of variance and there were no significant differences among the polycross progenies in 12 of 24 analyses of variance. Six methods (regression of the S₁ progeny on the parents, two times the regression of the open-pollinated progeny on the parents, two times the regression of the polycross progeny on the parents, regression of the single-cross progeny on the mid-parents, regression of the F₂ progeny on the mid-parents, and mean squares from the diallel analysis) of estimating heritability were compared for both populations. There were large differences in the heritability estimates among years and among methods. Two methods, 2([superscript b][subscript OP.P]) and [superscript b][subscript SX.MP'] generally resulted in higher heritability estimates than the other four methods. The "average heritability" (averaged across six methods and three years) for tiller number, seed number, seed weight, and seed yield were .187, .371, .506, and .193 respectively for group E and .567, .417, .622, and .374 for group I. The correlation and path-coefficient analysis for groups E and I indicated that tiller number had the largest direct effect in 1963, while seed number was most important in 1964 and both were equally important in 1965. Seed weight had relatively small effects all three years. All indirect effects were minor in both populations. The correlations and the direct and indirect effects for the parent, single-cross and F₂ generations were more variable and they were not always in agreement with the direct and indirect effects for the combined data of the parents and five progeny groups. There were large negative indirect effects in the individual generations which were not evident for the combined data of the parents and five progeny groups. Group E could be improved most by breeding for increased seed number while selection for yield would be most worthwhile in group I. However, maximum improvement could be made by combining the attributes of the two populations. The high seed weight of group E could be incorporated into group I and seed number of group E could be increased by crossing plants of group E with plants of group I. Title: Heritabilities and associations of seed yield components and seed yield in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Thomas, Johnny Ray Estimates of heritability and associations of tiller number, seed number, seed weight, and seed yield were determined in two groups of tall fescue. Group E was early maturing and had eight parental clones, while group I was intermediate in maturity and had nine parental clones. The parents and five progeny groups were included in the study: first generation selfed progeny (S₁), open-pollinated progeny, polycross progeny, single-cross progeny, and selfed progeny from the single-crosses (F₂). Each entry consisted of ten plants in a nine foot row, with three feet between rows. The plants were established in the field in October 1962, in a randomized block design with four replications. Data were collected during the summers of 1963, 1964, and 1965. Group E plants had slightly higher seed yields than group I plants. This yield advantage was mainly the result of heavier seeds in group E. The parents and the open-pollinated, polycross, and single-cross progeny were generally highest in performance for all four characteristics, while the S₁ progeny were intermediate and the F₂ progeny were lowest in performance. The open-pollinated and polycross progeny were limited in their usefulness for evaluating breeding material since there were no significant differences among the open-pollinated progenies in 13 of 24 analyses of variance and there were no significant differences among the polycross progenies in 12 of 24 analyses of variance. Six methods (regression of the S₁ progeny on the parents, two times the regression of the open-pollinated progeny on the parents, two times the regression of the polycross progeny on the parents, regression of the single-cross progeny on the mid-parents, regression of the F₂ progeny on the mid-parents, and mean squares from the diallel analysis) of estimating heritability were compared for both populations. There were large differences in the heritability estimates among years and among methods. Two methods, 2([superscript b][subscript OP.P]) and [superscript b][subscript SX.MP'] generally resulted in higher heritability estimates than the other four methods. The "average heritability" (averaged across six methods and three years) for tiller number, seed number, seed weight, and seed yield were .187, .371, .506, and .193 respectively for group E and .567, .417, .622, and .374 for group I. The correlation and path-coefficient analysis for groups E and I indicated that tiller number had the largest direct effect in 1963, while seed number was most important in 1964 and both were equally important in 1965. Seed weight had relatively small effects all three years. All indirect effects were minor in both populations. The correlations and the direct and indirect effects for the parent, single-cross and F₂ generations were more variable and they were not always in agreement with the direct and indirect effects for the combined data of the parents and five progeny groups. There were large negative indirect effects in the individual generations which were not evident for the combined data of the parents and five progeny groups. Group E could be improved most by breeding for increased seed number while selection for yield would be most worthwhile in group I. However, maximum improvement could be made by combining the attributes of the two populations. The high seed weight of group E could be incorporated into group I and seed number of group E could be increased by crossing plants of group E with plants of group I. Close

• 31. [Article] Heterosis and inbreeding in the progeney of genetically diverse parental clones of Festuca arundinacea Schreb

  The response of maturity, vigor, plant spread, plant height, three forage harvest yields, and total forage yield to heterosis and inbreeding was studied in tall fescue. Parent clones selected for diverse ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heterosis and inbreeding in the progeney of genetically diverse parental clones of Festuca arundinacea Schreb Author: Johnson, Blaine Earl The response of maturity, vigor, plant spread, plant height, three forage harvest yields, and total forage yield to heterosis and inbreeding was studied in tall fescue. Parent clones selected for diverse anthesis date, origin, and morphology were separated into two groups based on anthesis date, those having early maturity and those having late maturity. Parents, single-cross (SX), and first generation selfed (S₁) progeny were field evaluated. Parents, S₁, and SX progeny were space planted on a . 914 x 1.219 meter basis at the Hyslop Agronomy Field Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, in September, 1969. A randomized block design having four blocks and 14 plant rows as entries was used. Data were collected during the spring, summer, and fall of 1972. Single-cross progeny had a mean performance better than their midparents ' mean performance for all characteristics, with all differences significant except for plant height and third harvest forage yield. Single-cross progeny averaged 7. 03, 13. 18, 13. 50, 3. 89, 42. 93, 51. 72, 15. 14, and 37. 12 percent better than their midparents for maturity rating, vigor rating, plant spread, plant height, first, second, and third harvest forage yield, and forage yield, respectively. There was a greater frequency of individual single-crosses that exhibited significant heterosis in the early x late group than in either the early x early or late x late groups. In addition the average heterotic response of the early x late group was consistently greater than that of either of the other two groups. Thus it appears significant heterosis is more likely to occur, and is likely to be of a greater magnitude, in the progeny of parents having maturity differences, and presumably, greater genetic differences. Significant variation occurred among the single-cross maturity group means for all characteristics with the early x early single crosses most often being the better performers. Consequently the additional heterosis observed in the early x late group was usually insufficient to bring performance of this group up to that of the higher performing but less heterotic early x early single-crosses. This suggests heterosis may be of little practical importance. Inbreeding depression of S₁ progeny was significant for all characteristics. The inbreeding depression was of the greatest magnitude in the progeny of the early parents. Performance of early parents and early S₁ progeny was generally better than that of their late counterparts. Heritability estimates were high, particularly those obtained by regressing single-cross progeny on midparents, although two did not differ significantly from zero. The coefficients of determination for the same associations were likewise high, with over 70 percent of progeny variation being explained by linear association with parents for most characteristics. As superior progeny came from superior parents, this high degree of association suggests clonal evaluation may be an effective screening method in tall fescue. There was strong association among the characteristics of maturity rating, plant spread, plant height, first and third forage yield, and total forage yield, with the lowest of these coefficients of determination, R² = .6031, occurring between maturity rating and plant spread. Vigor rating, second harvest yield, seedling vigor index, and panicle number showed little association among themselves or among the other characteristics, with the highest association, R² = . 3599, occurring between panicle number and third harvest yield. Seed yield was moderately associated with forage characteristics, with R² values of about .5000, but showed no association with panicle number. Title: Heterosis and inbreeding in the progeney of genetically diverse parental clones of Festuca arundinacea Schreb Author: Johnson, Blaine Earl The response of maturity, vigor, plant spread, plant height, three forage harvest yields, and total forage yield to heterosis and inbreeding was studied in tall fescue. Parent clones selected for diverse anthesis date, origin, and morphology were separated into two groups based on anthesis date, those having early maturity and those having late maturity. Parents, single-cross (SX), and first generation selfed (S₁) progeny were field evaluated. Parents, S₁, and SX progeny were space planted on a . 914 x 1.219 meter basis at the Hyslop Agronomy Field Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, in September, 1969. A randomized block design having four blocks and 14 plant rows as entries was used. Data were collected during the spring, summer, and fall of 1972. Single-cross progeny had a mean performance better than their midparents ' mean performance for all characteristics, with all differences significant except for plant height and third harvest forage yield. Single-cross progeny averaged 7. 03, 13. 18, 13. 50, 3. 89, 42. 93, 51. 72, 15. 14, and 37. 12 percent better than their midparents for maturity rating, vigor rating, plant spread, plant height, first, second, and third harvest forage yield, and forage yield, respectively. There was a greater frequency of individual single-crosses that exhibited significant heterosis in the early x late group than in either the early x early or late x late groups. In addition the average heterotic response of the early x late group was consistently greater than that of either of the other two groups. Thus it appears significant heterosis is more likely to occur, and is likely to be of a greater magnitude, in the progeny of parents having maturity differences, and presumably, greater genetic differences. Significant variation occurred among the single-cross maturity group means for all characteristics with the early x early single crosses most often being the better performers. Consequently the additional heterosis observed in the early x late group was usually insufficient to bring performance of this group up to that of the higher performing but less heterotic early x early single-crosses. This suggests heterosis may be of little practical importance. Inbreeding depression of S₁ progeny was significant for all characteristics. The inbreeding depression was of the greatest magnitude in the progeny of the early parents. Performance of early parents and early S₁ progeny was generally better than that of their late counterparts. Heritability estimates were high, particularly those obtained by regressing single-cross progeny on midparents, although two did not differ significantly from zero. The coefficients of determination for the same associations were likewise high, with over 70 percent of progeny variation being explained by linear association with parents for most characteristics. As superior progeny came from superior parents, this high degree of association suggests clonal evaluation may be an effective screening method in tall fescue. There was strong association among the characteristics of maturity rating, plant spread, plant height, first and third forage yield, and total forage yield, with the lowest of these coefficients of determination, R² = .6031, occurring between maturity rating and plant spread. Vigor rating, second harvest yield, seedling vigor index, and panicle number showed little association among themselves or among the other characteristics, with the highest association, R² = . 3599, occurring between panicle number and third harvest yield. Seed yield was moderately associated with forage characteristics, with R² values of about .5000, but showed no association with panicle number. Close

