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• 1. [Article] Cranberries (south coastal Oregon)

  Published July 1997. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://ex...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cranberries (south coastal Oregon) Author: Strik, B., Hart, J., Righetti, T., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Poole, Art Published July 1997. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Cranberries (south coastal Oregon) Author: Strik, B., Hart, J., Righetti, T., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Poole, Art Published July 1997. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 2. [Article] Monitoring of Soil Moisture: Methods, Improving Wine Quality and Extent of Wetting

  Interim Progress Report to the Wine Advisory Board, Agricultural Research Foundation, and Participating Growers

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring of Soil Moisture: Methods, Improving Wine Quality and Extent of Wetting Author: Rojas, Wilson, Selker, John, Candolfi-Vasconcelos, M. Carmo Interim Progress Report to the Wine Advisory Board, Agricultural Research Foundation, and Participating Growers Title: Monitoring of Soil Moisture: Methods, Improving Wine Quality and Extent of Wetting Author: Rojas, Wilson, Selker, John, Candolfi-Vasconcelos, M. Carmo Interim Progress Report to the Wine Advisory Board, Agricultural Research Foundation, and Participating Growers Close

• 3. [Article] A genetic linkage map of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) and the mapping of Ag (4) conferring resistance to the aphid Amphorophora agathonica

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A genetic linkage map of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) and the mapping of Ag (4) conferring resistance to the aphid Amphorophora agathonica Author: Finn, Chad E., Lee, Jungmin, VanBuren, Robert, Bassil, Nahla V., Bryant, Douglas W., Gilmore, Barbara S., Dossett, Michael, Mockler, Todd C., Vining, Kelly J., Bushakra, Jill M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/122 Title: A genetic linkage map of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) and the mapping of Ag (4) conferring resistance to the aphid Amphorophora agathonica Author: Finn, Chad E., Lee, Jungmin, VanBuren, Robert, Bassil, Nahla V., Bryant, Douglas W., Gilmore, Barbara S., Dossett, Michael, Mockler, Todd C., Vining, Kelly J., Bushakra, Jill M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/122 Close

• 4. [Article] Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Their Management in the Treasure Valley of the Pacific Northwest

  Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman and thrips-transmitted Iris yellow spot virus are the most significant pest complex affecting onion production in the Treasure Valley of eastern Oregon and southwestern ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Their Management in the Treasure Valley of the Pacific Northwest Author: Reitz, Stuart R. Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman and thrips-transmitted Iris yellow spot virus are the most significant pest complex affecting onion production in the Treasure Valley of eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho. Thrips feeding damage and virus infection significantly reduce onion bulb size and economic returns for this high value crop. The high concentration of onion fields in the Treasure Valley and the long, hot, dry growing season present a number of challenges for managing onion thrips and Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV). Insecticides are the primary tool that growers have to manage this pest complex. With the long growing season, growers need to exercise good insecticide resistance management programs to maintain the effectiveness of currently available insecticides. To do this, growers need to rotate among available products and use as few applications as practical. A challenge for researchers is to determine not only which insecticides are effective but also to determine when during the season different products may be most effectively used. Techniques for analyzing field trial data are discussed, including comparing changes in pest populations before and after various insecticide applications are made. These comparisons can be made through the use of linear estimates and contrasts as part of analyses of variance, and they can aid in determining efficacy of different treatments by accounting for pre-application populations. These techniques will help researchers in developing sound sequence of insecticide applications for onion thrips management. Title: Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Their Management in the Treasure Valley of the Pacific Northwest Author: Reitz, Stuart R. Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman and thrips-transmitted Iris yellow spot virus are the most significant pest complex affecting onion production in the Treasure Valley of eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho. Thrips feeding damage and virus infection significantly reduce onion bulb size and economic returns for this high value crop. The high concentration of onion fields in the Treasure Valley and the long, hot, dry growing season present a number of challenges for managing onion thrips and Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV). Insecticides are the primary tool that growers have to manage this pest complex. With the long growing season, growers need to exercise good insecticide resistance management programs to maintain the effectiveness of currently available insecticides. To do this, growers need to rotate among available products and use as few applications as practical. A challenge for researchers is to determine not only which insecticides are effective but also to determine when during the season different products may be most effectively used. Techniques for analyzing field trial data are discussed, including comparing changes in pest populations before and after various insecticide applications are made. These comparisons can be made through the use of linear estimates and contrasts as part of analyses of variance, and they can aid in determining efficacy of different treatments by accounting for pre-application populations. These techniques will help researchers in developing sound sequence of insecticide applications for onion thrips management. Close

• 5. [Article] Aquaculture Certification and the Seafood Trade

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aquaculture Certification and the Seafood Trade Author: Lee, Daniel Abstract only. Title: Aquaculture Certification and the Seafood Trade Author: Lee, Daniel Abstract only. Close

• 6. [Article] Experimental analysis of subsurface heating and irrigation on the temperature and water content of soils

