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• 1. [Article] Use of Gender Aschematicity in the Reassessment of Gender Concepts

  The purpose of this thesis is to reevaluate the binary constructs of sex and gender; and the biological and social influence these constructs have on males, females, and non-normative individuals. Throughout ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of Gender Aschematicity in the Reassessment of Gender Concepts Author: Ward, Ashley A. Year: 2013 The purpose of this thesis is to reevaluate the binary constructs of sex and gender; and the biological and social influence these constructs have on males, females, and non-normative individuals. Throughout this examination, biological, specifically chromosomal and anatomical, differences between sexes will help foster a definition of sex. Psychological theories will then be examined, calculating the psychological and social factors surrounding gender. A reevaluation of gender constructs will shed light on previously held misconceptions about gender and help lay groundwork for non-normative gender acceptance in the future. Furthermore, the thesis will delve into gender aschematicity and potential benefits of gender aschematic concepts as a means of reevaluation of the gender constructs. Title: Use of Gender Aschematicity in the Reassessment of Gender Concepts Author: Ward, Ashley A. Year: 2013 The purpose of this thesis is to reevaluate the binary constructs of sex and gender; and the biological and social influence these constructs have on males, females, and non-normative individuals. Throughout this examination, biological, specifically chromosomal and anatomical, differences between sexes will help foster a definition of sex. Psychological theories will then be examined, calculating the psychological and social factors surrounding gender. A reevaluation of gender constructs will shed light on previously held misconceptions about gender and help lay groundwork for non-normative gender acceptance in the future. Furthermore, the thesis will delve into gender aschematicity and potential benefits of gender aschematic concepts as a means of reevaluation of the gender constructs. Close

• 2. [Article] Gender Complex Curriculum for the Portland Public School District: Proposal

  GLSEN states that 43.9% of students felt unsafe in school to express their preferred gender in the year 2011. This lack of safety can be attributed to a variety of factors including peer harassment, harassment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Complex Curriculum for the Portland Public School District: Proposal Author: Hayes, Kathryn Year: 2014 GLSEN states that 43.9% of students felt unsafe in school to express their preferred gender in the year 2011. This lack of safety can be attributed to a variety of factors including peer harassment, harassment by teachers or staff, lack of support or resources, unintentionally offensive language in the classroom, and lack of gender variety in historical figures and role models. The first part of this project is an original gender-complex curriculum aimed at creating a safer space inside the classroom for elementary aged students who may identify or express as gender variant by encouraging these, and other supportive behaviors by both staff and students. This curriculum is modeled after several successful sexuality and gender education curricula (such as FLASH,Guidelines for Comprehensive Sexuality Education, and Lesson Plans for Building Allies of GLBTQ Youth) and will include activities to increase the awareness of gender and issues surrounding gender. The curriculum will also include a four-week schedule with instructions for conducting these activities in the classroom. The second part of this project is a manual for how to implement the curriculum in the classroom, specifically for use by an educational professional. This will include a background and introduction to various gender related issues and a glossary of terms to help assist the professional in understanding why this curriculum is important. Title: Gender Complex Curriculum for the Portland Public School District: Proposal Author: Hayes, Kathryn Year: 2014 GLSEN states that 43.9% of students felt unsafe in school to express their preferred gender in the year 2011. This lack of safety can be attributed to a variety of factors including peer harassment, harassment by teachers or staff, lack of support or resources, unintentionally offensive language in the classroom, and lack of gender variety in historical figures and role models. The first part of this project is an original gender-complex curriculum aimed at creating a safer space inside the classroom for elementary aged students who may identify or express as gender variant by encouraging these, and other supportive behaviors by both staff and students. This curriculum is modeled after several successful sexuality and gender education curricula (such as FLASH,Guidelines for Comprehensive Sexuality Education, and Lesson Plans for Building Allies of GLBTQ Youth) and will include activities to increase the awareness of gender and issues surrounding gender. The curriculum will also include a four-week schedule with instructions for conducting these activities in the classroom. The second part of this project is a manual for how to implement the curriculum in the classroom, specifically for use by an educational professional. This will include a background and introduction to various gender related issues and a glossary of terms to help assist the professional in understanding why this curriculum is important. Close

• 3. [Article] "Doing weddings" : couples' gender strategies in wedding preparation