• 32. [Article] An examination of seedling vigor and the effects of genetic diversity on response to heterosis in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)

  Response to heterosis for plant height, anthesis date, panicle number, seed yield, and fall vigor rating was determined in a tall. fescue group selected for diverse morphology, origin, and anthesis date. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An examination of seedling vigor and the effects of genetic diversity on response to heterosis in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Author: Moutray, Jim B., 1939- Response to heterosis for plant height, anthesis date, panicle number, seed yield, and fall vigor rating was determined in a tall. fescue group selected for diverse morphology, origin, and anthesis date. Parents, single-cross progeny (SX), and first generation selfed progeny (S₁) were included in the study. Each experimental plot consisted of 14 plants spaced three feet apart in a row with four feet between rows. Plants were established in the field in September, 1969, in a randomized block design with four replications. Data were collected during the summer and fall of 1970. Single-cross progeny were superior to parents with the exception of seed yield, with parents above S₁ progeny except in plant height. Single-crosses averaged 15. 36, 2. 60, 28.21, 24. 79, and 23. 04 percent above the mid-parent for plant height, early anthesis date, panicle number, seed yield, and fall vigor rating respectively. Single-crosses averaged 5.85 and 10.27 percent above the high-parent for panicle number and fall vigor rating respectively. Crosses between maturity groups resulted in the greatest heterosis above the mid-parent for all characteristics and above the high-parent for panicle number (117.50 percent of the high-parent). Early x early single-crosses were tallest (106. 49 percent of the high-parent) and had the most vegetative vigor (115. 36 percent of the high-parent). Indications are that crosses between parents of diverse morphology and origin result in a greater expression of heterosis than crosses among similar parents. Diverse anthesis date appears to increase response to heterosis. Vigor and associations among vigor characteristics were determined from single-cross and S₁ seed and seedlings. Respiration, germination, root and shoot growth, rate of growth, and unit growth characteristics were measured using a Gilson differential respirometer and a seed germinator. For most seed and seedling vigor characteristics S₁ 's and SX's were very similar. Early S₁ and early x early SX groups were consistently more vigorous than late S₁ and late x late SX groups with the early x late SX group intermediate between early x early and late x late SX groups for all seedling vigor characteristics. Root length and vigor index were two of the better indicators of early seedling vigor, with vigor index favored because it takes less time to measure and requires less space. Selection on the basis of vigor index should be an effective laboratory method of screening for higher seedling vigor in tall fescue. There was a significant association between most seed and seedling vigor characteristics in SX's and S₁'s, and most seed and seedling vigor characteristics were associated with from one to three mature plant characteristics, most often fall vigor rating. Three methods of selection for high and low seedling vigor (seed weight, head selection on shoot length, and emergence from deep seeding) resulted in small changes in seed weight and vigor index of progeny. Clones from a population with low seed weight and seedling vigor were self-pollinated and topcrossed to a source with high seed weight and seedling vigor. Positive associations between topcrosses and S₁'s for seed weight and vigor index suggests a lack of appreciable heterosis for these characteristics. The association of forage and seed yield was studied in duplicate populations of parents and five progeny groups. These were: first generation selfed (S₁), open-pollinated OP), polycross (PX), single-cross (SX), and selfed single-cross (F ). Nurseries were planted in a randomized block design with four replications, with harvests made during the spring and summer of 1969. There were significant associations of forage and seed yield in four progeny groups with no association in parents and polycross progeny. The highest correlation occurred in the S₁ progeny (r .794). High forage and seed yields in certain OP, PX, and SX progenies indicate the possibility of breeding for both characteristics simultaneously. Title: An examination of seedling vigor and the effects of genetic diversity on response to heterosis in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Author: Moutray, Jim B., 1939- Response to heterosis for plant height, anthesis date, panicle number, seed yield, and fall vigor rating was determined in a tall. fescue group selected for diverse morphology, origin, and anthesis date. Parents, single-cross progeny (SX), and first generation selfed progeny (S₁) were included in the study. Each experimental plot consisted of 14 plants spaced three feet apart in a row with four feet between rows. Plants were established in the field in September, 1969, in a randomized block design with four replications. Data were collected during the summer and fall of 1970. Single-cross progeny were superior to parents with the exception of seed yield, with parents above S₁ progeny except in plant height. Single-crosses averaged 15. 36, 2. 60, 28.21, 24. 79, and 23. 04 percent above the mid-parent for plant height, early anthesis date, panicle number, seed yield, and fall vigor rating respectively. Single-crosses averaged 5.85 and 10.27 percent above the high-parent for panicle number and fall vigor rating respectively. Crosses between maturity groups resulted in the greatest heterosis above the mid-parent for all characteristics and above the high-parent for panicle number (117.50 percent of the high-parent). Early x early single-crosses were tallest (106. 49 percent of the high-parent) and had the most vegetative vigor (115. 36 percent of the high-parent). Indications are that crosses between parents of diverse morphology and origin result in a greater expression of heterosis than crosses among similar parents. Diverse anthesis date appears to increase response to heterosis. Vigor and associations among vigor characteristics were determined from single-cross and S₁ seed and seedlings. Respiration, germination, root and shoot growth, rate of growth, and unit growth characteristics were measured using a Gilson differential respirometer and a seed germinator. For most seed and seedling vigor characteristics S₁ 's and SX's were very similar. Early S₁ and early x early SX groups were consistently more vigorous than late S₁ and late x late SX groups with the early x late SX group intermediate between early x early and late x late SX groups for all seedling vigor characteristics. Root length and vigor index were two of the better indicators of early seedling vigor, with vigor index favored because it takes less time to measure and requires less space. Selection on the basis of vigor index should be an effective laboratory method of screening for higher seedling vigor in tall fescue. There was a significant association between most seed and seedling vigor characteristics in SX's and S₁'s, and most seed and seedling vigor characteristics were associated with from one to three mature plant characteristics, most often fall vigor rating. Three methods of selection for high and low seedling vigor (seed weight, head selection on shoot length, and emergence from deep seeding) resulted in small changes in seed weight and vigor index of progeny. Clones from a population with low seed weight and seedling vigor were self-pollinated and topcrossed to a source with high seed weight and seedling vigor. Positive associations between topcrosses and S₁'s for seed weight and vigor index suggests a lack of appreciable heterosis for these characteristics. The association of forage and seed yield was studied in duplicate populations of parents and five progeny groups. These were: first generation selfed (S₁), open-pollinated OP), polycross (PX), single-cross (SX), and selfed single-cross (F ). Nurseries were planted in a randomized block design with four replications, with harvests made during the spring and summer of 1969. There were significant associations of forage and seed yield in four progeny groups with no association in parents and polycross progeny. The highest correlation occurred in the S₁ progeny (r .794). High forage and seed yields in certain OP, PX, and SX progenies indicate the possibility of breeding for both characteristics simultaneously. Close

• 33. [Article] Illuminating the Experiences of Single Fathers

  The purpose of this thesis is to explore the experiences of single fathers and their roles as primary caregiver to their children as men in society adopting traditionally feminine roles. There was one ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Illuminating the Experiences of Single Fathers Author: Esbensen, Heidi Rosa Year: 2014 The purpose of this thesis is to explore the experiences of single fathers and their roles as primary caregiver to their children as men in society adopting traditionally feminine roles. There was one primary research question explored: How do single father's experience parenthood? This is explored through four sub questions and discussions about daily life and childrearing alone; childcare and work and family conflicts; use of services and support networks; and of particular interest, gender and the influence of masculinity. Through an analysis of interviews with 14 fathers of varying class status, age, education, and time spent as a single father, I captured broadly the ways in which these men maneuver their childrearing with their lives, and how they are challenging, yet still upholding aspects of hegemonic masculinity. By exploring how these fathers maneuver childrearing as a male in society I assist in gaining insight and understanding to this population that has been previously overlooked in academic research. Title: Illuminating the Experiences of Single Fathers Author: Esbensen, Heidi Rosa Year: 2014 The purpose of this thesis is to explore the experiences of single fathers and their roles as primary caregiver to their children as men in society adopting traditionally feminine roles. There was one primary research question explored: How do single father's experience parenthood? This is explored through four sub questions and discussions about daily life and childrearing alone; childcare and work and family conflicts; use of services and support networks; and of particular interest, gender and the influence of masculinity. Through an analysis of interviews with 14 fathers of varying class status, age, education, and time spent as a single father, I captured broadly the ways in which these men maneuver their childrearing with their lives, and how they are challenging, yet still upholding aspects of hegemonic masculinity. By exploring how these fathers maneuver childrearing as a male in society I assist in gaining insight and understanding to this population that has been previously overlooked in academic research. Close

• 34. [Article] Heritability estimates for seed and plant characteristics in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