  Multiple use of waste heat from power plants may become an important consideration in the development, siting, and certification of these plants. A multiple use system of components that can beneficially ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Experimental analysis of subsurface heating and irrigation on the temperature and water content of soils Author: Sepaskhah, Ali Reza Multiple use of waste heat from power plants may become an important consideration in the development, siting, and certification of these plants. A multiple use system of components that can beneficially utilize waste heat may include home heating and cooling, greenhouses, animal enclosures, open basins for single cell protein production and fish farming, and open field soil warming. A subsurface irrigation-soil warming system utilizing waste heat was analyzed in this study. Thermal power plant condenser cooling water pumped through buried porous pipes was considered as a heat and water source for soil heating and subsurface irrigation. Energy is transferred from the heat source to the surrounding soil, warming it above its natural temperature. In addition, water seeping from the porous pipe prevents drying around the heat source and supplies the plant roots throughout the soil profile while avoiding the large evaporation losses at the soil surface associated with surface irrigation methods. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory to study this system. Soil was packed in containers 48 cm deep, 40 cm wide, and 4 cm thick. A heat source consisting of a copper covered electrical resistance wire was placed against one side of the box at a depth of 32 cm. A water source consisting of a porous tube was placed 2 cm above the heat source. The contained soil slab thus represented a subsurface soil warming and irrigation system with heat and water sources at depths of 32 and 30 cm respectively and a 77 cm spacing. A series of experiments was conducted with heat source temperatures of 29, 36, and 44 C, and surface heat load cycles with maxima of 0, 13, 52, and 117 watts. These experiments were repeated for Quincy, Cloquato, and Chehalis soils. The box filled with soil was saturated with water and then drained. Experiments were initiated by energizing the heat source. Temperature distributions throughout the soil profile and rates of energy dissipation were measured. Water application rates required to maintain a constant soil water content were obtained. In each experiment, water was applied at such a rate that the water content at a point near the heat source, monitored with a gamma ray attenuation system, remained constant. Apparent thermal conductivities of Quincy, Cloquato, and Chehalis soils as a function of water content were measured at 25 and 45 C by the heat probe method. The soil apparent thermal conductivity was also computed from a theoretical model based on its mineral composition, porosity, water content, and the thermal conductivity of the individual components. This model takes into account the vapor flow contribution to the apparent thermal conductivity in wet soils. Its magnitude depends on the available air-filled pore space, total porosity, and the free energy of the retained water. Predicted and experimental values of thermal conductivities showed good agreement. Soil temperature distributions were calculated using theoretical models presented in the literature. Predicted and measured isotherms showed good agreement. Energy dissipation rates as a function of soil thermal conductivity, temperature differences between heat source and soil surface, and depth and spacing of heat source were obtained. They were in agreement with those calculated from theoretical considerations. The total land area required to dissipate the waste energy from a 1000 MWe power plant operating with 34 percent efficiency was calculated for each of the three soils used in the experiments. It was found that 2841, 3714, and 4390 hectare would be required for Quincy, Cloquato, and Chehalis soils respectively. Quincy soil would require the smallest land area for this purpose because of its higher thermal conductivity. Economical and technical considerations for the installation of subsurface heating and irrigation systems require flat land close to the electrical power plant. Large areas of flat land are not always present. Subsurface irrigation replenished water lost by surface evaporation. Water use rates were obtained as a function of temperature differences between heat source and soil surface, soil type, and a range of surface heat loads. The water application rates ranged from 1.50 mm/day for Chehalis soil with a heat source temperature of 29 C in combination with the lowest surface heat load to 6.0 mm/day for Quincy soil with a heat source temperature of 44 C in combination with the highest surface heat load. These rates were adequate to prevent drying around the heat sources and supply the water needs of an actively growing crop. The effective use of this system depends on the development of suitable tubing to conduct and discharge water which could be used without clogging of the pores through which water seeps into the ground. The proposed soil warming and irrigation system does not appear to be an attractive alternative power plant cooling system. The system holds promise however as an economically attractive management system for the production of high value crops. Title: Experimental analysis of subsurface heating and irrigation on the temperature and water content of soils Author: Sepaskhah, Ali Reza Multiple use of waste heat from power plants may become an important consideration in the development, siting, and certification of these plants. A multiple use system of components that can beneficially utilize waste heat may include home heating and cooling, greenhouses, animal enclosures, open basins for single cell protein production and fish farming, and open field soil warming. A subsurface irrigation-soil warming system utilizing waste heat was analyzed in this study. Thermal power plant condenser cooling water pumped through buried porous pipes was considered as a heat and water source for soil heating and subsurface irrigation. Energy is transferred from the heat source to the surrounding soil, warming it above its natural temperature. In addition, water seeping from the porous pipe prevents drying around the heat source and supplies the plant roots throughout the soil profile while avoiding the large evaporation losses at the soil surface associated with surface irrigation methods. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory to study this system. Soil was packed in containers 48 cm deep, 40 cm wide, and 4 cm thick. A heat source consisting of a copper covered electrical resistance wire was placed against one side of the box at a depth of 32 cm. A water source consisting of a porous tube was placed 2 cm above the heat source. The contained soil slab thus represented a subsurface soil warming and irrigation system with heat and water sources at depths of 32 and 30 cm respectively and a 77 cm spacing. A series of experiments was conducted with heat source temperatures of 29, 36, and 44 C, and surface heat load cycles with maxima of 0, 13, 52, and 117 watts. These experiments were repeated for Quincy, Cloquato, and Chehalis soils. The box filled with soil was saturated with water and then drained. Experiments were initiated by energizing the heat source. Temperature distributions throughout the soil profile and rates of energy dissipation were measured. Water application rates required to maintain a constant soil water content were obtained. In each experiment, water was applied at such a rate that the water content at a point near the heat source, monitored with a gamma ray attenuation system, remained constant. Apparent thermal conductivities of Quincy, Cloquato, and Chehalis soils as a function of water content were measured at 25 and 45 C by the heat probe method. The soil apparent thermal conductivity was also computed from a theoretical model based on its mineral composition, porosity, water content, and the thermal conductivity of the individual components. This model takes into account the vapor flow contribution to the apparent thermal conductivity in wet soils. Its magnitude depends on the available air-filled pore space, total porosity, and the free energy of the retained water. Predicted and experimental values of thermal conductivities showed good agreement. Soil temperature distributions were calculated using theoretical models presented in the literature. Predicted and measured isotherms showed good agreement. Energy dissipation rates as a function of soil thermal conductivity, temperature differences between heat source and soil surface, and depth and spacing of heat source were obtained. They were in agreement with those calculated from theoretical considerations. The total land area required to dissipate the waste energy from a 1000 MWe power plant operating with 34 percent efficiency was calculated for each of the three soils used in the experiments. It was found that 2841, 3714, and 4390 hectare would be required for Quincy, Cloquato, and Chehalis soils respectively. Quincy soil would require the smallest land area for this purpose because of its higher thermal conductivity. Economical and technical considerations for the installation of subsurface heating and irrigation systems require flat land close to the electrical power plant. Large areas of flat land are not always present. Subsurface irrigation replenished water lost by surface evaporation. Water use rates were obtained as a function of temperature differences between heat source and soil surface, soil type, and a range of surface heat loads. The water application rates ranged from 1.50 mm/day for Chehalis soil with a heat source temperature of 29 C in combination with the lowest surface heat load to 6.0 mm/day for Quincy soil with a heat source temperature of 44 C in combination with the highest surface heat load. These rates were adequate to prevent drying around the heat sources and supply the water needs of an actively growing crop. The effective use of this system depends on the development of suitable tubing to conduct and discharge water which could be used without clogging of the pores through which water seeps into the ground. The proposed soil warming and irrigation system does not appear to be an attractive alternative power plant cooling system. The system holds promise however as an economically attractive management system for the production of high value crops. Close

• 7. [Image] Project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1964

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes financial documents, organization chart, photographs, maps, water quality reports, and agricultural economics; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1964 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1964, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes financial documents, organization chart, photographs, maps, water quality reports, and agricultural economics; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years for 1963-; Some issues are missing.; Description is based on: Project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1963; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1964 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1964, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes financial documents, organization chart, photographs, maps, water quality reports, and agricultural economics; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years for 1963-; Some issues are missing.; Description is based on: Project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1963; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 8. [Article] Predicting nitrate concentrations in leachate resulting from land application of wastewater onto various crop systems including poplars