  Men today are doing more household labor than in previous generations, but research suggests that gender still strongly influences household labor. A great deal of labor goes into creating family rituals, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Doing weddings" : couples' gender strategies in wedding preparation Author: Humble, Aine M. Men today are doing more household labor than in previous generations, but research suggests that gender still strongly influences household labor. A great deal of labor goes into creating family rituals, which may be central carriers for gender construction. Weddings, in particular, are rituals based on a gender dichotomy that influences the division of labor. This qualitative study examined how couples constructed and negotiated gender in wedding planning. Spouses in 21 first-time married couples were interviewed separately within one year of marrying. Questions focused on how weddings were planned and who was responsible for what tasks. Analysis, which was guided by the gender perspective (Thompson, 1993), revealed that gender typically was constructed in ways that replicated dominant gender norms, but some couples did show resistance to the social structure. At the aggregate level, brides tended to do more wedding work than grooms, but there was a range of gendered behavior at the dyad level. Similar to previous research, three couple types emerged. In traditional couples, brides planned their weddings with the help of other women, and brides and grooms were satisfied with this arrangement. In transitional couples, grooms helped out more, but brides still were responsible for most of the labor. These couples experienced occasional conflict when they tried to share work equally yet fell back into stereotypical roles of involved brides and distant grooms. Brides and grooms in egalitarian couples shared work more equally, and were more likely than the other two groups to question gendered traditions. Traditional and transitional couples used gender strategies that reproduced dominant gendered norms, whereas egalitarian couples did not use such strategies. Gender strategies revolved around: (a) the sociohistorical ideology that weddings are for women, (b) brides' presumed organizational skills, (c) grooms' peripheral involvement, (d) gendered employment and home environments, and (f) gender assessment between brides and grooms and from others. Overall, the dominance of the cultural script that weddings are for women influenced traditional and transitional couples' gender strategies and wedding work. Wedding planning was more likely to be shared when weddings were seen as for couples rather than for women. Title: "Doing weddings" : couples' gender strategies in wedding preparation Author: Humble, Aine M. Men today are doing more household labor than in previous generations, but research suggests that gender still strongly influences household labor. A great deal of labor goes into creating family rituals, which may be central carriers for gender construction. Weddings, in particular, are rituals based on a gender dichotomy that influences the division of labor. This qualitative study examined how couples constructed and negotiated gender in wedding planning. Spouses in 21 first-time married couples were interviewed separately within one year of marrying. Questions focused on how weddings were planned and who was responsible for what tasks. Analysis, which was guided by the gender perspective (Thompson, 1993), revealed that gender typically was constructed in ways that replicated dominant gender norms, but some couples did show resistance to the social structure. At the aggregate level, brides tended to do more wedding work than grooms, but there was a range of gendered behavior at the dyad level. Similar to previous research, three couple types emerged. In traditional couples, brides planned their weddings with the help of other women, and brides and grooms were satisfied with this arrangement. In transitional couples, grooms helped out more, but brides still were responsible for most of the labor. These couples experienced occasional conflict when they tried to share work equally yet fell back into stereotypical roles of involved brides and distant grooms. Brides and grooms in egalitarian couples shared work more equally, and were more likely than the other two groups to question gendered traditions. Traditional and transitional couples used gender strategies that reproduced dominant gendered norms, whereas egalitarian couples did not use such strategies. Gender strategies revolved around: (a) the sociohistorical ideology that weddings are for women, (b) brides' presumed organizational skills, (c) grooms' peripheral involvement, (d) gendered employment and home environments, and (f) gender assessment between brides and grooms and from others. Overall, the dominance of the cultural script that weddings are for women influenced traditional and transitional couples' gender strategies and wedding work. Wedding planning was more likely to be shared when weddings were seen as for couples rather than for women. Close

• 4. [Article] The Assessment of Gender Mainstreaming: A Case Study of the Division for the Advancement of Women, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Lao PDR

  Gender mainstreaming to promote gender equality and include persons with disabilities is important because it can bring a huge impact to the organization and the country. It is not easy to accomplish gender ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Assessment of Gender Mainstreaming: A Case Study of the Division for the Advancement of Women, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Lao PDR Author: Chanphengxay, Souphatta Year: 2014 Gender mainstreaming to promote gender equality and include persons with disabilities is important because it can bring a huge impact to the organization and the country. It is not easy to accomplish gender equality as long as there are barriers against women's participation in all spheres. As a result, achieving gender equality is a challenge for not only developed countries but also developing countries. This thesis evaluates the implementation of gender mainstreaming to promote gender equality and the inclusion of persons with disabilities of the Division for the Advancement of Women in Lao PDR. This thesis discovers the perception of gender equality, the barriers that prevent women from achieving gender equality, and the impact of gender equality and lastly examines whether the inclusive approach to include persons with disabilities is implemented in the ministerial organization. Title: The Assessment of Gender Mainstreaming: A Case Study of the Division for the Advancement of Women, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Lao PDR Author: Chanphengxay, Souphatta Year: 2014 Gender mainstreaming to promote gender equality and include persons with disabilities is important because it can bring a huge impact to the organization and the country. It is not easy to accomplish gender equality as long as there are barriers against women's participation in all spheres. As a result, achieving gender equality is a challenge for not only developed countries but also developing countries. This thesis evaluates the implementation of gender mainstreaming to promote gender equality and the inclusion of persons with disabilities of the Division for the Advancement of Women in Lao PDR. This thesis discovers the perception of gender equality, the barriers that prevent women from achieving gender equality, and the impact of gender equality and lastly examines whether the inclusive approach to include persons with disabilities is implemented in the ministerial organization. Close

• 5. [Article] Beyond Male or Female: Using Nonbinary Gender Identity to Confront Outdated Notions of Sex and Gender in the Law

  30 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beyond Male or Female: Using Nonbinary Gender Identity to Confront Outdated Notions of Sex and Gender in the Law Author: Hanssen, Shelby Year: 2017 30 pages Title: Beyond Male or Female: Using Nonbinary Gender Identity to Confront Outdated Notions of Sex and Gender in the Law Author: Hanssen, Shelby Year: 2017 30 pages Close

• 6. [Article] Gender Integration in Fisheries Value Chains: A Good Practice from Gender Research Analysis to Gender Action Plan in Fisheries Development in Thailand

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Integration in Fisheries Value Chains: A Good Practice from Gender Research Analysis to Gender Action Plan in Fisheries Development in Thailand Author: Sermwatanakul, Amonrat, Khumsri, Malasri, Naksung, Kanit Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Gender Integration in Fisheries Value Chains: A Good Practice from Gender Research Analysis to Gender Action Plan in Fisheries Development in Thailand Author: Sermwatanakul, Amonrat, Khumsri, Malasri, Naksung, Kanit Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 7. [Article] Transmobilities: Mobility, Harassment, and Violence Experienced by Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Public Transit Riders