  Genetic differences, extent of hybrid vigor, nature of gene action, heritability estimates, and associations among characteristics, and between progenies and their respective mid-parents were determined for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heritability estimates for seed and plant characteristics in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) Author: Kim, Dal Ung Genetic differences, extent of hybrid vigor, nature of gene action, heritability estimates, and associations among characteristics, and between progenies and their respective mid-parents were determined for seed and plant characteristics in white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Ten seed and seedling vigor characteristics, including seed weight, ATP content in seed, seed respiration, and seedling vigor index were studied for a diallel cross consisting of 28 single crosses, five test-crosses, four checks, and eight open-pollinated seed and seedlings. Twenty-three plant characteristics on stolon, petiole, leaf, and forage were examined on the eight clones diallel cross, five test-crosses, three checks, the eight parental clones of single crosses, and six parent clones of the test-crosses. These 14 parent clones for this study were assembled on the basis of diverse morphology and origin. Most seed and seedling vigor characteristics, except RQ values, and most plant characteristics, except internode length, LAR and diurnal ratio in SLW, expressed significant differences among and within most groups of progenies and parental clones. All seed and seedling vigor characteristics, except RQ values, responded primarily to the nonadditive type of gene action. This suggests that the plant breeder should design his breeding program to develop varieties where hybrid vigor can be used to advantage. Among the criteria used in this study to measure seed and seedling vigor, ATP content per seed was closely associated with seedling vigor index and with certain plant characteristics, including forage yield per plant. The associations of seed weight with other seed and seedling vigor characteristics were negative or poor. Most plant characteristics showed apparent hybrid vigor when progenies were compared with their respective mid-parents. With few exceptions, most plant characteristics, stolon, petiole, leaf and forage yield per plant, responded primarily to the nonadditive gene system. This indicated that the plant breeder may use the hybrid approach to white clover variety development. The exceptions were leaf ratio and SLW which responded primarily to additive gene action, and area and dry weight per leaf appeared to respond equally to additive and nonadditive gene action. Genetic differences were more readily identified for stolon number and length when measurements were taken after 70 days of growth. Yield components, such as number, length, and diameter of stolon, petiole length, number of leaves per plant, and dry weight per leaf were closely related to each other. The leaf components of yield, dry weight per leaf and number of leaves per plant, had the highest direct and indirect effects on forage yields per plant among the yield components. This study showed nonadditive gene action primarily responsible for most seed and plant characteristics. Considering the ease of vegetative propagation in this species along with the self-incompatibility, mechanisms, it is suggested that parent geneotypes may be developed by some recurrent selection procedure, then crossed on a two clone synthetic basis to form experimental lines for testing purposes. Title: Heritability estimates for seed and plant characteristics in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) Author: Kim, Dal Ung Genetic differences, extent of hybrid vigor, nature of gene action, heritability estimates, and associations among characteristics, and between progenies and their respective mid-parents were determined for seed and plant characteristics in white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Ten seed and seedling vigor characteristics, including seed weight, ATP content in seed, seed respiration, and seedling vigor index were studied for a diallel cross consisting of 28 single crosses, five test-crosses, four checks, and eight open-pollinated seed and seedlings. Twenty-three plant characteristics on stolon, petiole, leaf, and forage were examined on the eight clones diallel cross, five test-crosses, three checks, the eight parental clones of single crosses, and six parent clones of the test-crosses. These 14 parent clones for this study were assembled on the basis of diverse morphology and origin. Most seed and seedling vigor characteristics, except RQ values, and most plant characteristics, except internode length, LAR and diurnal ratio in SLW, expressed significant differences among and within most groups of progenies and parental clones. All seed and seedling vigor characteristics, except RQ values, responded primarily to the nonadditive type of gene action. This suggests that the plant breeder should design his breeding program to develop varieties where hybrid vigor can be used to advantage. Among the criteria used in this study to measure seed and seedling vigor, ATP content per seed was closely associated with seedling vigor index and with certain plant characteristics, including forage yield per plant. The associations of seed weight with other seed and seedling vigor characteristics were negative or poor. Most plant characteristics showed apparent hybrid vigor when progenies were compared with their respective mid-parents. With few exceptions, most plant characteristics, stolon, petiole, leaf and forage yield per plant, responded primarily to the nonadditive gene system. This indicated that the plant breeder may use the hybrid approach to white clover variety development. The exceptions were leaf ratio and SLW which responded primarily to additive gene action, and area and dry weight per leaf appeared to respond equally to additive and nonadditive gene action. Genetic differences were more readily identified for stolon number and length when measurements were taken after 70 days of growth. Yield components, such as number, length, and diameter of stolon, petiole length, number of leaves per plant, and dry weight per leaf were closely related to each other. The leaf components of yield, dry weight per leaf and number of leaves per plant, had the highest direct and indirect effects on forage yields per plant among the yield components. This study showed nonadditive gene action primarily responsible for most seed and plant characteristics. Considering the ease of vegetative propagation in this species along with the self-incompatibility, mechanisms, it is suggested that parent geneotypes may be developed by some recurrent selection procedure, then crossed on a two clone synthetic basis to form experimental lines for testing purposes. Close

• 35. [Article] Compensating effects and gene action estimates for the components of grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell)

  Five winter wheat cultivars and their diallel crosses were evaluated for plant height, harvest index, deading-maturity duration, the components of yield, (spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, kernel ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Compensating effects and gene action estimates for the components of grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) Author: Abi-Antoun, Michel Five winter wheat cultivars and their diallel crosses were evaluated for plant height, harvest index, deading-maturity duration, the components of yield, (spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, kernel weight and kernels per spikelet)and total plant yield. Two diverse locations, Moro, a dryland site (250 mm annually) located in central Oregon and the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, a high rainfall site (over 1000 mm annually) located in the Willamette Valley, were utilized for one and two cropping seasons, respectively. Three rates of seeding were used as main plots in a split-plot design that was replicated four times. A modified blend method of seeding was used to simulate solid seeding conditions. Experimental seeds were planted 30.5 centimeters apart within the row over a filler cultivar in equally spaced (30.5 centimeters) rows. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance, Griffing's diallel analysis (Method 4, Model 1), correlation, path-coefficient analysis and by parent progeny regression. The correlation between grain yield, its components, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height was dependent on the particula. r environment of the test. The re waspoorcorrelationbetween yield, tiller number and seed size under all the conditions of these studies. Negative associations between the components of yield indicated the sequential compensatory behavior of these characters under all environments. It would be very hard to select for large grain and short stature wheat because of the positive correlation between plant height and seed size within this population. The low correlations of yield with tiller number and seed size were mainly caused by indirect negative effects through one or more of the other yield components. Harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height had very small direct or indirect influences on grain yield. It was concluded that maximum yield would be obtained from a plant type which produces enough tillers to cover a particular unit of field area with large, fertile spikes, having medium to large kernels and semi-dwarf stature. No significant differences existed between parents and single crosses in the expression of the yield components. Nevertheless, hybrids outyielded their parents in grain yield and demonstrated that heterosis for complex traits was a consequence of multiplicative relationships among the components of these traits. Significant interactions between the genotypes and locations, seeding rates and years were observed in the expression of all characters studied. These interactions indicated that using data from non-competitive conditions to assess performance under competitive conditions could not be justified. Also, limiting the number of testing sites may lead to unsound generalizations and erroneous recommendations regarding gene action estimates of yield and the components of grain yield and three associated characters. Under non-competitive conditions, estimates of the additive type of gene action were more significant and contributed larger effects than the non-additive type for all traits. As competition increased at higher seeding rates, the effects of specific combining ability became more important in the expression of yield, number of spikes, spikelets per spike, and plant height. Heritability estimates confirmed these results except for yield. Of the agronomic characters, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height, only harvest index showed some promise as a selection criterion under noncompetitive conditions. A breeding procedure utilizing the component approach consisted of selecting early generations under spaced planting with emphasis on avoiding extreme values in any of the components of yield. The balanced combinations of the components of yield should be tested under solid seeding conditions. Title: Compensating effects and gene action estimates for the components of grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) Author: Abi-Antoun, Michel Five winter wheat cultivars and their diallel crosses were evaluated for plant height, harvest index, deading-maturity duration, the components of yield, (spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, kernel weight and kernels per spikelet)and total plant yield. Two diverse locations, Moro, a dryland site (250 mm annually) located in central Oregon and the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, a high rainfall site (over 1000 mm annually) located in the Willamette Valley, were utilized for one and two cropping seasons, respectively. Three rates of seeding were used as main plots in a split-plot design that was replicated four times. A modified blend method of seeding was used to simulate solid seeding conditions. Experimental seeds were planted 30.5 centimeters apart within the row over a filler cultivar in equally spaced (30.5 centimeters) rows. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance, Griffing's diallel analysis (Method 4, Model 1), correlation, path-coefficient analysis and by parent progeny regression. The correlation between grain yield, its components, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height was dependent on the particula. r environment of the test. The re waspoorcorrelationbetween yield, tiller number and seed size under all the conditions of these studies. Negative associations between the components of yield indicated the sequential compensatory behavior of these characters under all environments. It would be very hard to select for large grain and short stature wheat because of the positive correlation between plant height and seed size within this population. The low correlations of yield with tiller number and seed size were mainly caused by indirect negative effects through one or more of the other yield components. Harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height had very small direct or indirect influences on grain yield. It was concluded that maximum yield would be obtained from a plant type which produces enough tillers to cover a particular unit of field area with large, fertile spikes, having medium to large kernels and semi-dwarf stature. No significant differences existed between parents and single crosses in the expression of the yield components. Nevertheless, hybrids outyielded their parents in grain yield and demonstrated that heterosis for complex traits was a consequence of multiplicative relationships among the components of these traits. Significant interactions between the genotypes and locations, seeding rates and years were observed in the expression of all characters studied. These interactions indicated that using data from non-competitive conditions to assess performance under competitive conditions could not be justified. Also, limiting the number of testing sites may lead to unsound generalizations and erroneous recommendations regarding gene action estimates of yield and the components of grain yield and three associated characters. Under non-competitive conditions, estimates of the additive type of gene action were more significant and contributed larger effects than the non-additive type for all traits. As competition increased at higher seeding rates, the effects of specific combining ability became more important in the expression of yield, number of spikes, spikelets per spike, and plant height. Heritability estimates confirmed these results except for yield. Of the agronomic characters, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height, only harvest index showed some promise as a selection criterion under noncompetitive conditions. A breeding procedure utilizing the component approach consisted of selecting early generations under spaced planting with emphasis on avoiding extreme values in any of the components of yield. The balanced combinations of the components of yield should be tested under solid seeding conditions. Close

