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• 1. [Article] Principal indicator species of forested plant associations on national forests in northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Principal indicator species of forested plant associations on national forests in northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington Author: Johnson, Charles G., United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region Title: Principal indicator species of forested plant associations on national forests in northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington Author: Johnson, Charles G., United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region Close

• 2. [Article] An Integrated Approach to Gauge the Effects of Global Climate Change on Headwater Stream Ecosystems

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Integrated Approach to Gauge the Effects of Global Climate Change on Headwater Stream Ecosystems Author: Bury, Gwendolynn Wolfheim Title: An Integrated Approach to Gauge the Effects of Global Climate Change on Headwater Stream Ecosystems Author: Bury, Gwendolynn Wolfheim Close

• 3. [Article] Considering the Great Blue Heron as an Indicator Species for Organochlorine Contamination in the Willamette River, Oregon

  18 p. Term paper produced for HC 441: Science Colloquium: Willamette River Environmental Health, Robert D. Clark Honors College, University of Oregon , Spring term, 2004.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Considering the Great Blue Heron as an Indicator Species for Organochlorine Contamination in the Willamette River, Oregon Author: Gordon, Eleanor Year: 2005, 2004 18 p. Term paper produced for HC 441: Science Colloquium: Willamette River Environmental Health, Robert D. Clark Honors College, University of Oregon , Spring term, 2004. Title: Considering the Great Blue Heron as an Indicator Species for Organochlorine Contamination in the Willamette River, Oregon Author: Gordon, Eleanor Year: 2005, 2004 18 p. Term paper produced for HC 441: Science Colloquium: Willamette River Environmental Health, Robert D. Clark Honors College, University of Oregon , Spring term, 2004. Close

• 4. [Article] Ground dwelling beetles in early and late successional forests in the western Cascades of Oregon

  The effects of forest cutting on forested systems and the biotic components of those systems has been at the forefront of scientific research. The inventory and monitoring of biodiversity is one technique ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ground dwelling beetles in early and late successional forests in the western Cascades of Oregon Author: Heyborne, William H. The effects of forest cutting on forested systems and the biotic components of those systems has been at the forefront of scientific research. The inventory and monitoring of biodiversity is one technique used for measuring the effects of forest management. Because bioinventory studies are expensive, indicator species are often sought to serve as surrogates for the entire biotic community. Insects may be useful as indicator species. The purpose of this study was to perform an inventory of the ground dwelling beetles of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, and then use that inventory to assess the impact of forest management. Beetle communities were compared over time (17 years) and across variously aged stands and associated floral communities to determine the effects of clear-cut management. Pitfall traps were used at 37 sites to collect ground dwelling Coleoptera over a three week period in 1982, 1983, and 1999. A total of 11,191 individuals of 224 species were collected. The resultant catch was analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistical techniques. Results showed significantly different beetle communities among the four seral stages sampled. Beetles were more abundant in old growth sites. Species diversity was highest in clear-cut sites. Vegetation association was shown to significantly affect beetle communities, but was dependent on level of definition. Time also significantly affected beetle communities, with the beetle assemblages following a predictable trajectory parallel to vegetation succession. Functional group composition was found to change significantly over time, but was inconsistent between years. Title: Ground dwelling beetles in early and late successional forests in the western Cascades of Oregon Author: Heyborne, William H. The effects of forest cutting on forested systems and the biotic components of those systems has been at the forefront of scientific research. The inventory and monitoring of biodiversity is one technique used for measuring the effects of forest management. Because bioinventory studies are expensive, indicator species are often sought to serve as surrogates for the entire biotic community. Insects may be useful as indicator species. The purpose of this study was to perform an inventory of the ground dwelling beetles of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, and then use that inventory to assess the impact of forest management. Beetle communities were compared over time (17 years) and across variously aged stands and associated floral communities to determine the effects of clear-cut management. Pitfall traps were used at 37 sites to collect ground dwelling Coleoptera over a three week period in 1982, 1983, and 1999. A total of 11,191 individuals of 224 species were collected. The resultant catch was analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistical techniques. Results showed significantly different beetle communities among the four seral stages sampled. Beetles were more abundant in old growth sites. Species diversity was highest in clear-cut sites. Vegetation association was shown to significantly affect beetle communities, but was dependent on level of definition. Time also significantly affected beetle communities, with the beetle assemblages following a predictable trajectory parallel to vegetation succession. Functional group composition was found to change significantly over time, but was inconsistent between years. Close

• 5. [Article] Distribution and abundance of coastal fish and macro-invertebrates in the Galapagos Islands

  The Galapagos Islands, located off the coast of Ecuador, have a spatially diverse marine environment suitable for a variety of species with different climatic requirements. A year-long inventory program ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution and abundance of coastal fish and macro-invertebrates in the Galapagos Islands Author: Figueroa, Diego The Galapagos Islands, located off the coast of Ecuador, have a spatially diverse marine environment suitable for a variety of species with different climatic requirements. A year-long inventory program was carried out in 2000-2001 to provide baseline data on the abundances and distribution of coastal fish and macro-invertebrates. The purposes of this analysis are to use these data to describe the major trends in the community composition of coastal fish and macro-invertebrates and to relate the observed community structure to environmental parameters. A series of Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NIMS) ordinations, Multi-Response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) and Indicator Species Analyses (ISA) were performed on the community data. The results are analyzed with respect to major climate zones, upwelling regimes, prevalent benthic community, regional distribution of species, and habitat preferences. The results show that the community of coastal fish and macro-invertebrates in the Galapagos has a considerable degree of structure. Although most environmental variables do not show a strong relationship with individual ordination axes, a clear pattern can be discerned. The species composition of the communities in the warm tropical zone to the north is different from that of the coldest zone of the islands in the west. The community composition of the central and southern zones do not separate as clearly in the ordination space, but the communities belonging to the cool southern region are more similar to those of the tropical zone than to those of the coldest western region. Weaker patterns of community structure are observed when analyzing the data with respect to upwelling regime and community type (algal or coral). When groups of sites are defined with respect to environmental attributes, MRPP shows that there are small differences in species composition between groups, while Indicator Species Analysis yields several strong indicators for each group. The results of the ordination, MRPP tests, and Indicator Species Analysis suggest that the majority of fish and macro-invertebrate species of Galapagos are generalists, found across all environmental gradients; but that there are also significant numbers of more specialized species that occur in only limited regions. In order to properly protect these specialized species, fully protected zones should be established in each of these different regions. This study provides a baseline for future studies of nearshore marine faunistics in Galapagos. Future studies of the community structure of fish and macro-invertebrates in the Galapagos Islands will be able to document changes by comparing their results to those presented here. This information can then be used to help identify causes for changes, whether they are natural or anthropogenic. Title: Distribution and abundance of coastal fish and macro-invertebrates in the Galapagos Islands Author: Figueroa, Diego The Galapagos Islands, located off the coast of Ecuador, have a spatially diverse marine environment suitable for a variety of species with different climatic requirements. A year-long inventory program was carried out in 2000-2001 to provide baseline data on the abundances and distribution of coastal fish and macro-invertebrates. The purposes of this analysis are to use these data to describe the major trends in the community composition of coastal fish and macro-invertebrates and to relate the observed community structure to environmental parameters. A series of Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NIMS) ordinations, Multi-Response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) and Indicator Species Analyses (ISA) were performed on the community data. The results are analyzed with respect to major climate zones, upwelling regimes, prevalent benthic community, regional distribution of species, and habitat preferences. The results show that the community of coastal fish and macro-invertebrates in the Galapagos has a considerable degree of structure. Although most environmental variables do not show a strong relationship with individual ordination axes, a clear pattern can be discerned. The species composition of the communities in the warm tropical zone to the north is different from that of the coldest zone of the islands in the west. The community composition of the central and southern zones do not separate as clearly in the ordination space, but the communities belonging to the cool southern region are more similar to those of the tropical zone than to those of the coldest western region. Weaker patterns of community structure are observed when analyzing the data with respect to upwelling regime and community type (algal or coral). When groups of sites are defined with respect to environmental attributes, MRPP shows that there are small differences in species composition between groups, while Indicator Species Analysis yields several strong indicators for each group. The results of the ordination, MRPP tests, and Indicator Species Analysis suggest that the majority of fish and macro-invertebrate species of Galapagos are generalists, found across all environmental gradients; but that there are also significant numbers of more specialized species that occur in only limited regions. In order to properly protect these specialized species, fully protected zones should be established in each of these different regions. This study provides a baseline for future studies of nearshore marine faunistics in Galapagos. Future studies of the community structure of fish and macro-invertebrates in the Galapagos Islands will be able to document changes by comparing their results to those presented here. This information can then be used to help identify causes for changes, whether they are natural or anthropogenic. Close

• 6. [Article] Non-native and native plant species distributions and variability along an elevation gradient in the Wallowa Mountains, Oregon

  Invasion by non-native plants into natural areas is an important component of global change that threatens biodiversity and ecosystem structure and function. Mountains are currently among the least invaded ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Non-native and native plant species distributions and variability along an elevation gradient in the Wallowa Mountains, Oregon Author: Averett, Joshua P. Invasion by non-native plants into natural areas is an important component of global change that threatens biodiversity and ecosystem structure and function. Mountains are currently among the least invaded ecosystems, however, these biodiversity hotspots are increasingly under threat of exotic plant invasion. Evaluation of plant species distribution patterns in mountain ecosystems can provide insight into dominant processes of plant invasion and inform management to reduce the spread of non-native plants in mountains. The objectives of this study were to: 1) evaluate the main drivers of plant invasions in the Wallowa Mountain Range of northeastern Oregon, and the extent patterns of native species distributions and their causes differed from non-native species along an elevation gradient; and 2) investigate inter- and intra-annual understory vascular plant species variability along an elevation gradient to inform long-term monitoring of plant invasion dynamics in the Wallowa Mountains. We sampled understory vascular plant communities in summer 2012 along three forest roads in the Wallowa Mountains. Transects (n=20) were evenly stratified by elevation (60 meters) along each road. Indicator species analysis (ISA) was used to identify habitat tendencies for non-native species. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) related community composition to environmental and species trait factors. Predictors of non-native and native species abundance and richness were evaluated using Non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR). Canopy openness and elevation niche widths were modeled for all common species and evaluated for evidence of high elevation or closed canopy specialization. Non-native species richness decreased continuously with increasing elevation. In contrast, native species richness displayed a unimodal distribution with maximum richness at the mid-elevations. According to NMS and NPMR, elevation, canopy openness, and disturbance were the strongest correlates of non-native species abundance. Non-native species were concentrated in low elevation bunchgrass, roadside, and open forest habitats with high canopy openness, and moderate to high disturbance intensity. Overlays of species trait factors onto ordinations revealed that the transition into the subalpine community and over-story canopy closure exceeding approximately 60 percent were potential barriers to non-native species establishment. Vegetation sampling was repeated three times (June, July, and August 2013) during the growing season in summer 2013 for a subset (n=10) of our transects. Blocked Multi Response Permutation Procedure (MRBP) was used to test the hypothesis of no change in species composition between years (summer 2012 and summer 2013) and between each sampling period (June, July, and August) within one growing season. NMS related community composition at different times to environmental and trait category factors. Blocked Indicator Species Analysis was used to identify species with tendencies towards specific sampling periods. Important predictors of vegetation change were identified and indicator species distributions were related to NMS axes using NPMR. Vegetation composition changed both between years and between each sampling period within one growing season. Species richness increased with sampling effort, dominant species were consistently found throughout all sampling periods and rare species showed the highest rate of turnover between sampling periods. The highest species richness and greatest number of indicator species were associated with the early summer (June) sampling period. Approximately 25% of all non-native species showed tendencies towards a specific sampling period where greater than half favored the June sampling period within lowland bunchgrass communities. Annual species including the most dominant non-native species within the lowland and montane zones showed the highest inter- and intra-annual variability compared to other trait categories. Total species richness was positively related to turnover and was the most important predictor of relative abundance change between all sampling periods. Species turnover was highest in species rich montane plots; however, trait abundance and richness did not statistically differ in montane plots. These data suggest that elevation, canopy, openness, and disturbance are important factors structuring non-native plant distributions in the Wallowa Mountains. Our findings that non-native species tended to be concentrated in low elevation, early successional habitats coupled with a lack of high elevation or closed canopy specialization indicates that non-native plants that occurr at the highest elevations are likely generalist species that depend on disturbance (primarily open over-story canopy) for spread into higher elevation sites until they are eventually filtered out by harsh environmental conditions coincident with the subalpine transition zone. Collectively these results suggest that interactions between introduction pathways that favor human assisted dispersal into the low-elevations where ruderal species are favored and environmental filters (elevation, canopy openness, and disturbance) are the dominant factors structuring non-native plant distributions in the Wallowa Mountains. Our results also indicate that long-term monitoring of vegetation change in the Wallowa Mountains will be improved through periodic sampling during each growing season. Sampling once during the spring or early summer and then again coincident with peak biomass should improve estimates of species distributions and diversity patterns by capturing both vernal and late season species. Early season sampling may be particularly important for monitoring non-native plants in the Wallowa Mountains as most non-natives were concentrated in low elevation semiarid bunchgrass communities where spring and early summer specialization is common. Title: Non-native and native plant species distributions and variability along an elevation gradient in the Wallowa Mountains, Oregon Author: Averett, Joshua P. Invasion by non-native plants into natural areas is an important component of global change that threatens biodiversity and ecosystem structure and function. Mountains are currently among the least invaded ecosystems, however, these biodiversity hotspots are increasingly under threat of exotic plant invasion. Evaluation of plant species distribution patterns in mountain ecosystems can provide insight into dominant processes of plant invasion and inform management to reduce the spread of non-native plants in mountains. The objectives of this study were to: 1) evaluate the main drivers of plant invasions in the Wallowa Mountain Range of northeastern Oregon, and the extent patterns of native species distributions and their causes differed from non-native species along an elevation gradient; and 2) investigate inter- and intra-annual understory vascular plant species variability along an elevation gradient to inform long-term monitoring of plant invasion dynamics in the Wallowa Mountains. We sampled understory vascular plant communities in summer 2012 along three forest roads in the Wallowa Mountains. Transects (n=20) were evenly stratified by elevation (60 meters) along each road. Indicator species analysis (ISA) was used to identify habitat tendencies for non-native species. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) related community composition to environmental and species trait factors. Predictors of non-native and native species abundance and richness were evaluated using Non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR). Canopy openness and elevation niche widths were modeled for all common species and evaluated for evidence of high elevation or closed canopy specialization. Non-native species richness decreased continuously with increasing elevation. In contrast, native species richness displayed a unimodal distribution with maximum richness at the mid-elevations. According to NMS and NPMR, elevation, canopy openness, and disturbance were the strongest correlates of non-native species abundance. Non-native species were concentrated in low elevation bunchgrass, roadside, and open forest habitats with high canopy openness, and moderate to high disturbance intensity. Overlays of species trait factors onto ordinations revealed that the transition into the subalpine community and over-story canopy closure exceeding approximately 60 percent were potential barriers to non-native species establishment. Vegetation sampling was repeated three times (June, July, and August 2013) during the growing season in summer 2013 for a subset (n=10) of our transects. Blocked Multi Response Permutation Procedure (MRBP) was used to test the hypothesis of no change in species composition between years (summer 2012 and summer 2013) and between each sampling period (June, July, and August) within one growing season. NMS related community composition at different times to environmental and trait category factors. Blocked Indicator Species Analysis was used to identify species with tendencies towards specific sampling periods. Important predictors of vegetation change were identified and indicator species distributions were related to NMS axes using NPMR. Vegetation composition changed both between years and between each sampling period within one growing season. Species richness increased with sampling effort, dominant species were consistently found throughout all sampling periods and rare species showed the highest rate of turnover between sampling periods. The highest species richness and greatest number of indicator species were associated with the early summer (June) sampling period. Approximately 25% of all non-native species showed tendencies towards a specific sampling period where greater than half favored the June sampling period within lowland bunchgrass communities. Annual species including the most dominant non-native species within the lowland and montane zones showed the highest inter- and intra-annual variability compared to other trait categories. Total species richness was positively related to turnover and was the most important predictor of relative abundance change between all sampling periods. Species turnover was highest in species rich montane plots; however, trait abundance and richness did not statistically differ in montane plots. These data suggest that elevation, canopy, openness, and disturbance are important factors structuring non-native plant distributions in the Wallowa Mountains. Our findings that non-native species tended to be concentrated in low elevation, early successional habitats coupled with a lack of high elevation or closed canopy specialization indicates that non-native plants that occurr at the highest elevations are likely generalist species that depend on disturbance (primarily open over-story canopy) for spread into higher elevation sites until they are eventually filtered out by harsh environmental conditions coincident with the subalpine transition zone. Collectively these results suggest that interactions between introduction pathways that favor human assisted dispersal into the low-elevations where ruderal species are favored and environmental filters (elevation, canopy openness, and disturbance) are the dominant factors structuring non-native plant distributions in the Wallowa Mountains. Our results also indicate that long-term monitoring of vegetation change in the Wallowa Mountains will be improved through periodic sampling during each growing season. Sampling once during the spring or early summer and then again coincident with peak biomass should improve estimates of species distributions and diversity patterns by capturing both vernal and late season species. Early season sampling may be particularly important for monitoring non-native plants in the Wallowa Mountains as most non-natives were concentrated in low elevation semiarid bunchgrass communities where spring and early summer specialization is common. Close

• 7. [Article] Using Landsat TM Imagery to Monitor Vegetation Change Following Flow Restoration to the Lower Owens River, California

  Rehabilitating river corridors to restore valuable riparian habitat consumes significant resources from both governments and private companies. Given these considerable expenditures, it is important to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Landsat TM Imagery to Monitor Vegetation Change Following Flow Restoration to the Lower Owens River, California Author: Bross, Lesley Crandell Year: 2015 Rehabilitating river corridors to restore valuable riparian habitat consumes significant resources from both governments and private companies. Given these considerable expenditures, it is important to monitor the progress of such projects. This study evaluated the utility of using Landsat Thematic Mapper remotely-sensed data from 2002 and 2009 to monitor vegetation change induced by instream flow restoration to the Lower Owens River in central California. This study compared the results of an unsupervised classification with an NDVI threshold classification to appraise the resources required and effectiveness of each analysis method. The results were inspected by creating standard remote sensing accuracy error matrices and by correlating landscape pattern metrics with bird indicator species. Both sets of classified maps show a noticeable increase in riparian vegetation in the study area following flow restoration in 2006, indicating an improvement of the quality of bird habitat. The study concluded that analyzing vegetation change using the unsupervised classification technique required more effort, expert knowledge, and supplementary data than using the NDVI threshold method. If these prerequisites are met, the output from the unsupervised classification process produces a more precise map of land cover change than the NDVI threshold method. However, if an analyst is lacking either resources or ground verification data, the NDVI threshold technique is capable of providing a generalized, but still valid evaluation of vegetation change. This conclusion is supported by higher correlations between indicator bird species under the unsupervised classification method than were found with the NDVI threshold method. Title: Using Landsat TM Imagery to Monitor Vegetation Change Following Flow Restoration to the Lower Owens River, California Author: Bross, Lesley Crandell Year: 2015 Rehabilitating river corridors to restore valuable riparian habitat consumes significant resources from both governments and private companies. Given these considerable expenditures, it is important to monitor the progress of such projects. This study evaluated the utility of using Landsat Thematic Mapper remotely-sensed data from 2002 and 2009 to monitor vegetation change induced by instream flow restoration to the Lower Owens River in central California. This study compared the results of an unsupervised classification with an NDVI threshold classification to appraise the resources required and effectiveness of each analysis method. The results were inspected by creating standard remote sensing accuracy error matrices and by correlating landscape pattern metrics with bird indicator species. Both sets of classified maps show a noticeable increase in riparian vegetation in the study area following flow restoration in 2006, indicating an improvement of the quality of bird habitat. The study concluded that analyzing vegetation change using the unsupervised classification technique required more effort, expert knowledge, and supplementary data than using the NDVI threshold method. If these prerequisites are met, the output from the unsupervised classification process produces a more precise map of land cover change than the NDVI threshold method. However, if an analyst is lacking either resources or ground verification data, the NDVI threshold technique is capable of providing a generalized, but still valid evaluation of vegetation change. This conclusion is supported by higher correlations between indicator bird species under the unsupervised classification method than were found with the NDVI threshold method. Close

• 8. [Article] Non-forest Plant Communities of the Northern Oregon Coast Range and Vicinity Draft Report