  This research endeavours to fill a conceptual gap in the social science literature on gender, public space, and urban mobilities by exploring how transgender and gender nonconforming individuals experience ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transmobilities: Mobility, Harassment, and Violence Experienced by Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Public Transit Riders Author: Lubitow, Amy, Carathers, JaDee, Kelly, Maura, Abelson, Miriam Year: 2017 This research endeavours to fill a conceptual gap in the social science literature on gender, public space, and urban mobilities by exploring how transgender and gender nonconforming individuals experience public transit. Although previous research has surveyed gender minorities about harassment and discrimination in a range of environments, little is known about the quality or content of these experiences. Drawing from 25 interviews with transgender and gender nonconforming individuals in Portland, Oregon, this article finds that gender minorities experience frequent harassment while engaging with the public transit system. We articulate the concept of transmobilites to describe the ways that transgender and gender nonconforming individuals experience a form of mobility that is altered, shaped, and informed by a broader cultural system that normalizes violence and harassment towards gender minorities. We conclude that gender minorities have unequal access to safe and accessible public transportation when harassment is widespread, normalized, and when policies prohibiting discrimination remain unenforced on urban public transit. Title: Transmobilities: Mobility, Harassment, and Violence Experienced by Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Public Transit Riders Author: Lubitow, Amy, Carathers, JaDee, Kelly, Maura, Abelson, Miriam Year: 2017 This research endeavours to fill a conceptual gap in the social science literature on gender, public space, and urban mobilities by exploring how transgender and gender nonconforming individuals experience public transit. Although previous research has surveyed gender minorities about harassment and discrimination in a range of environments, little is known about the quality or content of these experiences. Drawing from 25 interviews with transgender and gender nonconforming individuals in Portland, Oregon, this article finds that gender minorities experience frequent harassment while engaging with the public transit system. We articulate the concept of transmobilites to describe the ways that transgender and gender nonconforming individuals experience a form of mobility that is altered, shaped, and informed by a broader cultural system that normalizes violence and harassment towards gender minorities. We conclude that gender minorities have unequal access to safe and accessible public transportation when harassment is widespread, normalized, and when policies prohibiting discrimination remain unenforced on urban public transit. Close

• 8. [Article] Gender Inequality in Food Insecurity: An Examination of Single Adults without Children in the United States

  Using Current Population Survey data from 2008, 2009 and 2010 this paper explores the extent to which there is gender inequality in food insecurity among employed single adults without children. Gender ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Inequality in Food Insecurity: An Examination of Single Adults without Children in the United States Author: Osborne, Megan Using Current Population Survey data from 2008, 2009 and 2010 this paper explores the extent to which there is gender inequality in food insecurity among employed single adults without children. Gender inequality in the U.S. is well documented in a wide variety of spheres from the home to the world economy and is built and reinforced through the institutions of marriage and the family, work and the economy, politics, religion and many other cultural productions (Lorber 2010). This paper focuses on one kind of gender inequality of material hardship – food insecurity – examining its links to unequal and segregated economic opportunity. This study is unique as it examines how, when controlling for the influences of some of these structures ( e.g., marriage, and the dynamics of family with children) there remains evidence of gender inequality in food insecurity. Using ordinal logistic regression, results indicate a persistent presence of gender inequality in food insecurity with women showing consistently higher likelihoods of being food insecure when compared to men. This study both contributes to and expands on the existing literature on both gender inequality and food insecurity, linking occupational sex segregation and a gender income gap to higher likelihoods of food insecurity among women. Title: Gender Inequality in Food Insecurity: An Examination of Single Adults without Children in the United States Author: Osborne, Megan Using Current Population Survey data from 2008, 2009 and 2010 this paper explores the extent to which there is gender inequality in food insecurity among employed single adults without children. Gender inequality in the U.S. is well documented in a wide variety of spheres from the home to the world economy and is built and reinforced through the institutions of marriage and the family, work and the economy, politics, religion and many other cultural productions (Lorber 2010). This paper focuses on one kind of gender inequality of material hardship – food insecurity – examining its links to unequal and segregated economic opportunity. This study is unique as it examines how, when controlling for the influences of some of these structures ( e.g., marriage, and the dynamics of family with children) there remains evidence of gender inequality in food insecurity. Using ordinal logistic regression, results indicate a persistent presence of gender inequality in food insecurity with women showing consistently higher likelihoods of being food insecure when compared to men. This study both contributes to and expands on the existing literature on both gender inequality and food insecurity, linking occupational sex segregation and a gender income gap to higher likelihoods of food insecurity among women. Close

• 9. [Article] A Performance of Instinct: Bechdel’s Experience as Criticism of Butler’s Gender Trouble

  Presented at the 2015 American Conversations Student Research Conference

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Performance of Instinct: Bechdel’s Experience as Criticism of Butler’s Gender Trouble Author: Haverman, Megan Presented at the 2015 American Conversations Student Research Conference Title: A Performance of Instinct: Bechdel’s Experience as Criticism of Butler’s Gender Trouble Author: Haverman, Megan Presented at the 2015 American Conversations Student Research Conference Close