• 36. [Article] The heritability of agronomic characteristics in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)

  Three genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cultivar Fawn and four genotypes from the cultivar Fortune were used as parents to form 15 of a possible 21 single crosses to study the heritability ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The heritability of agronomic characteristics in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Author: Subhanij, Thiravira Three genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cultivar Fawn and four genotypes from the cultivar Fortune were used as parents to form 15 of a possible 21 single crosses to study the heritability of certain agronomic characteristics. The Fawn variety is considered to be tall in growth habit, vigorous and early in anthesis. The Fortune variety represents germ plasm with a shorter growth habit, less vigor and later anthesis. Crossing was accomplished by mutual pollination in the greenhouse during February 1972. A greenhouse experiment was started in June 1972 using the 15 single crosses in a randomized block with three replications. Plants were supplied with one half strength of a modified Hougland's solution twice weekly until August 3 followed with an application of the same nutrient solution every two weeks until they were taken to the field for establishment. Greenhouse data were collected on July 7, August 4 and September 11. These data indicated that the variation among single crosses for tiller numbers and dry weight were greater as the plant grew older. Nutrient stress affected dry matter yield by reducing the variation and mean performance of the single crosses. Differences among single crosses for shoot length, tiller number, and plant spread were still quite evident under the stress conditions. Shoot length showed significant general combining ability (GCA) with non significant specific combining ability effects (SCA) on July 7 and September 11. GCA effects for tiller numbers were evident on August 4 and September 11. Both GCA and SCA effects were significant for plant spread on September ii. GCA for dry weight were significant only on July 7. Based on the diallel analysis, additive gene action was primarily responsible for shoot length, tiller numbers and dry weight. Both additive and non additive gene action influenced plant spread. The field establishment included the 15 single crosses from greenhouse experiments and the seven parent clones, established in a randomized block design with three replications. From the diallel analysis, it was observed that the GCA:SCA mean square for the characters measured were: plant height (19:1), plant spread (2. 1:1), anthesis date (3.2:1), panicle number (1.4:1), panicle length(l2:1), number of primary pedicels per panicle (7.4:1), five panicle seed weight (0. 2:1), seed yield per plant (0. 4:1) and 100 seed weight (15.1:1). This indicated that additive gene action was of major importance in the expression of plant height, number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight. Non additive gene action was contributed substantially more to the expression of five panicles seed weight and seed yield. Both additive and non additive gene action contributed to plant spread and anthesis. Inferences about gene action for panicle numbers and panicle length were not as evident. This is because of the low GCA:SCA ratio, a barely significant GCA for panicle number, and no significant GCA or SCA for panicle length. Single cross progeny were superior to mid parent for plant height (9.27 percent), plant spread (20. 33 percent), anthesis (20.90 percent, which suggested earlier anthesis than mid parent), panicle number (36. 69 percent), and panicle length (11. 44 percent). No apparent superiority of single cross progeny over their corresponding mid parent for number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight was observed. Of all single crosses, only Fawn x Fortune crosses were inferior to mid parents for five panicle seed weight (65.93 percent) and seed yield (60. 22 percent). The Fawn x Fortune performance for both of these characters (0.4062 and 1.23 g per plant, respectively)was low, The diverse parentage of these crosses may have resulted in irregular meiotic behavior in the F₁ which in turn may have caused inviable gametes to be formed. This sterility would result in the low seed yields observed. This is a problem that should be cytologically investigated. Crosses between diverse germ plasm (Fawn x Fortune crosses) did result, however, in heterosis for all characteristics except number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight. But Fortune x Fortune crosses, for certain characters such as plant height, plant spread, panicle numbers, panicle length,exhibited even more heterosis. No heterosis was observed in the Fawn x Fawn crosses. Medium to high heritability estimates were observed for 100 seed weight, plant spread, anthesis date, panicle number and panicle length, while medium to low heritability were observed for panicle length. Low heritable value was evident for plant height, number of primary pedicels, five panicle seed weight and seed yield. Heritability estimates were based on parent progeny relationships involving all single crosses and mid parents. The relationships among various plant characteristics and seed yield was studied. Five panicle seed weight and panicle numbers were significantly correlated with seed yield. However there was a non-significant association of panicle length with seed yield and number of primary pedicels with seed yield.These relationships suggest that higher yielding genotypes may be identified by observing only few panicles per plants. The panicle characteristics examined in this study (other than seed weight) were of little value in identifying high seed yield genotypes, but panicle seed weight was positively related to plant yield. Title: The heritability of agronomic characteristics in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Author: Subhanij, Thiravira Three genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cultivar Fawn and four genotypes from the cultivar Fortune were used as parents to form 15 of a possible 21 single crosses to study the heritability of certain agronomic characteristics. The Fawn variety is considered to be tall in growth habit, vigorous and early in anthesis. The Fortune variety represents germ plasm with a shorter growth habit, less vigor and later anthesis. Crossing was accomplished by mutual pollination in the greenhouse during February 1972. A greenhouse experiment was started in June 1972 using the 15 single crosses in a randomized block with three replications. Plants were supplied with one half strength of a modified Hougland's solution twice weekly until August 3 followed with an application of the same nutrient solution every two weeks until they were taken to the field for establishment. Greenhouse data were collected on July 7, August 4 and September 11. These data indicated that the variation among single crosses for tiller numbers and dry weight were greater as the plant grew older. Nutrient stress affected dry matter yield by reducing the variation and mean performance of the single crosses. Differences among single crosses for shoot length, tiller number, and plant spread were still quite evident under the stress conditions. Shoot length showed significant general combining ability (GCA) with non significant specific combining ability effects (SCA) on July 7 and September 11. GCA effects for tiller numbers were evident on August 4 and September 11. Both GCA and SCA effects were significant for plant spread on September ii. GCA for dry weight were significant only on July 7. Based on the diallel analysis, additive gene action was primarily responsible for shoot length, tiller numbers and dry weight. Both additive and non additive gene action influenced plant spread. The field establishment included the 15 single crosses from greenhouse experiments and the seven parent clones, established in a randomized block design with three replications. From the diallel analysis, it was observed that the GCA:SCA mean square for the characters measured were: plant height (19:1), plant spread (2. 1:1), anthesis date (3.2:1), panicle number (1.4:1), panicle length(l2:1), number of primary pedicels per panicle (7.4:1), five panicle seed weight (0. 2:1), seed yield per plant (0. 4:1) and 100 seed weight (15.1:1). This indicated that additive gene action was of major importance in the expression of plant height, number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight. Non additive gene action was contributed substantially more to the expression of five panicles seed weight and seed yield. Both additive and non additive gene action contributed to plant spread and anthesis. Inferences about gene action for panicle numbers and panicle length were not as evident. This is because of the low GCA:SCA ratio, a barely significant GCA for panicle number, and no significant GCA or SCA for panicle length. Single cross progeny were superior to mid parent for plant height (9.27 percent), plant spread (20. 33 percent), anthesis (20.90 percent, which suggested earlier anthesis than mid parent), panicle number (36. 69 percent), and panicle length (11. 44 percent). No apparent superiority of single cross progeny over their corresponding mid parent for number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight was observed. Of all single crosses, only Fawn x Fortune crosses were inferior to mid parents for five panicle seed weight (65.93 percent) and seed yield (60. 22 percent). The Fawn x Fortune performance for both of these characters (0.4062 and 1.23 g per plant, respectively)was low, The diverse parentage of these crosses may have resulted in irregular meiotic behavior in the F₁ which in turn may have caused inviable gametes to be formed. This sterility would result in the low seed yields observed. This is a problem that should be cytologically investigated. Crosses between diverse germ plasm (Fawn x Fortune crosses) did result, however, in heterosis for all characteristics except number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight. But Fortune x Fortune crosses, for certain characters such as plant height, plant spread, panicle numbers, panicle length,exhibited even more heterosis. No heterosis was observed in the Fawn x Fawn crosses. Medium to high heritability estimates were observed for 100 seed weight, plant spread, anthesis date, panicle number and panicle length, while medium to low heritability were observed for panicle length. Low heritable value was evident for plant height, number of primary pedicels, five panicle seed weight and seed yield. Heritability estimates were based on parent progeny relationships involving all single crosses and mid parents. The relationships among various plant characteristics and seed yield was studied. Five panicle seed weight and panicle numbers were significantly correlated with seed yield. However there was a non-significant association of panicle length with seed yield and number of primary pedicels with seed yield.These relationships suggest that higher yielding genotypes may be identified by observing only few panicles per plants. The panicle characteristics examined in this study (other than seed weight) were of little value in identifying high seed yield genotypes, but panicle seed weight was positively related to plant yield. Close

• 37. [Image] A model for the origin of calc-alkaline andesites at Crater Lake, Oregon

  	ill. (some color), maps; Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pennsylvania State University; Includes bibliographic references (p. 118-124);
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A model for the origin of calc-alkaline andesites at Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Pinta, James Year: 1981, 2009 ill. (some color), maps; Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pennsylvania State University; Includes bibliographic references (p. 118-124); Title: A model for the origin of calc-alkaline andesites at Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Pinta, James Year: 1981, 2009 ill. (some color), maps; Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pennsylvania State University; Includes bibliographic references (p. 118-124); Close

• 38. [Article] Conscience orientation in children and parental attitudes toward independence granting and achievement inducement