  Land application of industrial wastewater with high levels of nitrogen requires adequate management practices to prevent groundwater pollution by nitrates. In this study a predictive computerized model ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predicting nitrate concentrations in leachate resulting from land application of wastewater onto various crop systems including poplars Author: Motte, Marie Quitterie Land application of industrial wastewater with high levels of nitrogen requires adequate management practices to prevent groundwater pollution by nitrates. In this study a predictive computerized model was developed for nitrate leachate concentrations resulting from land application of wastewater onto crop systems including poplars. The study included a literature review, development of a computer program that could serve this purpose, and a field investigation to test the validity of the computed predictions. The literature review focused on poplar water and nitrogen uptakes, and suggested that mature poplars could uptake up to 400 lb of nitrogen /acre/year and 2 3 million gallons of water per acre per year. The computer model, based on 10-day water and nutrient balances, takes into account a number of parameters such as wastewater quality, evapotranspiration and precipitation data, irrigation volumes, soil water holding capacities, fertilization, crop nutrient uptakes and crop coefficients. This study involves a number of assumptions selected to give conservative (i.e., worst case approach) model predictions. Attempts to validate the model were conducted through soil and groundwater sampling along with precipitation data collection in four distinct fields in Brooks, Oregon, from October 1996 to April 1997. The variations in nitrogen soil profiles from October to April helped determine the amount of nitrogen leaving the soil, and groundwater samples from 5 feet deep wells gave nitrate concentrations in groundwater below the root zone. A sensitivity analysis of the program demonstrated how important nitrogen and water uptakes values were to the model predictions. An increase of 1% in nitrogen uptake or of 0.4% in crop coefficients generated 1% decrease in nitrogen concentration of the leachate. These results are important to consider when adopting highly uncertain literature values for crop uptakes -especially with poplars. The field validation of the model showed promising results in terms of estimating average yearly leachate concentrations in nitrogen resulting from land application of wastewater, but also suggested that more groundwater wells were needed to obtain a statistically significant validation of the model. These preliminary field results indicate that the model can provide an indication of groundwater nitrogen concentration trends but needs to further verified to be used confidently as a predictive tool. Title: Predicting nitrate concentrations in leachate resulting from land application of wastewater onto various crop systems including poplars Author: Motte, Marie Quitterie Land application of industrial wastewater with high levels of nitrogen requires adequate management practices to prevent groundwater pollution by nitrates. In this study a predictive computerized model was developed for nitrate leachate concentrations resulting from land application of wastewater onto crop systems including poplars. The study included a literature review, development of a computer program that could serve this purpose, and a field investigation to test the validity of the computed predictions. The literature review focused on poplar water and nitrogen uptakes, and suggested that mature poplars could uptake up to 400 lb of nitrogen /acre/year and 2 3 million gallons of water per acre per year. The computer model, based on 10-day water and nutrient balances, takes into account a number of parameters such as wastewater quality, evapotranspiration and precipitation data, irrigation volumes, soil water holding capacities, fertilization, crop nutrient uptakes and crop coefficients. This study involves a number of assumptions selected to give conservative (i.e., worst case approach) model predictions. Attempts to validate the model were conducted through soil and groundwater sampling along with precipitation data collection in four distinct fields in Brooks, Oregon, from October 1996 to April 1997. The variations in nitrogen soil profiles from October to April helped determine the amount of nitrogen leaving the soil, and groundwater samples from 5 feet deep wells gave nitrate concentrations in groundwater below the root zone. A sensitivity analysis of the program demonstrated how important nitrogen and water uptakes values were to the model predictions. An increase of 1% in nitrogen uptake or of 0.4% in crop coefficients generated 1% decrease in nitrogen concentration of the leachate. These results are important to consider when adopting highly uncertain literature values for crop uptakes -especially with poplars. The field validation of the model showed promising results in terms of estimating average yearly leachate concentrations in nitrogen resulting from land application of wastewater, but also suggested that more groundwater wells were needed to obtain a statistically significant validation of the model. These preliminary field results indicate that the model can provide an indication of groundwater nitrogen concentration trends but needs to further verified to be used confidently as a predictive tool. Close

• 9. [Image] Energy pricing and irrigated agriculture in the Upper Klamath Basin

  	Title from Web page (viewed on October 12, 2004).; "July 2004." ; Includes bibliographical references.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Energy pricing and irrigated agriculture in the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Jaeger, William K. (William Kenneth) Year: 2004, 2008, 2005 Title from Web page (viewed on October 12, 2004).; "July 2004." ; Includes bibliographical references. Title: Energy pricing and irrigated agriculture in the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Jaeger, William K. (William Kenneth) Year: 2004, 2008, 2005 Title from Web page (viewed on October 12, 2004).; "July 2004." ; Includes bibliographical references. Close

• 10. [Image] Klamath River basin : reclamation met its water bank obligations, but information provided to water bank stakeholders could be improved

  	"March 2005." ; "GAO-05-283."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath River basin : reclamation met its water bank obligations, but information provided to water bank stakeholders could be improved Author: United States. Government Accountability Office Year: 2005 "March 2005." ; "GAO-05-283." Title: Klamath River basin : reclamation met its water bank obligations, but information provided to water bank stakeholders could be improved Author: United States. Government Accountability Office Year: 2005 "March 2005." ; "GAO-05-283." Close

• 11. [Image] Draft resource management plan/environmental impact statement for the Upper Klamath Basin

  	"March 1994."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Draft resource management plan/environmental impact statement for the Upper Klamath Basin Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 "March 1994." Title: Draft resource management plan/environmental impact statement for the Upper Klamath Basin Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 "March 1994." Close

• 12. [Image] Water allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001 : an assessment of natural resource, economic, social, and institutional issues with a focus on the Upper Klamath Basin

  	"Reprinted May 2003."; Includes bibliographical references; Also available at http://eesc.oregonstate.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/sr/sr1037/sr1037.html
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001 : an assessment of natural resource, economic, social, and institutional issues with a focus on the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Braunworth, William S. Year: 2003, 2004 "Reprinted May 2003."; Includes bibliographical references; Also available at http://eesc.oregonstate.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/sr/sr1037/sr1037.html Title: Water allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001 : an assessment of natural resource, economic, social, and institutional issues with a focus on the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Braunworth, William S. Year: 2003, 2004 "Reprinted May 2003."; Includes bibliographical references; Also available at http://eesc.oregonstate.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/sr/sr1037/sr1037.html Close

• 13. [Article] Calibration of crop water use with the Penman equation under United Arab Emirates conditions

  Water shortage is one of the biggest problems facing agricultural development in the United Arab Emirates, because of the extremely arid climate and the large amount of irrigation water that is used for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Calibration of crop water use with the Penman equation under United Arab Emirates conditions Author: Mohammed, Fareed H. A. N. Water shortage is one of the biggest problems facing agricultural development in the United Arab Emirates, because of the extremely arid climate and the large amount of irrigation water that is used for crops. Prediction of crop water requirements is essential to solve water management problems in this country. Two versions of the Penman equation, FAO and Wright, were used to estimate reference crop evapotranspiration from meteorological data for three regions in the U. A. E.; Northern, Central, and Eastern. Lysimeter measurements at the Northern region were provided for five crops; tomato for one season; cabbage, cucumber, and squash each for two seasons; and watermelon for three seasons. Crop evapotranspiration was estimated for these crops and related to measured crop evapotranspiration. It was found that there is great variation in measured crop evapotranspiration between seasons for individual crops, due to technical problems with the lysimeter. Combined seasons were used to calibrate the Penman equation, and the results indicated that the calibration improved the estimated crop evapotranspiration. Calibration coefficients for individual crops and for individual methods were calculated. Reference crop evapotranspiration (Etr) value for the three regions were correlated. A high correlation of estimated Etr among the three regions was found. Coefficients were developed to predict Etr at the Central and Eastern regions from the Etr at the Northern region. Title: Calibration of crop water use with the Penman equation under United Arab Emirates conditions Author: Mohammed, Fareed H. A. N. Water shortage is one of the biggest problems facing agricultural development in the United Arab Emirates, because of the extremely arid climate and the large amount of irrigation water that is used for crops. Prediction of crop water requirements is essential to solve water management problems in this country. Two versions of the Penman equation, FAO and Wright, were used to estimate reference crop evapotranspiration from meteorological data for three regions in the U. A. E.; Northern, Central, and Eastern. Lysimeter measurements at the Northern region were provided for five crops; tomato for one season; cabbage, cucumber, and squash each for two seasons; and watermelon for three seasons. Crop evapotranspiration was estimated for these crops and related to measured crop evapotranspiration. It was found that there is great variation in measured crop evapotranspiration between seasons for individual crops, due to technical problems with the lysimeter. Combined seasons were used to calibrate the Penman equation, and the results indicated that the calibration improved the estimated crop evapotranspiration. Calibration coefficients for individual crops and for individual methods were calculated. Reference crop evapotranspiration (Etr) value for the three regions were correlated. A high correlation of estimated Etr among the three regions was found. Coefficients were developed to predict Etr at the Central and Eastern regions from the Etr at the Northern region. Close

