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• 1. [Article] A mathematical model for adsorptive bubble-separation processes

  Adsorptive bubble-separation processes are used to remove adsorptive contaminants from wastewater. A mathematical model was developed for the adsorptive bubble separation processes in a countercurrent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A mathematical model for adsorptive bubble-separation processes Author: Tʻang, Li Adsorptive bubble-separation processes are used to remove adsorptive contaminants from wastewater. A mathematical model was developed for the adsorptive bubble separation processes in a countercurrent column. The model included an assumption that linear adsorption of the solute occurred on the gas bubbles. Predictions indicated that aqueous column height has less effect on the solute removal efficiency than water flow rates, gas flow rates or bubble size. Increased water flow rates reduce removal efficiency; greater gas flow rates increase removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiency is determined by adsorption characteristics of the solute; the removal rate is controlled by mass-transfer rate. However, influent concentrations of the solute in the water phase do not affect removal efficiency. These predictions were tested by means of solvent sublation experiments conducted in a laboratory setting. The data were collected from the sublation of Triton-X100 in a water-ethyl acetate-nitrogen system. Linear regression was used to compare predictions and experimental data with respect to column height. Five column heights ranged from 30 to 100 cm were compared at three water flow rates, 3.0, 5.5 and 13.0 ml/min. The calculated column heights agreed the observed column heights well. As the model predicted, the effect of influent concentraion on the removal efficiency was not significant. The surface excess of Triton-X100 (0.75 E-10 to 7.5 E-10 g mole/cm²) estimated from the adsorption constant in the model agrees with other published values (2.6 E-10 to 2.8 E-10 g mole/cm²). The mass-transfer coefficients of Triton-X100 in water (kL, which ranged from 0.50 to 0.60 cm/min) determined from the model and experimental data at 3.0, 5.5, 8.0 and 13.0 ml/min water flows (Qw) are proportional to the 0.124 power of the water flow rates. kL = 0.0441 Qw⁰.¹²⁴ This empirical exponent correlation between mass-transfer coefficients and water flow rates for the adsorption processes is similar to the correlation determined from previous absorption models. Title: A mathematical model for adsorptive bubble-separation processes Author: Tʻang, Li Adsorptive bubble-separation processes are used to remove adsorptive contaminants from wastewater. A mathematical model was developed for the adsorptive bubble separation processes in a countercurrent column. The model included an assumption that linear adsorption of the solute occurred on the gas bubbles. Predictions indicated that aqueous column height has less effect on the solute removal efficiency than water flow rates, gas flow rates or bubble size. Increased water flow rates reduce removal efficiency; greater gas flow rates increase removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiency is determined by adsorption characteristics of the solute; the removal rate is controlled by mass-transfer rate. However, influent concentrations of the solute in the water phase do not affect removal efficiency. These predictions were tested by means of solvent sublation experiments conducted in a laboratory setting. The data were collected from the sublation of Triton-X100 in a water-ethyl acetate-nitrogen system. Linear regression was used to compare predictions and experimental data with respect to column height. Five column heights ranged from 30 to 100 cm were compared at three water flow rates, 3.0, 5.5 and 13.0 ml/min. The calculated column heights agreed the observed column heights well. As the model predicted, the effect of influent concentraion on the removal efficiency was not significant. The surface excess of Triton-X100 (0.75 E-10 to 7.5 E-10 g mole/cm²) estimated from the adsorption constant in the model agrees with other published values (2.6 E-10 to 2.8 E-10 g mole/cm²). The mass-transfer coefficients of Triton-X100 in water (kL, which ranged from 0.50 to 0.60 cm/min) determined from the model and experimental data at 3.0, 5.5, 8.0 and 13.0 ml/min water flows (Qw) are proportional to the 0.124 power of the water flow rates. kL = 0.0441 Qw⁰.¹²⁴ This empirical exponent correlation between mass-transfer coefficients and water flow rates for the adsorption processes is similar to the correlation determined from previous absorption models. Close

• 2. [Article] Cardiac output and respiratory measurements in the rainbow trout and their application to the study of blood and water flow limitations on chemical flux at the gill