  This study focused on the relationship between parental attitudes and the conscience orientation of children, testing the hypotheses that (1) parents who had children with an external conscience orientation would ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conscience orientation in children and parental attitudes toward independence granting and achievement inducement Author: Draper, Henry E. This study focused on the relationship between parental attitudes and the conscience orientation of children, testing the hypotheses that (1) parents who had children with an external conscience orientation would show significantly greater disparity between their independence granting and achievement inducement attitudes than parents whose children had conventional or humanistic orientations, (2) that parents who had children with a humanistic conscience orientation would show significantly less disparity between their independence granting and achievement inducement scores than parents whose children had external or conventional conscience orientations, and (3) that parents whose children had conventional conscience orientations would show a disparity between independence granting and achievement inducement scores which would fall midway between the parents of children with external or humanistic conscience orientations. Fifteen students representative of each of three conscience types were identified from 325 sixth grade children from various school districts in central and south eastern Utah. The identification and measurement of conscience orientations was achieved with a projective story completion battery adapted from a measure developed by Hoffman. Parental attitudes toward independence granting and achievement inducement were obtained by means of an interview, using the Parental Developmental Timetable, a paper and pencil instrument designed for this purpose by Torgoff . These instruments provided a single independence granting and single achievement inducement score for each parent. The achievement inducement score of each parent was divided into the independence granting score to obtain a ratio of these two variables (the I/A ratio). To determine if there was a significant difference in the I/A ratio scores of parents whose children held different conscience orientations, the parental data were treated by an analysis of variance. Using raw score data no differences were found in the I/A ratios between the three parental groupings, and the three hypotheses stated above were rejected. A derived score transformation technique of handling the data was then developed which permitted a more precise method of determining the difference between the relationship of independence granting to achievement inducement. The rationale permitted a high score theoretically to represent parents whose children had a humanistic conscience orientation, a low score to represent parents whose children had an external conscience orientation, and the scores in between to represent parents whose children had a conventional conscience orientation. When an analysis of variance was applied to these data, the hypotheses were again rejected. The data also were tested to determine the influence of the parental independence granting and achievement inducement variables independently on the conscience orientation of children. This analysis also revealed a lack of relationship between independence granting or achievement inducement orientations on the part of parents and the conscience orientation of children. It was concluded, within the limits of these data, that the independence granting and achievement orientations of parents are unrelated to the conscience orientations of sixth grade children from selected school districts in Utah. In an effort to account for the negative findings corning from the study, an examination of the sampling procedures, the measurement procedures, and the conceptual framework was undertaken. In spite of weakness in the sampling procedure, and the limitations of measurement, it is the opinion of the investigator that the major factor accounting for the negative findings was the inadequacy of the conceptual framework. Had a conceptual framework been developed which included a three-dimensional model, taking into account the influence of parental warmth in relation to the ratio of independence granting and achievement inducement, results in the direction predicted may have occurred. Title: Conscience orientation in children and parental attitudes toward independence granting and achievement inducement Author: Draper, Henry E. This study focused on the relationship between parental attitudes and the conscience orientation of children, testing the hypotheses that (1) parents who had children with an external conscience orientation would show significantly greater disparity between their independence granting and achievement inducement attitudes than parents whose children had conventional or humanistic orientations, (2) that parents who had children with a humanistic conscience orientation would show significantly less disparity between their independence granting and achievement inducement scores than parents whose children had external or conventional conscience orientations, and (3) that parents whose children had conventional conscience orientations would show a disparity between independence granting and achievement inducement scores which would fall midway between the parents of children with external or humanistic conscience orientations. Fifteen students representative of each of three conscience types were identified from 325 sixth grade children from various school districts in central and south eastern Utah. The identification and measurement of conscience orientations was achieved with a projective story completion battery adapted from a measure developed by Hoffman. Parental attitudes toward independence granting and achievement inducement were obtained by means of an interview, using the Parental Developmental Timetable, a paper and pencil instrument designed for this purpose by Torgoff . These instruments provided a single independence granting and single achievement inducement score for each parent. The achievement inducement score of each parent was divided into the independence granting score to obtain a ratio of these two variables (the I/A ratio). To determine if there was a significant difference in the I/A ratio scores of parents whose children held different conscience orientations, the parental data were treated by an analysis of variance. Using raw score data no differences were found in the I/A ratios between the three parental groupings, and the three hypotheses stated above were rejected. A derived score transformation technique of handling the data was then developed which permitted a more precise method of determining the difference between the relationship of independence granting to achievement inducement. The rationale permitted a high score theoretically to represent parents whose children had a humanistic conscience orientation, a low score to represent parents whose children had an external conscience orientation, and the scores in between to represent parents whose children had a conventional conscience orientation. When an analysis of variance was applied to these data, the hypotheses were again rejected. The data also were tested to determine the influence of the parental independence granting and achievement inducement variables independently on the conscience orientation of children. This analysis also revealed a lack of relationship between independence granting or achievement inducement orientations on the part of parents and the conscience orientation of children. It was concluded, within the limits of these data, that the independence granting and achievement orientations of parents are unrelated to the conscience orientations of sixth grade children from selected school districts in Utah. In an effort to account for the negative findings corning from the study, an examination of the sampling procedures, the measurement procedures, and the conceptual framework was undertaken. In spite of weakness in the sampling procedure, and the limitations of measurement, it is the opinion of the investigator that the major factor accounting for the negative findings was the inadequacy of the conceptual framework. Had a conceptual framework been developed which included a three-dimensional model, taking into account the influence of parental warmth in relation to the ratio of independence granting and achievement inducement, results in the direction predicted may have occurred. Close

• 39. [Article] Children's preceptions of parental responses to sibling quarrels and the qualities of sibling relationships

  Children in middle childhood were surveyed in elementary schools to explore possible associations between their perceptions about certain characteristics of their sibling relationships and the ways in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Children's preceptions of parental responses to sibling quarrels and the qualities of sibling relationships Author: Ozretich, Rachel A. Children in middle childhood were surveyed in elementary schools to explore possible associations between their perceptions about certain characteristics of their sibling relationships and the ways in which their parents responded to sibling quarrels. An instrument was developed to measure perceptions of types of parental responses and the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire was used to assess sibling conflict, warmth/closeness, and perceptions of parental partiality. Factor analyses revealed that the parental responses of punishing, prohibiting, and group discipline were closely related, reflecting a single dimension (alpha=.81). Labeled restricting, regression analyses indicated that this type of parental response to sibling quarrels was a strong positive predictor of sibling conflict, a negative predictor of sibling warmth/closeness, and unrelated to perceptions of parental partiality. The contributions of the other types of parental responses to the aspects of sibling relationships studied were different for girls and boys. Parental referring to family rules contributed positively to girls' sibling conflict, and negatively to sibling warmth/closeness. Parental mediating conciliation, particularly by mothers, was a strong positive predictor of boys' sibling warmth/closeness. Parental mediating conciliation negatively contributed to boys' sibling conflict, particularly fathers' mediating conciliation. Nonintervention by parents, particularly fathers' nonintervention, was a strong positive predictor of boys' sibling conflict, and contributed positively to boys' perceptions of parental partiality, as well. However, among girls, fathers' nonintervention positively contributed to sibling warmth/closeness and negatively contributed to partiality. Boys perceived more sibling conflict than girls, but other sibling constellation and family structure variables did not contribute significantly to the aspects of sibling relationships studied. Title: Children's preceptions of parental responses to sibling quarrels and the qualities of sibling relationships Author: Ozretich, Rachel A. Children in middle childhood were surveyed in elementary schools to explore possible associations between their perceptions about certain characteristics of their sibling relationships and the ways in which their parents responded to sibling quarrels. An instrument was developed to measure perceptions of types of parental responses and the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire was used to assess sibling conflict, warmth/closeness, and perceptions of parental partiality. Factor analyses revealed that the parental responses of punishing, prohibiting, and group discipline were closely related, reflecting a single dimension (alpha=.81). Labeled restricting, regression analyses indicated that this type of parental response to sibling quarrels was a strong positive predictor of sibling conflict, a negative predictor of sibling warmth/closeness, and unrelated to perceptions of parental partiality. The contributions of the other types of parental responses to the aspects of sibling relationships studied were different for girls and boys. Parental referring to family rules contributed positively to girls' sibling conflict, and negatively to sibling warmth/closeness. Parental mediating conciliation, particularly by mothers, was a strong positive predictor of boys' sibling warmth/closeness. Parental mediating conciliation negatively contributed to boys' sibling conflict, particularly fathers' mediating conciliation. Nonintervention by parents, particularly fathers' nonintervention, was a strong positive predictor of boys' sibling conflict, and contributed positively to boys' perceptions of parental partiality, as well. However, among girls, fathers' nonintervention positively contributed to sibling warmth/closeness and negatively contributed to partiality. Boys perceived more sibling conflict than girls, but other sibling constellation and family structure variables did not contribute significantly to the aspects of sibling relationships studied. Close

• 40. [Article] Assessing the sex education attitudes and skills of parents of church attending preadolescents