• 14. [Article] The effect of precipitation variation on soil moisture, soil nitrogen, nitrogen response and winter wheat yields in eastern Oregon

  The semi-arid regions of the Pacific Northwest are characterized by a high degree of annual temperature and precipitation variation. As a result of this climatic variation, dryland nitrogen fertilizer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of precipitation variation on soil moisture, soil nitrogen, nitrogen response and winter wheat yields in eastern Oregon Author: Glenn, D. M. (David Michael) The semi-arid regions of the Pacific Northwest are characterized by a high degree of annual temperature and precipitation variation. As a result of this climatic variation, dryland nitrogen fertilizer trials on fallow- ,wheat rotations typically demonstrate a variable response. Wheat growers in the area must not only cope with this climatic variation and its sundry effects upon their livelihood, they must also make decisions regarding the future level of anticipated climatic variation. The specific objectives were to: 1) develop a climatically responsive yield potential prediction model for soft white winter wheat from historical data at the Sherman Branch Experiment Station (Moro, OR); 2) modify this model for use on commercial fields; 3) field simulate five fallow-crop precipitation patterns characteristic of the variation found in the Sherman county area of eastern Oregon in order to test the yield potential model: 4) examine the effects of precipitation variation on nitrogen fertilizer responses, moisture storage and depletion and nitrogen mineralization; and 5) establish a quantitative relationship between precipitation/ soil moisture and nitrate accumulation in both the fallow and crop seasons. Two interacting regression models were developed to estimate grain yield levels in the 250-350 mm precipitation zone of eastern Oregon. The first model estimates yield potential from monthly precipitation and temperature values. The second model estimates the percent grain reduction due to delayed crop emergence. The grain yield model was adapted to commercial fields using a Productivity Index factor (PI). The PI is a measure of the productivity of other locations in relation to the Sherman Branch Experiment Station, using water-use-efficiency (WUE) as the basis of comparison. The field simulation of five fallow-crop precipitation patterns demonstrated that the maximum grain yield response occurred at 40 kg N (soil + fertilizer)/metric ton. The grain yield model demonstrated a 15% level of accuracy on a commercial field basis in both field trials and a survey of past production levels (1972-1980). It was hypothesized that the distribution of precipitation in the fallow and crop periods had an effect on both the amount and distribution of stored soil moisture. The field simulation demonstrated that more soil moisture was stored at the 90-240 cm depths by the patterns with more fallow season precipitation when measured in March of the crop year. Soil moisture storage and storage efficiencies fluctuated throughout the fallow and crop periods. At the cessation of the winter precipitation season in both the fallow and crop periods (March), the storage efficiency was highest when low levels of precipitation occurred. At this point in time, the mean crop period storage efficiency was 10% below the mean fallow period storage efficiency (34 and 44%, respectively) in both simulation studies. Soil moisture, temperature and immobilization requirements of crop residues interact to affect the net amount of nitrogen mineralization. The mineralization model proposed by Stanford and Smith (1972) was tested under field conditions. When the nitrogen immobilization requirement of the crop residues was included, the actual and predicted values were in agreement at the close of the 1978 fallow period. A nitrogen deficit was predicted at the 0-30 cm depth at the close of the 1980 fallow; however, the actual levels indicated a net accumulation of nitrate-nitrogen. Crop season mineralization, inferred from Mitscherlick and a-value extrapolations, in 1979 demonstrated that there was a decreasing amount of net mineralization during the crop season with increasing amounts of both fallow and crop season precipitation. Crop season mineralization in 1980 indicated that there was no net accumulation of nitrogen, rather a tie-up of 14 kg N/ha. This result reflects both the unsatisfied immobilization requirement predicted for the 1979 fallow season and crop season denitrification. Title: The effect of precipitation variation on soil moisture, soil nitrogen, nitrogen response and winter wheat yields in eastern Oregon Author: Glenn, D. M. (David Michael) The semi-arid regions of the Pacific Northwest are characterized by a high degree of annual temperature and precipitation variation. As a result of this climatic variation, dryland nitrogen fertilizer trials on fallow- ,wheat rotations typically demonstrate a variable response. Wheat growers in the area must not only cope with this climatic variation and its sundry effects upon their livelihood, they must also make decisions regarding the future level of anticipated climatic variation. The specific objectives were to: 1) develop a climatically responsive yield potential prediction model for soft white winter wheat from historical data at the Sherman Branch Experiment Station (Moro, OR); 2) modify this model for use on commercial fields; 3) field simulate five fallow-crop precipitation patterns characteristic of the variation found in the Sherman county area of eastern Oregon in order to test the yield potential model: 4) examine the effects of precipitation variation on nitrogen fertilizer responses, moisture storage and depletion and nitrogen mineralization; and 5) establish a quantitative relationship between precipitation/ soil moisture and nitrate accumulation in both the fallow and crop seasons. Two interacting regression models were developed to estimate grain yield levels in the 250-350 mm precipitation zone of eastern Oregon. The first model estimates yield potential from monthly precipitation and temperature values. The second model estimates the percent grain reduction due to delayed crop emergence. The grain yield model was adapted to commercial fields using a Productivity Index factor (PI). The PI is a measure of the productivity of other locations in relation to the Sherman Branch Experiment Station, using water-use-efficiency (WUE) as the basis of comparison. The field simulation of five fallow-crop precipitation patterns demonstrated that the maximum grain yield response occurred at 40 kg N (soil + fertilizer)/metric ton. The grain yield model demonstrated a 15% level of accuracy on a commercial field basis in both field trials and a survey of past production levels (1972-1980). It was hypothesized that the distribution of precipitation in the fallow and crop periods had an effect on both the amount and distribution of stored soil moisture. The field simulation demonstrated that more soil moisture was stored at the 90-240 cm depths by the patterns with more fallow season precipitation when measured in March of the crop year. Soil moisture storage and storage efficiencies fluctuated throughout the fallow and crop periods. At the cessation of the winter precipitation season in both the fallow and crop periods (March), the storage efficiency was highest when low levels of precipitation occurred. At this point in time, the mean crop period storage efficiency was 10% below the mean fallow period storage efficiency (34 and 44%, respectively) in both simulation studies. Soil moisture, temperature and immobilization requirements of crop residues interact to affect the net amount of nitrogen mineralization. The mineralization model proposed by Stanford and Smith (1972) was tested under field conditions. When the nitrogen immobilization requirement of the crop residues was included, the actual and predicted values were in agreement at the close of the 1978 fallow period. A nitrogen deficit was predicted at the 0-30 cm depth at the close of the 1980 fallow; however, the actual levels indicated a net accumulation of nitrate-nitrogen. Crop season mineralization, inferred from Mitscherlick and a-value extrapolations, in 1979 demonstrated that there was a decreasing amount of net mineralization during the crop season with increasing amounts of both fallow and crop season precipitation. Crop season mineralization in 1980 indicated that there was no net accumulation of nitrogen, rather a tie-up of 14 kg N/ha. This result reflects both the unsatisfied immobilization requirement predicted for the 1979 fallow season and crop season denitrification. Close