• 10. [Article] Gender Assignment of Russian Indeclinable Nouns

  This thesis analyzes the grammatical gender assignment of Russian indeclinable nouns. Chapter I focuses on gender and agreement in Russian nouns. Previous assignment models failed to account for the non-neuter ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Assignment of Russian Indeclinable Nouns Author: Wang, Qiang Year: 2014 This thesis analyzes the grammatical gender assignment of Russian indeclinable nouns. Chapter I focuses on gender and agreement in Russian nouns. Previous assignment models failed to account for the non-neuter gender of a number of indeclinable nouns. Chapter II proposes a gender assignment mechanism of indeclinable nouns, including an Absolute Semantic Criterion, a Morphosemantic Criterion Based on Hypernyms and Synonyms and a Neuter Filter. Chapter III deals with the methodology of the experiment involving ten native speakers on gender assignment of indeclinable nouns. In the experiment subjects were given sentence tokens in which they were required to select gender agreement morphemes corresponding to their perception of the gender of 62 indeclinable nouns, and they were asked to identify the gender of four out-of-context nonce nouns. Chapter IV analyzes the result of the experiment and shows that the gender assignment mechanism accounts for the actual assignment patterns by native speakers. Title: Gender Assignment of Russian Indeclinable Nouns Author: Wang, Qiang Year: 2014 This thesis analyzes the grammatical gender assignment of Russian indeclinable nouns. Chapter I focuses on gender and agreement in Russian nouns. Previous assignment models failed to account for the non-neuter gender of a number of indeclinable nouns. Chapter II proposes a gender assignment mechanism of indeclinable nouns, including an Absolute Semantic Criterion, a Morphosemantic Criterion Based on Hypernyms and Synonyms and a Neuter Filter. Chapter III deals with the methodology of the experiment involving ten native speakers on gender assignment of indeclinable nouns. In the experiment subjects were given sentence tokens in which they were required to select gender agreement morphemes corresponding to their perception of the gender of 62 indeclinable nouns, and they were asked to identify the gender of four out-of-context nonce nouns. Chapter IV analyzes the result of the experiment and shows that the gender assignment mechanism accounts for the actual assignment patterns by native speakers. Close

• 11. [Article] Digital Gender: Construction, Performance and Experience in Second Life

  The purpose of this study was to address the social construction, performance and experience of digital gender in the 3D immersive environment known as Second Life. To do this, this study explored the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Digital Gender: Construction, Performance and Experience in Second Life Author: Padilla-Miller, Alina Year: 2014 The purpose of this study was to address the social construction, performance and experience of digital gender in the 3D immersive environment known as Second Life. To do this, this study explored the digital experiences of 75 community college students using Second Life in the Simulation and Game Development Initiative (SGDI) of the Summer 2010 term. Analysis of data obtained via a multimethod approach, which included online questionnaires and forum posts, revealed the background and demographic information of the SGDI students. A focus group, consisting of seven of these students, provided the rich qualitative data that addressed the three research questions of this study. These research questions asked how digital gender was created in Second Life, what the affects of digital gender are in Second Life and what the effects of digital gender are in the physical world. Issues of gender ideology, hypersexualization, gender social order, gendered media violence, and the commodification of digital gender provided context to the research questions of this study. Additionally, these issues pointed to a significant gap in the literature surrounding gender theory, media studies, and digital culture scholarship. They revealed an overlap between disciplines and illustrated a need for connection when examining the cultural intersection between digital and physical reality. Title: Digital Gender: Construction, Performance and Experience in Second Life Author: Padilla-Miller, Alina Year: 2014 The purpose of this study was to address the social construction, performance and experience of digital gender in the 3D immersive environment known as Second Life. To do this, this study explored the digital experiences of 75 community college students using Second Life in the Simulation and Game Development Initiative (SGDI) of the Summer 2010 term. Analysis of data obtained via a multimethod approach, which included online questionnaires and forum posts, revealed the background and demographic information of the SGDI students. A focus group, consisting of seven of these students, provided the rich qualitative data that addressed the three research questions of this study. These research questions asked how digital gender was created in Second Life, what the affects of digital gender are in Second Life and what the effects of digital gender are in the physical world. Issues of gender ideology, hypersexualization, gender social order, gendered media violence, and the commodification of digital gender provided context to the research questions of this study. Additionally, these issues pointed to a significant gap in the literature surrounding gender theory, media studies, and digital culture scholarship. They revealed an overlap between disciplines and illustrated a need for connection when examining the cultural intersection between digital and physical reality. Close