  Four instruments were developed to assess sex education attitudes and skills of parents. The Parental Perception of Preadolescent Child (PPPC), Parental Attitudes Toward the Sex Education of Children (PATSEC), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the sex education attitudes and skills of parents of church attending preadolescents Author: Kleffner, Carolyn Joyce Four instruments were developed to assess sex education attitudes and skills of parents. The Parental Perception of Preadolescent Child (PPPC), Parental Attitudes Toward the Sex Education of Children (PATSEC), Topic Checklist (TC) and Index of Challenging Questions for Parents of Preadolescents (ICQPP) provided measures on how parents perceive maturity and readiness for receiving information about sexual topics, and assessed a variety of parental sex education attitudes as well as competence, openness, and confidence in answering challenging questions from 9 - 12 year old children. After pretesting on a small sample of parents of preadolescents the instruments were then administered to a nonrandom parent sample of 65 residents of Linn and Benton Counties, Oregon. A majority of the 38 mothers and 27 fathers were married, college graduates, and attended church frequently. The questionnaire was administered at four Benton County churches. The four questionnaires and parental background data were analyzed by one and two way analysis of variance, Pearson Product Moment correlation, multiple and single response frequency tabulations, and a stepwise multiple regression test. Results indicated that parents held very positive attitudes toward the sex education of children and prefer being the primary source of information to them. Subjects were able to select the most developmentally appropriate response to children's challenging questions 75% of the time. The mean scores for fathers and mothers did not differ significantly in openness, attitude, or competence as measured on the TC, PATSEC, and ICQPP instruments. However, fathers were found to be more confident than mothers in responding to preadolescents' questions. A stepwise regression analysis showed a significant positive relationship between openness, competence and attitudes toward sex education of children. How mature a parent perceives a child to be was not significantly correlated to frequency of discussion on sexual topics. These findings were discussed and implications for providing sex education classes and parent-child discussion groups were made. Title: Assessing the sex education attitudes and skills of parents of church attending preadolescents Author: Kleffner, Carolyn Joyce Four instruments were developed to assess sex education attitudes and skills of parents. The Parental Perception of Preadolescent Child (PPPC), Parental Attitudes Toward the Sex Education of Children (PATSEC), Topic Checklist (TC) and Index of Challenging Questions for Parents of Preadolescents (ICQPP) provided measures on how parents perceive maturity and readiness for receiving information about sexual topics, and assessed a variety of parental sex education attitudes as well as competence, openness, and confidence in answering challenging questions from 9 - 12 year old children. After pretesting on a small sample of parents of preadolescents the instruments were then administered to a nonrandom parent sample of 65 residents of Linn and Benton Counties, Oregon. A majority of the 38 mothers and 27 fathers were married, college graduates, and attended church frequently. The questionnaire was administered at four Benton County churches. The four questionnaires and parental background data were analyzed by one and two way analysis of variance, Pearson Product Moment correlation, multiple and single response frequency tabulations, and a stepwise multiple regression test. Results indicated that parents held very positive attitudes toward the sex education of children and prefer being the primary source of information to them. Subjects were able to select the most developmentally appropriate response to children's challenging questions 75% of the time. The mean scores for fathers and mothers did not differ significantly in openness, attitude, or competence as measured on the TC, PATSEC, and ICQPP instruments. However, fathers were found to be more confident than mothers in responding to preadolescents' questions. A stepwise regression analysis showed a significant positive relationship between openness, competence and attitudes toward sex education of children. How mature a parent perceives a child to be was not significantly correlated to frequency of discussion on sexual topics. These findings were discussed and implications for providing sex education classes and parent-child discussion groups were made. Close

• 41. [Article] A study of methods of parental evaluation using testers to predict subsequent progeny performance in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

  The major objective of this study was to determine why certain winter wheat cultivars, when hybridized, will produce a greater proportion of desirable plants in subsequent, segregating generations. Three ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of methods of parental evaluation using testers to predict subsequent progeny performance in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Author: Alexander, William Larry The major objective of this study was to determine why certain winter wheat cultivars, when hybridized, will produce a greater proportion of desirable plants in subsequent, segregating generations. Three winter wheat parents were chosen as the experimental material, based on their known performance as parents. Yamhill and Pullman Selection 101 are recognized as cultivars with good combining abilities for grain yield. Crosses with Nugaines have been disappointing, even though the cultivar itself is high yielding. Each parent was crossed to a series of five testers. These testers were chosen on the basis of their genetic diversity, especially for the components of yield. This parent x tester crossing scheme was analyzed as a 3 x 5 factorial, where the main effects due to parents and testers were their general combining ability effect estimates. The interactions of these main effects were their specific combining abilities. F₁ hybrids were evaluated for two years and F₂ populations for one year to characterize the parents' capacity to transmit selected attributes to their resulting progeny. These generations were evaluated on a per plant basis for their grain yields and the primary components of yield, tillers per plant, kernels per spike, and 1000 kernel weight. The four methods of evaluating parents assessed were parental performance, midparent-progeny correlations, examination of individual crosses, and combining ability analysis. Midparent-progeny correlations usually were not significant within the progeny of each parent. Significant differences were not found for grain yields among the parents in either year. However, significant differences existed for their expressions of yield components. Parental expressions of the yield components were generally more erratic than those of their F₁ progenies. Significant differences occurred for estimates of general combining ability effects in both years and for each generation in all traits. These estimates for a particular parent were relatively consistent. Specific combining ability was not found to be a dependable means of identifying superior combinations. Associations between the parental general combining ability effect estimates for kernels per spike and 1000 kernel weight were positive. Relationships between other yield component combinations were negative with regard to general combining ability effects. Trends observed in single crosses reflected the relative general combining abilities of the parents. Crosses involving Yamhill generally had fewer tillers with a higher number of kernels per spike, heavier kernel weights, and superior grain yields to those of the other parents. Progeny of Pullman Selection 101 were usually high in tillering, intermediate for number of kernels per spike, low in kernel weights, and intermediate for grain yields. The progeny of Nugaines were characterized by high tillering, a low number of kernels per spike, low kernel weights, and also low grain yields. The parent x tester crossing scheme was found to be an effective way of determining the potentials of the three parents by estimating their general combining abilities, as well as minimizing the number of crosses required. If, as found in this study, the general combining ability effect estimates of the parents for grain yield accurately predict performance of later generations, this parent x tester crossing scheme would be an efficient method of assessing the potentials of prospective parents in breeding programs. Title: A study of methods of parental evaluation using testers to predict subsequent progeny performance in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Author: Alexander, William Larry The major objective of this study was to determine why certain winter wheat cultivars, when hybridized, will produce a greater proportion of desirable plants in subsequent, segregating generations. Three winter wheat parents were chosen as the experimental material, based on their known performance as parents. Yamhill and Pullman Selection 101 are recognized as cultivars with good combining abilities for grain yield. Crosses with Nugaines have been disappointing, even though the cultivar itself is high yielding. Each parent was crossed to a series of five testers. These testers were chosen on the basis of their genetic diversity, especially for the components of yield. This parent x tester crossing scheme was analyzed as a 3 x 5 factorial, where the main effects due to parents and testers were their general combining ability effect estimates. The interactions of these main effects were their specific combining abilities. F₁ hybrids were evaluated for two years and F₂ populations for one year to characterize the parents' capacity to transmit selected attributes to their resulting progeny. These generations were evaluated on a per plant basis for their grain yields and the primary components of yield, tillers per plant, kernels per spike, and 1000 kernel weight. The four methods of evaluating parents assessed were parental performance, midparent-progeny correlations, examination of individual crosses, and combining ability analysis. Midparent-progeny correlations usually were not significant within the progeny of each parent. Significant differences were not found for grain yields among the parents in either year. However, significant differences existed for their expressions of yield components. Parental expressions of the yield components were generally more erratic than those of their F₁ progenies. Significant differences occurred for estimates of general combining ability effects in both years and for each generation in all traits. These estimates for a particular parent were relatively consistent. Specific combining ability was not found to be a dependable means of identifying superior combinations. Associations between the parental general combining ability effect estimates for kernels per spike and 1000 kernel weight were positive. Relationships between other yield component combinations were negative with regard to general combining ability effects. Trends observed in single crosses reflected the relative general combining abilities of the parents. Crosses involving Yamhill generally had fewer tillers with a higher number of kernels per spike, heavier kernel weights, and superior grain yields to those of the other parents. Progeny of Pullman Selection 101 were usually high in tillering, intermediate for number of kernels per spike, low in kernel weights, and intermediate for grain yields. The progeny of Nugaines were characterized by high tillering, a low number of kernels per spike, low kernel weights, and also low grain yields. The parent x tester crossing scheme was found to be an effective way of determining the potentials of the three parents by estimating their general combining abilities, as well as minimizing the number of crosses required. If, as found in this study, the general combining ability effect estimates of the parents for grain yield accurately predict performance of later generations, this parent x tester crossing scheme would be an efficient method of assessing the potentials of prospective parents in breeding programs. Close

• 42. [Article] Bilingual Spanish-English Speaking 4-Year-Old-Children: English Normative Data and Correlations with Parent Reports