• 15. [Article] Lime Fertilizer Interactions Affecting Vegetable Crop Production

  p.109-119 from the 34th Annual Northwest Conference at Portland, Oregon. July 12-14, 1983.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lime Fertilizer Interactions Affecting Vegetable Crop Production Author: Hemphill, Delbert D., Jackson, T. L. (Thomas Lloyd), 1922- p.109-119 from the 34th Annual Northwest Conference at Portland, Oregon. July 12-14, 1983. Title: Lime Fertilizer Interactions Affecting Vegetable Crop Production Author: Hemphill, Delbert D., Jackson, T. L. (Thomas Lloyd), 1922- p.109-119 from the 34th Annual Northwest Conference at Portland, Oregon. July 12-14, 1983. Close

• 16. [Article] Air-quality and Climatic Consequences of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation

  Bioenergy is expected to play an increasingly significant role in the global energy budget. In addition to the use of liquid energy forms such as ethanol and biodiesel, electricity generation using processed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Air-quality and Climatic Consequences of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation Author: Porter, William Christian Year: 2013 Bioenergy is expected to play an increasingly significant role in the global energy budget. In addition to the use of liquid energy forms such as ethanol and biodiesel, electricity generation using processed energy crops as a partial or full coal alternative is expected to increase, requiring large-scale conversions of land for the cultivation of bioenergy feedstocks such as cane, grasses, or short rotation coppice. With land-use change identified as a major contributor to changes in the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), many of which are known contributors to the pollutants ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), careful review of crop emission profiles and local atmospheric chemistry will be necessary to mitigate any unintended air-quality consequences. In this work, the atmospheric consequences of bioenergy crop replacement are examined using both the high-resolution regional chemical transport model WRF/Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry) and the global climate model CESM (Community Earth System Model). Regional sensitivities to several representative crop types are analyzed, and the impacts of each crop on air quality and climate are compared. Overall, the high emitting crops (eucalyptus and giant reed) were found to produce climate and human health costs totaling up to 40% of the value of CO2 emissions prevented, while the related costs of the lowest-emitting crop (switchgrass) were negligible. Title: Air-quality and Climatic Consequences of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation Author: Porter, William Christian Year: 2013 Bioenergy is expected to play an increasingly significant role in the global energy budget. In addition to the use of liquid energy forms such as ethanol and biodiesel, electricity generation using processed energy crops as a partial or full coal alternative is expected to increase, requiring large-scale conversions of land for the cultivation of bioenergy feedstocks such as cane, grasses, or short rotation coppice. With land-use change identified as a major contributor to changes in the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), many of which are known contributors to the pollutants ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), careful review of crop emission profiles and local atmospheric chemistry will be necessary to mitigate any unintended air-quality consequences. In this work, the atmospheric consequences of bioenergy crop replacement are examined using both the high-resolution regional chemical transport model WRF/Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry) and the global climate model CESM (Community Earth System Model). Regional sensitivities to several representative crop types are analyzed, and the impacts of each crop on air quality and climate are compared. Overall, the high emitting crops (eucalyptus and giant reed) were found to produce climate and human health costs totaling up to 40% of the value of CO2 emissions prevented, while the related costs of the lowest-emitting crop (switchgrass) were negligible. Close

• 17. [Article] Reducing the Negative Human-Health Impacts of Bioenergy Crop Emissions through Region-Specific Crop Selection

  An expected global increase in bioenergy-crop cultivation as an alternative to fossil fuels will have consequences on both global climate and local air quality through changes in biogenic emissions of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reducing the Negative Human-Health Impacts of Bioenergy Crop Emissions through Region-Specific Crop Selection Author: Porter, William Christian, Rosenstiel, Todd N., Guenther, Alex, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Barsanti, Kelley Year: 2015 An expected global increase in bioenergy-crop cultivation as an alternative to fossil fuels will have consequences on both global climate and local air quality through changes in biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). While greenhouse gas emissions may be reduced through the substitution of next-generation bioenergy crops such as eucalyptus, giant reed, and switchgrass for fossil fuels, the choice of species has important ramifications for human health, potentially reducing the benefits of conversion due to increases in ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels as a result of large changes in biogenic emissions. Using the Community Earth System Model we simulate the conversion of marginal and underutilized croplands worldwide to bioenergy crops under varying future anthropogenic emissions scenarios. A conservative global replacement using high VOCemitting crop profiles leads to modeled population-weighted O3 increases of 5–27 ppb in India, 1–9 ppb in China, and 1–6 ppb in the United States, with peak PM2.5 increases of up to 2 μg m−3 . We present a metric for the regional evaluation of candidate bioenergy crops, as well as results for the application of this metric to four representative emissions profiles using four replacement scales (10–100% maximum estimated available land). Finally, we assess the total health and climate impacts of biogenic emissions, finding that the negative consequences of using high-emitting crops could exceed 50% of the positive benefits of reduced fossil fuel emissions in value. Title: Reducing the Negative Human-Health Impacts of Bioenergy Crop Emissions through Region-Specific Crop Selection Author: Porter, William Christian, Rosenstiel, Todd N., Guenther, Alex, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Barsanti, Kelley Year: 2015 An expected global increase in bioenergy-crop cultivation as an alternative to fossil fuels will have consequences on both global climate and local air quality through changes in biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). While greenhouse gas emissions may be reduced through the substitution of next-generation bioenergy crops such as eucalyptus, giant reed, and switchgrass for fossil fuels, the choice of species has important ramifications for human health, potentially reducing the benefits of conversion due to increases in ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels as a result of large changes in biogenic emissions. Using the Community Earth System Model we simulate the conversion of marginal and underutilized croplands worldwide to bioenergy crops under varying future anthropogenic emissions scenarios. A conservative global replacement using high VOCemitting crop profiles leads to modeled population-weighted O3 increases of 5–27 ppb in India, 1–9 ppb in China, and 1–6 ppb in the United States, with peak PM2.5 increases of up to 2 μg m−3 . We present a metric for the regional evaluation of candidate bioenergy crops, as well as results for the application of this metric to four representative emissions profiles using four replacement scales (10–100% maximum estimated available land). Finally, we assess the total health and climate impacts of biogenic emissions, finding that the negative consequences of using high-emitting crops could exceed 50% of the positive benefits of reduced fossil fuel emissions in value. Close

• 18. [Article] Impacts of crop level and vine vigor on vine balance and fruit composition in Oregon Pinot noir