  A method has been developed for the continuous automated monitoring of cardiac output in adult rainbow trout. Average cardiac output measured under control conditions and varied environmental conditions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cardiac output and respiratory measurements in the rainbow trout and their application to the study of blood and water flow limitations on chemical flux at the gill Author: Schmieder, Patricia K. (Patricia Kathleen) A method has been developed for the continuous automated monitoring of cardiac output in adult rainbow trout. Average cardiac output measured under control conditions and varied environmental conditions of hypoxia and post-hypoxia was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) in male than female trout. The cardiac output of trout in spawning condition was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) than that of trout not in spawning condition. Measurements of pulsatile cardiac output were made simultaneously with trout ventilation, and revealed ventilatory interactions with blood flow that varied depending on environmental oxygen condition. The method for monitoring gill blood flow was used with methods for automated measurement of gill water flow, oxygen uptake, and chemical flux in vivo. An experimental protocol was developed in which environmental oxygen was varied to obtain maximum increases in water flow over the gills without blood flow changes, and subsequent attainment of maximum increases in blood flow through the gills with decreasing water flow. The protocol was used as a probe to study variations in chemical flux with varied blood or water flow. The changes in gill flux of butanol (Log octanol/water partition coefficient (P) = 0.88) measured during control, hypoxia, and post-hypoxia correlated with observed changes in blood flow. A 70% increase in butanol flux was noted with a 50% increase in cardiac output, but there was no increase in butanol flux with a 100% increase in ventilation volume. Changes observed in the gill flux of decanol (Log P = 4.57) measured under varied environmental oxygen conditions correlated with observed changes in ventilation volume. A 100% increase in decanol flux was noted with a 160% increase in ventilation volume. The observed blood flow limitations to uptake of the low Log P butanol, and the water flow limitations to uptake of the high Log P decanol helped to verify assumptions made in recently proposed flow-limited models for prediction of chemical flux across fish gills. Title: Cardiac output and respiratory measurements in the rainbow trout and their application to the study of blood and water flow limitations on chemical flux at the gill Author: Schmieder, Patricia K. (Patricia Kathleen) A method has been developed for the continuous automated monitoring of cardiac output in adult rainbow trout. Average cardiac output measured under control conditions and varied environmental conditions of hypoxia and post-hypoxia was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) in male than female trout. The cardiac output of trout in spawning condition was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) than that of trout not in spawning condition. Measurements of pulsatile cardiac output were made simultaneously with trout ventilation, and revealed ventilatory interactions with blood flow that varied depending on environmental oxygen condition. The method for monitoring gill blood flow was used with methods for automated measurement of gill water flow, oxygen uptake, and chemical flux in vivo. An experimental protocol was developed in which environmental oxygen was varied to obtain maximum increases in water flow over the gills without blood flow changes, and subsequent attainment of maximum increases in blood flow through the gills with decreasing water flow. The protocol was used as a probe to study variations in chemical flux with varied blood or water flow. The changes in gill flux of butanol (Log octanol/water partition coefficient (P) = 0.88) measured during control, hypoxia, and post-hypoxia correlated with observed changes in blood flow. A 70% increase in butanol flux was noted with a 50% increase in cardiac output, but there was no increase in butanol flux with a 100% increase in ventilation volume. Changes observed in the gill flux of decanol (Log P = 4.57) measured under varied environmental oxygen conditions correlated with observed changes in ventilation volume. A 100% increase in decanol flux was noted with a 160% increase in ventilation volume. The observed blood flow limitations to uptake of the low Log P butanol, and the water flow limitations to uptake of the high Log P decanol helped to verify assumptions made in recently proposed flow-limited models for prediction of chemical flux across fish gills. Close

• 3. [Article] Thesis Appendices.zip

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thesis Appendices.zip Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Title: Thesis Appendices.zip Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Close

• 4. [Article] Evaporator analysis for application to water-source and ice-maker heat pumps