  Many bilingual Spanish-English preschool aged children are impacted by speech sound disorders; and research has shown that bilingual speech sound systems develop differently than monolinguals'. Research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bilingual Spanish-English Speaking 4-Year-Old-Children: English Normative Data and Correlations with Parent Reports Author: Powers, Brooke Leann Year: 2010 Many bilingual Spanish-English preschool aged children are impacted by speech sound disorders; and research has shown that bilingual speech sound systems develop differently than monolinguals'. Research has also shown that, for monolingual English and Spanish speakers, parent reports can be a valid tool for identification and single-word assessments can effectively diagnose speech disorder, yet little, if any, normative data or information about the validity of parent reports as an identification tool exists for bilingual Spanish-English speakers. The purpose of the present study was to create bilingual speech normative data for English single-word assessment scores for percent consonants correct (PCC), percent vowels correct (PVC), and the index of phonetic complexity (IPC). It also sought to determine correlations of speech scores and parent reports, which was done as an extension of Stertzbach's 2005 study with monolingual Spanish speakers. Fifty-six bilingual Spanish-English 4-year-olds were administered a single-word assessment in English and normative data was generated from the PCC, PVC, and IPC scores. That normative data was correlated with Likert values from the parent surveys to establish the validity of the report as an identification tool, and finally, the disordered scores (as determined by the normative data) were explored in relation to previous suspicion or diagnosis of disorder. The normative data showed 89% of speech scores falling within the typical range for both PCC and PVC and 93% for IPC. Pearson coefficients were computed by regression analysis and parent reports were deemed a valid tool for identification based on statistically significant correlations (at the .05 level) for 6 of 10 questions. Previous suspicions of disorder, based on parent report or examiner questionnaire, were 87.5% and 91% accurate, respectively, while current diagnosis, based on the presence of an existing Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP), was 93% accurate. The results were consistent with previous research showing the prevalence of speech disorder as well as the validity of the parent report. Title: Bilingual Spanish-English Speaking 4-Year-Old-Children: English Normative Data and Correlations with Parent Reports Author: Powers, Brooke Leann Year: 2010 Many bilingual Spanish-English preschool aged children are impacted by speech sound disorders; and research has shown that bilingual speech sound systems develop differently than monolinguals'. Research has also shown that, for monolingual English and Spanish speakers, parent reports can be a valid tool for identification and single-word assessments can effectively diagnose speech disorder, yet little, if any, normative data or information about the validity of parent reports as an identification tool exists for bilingual Spanish-English speakers. The purpose of the present study was to create bilingual speech normative data for English single-word assessment scores for percent consonants correct (PCC), percent vowels correct (PVC), and the index of phonetic complexity (IPC). It also sought to determine correlations of speech scores and parent reports, which was done as an extension of Stertzbach's 2005 study with monolingual Spanish speakers. Fifty-six bilingual Spanish-English 4-year-olds were administered a single-word assessment in English and normative data was generated from the PCC, PVC, and IPC scores. That normative data was correlated with Likert values from the parent surveys to establish the validity of the report as an identification tool, and finally, the disordered scores (as determined by the normative data) were explored in relation to previous suspicion or diagnosis of disorder. The normative data showed 89% of speech scores falling within the typical range for both PCC and PVC and 93% for IPC. Pearson coefficients were computed by regression analysis and parent reports were deemed a valid tool for identification based on statistically significant correlations (at the .05 level) for 6 of 10 questions. Previous suspicions of disorder, based on parent report or examiner questionnaire, were 87.5% and 91% accurate, respectively, while current diagnosis, based on the presence of an existing Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP), was 93% accurate. The results were consistent with previous research showing the prevalence of speech disorder as well as the validity of the parent report. Close

• 43. [Article] Toward a Model of Work and Family Balance: How Families with Children Having Serious Emotional Disorders Manage Caregiving and Worklife

  Employed parents of children with serious emotional disorders must manage the competing demands of home and job. Although every situation is unique, all parents cope daily with the interface between employment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Toward a Model of Work and Family Balance: How Families with Children Having Serious Emotional Disorders Manage Caregiving and Worklife Author: Rosenzweig, Julie M., Ogilvie, Alice Myrth, Brennan, Eileen M. Year: 1998 Employed parents of children with serious emotional disorders must manage the competing demands of home and job. Although every situation is unique, all parents cope daily with the interface between employment and home. As the number of single employed mothers and dual-worker households has increased, so has the research on work and family. A review of this literature offers an examination of the different ways work and family relate within the busy lives of employed parents. Three primary models emerge from the review that describe experiences of mothers and fathers challenged by meeting both the needs of family members and the responsibilities of work-life. The literature does not identify whether or not the parents have children with any special needs. This review serves as a foundation for research that will specifically focus on parents of children with serious emotional disorders. Title: Toward a Model of Work and Family Balance: How Families with Children Having Serious Emotional Disorders Manage Caregiving and Worklife Author: Rosenzweig, Julie M., Ogilvie, Alice Myrth, Brennan, Eileen M. Year: 1998 Employed parents of children with serious emotional disorders must manage the competing demands of home and job. Although every situation is unique, all parents cope daily with the interface between employment and home. As the number of single employed mothers and dual-worker households has increased, so has the research on work and family. A review of this literature offers an examination of the different ways work and family relate within the busy lives of employed parents. Three primary models emerge from the review that describe experiences of mothers and fathers challenged by meeting both the needs of family members and the responsibilities of work-life. The literature does not identify whether or not the parents have children with any special needs. This review serves as a foundation for research that will specifically focus on parents of children with serious emotional disorders. Close

• 44. [Article] Evaluation of methods of progeny testing in tall fescue seed production (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.)

  Seventeen parental clones were selected, from 9,000 plants, on the basis of self-sterility, seed and forage yield potential using phenotypic ratings, crude protein and chromogen content. The parental clones ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of methods of progeny testing in tall fescue seed production (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Thomas, Johnny Ray Seventeen parental clones were selected, from 9,000 plants, on the basis of self-sterility, seed and forage yield potential using phenotypic ratings, crude protein and chromogen content. The parental clones were divided into two populations based on date of maturity. Group I was intermediate in maturity and had nine parental clones, while group E was early maturing and had eight parental clones. Six progeny testing methods (vegetative cuttings of parental clones, first generation selfed-seed (S₁ progeny), open-pollinated progeny, polycross progeny, seed from all possible single crosses, and selfed seed from the single-crosses or F₂ progeny) were compared using simple correlation coefficients between the progeny test and by comparing the rankings of the clones on the basis of each progeny test. The actual polycross performance was compared with the theoretical polycross performance or average of all possible single crosses, to see if equal and random fertilization occurred in the actual polycross. The results from the comparison of the six progeny testing methods indicated the vegetative cuttings of the parental clones and the single-cross progeny tests are the two most effective progeny testing methods when considering all four traits and both populations of plants. The open pollinated and polycross progeny tests were generally undesirable, because frequently there was no significant difference among their progeny. The S₁ progeny test was generally not desirable in group I; however, it appeared to be the most satisfactory test for seed yield when both populations of plants were considered. The results illustrate why there are inconsistencies in the literature concerning the effectiveness of the progeny testing methods. The effectiveness of the six progeny tests varied, to some extent, from trait to trait and for the two populations. For all four traits there was much less agreement among the six progeny tests in group E than in group I. In all four traits the F₂ generation showed a great inbreeding depression. The average of the single crosses was lower than the parents for tiller number, plant height, and 100 seed weight, but equalled the parents in yield per plant. The S₁ progeny were usually approximately equal to the average of the single cross progeny. The open-pollinated and polycross progeny were generally the highest for all four traits. The results from the comparison of the actual polycross with the theoretical polycross indicated that equal and random fertilization did not occur in the actual polycross. The more desirable clones appeared to contribute the majority of the pollen, since the actual polycross performance was usually greater than the theoretical polycross performance. Title: Evaluation of methods of progeny testing in tall fescue seed production (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Thomas, Johnny Ray Seventeen parental clones were selected, from 9,000 plants, on the basis of self-sterility, seed and forage yield potential using phenotypic ratings, crude protein and chromogen content. The parental clones were divided into two populations based on date of maturity. Group I was intermediate in maturity and had nine parental clones, while group E was early maturing and had eight parental clones. Six progeny testing methods (vegetative cuttings of parental clones, first generation selfed-seed (S₁ progeny), open-pollinated progeny, polycross progeny, seed from all possible single crosses, and selfed seed from the single-crosses or F₂ progeny) were compared using simple correlation coefficients between the progeny test and by comparing the rankings of the clones on the basis of each progeny test. The actual polycross performance was compared with the theoretical polycross performance or average of all possible single crosses, to see if equal and random fertilization occurred in the actual polycross. The results from the comparison of the six progeny testing methods indicated the vegetative cuttings of the parental clones and the single-cross progeny tests are the two most effective progeny testing methods when considering all four traits and both populations of plants. The open pollinated and polycross progeny tests were generally undesirable, because frequently there was no significant difference among their progeny. The S₁ progeny test was generally not desirable in group I; however, it appeared to be the most satisfactory test for seed yield when both populations of plants were considered. The results illustrate why there are inconsistencies in the literature concerning the effectiveness of the progeny testing methods. The effectiveness of the six progeny tests varied, to some extent, from trait to trait and for the two populations. For all four traits there was much less agreement among the six progeny tests in group E than in group I. In all four traits the F₂ generation showed a great inbreeding depression. The average of the single crosses was lower than the parents for tiller number, plant height, and 100 seed weight, but equalled the parents in yield per plant. The S₁ progeny were usually approximately equal to the average of the single cross progeny. The open-pollinated and polycross progeny were generally the highest for all four traits. The results from the comparison of the actual polycross with the theoretical polycross indicated that equal and random fertilization did not occur in the actual polycross. The more desirable clones appeared to contribute the majority of the pollen, since the actual polycross performance was usually greater than the theoretical polycross performance. Close

• 45. [Article] Evaluation of parental performance for grain yield in two populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host)