  Vineyard management strategies, including vineyard floor management and crop level management, can be used to influence vine vigor and fruit composition. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the impact ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of crop level and vine vigor on vine balance and fruit composition in Oregon Pinot noir Author: Vance, Amanda J. Vineyard management strategies, including vineyard floor management and crop level management, can be used to influence vine vigor and fruit composition. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of these practices on Pinot Noir in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Managing crop levels is common in cool climate vineyard production though it is a costly practice. With economic pressures, the premium winegrape industry is questioning whether they can reduce production costs and increase yields without compromising quality. A crop thinning trial was conducted in 2010 and 2011 to address these concerns and to better understand the role of vine balance on fruit composition. Crop levels were moderately (35% crop removed) or severely (65% crop removed) thinned at pre-bloom, fruit set, lag phase, or véraison and compared to full crop treatments. In both years, crop thinning reduced yields but had no effect on berry weight or cluster size. In 2010, poor fruit set reduced overall yields, and thinning treatments resulted in very few differences in vine growth, cluster architecture or fruit composition, including total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN), anthocyanins, phenolics and tannins. In 2011, yields were much higher due to high fruit set and larger cluster size. No differences were found in vine growth (leaf areas or pruning weights) or fruit YAN, but thinned vines had higher TSS and pH and lower TA than full crop vines at harvest. Fruit thinned at lag phase and véraison had higher TSS and lower TA than fruit thinned pre-bloom. Intensity of thinning had a stronger influence on anthocyanin and tannin concentration than timing, while phenolics were not impacted by either factor. Ravaz index values (fruit yield/pruning weight) below 2.25 and leaf area to yield ratios of 2.25 to 3.25 m²/kg improved fruit composition in 2011 as did later season thinning, though data from the remaining years of this study will provide more insight into appropriate crop load metrics for cool climate Pinot Noir. A second study was implemented in 2011 to determine the impact of crop thinning in vines with different levels of vegetative vigor caused by three vineyard floor management techniques: permanent grass (Festuca rubra spp. rubra) cover (grass), alternating grass cover and tillage (grass & tilled), and tillage of every alleyway (tilled). Crop was thinned at the BB stage of berry development (EL stage 73) to one cluster per shoot (half crop) or not thinned (full crop); all cluster wings were removed at the time of thinning. Tillage treatments had been in place four years prior to the start of the study and competition for nitrogen in grass caused reduced early season vine growth, leaf chlorophyll and canopy size at both bloom and véraison while crop thinning increased canopy size at véraison. Yields were altered by tillage and crop thinning treatments, as grass had fewer clusters per shoot and berries per cluster, and crop thinning reduced yields to 64.7% of full crop across all tillage treatments. At harvest, grass had the lowest TA while TSS and pH were not affected by tillage. Crop thinning increased TSS but did not impact pH or TA. Anthocyanins were affected by both tillage and thinning and were found to be related to vine yield, YAN, leaf N, and leaf area index. Tannins were highest in grass but were not affected by crop thinning, and phenolics were not changed by either factor. Few interactions between tillage and crop thinning were found, but as variables such as yield per vine were impacted by both treatment factors, monitoring long term effects of crop Title: Impacts of crop level and vine vigor on vine balance and fruit composition in Oregon Pinot noir Author: Vance, Amanda J. Vineyard management strategies, including vineyard floor management and crop level management, can be used to influence vine vigor and fruit composition. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of these practices on Pinot Noir in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Managing crop levels is common in cool climate vineyard production though it is a costly practice. With economic pressures, the premium winegrape industry is questioning whether they can reduce production costs and increase yields without compromising quality. A crop thinning trial was conducted in 2010 and 2011 to address these concerns and to better understand the role of vine balance on fruit composition. Crop levels were moderately (35% crop removed) or severely (65% crop removed) thinned at pre-bloom, fruit set, lag phase, or véraison and compared to full crop treatments. In both years, crop thinning reduced yields but had no effect on berry weight or cluster size. In 2010, poor fruit set reduced overall yields, and thinning treatments resulted in very few differences in vine growth, cluster architecture or fruit composition, including total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN), anthocyanins, phenolics and tannins. In 2011, yields were much higher due to high fruit set and larger cluster size. No differences were found in vine growth (leaf areas or pruning weights) or fruit YAN, but thinned vines had higher TSS and pH and lower TA than full crop vines at harvest. Fruit thinned at lag phase and véraison had higher TSS and lower TA than fruit thinned pre-bloom. Intensity of thinning had a stronger influence on anthocyanin and tannin concentration than timing, while phenolics were not impacted by either factor. Ravaz index values (fruit yield/pruning weight) below 2.25 and leaf area to yield ratios of 2.25 to 3.25 m²/kg improved fruit composition in 2011 as did later season thinning, though data from the remaining years of this study will provide more insight into appropriate crop load metrics for cool climate Pinot Noir. A second study was implemented in 2011 to determine the impact of crop thinning in vines with different levels of vegetative vigor caused by three vineyard floor management techniques: permanent grass (Festuca rubra spp. rubra) cover (grass), alternating grass cover and tillage (grass & tilled), and tillage of every alleyway (tilled). Crop was thinned at the BB stage of berry development (EL stage 73) to one cluster per shoot (half crop) or not thinned (full crop); all cluster wings were removed at the time of thinning. Tillage treatments had been in place four years prior to the start of the study and competition for nitrogen in grass caused reduced early season vine growth, leaf chlorophyll and canopy size at both bloom and véraison while crop thinning increased canopy size at véraison. Yields were altered by tillage and crop thinning treatments, as grass had fewer clusters per shoot and berries per cluster, and crop thinning reduced yields to 64.7% of full crop across all tillage treatments. At harvest, grass had the lowest TA while TSS and pH were not affected by tillage. Crop thinning increased TSS but did not impact pH or TA. Anthocyanins were affected by both tillage and thinning and were found to be related to vine yield, YAN, leaf N, and leaf area index. Tannins were highest in grass but were not affected by crop thinning, and phenolics were not changed by either factor. Few interactions between tillage and crop thinning were found, but as variables such as yield per vine were impacted by both treatment factors, monitoring long term effects of crop Close