  DRAFT REPORT. In 2013 – 2015, reconnaissance observations were made across non-forest habitats on FS and BLM land in the Coast Range and Cascade foothills within the Salem and Eugene BLM district areas ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Non-forest Plant Communities of the Northern Oregon Coast Range and Vicinity Draft Report Author: Glavich, Doug DRAFT REPORT. In 2013 – 2015, reconnaissance observations were made across non-forest habitats on FS and BLM land in the Coast Range and Cascade foothills within the Salem and Eugene BLM district areas for plant communities that did not fit the USFS Northwest Oregon Non-forest Plant Community guide. Surveys were limited to prioritized selected USGS quad maps and some additional known special habitat areas. The objective was to sample a minimum of 5 plots per suspected new plant community across all topographic positions observed. Plots were placed to best represent the plant community. Environmental data and percent cover were recorded. Data from similar plant communities in the Non-forest Plant Communities of the northern Oregon Cascades (McCain et al. 2014) were combined with the new data and analyzed with One-Way Cluster Analysis using PC-ORD software (McCune & Mefford 2002) to determine group membership of the plots. Indicator Species Analysis was used to identify plant species indicators for each of the communities, and these were further tested in Multiple Response Permutation Procedures analysis in PC-ORD software, which tests membership among groups (McCune & Mefford 2002). Plant community groups were named based on most significant indicator species or highest constancy in the group. The plant community data set and a secondary matrix of field collected and calculated environmental data were run through Non-metrical Multidimensional Scaling Ordination (NMS) in PC-ORD software to examine community and environmental relationships. Cascade plant community plots reasonably separated from new plant community plots in cluster analysis. 12 plant communities that appear different than those found in the Cascades: Roemer’s fescue – coastal, Roemer’s fescue—high bald, blue wild rye, star-flowered lily-of-the-valley—California sedge, golden slenderbanner, California fescue, Virginia strawberry—California oatgrass, Oregon Sunshine –Coast Range, spreading phlox –Coast Range, Wallace’s spikemoss—Cascade desert parsley, rusty saxifrage—short camas, crevice alumroot—wood saxifrage. These plant communities are draft types and review is needed to determine final defined plant communities. Title: Non-forest Plant Communities of the Northern Oregon Coast Range and Vicinity Draft Report Author: Glavich, Doug DRAFT REPORT. In 2013 – 2015, reconnaissance observations were made across non-forest habitats on FS and BLM land in the Coast Range and Cascade foothills within the Salem and Eugene BLM district areas for plant communities that did not fit the USFS Northwest Oregon Non-forest Plant Community guide. Surveys were limited to prioritized selected USGS quad maps and some additional known special habitat areas. The objective was to sample a minimum of 5 plots per suspected new plant community across all topographic positions observed. Plots were placed to best represent the plant community. Environmental data and percent cover were recorded. Data from similar plant communities in the Non-forest Plant Communities of the northern Oregon Cascades (McCain et al. 2014) were combined with the new data and analyzed with One-Way Cluster Analysis using PC-ORD software (McCune & Mefford 2002) to determine group membership of the plots. Indicator Species Analysis was used to identify plant species indicators for each of the communities, and these were further tested in Multiple Response Permutation Procedures analysis in PC-ORD software, which tests membership among groups (McCune & Mefford 2002). Plant community groups were named based on most significant indicator species or highest constancy in the group. The plant community data set and a secondary matrix of field collected and calculated environmental data were run through Non-metrical Multidimensional Scaling Ordination (NMS) in PC-ORD software to examine community and environmental relationships. Cascade plant community plots reasonably separated from new plant community plots in cluster analysis. 12 plant communities that appear different than those found in the Cascades: Roemer’s fescue – coastal, Roemer’s fescue—high bald, blue wild rye, star-flowered lily-of-the-valley—California sedge, golden slenderbanner, California fescue, Virginia strawberry—California oatgrass, Oregon Sunshine –Coast Range, spreading phlox –Coast Range, Wallace’s spikemoss—Cascade desert parsley, rusty saxifrage—short camas, crevice alumroot—wood saxifrage. These plant communities are draft types and review is needed to determine final defined plant communities. Close

• 9. [Article] 60 years of avian community change in the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  Birds perform valuable ecological functions and are useful environmental indicators. Avian distributions and diversity are predicted to change over the next 50 years. Little information exists on the role ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 60 years of avian community change in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Curtis, Jenna Birds perform valuable ecological functions and are useful environmental indicators. Avian distributions and diversity are predicted to change over the next 50 years. Little information exists on the role of local and regional conditions in fluctuations of avian communities over time. Historic datasets present a legacy of information that helps to understand changes in avian community composition. This study utilizes a rare, highly detailed avian survey of sites in the Willamette Valley, Oregon from 1952 (Eddy 1953). Because they include counts for all species detected on each survey, these data are uniquely valuable to understanding how avian species assemblages in the Willamette Valley changed. I resurveyed sites in 2013 to quantify the nature and extent of avian community compositional change. I used aerial photographs and satellite imagery to quantify changes in land use and habitat cover between periods. I compared metrics of avian alpha, beta, and gamma diversity between survey periods on multiple spatial extents. I also tested for shifts in categorical species abundances. Data was ordinated along environmental gradients to determine important axes of change between historic and modern species assemblages. Nonparametric procedures identified indicator species for each survey era. Observed differences between historic and modern communities suggested substantial turnover; nearly 50% of species were replaced over 60 years. Species richness increased on both local and regional spatial extents. Modern avian communities tended towards bimodal, less even distributions of abundances. Ordination of survey sites in species space confirmed modern avian communities were different from their historic counterparts. However, sites underwent relatively little change in vegetation and land use cover between survey eras. Indicator species characterized changes in regional abundances as well as differences in survey methodologies between eras. I took additional steps to confirm discrepancies in site location, survey effort, and detection probabilities did not influence analyses. These results suggest avian species assemblages are naturally dynamic. Complex processes outside of local habitat characteristics may influence community composition. Additional factors, such as vegetation structure and composition should be considered when modeling future shifts in species assemblage. Despite uncertainties in methodology, the historic data in this research provided unique, valuable insight into long-term changes in avian communities. Title: 60 years of avian community change in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Curtis, Jenna Birds perform valuable ecological functions and are useful environmental indicators. Avian distributions and diversity are predicted to change over the next 50 years. Little information exists on the role of local and regional conditions in fluctuations of avian communities over time. Historic datasets present a legacy of information that helps to understand changes in avian community composition. This study utilizes a rare, highly detailed avian survey of sites in the Willamette Valley, Oregon from 1952 (Eddy 1953). Because they include counts for all species detected on each survey, these data are uniquely valuable to understanding how avian species assemblages in the Willamette Valley changed. I resurveyed sites in 2013 to quantify the nature and extent of avian community compositional change. I used aerial photographs and satellite imagery to quantify changes in land use and habitat cover between periods. I compared metrics of avian alpha, beta, and gamma diversity between survey periods on multiple spatial extents. I also tested for shifts in categorical species abundances. Data was ordinated along environmental gradients to determine important axes of change between historic and modern species assemblages. Nonparametric procedures identified indicator species for each survey era. Observed differences between historic and modern communities suggested substantial turnover; nearly 50% of species were replaced over 60 years. Species richness increased on both local and regional spatial extents. Modern avian communities tended towards bimodal, less even distributions of abundances. Ordination of survey sites in species space confirmed modern avian communities were different from their historic counterparts. However, sites underwent relatively little change in vegetation and land use cover between survey eras. Indicator species characterized changes in regional abundances as well as differences in survey methodologies between eras. I took additional steps to confirm discrepancies in site location, survey effort, and detection probabilities did not influence analyses. These results suggest avian species assemblages are naturally dynamic. Complex processes outside of local habitat characteristics may influence community composition. Additional factors, such as vegetation structure and composition should be considered when modeling future shifts in species assemblage. Despite uncertainties in methodology, the historic data in this research provided unique, valuable insight into long-term changes in avian communities. Close

• 10. [Article] General management principles and a checklist of strategies to guide forest biodiversity conservation

  Many indicators and criteria have been proposed to assess the sustainable management of forests but their scientific validity remains uncertain. Because the effects of forest disturbances (such as logging) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: General management principles and a checklist of strategies to guide forest biodiversity conservation Author: Fischer, J., Lindenmayer, D.B., Franklin, J.F. Many indicators and criteria have been proposed to assess the sustainable management of forests but their scientific validity remains uncertain. Because the effects of forest disturbances (such as logging) are often specific to particular species, sites, landscapes, regions and forest types, management ‘‘shortcuts’’ such as indicator species, focal species and threshold levels of vegetation cover may be of limited generic value. We propose an alternative approach based on a set of five guiding principles for biodiversity conservation that are broadly applicable to any forested area: (1) the maintenance of connectivity; (2) the maintenance of landscape heterogeneity; (3) the maintenance of stand structural complexity; and (4) the maintenance of aquatic ecosystem integrity; (5) the use of natural disturbance regimes to guide human disturbance regimes. We present a checklist of measures for forest biodiversity conservation that reflects the multi-scaled nature of conservation approaches on forested land. At the regional scale, management should ensure the establishment of large ecological reserves. At the landscape scale, off-reserve conservation measures should include: (1) protected areas within production forests; (2) buffers for aquatic ecosystems; (3) appropriately designed and located road networks; (4) the careful spatial and temporal arrangement of harvest units; and (5) appropriate fire management practices. At the stand level, off-reserve conservation measures should include: (1) the retention of key elements of stand structural complexity (e.g., large living and dead trees with hollows, understorey thickets, and large fallen logs); (2) long rotation times (coupled with structural retention at harvest); (3) silvicultural systems alternative to traditional high impact ones (e.g., clearcutting in some forest types); and (4) appropriate fire management practices and practices for the management of other kinds of disturbances. Although the general ecological principles and associated checklist are intuitive, data to evaluate the effectiveness of many specific on-the-ground management actions are limited. Considerable effort is needed to adopt adaptive management ‘‘natural experiments’’ and monitoring to: (1) better identify the impacts of logging operations and other kinds of management activities on biodiversity, and; (2) quantify the effectiveness of impact mitigation strategies; and (3) identify ways to improve management practices. Title: General management principles and a checklist of strategies to guide forest biodiversity conservation Author: Fischer, J., Lindenmayer, D.B., Franklin, J.F. Many indicators and criteria have been proposed to assess the sustainable management of forests but their scientific validity remains uncertain. Because the effects of forest disturbances (such as logging) are often specific to particular species, sites, landscapes, regions and forest types, management ‘‘shortcuts’’ such as indicator species, focal species and threshold levels of vegetation cover may be of limited generic value. We propose an alternative approach based on a set of five guiding principles for biodiversity conservation that are broadly applicable to any forested area: (1) the maintenance of connectivity; (2) the maintenance of landscape heterogeneity; (3) the maintenance of stand structural complexity; and (4) the maintenance of aquatic ecosystem integrity; (5) the use of natural disturbance regimes to guide human disturbance regimes. We present a checklist of measures for forest biodiversity conservation that reflects the multi-scaled nature of conservation approaches on forested land. At the regional scale, management should ensure the establishment of large ecological reserves. At the landscape scale, off-reserve conservation measures should include: (1) protected areas within production forests; (2) buffers for aquatic ecosystems; (3) appropriately designed and located road networks; (4) the careful spatial and temporal arrangement of harvest units; and (5) appropriate fire management practices. At the stand level, off-reserve conservation measures should include: (1) the retention of key elements of stand structural complexity (e.g., large living and dead trees with hollows, understorey thickets, and large fallen logs); (2) long rotation times (coupled with structural retention at harvest); (3) silvicultural systems alternative to traditional high impact ones (e.g., clearcutting in some forest types); and (4) appropriate fire management practices and practices for the management of other kinds of disturbances. Although the general ecological principles and associated checklist are intuitive, data to evaluate the effectiveness of many specific on-the-ground management actions are limited. Considerable effort is needed to adopt adaptive management ‘‘natural experiments’’ and monitoring to: (1) better identify the impacts of logging operations and other kinds of management activities on biodiversity, and; (2) quantify the effectiveness of impact mitigation strategies; and (3) identify ways to improve management practices. Close

• 11. [Article] Episodic dynamics of microbial communities associated with the birth and death of ectomycorrhizal mats in old-growth Douglas-fir stands

  Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi of the genera Piloderma and Ramaria form dense hyphal mats in the organic and upper mineral soil layers, respectively, in coniferous forest floors of the Pacific Northwest. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Episodic dynamics of microbial communities associated with the birth and death of ectomycorrhizal mats in old-growth Douglas-fir stands Author: Blanchard, Joseph H. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi of the genera Piloderma and Ramaria form dense hyphal mats in the organic and upper mineral soil layers, respectively, in coniferous forest floors of the Pacific Northwest. Previous studies have determined that fungal mats change the chemical, physical, and biological properties of the soil within. Little information exists on the dynamics of development and decline of Piloderma and Ramaria mats, and the type of fungal and bacterial communities that are associated with the mats. To address these topics, a reciprocal soil core experiment was installed in Piloderma and Ramaria mats found in old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest located in the Oregon Cascade Mountains. Samples from each mat type were severed from the host tree and transplanted in closed PVC cores, preventing new root and mat growth, to adjacent non-mat soil. In contrast, non-mat soil cores were transplanted into mats in open mesh netting, allowing tree root and mat development to occur. Cores were sampled at 10, 16, and 24 months after establishment, and changes in mat development and fungal and bacterial communities were monitored by measuring the number of ECM colonized root tips, fungal mat DNA fragment indicator species, and fungal and bacterial community composition with Terminal Restriction Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) and Length Heterogeneity PCR (LH-PCR) of ITS and 16S rDNA. DNA fragments representing mat-forming indicator species were detected in the development of Piloderma mats starting at 16 and continuing through 24 months post establishment. Both Piloderma and Ramaria mat fungal communities changed rapidly in cores that had been severed from the host but mat-associated fungal communities had not developed even two years post intimate contact by non-mat soil cores with mats. The richness of fungal and bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTU) in the Piloderma mats increased when they were severed from the host, but decreased when Ramaria fungal mats were severed from their host. Further study is required to determine the length of time required to develop mat-associated microbial communities from non-mat soil, as well as the identity and function of fungi and bacteria responsible for community changes. Title: Episodic dynamics of microbial communities associated with the birth and death of ectomycorrhizal mats in old-growth Douglas-fir stands Author: Blanchard, Joseph H. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi of the genera Piloderma and Ramaria form dense hyphal mats in the organic and upper mineral soil layers, respectively, in coniferous forest floors of the Pacific Northwest. Previous studies have determined that fungal mats change the chemical, physical, and biological properties of the soil within. Little information exists on the dynamics of development and decline of Piloderma and Ramaria mats, and the type of fungal and bacterial communities that are associated with the mats. To address these topics, a reciprocal soil core experiment was installed in Piloderma and Ramaria mats found in old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest located in the Oregon Cascade Mountains. Samples from each mat type were severed from the host tree and transplanted in closed PVC cores, preventing new root and mat growth, to adjacent non-mat soil. In contrast, non-mat soil cores were transplanted into mats in open mesh netting, allowing tree root and mat development to occur. Cores were sampled at 10, 16, and 24 months after establishment, and changes in mat development and fungal and bacterial communities were monitored by measuring the number of ECM colonized root tips, fungal mat DNA fragment indicator species, and fungal and bacterial community composition with Terminal Restriction Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) and Length Heterogeneity PCR (LH-PCR) of ITS and 16S rDNA. DNA fragments representing mat-forming indicator species were detected in the development of Piloderma mats starting at 16 and continuing through 24 months post establishment. Both Piloderma and Ramaria mat fungal communities changed rapidly in cores that had been severed from the host but mat-associated fungal communities had not developed even two years post intimate contact by non-mat soil cores with mats. The richness of fungal and bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTU) in the Piloderma mats increased when they were severed from the host, but decreased when Ramaria fungal mats were severed from their host. Further study is required to determine the length of time required to develop mat-associated microbial communities from non-mat soil, as well as the identity and function of fungi and bacteria responsible for community changes. Close

• 12. [Article] Consumer's Knowledge and Preferences About Fish Farmed Species

  Based on the evoked set analysis, a group of factors driving knowledge and preferences about fish farmed species are investigated with three different samples. Samples were collected in Spain, into a nationwide study ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Consumer's Knowledge and Preferences About Fish Farmed Species Author: Llorente, Ignacio, Fernández-Polanco, José, Luna, Ladislao Based on the evoked set analysis, a group of factors driving knowledge and preferences about fish farmed species are investigated with three different samples. Samples were collected in Spain, into a nationwide study about knowledge and assessments about aquaculture, funded by the General Secretary of Marine Fisheries of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. An average 2,500 different consumers were interviewed each year in the period from 2005 and 2007. Respondents had to answer to two open questions indicating fish species that are being cultured and which of them they do consume. The evoked set was formed with the most repeated species reported by consumers. The factors are classified into demographic and consumption habits. Their influence on the occurrences of cultured species into an evoked set is tested using binary logistic regression models. Four equations, corresponding to the main fish-farmed species in Spain, are fitted with every sample for both known and consumed species. Results indicate that the occurrence of one species into the evoked set is related with education level, place of consumption, perceptions and consumption of other farmed species. Title: Consumer's Knowledge and Preferences About Fish Farmed Species Author: Llorente, Ignacio, Fernández-Polanco, José, Luna, Ladislao Based on the evoked set analysis, a group of factors driving knowledge and preferences about fish farmed species are investigated with three different samples. Samples were collected in Spain, into a nationwide study about knowledge and assessments about aquaculture, funded by the General Secretary of Marine Fisheries of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. An average 2,500 different consumers were interviewed each year in the period from 2005 and 2007. Respondents had to answer to two open questions indicating fish species that are being cultured and which of them they do consume. The evoked set was formed with the most repeated species reported by consumers. The factors are classified into demographic and consumption habits. Their influence on the occurrences of cultured species into an evoked set is tested using binary logistic regression models. Four equations, corresponding to the main fish-farmed species in Spain, are fitted with every sample for both known and consumed species. Results indicate that the occurrence of one species into the evoked set is related with education level, place of consumption, perceptions and consumption of other farmed species. Close

• 13. [Article] Biodiversity in managed forests of western Oregon : species assemblages in leave islands, thinned, and unthinned forests

  Both leave islands, or green tree retention clusters, and thinning prescriptions have been proposed as alternative silvicultural strategies designed to sustain the structural and biological diversity of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biodiversity in managed forests of western Oregon : species assemblages in leave islands, thinned, and unthinned forests Author: Wessell, Stephanie J. Both leave islands, or green tree retention clusters, and thinning prescriptions have been proposed as alternative silvicultural strategies designed to sustain the structural and biological diversity of managed forests. However, the relationship of the physical structure of leave islands and thinned forests to their associated microclimates, flora, and fauna remain largely unknown. We evaluated habitat and biota after forest thinning from 600 to 200 trees per hectare with three sizes of leave islands. Specifically, we used analysis of variance, species occupancy pattern assessments, and community analysis methods to examine differences in habitat and vascular plant, arthropod, amphibian, and mollusk abundance and diversity with respect to thinning and leave island size in four western Oregon managed forest stands. We found multiple treatment effects of thinning and leave island size relative to microclimate and vascular plant diversity and ground cover. The microclimate and vascular plant species composition differed between thinned and unthinned forest while conditions within leave islands approximated conditions in unthinned forest. Proportions of exotic and early-successional species and species ground cover were higher in thinned forest than unthinned forest and higher in small leave islands than larger leave islands. Treatment effects on arthropod, amphibian, and mollusk density were mixed. Of 118 parameters analyzed, negative effects of thinning on faunal species were detected for five arthropod species, low-mobility arthropod captures, one salamander species, one salamander family (Plethodontidae), amphibian species richness, and one mollusk species. Of 83 parameters assessed, positive effects of leave island size were found for arthropod species richness, overall density, density within six functional group measures, and for six species groups. Treatment effects of leave island size were mixed for amphibians and mollusks with positive effects of leave island size for overall mollusk density, snail density, and density within three mollusk species groups. Indicator species analyses identified seven vascular plant and two arthropod species indicative of thinned forest, 0.2 ha and 0.4 ha leave islands. Assessments of species occupancy patterns revealed insights regarding the potential utility of managing the forest matrix for habitat heterogeneity. For example, 71(19%) taxa occurred only in leave islands and 139 (37%) taxa occurred only in leave islands and unthinned forest. These patterns may indicate occurrences of rare species and do not necessarily indicate associations with these unthinned forest types. Community analyses highlighted the importance of addressing multiple spatial scales in forest management prescriptions by identifying distinct biotic assemblages occurring at forest type, study site, and mountain range scales. Our results suggest that leave islands may provide refugia for some low-mobility, ecologically sensitive species in managed forests of the Pacific Northwest. Title: Biodiversity in managed forests of western Oregon : species assemblages in leave islands, thinned, and unthinned forests Author: Wessell, Stephanie J. Both leave islands, or green tree retention clusters, and thinning prescriptions have been proposed as alternative silvicultural strategies designed to sustain the structural and biological diversity of managed forests. However, the relationship of the physical structure of leave islands and thinned forests to their associated microclimates, flora, and fauna remain largely unknown. We evaluated habitat and biota after forest thinning from 600 to 200 trees per hectare with three sizes of leave islands. Specifically, we used analysis of variance, species occupancy pattern assessments, and community analysis methods to examine differences in habitat and vascular plant, arthropod, amphibian, and mollusk abundance and diversity with respect to thinning and leave island size in four western Oregon managed forest stands. We found multiple treatment effects of thinning and leave island size relative to microclimate and vascular plant diversity and ground cover. The microclimate and vascular plant species composition differed between thinned and unthinned forest while conditions within leave islands approximated conditions in unthinned forest. Proportions of exotic and early-successional species and species ground cover were higher in thinned forest than unthinned forest and higher in small leave islands than larger leave islands. Treatment effects on arthropod, amphibian, and mollusk density were mixed. Of 118 parameters analyzed, negative effects of thinning on faunal species were detected for five arthropod species, low-mobility arthropod captures, one salamander species, one salamander family (Plethodontidae), amphibian species richness, and one mollusk species. Of 83 parameters assessed, positive effects of leave island size were found for arthropod species richness, overall density, density within six functional group measures, and for six species groups. Treatment effects of leave island size were mixed for amphibians and mollusks with positive effects of leave island size for overall mollusk density, snail density, and density within three mollusk species groups. Indicator species analyses identified seven vascular plant and two arthropod species indicative of thinned forest, 0.2 ha and 0.4 ha leave islands. Assessments of species occupancy patterns revealed insights regarding the potential utility of managing the forest matrix for habitat heterogeneity. For example, 71(19%) taxa occurred only in leave islands and 139 (37%) taxa occurred only in leave islands and unthinned forest. These patterns may indicate occurrences of rare species and do not necessarily indicate associations with these unthinned forest types. Community analyses highlighted the importance of addressing multiple spatial scales in forest management prescriptions by identifying distinct biotic assemblages occurring at forest type, study site, and mountain range scales. Our results suggest that leave islands may provide refugia for some low-mobility, ecologically sensitive species in managed forests of the Pacific Northwest. Close