  Six winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for their breeding value in transmitting superior genetic factors for grain yield to subsequent progeny. The cultivars were selected on the basis of their potential ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of parental performance for grain yield in two populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Alcala de Stefano, Maximino Six winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for their breeding value in transmitting superior genetic factors for grain yield to subsequent progeny. The cultivars were selected on the basis of their potential grain yield and divided into two populations. Population I was comprised of three cultivars which have been in commercial production for several years and are regarded as intermediate for grain yield. Population II was represented by three recently developed cultivars which have superior grain yielding potential. Each of the three parents within each population were crossed in a diallel manner Hence, the parents and subsequent F₁, F₂, and BC progeny made up the experimental populations. These populations were grown at two environmentally diverse sites within the state of Oregon. Morphological characters measured were: (1) tillers per plant; (2) kernels per spike; (3) plant height; (4) weight of 300 kernels; and (5) grain yield. To detect which parental combination had the greatest potential for transmitting superior performance to the subsequent progeny for the components of yield and grain yield, the following parameters were determined for both populations: (1) the amount and nature of the genetic variance associated with each population; (2) average combining ability of each parent within the populations; (3) estimates of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in the F₁ and (4) the possible influence of the genotype-environmental interactions on the parameters measured. Also information concerning the desirability of using top crosses and double crosses rather than single crosses was obtained. In an effort to compare the relative performance between the populations, Pullman Selection 101, which is a good general combining winter wheat cultivar, was used as a tester for both populations. The values obtained in this investigation reflect the properties of the populations studied and should not be interpreted as applying to all wheat populations. Considerable genetic variability was found within both populations for the characters studied. This variability was largely due to genetic factors which were additive. Tillers per plant and grain yield were influenced by both additive and nonadditive genetic variance. The higher yielding parents in Population II were found to be higher in their average combining ability for kernels per spike and grain yield per plant whereas the lower yielding parents in Population I were higher for tiller number, weight of 300 kernels and plant height. Parental combinations identified as being promising, for grain yield in a conventional program, where nearly homozygous lines are desired, were also the same parental combinations which resulted in a maximum expression of heterobeltiosis and would be of most interest in a hybrid program. The desirability of using multiple crosses to maximize the number of favorable factors need further study inctuding additional parents and different combinations plus an evaluation of the performance of such crosses in later generations. In this investigation, the single crosses appeared to be the most promising; however, inbreeding depression due to segregation within top and double crosses influenced the values obtained. Also, the population sizes should be increased to measure the total potential of such crosses. Significant genotype-environmental interactions were observed between locations for plant height and weight of 300 kernels. The estimates obtained for average combining ability, heterosis and heterobeltiosis for the other characters measured also suggested that it will be necessary to identify the most promising hybrid combinations based on the performance of the parents at the specific location. To make the most rapid progress in developing high yielding cultivars in either conventional or hybrid programs, the wheat breeder needs to emphasize crosses between unrelated high yielding cultivars. However, the need to provide superior parental lines which include such factors as disease resistance, should be evaluated. The development of elite germ plasm by geneticists will be mandatory if plant breeders are to continue to improve grain yield. Title: Evaluation of parental performance for grain yield in two populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Alcala de Stefano, Maximino Six winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for their breeding value in transmitting superior genetic factors for grain yield to subsequent progeny. The cultivars were selected on the basis of their potential grain yield and divided into two populations. Population I was comprised of three cultivars which have been in commercial production for several years and are regarded as intermediate for grain yield. Population II was represented by three recently developed cultivars which have superior grain yielding potential. Each of the three parents within each population were crossed in a diallel manner Hence, the parents and subsequent F₁, F₂, and BC progeny made up the experimental populations. These populations were grown at two environmentally diverse sites within the state of Oregon. Morphological characters measured were: (1) tillers per plant; (2) kernels per spike; (3) plant height; (4) weight of 300 kernels; and (5) grain yield. To detect which parental combination had the greatest potential for transmitting superior performance to the subsequent progeny for the components of yield and grain yield, the following parameters were determined for both populations: (1) the amount and nature of the genetic variance associated with each population; (2) average combining ability of each parent within the populations; (3) estimates of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in the F₁ and (4) the possible influence of the genotype-environmental interactions on the parameters measured. Also information concerning the desirability of using top crosses and double crosses rather than single crosses was obtained. In an effort to compare the relative performance between the populations, Pullman Selection 101, which is a good general combining winter wheat cultivar, was used as a tester for both populations. The values obtained in this investigation reflect the properties of the populations studied and should not be interpreted as applying to all wheat populations. Considerable genetic variability was found within both populations for the characters studied. This variability was largely due to genetic factors which were additive. Tillers per plant and grain yield were influenced by both additive and nonadditive genetic variance. The higher yielding parents in Population II were found to be higher in their average combining ability for kernels per spike and grain yield per plant whereas the lower yielding parents in Population I were higher for tiller number, weight of 300 kernels and plant height. Parental combinations identified as being promising, for grain yield in a conventional program, where nearly homozygous lines are desired, were also the same parental combinations which resulted in a maximum expression of heterobeltiosis and would be of most interest in a hybrid program. The desirability of using multiple crosses to maximize the number of favorable factors need further study inctuding additional parents and different combinations plus an evaluation of the performance of such crosses in later generations. In this investigation, the single crosses appeared to be the most promising; however, inbreeding depression due to segregation within top and double crosses influenced the values obtained. Also, the population sizes should be increased to measure the total potential of such crosses. Significant genotype-environmental interactions were observed between locations for plant height and weight of 300 kernels. The estimates obtained for average combining ability, heterosis and heterobeltiosis for the other characters measured also suggested that it will be necessary to identify the most promising hybrid combinations based on the performance of the parents at the specific location. To make the most rapid progress in developing high yielding cultivars in either conventional or hybrid programs, the wheat breeder needs to emphasize crosses between unrelated high yielding cultivars. However, the need to provide superior parental lines which include such factors as disease resistance, should be evaluated. The development of elite germ plasm by geneticists will be mandatory if plant breeders are to continue to improve grain yield. Close

• 46. [Article] Analysis of high-risk hispanic families in a family support program : characteristics, factors affecting parenting skills over time, and age-paced newsletter efficacy

  Two studies investigated the characteristics of high-risk Hispanic parents with young children who were enrolled in a primary prevention home visitation program targeting first birth families. In the first ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of high-risk hispanic families in a family support program : characteristics, factors affecting parenting skills over time, and age-paced newsletter efficacy Author: Weatherspoon, Joni Two studies investigated the characteristics of high-risk Hispanic parents with young children who were enrolled in a primary prevention home visitation program targeting first birth families. In the first study, more and less acculturated high-risk Hispanic families were compared to high-risk non-Hispanic White families on differences in demographic characteristics, risk factors associated with poor child outcomes, and parent behaviors related to infant health. Using the General Linear Model Univariate procedure, these characteristics were then related to level of parenting skills, measured after approximately one year of service. A total of 1005 families were included in the study. There were important differences in parent psychosocial characteristics, health risks, and outcomes among Hispanic families. Hispanic mothers who were more acculturated, as measured by use of English in the home, were more likely to be at risk for substance abuse, mental illness, and family conflict. They were more likely to smoke and less likely to breastfeed. Less acculturated Hispanic mothers were less educated and more likely to be isolated. Controlling for pretest scores and education level, there were significant between group differences on parenting skills after one year of service, however the effect was small and overshadowed by the significant interaction effect between partner status and household category. Scores for single Spanish-speaking Hispanic mothers were significantly lower than scores of Spanish-speaking Hispanics in partner households. Risk factors that were positively associated with program progress included breastfeeding and mother's education level. Smoking, mental illness, and unrealistic expectations for the child were negatively associated with program progress. The second paper addressed the efficacy of an age-paced parenting newsletter as part of a home-visiting program for Spanish-speaking Hispanic parents. Family Service Workers serving these families delivered the newsletter and used it as a curriculum guide and teaching tool for families. Parents reported reading the newsletter, learning from it, and changing their behavior in response to newsletter content. Home visitors reported that it was a useful tool to reach high-risk parents with important parenting information. They found that it was particularly useful to combat inappropriate or unhealthful parenting advice from well-meaning family members and friends. Title: Analysis of high-risk hispanic families in a family support program : characteristics, factors affecting parenting skills over time, and age-paced newsletter efficacy Author: Weatherspoon, Joni Two studies investigated the characteristics of high-risk Hispanic parents with young children who were enrolled in a primary prevention home visitation program targeting first birth families. In the first study, more and less acculturated high-risk Hispanic families were compared to high-risk non-Hispanic White families on differences in demographic characteristics, risk factors associated with poor child outcomes, and parent behaviors related to infant health. Using the General Linear Model Univariate procedure, these characteristics were then related to level of parenting skills, measured after approximately one year of service. A total of 1005 families were included in the study. There were important differences in parent psychosocial characteristics, health risks, and outcomes among Hispanic families. Hispanic mothers who were more acculturated, as measured by use of English in the home, were more likely to be at risk for substance abuse, mental illness, and family conflict. They were more likely to smoke and less likely to breastfeed. Less acculturated Hispanic mothers were less educated and more likely to be isolated. Controlling for pretest scores and education level, there were significant between group differences on parenting skills after one year of service, however the effect was small and overshadowed by the significant interaction effect between partner status and household category. Scores for single Spanish-speaking Hispanic mothers were significantly lower than scores of Spanish-speaking Hispanics in partner households. Risk factors that were positively associated with program progress included breastfeeding and mother's education level. Smoking, mental illness, and unrealistic expectations for the child were negatively associated with program progress. The second paper addressed the efficacy of an age-paced parenting newsletter as part of a home-visiting program for Spanish-speaking Hispanic parents. Family Service Workers serving these families delivered the newsletter and used it as a curriculum guide and teaching tool for families. Parents reported reading the newsletter, learning from it, and changing their behavior in response to newsletter content. Home visitors reported that it was a useful tool to reach high-risk parents with important parenting information. They found that it was particularly useful to combat inappropriate or unhealthful parenting advice from well-meaning family members and friends. Close

• 47. [Article] Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the presence of two other preschool siblings

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the presence of two other preschool siblings Author: Thompson, Joanne Mann Title: Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the presence of two other preschool siblings Author: Thompson, Joanne Mann Close

• 48. [Article] Attitudes of one hundred thirty single college men toward certain aspects of parenthood

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Attitudes of one hundred thirty single college men toward certain aspects of parenthood Author: Benjamin, Dayton Title: Attitudes of one hundred thirty single college men toward certain aspects of parenthood Author: Benjamin, Dayton Close

• 49. [Article] Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the home

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the home Author: Paul, Janet Smetts Title: Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the home Author: Paul, Janet Smetts Close

• 50. [Article] Baby Talk: Engaging the Community in Early Language Development as a Strategy to Improve K-12 Success

  Single-page poster.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Baby Talk: Engaging the Community in Early Language Development as a Strategy to Improve K-12 Success Author: Spencer-Iiams, Jennifer Year: 2013, 2012 Single-page poster. Title: Baby Talk: Engaging the Community in Early Language Development as a Strategy to Improve K-12 Success Author: Spencer-Iiams, Jennifer Year: 2013, 2012 Single-page poster. Close