• 12. [Article] Queer! Narratives of Gendered Sexuality: A Journey in Identity

  My project looks at current conceptualizations of identity relating to gender and sexuality in order to understand how queer individuals enact gender as connected to their non-normative sexuality. I will ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Queer! Narratives of Gendered Sexuality: A Journey in Identity Author: Bradley, Kym Year: 2013 My project looks at current conceptualizations of identity relating to gender and sexuality in order to understand how queer individuals enact gender as connected to their non-normative sexuality. I will use the notion of "desire" through Butler's (1990) notion of performativity as a part of iterability that reproduces an opposition between what is intended and how it is perceived. This approach creates space to problematize the status of identities that posits the conception of fluidity and dialectic as attached to notions of gendered sexualities - the understanding that sexuality interacts with gender and that these two notions are not compartmentalized. The construction of these systems of categorization allows for an assumption of the role of sexuality as connected to gender that can then be read through discursive practices and performances. This research is placed within a post-structuralist and queer theory discussion that is used to understand identity as separate from an isolated core self and is rather comprehended through a particular connection of gender, sex, desire, and performance. By entering into a queer theory and post-structuralist discussion, this project aims to highlight ways in which gender and sex are not necessarily "intelligible" - in which one's gender enactment follows their sex, which then leads them to be attracted to the "opposite" sex/gender - and by doing so I will be able to understand how non-heterosexuals understand their own sexualized gender. The categories of gender and desire are not mutually exclusive nor are they dichotomous. According to Butler (1990), the heterosexual matrix addresses the power structures associated with hegemonic modes of discourse and thought; therefore, my project embraces this approach to gender and sexuality and how these understandings create a unique performance of repetition that further constructs an identity. This study specializes in the reformulation and re-articulation of a distinct consciousness of compounded identities that are comprised of a sexualized gender involving the performative interplay of sexuality on gender for queer individuals. In addition, this project seeks to understand how queer individuals form, understand, perform, and enact their evolving gender identity as connected to their sexuality. Specifically my research asks: 1) How do queer individuals narrate the construction of their particular identities? 2) How do queer individuals enact their gender as connected to sexuality? and 3) How do queer individuals describe their identities as marginalized? In order to answer these questions I conducted 20 interviews with queer individuals in Portland, OR aged 18-35 in order to get a broad range of life experiences. The use of one-on-one interviews allowed me to get at the interpretative perspective of the participant such that they can clarify the connections and relationships they see between their own sexualized gender enactment and the world around them. This also allowed access to acquire information about the social interplay of gender, sex, and desire and how these individuals may or may not place importance on their queer identity and the processes involved. Title: Queer! Narratives of Gendered Sexuality: A Journey in Identity Author: Bradley, Kym Year: 2013 My project looks at current conceptualizations of identity relating to gender and sexuality in order to understand how queer individuals enact gender as connected to their non-normative sexuality. I will use the notion of "desire" through Butler's (1990) notion of performativity as a part of iterability that reproduces an opposition between what is intended and how it is perceived. This approach creates space to problematize the status of identities that posits the conception of fluidity and dialectic as attached to notions of gendered sexualities - the understanding that sexuality interacts with gender and that these two notions are not compartmentalized. The construction of these systems of categorization allows for an assumption of the role of sexuality as connected to gender that can then be read through discursive practices and performances. This research is placed within a post-structuralist and queer theory discussion that is used to understand identity as separate from an isolated core self and is rather comprehended through a particular connection of gender, sex, desire, and performance. By entering into a queer theory and post-structuralist discussion, this project aims to highlight ways in which gender and sex are not necessarily "intelligible" - in which one's gender enactment follows their sex, which then leads them to be attracted to the "opposite" sex/gender - and by doing so I will be able to understand how non-heterosexuals understand their own sexualized gender. The categories of gender and desire are not mutually exclusive nor are they dichotomous. According to Butler (1990), the heterosexual matrix addresses the power structures associated with hegemonic modes of discourse and thought; therefore, my project embraces this approach to gender and sexuality and how these understandings create a unique performance of repetition that further constructs an identity. This study specializes in the reformulation and re-articulation of a distinct consciousness of compounded identities that are comprised of a sexualized gender involving the performative interplay of sexuality on gender for queer individuals. In addition, this project seeks to understand how queer individuals form, understand, perform, and enact their evolving gender identity as connected to their sexuality. Specifically my research asks: 1) How do queer individuals narrate the construction of their particular identities? 2) How do queer individuals enact their gender as connected to sexuality? and 3) How do queer individuals describe their identities as marginalized? In order to answer these questions I conducted 20 interviews with queer individuals in Portland, OR aged 18-35 in order to get a broad range of life experiences. The use of one-on-one interviews allowed me to get at the interpretative perspective of the participant such that they can clarify the connections and relationships they see between their own sexualized gender enactment and the world around them. This also allowed access to acquire information about the social interplay of gender, sex, and desire and how these individuals may or may not place importance on their queer identity and the processes involved. Close

• 13. [Article] Gendering the Body: Exploring the Construction of the Sexually Dimorphic Body

  Gender is a pervasive and regulating social institution that is operationalized in mainstream Western culture as a natural extension of the ontological difference perceived to exist between the binarily ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gendering the Body: Exploring the Construction of the Sexually Dimorphic Body Author: Lewis, Sarah Kaye Year: 2011 Gender is a pervasive and regulating social institution that is operationalized in mainstream Western culture as a natural extension of the ontological difference perceived to exist between the binarily sexed bodies of male and female. Feminist theory has widely established, however, that gender is done - i.e., gender is not a naturally occurring phenomenon, but is an ongoing construction engaged and replicated by individual actors and which, while compulsory, is nevertheless optional. Within this canon is a small number of feminist theorists, notably Judith Lorber, Judith Bulter, and Nancy Tuana, who argue that the constructive manifestations of gender performativity (that is, doing of gender) are not limited to the social sphere. They argue the role of gender in the construction of the material body, asserting that doing gender has a constructive role in physical embodiment: what we do influences, and in fact creates, what our bodies are. This study engages feminist theory on the production of the body through a qualitative exploration of the lived experience of gendered bodily change, as described in the first-hand narratives of trans-identified individuals. I predict that the analysis of the narratives in the sample will show that in comparison to cisgender individuals, trans individuals possess a heightened awareness of the performative nature of gender, and that trans individuals consciously engage performativity in order to conform to the normative expectations associated with the desired gender role. I further predict that trans individuals experience sexually dimorphic bodily change to be a direct result of changes to their gender identity. The interview analysis findings provide mixed support for the first hypothesis, demonstrating that while trans individuals in the sample do demonstrate a heightened awareness of the ways in which gender is performed, the respondents’ insights came largely from their experiences in their compulsorily cisgender, pre-transition lives, rather than their current gender embodiments. The concept of performativity and its perceived implication of artificiality clashed with the respondents’ sense of their gendered actions as an expression of an authentic self, and my analysis thus addresses performativity as a necessarily polemic concept located between the subjectivity of the individual narratives and the theoretical position that gender is done. The findings provide a substantial level of support for the second hypothesis that trans individuals understand experienced bodily change to be a direct result of changes in gender identity. This study’s exploration of trans experiences of lived bodily change contributes a narrative perspective to the ongoing discussion in feminist theory which surrounds the role of gender in the production of the material body. Title: Gendering the Body: Exploring the Construction of the Sexually Dimorphic Body Author: Lewis, Sarah Kaye Year: 2011 Gender is a pervasive and regulating social institution that is operationalized in mainstream Western culture as a natural extension of the ontological difference perceived to exist between the binarily sexed bodies of male and female. Feminist theory has widely established, however, that gender is done - i.e., gender is not a naturally occurring phenomenon, but is an ongoing construction engaged and replicated by individual actors and which, while compulsory, is nevertheless optional. Within this canon is a small number of feminist theorists, notably Judith Lorber, Judith Bulter, and Nancy Tuana, who argue that the constructive manifestations of gender performativity (that is, doing of gender) are not limited to the social sphere. They argue the role of gender in the construction of the material body, asserting that doing gender has a constructive role in physical embodiment: what we do influences, and in fact creates, what our bodies are. This study engages feminist theory on the production of the body through a qualitative exploration of the lived experience of gendered bodily change, as described in the first-hand narratives of trans-identified individuals. I predict that the analysis of the narratives in the sample will show that in comparison to cisgender individuals, trans individuals possess a heightened awareness of the performative nature of gender, and that trans individuals consciously engage performativity in order to conform to the normative expectations associated with the desired gender role. I further predict that trans individuals experience sexually dimorphic bodily change to be a direct result of changes to their gender identity. The interview analysis findings provide mixed support for the first hypothesis, demonstrating that while trans individuals in the sample do demonstrate a heightened awareness of the ways in which gender is performed, the respondents’ insights came largely from their experiences in their compulsorily cisgender, pre-transition lives, rather than their current gender embodiments. The concept of performativity and its perceived implication of artificiality clashed with the respondents’ sense of their gendered actions as an expression of an authentic self, and my analysis thus addresses performativity as a necessarily polemic concept located between the subjectivity of the individual narratives and the theoretical position that gender is done. The findings provide a substantial level of support for the second hypothesis that trans individuals understand experienced bodily change to be a direct result of changes in gender identity. This study’s exploration of trans experiences of lived bodily change contributes a narrative perspective to the ongoing discussion in feminist theory which surrounds the role of gender in the production of the material body. Close