• 19. [Article] Cover crop effects on root rot of sweet corn and soil properties

  Root rot of sweet corn in western Oregon and Washington is a significant disease that can reduce yield of intolerant cultivars of processed sweet corn by fifty percent. Root rot is caused by a complex ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cover crop effects on root rot of sweet corn and soil properties Author: Miyazoe, Mikio Root rot of sweet corn in western Oregon and Washington is a significant disease that can reduce yield of intolerant cultivars of processed sweet corn by fifty percent. Root rot is caused by a complex of soilborne organisms, including Drechslera sp., Phoma terrestris, and Pythium arrhenomanes. Processors have adopted tolerant cultivars but farmers continue to seek cultural management strategies that reduce inoculum potential. High rate manure and compost amendments (16.8 - 56.0 Mg ha⁻¹) suppress root rot of corn through general suppression but this practice is not agronomically viable. General suppression is typically associated with high rates of organic amendment and high microbial (FDA) activity. Processed vegetable farmers currently grow winter cover crops to improve soil and water quality and are interested in identifying cover crops that suppress root rot of corn and increase yield. High biomass cover crops can yield up to 12 Mg ha⁻¹ dry matter; this rate of organic amendment may or may not be sufficient to generate general suppression. However, specific cover crops, such as species and cultivars of crucifers and oats, have been shown to more suppressive than other cover crop species and cultivars against specific soilborne diseases. Oat is grown as a winter cover crop in the Willamette Valley and contains avenecin, a chemical that has been shown to have activity against pathogen propagules. In addition, in previous work in containers oat cover crops suppressed root rot of sweet corn. However, there is a concern that oat cover crops immobilize N and reduce corn yield. The objectives of this research were to 1) identify high biomass cover crops with agronomic potential for western Oregon processed vegetable cropping systems, 2) evaluate the impact of high biomass cover crops on root rot severity and yield of sweet corn, 3) determine whether there is a correlation between dry matter, soil microbial activity and root rot severity and 4) determine whether cover crops immobilize nitrogen and reduce corn yield. Research station field trials were conducted in 2003-04, 2004-05 and 2005-06 at the Oregon State University vegetable research farm in Corvallis, Oregon and an on-farm experiment was conducted in 2004-05 at Kenagy Family Farm in Albany, Oregon. Oat 'Saia' winter-killed in 2005-06 and mustard mix 'Caliente' winter-killed every winter except 2004-05, when winter temperatures never dropped below -7 °C. Rape 'Dwarf Essex', mustard 'Braco', and arugula are reliably winter-hardy. All mustard cover crop species are susceptible to white mold caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causal agent of white mold of snap bean. Oat (Avena sativa) is susceptible to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), an important pathogen of grass seed crops. Mustard cover crops could contaminate cruciferous seed crops. All of the cover crop species evaluated demonstrated some potential to suppress root rot of corn. Oat 'Saia' was the most consistently suppressive; it suppressed root rot in 4 of 6 experiments. Sudangrass was suppressive in the only year it was evaluated as well as in container experiments in previous work. In general, cover crops increased or had no impact on shoot and root dry matter in greenhouse bioassays. There was only one significant cover crop treatment effect on yield; in 2006, the oat treatment increased yield by 11.6% compared to the fallow. Overall, cover crop aboveground dry matter (DM) ranged from 4.2 Mg ha⁻¹ (summer R 2003) to 12.2 Mg ha⁻¹ (winter O 2004). Overall, there was a significant relationship between cover crop DM and radicle rot severity in greenhouse bioassay but not in field experiment. Cover crop treatments consistently increased soil microbial activity. Overall, there was a significant negative correlation between microbial activity and root rot severity in greenhouse bioassays early after cover crop incorporation, but the correlation weakened over time and ultimately was lost by about 80 days after incorporation. The C:N of oat and rape residues was 51 and 21, respectively. Soil nitrogen was immobilized by both the oat and rape cover crops, but oat immobilized more N than rape. Corn grown in the oat treatment soils had lower SPAD values, but it is not clear whether foliar N was sufficiently low to reduce yield potential. There was no consistent trend in above- or below-ground corn dry matter after oat incorporation over the three years. In 2006, the oat treatment had no significant effect on corn DM but increased yield by 11.1%. More work is required to better understand the impact of oat cover crop N immobilization on corn N status and yield. Oat 'Saia' has the potential to suppress root rot of sweet corn and maintain or increase corn productivity. However, this oat cultivar is not reliably winter-hardy and is susceptible to BYDV. Future research should screen Avena species and/or cultivars for improved winter hardiness, BYDV resistance, and root rot suppressive potential. Title: Cover crop effects on root rot of sweet corn and soil properties Author: Miyazoe, Mikio Root rot of sweet corn in western Oregon and Washington is a significant disease that can reduce yield of intolerant cultivars of processed sweet corn by fifty percent. Root rot is caused by a complex of soilborne organisms, including Drechslera sp., Phoma terrestris, and Pythium arrhenomanes. Processors have adopted tolerant cultivars but farmers continue to seek cultural management strategies that reduce inoculum potential. High rate manure and compost amendments (16.8 - 56.0 Mg ha⁻¹) suppress root rot of corn through general suppression but this practice is not agronomically viable. General suppression is typically associated with high rates of organic amendment and high microbial (FDA) activity. Processed vegetable farmers currently grow winter cover crops to improve soil and water quality and are interested in identifying cover crops that suppress root rot of corn and increase yield. High biomass cover crops can yield up to 12 Mg ha⁻¹ dry matter; this rate of organic amendment may or may not be sufficient to generate general suppression. However, specific cover crops, such as species and cultivars of crucifers and oats, have been shown to more suppressive than other cover crop species and cultivars against specific soilborne diseases. Oat is grown as a winter cover crop in the Willamette Valley and contains avenecin, a chemical that has been shown to have activity against pathogen propagules. In addition, in previous work in containers oat cover crops suppressed root rot of sweet corn. However, there is a concern that oat cover crops immobilize N and reduce corn yield. The objectives of this research were to 1) identify high biomass cover crops with agronomic potential for western Oregon processed vegetable cropping systems, 2) evaluate the impact of high biomass cover crops on root rot severity and yield of sweet corn, 3) determine whether there is a correlation between dry matter, soil microbial activity and root rot severity and 4) determine whether cover crops immobilize nitrogen and reduce corn yield. Research station field trials were conducted in 2003-04, 2004-05 and 2005-06 at the Oregon State University vegetable research farm in Corvallis, Oregon and an on-farm experiment was conducted in 2004-05 at Kenagy Family Farm in Albany, Oregon. Oat 'Saia' winter-killed in 2005-06 and mustard mix 'Caliente' winter-killed every winter except 2004-05, when winter temperatures never dropped below -7 °C. Rape 'Dwarf Essex', mustard 'Braco', and arugula are reliably winter-hardy. All mustard cover crop species are susceptible to white mold caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causal agent of white mold of snap bean. Oat (Avena sativa) is susceptible to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), an important pathogen of grass seed crops. Mustard cover crops could contaminate cruciferous seed crops. All of the cover crop species evaluated demonstrated some potential to suppress root rot of corn. Oat 'Saia' was the most consistently suppressive; it suppressed root rot in 4 of 6 experiments. Sudangrass was suppressive in the only year it was evaluated as well as in container experiments in previous work. In general, cover crops increased or had no impact on shoot and root dry matter in greenhouse bioassays. There was only one significant cover crop treatment effect on yield; in 2006, the oat treatment increased yield by 11.6% compared to the fallow. Overall, cover crop aboveground dry matter (DM) ranged from 4.2 Mg ha⁻¹ (summer R 2003) to 12.2 Mg ha⁻¹ (winter O 2004). Overall, there was a significant relationship between cover crop DM and radicle rot severity in greenhouse bioassay but not in field experiment. Cover crop treatments consistently increased soil microbial activity. Overall, there was a significant negative correlation between microbial activity and root rot severity in greenhouse bioassays early after cover crop incorporation, but the correlation weakened over time and ultimately was lost by about 80 days after incorporation. The C:N of oat and rape residues was 51 and 21, respectively. Soil nitrogen was immobilized by both the oat and rape cover crops, but oat immobilized more N than rape. Corn grown in the oat treatment soils had lower SPAD values, but it is not clear whether foliar N was sufficiently low to reduce yield potential. There was no consistent trend in above- or below-ground corn dry matter after oat incorporation over the three years. In 2006, the oat treatment had no significant effect on corn DM but increased yield by 11.1%. More work is required to better understand the impact of oat cover crop N immobilization on corn N status and yield. Oat 'Saia' has the potential to suppress root rot of sweet corn and maintain or increase corn productivity. However, this oat cultivar is not reliably winter-hardy and is susceptible to BYDV. Future research should screen Avena species and/or cultivars for improved winter hardiness, BYDV resistance, and root rot suppressive potential. Close

• 20. [Article] Irrigation choices for major West Coast crops : water scarcity and climatic determinants