  Water-source and ice-maker heat pumps share many characteristics. However, each presents different technical difficulties that have prevented them from being used more widely. In a water-source heat pump ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaporator analysis for application to water-source and ice-maker heat pumps Author: Aceves, Salvador M. Water-source and ice-maker heat pumps share many characteristics. However, each presents different technical difficulties that have prevented them from being used more widely. In a water-source heat pump a very important consideration is to reduce water consumption, while in an ice-maker heat pump a major concern is to reduce the number of deicing cycles while keeping a high performance. Previous research by this author has indicated that the use of the flow reversal method (reversing periodically the water flow direction in the evaporator) has the effect of partly deicing the evaporator, reducing pressure drop and enhancing heat transfer. This thesis shows the development and application of analytical and numerical models to study the effect of different evaporator parameters on heat pump efficiency, as well as the possible advantages of using the flow reversal method in a water-source or ice-maker heat pump. The conclusion reached from these studies is that periodic water flow reversals inside an evaporator with freezing help improve the performance of a heat pump system in two different ways. First, periodic water flow direction reversals serve to enhance heat transfer in the evaporator. Second, reversing the water flow direction also delays ice blockage in the evaporator, or totally prevents blockage from happening. Delaying ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for ice-maker heat pumps, since these may then operate for a longer time without deicing. Preventing ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for water-source heat pumps, since these may then operate at lower water flow rates. Suggestions for future work include further testing of the flow reversal method for different evaporator geometries, as well as an experimental evaluation of the flow reversal method. Title: Evaporator analysis for application to water-source and ice-maker heat pumps Author: Aceves, Salvador M. Water-source and ice-maker heat pumps share many characteristics. However, each presents different technical difficulties that have prevented them from being used more widely. In a water-source heat pump a very important consideration is to reduce water consumption, while in an ice-maker heat pump a major concern is to reduce the number of deicing cycles while keeping a high performance. Previous research by this author has indicated that the use of the flow reversal method (reversing periodically the water flow direction in the evaporator) has the effect of partly deicing the evaporator, reducing pressure drop and enhancing heat transfer. This thesis shows the development and application of analytical and numerical models to study the effect of different evaporator parameters on heat pump efficiency, as well as the possible advantages of using the flow reversal method in a water-source or ice-maker heat pump. The conclusion reached from these studies is that periodic water flow reversals inside an evaporator with freezing help improve the performance of a heat pump system in two different ways. First, periodic water flow direction reversals serve to enhance heat transfer in the evaporator. Second, reversing the water flow direction also delays ice blockage in the evaporator, or totally prevents blockage from happening. Delaying ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for ice-maker heat pumps, since these may then operate for a longer time without deicing. Preventing ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for water-source heat pumps, since these may then operate at lower water flow rates. Suggestions for future work include further testing of the flow reversal method for different evaporator geometries, as well as an experimental evaluation of the flow reversal method. Close

• 5. [Image] Log dam with water flowing through

  	Log dam with water flowing through
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Log dam with water flowing through Year: 1910 Log dam with water flowing through Title: Log dam with water flowing through Year: 1910 Log dam with water flowing through Close

• 6. [Article] Numerical computation of free surface water flow

  The present thesis is a report of investigations on a model for computing the water flow in the wave tank of the OSU Wave Laboratory. A wave board, established at one end of the 100 m long, 4 m wide and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Numerical computation of free surface water flow Author: Kuhnert, Jorg The present thesis is a report of investigations on a model for computing the water flow in the wave tank of the OSU Wave Laboratory. A wave board, established at one end of the 100 m long, 4 m wide and 6 m deep wave tank, produces water waves by periodically moving back and forth. The resulting free surface water flow will be modeled physically. This physical model will be transformed into a mathematical model which is implemented on a computer. The goal is to approximately compute the velocity distribution of the fluid modeled as a linear combination of basis functions. Certain well known mathematical tools such as the Galerkin method or the idea of finite elements are employed. The theoretical developments are done for the three-dimensional case. However, numerical experiments are performed in two dimensions only. Two different types of basis functions will be introduced and investigated. Their advantages, disadvantages and capability to compute realistic results will clearly be shown and demonstrated in practice. Several problems occured during the development of the computation algorithms. These problems are outlined in this thesis, and several solutions are suggested. For example, a method how to deal with rising and falling water surface at a vertical boundary will be presented. The results of five numerical test runs will be exhibited, underlining what the theory predicts. Title: Numerical computation of free surface water flow Author: Kuhnert, Jorg The present thesis is a report of investigations on a model for computing the water flow in the wave tank of the OSU Wave Laboratory. A wave board, established at one end of the 100 m long, 4 m wide and 6 m deep wave tank, produces water waves by periodically moving back and forth. The resulting free surface water flow will be modeled physically. This physical model will be transformed into a mathematical model which is implemented on a computer. The goal is to approximately compute the velocity distribution of the fluid modeled as a linear combination of basis functions. Certain well known mathematical tools such as the Galerkin method or the idea of finite elements are employed. The theoretical developments are done for the three-dimensional case. However, numerical experiments are performed in two dimensions only. Two different types of basis functions will be introduced and investigated. Their advantages, disadvantages and capability to compute realistic results will clearly be shown and demonstrated in practice. Several problems occured during the development of the computation algorithms. These problems are outlined in this thesis, and several solutions are suggested. For example, a method how to deal with rising and falling water surface at a vertical boundary will be presented. The results of five numerical test runs will be exhibited, underlining what the theory predicts. Close

• 7. [Image] Tule Lake outlet, showing pit, into which water flows and disappears