• 14. [Article] Substantive Representation by the Unelected: The Role of Staff Gender on Mayoral Priorities in U.S. Cities

  The literature on descriptive and substantive representation focuses on elected representatives, but overlooks the gender of those who play an integral role in policy process (agenda-setting) and outcomes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Substantive Representation by the Unelected: The Role of Staff Gender on Mayoral Priorities in U.S. Cities Author: Hottman, Sara M. Year: 2016 The literature on descriptive and substantive representation focuses on elected representatives, but overlooks the gender of those who play an integral role in policy process (agenda-setting) and outcomes (implementation): The elected’s chief of staff, senior policy advisors, and, in council-manager systems, the city manager. This thesis examines the role policy staff and city manager gender plays in substantive representation. After analyzing staff composition and agenda priorities — gleaned from State of the City addresses — for mayors of the 50 most-populous cities in the United States, I found substantial evidence to support my hypotheses that the chief of staff’s gender, not the elected’s gender, will drive the overall gender of staff as well as the gender characterization of policy agendas. Mayors — regardless of gender — with female chiefs of staff in this dataset have more female staffers and more neutral policy agendas. Mayors — regardless of gender — with male chiefs of staff have more male staffers and mostly masculine policy. In weak mayor systems, city managers’ gender strongly influences mayoral policy agendas, especially in small cities; since most city managers are male, those policy agendas are more masculine, regardless of the mayor’s and chief of staff’s gender. Thus, I find that staff who are involved in the intricacies of policy process and outcome have a stronger influence on policy than the public-facing elected official. These results, supplemented by interviews with mayors and chiefs of staff from across the country, could change the importance scholars place on descriptive representation, and alter scholars’ approach to studying both substantive representation for women and American democracy in general. Title: Substantive Representation by the Unelected: The Role of Staff Gender on Mayoral Priorities in U.S. Cities Author: Hottman, Sara M. Year: 2016 The literature on descriptive and substantive representation focuses on elected representatives, but overlooks the gender of those who play an integral role in policy process (agenda-setting) and outcomes (implementation): The elected’s chief of staff, senior policy advisors, and, in council-manager systems, the city manager. This thesis examines the role policy staff and city manager gender plays in substantive representation. After analyzing staff composition and agenda priorities — gleaned from State of the City addresses — for mayors of the 50 most-populous cities in the United States, I found substantial evidence to support my hypotheses that the chief of staff’s gender, not the elected’s gender, will drive the overall gender of staff as well as the gender characterization of policy agendas. Mayors — regardless of gender — with female chiefs of staff in this dataset have more female staffers and more neutral policy agendas. Mayors — regardless of gender — with male chiefs of staff have more male staffers and mostly masculine policy. In weak mayor systems, city managers’ gender strongly influences mayoral policy agendas, especially in small cities; since most city managers are male, those policy agendas are more masculine, regardless of the mayor’s and chief of staff’s gender. Thus, I find that staff who are involved in the intricacies of policy process and outcome have a stronger influence on policy than the public-facing elected official. These results, supplemented by interviews with mayors and chiefs of staff from across the country, could change the importance scholars place on descriptive representation, and alter scholars’ approach to studying both substantive representation for women and American democracy in general. Close

• 15. [Article] “Neither of the Boxes”: Accounting for Non-Binary Gender Identities