• 14. [Article] Forest associations and secondary plant succession in the southern Oregon coastal range

  Forest associations, secondary succession, and relationships of plant communities to Roosevelt elk were investigated. Stratification of vegetation into ecological units and an understanding of secondary succession ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forest associations and secondary plant succession in the southern Oregon coastal range Author: Bailey, Arthur Wesley, 1938- Forest associations, secondary succession, and relationships of plant communities to Roosevelt elk were investigated. Stratification of vegetation into ecological units and an understanding of secondary succession by habitat-type were a necessary first step in investigations into browsing of conifers by elk. The study was jointly conducted by the Oregon State Game Commission and the Weyerhaeuser Company. Vegetation, soils, and physiography were studied together. Vegetation cover data, recorded in thirty-two, 275 to 500-year-old forest stands, formed the basis of a synecological classification. Lightspots are a natural component of these forests. The dense forest and a lightspot were separately sampled in each stand. Light-spot cover data were analyzed separately in an association table. Lightspot data were compared with dense forest data to check validity of the phytosociological classification. This approach increased phytosociological understanding of these forests. The climax dominant tree and shrub and herb layer species with highest cover are used in naming the following associations (in order of increasing xerism): Thuja/Adiantum-Athyrium Tsuga/Polystichum/Oxalis Tsuga/Acer/Berberis Tsuga-Pseudotsuga/Rhododendron/Berberis Pseudotsuga/Holodiscus/Gaultheria. The exceptions are Adiantum pedatum and Athyrium filix-femina, high constancy, low cover, indicator species, used in naming the Thuja/Adiantum-Athyrium association. Polystichum munitum and Oxalis oregana dominate the herb layer of this association. Associations will be referred to in the abstract by a two-part name. The Adiantum-Athyrium association has the following additional indicator species: Blechnum spicant and Marah oreganus. Stands usually occur near the bottoms of lower elevation canyons. The moist, stony, Slickrock soil series underlies most stands. The Polystichum/Oxalis association is the most widespread and variable community studied. Tiarella trifoliata has high indicator value for this association. The presence of any one of Stellaria crispa, Montia sibirica, Dicentra formosa or Athyrium filix-femina in lightspots effectively differentiates stands of this association from related ones of the Acer/Berberis association. Stands frequently occur on lower and middle slopes and are usually underlain by the Matson or Apt soil series. In the Acer/Berberis association, Acer circinatum has high cover only in lightspots. Most stands are found on the Millicoma or Matson soil series. Stands occur on lower and middle slopes. Stands of the Rhododendron/Berberis association usually occur on south-facing, upper slopes and ridgetops where high winds frequently cause blowdown. The resultant large openings allow regeneration of Pseudotsuga menziesii. Rhododendron macrophyllum has low cover in the dense forest but high cover in lightspots. Allotropa virgata, a low constancy (saprophyte), has high fidelity to the association. The Millicoma, Matson or Ivers soil series underlie most stands. The Holodiscus/Gaultheria association has the following high fidelity species: Philadelphus lewisii, Symphoricarpos mollis, Madia gracilis, Hierochloe occidentalis, Ligusticum apiifolium, and Lonicera hispidula. This is the only association studied in which the lightspot phenomenon was not important. With the exception of Pseudotsuga menziesii regeneration, understory vegetation did not increase in cover when the tree canopy was removed. Stands usually occur on south-facing, upper slopes and ridgetops. The Digger or Agony soil series are associated with most stands. The successional influence of soil-surface disturbance caused by logging was studied in 1 to 15-year-old stands of the Polystichum/Oxalis and Rhododendron/Berberis habitat-types. In the Polystichum/Oxalis habitat-type, the vegetative dominants by years since logging are: Senecio sylvaticus--first year; Deschampsia elongata--years 2 to 4; Aira caryophyllea, Rubus ursinus, Hypochaeris radicata and Crepis capillaris share dominance--years 5 to 9; Hypochaeris radicata and Pteridium aquilinum share dominance--years 10 to 15. Pseudotsuga menziesii increased to 16 percent cover in the 10 to 15-year period. Disturbed areas of the Rhododendron/Berberis habitat-type have more than 65 percent bare ground for two years after logging. The vegetation dominants by years are: Deschampsia elongata--years 3 to 4; Hypochaeris radicata and Rubus ursinus--years 5 to 7; and Pseudotsuga menziesii--years 8 to 15. Other high cover species in the 8 to 15-year period are Thermopsis montana, Rubus ursinus, and Pteridium aquilinum. Selected stages in secondary succession were studied from one year after logging to climax in the two most important habitat-types. In the Polystichum/Oxalis habitat-type, Pseudotsuga menziesii is the seral tree dominant but is replaced by Tsuga heterophylla in climax. The tall shrub Acer circinatum has high cover in those serai stages with a comparatively open tree canopy. The herb layer is dominated throughout secondary succession by Polystichum munitum and Oxalis oregana. The tree layer of serai stands of the Rhododendron/Berberis habitat-type is dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii. Either Tsuga heterophylla or Pseudotsuga menziesii dominate near-climax stands. The shrub layer dominant is Rhododendron macrophyllum throughout secondary succession. It has low cover in the dense forest but high cover in lightspots of near-climax stands. Berberis nervosa has nearly constant coverage throughout secondary succession in the Rhododendron/Berberis habitat-type and is the herb layer dominant in near-climax stands. Herb layer dominants in early serai stages are: Senecio sylvaticus--year 1; Erechtites prenanthoides--year 2; Rubus ursinus and Gaultheria shallon--years 4-15. Classification and recognition of habitat-types are possible throughout secondary succession from logging to climax on the basis of the same indicator species. The dominance level of some species changes with seral stage, but the change is predictable. Preferred elk food is about twice as abundant in the Polystichum/Oxalis as the Rhododendron/Berberis habitat-type. Nutritious, preferred elk food is most available in the 4 to 9-year period of secondary succession. Present logging methods which leave a mosaic of intermingled disturbed and undisturbed areas create a habitat beneficial to elk. The animals forage on disturbed areas for preferred invader species and on adjacent undisturbed areas for forest remnant species. Title: Forest associations and secondary plant succession in the southern Oregon coastal range Author: Bailey, Arthur Wesley, 1938- Forest associations, secondary succession, and relationships of plant communities to Roosevelt elk were investigated. Stratification of vegetation into ecological units and an understanding of secondary succession by habitat-type were a necessary first step in investigations into browsing of conifers by elk. The study was jointly conducted by the Oregon State Game Commission and the Weyerhaeuser Company. Vegetation, soils, and physiography were studied together. Vegetation cover data, recorded in thirty-two, 275 to 500-year-old forest stands, formed the basis of a synecological classification. Lightspots are a natural component of these forests. The dense forest and a lightspot were separately sampled in each stand. Light-spot cover data were analyzed separately in an association table. Lightspot data were compared with dense forest data to check validity of the phytosociological classification. This approach increased phytosociological understanding of these forests. The climax dominant tree and shrub and herb layer species with highest cover are used in naming the following associations (in order of increasing xerism): Thuja/Adiantum-Athyrium Tsuga/Polystichum/Oxalis Tsuga/Acer/Berberis Tsuga-Pseudotsuga/Rhododendron/Berberis Pseudotsuga/Holodiscus/Gaultheria. The exceptions are Adiantum pedatum and Athyrium filix-femina, high constancy, low cover, indicator species, used in naming the Thuja/Adiantum-Athyrium association. Polystichum munitum and Oxalis oregana dominate the herb layer of this association. Associations will be referred to in the abstract by a two-part name. The Adiantum-Athyrium association has the following additional indicator species: Blechnum spicant and Marah oreganus. Stands usually occur near the bottoms of lower elevation canyons. The moist, stony, Slickrock soil series underlies most stands. The Polystichum/Oxalis association is the most widespread and variable community studied. Tiarella trifoliata has high indicator value for this association. The presence of any one of Stellaria crispa, Montia sibirica, Dicentra formosa or Athyrium filix-femina in lightspots effectively differentiates stands of this association from related ones of the Acer/Berberis association. Stands frequently occur on lower and middle slopes and are usually underlain by the Matson or Apt soil series. In the Acer/Berberis association, Acer circinatum has high cover only in lightspots. Most stands are found on the Millicoma or Matson soil series. Stands occur on lower and middle slopes. Stands of the Rhododendron/Berberis association usually occur on south-facing, upper slopes and ridgetops where high winds frequently cause blowdown. The resultant large openings allow regeneration of Pseudotsuga menziesii. Rhododendron macrophyllum has low cover in the dense forest but high cover in lightspots. Allotropa virgata, a low constancy (saprophyte), has high fidelity to the association. The Millicoma, Matson or Ivers soil series underlie most stands. The Holodiscus/Gaultheria association has the following high fidelity species: Philadelphus lewisii, Symphoricarpos mollis, Madia gracilis, Hierochloe occidentalis, Ligusticum apiifolium, and Lonicera hispidula. This is the only association studied in which the lightspot phenomenon was not important. With the exception of Pseudotsuga menziesii regeneration, understory vegetation did not increase in cover when the tree canopy was removed. Stands usually occur on south-facing, upper slopes and ridgetops. The Digger or Agony soil series are associated with most stands. The successional influence of soil-surface disturbance caused by logging was studied in 1 to 15-year-old stands of the Polystichum/Oxalis and Rhododendron/Berberis habitat-types. In the Polystichum/Oxalis habitat-type, the vegetative dominants by years since logging are: Senecio sylvaticus--first year; Deschampsia elongata--years 2 to 4; Aira caryophyllea, Rubus ursinus, Hypochaeris radicata and Crepis capillaris share dominance--years 5 to 9; Hypochaeris radicata and Pteridium aquilinum share dominance--years 10 to 15. Pseudotsuga menziesii increased to 16 percent cover in the 10 to 15-year period. Disturbed areas of the Rhododendron/Berberis habitat-type have more than 65 percent bare ground for two years after logging. The vegetation dominants by years are: Deschampsia elongata--years 3 to 4; Hypochaeris radicata and Rubus ursinus--years 5 to 7; and Pseudotsuga menziesii--years 8 to 15. Other high cover species in the 8 to 15-year period are Thermopsis montana, Rubus ursinus, and Pteridium aquilinum. Selected stages in secondary succession were studied from one year after logging to climax in the two most important habitat-types. In the Polystichum/Oxalis habitat-type, Pseudotsuga menziesii is the seral tree dominant but is replaced by Tsuga heterophylla in climax. The tall shrub Acer circinatum has high cover in those serai stages with a comparatively open tree canopy. The herb layer is dominated throughout secondary succession by Polystichum munitum and Oxalis oregana. The tree layer of serai stands of the Rhododendron/Berberis habitat-type is dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii. Either Tsuga heterophylla or Pseudotsuga menziesii dominate near-climax stands. The shrub layer dominant is Rhododendron macrophyllum throughout secondary succession. It has low cover in the dense forest but high cover in lightspots of near-climax stands. Berberis nervosa has nearly constant coverage throughout secondary succession in the Rhododendron/Berberis habitat-type and is the herb layer dominant in near-climax stands. Herb layer dominants in early serai stages are: Senecio sylvaticus--year 1; Erechtites prenanthoides--year 2; Rubus ursinus and Gaultheria shallon--years 4-15. Classification and recognition of habitat-types are possible throughout secondary succession from logging to climax on the basis of the same indicator species. The dominance level of some species changes with seral stage, but the change is predictable. Preferred elk food is about twice as abundant in the Polystichum/Oxalis as the Rhododendron/Berberis habitat-type. Nutritious, preferred elk food is most available in the 4 to 9-year period of secondary succession. Present logging methods which leave a mosaic of intermingled disturbed and undisturbed areas create a habitat beneficial to elk. The animals forage on disturbed areas for preferred invader species and on adjacent undisturbed areas for forest remnant species. Close

• 15. [Article] Onshore-offshore variations in copepod community structure off the Oregon coast during the summer upwelling season

  The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Onshore-offshore variations in copepod community structure off the Oregon coast during the summer upwelling season Author: Emmett, Robert L., Morgan, Cheryl A., Peterson, William T. The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Title: Onshore-offshore variations in copepod community structure off the Oregon coast during the summer upwelling season Author: Emmett, Robert L., Morgan, Cheryl A., Peterson, William T. The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Close

• 16. [Article] Does Temperature-Mediated Reproductive Success Drive the Direction of Species Displacement in Two Invasive Species of Leafminer Fly?

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Does Temperature-Mediated Reproductive Success Drive the Direction of Species Displacement in Two Invasive Species of Leafminer Fly? Author: Wang, Haihong, Xiang, Juncheng, Reitz, Stuart R., Smagghe, Guy, Lei, Zhongren This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Does Temperature-Mediated Reproductive Success Drive the Direction of Species Displacement in Two Invasive Species of Leafminer Fly? Author: Wang, Haihong, Xiang, Juncheng, Reitz, Stuart R., Smagghe, Guy, Lei, Zhongren This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 17. [Article] Bird-vegetation associations in thinned and unthinned young Douglas-fir forests 10 years after thinning

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bird-vegetation associations in thinned and unthinned young Douglas-fir forests 10 years after thinning Author: Yegorova, Svetlana, Hagar, Joan, Puettmann, Klaus J., Betts, Matthew G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-and-management/. Title: Bird-vegetation associations in thinned and unthinned young Douglas-fir forests 10 years after thinning Author: Yegorova, Svetlana, Hagar, Joan, Puettmann, Klaus J., Betts, Matthew G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-and-management/. Close

• 18. [Article] The Effects of Disturbance History on Ground-Layer Plant Community Composition in British Columbia

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by MDPI. The published article can be found at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/forests

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Disturbance History on Ground-Layer Plant Community Composition in British Columbia Author: Krawchuk, Meg A., Ton, Michael This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by MDPI. The published article can be found at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/forests Title: The Effects of Disturbance History on Ground-Layer Plant Community Composition in British Columbia Author: Krawchuk, Meg A., Ton, Michael This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by MDPI. The published article can be found at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/forests Close

• 19. [Article] Oceanographic conditions around the Galápagos Archipelago and their influence on cetacean community structure

  The objectives of this dissertation were to describe the complex oceanographic conditions around the Galápagos Archipelago (eastern equatorial Pacific), their seasonal variability, and their effects on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oceanographic conditions around the Galápagos Archipelago and their influence on cetacean community structure Author: Palacios, Daniel Mauricio The objectives of this dissertation were to describe the complex oceanographic conditions around the Galápagos Archipelago (eastern equatorial Pacific), their seasonal variability, and their effects on patterns of cetacean occurrence. The physical and ecological factors leading to a plume of high phytoplankton biomass in the wake of the Galápagos were investigated with principal component and regression analyses of water-column climatologies and satellite-derived ocean color. The results supported the notion that this "island-mass effect" is fueled by upwelling of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) combined with natural iron enrichment from the island platform. Seasonal variability in long-term monthly fields of satellite-derived sea-surface temperature and ocean color was studied through harmonic analysis and empirical orthogonal function decomposition. Two annual cycles were identified in both variables. The intensification of the Equatorial Front and the South Equatorial Current in the second part of the year was the dominant signal in the data. A secondary cycle reaching its peak in the first part of the year was associated with the topographically induced upwelling of the EUC on the western side of the archipelago, and with advection of upwelled Panama Bight water on the eastern side. The occurrence of nine cetacean Species (including seven small and medium-sized delphinids, the sperm whale, and the Bryde's whale) in relation to environmental variability around the archipelago was described. Seasonally persistent sectors of the archipelago characterized by the presence of distinct species assemblages of stratified, upwelling, and nearshore environments were identified through cluster and indicator species analysis. The dominant pattern in species distribution, as extracted by a nonmetric multidimensional scaling procedure, was well correlated with the main environmental gradient (described by the degree of water-column stratification, chlorophyll-a concentration, and distance from the islands). The collective results of this study indicate that the ocean environment surrounding the Galápagos Archipelago is strongly influenced by equatorial flows. However, the archipelago also introduces a disturbance to these flows, creating localized and persistent conditions that favor the establishment of distinct biological communities around the islands. Title: Oceanographic conditions around the Galápagos Archipelago and their influence on cetacean community structure Author: Palacios, Daniel Mauricio The objectives of this dissertation were to describe the complex oceanographic conditions around the Galápagos Archipelago (eastern equatorial Pacific), their seasonal variability, and their effects on patterns of cetacean occurrence. The physical and ecological factors leading to a plume of high phytoplankton biomass in the wake of the Galápagos were investigated with principal component and regression analyses of water-column climatologies and satellite-derived ocean color. The results supported the notion that this "island-mass effect" is fueled by upwelling of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) combined with natural iron enrichment from the island platform. Seasonal variability in long-term monthly fields of satellite-derived sea-surface temperature and ocean color was studied through harmonic analysis and empirical orthogonal function decomposition. Two annual cycles were identified in both variables. The intensification of the Equatorial Front and the South Equatorial Current in the second part of the year was the dominant signal in the data. A secondary cycle reaching its peak in the first part of the year was associated with the topographically induced upwelling of the EUC on the western side of the archipelago, and with advection of upwelled Panama Bight water on the eastern side. The occurrence of nine cetacean Species (including seven small and medium-sized delphinids, the sperm whale, and the Bryde's whale) in relation to environmental variability around the archipelago was described. Seasonally persistent sectors of the archipelago characterized by the presence of distinct species assemblages of stratified, upwelling, and nearshore environments were identified through cluster and indicator species analysis. The dominant pattern in species distribution, as extracted by a nonmetric multidimensional scaling procedure, was well correlated with the main environmental gradient (described by the degree of water-column stratification, chlorophyll-a concentration, and distance from the islands). The collective results of this study indicate that the ocean environment surrounding the Galápagos Archipelago is strongly influenced by equatorial flows. However, the archipelago also introduces a disturbance to these flows, creating localized and persistent conditions that favor the establishment of distinct biological communities around the islands. Close

• 20. [Article] Distribution and assemblages of demersal fish in Oman

  The Sultanate of Oman has 1700 km of coastline extending from the Arabian Gulf south to the Arabian Sea. The demersal fish distributions and assemblages have not previously been well defined. In winter, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution and assemblages of demersal fish in Oman Author: Ambusaidi, Hilal Saud The Sultanate of Oman has 1700 km of coastline extending from the Arabian Gulf south to the Arabian Sea. The demersal fish distributions and assemblages have not previously been well defined. In winter, variations in the oceanography of the area are minimal. In summer, however, the Arabian Sea is strongly influenced by the southwest monsoon. For this study the continental shelf off Oman was divided into eight regional areas and research trawl data on the distribution of demersal fish assemblages was studied using two forms of multivariate statistical analysis: two-way indicator species analysis and detrended correspondence analysis. The study was carried out to examine the influence on the species assemblages of geographical zonation, seasonal variation, and factors such as depth, time of day, and distance from untrawlable ground. There was seasonal variation in the fish assemblages and this variation was greatly influenced by the summer monsoon. Within each regional area depth appeared to be the major factor determining species distribution. In addition to the multivariate analyses, univariate techniques were applied to the catch rate data for forty commercial species to study in detail the influence of time of day and distance from untrawlable ground, factors which could potentially influence stock assessment estimates of fish biomass. Because the data were highly unbalanced, they were analyzed using General Linear Model with five factors, two continuous variables, and ten interaction terms to examine variation in the log-transformed catch rates. The factors time of day and distance from untrawlable ground, in combination with other factors, had significant effects on the catch rates for half of the species. Title: Distribution and assemblages of demersal fish in Oman Author: Ambusaidi, Hilal Saud The Sultanate of Oman has 1700 km of coastline extending from the Arabian Gulf south to the Arabian Sea. The demersal fish distributions and assemblages have not previously been well defined. In winter, variations in the oceanography of the area are minimal. In summer, however, the Arabian Sea is strongly influenced by the southwest monsoon. For this study the continental shelf off Oman was divided into eight regional areas and research trawl data on the distribution of demersal fish assemblages was studied using two forms of multivariate statistical analysis: two-way indicator species analysis and detrended correspondence analysis. The study was carried out to examine the influence on the species assemblages of geographical zonation, seasonal variation, and factors such as depth, time of day, and distance from untrawlable ground. There was seasonal variation in the fish assemblages and this variation was greatly influenced by the summer monsoon. Within each regional area depth appeared to be the major factor determining species distribution. In addition to the multivariate analyses, univariate techniques were applied to the catch rate data for forty commercial species to study in detail the influence of time of day and distance from untrawlable ground, factors which could potentially influence stock assessment estimates of fish biomass. Because the data were highly unbalanced, they were analyzed using General Linear Model with five factors, two continuous variables, and ten interaction terms to examine variation in the log-transformed catch rates. The factors time of day and distance from untrawlable ground, in combination with other factors, had significant effects on the catch rates for half of the species. Close

• 21. [Article] The LizLand model : geomorphic landform and surface composition analysis of lizard habitat in the California Mojave Desert