  	August 3, 1908
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tule Lake outlet, showing pit, into which water flows and disappears Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1908, 2005, 2004 August 3, 1908 Title: Tule Lake outlet, showing pit, into which water flows and disappears Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1908, 2005, 2004 August 3, 1908 Close

• 8. [Article] Estimating water flow rates

  Declared out of print December 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonst...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating water flow rates Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Trimmer, Walter L. Declared out of print December 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Estimating water flow rates Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Trimmer, Walter L. Declared out of print December 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 9. [Article] Investigations into the Regional and Local Timescale Variations of Subglacial Drainage Networks

  Subglacial water plays an important role in the regulation of an ice sheet's mass balance. It may be the dominant control on the velocities of ice streams and outlet glaciers on scales of months to millennia. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigations into the Regional and Local Timescale Variations of Subglacial Drainage Networks Author: Hiester, Justin Year: 2013 Subglacial water plays an important role in the regulation of an ice sheet's mass balance. It may be the dominant control on the velocities of ice streams and outlet glaciers on scales of months to millennia. Recent satellite observations of ice surface elevation changes have given researchers new insights into how subglacial water is stored and transported. Localized uplift and settling of the ice surface implies that lakes exist beneath the ice sheet that are being filled and drained on relatively short time scales. %At the base of an ice sheet water can be transported through a variety of drainage networks or stored in subglacial lakes. Here, a numerical investigation of the mechanisms of transport and storage of subglacial water and the associated time scales is presented. Experiments are carried out using a finite element model of coupled ice and water flow. The first experiment seeks to understand the relationship between the depth of a basal depression and the area over which the feature affects basal water flow. It is found that as the perturbation to a topographic depression's depth is increased, water is rerouted in response to the perturbation. Additionally it is found that the relationship between perturbation depth and the extent upstream to which its effects reach is nonlinear. The second experiment examines how the aspect ratio of bed features (prolate, oblate, or equidimensional) influences basal water flow. It is found that the systems that develop and their interactions are mediated by both the topography and the feedbacks taken into account by the coupling of the systems in the model. Features oriented parallel to ice and water flow are associated with distributed fan systems that develop branches which migrate laterally across the domain and interact with one another on monthly and yearly timescales. Laterally oriented features develop laterally extensive ponds. As the ratio of longitudinal to lateral dimension of the topography is increased, a combination of these two water distributions is seen. Title: Investigations into the Regional and Local Timescale Variations of Subglacial Drainage Networks Author: Hiester, Justin Year: 2013 Subglacial water plays an important role in the regulation of an ice sheet's mass balance. It may be the dominant control on the velocities of ice streams and outlet glaciers on scales of months to millennia. Recent satellite observations of ice surface elevation changes have given researchers new insights into how subglacial water is stored and transported. Localized uplift and settling of the ice surface implies that lakes exist beneath the ice sheet that are being filled and drained on relatively short time scales. %At the base of an ice sheet water can be transported through a variety of drainage networks or stored in subglacial lakes. Here, a numerical investigation of the mechanisms of transport and storage of subglacial water and the associated time scales is presented. Experiments are carried out using a finite element model of coupled ice and water flow. The first experiment seeks to understand the relationship between the depth of a basal depression and the area over which the feature affects basal water flow. It is found that as the perturbation to a topographic depression's depth is increased, water is rerouted in response to the perturbation. Additionally it is found that the relationship between perturbation depth and the extent upstream to which its effects reach is nonlinear. The second experiment examines how the aspect ratio of bed features (prolate, oblate, or equidimensional) influences basal water flow. It is found that the systems that develop and their interactions are mediated by both the topography and the feedbacks taken into account by the coupling of the systems in the model. Features oriented parallel to ice and water flow are associated with distributed fan systems that develop branches which migrate laterally across the domain and interact with one another on monthly and yearly timescales. Laterally oriented features develop laterally extensive ponds. As the ratio of longitudinal to lateral dimension of the topography is increased, a combination of these two water distributions is seen. Close

• 10. [Article] The development of a hydrological model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The development of a hydrological model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM.pdf Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Title: The development of a hydrological model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM.pdf Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Close

• 11. [Article] Statistical Analysis for Groundwater / Surface Water Interaction at a Drinking Water Well