  This research examines the ways in which individuals who identify with nonbinary gender identities 1) understand and perform their gender identities and 2) navigate the workplace, intimate partner relationships, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: “Neither of the Boxes”: Accounting for Non-Binary Gender Identities Author: Savoia, Erin Patricia Year: 2017 This research examines the ways in which individuals who identify with nonbinary gender identities 1) understand and perform their gender identities and 2) navigate the workplace, intimate partner relationships, friendships, and the LGBTQ+ community. Prevailing understandings of gender rely on a gender binary; identification with a binary gender is compulsory. Individuals are assigned a gender at birth and are expected to identify fully with that gender for their entire lives. However, despite significant social pressures to identify as man or woman, there exist individuals whose identities bring into question the stability of the gender binary. Non-binary is sometimes used to describe individuals who do not identify solely or fully as man or woman. Fifteen interviews were conducted with individuals living in the Portland Metro Area who included non-binary as part or all of their gender identity. Questions included general descriptive information, questions about participants’ conceptions of masculinity and femininity, and questions regarding their experiences as a non-binary person in the context of the workplace, intimate partner relationships, friendships, and the LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, plus) community. It was found that non-binary individuals are largely held accountable to a normative performance of gender by friends, intimate partners, employers, and coworkers. While non-binary individuals are constrained by the gender structure at the individual, interactional, and institutional levels, they also appear to push back against these constraints in small but meaningful ways. Results from this study provide insight into a group of people which has been largely left out of the literature. Title: “Neither of the Boxes”: Accounting for Non-Binary Gender Identities Author: Savoia, Erin Patricia Year: 2017 This research examines the ways in which individuals who identify with nonbinary gender identities 1) understand and perform their gender identities and 2) navigate the workplace, intimate partner relationships, friendships, and the LGBTQ+ community. Prevailing understandings of gender rely on a gender binary; identification with a binary gender is compulsory. Individuals are assigned a gender at birth and are expected to identify fully with that gender for their entire lives. However, despite significant social pressures to identify as man or woman, there exist individuals whose identities bring into question the stability of the gender binary. Non-binary is sometimes used to describe individuals who do not identify solely or fully as man or woman. Fifteen interviews were conducted with individuals living in the Portland Metro Area who included non-binary as part or all of their gender identity. Questions included general descriptive information, questions about participants’ conceptions of masculinity and femininity, and questions regarding their experiences as a non-binary person in the context of the workplace, intimate partner relationships, friendships, and the LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, plus) community. It was found that non-binary individuals are largely held accountable to a normative performance of gender by friends, intimate partners, employers, and coworkers. While non-binary individuals are constrained by the gender structure at the individual, interactional, and institutional levels, they also appear to push back against these constraints in small but meaningful ways. Results from this study provide insight into a group of people which has been largely left out of the literature. Close

• 16. [Article] Economic Development and Gender Equality: Is There a Gender Kuznets Curve?

  This research note examines the relationship between economic development and gender equality. Drawing on the concept of the Kuznets curve, the authors hypothesize that the relationship between economic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic Development and Gender Equality: Is There a Gender Kuznets Curve? Author: Eastin, Joshua, Prakash, Aseem Year: 2013 This research note examines the relationship between economic development and gender equality. Drawing on the concept of the Kuznets curve, the authors hypothesize that the relationship between economic development and gender inequality is curvilinear (S shaped), with three distinct stages. In the first stage, economic development improves gender equality because it enables greater female labor-force participation. An independent income stream increases women's intrahousehold bargaining power. The opportunity to develop human capital confers greater political and social recognition. In the second stage, labor-force stratification and gender discrimination encourage divergent male/female income trajectories, which decrease the opportunity costs of female labor-force withdrawal and lend traction to social resistance against burgeoning gender norms. Consequently, there is a deceleration in initial equality gains. In the final stage, gender equality again improves, as greater educational participation and technological advancement provide new employment opportunities for women, increase the opportunity costs of staying home, and encourage the evolution of new social institutions and norms that overcome prior discriminatory practices. The authors find support for this argument in statistical tests of the relationship between economic development and gender equality on a panel of 146 developing countries for the period 1980–2005. They employ four indicators that reflect distinct dimensions of women's political, social, and economic status. They find economic development positively influences gender equality when per capita incomes are below $8,000–$10,000. These equality gains level off or decline slightly in the second stage, from $8,000–10,000 to about $25,000–$30,000. Beyond this level, economic development is again associated with improvements in gender equality. The key implication is that the effect of economic development on gender equality is contingent on the level of development. Policymakers and social activists should develop policy correctives to ensure that economic development confers improvements in gender equality across phases of development. Title: Economic Development and Gender Equality: Is There a Gender Kuznets Curve? Author: Eastin, Joshua, Prakash, Aseem Year: 2013 This research note examines the relationship between economic development and gender equality. Drawing on the concept of the Kuznets curve, the authors hypothesize that the relationship between economic development and gender inequality is curvilinear (S shaped), with three distinct stages. In the first stage, economic development improves gender equality because it enables greater female labor-force participation. An independent income stream increases women's intrahousehold bargaining power. The opportunity to develop human capital confers greater political and social recognition. In the second stage, labor-force stratification and gender discrimination encourage divergent male/female income trajectories, which decrease the opportunity costs of female labor-force withdrawal and lend traction to social resistance against burgeoning gender norms. Consequently, there is a deceleration in initial equality gains. In the final stage, gender equality again improves, as greater educational participation and technological advancement provide new employment opportunities for women, increase the opportunity costs of staying home, and encourage the evolution of new social institutions and norms that overcome prior discriminatory practices. The authors find support for this argument in statistical tests of the relationship between economic development and gender equality on a panel of 146 developing countries for the period 1980–2005. They employ four indicators that reflect distinct dimensions of women's political, social, and economic status. They find economic development positively influences gender equality when per capita incomes are below $8,000–$10,000. These equality gains level off or decline slightly in the second stage, from $8,000–10,000 to about $25,000–$30,000. Beyond this level, economic development is again associated with improvements in gender equality. The key implication is that the effect of economic development on gender equality is contingent on the level of development. Policymakers and social activists should develop policy correctives to ensure that economic development confers improvements in gender equality across phases of development. Close