  This dissertation had three main objectives: 1) investigate the role of macro and micro geomorphology in determining lizard distributions in the Southern California Mojave Desert; 2) develop a spatially ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The LizLand model : geomorphic landform and surface composition analysis of lizard habitat in the California Mojave Desert Author: Heaton, Jill S. This dissertation had three main objectives: 1) investigate the role of macro and micro geomorphology in determining lizard distributions in the Southern California Mojave Desert; 2) develop a spatially explicit lizard habitat model based upon geomorphology; and, 3) determine the interactive effects of geomorphology, roads, and land use in defining lizard habitat. To achieve these objectives a new concept of reptile habitat was developed. Primary field data on presence/absence of lizards in relation to macro and micro geomorphology were collected for three conspicuous and widely distributed Mojave Desert lizard species: Cnemidophorus tigris, Callisaurus draconoides, and Uta stansburiana. Study sites were distributed between the Marine Air Ground Task Force Training Command Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center (MCAGCC) and Joshua Tree National Park (JOTR) in the Southern California Mojave Desert. Chapter 2 develops a new concept of reptile habitat in and environments. This concept is based upon geomorphic landform and surface composition, which are used to distinguish lizard macro and micro-habitat components. The micro-habitat requirements of individual species are linked to macro geomorphic landforms via their mutual microhabitat characterizations. Chapter 3 describes the development of the spatially explicit LizLand habitat model. LizLand is based on the concept of reptile habitat developed and described in Chapter 2. Digital data used to construct the model include geomorphic landform, surface composition, hydrologic, and elevation data. The model is validated for MCAGCC using secondary species locational data and developed for two additional species for which no primary data were collected. The implications of LizLand for military land management are discussed. The final paper explores in greater depth the relationship between Callisaurus draconoides and the geomorphic landform habitat class alluvial plains. It compares C. draconoides observations on unpaved alluvial plain roads to surrounding habitats and observations between MCAGCC and JOTR. Finally, it considers the use of C. draconoides as an indicator species given its affinity for unpaved alluvial plain roads. Title: The LizLand model : geomorphic landform and surface composition analysis of lizard habitat in the California Mojave Desert Author: Heaton, Jill S. This dissertation had three main objectives: 1) investigate the role of macro and micro geomorphology in determining lizard distributions in the Southern California Mojave Desert; 2) develop a spatially explicit lizard habitat model based upon geomorphology; and, 3) determine the interactive effects of geomorphology, roads, and land use in defining lizard habitat. To achieve these objectives a new concept of reptile habitat was developed. Primary field data on presence/absence of lizards in relation to macro and micro geomorphology were collected for three conspicuous and widely distributed Mojave Desert lizard species: Cnemidophorus tigris, Callisaurus draconoides, and Uta stansburiana. Study sites were distributed between the Marine Air Ground Task Force Training Command Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center (MCAGCC) and Joshua Tree National Park (JOTR) in the Southern California Mojave Desert. Chapter 2 develops a new concept of reptile habitat in and environments. This concept is based upon geomorphic landform and surface composition, which are used to distinguish lizard macro and micro-habitat components. The micro-habitat requirements of individual species are linked to macro geomorphic landforms via their mutual microhabitat characterizations. Chapter 3 describes the development of the spatially explicit LizLand habitat model. LizLand is based on the concept of reptile habitat developed and described in Chapter 2. Digital data used to construct the model include geomorphic landform, surface composition, hydrologic, and elevation data. The model is validated for MCAGCC using secondary species locational data and developed for two additional species for which no primary data were collected. The implications of LizLand for military land management are discussed. The final paper explores in greater depth the relationship between Callisaurus draconoides and the geomorphic landform habitat class alluvial plains. It compares C. draconoides observations on unpaved alluvial plain roads to surrounding habitats and observations between MCAGCC and JOTR. Finally, it considers the use of C. draconoides as an indicator species given its affinity for unpaved alluvial plain roads. Close

• 22. [Article] Vegetation and soil microbial communities three years after wildfire in spruce-fir forests of northwestern Wyoming

  The Normalized Burn Ratio and Composite Burn Index were used to classify burn severity in three sites that experienced lightning-ignited wildfire in the year 2000. The effect of burn severity (unburned, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation and soil microbial communities three years after wildfire in spruce-fir forests of northwestern Wyoming Author: Hooke, Jennifer Suzanne The Normalized Burn Ratio and Composite Burn Index were used to classify burn severity in three sites that experienced lightning-ignited wildfire in the year 2000. The effect of burn severity (unburned, low, moderate, and high severity classes) was investigated on vegetation and soil microbial community composition. Vegetation communities showed a strong response to burn severity, with distinct communities associated with each burn severity class. Indicator Species Analysis was used to identify plant species associated with each burn severity class; one interesting result from ISA was that trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings emerged as an indicator of the moderate severity class. Species richness and tree seedling density differed among burn severity classes. Soil microbial communities were analyzed using Phospholipid Fatty Acid analysis and showed moderate variation among burn severity classes and study sites. Total soil carbon and nitrogen did not differ with burn severity. The C:N ratio, total soil S, and soil pH differed significantly among burn severity classes. While the effect of burn severity is pronounced upon vegetation three years post-fire, effects on soil microbial communities are less evident. This could be attributed to the insulating properties of soils, the time elapsed after fire, or it could be an artifact of the sampling technique. Title: Vegetation and soil microbial communities three years after wildfire in spruce-fir forests of northwestern Wyoming Author: Hooke, Jennifer Suzanne The Normalized Burn Ratio and Composite Burn Index were used to classify burn severity in three sites that experienced lightning-ignited wildfire in the year 2000. The effect of burn severity (unburned, low, moderate, and high severity classes) was investigated on vegetation and soil microbial community composition. Vegetation communities showed a strong response to burn severity, with distinct communities associated with each burn severity class. Indicator Species Analysis was used to identify plant species associated with each burn severity class; one interesting result from ISA was that trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings emerged as an indicator of the moderate severity class. Species richness and tree seedling density differed among burn severity classes. Soil microbial communities were analyzed using Phospholipid Fatty Acid analysis and showed moderate variation among burn severity classes and study sites. Total soil carbon and nitrogen did not differ with burn severity. The C:N ratio, total soil S, and soil pH differed significantly among burn severity classes. While the effect of burn severity is pronounced upon vegetation three years post-fire, effects on soil microbial communities are less evident. This could be attributed to the insulating properties of soils, the time elapsed after fire, or it could be an artifact of the sampling technique. Close

• 23. [Article] Classification of oak vegetation in the Willamette Valley

  A plant community classification was developed describing the comprehensive variation of oak vegetation currently occupying the Willamette Valley Ecoregion of western Oregon. Multivariate statistical analyses ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Classification of oak vegetation in the Willamette Valley Author: Fitzpatrick, Greg, Kertis, Jane, Alverson, Ed, Buechling, Arne A plant community classification was developed describing the comprehensive variation of oak vegetation currently occupying the Willamette Valley Ecoregion of western Oregon. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to classify field collected floristic and habitat data. Field sampling targeted minimally managed, homogenous vegetation stands with a significant oak component occupying at least 0.5 ha. Potential habitat locations were identified from local expert knowledge, data from The Nature Conservancy’s previous conservation planning efforts, and an interpretation of high resolution NAIP imagery. Potential oak habitats were digitized in a GIS and a random selection of sites stratifying significant environmental gradients was generated in order capture the range of oak habitat variability. Precise sample plot locations were predetermined and established at digitized stand centroids. Field sampling was based on relevé plot data collection methods and included ocular estimates of species cover. A total of 350 stands of oak vegetation were sampled over two field seasons. Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) was used as an exploratory tool to identify potential patterns in species cover data and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used to delimit final plant community types. Nine vegetation classes were described from ordinations including seven forest / woodland types and two savannas Title: Classification of oak vegetation in the Willamette Valley Author: Fitzpatrick, Greg, Kertis, Jane, Alverson, Ed, Buechling, Arne A plant community classification was developed describing the comprehensive variation of oak vegetation currently occupying the Willamette Valley Ecoregion of western Oregon. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to classify field collected floristic and habitat data. Field sampling targeted minimally managed, homogenous vegetation stands with a significant oak component occupying at least 0.5 ha. Potential habitat locations were identified from local expert knowledge, data from The Nature Conservancy’s previous conservation planning efforts, and an interpretation of high resolution NAIP imagery. Potential oak habitats were digitized in a GIS and a random selection of sites stratifying significant environmental gradients was generated in order capture the range of oak habitat variability. Precise sample plot locations were predetermined and established at digitized stand centroids. Field sampling was based on relevé plot data collection methods and included ocular estimates of species cover. A total of 350 stands of oak vegetation were sampled over two field seasons. Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) was used as an exploratory tool to identify potential patterns in species cover data and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used to delimit final plant community types. Nine vegetation classes were described from ordinations including seven forest / woodland types and two savannas Close

• 24. [Article] Estimating Watershed Biodiversity: An Empirical Study of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland, USA

  There has been increasing demand for rigorous methods for evaluating biodiversity, one of the ecosystem services that sustains and fulfills human life. After carefully examining the literature, we found ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating Watershed Biodiversity: An Empirical Study of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland, USA Author: Morimoto, Junko, Voinov, Helena, Wilson, Matthew A., Costanza, Robert Year: 2003 There has been increasing demand for rigorous methods for evaluating biodiversity, one of the ecosystem services that sustains and fulfills human life. After carefully examining the literature, we found three key points that should be taken into account when we evaluate biodiversity. The first point is that any "indicator species" tends to be a leaky target of biodiversity. The second point is that "buffering" that is useful for representing the ecological concept of boundaries should have scientific meanings. The third point is that a "watershed" that integrates most natural processes is advantageous as the spatial range for evaluation. Based on these considerations, we developed the Biodiversity Probability Index (BPI) to account for biodiversity. We analyzed the relationship between BPI and total economic value of ecosystem services per unit area in order to test the reliability and utility of BPI. All BPI values were under a positive regression curve. The curve showed the highest economic value that could be achieved at a given biodiversity status. Based on our findings along the analysis, we conclude that the BPI has two advantages: (1) The BPI identifies the extent of the impact on biodiversity within a given landscape, and its composition of each category of species helps to identify what kind of wild life habitat could be seriously threatened by future land use development; (2) The BPI tells not only the biodiversity condition in ecological sense, but also provides the potential total economic value of ecosystem services, which will be achieved under ideal conditions. Title: Estimating Watershed Biodiversity: An Empirical Study of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland, USA Author: Morimoto, Junko, Voinov, Helena, Wilson, Matthew A., Costanza, Robert Year: 2003 There has been increasing demand for rigorous methods for evaluating biodiversity, one of the ecosystem services that sustains and fulfills human life. After carefully examining the literature, we found three key points that should be taken into account when we evaluate biodiversity. The first point is that any "indicator species" tends to be a leaky target of biodiversity. The second point is that "buffering" that is useful for representing the ecological concept of boundaries should have scientific meanings. The third point is that a "watershed" that integrates most natural processes is advantageous as the spatial range for evaluation. Based on these considerations, we developed the Biodiversity Probability Index (BPI) to account for biodiversity. We analyzed the relationship between BPI and total economic value of ecosystem services per unit area in order to test the reliability and utility of BPI. All BPI values were under a positive regression curve. The curve showed the highest economic value that could be achieved at a given biodiversity status. Based on our findings along the analysis, we conclude that the BPI has two advantages: (1) The BPI identifies the extent of the impact on biodiversity within a given landscape, and its composition of each category of species helps to identify what kind of wild life habitat could be seriously threatened by future land use development; (2) The BPI tells not only the biodiversity condition in ecological sense, but also provides the potential total economic value of ecosystem services, which will be achieved under ideal conditions. Close

• 25. [Article] Mapping Conservation Opportunity Areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy

  As part of efforts to develop the Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS) for the greater Portland-Vancouver region, Oregon State University’s Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to use spatial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping Conservation Opportunity Areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy Author: Burcsu, Theresa, Kagan, James S. Year: 2011 As part of efforts to develop the Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS) for the greater Portland-Vancouver region, Oregon State University’s Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to use spatial modeling to identify conservation opportunity areas (COAs). To complete the project, INR analysts proposed a strategy that would map high value areas using a landscape approach that is focused on relatively high spatial resolution data sets available for the whole metropolitan region. The approach creates 2 main metrics: one focused on terrestrial organisms and the other focused on aquatic and riparian organisms. These are combined to create a map of highly ranked land areas that can be used to formulate a map of conservation opportunity areas. The purpose of the COA mapping project was to use geographic information system methods to identify landscape patches with conservation and restoration potential. The criteria used to identify these high value patches was based on a number of base- and derived-data sets that we call “data inputs.” The data ranged from recently mapped land use and land cover types, hydrological data to indicate species habitat requirements, and road influence on habitat patches. The project identified some areas in which data gaps exist (e.g., region-wide biodiversity data collected and mapped in consistent ways) and some opportunities for improving existent data sets (e.g., land use/land cover map). The project provided several layers that can be used to guide the final Regional Conservation Strategy in selecting conservation opportunity areas. The best layer will depend upon the needs of the RCS efforts, however, in our opinion the most appropriate layer to use is COA 3.11.1 which weights wetlands fairly high, but not as highly as the second data draft. COA 3.10.1 offers similar results as well. Overall it appears that the model results corroborate corridors analysis done previously (Hennings and Soll 2010). There are some issues remaining that we feel can most adequately be addressed by updating the base land use/land cover map. Title: Mapping Conservation Opportunity Areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy Author: Burcsu, Theresa, Kagan, James S. Year: 2011 As part of efforts to develop the Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS) for the greater Portland-Vancouver region, Oregon State University’s Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to use spatial modeling to identify conservation opportunity areas (COAs). To complete the project, INR analysts proposed a strategy that would map high value areas using a landscape approach that is focused on relatively high spatial resolution data sets available for the whole metropolitan region. The approach creates 2 main metrics: one focused on terrestrial organisms and the other focused on aquatic and riparian organisms. These are combined to create a map of highly ranked land areas that can be used to formulate a map of conservation opportunity areas. The purpose of the COA mapping project was to use geographic information system methods to identify landscape patches with conservation and restoration potential. The criteria used to identify these high value patches was based on a number of base- and derived-data sets that we call “data inputs.” The data ranged from recently mapped land use and land cover types, hydrological data to indicate species habitat requirements, and road influence on habitat patches. The project identified some areas in which data gaps exist (e.g., region-wide biodiversity data collected and mapped in consistent ways) and some opportunities for improving existent data sets (e.g., land use/land cover map). The project provided several layers that can be used to guide the final Regional Conservation Strategy in selecting conservation opportunity areas. The best layer will depend upon the needs of the RCS efforts, however, in our opinion the most appropriate layer to use is COA 3.11.1 which weights wetlands fairly high, but not as highly as the second data draft. COA 3.10.1 offers similar results as well. Overall it appears that the model results corroborate corridors analysis done previously (Hennings and Soll 2010). There are some issues remaining that we feel can most adequately be addressed by updating the base land use/land cover map. Close

• 26. [Article] Integration methods for enzymatic analysis response curves which show maxima, minima or inflections

  Integration methods for enzymatic reactions were applied to transducer response vs. time curves which exhibit maxima, minima or inflections. The difference between the integral of the time dependent response ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integration methods for enzymatic analysis response curves which show maxima, minima or inflections Author: Radke, Garold E. Integration methods for enzymatic reactions were applied to transducer response vs. time curves which exhibit maxima, minima or inflections. The difference between the integral of the time dependent response and the initial response, often zero, is related to the initial enzyme activity or substrate concentration. Fluorescence response curves which exhibit a maximum due to pre- and postfilter effects at elevated concentrations of a time dependent fluorescence indicator species result in integrals which may not be unique to one analyte concentration. It was found that augmenting the integral data with the time of the maximum permitted correlation of each integral with a unique analyte concentration or enzyme activity. Integrals of response curves which exhibit minima also correlate with unique analyte concentrations. At increased concentration of analyte, however, the minimum may broaden into a minimum plateau and the time of the minimum may supplement the integral data as a more sensitive measure of analyte concentration. Integrals of enzymatic response curves with inflection points correlate with unique analyte concentrations. Integration methods were applied to both real and ideal systems. Theoretical rate equations were used to generate families of idealized response curves exhibiting maxima, minima and inflections. Curves were generated at either fixed initial substrate concentration with variable enzyme activity or at fixed initial enzyme activity with variable substrate concentration. Difference integrals were calculated and plotted as a function of initial substrate concentration or initial enzyme activity. Enzymatic analyses were also performed using systems which produce families of response curves exhibiting maxima, minima and inflections. Difference integrals were calculated for these curves and related to initial enzyme activity or substrate concentration. Title: Integration methods for enzymatic analysis response curves which show maxima, minima or inflections Author: Radke, Garold E. Integration methods for enzymatic reactions were applied to transducer response vs. time curves which exhibit maxima, minima or inflections. The difference between the integral of the time dependent response and the initial response, often zero, is related to the initial enzyme activity or substrate concentration. Fluorescence response curves which exhibit a maximum due to pre- and postfilter effects at elevated concentrations of a time dependent fluorescence indicator species result in integrals which may not be unique to one analyte concentration. It was found that augmenting the integral data with the time of the maximum permitted correlation of each integral with a unique analyte concentration or enzyme activity. Integrals of response curves which exhibit minima also correlate with unique analyte concentrations. At increased concentration of analyte, however, the minimum may broaden into a minimum plateau and the time of the minimum may supplement the integral data as a more sensitive measure of analyte concentration. Integrals of enzymatic response curves with inflection points correlate with unique analyte concentrations. Integration methods were applied to both real and ideal systems. Theoretical rate equations were used to generate families of idealized response curves exhibiting maxima, minima and inflections. Curves were generated at either fixed initial substrate concentration with variable enzyme activity or at fixed initial enzyme activity with variable substrate concentration. Difference integrals were calculated and plotted as a function of initial substrate concentration or initial enzyme activity. Enzymatic analyses were also performed using systems which produce families of response curves exhibiting maxima, minima and inflections. Difference integrals were calculated for these curves and related to initial enzyme activity or substrate concentration. Close

• 27. [Article] Effects of disturbance modes on mycorrhizal fungus communities at Crater Lake National Park

  Crater Lake National Park presents an excellent opportunity for ecological research due to its relatively pristine landscape, the protection of its natural features, its infrastructure, and a Park administration ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of disturbance modes on mycorrhizal fungus communities at Crater Lake National Park Author: Trappe, Matt Crater Lake National Park presents an excellent opportunity for ecological research due to its relatively pristine landscape, the protection of its natural features, its infrastructure, and a Park administration supportive of scientific inquiry and restoration ecology. The research presented here examines the responses of fungi to various forms of perturbation. In the first chapter, we studied fruiting responses of mycorrhizal fungi to different prescribed applications in a ponderosa pine – white fir ecotype. We found that the most influential factor in fungal fruiting patterns was the soil C:N ratio, and identified corresponding "guilds" of fungal indicator species. Although more intense prescribed burns affected soil attributes, including C:N ratios, the fire served only as a modifier on an underlying landscape pattern of soil attributes. In the second chapter we examined the effects of past and current anthropogenic disturbance on mycorrhizal fungal fruiting patterns in a mountain hemlock – noble fir ecotype. At the microsite scale, intensive use had a detrimental effect on fungal diversity and productivity, but at the scale of the research plots there was no significant effect of anthropogenic disturbance on fungal fruiting patterns. In the third chapter, we studied the effects of the abovementioned disturbance types plus the effects of wildfires on mat-forming soil fungi. We identified 38 taxa of mat-forming fungi, and found that the presence of fungal mats is largely correlated with needle litter. Several of these taxa were not previously known to form mats. Title: Effects of disturbance modes on mycorrhizal fungus communities at Crater Lake National Park Author: Trappe, Matt Crater Lake National Park presents an excellent opportunity for ecological research due to its relatively pristine landscape, the protection of its natural features, its infrastructure, and a Park administration supportive of scientific inquiry and restoration ecology. The research presented here examines the responses of fungi to various forms of perturbation. In the first chapter, we studied fruiting responses of mycorrhizal fungi to different prescribed applications in a ponderosa pine – white fir ecotype. We found that the most influential factor in fungal fruiting patterns was the soil C:N ratio, and identified corresponding "guilds" of fungal indicator species. Although more intense prescribed burns affected soil attributes, including C:N ratios, the fire served only as a modifier on an underlying landscape pattern of soil attributes. In the second chapter we examined the effects of past and current anthropogenic disturbance on mycorrhizal fungal fruiting patterns in a mountain hemlock – noble fir ecotype. At the microsite scale, intensive use had a detrimental effect on fungal diversity and productivity, but at the scale of the research plots there was no significant effect of anthropogenic disturbance on fungal fruiting patterns. In the third chapter, we studied the effects of the abovementioned disturbance types plus the effects of wildfires on mat-forming soil fungi. We identified 38 taxa of mat-forming fungi, and found that the presence of fungal mats is largely correlated with needle litter. Several of these taxa were not previously known to form mats. Close

• 28. [Article] Floodplain vegetation following over 80 years of intensive land use and de-watering : Lower Owens River, California.