  Recent climate change forecasts have aroused growing interest in the influence of water scarcity and climate on agricultural production and irrigation practice. However, it is common in the economic literature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Irrigation choices for major West Coast crops : water scarcity and climatic determinants Author: Olen, Beau Recent climate change forecasts have aroused growing interest in the influence of water scarcity and climate on agricultural production and irrigation practice. However, it is common in the economic literature to aggregate disparate crops when modeling irrigation choices. That approach confounds the crop-specific effects of climate and water scarcity that govern such choices. Given the sensitivity of agricultural production to water scarcity and climate, understanding their influence on irrigation choices is a key contribution to policy evaluation. This paper addresses the impact of water scarcity and climate on irrigation choices through estimated models of cropland proportion irrigated (PI), and crop-specific irrigation technology choice (TC) and water application rates (AR). This approach is applied to agricultural production data for major crops (orchard/vineyard, vegetable, wheat, alfalfa, hay, and pasture) on the West Coast (California, Oregon, and Washington). Crop-specific modeling provides information about the distributional impacts of agricultural policy and climate change. This advantage is particularly important for the diverse agricultural landscape of the West Coast, where the distributional impacts of policy can be complex. The most important policy implications that are found involve asset heterogeneity and the distributional impacts of agricultural policy. Several findings provide valuable information about how irrigators would respond and adapt to climate change. The current findings also lead to commonly advocated revisions to federal water subsidy policies. Some key differences between the irrigation choices of higher- and lower-value crops are also identified. Identifying these differences sheds further light on the distributional consequences of agricultural policy. Many findings from this research are crop-specific and will have a high degree of policy relevance to irrigation districts or other agricultural jurisdictions that cultivate some of the West Coast's major crops. Furthermore, the data used in this research has a large degree of variation in water scarcity and climate, making the findings applicable to other Mediterranean climates in the world. It is found that specific crops have a proclivity for certain irrigation technologies that can mitigate particular climatic stressors (i.e., frost damage and heat stress). For example, the results indicate that water pricing policies will tend not to encourage water conservation by technology adoption for many orchards, vineyards, and vegetable farms, thereby imposing pure costs to these producers. In essence, climate heterogeneity limits options available to farmers and reduces the set of production technologies that a farm can use. This finding exemplifies that with climate heterogeneity, the distribution of water policy impacts depends on prior land allocation decisions such as crop choices. Heterogeneity in land quality is also found to have important influences on TC. The effects of temperature on irrigation choices are found to be more profound than the effects of precipitation. Because of the large study region used, the effects of temperature and precipitation on irrigation choices are often found to be quadratic-like. These quadratic-like relationships reveal thresholds where irrigators begin to respond very differently to climate. However, this was not the case for all crops. Thus, it is demonstrated that the effects of climate on irrigation choices are crop-dependent. The results indicate that for several crops, the discontinuance of irrigation water (i.e., water supply or price uncertainty) creates an option value that delays and discourages adoption of water-saving technologies. The discontinuance of irrigation water is also shown to reduce water demand at the farm-level extensive proportion (i.e., PI) and crop-level intensive margin (i.e., AR). Water price is found to impact all three irrigation choices as well. Well depth is found to facilitate adoption of water-saving technologies for several crops. This paper demonstrates that irrigation choices are highly dependent on water scarcity and climate. Institutional arrangements, geographic qualities of the farm, and demographic characteristics of the farmer also exhibit important influences on irrigation choices. By using crop-specific equations, quadratic climate variables, and a study region with large variation in climate conditions, this research resolves many inconsistent findings regarding the determinants of irrigation choices. Furthermore, this study establishes a research agenda for crop-specific analysis of irrigation choices. Some of the estimated results warrant verification with further studies. Future crop-specific irrigation choice studies would benefit from panel micro data with improved land quality variables, and seasonal or monthly climate variables that are better able to identify the effects of climate stress (e.g., heat stress and frost damage) on irrigation choices. Title: Irrigation choices for major West Coast crops : water scarcity and climatic determinants Author: Olen, Beau Recent climate change forecasts have aroused growing interest in the influence of water scarcity and climate on agricultural production and irrigation practice. However, it is common in the economic literature to aggregate disparate crops when modeling irrigation choices. That approach confounds the crop-specific effects of climate and water scarcity that govern such choices. Given the sensitivity of agricultural production to water scarcity and climate, understanding their influence on irrigation choices is a key contribution to policy evaluation. This paper addresses the impact of water scarcity and climate on irrigation choices through estimated models of cropland proportion irrigated (PI), and crop-specific irrigation technology choice (TC) and water application rates (AR). This approach is applied to agricultural production data for major crops (orchard/vineyard, vegetable, wheat, alfalfa, hay, and pasture) on the West Coast (California, Oregon, and Washington). Crop-specific modeling provides information about the distributional impacts of agricultural policy and climate change. This advantage is particularly important for the diverse agricultural landscape of the West Coast, where the distributional impacts of policy can be complex. The most important policy implications that are found involve asset heterogeneity and the distributional impacts of agricultural policy. Several findings provide valuable information about how irrigators would respond and adapt to climate change. The current findings also lead to commonly advocated revisions to federal water subsidy policies. Some key differences between the irrigation choices of higher- and lower-value crops are also identified. Identifying these differences sheds further light on the distributional consequences of agricultural policy. Many findings from this research are crop-specific and will have a high degree of policy relevance to irrigation districts or other agricultural jurisdictions that cultivate some of the West Coast's major crops. Furthermore, the data used in this research has a large degree of variation in water scarcity and climate, making the findings applicable to other Mediterranean climates in the world. It is found that specific crops have a proclivity for certain irrigation technologies that can mitigate particular climatic stressors (i.e., frost damage and heat stress). For example, the results indicate that water pricing policies will tend not to encourage water conservation by technology adoption for many orchards, vineyards, and vegetable farms, thereby imposing pure costs to these producers. In essence, climate heterogeneity limits options available to farmers and reduces the set of production technologies that a farm can use. This finding exemplifies that with climate heterogeneity, the distribution of water policy impacts depends on prior land allocation decisions such as crop choices. Heterogeneity in land quality is also found to have important influences on TC. The effects of temperature on irrigation choices are found to be more profound than the effects of precipitation. Because of the large study region used, the effects of temperature and precipitation on irrigation choices are often found to be quadratic-like. These quadratic-like relationships reveal thresholds where irrigators begin to respond very differently to climate. However, this was not the case for all crops. Thus, it is demonstrated that the effects of climate on irrigation choices are crop-dependent. The results indicate that for several crops, the discontinuance of irrigation water (i.e., water supply or price uncertainty) creates an option value that delays and discourages adoption of water-saving technologies. The discontinuance of irrigation water is also shown to reduce water demand at the farm-level extensive proportion (i.e., PI) and crop-level intensive margin (i.e., AR). Water price is found to impact all three irrigation choices as well. Well depth is found to facilitate adoption of water-saving technologies for several crops. This paper demonstrates that irrigation choices are highly dependent on water scarcity and climate. Institutional arrangements, geographic qualities of the farm, and demographic characteristics of the farmer also exhibit important influences on irrigation choices. By using crop-specific equations, quadratic climate variables, and a study region with large variation in climate conditions, this research resolves many inconsistent findings regarding the determinants of irrigation choices. Furthermore, this study establishes a research agenda for crop-specific analysis of irrigation choices. Some of the estimated results warrant verification with further studies. Future crop-specific irrigation choice studies would benefit from panel micro data with improved land quality variables, and seasonal or monthly climate variables that are better able to identify the effects of climate stress (e.g., heat stress and frost damage) on irrigation choices. Close