• 17. [Article] Gender Pluralism in Problem-Solving Software

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/interacting-wit...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Pluralism in Problem-Solving Software Author: Burnett, Margaret M., Rector, Kyle, Fleming, Scott D., Cao, Jill, Beckwith, Laura, Wiedenbeck, Susan, Grigoreanu, Valentina, Park, Thomas H. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/interacting-with-computers/. Title: Gender Pluralism in Problem-Solving Software Author: Burnett, Margaret M., Rector, Kyle, Fleming, Scott D., Cao, Jill, Beckwith, Laura, Wiedenbeck, Susan, Grigoreanu, Valentina, Park, Thomas H. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/interacting-with-computers/. Close

• 18. [Article] From sister to sister to woman : the role of sororities in the social transmission of gender

  Sororities play an important role in the process by which sorority women become gendered by influencing members' ideas about what it means to be a woman. Women and men become gendered through regular social ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: From sister to sister to woman : the role of sororities in the social transmission of gender Author: Gilmore, Jennifer Sororities play an important role in the process by which sorority women become gendered by influencing members' ideas about what it means to be a woman. Women and men become gendered through regular social interaction with other women and men, and sororities have a particularly strong impact on their members because sorority women spend nearly all of their time with other Greeks. Gender is one of the major ways that we organize our lives and gender is the texture and foundation of our social, political, and economic worlds. This is why we must consider the consequences of gender negotiation in all arenas, including sororities. For the most part, the sorority women who participated in this study negotiated traditional gender arrangements and constructed conservative identities. Sororities on this Pacific Northwestern university created and perpetuated conformity, dependence and political apathy in their members. These organizations developed an environment in which gender stereotyping and victimization was learned and then legitimized. Within these organizations, however, are pockets of resistance, non-compliance, empowerment, and what could be called "potentially feminist" gender negotiation. Title: From sister to sister to woman : the role of sororities in the social transmission of gender Author: Gilmore, Jennifer Sororities play an important role in the process by which sorority women become gendered by influencing members' ideas about what it means to be a woman. Women and men become gendered through regular social interaction with other women and men, and sororities have a particularly strong impact on their members because sorority women spend nearly all of their time with other Greeks. Gender is one of the major ways that we organize our lives and gender is the texture and foundation of our social, political, and economic worlds. This is why we must consider the consequences of gender negotiation in all arenas, including sororities. For the most part, the sorority women who participated in this study negotiated traditional gender arrangements and constructed conservative identities. Sororities on this Pacific Northwestern university created and perpetuated conformity, dependence and political apathy in their members. These organizations developed an environment in which gender stereotyping and victimization was learned and then legitimized. Within these organizations, however, are pockets of resistance, non-compliance, empowerment, and what could be called "potentially feminist" gender negotiation. Close

• 19. [Article] Roots in the Earth and a Flag in my Hand: Rural Gender Identity in American Musical Theatre

  The integrated musical is a vehicle for the creation and communication of a national identity, created through the use of coded performances of gender and, at times, rural settings conceptualized as essentially ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Roots in the Earth and a Flag in my Hand: Rural Gender Identity in American Musical Theatre Author: Cuskey, Lusie Year: 2016 The integrated musical is a vehicle for the creation and communication of a national identity, created through the use of coded performances of gender and, at times, rural settings conceptualized as essentially “American.” There is, however, little research about the ways in which gender operates in rural settings in musical theatre, or the ways in which rural gender identities are utilized to communicate nationalist ideologies. This thesis seeks to address this gap in research by examining three contemporary American musicals – Carrie, Violet, and The Spitfire Grill – in light of both American musical theatre conventions surrounding gender performance and contemporary theory around gender, rurality, and intersectional rural gender identities. This thesis ultimately suggests that an approach to rural gender in musical theatre grounded in a specific physical and cultural moment and location is best equipped to both honor the narratives of rural communities and propagate appropriately complex narratives of national identity. Title: Roots in the Earth and a Flag in my Hand: Rural Gender Identity in American Musical Theatre Author: Cuskey, Lusie Year: 2016 The integrated musical is a vehicle for the creation and communication of a national identity, created through the use of coded performances of gender and, at times, rural settings conceptualized as essentially “American.” There is, however, little research about the ways in which gender operates in rural settings in musical theatre, or the ways in which rural gender identities are utilized to communicate nationalist ideologies. This thesis seeks to address this gap in research by examining three contemporary American musicals – Carrie, Violet, and The Spitfire Grill – in light of both American musical theatre conventions surrounding gender performance and contemporary theory around gender, rurality, and intersectional rural gender identities. This thesis ultimately suggests that an approach to rural gender in musical theatre grounded in a specific physical and cultural moment and location is best equipped to both honor the narratives of rural communities and propagate appropriately complex narratives of national identity. Close

• 20. [Article] Summary: Overcoming Gender Inequalities in Fish Supply Chains to Inform Policy and Action

  This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary: Overcoming Gender Inequalities in Fish Supply Chains to Inform Policy and Action Author: Williams, Meryl This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Title: Summary: Overcoming Gender Inequalities in Fish Supply Chains to Inform Policy and Action Author: Williams, Meryl This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Close