  Riparian areas in the arid western United States are critical ecosystems that have been severely degraded by a variety of land and water uses over the last 100 years. In this study, the composition and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Floodplain vegetation following over 80 years of intensive land use and de-watering : Lower Owens River, California. Author: Risso, Derek A. Riparian areas in the arid western United States are critical ecosystems that have been severely degraded by a variety of land and water uses over the last 100 years. In this study, the composition and structure of floodplain vegetation along the Lower Owens River in eastern California was quantitatively described following over 80 years of dewatering, grazing, groundwater pumping, and other land uses. The Lower Owens River is a heavily impacted and invaded riparian system which has suffered long-term hydrologic alteration and degrading land use. This study is part of the Lower Owens River Project, an effort to restore ecosystem function to this riverine landscape. Using a stratified design, five 2km long study plots were established in five river reaches within the 86 km study area. Within these plots, dominant species were ranked by cover in six structural classes along 105 line-intercept transects and species canopy cover and ground cover was estimated at 525 2m x 2m sub-plots in 2001 and 2002 to determine vegetation type composition and condition. Twenty–two vegetation types were delineated by cluster analysis and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA). Based on species composition and dominance, cluster analysis and Non-metric Multi-dimensional Scaling (NMS) were employed to examine relationships between vegetation types and environmental parameters. Vegetation composition and species diversity indices were strongly correlated with geographic and hydrologic variables. A weighted wetland indicator index elucidated a shift toward more xeric species and communities in the completely dewatered reaches, as well as a negative correlation with diversity measures. Completely dewatered reaches were dominated by communities that have shifted from native to exotic vegetation types. Five of the 22 distinct vegetation types delineated were dominated by exotic species, mainly salt-cedar (Tamarix spp.) and Russian thistle (Salsola tragus). These communities covered approximately 24% of the study area, and dominated the most severely dewatered reach. Conversely, native communities remained dominant in reaches where surface water was present. Native vegetation types covered 96% of these reaches, an increase of 64% (p=0 from a randomization test) over the severely dewatered reach. The native willow (e.g. Salix goddinggii and Salix exigua) and wet meadow vegetation types exhibited the highest species diversity, and therefore represent target vegetation types for restoration. The results of this study elucidate the changes in vegetation type cover and composition following dewatering and degrading land use in an arid western riparian system. Title: Floodplain vegetation following over 80 years of intensive land use and de-watering : Lower Owens River, California. Author: Risso, Derek A. Riparian areas in the arid western United States are critical ecosystems that have been severely degraded by a variety of land and water uses over the last 100 years. In this study, the composition and structure of floodplain vegetation along the Lower Owens River in eastern California was quantitatively described following over 80 years of dewatering, grazing, groundwater pumping, and other land uses. The Lower Owens River is a heavily impacted and invaded riparian system which has suffered long-term hydrologic alteration and degrading land use. This study is part of the Lower Owens River Project, an effort to restore ecosystem function to this riverine landscape. Using a stratified design, five 2km long study plots were established in five river reaches within the 86 km study area. Within these plots, dominant species were ranked by cover in six structural classes along 105 line-intercept transects and species canopy cover and ground cover was estimated at 525 2m x 2m sub-plots in 2001 and 2002 to determine vegetation type composition and condition. Twenty–two vegetation types were delineated by cluster analysis and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA). Based on species composition and dominance, cluster analysis and Non-metric Multi-dimensional Scaling (NMS) were employed to examine relationships between vegetation types and environmental parameters. Vegetation composition and species diversity indices were strongly correlated with geographic and hydrologic variables. A weighted wetland indicator index elucidated a shift toward more xeric species and communities in the completely dewatered reaches, as well as a negative correlation with diversity measures. Completely dewatered reaches were dominated by communities that have shifted from native to exotic vegetation types. Five of the 22 distinct vegetation types delineated were dominated by exotic species, mainly salt-cedar (Tamarix spp.) and Russian thistle (Salsola tragus). These communities covered approximately 24% of the study area, and dominated the most severely dewatered reach. Conversely, native communities remained dominant in reaches where surface water was present. Native vegetation types covered 96% of these reaches, an increase of 64% (p=0 from a randomization test) over the severely dewatered reach. The native willow (e.g. Salix goddinggii and Salix exigua) and wet meadow vegetation types exhibited the highest species diversity, and therefore represent target vegetation types for restoration. The results of this study elucidate the changes in vegetation type cover and composition following dewatering and degrading land use in an arid western riparian system. Close

• 29. [Article] The Northern Goshawk on the Southern Blue Mountains and Malheur National Forest: A Technical Review of its Status, Ecology and Management

  Technical review / report

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Northern Goshawk on the Southern Blue Mountains and Malheur National Forest: A Technical Review of its Status, Ecology and Management Author: Seager, S Trent, Goodell, John Technical review / report Title: The Northern Goshawk on the Southern Blue Mountains and Malheur National Forest: A Technical Review of its Status, Ecology and Management Author: Seager, S Trent, Goodell, John Technical review / report Close

• 30. [Article] Bird communities in 5- to 34- year old managed Douglas-fir stands on the Willamette National Forest, Oregon Cascades

  Breeding bird communities were examined in 18 managed Douglas-fir stands in 6 age classes from 5 to 34 years old in spring and early summer, 1993 on the Detroit Ranger District, Willamette National Forest, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bird communities in 5- to 34- year old managed Douglas-fir stands on the Willamette National Forest, Oregon Cascades Author: Bettinger, Kelly Anne Breeding bird communities were examined in 18 managed Douglas-fir stands in 6 age classes from 5 to 34 years old in spring and early summer, 1993 on the Detroit Ranger District, Willamette National Forest, Oregon. The range of seral stages included early shrub/sapling, late shrub/sapling, and pole. In general, the 9 younger stands were opencanopy while the 9 older stands were closed-canopy. Of the 50 bird species recorded, 21 had large enough sample sizes for analysis. Of these 21, 8 showed a pattern of increasing abundance with increasing stand age (chestnut-backed chickadee, golden-crowned kinglet, hermit thrush, hermit warbler, Pacific-slope flycatcher, Swainson's thrush, Wilson's warbler, winter wren). Six species showed a pattern of decreasing abundance with increasing stand age (American robin, darkeyed junco, rufous hummingbird, white-crowned sparrow) and 4 species peaked in abundance in age class 2 (10 - 14 years old) before decreasing with increasing stand age (dusky flycatcher, MacGillivray's warbler, orange-crowned warbler, rufous-sided towhee). Two species did not exhibit any particular pattern associated with stand age (warbling vireo, western tanager). Three species were dropped from analysis because their average territory size is larger than the smallest stand surveyed. Abundance indices for species which showed an increasing pattern were positively associated with habitat variables describing conifer basal area, percent cover of live conifer crown between 4 m and the height of the tallest conifer tree, number of conifer stems/ha between 20- and 30- cm dbh, and/or percent cover of live hardwood crown between 4 m and the height of the tallest hardwood tree. Abundance indices for species which showed a decreasing or peaked abundance were negatively associated with the same variables, excluding percent cover of hardwood crown. Total abundance, species richness, and species diversity did not differ (P<0.05) among the age classes. However, bird community composition changed with increasing stand age. Open-canopy stands were dominated by species preferring open-canopy habitats (top 5 species in order of abundance: dark-eyed junco, MacGillivray's warbler, rufous hummingbird, dusky flycatcher, rufous-sided towhee) while closed canopy-stands were dominated by species preferring closed-canopy habitats, (hermit warbler, dark-eyed junco, chestnut-backed chickadee, golden-crowned kinglet, Swainson's thrush); the dark-eyed junco was an exception. The rate of bird community change was rapid along the gradient of open-canopy stands but appeared to reach a plateau once canopy closure was reached. Title: Bird communities in 5- to 34- year old managed Douglas-fir stands on the Willamette National Forest, Oregon Cascades Author: Bettinger, Kelly Anne Breeding bird communities were examined in 18 managed Douglas-fir stands in 6 age classes from 5 to 34 years old in spring and early summer, 1993 on the Detroit Ranger District, Willamette National Forest, Oregon. The range of seral stages included early shrub/sapling, late shrub/sapling, and pole. In general, the 9 younger stands were opencanopy while the 9 older stands were closed-canopy. Of the 50 bird species recorded, 21 had large enough sample sizes for analysis. Of these 21, 8 showed a pattern of increasing abundance with increasing stand age (chestnut-backed chickadee, golden-crowned kinglet, hermit thrush, hermit warbler, Pacific-slope flycatcher, Swainson's thrush, Wilson's warbler, winter wren). Six species showed a pattern of decreasing abundance with increasing stand age (American robin, darkeyed junco, rufous hummingbird, white-crowned sparrow) and 4 species peaked in abundance in age class 2 (10 - 14 years old) before decreasing with increasing stand age (dusky flycatcher, MacGillivray's warbler, orange-crowned warbler, rufous-sided towhee). Two species did not exhibit any particular pattern associated with stand age (warbling vireo, western tanager). Three species were dropped from analysis because their average territory size is larger than the smallest stand surveyed. Abundance indices for species which showed an increasing pattern were positively associated with habitat variables describing conifer basal area, percent cover of live conifer crown between 4 m and the height of the tallest conifer tree, number of conifer stems/ha between 20- and 30- cm dbh, and/or percent cover of live hardwood crown between 4 m and the height of the tallest hardwood tree. Abundance indices for species which showed a decreasing or peaked abundance were negatively associated with the same variables, excluding percent cover of hardwood crown. Total abundance, species richness, and species diversity did not differ (P<0.05) among the age classes. However, bird community composition changed with increasing stand age. Open-canopy stands were dominated by species preferring open-canopy habitats (top 5 species in order of abundance: dark-eyed junco, MacGillivray's warbler, rufous hummingbird, dusky flycatcher, rufous-sided towhee) while closed canopy-stands were dominated by species preferring closed-canopy habitats, (hermit warbler, dark-eyed junco, chestnut-backed chickadee, golden-crowned kinglet, Swainson's thrush); the dark-eyed junco was an exception. The rate of bird community change was rapid along the gradient of open-canopy stands but appeared to reach a plateau once canopy closure was reached. Close

• 31. [Article] Non-Native Plant Invasion along Elevation and Canopy Closure Gradients in a Middle Rocky Mountain Ecosystem

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Non-Native Plant Invasion along Elevation and Canopy Closure Gradients in a Middle Rocky Mountain Ecosystem Author: Parks, Catherine G., DelCurto, Tim, Mata-González, Ricardo, Naylor, Bridgett J., McCune, Bruce, Averett, Joshua P. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/ Title: Non-Native Plant Invasion along Elevation and Canopy Closure Gradients in a Middle Rocky Mountain Ecosystem Author: Parks, Catherine G., DelCurto, Tim, Mata-González, Ricardo, Naylor, Bridgett J., McCune, Bruce, Averett, Joshua P. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/ Close

• 32. [Article] Spatiotemporal Drivers of Seabird Distribution at the Pacific Marine Energy Center off Newport, Oregon

  The central Oregon coast was selected as an ideal site for wave energy development and establishment of the Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC). PMEC will consist of two nearshore sites, one north (NETS) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatiotemporal Drivers of Seabird Distribution at the Pacific Marine Energy Center off Newport, Oregon Author: Porquez, Jessica M. The central Oregon coast was selected as an ideal site for wave energy development and establishment of the Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC). PMEC will consist of two nearshore sites, one north (NETS) and one south (SETS) of the Yaquina River, Oregon. Our study aims to assess how the development of wave energy sites might impact marine birds. We used vessel-based strip transect surveys to detect spatial and temporal patterns of seabirds during 28 surveys of NETS and SETS from 2013-2015. We also conducted 29 surveys along the Newport Hydrographic Line (NHL) (2006-2009, 2013-2015), a cross-shelf oceanographic sampling line that extends 40 km west of NETS. We collected in situ measurements of surface conductivity, temperature and fluorescence to test correlations between spatial variables and seabird abundance. Common murres (Uria aalge) were the most abundant resident species (70%) while sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) were the most abundant migratory species (78%). We identified 7 focal species (common murres, sooty shearwaters, Brandt's and pelagic cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus and pelagicus), western gull (Larus occidentalis), Cassin's auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus), and red-necked phalaropes (Phalaropus lobatus), 5 foraging niches and 3 species of interest for analysis. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations to assess seasonal shifts in the seabird community at a focal species and foraging group level. Both ordinations depicted strong seasonal gradients with distinct seasonal communities. Focal species were also driven by a distance to shore gradient, while foraging niches were more influenced by foraging type (diving versus surface feeding). The shoreward shift or outward dispersal of species appears driven by a combination of factors, including the diffusion of nearshore concentration of murres and cormorants on Yaquina Head post chick fledging, and the inshore movement of migratory species with the onset of upwelling and greater prey abundance. We employed generalized additive mixed models for the focal species, and tested for correlations with in situ data (salinity, temperature and fluorescence), depth, substrate, season, and a random 'site' effect. We identified correlations between several species and measured oceanographic variables, which indicated species' selection of specific water masses. With Inverse Distance Weighted maps we detected high use zones by sooty shearwaters and common murres outside of both site boundaries, except during the spring and summer, when murres occur densely within the NETS. None of our observed species of concern (brown pelicans (Pelicanus occidentalis), black footed albatrosses (Phoebastria nigiripes) and marbled murrelets, (Brachyramphus marmoratus)) were detected within either site boundary. Rather, pelicans and murrelets were observed inshore of the SETS and south of the NETS, and albatrosses were all detected west of the sites. We observed overall low abundance of focal species within the sites, relative to adjacent areas, although the whole study area appears to be productive foraging habitat used by many species. As a baseline characterization of the seabird community off Newport, this work can help inform citing and permitting processes of similar wave energy test facilities and provide a platform for continued monitoring of seabirds in the area. Title: Spatiotemporal Drivers of Seabird Distribution at the Pacific Marine Energy Center off Newport, Oregon Author: Porquez, Jessica M. The central Oregon coast was selected as an ideal site for wave energy development and establishment of the Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC). PMEC will consist of two nearshore sites, one north (NETS) and one south (SETS) of the Yaquina River, Oregon. Our study aims to assess how the development of wave energy sites might impact marine birds. We used vessel-based strip transect surveys to detect spatial and temporal patterns of seabirds during 28 surveys of NETS and SETS from 2013-2015. We also conducted 29 surveys along the Newport Hydrographic Line (NHL) (2006-2009, 2013-2015), a cross-shelf oceanographic sampling line that extends 40 km west of NETS. We collected in situ measurements of surface conductivity, temperature and fluorescence to test correlations between spatial variables and seabird abundance. Common murres (Uria aalge) were the most abundant resident species (70%) while sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) were the most abundant migratory species (78%). We identified 7 focal species (common murres, sooty shearwaters, Brandt's and pelagic cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus and pelagicus), western gull (Larus occidentalis), Cassin's auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus), and red-necked phalaropes (Phalaropus lobatus), 5 foraging niches and 3 species of interest for analysis. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations to assess seasonal shifts in the seabird community at a focal species and foraging group level. Both ordinations depicted strong seasonal gradients with distinct seasonal communities. Focal species were also driven by a distance to shore gradient, while foraging niches were more influenced by foraging type (diving versus surface feeding). The shoreward shift or outward dispersal of species appears driven by a combination of factors, including the diffusion of nearshore concentration of murres and cormorants on Yaquina Head post chick fledging, and the inshore movement of migratory species with the onset of upwelling and greater prey abundance. We employed generalized additive mixed models for the focal species, and tested for correlations with in situ data (salinity, temperature and fluorescence), depth, substrate, season, and a random 'site' effect. We identified correlations between several species and measured oceanographic variables, which indicated species' selection of specific water masses. With Inverse Distance Weighted maps we detected high use zones by sooty shearwaters and common murres outside of both site boundaries, except during the spring and summer, when murres occur densely within the NETS. None of our observed species of concern (brown pelicans (Pelicanus occidentalis), black footed albatrosses (Phoebastria nigiripes) and marbled murrelets, (Brachyramphus marmoratus)) were detected within either site boundary. Rather, pelicans and murrelets were observed inshore of the SETS and south of the NETS, and albatrosses were all detected west of the sites. We observed overall low abundance of focal species within the sites, relative to adjacent areas, although the whole study area appears to be productive foraging habitat used by many species. As a baseline characterization of the seabird community off Newport, this work can help inform citing and permitting processes of similar wave energy test facilities and provide a platform for continued monitoring of seabirds in the area. Close

• 33. [Article] Marine resource surveys on the continental shelf and upper slope off Washington, 1975-76 : completion report July 1, 1975 to September 30, 1977

  Groundfish surveys off the Washington coast were conducted in September of 1975 and 1976 between Cape Flattery and the Columbia River. The primary purposes of the surveys were to obtain estimates of biomass ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marine resource surveys on the continental shelf and upper slope off Washington, 1975-76 : completion report July 1, 1975 to September 30, 1977 Author: Barss, William H., United States. National Marine Fisheries Service, Ten Eyck, Neil, Demory, Robert L., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Groundfish surveys off the Washington coast were conducted in September of 1975 and 1976 between Cape Flattery and the Columbia River. The primary purposes of the surveys were to obtain estimates of biomass and further our knowledge on population parameters of important groundfish species, especially flatfish, occupying the continental shelf and upper continental slope. Survey design was based on a 5x6 N. mi grid with a random starting point. Samples were obtained for age, size and sex composition from important flatfish species. Weights were obtained from all species of fish. Estimates of biomass, all species, were 143,447 and 147,303 metric tons in 1975 and 1976, respectively. Pacific hake and English sole were the most abundant species. Estimates of biomass and potential yield were determined for six species of flatfish. Data indicate that most flatfish species are not fully exploited, but several species may be nearing full utilization. Increased yield could be obtained without increased fishing effort if market demand would increase on certain under-utilized species. Several population parameters were obtained. Age, length-weight constants, total annual and fishing mortality rates and exploitation rate were estimated for six species of flatfish. Distribution and abundance was depicted for major species by catch maps. Distribution of some species was closely correlated with depth and sediment type. Increase in mean weight was associated with increasing depth for many species, Strong year classes were indicated for several species. Data suggests that the Astoria Canyon may separate Dover sole and also arrowtooth flounder stocks. Title: Marine resource surveys on the continental shelf and upper slope off Washington, 1975-76 : completion report July 1, 1975 to September 30, 1977 Author: Barss, William H., United States. National Marine Fisheries Service, Ten Eyck, Neil, Demory, Robert L., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Groundfish surveys off the Washington coast were conducted in September of 1975 and 1976 between Cape Flattery and the Columbia River. The primary purposes of the surveys were to obtain estimates of biomass and further our knowledge on population parameters of important groundfish species, especially flatfish, occupying the continental shelf and upper continental slope. Survey design was based on a 5x6 N. mi grid with a random starting point. Samples were obtained for age, size and sex composition from important flatfish species. Weights were obtained from all species of fish. Estimates of biomass, all species, were 143,447 and 147,303 metric tons in 1975 and 1976, respectively. Pacific hake and English sole were the most abundant species. Estimates of biomass and potential yield were determined for six species of flatfish. Data indicate that most flatfish species are not fully exploited, but several species may be nearing full utilization. Increased yield could be obtained without increased fishing effort if market demand would increase on certain under-utilized species. Several population parameters were obtained. Age, length-weight constants, total annual and fishing mortality rates and exploitation rate were estimated for six species of flatfish. Distribution and abundance was depicted for major species by catch maps. Distribution of some species was closely correlated with depth and sediment type. Increase in mean weight was associated with increasing depth for many species, Strong year classes were indicated for several species. Data suggests that the Astoria Canyon may separate Dover sole and also arrowtooth flounder stocks. Close

• 34. [Article] A plant association classification for McDonald-Dunn Forest

  The purpose of this study was to develop a plant association classification for the mature coniferous forests of the McDonald and Paul M. Dunn Research Forests. A secondary objective was to quantify diversity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A plant association classification for McDonald-Dunn Forest Author: Hubbard, Connie J. The purpose of this study was to develop a plant association classification for the mature coniferous forests of the McDonald and Paul M. Dunn Research Forests. A secondary objective was to quantify diversity within the plant associations. This Forest is approximately 11,000 acres and is located 6 miles to the north of Corvallis Oregon. This forest is owned and managed by the College of Forestry at Oregon State University. This study, and a companion study by Leavell (1991), was funded by the Research Forest to broaden their understanding of the plant communities on the Forest. The companion study developed relationships between the plant associations and the environment. Classification was based on 108 plots, using percent cover of trees, shrubs, forbs, and grasses. This sampling density of approximately 1 plot per 100 acres is much greater than most community classifications in the area (Hemstrom & Logan, 1986; Hemstrom et al., 1987; Topik et al., 1988; Juday, 1976). A total of 117 vascular plant species were encountered; 68 of these were used in classification. Stands sampled for this classification were primarily seral, yet the most mature available. Few climax stands were available for sampling. Plant associations were developed using TWINSPAN, a two-way indicator species analysis (Hill, 1979b). Six plant associations were developed and described in this study: Tsuga heterophylla/Acer circinatum-Gaultheria shallon Abies grandis/Acer circinatum-Gaultheria shallon Abies grandis/Disporum hookeri-Thalictrum occidentale Abies grandis/Polystichum munituin Abies qrandis/Rubus ursinus-Rhus diversiloba Abies randis/Brachypodium sylvaticum One plant association, Abies grandis/Acer circinatum- Gaultheria shallon, parallels a previously described plant association described by Juday in the Valley Margin Zone (Juday, 1976). The other 5 plant associations described in this study are original descriptions. The TSHE/ACCI-GASH, ABGR/ACCI-GASH, and the ABGR/RUURRHDI plant associations are shrub-dominated. ABGR/DIHOTHOC and ABGR/POMU are forb-domjnated associations, and ABGR/BRSY is a grass-dominated plant association. Plant associations were shown to have significant differences in species richness, heterogeneity, evenness, and in vertical structure. Average species richness per plot is highest in the ABGR/ACCI-GASH and ABGR/DIHO-THOC plant associations, which also has high relative diversity (Shannon's index) and evenness. Species richness is lowest in the TSHE/ACCI-GASH plant association, probably because it was represented only by seral stands. Structural diversity included an analysis of snags. Snag number, size, and distribution were not related to plant associations. Current snag levels indicate that at most, 30 percent of the maximun populations for six woodpecker species could be supported on this Forest. A description of each plant association is given. The description for each includes: extent, location, characteristic species, species richness and percent cover within four strata (trees, shrubs, forbs, and grasses), heterogeneity (Shannon' s diversity index), and an evenness measure. Title: A plant association classification for McDonald-Dunn Forest Author: Hubbard, Connie J. The purpose of this study was to develop a plant association classification for the mature coniferous forests of the McDonald and Paul M. Dunn Research Forests. A secondary objective was to quantify diversity within the plant associations. This Forest is approximately 11,000 acres and is located 6 miles to the north of Corvallis Oregon. This forest is owned and managed by the College of Forestry at Oregon State University. This study, and a companion study by Leavell (1991), was funded by the Research Forest to broaden their understanding of the plant communities on the Forest. The companion study developed relationships between the plant associations and the environment. Classification was based on 108 plots, using percent cover of trees, shrubs, forbs, and grasses. This sampling density of approximately 1 plot per 100 acres is much greater than most community classifications in the area (Hemstrom & Logan, 1986; Hemstrom et al., 1987; Topik et al., 1988; Juday, 1976). A total of 117 vascular plant species were encountered; 68 of these were used in classification. Stands sampled for this classification were primarily seral, yet the most mature available. Few climax stands were available for sampling. Plant associations were developed using TWINSPAN, a two-way indicator species analysis (Hill, 1979b). Six plant associations were developed and described in this study: Tsuga heterophylla/Acer circinatum-Gaultheria shallon Abies grandis/Acer circinatum-Gaultheria shallon Abies grandis/Disporum hookeri-Thalictrum occidentale Abies grandis/Polystichum munituin Abies qrandis/Rubus ursinus-Rhus diversiloba Abies randis/Brachypodium sylvaticum One plant association, Abies grandis/Acer circinatum- Gaultheria shallon, parallels a previously described plant association described by Juday in the Valley Margin Zone (Juday, 1976). The other 5 plant associations described in this study are original descriptions. The TSHE/ACCI-GASH, ABGR/ACCI-GASH, and the ABGR/RUURRHDI plant associations are shrub-dominated. ABGR/DIHOTHOC and ABGR/POMU are forb-domjnated associations, and ABGR/BRSY is a grass-dominated plant association. Plant associations were shown to have significant differences in species richness, heterogeneity, evenness, and in vertical structure. Average species richness per plot is highest in the ABGR/ACCI-GASH and ABGR/DIHO-THOC plant associations, which also has high relative diversity (Shannon's index) and evenness. Species richness is lowest in the TSHE/ACCI-GASH plant association, probably because it was represented only by seral stands. Structural diversity included an analysis of snags. Snag number, size, and distribution were not related to plant associations. Current snag levels indicate that at most, 30 percent of the maximun populations for six woodpecker species could be supported on this Forest. A description of each plant association is given. The description for each includes: extent, location, characteristic species, species richness and percent cover within four strata (trees, shrubs, forbs, and grasses), heterogeneity (Shannon' s diversity index), and an evenness measure. Close

• 35. [Article] Species composition and community structure of pelagic nekton off Oregon and Washington under variable oceanographic conditions

  The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Species composition and community structure of pelagic nekton off Oregon and Washington under variable oceanographic conditions Author: Fisher, Joseph P., Emmett, Robert L., Morgan, Cheryl A., Casillas, Ed, Brodeur, Richard D. The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Title: Species composition and community structure of pelagic nekton off Oregon and Washington under variable oceanographic conditions Author: Fisher, Joseph P., Emmett, Robert L., Morgan, Cheryl A., Casillas, Ed, Brodeur, Richard D. The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Close

• 36. [Article] Probabilistic modeling of understory vegetation species in a northeastern Oregon industrial forest

  Managing forest ecosystems for sustainable, multiple use requires forest resource managers to understand how species composition and distribution vary across environmental gradients and respond to landscape ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Probabilistic modeling of understory vegetation species in a northeastern Oregon industrial forest Author: Yost, Andrew Charles Managing forest ecosystems for sustainable, multiple use requires forest resource managers to understand how species composition and distribution vary across environmental gradients and respond to landscape scale disturbance. A number of statistical modeling tools are available to construct predictive models and maps from response data, a set of predictor variables, and a predefined statistical distribution. Non-Parametric Multiplicative Regression (NPMR) is a probability modeling system that finds the best multiplicative set of predictor variables. The best set maximizes the Bayes Factor value which is a ratio based on modeled estimates and a species' average frequency of occurrence. This study demonstrates predictive vegetation modeling and mapping using NPMR and species presence/absence data collected from 610 plots located across an industrial managed forest landscape in Northeast Oregon. Plots were stratified with a random sampling design. Four modeling approaches were taken to compare the predictive power of spatial coordinates in combination with a set of topographically-derived and stand structural predictor variables. Spatial coordinates were often the most powerful predictors and the modeling approach with physiographic and stand structural variables together was frequently the most improved relative to the average frequency of occurrence. Comparisons between Logistic Regression (LR) and NPMR models were conducted for the species Clintonia unflora (CLUN) and Pinus ponderosa (PIPO). NPMR performed better for CLUN when the best predictor variables selected by NPMR were used to construct a LR model. For PIPO, the performance of NPMR was comparable to LR when the set of predictor variables used to build the LR model was based on whether the response in probability to each variable was monotonic. Species-level GIS probability maps were produced with the application of the physiographic models and a corresponding set of GIS raster files. GIS overlays of indicator species maps were used to construct plant association group (PAG) maps. Intersections of PAG layers resulted in quantitative mapping of intergrade between types. PAG layers were often significant predictor variables in probability models for 70 understory and five conifer species produced with Logistic Regression (LR) using a forward step-wise process. Potential applications of both NPMR and LR models with the Forest Vegetation Simulator are discussed. Title: Probabilistic modeling of understory vegetation species in a northeastern Oregon industrial forest Author: Yost, Andrew Charles Managing forest ecosystems for sustainable, multiple use requires forest resource managers to understand how species composition and distribution vary across environmental gradients and respond to landscape scale disturbance. A number of statistical modeling tools are available to construct predictive models and maps from response data, a set of predictor variables, and a predefined statistical distribution. Non-Parametric Multiplicative Regression (NPMR) is a probability modeling system that finds the best multiplicative set of predictor variables. The best set maximizes the Bayes Factor value which is a ratio based on modeled estimates and a species' average frequency of occurrence. This study demonstrates predictive vegetation modeling and mapping using NPMR and species presence/absence data collected from 610 plots located across an industrial managed forest landscape in Northeast Oregon. Plots were stratified with a random sampling design. Four modeling approaches were taken to compare the predictive power of spatial coordinates in combination with a set of topographically-derived and stand structural predictor variables. Spatial coordinates were often the most powerful predictors and the modeling approach with physiographic and stand structural variables together was frequently the most improved relative to the average frequency of occurrence. Comparisons between Logistic Regression (LR) and NPMR models were conducted for the species Clintonia unflora (CLUN) and Pinus ponderosa (PIPO). NPMR performed better for CLUN when the best predictor variables selected by NPMR were used to construct a LR model. For PIPO, the performance of NPMR was comparable to LR when the set of predictor variables used to build the LR model was based on whether the response in probability to each variable was monotonic. Species-level GIS probability maps were produced with the application of the physiographic models and a corresponding set of GIS raster files. GIS overlays of indicator species maps were used to construct plant association group (PAG) maps. Intersections of PAG layers resulted in quantitative mapping of intergrade between types. PAG layers were often significant predictor variables in probability models for 70 understory and five conifer species produced with Logistic Regression (LR) using a forward step-wise process. Potential applications of both NPMR and LR models with the Forest Vegetation Simulator are discussed. Close

• 37. [Article] Ecological survey and interpretation of the Willamette Floodplain Research Natural Area, W.L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon

  The purpose of this study was to: (1) evaluate land use and vegetation history of the Willamette Floodplain Research Natural Area; (2) characterize present day vegetation; (3) evaluate the relation of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological survey and interpretation of the Willamette Floodplain Research Natural Area, W.L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon Author: Streatfeild, Rosemary Welch The purpose of this study was to: (1) evaluate land use and vegetation history of the Willamette Floodplain Research Natural Area; (2) characterize present day vegetation; (3) evaluate the relation of vegetation to environment, and (4) establish a baseline dataset for future trend analysis in order that response of different plant species to fire frequencies may be assessed. I used historical records, aerial photographs, interviews, and literature to ascertain land use and vegetation history. I assumed that the RNA had been maintained as prairie by periodic aboriginal burning. Fire ignited by settlers continued as a management tool into the late 19th century. Grazing was a major disturbance in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and plowing or some other soil disturbance on the raised elongated mounds may have occurred. With removal of livestock grazing in the early 1960s and only a sporadic burning program, shrub cover increased markedly over the past several decades. I surveyed vegetation in the summer of 1991 in 36 random permanent plots. 1 classified species cover with two-way indicator species analysis, identifying two major communities. One is dominated by tall dense Rosa eg'lanteria, Hypericum perforatum, and many alien weedy species located on slightly elevated mounds, and the other is dominated by shorter but also dense Rosa eglanteria, Deschampsia cespitosa, and many species with wetland affinity on intermounds. Monotypic patches of Spiraea douglasii also occur on intermounds. Species composition strongly correlates with raicrotopography related to an indirect soil moisture index based on wetland status of individual species. Composition correlates less strongly with year since last burn. I confirmed vegetation-environment relations by null hypothesis analysis, tested by multi-response permutation procedure. Vegetation significantly differs on mounds vs. intermounds and vegetation significantly reflects burning history. I ordinated floristic data by non-metric scaling. I also tallied nested frequency data as a baseline for future trend analysis in order to assess change in vegetation in response to fire frequency. Frequency change of Rosa eglanteria will best be detected by change in a 0.01 m2 plot size, Holcus lanatus by a 0.10 m2 plot, and remaining species by a 1.00 m2 plot. Title: Ecological survey and interpretation of the Willamette Floodplain Research Natural Area, W.L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon Author: Streatfeild, Rosemary Welch The purpose of this study was to: (1) evaluate land use and vegetation history of the Willamette Floodplain Research Natural Area; (2) characterize present day vegetation; (3) evaluate the relation of vegetation to environment, and (4) establish a baseline dataset for future trend analysis in order that response of different plant species to fire frequencies may be assessed. I used historical records, aerial photographs, interviews, and literature to ascertain land use and vegetation history. I assumed that the RNA had been maintained as prairie by periodic aboriginal burning. Fire ignited by settlers continued as a management tool into the late 19th century. Grazing was a major disturbance in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and plowing or some other soil disturbance on the raised elongated mounds may have occurred. With removal of livestock grazing in the early 1960s and only a sporadic burning program, shrub cover increased markedly over the past several decades. I surveyed vegetation in the summer of 1991 in 36 random permanent plots. 1 classified species cover with two-way indicator species analysis, identifying two major communities. One is dominated by tall dense Rosa eg'lanteria, Hypericum perforatum, and many alien weedy species located on slightly elevated mounds, and the other is dominated by shorter but also dense Rosa eglanteria, Deschampsia cespitosa, and many species with wetland affinity on intermounds. Monotypic patches of Spiraea douglasii also occur on intermounds. Species composition strongly correlates with raicrotopography related to an indirect soil moisture index based on wetland status of individual species. Composition correlates less strongly with year since last burn. I confirmed vegetation-environment relations by null hypothesis analysis, tested by multi-response permutation procedure. Vegetation significantly differs on mounds vs. intermounds and vegetation significantly reflects burning history. I ordinated floristic data by non-metric scaling. I also tallied nested frequency data as a baseline for future trend analysis in order to assess change in vegetation in response to fire frequency. Frequency change of Rosa eglanteria will best be detected by change in a 0.01 m2 plot size, Holcus lanatus by a 0.10 m2 plot, and remaining species by a 1.00 m2 plot. Close

• 38. [Article] Zooplankton of the Galapagos Islands

  The marine climate of the Galapagos is spatially and seasonally heterogeneous. A taxonomically comprehensive study of Galapagos zooplankton has never been done. This study is an initial effort to establish ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Zooplankton of the Galapagos Islands Author: Figueroa, Diego The marine climate of the Galapagos is spatially and seasonally heterogeneous. A taxonomically comprehensive study of Galapagos zooplankton has never been done. This study is an initial effort to establish the distribution and community structure of zooplankton in the Archipelago. I collected zooplankton samples by vertical tows over the Galapagos shelf during the islands’ cold and warm seasons. Abundance was determined and copepods and euphausiids were identified to species. Hydrographic, nutrient and chlorophyll profiles were obtained for some sites. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) ordinations, Multi-Response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) and Indicator Species Analyses (ISA) were used to determine trends in community composition. Two marine systems were identified: 1) a nutrient-rich upwelling system with a shallow mixed layer and a diatom dominated phytoplankton community in the west and 2) a non-upwelling system with a deeper mixed layer, lower surface nutrient concentrations and a phytoplankton community dominated by small cells in the east. During the cold season three distinct zooplankton communities were observed that divide into western, central, and southeastern regions. During the warm season, the community in the west was replaced by a mix of species from the central region and abundance decreased. The diverse zooplankton community with varying geographical and seasonal affinities reflects the advective sources of surrounding waters. In addition to diverse oceanic environments, the Galapagos also have a unique set of inland pools known as anchialine habitats. I collected zooplankton from various anchialine pools in three different islands. These pools contain species of specialized cave-dwellers including undescribed species of Ridgewayia and Pseudocyclops (calanoid copepods). I describe these species and apply morphological and molecular methods to determine phylogenetic relationships and patterns of colonization. The mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) were used for phylogenetic analyses. The ITS1gene successfully reconstructed phylogenies, but the COI gene was highly conserved across these two families. This gene may not be appropriate as the current standard for “bar-coding” all marine species. These anchialine copepods are a result of several independent colonization events with phylogenetic ties to extant species in the western Pacific and Caribbean. Title: Zooplankton of the Galapagos Islands Author: Figueroa, Diego The marine climate of the Galapagos is spatially and seasonally heterogeneous. A taxonomically comprehensive study of Galapagos zooplankton has never been done. This study is an initial effort to establish the distribution and community structure of zooplankton in the Archipelago. I collected zooplankton samples by vertical tows over the Galapagos shelf during the islands’ cold and warm seasons. Abundance was determined and copepods and euphausiids were identified to species. Hydrographic, nutrient and chlorophyll profiles were obtained for some sites. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) ordinations, Multi-Response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) and Indicator Species Analyses (ISA) were used to determine trends in community composition. Two marine systems were identified: 1) a nutrient-rich upwelling system with a shallow mixed layer and a diatom dominated phytoplankton community in the west and 2) a non-upwelling system with a deeper mixed layer, lower surface nutrient concentrations and a phytoplankton community dominated by small cells in the east. During the cold season three distinct zooplankton communities were observed that divide into western, central, and southeastern regions. During the warm season, the community in the west was replaced by a mix of species from the central region and abundance decreased. The diverse zooplankton community with varying geographical and seasonal affinities reflects the advective sources of surrounding waters. In addition to diverse oceanic environments, the Galapagos also have a unique set of inland pools known as anchialine habitats. I collected zooplankton from various anchialine pools in three different islands. These pools contain species of specialized cave-dwellers including undescribed species of Ridgewayia and Pseudocyclops (calanoid copepods). I describe these species and apply morphological and molecular methods to determine phylogenetic relationships and patterns of colonization. The mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) were used for phylogenetic analyses. The ITS1gene successfully reconstructed phylogenies, but the COI gene was highly conserved across these two families. This gene may not be appropriate as the current standard for “bar-coding” all marine species. These anchialine copepods are a result of several independent colonization events with phylogenetic ties to extant species in the western Pacific and Caribbean. Close

• 39. [Article] Small mammal distribution, abundance and habitat selection in managed riparian habitats of Bear Valley, eastern Oregon

  Riparian zones are critical habitats for management because of their importance for both cattle production and wildlife, and a high potential for resource conflicts. Riparian management should address ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Small mammal distribution, abundance and habitat selection in managed riparian habitats of Bear Valley, eastern Oregon Author: Tomas, Walfrido Moraes Riparian zones are critical habitats for management because of their importance for both cattle production and wildlife, and a high potential for resource conflicts. Riparian management should address habitat and microhabitat features that sustain both livestock production and wildlife diversity. I conducted a study to determine how small mammal distributions and abundance differ among 3 structurally different riparian habitats in eastern Oregon. The 3 habitat types, herbaceous, discontinuous willow, and continuous willow, represent a range of habitats typical of riparian zones in central and eastern Oregon. I estimated small mammal population sizes in 9 trap grids placed in riparian zones using capture-recapture techniques. Four species of small mammals were captured during 7 trapping periods from August 1994 to September 1995. Small mammal distributions and population sizes of each species varied both within and among riparian pastures. Montane voles (Microtus montanus) were the most abundant species in all grids. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) had high population sizes in grids with low montane vole populations and moderate to high willow cover. Competition with voles appeared to occur in riparian habitats of Bear Valley, and influenced the distribution and numbers of deer mice. Western jumping mice (Zapus princeps) were captured at relatively low numbers and almost exclusively in continuous willow habitats. Vagrant shrews (Sorex vagrans) were captured on all grids, and population sizes were small. Haying negatively affected survival rates of voles. Biomass, vegetation height, and percent ground cover were the habitat variables most frequently associated with occurrence of montane voles in Bear Valley. The probability of occurrence of this species was positively correlated with these habitat variables. Deer mice probability of occurrence was positively correlated with percent ground cover, plant biomass, and soil moisture. Most deer mice captures occurred in continuous willow habitats, and the number of captures increased with willow basal cover (R²=0.7579, P<0.001). Western jumping mice occurrence was positively correlated with plant biomass and soil moisture, and negatively correlated with distance from willow and percent ground cover. Western jumping mice also were more frequently captured in willow than nonwillow vegetation associations (P=0.054) within continuous willow habitats. Vagrant shrews were positively associated with plant biomass, vegetation height, and soil moisture. Small mammal habitat associations from my study sites in Bear Valley are in agreement with the literature, suggesting relatively consistent patterns in species-habitat associations. Distribution of small mammal species differed among pastures probably as a result of historical management practices. Alterations of riparian zone structure from historical management practices were evident in the study area, including elimination or decreased willow density, channel entrenchment, and invasion of riparian areas by xeric vegetation. Western jumping mice are apparently the most sensitive species in this area, requiring dense willow stands, suggesting that jumping mice could serve as an indicator species for riparian habitat condition. Title: Small mammal distribution, abundance and habitat selection in managed riparian habitats of Bear Valley, eastern Oregon Author: Tomas, Walfrido Moraes Riparian zones are critical habitats for management because of their importance for both cattle production and wildlife, and a high potential for resource conflicts. Riparian management should address habitat and microhabitat features that sustain both livestock production and wildlife diversity. I conducted a study to determine how small mammal distributions and abundance differ among 3 structurally different riparian habitats in eastern Oregon. The 3 habitat types, herbaceous, discontinuous willow, and continuous willow, represent a range of habitats typical of riparian zones in central and eastern Oregon. I estimated small mammal population sizes in 9 trap grids placed in riparian zones using capture-recapture techniques. Four species of small mammals were captured during 7 trapping periods from August 1994 to September 1995. Small mammal distributions and population sizes of each species varied both within and among riparian pastures. Montane voles (Microtus montanus) were the most abundant species in all grids. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) had high population sizes in grids with low montane vole populations and moderate to high willow cover. Competition with voles appeared to occur in riparian habitats of Bear Valley, and influenced the distribution and numbers of deer mice. Western jumping mice (Zapus princeps) were captured at relatively low numbers and almost exclusively in continuous willow habitats. Vagrant shrews (Sorex vagrans) were captured on all grids, and population sizes were small. Haying negatively affected survival rates of voles. Biomass, vegetation height, and percent ground cover were the habitat variables most frequently associated with occurrence of montane voles in Bear Valley. The probability of occurrence of this species was positively correlated with these habitat variables. Deer mice probability of occurrence was positively correlated with percent ground cover, plant biomass, and soil moisture. Most deer mice captures occurred in continuous willow habitats, and the number of captures increased with willow basal cover (R²=0.7579, P<0.001). Western jumping mice occurrence was positively correlated with plant biomass and soil moisture, and negatively correlated with distance from willow and percent ground cover. Western jumping mice also were more frequently captured in willow than nonwillow vegetation associations (P=0.054) within continuous willow habitats. Vagrant shrews were positively associated with plant biomass, vegetation height, and soil moisture. Small mammal habitat associations from my study sites in Bear Valley are in agreement with the literature, suggesting relatively consistent patterns in species-habitat associations. Distribution of small mammal species differed among pastures probably as a result of historical management practices. Alterations of riparian zone structure from historical management practices were evident in the study area, including elimination or decreased willow density, channel entrenchment, and invasion of riparian areas by xeric vegetation. Western jumping mice are apparently the most sensitive species in this area, requiring dense willow stands, suggesting that jumping mice could serve as an indicator species for riparian habitat condition. Close

• 40. [Article] Population dynamics of three early seral herb species in Pacific Northwest forests

  I investigated the population dynamics of fireweed (Epilobium angustfolium), foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) , and woodland groundsel (Senecio sylvaticus) to understand their colonization, persistence, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Population dynamics of three early seral herb species in Pacific Northwest forests Author: Hanson, D. Eric I investigated the population dynamics of fireweed (Epilobium angustfolium), foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) , and woodland groundsel (Senecio sylvaticus) to understand their colonization, persistence, and extirpation in Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir forests. Factors affecting the species' frequency and abundance in forest communities were evaluated. Their population dynamics were modeled and field experiments examined nitrogen fertilization and competition effects on population parameters. Experimental variation made the population models stochastic and sequential transition matrices incorporated the effects of competition into them. Plant community ordination suggested a negative relationship between foxglove and elevation. Indicator species analysis revealed that foxglove is favored by disturbance, i.e., broadcast silvicultural treatments, and by high site productivity, while fireweed responds to low productivity and lack of disturbance. Regression analysis related the species' frequency and cover to factors such as stand age, elevation, and UTM meters east. Simulated woodland groundsel population increased most rapidly. Increased competition tended to reduce its biomass accumulation and seed production per plant but did not affect seeds produced per unit area. Competition also reduced established immature plant survival. Incorporating these factors into the population model, the rate of population growth declined. The projected foxglove population grew at a lower rate than did woodland groundsel but faster than fireweed. Foxglove was adversely affected by competition, which generally reduced its size, biomass, and seed production. Interspecific competition reduced established plant survival, rosette persistence, perenniation, and flowering. Nitrogen fertilization stimulated seed germination, rosette persistence, and flowering but decreased perenniation. Nitrogen fertilization rate did not influence population growth when modeled but application timing did. Nitrogen applied at transplanting resulted in extinction of the population. Transplanting one year after fertilization resulted in constant population growth. Fireweed, with the most complex life cycle, had the lowest population growth rate. Its persistence was entirely due to vegetative reproduction--without it the population would rapidly become extinct. Competition and fertilization had little effect on this species and population projections based on the field experiments indicated constant growth. These results suggest life history and competitive ability regulate succession of pioneer species in Douglas-fir forests and increases population persistence comes at the expense of their growth rate. Title: Population dynamics of three early seral herb species in Pacific Northwest forests Author: Hanson, D. Eric I investigated the population dynamics of fireweed (Epilobium angustfolium), foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) , and woodland groundsel (Senecio sylvaticus) to understand their colonization, persistence, and extirpation in Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir forests. Factors affecting the species' frequency and abundance in forest communities were evaluated. Their population dynamics were modeled and field experiments examined nitrogen fertilization and competition effects on population parameters. Experimental variation made the population models stochastic and sequential transition matrices incorporated the effects of competition into them. Plant community ordination suggested a negative relationship between foxglove and elevation. Indicator species analysis revealed that foxglove is favored by disturbance, i.e., broadcast silvicultural treatments, and by high site productivity, while fireweed responds to low productivity and lack of disturbance. Regression analysis related the species' frequency and cover to factors such as stand age, elevation, and UTM meters east. Simulated woodland groundsel population increased most rapidly. Increased competition tended to reduce its biomass accumulation and seed production per plant but did not affect seeds produced per unit area. Competition also reduced established immature plant survival. Incorporating these factors into the population model, the rate of population growth declined. The projected foxglove population grew at a lower rate than did woodland groundsel but faster than fireweed. Foxglove was adversely affected by competition, which generally reduced its size, biomass, and seed production. Interspecific competition reduced established plant survival, rosette persistence, perenniation, and flowering. Nitrogen fertilization stimulated seed germination, rosette persistence, and flowering but decreased perenniation. Nitrogen fertilization rate did not influence population growth when modeled but application timing did. Nitrogen applied at transplanting resulted in extinction of the population. Transplanting one year after fertilization resulted in constant population growth. Fireweed, with the most complex life cycle, had the lowest population growth rate. Its persistence was entirely due to vegetative reproduction--without it the population would rapidly become extinct. Competition and fertilization had little effect on this species and population projections based on the field experiments indicated constant growth. These results suggest life history and competitive ability regulate succession of pioneer species in Douglas-fir forests and increases population persistence comes at the expense of their growth rate. Close

• 41. [Article] Statistical foraminiferal ecology from seasonal samples, central Oregon continental shelf

  This study examined the foraminifera and the ecologic conditions of the benthic environment of the Oregon shelf and the uppermost slope (75-550 m depth) between 143°45' N and 144°40' N. Seasonal collections monitored ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Statistical foraminiferal ecology from seasonal samples, central Oregon continental shelf Author: Gunther, Fredrick John This study examined the foraminifera and the ecologic conditions of the benthic environment of the Oregon shelf and the uppermost slope (75-550 m depth) between 143°45' N and 144°40' N. Seasonal collections monitored the near-bottom marine environment and the sedimentary substrate at 16 stations. The foraminiferal benthic fauna was examined from eight seasonal stations and two additional stations. Use of a multiple corer provided randomly selected subsarnples of the sediment for ecologic and faunal analyses. Use of water bottles that triggered upon bottom impact provided measurements of the water as close to the bottom as 0. 6 m. Computerized data processing and statistical analyses aided the ecologic and faunal evaluations. The environmental study showed the existence of considerable variation in the hydrography of near-bottom waters, especially between summer and winter (upwelling and non-upwelling) collections at the same station. Upwelling conditions directly affect the benthic Redacted for Privacy environment. In addition, the water at any one place, at least dciring upwelling, was so well mixed that vertical stratification did not exist between 0.6 and 5.0 m off the bottom. Statistically significant sea-. sorial variations in surface sediments at the same station were not observed. The living benthic foraminiferal fauna exhibited considerable within-station variation both in species composition and in specimen size of selected species. The percent abundance of individual dominant species varied in adjacent cores (subsamples) by amounts up to 46%. Living specimens of a single species were found that were three times as large as the smallest living specimen from the same sample, yet there was no evidence of a multimodal size distribution resulting from age classes. The author suggests that the dominant species are aggregated and that the aggregations are colonies of asexually produced siblings. Lack of fit of species-frequency curves to the lognormal distribution indicated that relatively few species are fit to reproduce in a particular environment; most juvenile specimens that enter a particular environment belong to species that will not thrive there and either die or simply maintain growth with little chance of reproductive success. The existence of colonial aggregations of individuals is considered to provide the best explanation of the observed variations between adjacent samples. However, the observed variations could be due to sampling error or to substrate microheterogeneity. A possible natural community of 15 dominant species has been determined for those species that form a consistent part of each other's biologic environment. The community crossed the depth and substrate boundaries upon which the stations were selected and appeared to be a general community for the Oregon outer shelf. The limits of the community appear to be determined mostly by water depth, with approximate boundaries at 75-100 m and somewhere between 200-500 m. Regression analyses to determine the ecologic control on the foraminiferal fauna did not indicate a close correspondence between faunal parameters and environmental variables. Regression analyses to determine the ecologic control on mdividual species indicated that most species depended upon a set of two to four environmental variables rather than upon one single limiting factor. The set for each species was different. Temperature. phosphate concentration and oxygen concentrations were common hydrographic members of sets; percent silt, percent sand, percent clay, organic carbon content and organic nitrogen were common sedimentary members of sets. Title: Statistical foraminiferal ecology from seasonal samples, central Oregon continental shelf Author: Gunther, Fredrick John This study examined the foraminifera and the ecologic conditions of the benthic environment of the Oregon shelf and the uppermost slope (75-550 m depth) between 143°45' N and 144°40' N. Seasonal collections monitored the near-bottom marine environment and the sedimentary substrate at 16 stations. The foraminiferal benthic fauna was examined from eight seasonal stations and two additional stations. Use of a multiple corer provided randomly selected subsarnples of the sediment for ecologic and faunal analyses. Use of water bottles that triggered upon bottom impact provided measurements of the water as close to the bottom as 0. 6 m. Computerized data processing and statistical analyses aided the ecologic and faunal evaluations. The environmental study showed the existence of considerable variation in the hydrography of near-bottom waters, especially between summer and winter (upwelling and non-upwelling) collections at the same station. Upwelling conditions directly affect the benthic Redacted for Privacy environment. In addition, the water at any one place, at least dciring upwelling, was so well mixed that vertical stratification did not exist between 0.6 and 5.0 m off the bottom. Statistically significant sea-. sorial variations in surface sediments at the same station were not observed. The living benthic foraminiferal fauna exhibited considerable within-station variation both in species composition and in specimen size of selected species. The percent abundance of individual dominant species varied in adjacent cores (subsamples) by amounts up to 46%. Living specimens of a single species were found that were three times as large as the smallest living specimen from the same sample, yet there was no evidence of a multimodal size distribution resulting from age classes. The author suggests that the dominant species are aggregated and that the aggregations are colonies of asexually produced siblings. Lack of fit of species-frequency curves to the lognormal distribution indicated that relatively few species are fit to reproduce in a particular environment; most juvenile specimens that enter a particular environment belong to species that will not thrive there and either die or simply maintain growth with little chance of reproductive success. The existence of colonial aggregations of individuals is considered to provide the best explanation of the observed variations between adjacent samples. However, the observed variations could be due to sampling error or to substrate microheterogeneity. A possible natural community of 15 dominant species has been determined for those species that form a consistent part of each other's biologic environment. The community crossed the depth and substrate boundaries upon which the stations were selected and appeared to be a general community for the Oregon outer shelf. The limits of the community appear to be determined mostly by water depth, with approximate boundaries at 75-100 m and somewhere between 200-500 m. Regression analyses to determine the ecologic control on the foraminiferal fauna did not indicate a close correspondence between faunal parameters and environmental variables. Regression analyses to determine the ecologic control on mdividual species indicated that most species depended upon a set of two to four environmental variables rather than upon one single limiting factor. The set for each species was different. Temperature. phosphate concentration and oxygen concentrations were common hydrographic members of sets; percent silt, percent sand, percent clay, organic carbon content and organic nitrogen were common sedimentary members of sets. Close

• 42. [Article] Realized and potential climate responses of lichen and bryophyte communities in a national forest inventory

  Climate and terrestrial vegetation have had mutual feedbacks for nearly five hundred million years, yet both are now departing from recent historical norms, with uncertain implications for forest ecosystems. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Realized and potential climate responses of lichen and bryophyte communities in a national forest inventory Author: Smith, Robert J. Climate and terrestrial vegetation have had mutual feedbacks for nearly five hundred million years, yet both are now departing from recent historical norms, with uncertain implications for forest ecosystems. This dissertation outlines the current and potential future climate responses of lichen and bryophyte communities in the United States as part of a national forest inventory. The first task was to identify influences on carbon and nitrogen storage of moss and lichen “ground layers” in subarctic interior Alaska. Nutrient stores were more sensitive to local vegetation and topography than regional macroclimate. Nutrients and biomass were greatest among apparently less disturbed stands. This suggests that climatic changes could diminish ground layer nutrient storage indirectly if they promote intensifying wildfire regimes or expansions of competitive vascular vegetation. Turning to focus on species diversity, the next task was to quantify the strength of relationship between epiphytic lichen community composition and macroclimate across the 4,000 km-long swath of the U.S. Pacific coastal states. The strongest fitting lichen response gradients involved precipitation, temperature, and a heat-moisture index. Lichen indicator species (diagnostic of ten defined climate zones) emerged as useful monitoring tools because their abundance changes could signal shifting climate zone boundaries. After establishing key present-day climatic relationships, the next task was to pinpoint nationwide locations where epiphytic lichen communities will be most vulnerable to species losses under current and future warming scenarios. Novel niche-based metrics revealed greatest vulnerability among supposedly “warm-adapted” communities in southern/lowland locations, contrary to usual assumptions centering on cooler northern/montane habitats. Vulnerability analyses can steer conservation and monitoring attention to specific locations where warming is most expected to affect ecological communities. The final task, to anticipate how warming will impact individual lichen performance, was addressed by quantifying how experimental climate treatments (whole-ecosystem warming and CO2 additions) affected growth of the boreal epiphytic lichen species Evernia mesomorpha. Over just one year, incremental warming and concurrent drying caused progressive growth declines and biomass losses among individual transplants. Such warming-induced biomass losses of epiphytic lichens could precede local population extinctions and regional range contractions. Overall, this dissertation weaves together multiple lines of evidence from nutrient, diversity and growth responses to indicate the ecological effects of climate and climatic changes on vegetation in a national forest inventory context. This work suggests a pathway for integrating lichen and bryophyte responses into nationwide climate monitoring to address emergent interactions between humans, vegetation, and the global climate commons. Title: Realized and potential climate responses of lichen and bryophyte communities in a national forest inventory Author: Smith, Robert J. Climate and terrestrial vegetation have had mutual feedbacks for nearly five hundred million years, yet both are now departing from recent historical norms, with uncertain implications for forest ecosystems. This dissertation outlines the current and potential future climate responses of lichen and bryophyte communities in the United States as part of a national forest inventory. The first task was to identify influences on carbon and nitrogen storage of moss and lichen “ground layers” in subarctic interior Alaska. Nutrient stores were more sensitive to local vegetation and topography than regional macroclimate. Nutrients and biomass were greatest among apparently less disturbed stands. This suggests that climatic changes could diminish ground layer nutrient storage indirectly if they promote intensifying wildfire regimes or expansions of competitive vascular vegetation. Turning to focus on species diversity, the next task was to quantify the strength of relationship between epiphytic lichen community composition and macroclimate across the 4,000 km-long swath of the U.S. Pacific coastal states. The strongest fitting lichen response gradients involved precipitation, temperature, and a heat-moisture index. Lichen indicator species (diagnostic of ten defined climate zones) emerged as useful monitoring tools because their abundance changes could signal shifting climate zone boundaries. After establishing key present-day climatic relationships, the next task was to pinpoint nationwide locations where epiphytic lichen communities will be most vulnerable to species losses under current and future warming scenarios. Novel niche-based metrics revealed greatest vulnerability among supposedly “warm-adapted” communities in southern/lowland locations, contrary to usual assumptions centering on cooler northern/montane habitats. Vulnerability analyses can steer conservation and monitoring attention to specific locations where warming is most expected to affect ecological communities. The final task, to anticipate how warming will impact individual lichen performance, was addressed by quantifying how experimental climate treatments (whole-ecosystem warming and CO2 additions) affected growth of the boreal epiphytic lichen species Evernia mesomorpha. Over just one year, incremental warming and concurrent drying caused progressive growth declines and biomass losses among individual transplants. Such warming-induced biomass losses of epiphytic lichens could precede local population extinctions and regional range contractions. Overall, this dissertation weaves together multiple lines of evidence from nutrient, diversity and growth responses to indicate the ecological effects of climate and climatic changes on vegetation in a national forest inventory context. This work suggests a pathway for integrating lichen and bryophyte responses into nationwide climate monitoring to address emergent interactions between humans, vegetation, and the global climate commons. Close

• 43. [Article] Spatial and Temporal Variability of Contaminants Within Estuarine Sediments and Native Olympia Oysters: A Contrast Between a Developed and an Undeveloped Estuary

  Chemical contaminants can be introduced into estuarine and marine ecosystems from a variety of sources including wastewater, agriculture and forestry practices, point and non-point discharges, runoff from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Contaminants Within Estuarine Sediments and Native Olympia Oysters: A Contrast Between a Developed and an Undeveloped Estuary Author: Granek, Elise F., Conn, Katherine E., Nilsen, Elena B., Pillsbury, Lori, Strecker, Angela L., Rumrill, Steven S., Fish, William Year: 2016 Chemical contaminants can be introduced into estuarine and marine ecosystems from a variety of sources including wastewater, agriculture and forestry practices, point and non-point discharges, runoff from industrial, municipal, and urban lands, accidental spills, and atmospheric deposition. The diversity of potential sources contributes to the likelihood of contaminated marine waters and sediments and increases the probability of uptake by marine organisms. Despite widespread recognition of direct and indirect pathways for contaminant deposition and organismal exposure in coastal systems, spatial and temporal variability in contaminant composition, deposition, and uptake patterns are still poorly known. We investigated these patterns for a suite of persistent legacy contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chemicals of emerging concern including pharmaceuticals within two Oregon coastal estuaries (Coos and Netarts Bays). In the more urbanized Coos Bay, native Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) tissue had approximately twice the number of PCB congeners at over seven times the total concentration, yet fewer PBDEs at one-tenth the concentration as compared to the more rural Netarts Bay. Different pharmaceutical suites were detected during each sampling season. Variability in contaminant types and concentrations across seasons and between species and media (organisms versus sediment) indicates the limitation of using indicator species and/or sampling annually to determine contaminant loads at a site or for specific species. The results indicate the prevalence of legacy contaminants and CECs in relatively undeveloped coastal environments highlighting the need to improve policy and management actions to reduce contaminant releases into estuarine and marine waters and to deal with legacy compounds that remain long after prohibition of use. Our results point to the need for better understanding of the ecological and human health risks of exposure to the diverse cocktail of pollutants and harmful compounds that will continue to leach from estuarine sediments over time. Title: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Contaminants Within Estuarine Sediments and Native Olympia Oysters: A Contrast Between a Developed and an Undeveloped Estuary Author: Granek, Elise F., Conn, Katherine E., Nilsen, Elena B., Pillsbury, Lori, Strecker, Angela L., Rumrill, Steven S., Fish, William Year: 2016 Chemical contaminants can be introduced into estuarine and marine ecosystems from a variety of sources including wastewater, agriculture and forestry practices, point and non-point discharges, runoff from industrial, municipal, and urban lands, accidental spills, and atmospheric deposition. The diversity of potential sources contributes to the likelihood of contaminated marine waters and sediments and increases the probability of uptake by marine organisms. Despite widespread recognition of direct and indirect pathways for contaminant deposition and organismal exposure in coastal systems, spatial and temporal variability in contaminant composition, deposition, and uptake patterns are still poorly known. We investigated these patterns for a suite of persistent legacy contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chemicals of emerging concern including pharmaceuticals within two Oregon coastal estuaries (Coos and Netarts Bays). In the more urbanized Coos Bay, native Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) tissue had approximately twice the number of PCB congeners at over seven times the total concentration, yet fewer PBDEs at one-tenth the concentration as compared to the more rural Netarts Bay. Different pharmaceutical suites were detected during each sampling season. Variability in contaminant types and concentrations across seasons and between species and media (organisms versus sediment) indicates the limitation of using indicator species and/or sampling annually to determine contaminant loads at a site or for specific species. The results indicate the prevalence of legacy contaminants and CECs in relatively undeveloped coastal environments highlighting the need to improve policy and management actions to reduce contaminant releases into estuarine and marine waters and to deal with legacy compounds that remain long after prohibition of use. Our results point to the need for better understanding of the ecological and human health risks of exposure to the diverse cocktail of pollutants and harmful compounds that will continue to leach from estuarine sediments over time. Close

• 44. [Article] Distribution, structure, and function of marine ecological communities in the northern California Current upwelling ecosystem

  Within systems characterized by substantial spatial and temporal variability, abundances of organisms tend to be higher in localized areas. Within the northern California Current system, the identification ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution, structure, and function of marine ecological communities in the northern California Current upwelling ecosystem Author: Reese, Douglas Charles Within systems characterized by substantial spatial and temporal variability, abundances of organisms tend to be higher in localized areas. Within the northern California Current system, the identification of such marine, biological hotspots would be of great importance to resource managers, conservationists, and research planners, and is consequently a growing area of research. Furthermore, in order to understand how ecosystems function and persist, it is necessary to know how ecological communities are distributed. The overall goal of this study is to provide further understanding regarding the functioning of marine ecosystems in such highly variable environments and to provide information about the distribution and structure of marine communities. Sampling was conducted during June and August of 2000 and 2002 as part of the U.S. GLOBEC mesoscale surveys from Newport, Oregon in the north to Crescent City, California in the south. A geostatistical approach was used to create surfaces used in a GIS to determine the distribution of various community characteristics. Two biological hotspots were identified and determined to persist in space and time, yet differed with respect to biological and physical features and in the amount of area covered. Various community analyses, including nonmetric multidimensional scaling, indicator species analysis, and cluster analysis were used to determine various community properties associated with the hotspots and non-hotspot regions. Results indicate that nekton biological hotspots in the northern California Current persist across differing environmental and biological conditions, although upwelling-based hotspots may be more susceptible to climatic conditions than retention-based hotspots. Analyses of the distribution of the functional groups within the region indicate that the predominant biological activity is spatially nonrandom and occurs within persistent, localized areas. Analyses of species associations suggest a moderate degree of redundancy. The presence of such complementary species within functional groups may confer the stability observed within these systems. The finding that large regional areas are composed of smaller, localized hotspots where a predominant amount of biological activity is occurring, suggests that the evaluation of large marine ecosystems may lead to erroneous or misleading results if they do not consider the more persistent, localized biological hotspots. Title: Distribution, structure, and function of marine ecological communities in the northern California Current upwelling ecosystem Author: Reese, Douglas Charles Within systems characterized by substantial spatial and temporal variability, abundances of organisms tend to be higher in localized areas. Within the northern California Current system, the identification of such marine, biological hotspots would be of great importance to resource managers, conservationists, and research planners, and is consequently a growing area of research. Furthermore, in order to understand how ecosystems function and persist, it is necessary to know how ecological communities are distributed. The overall goal of this study is to provide further understanding regarding the functioning of marine ecosystems in such highly variable environments and to provide information about the distribution and structure of marine communities. Sampling was conducted during June and August of 2000 and 2002 as part of the U.S. GLOBEC mesoscale surveys from Newport, Oregon in the north to Crescent City, California in the south. A geostatistical approach was used to create surfaces used in a GIS to determine the distribution of various community characteristics. Two biological hotspots were identified and determined to persist in space and time, yet differed with respect to biological and physical features and in the amount of area covered. Various community analyses, including nonmetric multidimensional scaling, indicator species analysis, and cluster analysis were used to determine various community properties associated with the hotspots and non-hotspot regions. Results indicate that nekton biological hotspots in the northern California Current persist across differing environmental and biological conditions, although upwelling-based hotspots may be more susceptible to climatic conditions than retention-based hotspots. Analyses of the distribution of the functional groups within the region indicate that the predominant biological activity is spatially nonrandom and occurs within persistent, localized areas. Analyses of species associations suggest a moderate degree of redundancy. The presence of such complementary species within functional groups may confer the stability observed within these systems. The finding that large regional areas are composed of smaller, localized hotspots where a predominant amount of biological activity is occurring, suggests that the evaluation of large marine ecosystems may lead to erroneous or misleading results if they do not consider the more persistent, localized biological hotspots. Close

• 45. [Article] Evaluating benthic macroinvertebrates as bio-indicators of freshwater habitat quality in an eastern Oregon agro-ecosystem

  The effect of anthropogenic disturbance on river systems is gaining attention, and concerns about the state of freshwater natural resources are increasing globally, as are efforts to restore habitat that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating benthic macroinvertebrates as bio-indicators of freshwater habitat quality in an eastern Oregon agro-ecosystem Author: Scherr, Melissa A. The effect of anthropogenic disturbance on river systems is gaining attention, and concerns about the state of freshwater natural resources are increasing globally, as are efforts to restore habitat that has been degraded by disturbance. In rivers, non-point source pollution affects the physical characteristics of the habitat and the endemic biotic assemblages. Aquatic macroinvertebrates are numerous and exhibit graded responses to various types of disturbance in the river, and may be used as indicators of habitat conditions. In this dissertation, macroinvertebrates were examined as bioindicators in the Umatilla River in eastern Oregon. The first study is a bioassessment of the impacts of agriculture on the benthic macroinvertebrate community in adjacent streams. The results of this study show that there are physical differences in habitat associated with adjacent land use, and the macroinvertebrate communities responded to these differences with changes in taxa richness and evenness. Indicator species analysis identified thirteen taxa which were indicative of habitat conditions associated with ideal habitat used as a reference condition, degraded habitat associated with agricultural land use, and transitional habitat associated with conservation/restoration management. The second study is a laboratory study in which the effects of temperature of a common mayfly nymph, Epeorus albertae (McDunnough) (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) were evaluated. The study showed that not only the developmental rate of the nymphs was affected by temperature treatment (within a range of 18°C and 28°C), but the location of accumulated body tissues over time varied by temperature, with significant difference in the type of growth observed for insects held at the highest temperature. The third study examined the response of six indicator taxa to environmental variables as predictors of abundance in a non-parametric multiplicative regression. This study found that for all taxa examined, the two best predictors of abundance in the Umatilla River were turbidity and conductivity. Increased turbidity and conductivity are common effects of intensive agriculture in streams located in agro-ecosystems, but may potentially be mitigated by vegetative buffer strips and sustainable land use practices. Long term agricultural disturbance in the landscape has been shown to have lasting effects in the ecosystem which may be further exacerbated as global climate change increases dependence on freshwater resources. Understanding anthropogenic impacts on organismal communities and natural resources is vital to establishment of effective conservation, restoration, and maintenance of a healthy ecosystem. Title: Evaluating benthic macroinvertebrates as bio-indicators of freshwater habitat quality in an eastern Oregon agro-ecosystem Author: Scherr, Melissa A. The effect of anthropogenic disturbance on river systems is gaining attention, and concerns about the state of freshwater natural resources are increasing globally, as are efforts to restore habitat that has been degraded by disturbance. In rivers, non-point source pollution affects the physical characteristics of the habitat and the endemic biotic assemblages. Aquatic macroinvertebrates are numerous and exhibit graded responses to various types of disturbance in the river, and may be used as indicators of habitat conditions. In this dissertation, macroinvertebrates were examined as bioindicators in the Umatilla River in eastern Oregon. The first study is a bioassessment of the impacts of agriculture on the benthic macroinvertebrate community in adjacent streams. The results of this study show that there are physical differences in habitat associated with adjacent land use, and the macroinvertebrate communities responded to these differences with changes in taxa richness and evenness. Indicator species analysis identified thirteen taxa which were indicative of habitat conditions associated with ideal habitat used as a reference condition, degraded habitat associated with agricultural land use, and transitional habitat associated with conservation/restoration management. The second study is a laboratory study in which the effects of temperature of a common mayfly nymph, Epeorus albertae (McDunnough) (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) were evaluated. The study showed that not only the developmental rate of the nymphs was affected by temperature treatment (within a range of 18°C and 28°C), but the location of accumulated body tissues over time varied by temperature, with significant difference in the type of growth observed for insects held at the highest temperature. The third study examined the response of six indicator taxa to environmental variables as predictors of abundance in a non-parametric multiplicative regression. This study found that for all taxa examined, the two best predictors of abundance in the Umatilla River were turbidity and conductivity. Increased turbidity and conductivity are common effects of intensive agriculture in streams located in agro-ecosystems, but may potentially be mitigated by vegetative buffer strips and sustainable land use practices. Long term agricultural disturbance in the landscape has been shown to have lasting effects in the ecosystem which may be further exacerbated as global climate change increases dependence on freshwater resources. Understanding anthropogenic impacts on organismal communities and natural resources is vital to establishment of effective conservation, restoration, and maintenance of a healthy ecosystem. Close

• 46. [Article] How Much Groundwater does a Wetland Need? Setting Ecological Water Requirements for Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How Much Groundwater does a Wetland Need? Setting Ecological Water Requirements for Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems Author: Carroll, Trish, Congdon, Roger, Aldous, Allison, Bach, Leslie, Gurrieri, Joe Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: How Much Groundwater does a Wetland Need? Setting Ecological Water Requirements for Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems Author: Carroll, Trish, Congdon, Roger, Aldous, Allison, Bach, Leslie, Gurrieri, Joe Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 47. [Article] Headwater stream macroinvertebrates of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon

  Recent studies of headwater streams have demonstrated their importance to overall watershed biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and energy flux. However, little attention has been paid to long-term effects ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Headwater stream macroinvertebrates of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Frady, Charles H. Recent studies of headwater streams have demonstrated their importance to overall watershed biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and energy flux. However, little attention has been paid to long-term effects of forest harvest on macroinvertebrate communities in headwater streams. This study investigated headwater stream macroinvertebrate communities in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon, U.S.A and used a paired-stream study design to examine the effect of prior forest harvest on stream macroinvertebrates. Concomitantly, this study examined how macroinvertebrate life-history traits were related to stream size, substrates, discharge, or water temperature. Results from this study suggest that neither richness nor densities differed between streams flowing through young growth versus old growth forests. Despite similarities among these metrics, multivariate ordination techniques helped elucidate differences in benthic community composition between paired streams when red alder was present in riparian zones of previously harvested basins. Indicator Species Analysis of community composition and abundance revealed that no taxa were exclusively indicative of either forest type. Macroinvertebrate life-history traits among headwater streams were related to stream size, stream substrates, or stream discharge. As predicted, macroinvertebrates that ingest leaf litter (shredders) decreased proportionally with increasing stream width, while macroinvertebrates that scrape off algae and biofilms from instream substrates (scrapers) increased with increasing stream width. Differences in macroinvertebrate habit-trait groups were related to differences in stream substrates or stream discharge between very small headwater streams (< 20ha basin area) and larger headwater streams (50-100ha basin size). Seasonal variation in stream discharge also influenced macroinvertebrate communities. Patterns in adult insect emergence in these streams displayed pulses of activity that varied among streams. During summer 2003, total emergence was greatest in one high elevation stream in this study. During spring 2004, total emergence began earlier in one low elevation and one mid elevation stream, but linkages with stream water temperature were tenuous; cumulative emergence remained higher in these streams than all others through early summer 2004. Though forest harvest often has immediate effects on macroinvertebrate communities, shifts in community composition may persist long-term if regrowth of riparian vegetation includes red alder (Alnus rubra). Analyses of macroinvertebrate life-history traits provided insight regarding species adaptations to environmental conditions. Among six headwater streams within a relatively small landscape (6400ha), proportions of stream macroinvertebrate communities with specific traits differed among streams relative to variability in physical stream attributes. Title: Headwater stream macroinvertebrates of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Frady, Charles H. Recent studies of headwater streams have demonstrated their importance to overall watershed biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and energy flux. However, little attention has been paid to long-term effects of forest harvest on macroinvertebrate communities in headwater streams. This study investigated headwater stream macroinvertebrate communities in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon, U.S.A and used a paired-stream study design to examine the effect of prior forest harvest on stream macroinvertebrates. Concomitantly, this study examined how macroinvertebrate life-history traits were related to stream size, substrates, discharge, or water temperature. Results from this study suggest that neither richness nor densities differed between streams flowing through young growth versus old growth forests. Despite similarities among these metrics, multivariate ordination techniques helped elucidate differences in benthic community composition between paired streams when red alder was present in riparian zones of previously harvested basins. Indicator Species Analysis of community composition and abundance revealed that no taxa were exclusively indicative of either forest type. Macroinvertebrate life-history traits among headwater streams were related to stream size, stream substrates, or stream discharge. As predicted, macroinvertebrates that ingest leaf litter (shredders) decreased proportionally with increasing stream width, while macroinvertebrates that scrape off algae and biofilms from instream substrates (scrapers) increased with increasing stream width. Differences in macroinvertebrate habit-trait groups were related to differences in stream substrates or stream discharge between very small headwater streams (< 20ha basin area) and larger headwater streams (50-100ha basin size). Seasonal variation in stream discharge also influenced macroinvertebrate communities. Patterns in adult insect emergence in these streams displayed pulses of activity that varied among streams. During summer 2003, total emergence was greatest in one high elevation stream in this study. During spring 2004, total emergence began earlier in one low elevation and one mid elevation stream, but linkages with stream water temperature were tenuous; cumulative emergence remained higher in these streams than all others through early summer 2004. Though forest harvest often has immediate effects on macroinvertebrate communities, shifts in community composition may persist long-term if regrowth of riparian vegetation includes red alder (Alnus rubra). Analyses of macroinvertebrate life-history traits provided insight regarding species adaptations to environmental conditions. Among six headwater streams within a relatively small landscape (6400ha), proportions of stream macroinvertebrate communities with specific traits differed among streams relative to variability in physical stream attributes. Close

• 48. [Article] The effect of broadcast burning on the quality of winter forage for elk, westen Oregon

  The Roosevelt elk (Cervus elephus roosevelti) is a National Forest management indicator species on the westside of the Cascade mountains, Western Oregon. A Habitat Effectiveness model is used by State ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of broadcast burning on the quality of winter forage for elk, westen Oregon Author: Friesen, Cheryl Ann The Roosevelt elk (Cervus elephus roosevelti) is a National Forest management indicator species on the westside of the Cascade mountains, Western Oregon. A Habitat Effectiveness model is used by State and Federal agencies to evaluate elk habitat in the region. Concerns about the model's lack of differentiation between winter and summer ranges in the analyses and assumptions that burning will increase forage quality on winter range prompted this study. I investigated the effect of broadcast burning, plant association, and time since disturbance on the quality of trailing blackberry (Rubus ulna), red huckleberry (Vaccinium parviflorum), willow (Salix spp.), vine maple (Acer circinatum), salal (Gaultheria shallon), and red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa). Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid insoluble ash, lignin, astringency, condensed tannin, and hydrolyzable tannin contents were measured. No significant effects of burning, plant association, or age were observed for crude protein, hydrolyzable tannins, or neutral detergent fiber. Crude protein varied among taxa: trailing blackberry contained 9.65%, and the other taxa ranged from 5.21-7.24%. Neutral detergent fiber was highly variable: trailing blackberry contained 30.90%, and the other taxa ranged from 52.20%-65.06%. Acid detergent fiber content ranged from 44.88%-49.49% for all taxa except trailing blackberry (17.78%). Lignin varied among taxa: trailing blackberry had the lowest content (6.37%) and salal had the highest (30.25%). Lignin content in salal was greater on recently disturbed sites. Astringency ranged from 0.0015 mg protein precipitated per mg plant tissue in vine maple to 0.6737 in trailing blackberry. Salal and willow had intermediate astringencies: elderberry, huckleberry, and vine maple had the lowest. Hydrolyzable tannins were present in all species except red elderberry. Burning and plant association effected astringency and condensed tannin content in trailing blackberry and huckleberry. Samples from burned, very dry and resource-poor sites had higher astringencies than on similar unburned units and non-resource-limiting sites. Condensed tannin contents increased with unit age in salal, huckleberry, and trailing blackberry, possibly accumulating during peak years of re-establishment after disturbance. Vine maple and red huckleberry were the only taxa with positive digestible protein levels. Digestible protein content may be higher in winter forage on less severe sites. Elk forage enhancement in winter range should be evaluated on a site-specific basis. Burning did not promote a detectable increase in quality for these forage taxa, and it decreased the quality of species sensitive to site conditions. Title: The effect of broadcast burning on the quality of winter forage for elk, westen Oregon Author: Friesen, Cheryl Ann The Roosevelt elk (Cervus elephus roosevelti) is a National Forest management indicator species on the westside of the Cascade mountains, Western Oregon. A Habitat Effectiveness model is used by State and Federal agencies to evaluate elk habitat in the region. Concerns about the model's lack of differentiation between winter and summer ranges in the analyses and assumptions that burning will increase forage quality on winter range prompted this study. I investigated the effect of broadcast burning, plant association, and time since disturbance on the quality of trailing blackberry (Rubus ulna), red huckleberry (Vaccinium parviflorum), willow (Salix spp.), vine maple (Acer circinatum), salal (Gaultheria shallon), and red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa). Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid insoluble ash, lignin, astringency, condensed tannin, and hydrolyzable tannin contents were measured. No significant effects of burning, plant association, or age were observed for crude protein, hydrolyzable tannins, or neutral detergent fiber. Crude protein varied among taxa: trailing blackberry contained 9.65%, and the other taxa ranged from 5.21-7.24%. Neutral detergent fiber was highly variable: trailing blackberry contained 30.90%, and the other taxa ranged from 52.20%-65.06%. Acid detergent fiber content ranged from 44.88%-49.49% for all taxa except trailing blackberry (17.78%). Lignin varied among taxa: trailing blackberry had the lowest content (6.37%) and salal had the highest (30.25%). Lignin content in salal was greater on recently disturbed sites. Astringency ranged from 0.0015 mg protein precipitated per mg plant tissue in vine maple to 0.6737 in trailing blackberry. Salal and willow had intermediate astringencies: elderberry, huckleberry, and vine maple had the lowest. Hydrolyzable tannins were present in all species except red elderberry. Burning and plant association effected astringency and condensed tannin content in trailing blackberry and huckleberry. Samples from burned, very dry and resource-poor sites had higher astringencies than on similar unburned units and non-resource-limiting sites. Condensed tannin contents increased with unit age in salal, huckleberry, and trailing blackberry, possibly accumulating during peak years of re-establishment after disturbance. Vine maple and red huckleberry were the only taxa with positive digestible protein levels. Digestible protein content may be higher in winter forage on less severe sites. Elk forage enhancement in winter range should be evaluated on a site-specific basis. Burning did not promote a detectable increase in quality for these forage taxa, and it decreased the quality of species sensitive to site conditions. Close

• 49. [Article] Persistence and accumulation of clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) in soil

  Field studies were started at Hyslop Farm, Corvallis, Oregon in 1984 to determine the soil persistence of the herbicide clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) under cropping situations. The herbicide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Persistence and accumulation of clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) in soil Author: Tanphiphat, Karin Field studies were started at Hyslop Farm, Corvallis, Oregon in 1984 to determine the soil persistence of the herbicide clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) under cropping situations. The herbicide was sprayed on bare soil at the proposed use rate of 0.14 kg/ha in the spring and on the same plots at a high rate of 0.56 kg/ha in the summer. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Stephen') was seeded in the same fall. Treated plots did not yield differently than untreated plots. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), a crop known to be sensitive to clopyralid, was planted in the spring of 1985 to the area treated with clopyralid in 1984. Safflower grew normally and fresh weights were not reduced. Greenhouse bioassays were conducted on soil samples collected from two separate sets of plots treated with clopyralid in the fall of 1984 or the spring of 1985. The application rates were 0.56 and 1.12 kg/ha. Lentil (Lentilla lens L.), safflower, and peas (Pisum sativum L.) were used as indicator plants. From the plots sprayed in the fall, soil samples were collected at 0, 14, 34, 54, 114, 220, and 287 days after treatment. Clopyralid disappeared faster in the second depth (10 to 20 cm depth) than in the first depth (0 to 10 cm depth). No herbicide was detected in the second depth 220 days after treatment but in the first depth there was sufficient herbicide to cause growth reduction in all of the indicator species. In soil sampled 287 days after applying either 0.56 or 1.12 kg/ha, enough herbicide remained in the first depth to produce slight symptoms on lentil. No herbicide injury was observed on peas or safflower. From plots sprayed in the spring, soil samples were collected 0, 14, 28, and 56 days after treatment. In the spring, clopyralid dissipated more slowly than in the fall, based on the observation that the indicator plants were more severely injured when grown in soil samples collected following the spring application than they were following the fall application. Adding 2,4-D did not affect clopyralid persistence. Clopyralid and XRM-3785 (clopyralid + 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) at the same dosage of clopyralid disappeared from the soil at approximately the same time. Title: Persistence and accumulation of clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) in soil Author: Tanphiphat, Karin Field studies were started at Hyslop Farm, Corvallis, Oregon in 1984 to determine the soil persistence of the herbicide clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) under cropping situations. The herbicide was sprayed on bare soil at the proposed use rate of 0.14 kg/ha in the spring and on the same plots at a high rate of 0.56 kg/ha in the summer. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Stephen') was seeded in the same fall. Treated plots did not yield differently than untreated plots. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), a crop known to be sensitive to clopyralid, was planted in the spring of 1985 to the area treated with clopyralid in 1984. Safflower grew normally and fresh weights were not reduced. Greenhouse bioassays were conducted on soil samples collected from two separate sets of plots treated with clopyralid in the fall of 1984 or the spring of 1985. The application rates were 0.56 and 1.12 kg/ha. Lentil (Lentilla lens L.), safflower, and peas (Pisum sativum L.) were used as indicator plants. From the plots sprayed in the fall, soil samples were collected at 0, 14, 34, 54, 114, 220, and 287 days after treatment. Clopyralid disappeared faster in the second depth (10 to 20 cm depth) than in the first depth (0 to 10 cm depth). No herbicide was detected in the second depth 220 days after treatment but in the first depth there was sufficient herbicide to cause growth reduction in all of the indicator species. In soil sampled 287 days after applying either 0.56 or 1.12 kg/ha, enough herbicide remained in the first depth to produce slight symptoms on lentil. No herbicide injury was observed on peas or safflower. From plots sprayed in the spring, soil samples were collected 0, 14, 28, and 56 days after treatment. In the spring, clopyralid dissipated more slowly than in the fall, based on the observation that the indicator plants were more severely injured when grown in soil samples collected following the spring application than they were following the fall application. Adding 2,4-D did not affect clopyralid persistence. Clopyralid and XRM-3785 (clopyralid + 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) at the same dosage of clopyralid disappeared from the soil at approximately the same time. Close

• 50. [Article] The land-water interface : patterns of riparian vegetation and channel morphology in the Oregon Coast Range system

  This study was conducted to describe variation of riparian vegetation in an Oregon Coast Range system according to geomorphic characteristics and in relation to streamflow. Specific objectives of this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The land-water interface : patterns of riparian vegetation and channel morphology in the Oregon Coast Range system Author: Takahashi, Mayumi This study was conducted to describe variation of riparian vegetation in an Oregon Coast Range system according to geomorphic characteristics and in relation to streamflow. Specific objectives of this study were to: I) examine if the vegetation composition and structure of the riparian forest varied among channel-reach morphologies, 2) examine how the composition and structure of the riparian forest changed with distance from the stream, and 3) extract major underlying environmental gradients explaining riparian forest community from riparian vegetation data. A 30 m x 30 m sample site was randomly located on each side of upper Camp Creek in each of 19 reaches, and within each site three consecutive 30 m x 10 m belt-transects established perpendicular to the stream flow. Overstory and understory vegetation was sampled in each belt transect. Environmental variables sampled included slope, aspect, height above summer low flow, elevation above sea level. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling and Indicator Species Analysis was used to describe characteristics of riparian plant communities. Distinct riparian vegetation patterns were observed in upper Camp Creek with increasing distance from stream. Both overstory and understory vegetation quickly changed with increasing distance from stream. Areas within ten meters from stream were characterized as mesic riparian environments while areas twenty meters away from stream were characterized as upland conifer forest environments. Vegetation composition was ordered along an inferred moisture gradient from streamside to hillslope, and distance from stream and height above summer low flow were almost equally correlated to the gradient. Tall shrubs including salmonberry, sword fern and vine maple are important component of riparian vegetation. Channel-reach morphology little differentiated riparian vegetation. A few species were significantly abundant in a specific reach of channel morphology. However, results of this study about relationships between channel-reach morphology and riparian vegetation were inconclusive. Title: The land-water interface : patterns of riparian vegetation and channel morphology in the Oregon Coast Range system Author: Takahashi, Mayumi This study was conducted to describe variation of riparian vegetation in an Oregon Coast Range system according to geomorphic characteristics and in relation to streamflow. Specific objectives of this study were to: I) examine if the vegetation composition and structure of the riparian forest varied among channel-reach morphologies, 2) examine how the composition and structure of the riparian forest changed with distance from the stream, and 3) extract major underlying environmental gradients explaining riparian forest community from riparian vegetation data. A 30 m x 30 m sample site was randomly located on each side of upper Camp Creek in each of 19 reaches, and within each site three consecutive 30 m x 10 m belt-transects established perpendicular to the stream flow. Overstory and understory vegetation was sampled in each belt transect. Environmental variables sampled included slope, aspect, height above summer low flow, elevation above sea level. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling and Indicator Species Analysis was used to describe characteristics of riparian plant communities. Distinct riparian vegetation patterns were observed in upper Camp Creek with increasing distance from stream. Both overstory and understory vegetation quickly changed with increasing distance from stream. Areas within ten meters from stream were characterized as mesic riparian environments while areas twenty meters away from stream were characterized as upland conifer forest environments. Vegetation composition was ordered along an inferred moisture gradient from streamside to hillslope, and distance from stream and height above summer low flow were almost equally correlated to the gradient. Tall shrubs including salmonberry, sword fern and vine maple are important component of riparian vegetation. Channel-reach morphology little differentiated riparian vegetation. A few species were significantly abundant in a specific reach of channel morphology. However, results of this study about relationships between channel-reach morphology and riparian vegetation were inconclusive. Close