  Drinking water at a certain groundwater well is located at the confluence of a north fork and south fork of a major river. Data was collected to determine if the well is under direct influence by surface ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Statistical Analysis for Groundwater / Surface Water Interaction at a Drinking Water Well Author: Garlitz, John Year: 2008 Drinking water at a certain groundwater well is located at the confluence of a north fork and south fork of a major river. Data was collected to determine if the well is under direct influence by surface water. Direct influence and the extent of the correlation was determined by statistically analyzing the well turbidity with surface water flow and temperature variability. The surface water flow and was lagged per period and with a weighted average to determine the highest correlation. Logistic regression models were developed to determine if a predictive model can predict permit conditions based on the data collected. Title: Statistical Analysis for Groundwater / Surface Water Interaction at a Drinking Water Well Author: Garlitz, John Year: 2008 Drinking water at a certain groundwater well is located at the confluence of a north fork and south fork of a major river. Data was collected to determine if the well is under direct influence by surface water. Direct influence and the extent of the correlation was determined by statistically analyzing the well turbidity with surface water flow and temperature variability. The surface water flow and was lagged per period and with a weighted average to determine the highest correlation. Logistic regression models were developed to determine if a predictive model can predict permit conditions based on the data collected. Close

• 12. [Image] Culvert with small water flow

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Culvert with small water flow Year: 1982 Title: Culvert with small water flow Year: 1982 Close

• 13. [Image] Log dam with water flowing through

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Log dam with water flowing through Year: 1910 Title: Log dam with water flowing through Year: 1910 Close

• 14. [Image] WCPA 170E-12

  	The picturesque waterwheels on the Deschutes built by Joseph Miller and his sons, Joe and Don, were 42 feet high. Built in a protected place surrounded on the river side by a dam with a gate to control ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: WCPA 170E-12 The picturesque waterwheels on the Deschutes built by Joseph Miller and his sons, Joe and Don, were 42 feet high. Built in a protected place surrounded on the river side by a dam with a gate to control water flow, the water buckets lifted water and dumped it into a through on stilts which fed into a pipe which carried water as far east as their house. About one a week the water wheels were stooped and tethered by a chain so repairs could be made. Title: WCPA 170E-12 The picturesque waterwheels on the Deschutes built by Joseph Miller and his sons, Joe and Don, were 42 feet high. Built in a protected place surrounded on the river side by a dam with a gate to control water flow, the water buckets lifted water and dumped it into a through on stilts which fed into a pipe which carried water as far east as their house. About one a week the water wheels were stooped and tethered by a chain so repairs could be made. Close

• 15. [Article] Effects of estuarine circulation patterns and stress on the migratory behavior of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus sp.)

  For the first objective of this thesis, we attempt to understand the role of water flow and directionality in determining steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and spring/summer and fall Chinook (O. tschawytscha) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of estuarine circulation patterns and stress on the migratory behavior of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus sp.) Author: Truelove, Nathan Kobun For the first objective of this thesis, we attempt to understand the role of water flow and directionality in determining steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and spring/summer and fall Chinook (O. tschawytscha) migration patterns within the Columbia River Estuary and plume by integrating recent advances in biotelemetry and environmental observation and forecasting systems (EOFS). The underlying methodology included analysis of the spatial and temporal movements of juvenile outmigrant salmonids with hydrological data from the CORIE modeling system (http://www.ccalmr.ogi.edu/CORIE). The CORIE modeling system, an EOFS for the Columbia River and nearshore environment, integrates a real-time sensor network, data management system and advanced 3-dimensional numerical models. Numerical simulations of key physical variables (water level, velocities, and directionality) were generated for the precise time and location that individual juvenile salmonids implanted with radio transmitters were present in the Columbia River Estuary. Five general behavioral trends were evident from these simulations: i) passive movement (drifting) during ebb tides, ii) active swimming with the current during ebb tides, iii) active swimming against the current during flood tides, iv) active swimming cross current during flood tides, and v) passive drifting during flood tide. Direction of water flow had a significant effect on fish velocity. All fish types showed a positive relationship between fish velocity and simulated drifter velocity with outgoing water flow. During slack water flow (< 0.25 m/s), this relationship was only observed in barged fall Chinook. With incoming water flow, spring/summer and fall Chinook fish types showed no relationship, whereas steelhead did. Analysis over a three-year period suggested that data from the CORIE modeling system corresponded well with juvenile salmonid migratory behavior and that the model may be a useful tool for evaluating the impact of different hydrological regimes on fish movement. The secondary objective of this thesis evaluated the effects of both acute and chronic crowding stressors on the migratory behavior of hatchery reared juvenile steelhead released into Abernathy Creek, a tributary of the Columbia River Estuary, Washington. The acute stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a NanoTag radio transmitter (Lotek Wireless, Canada), followed by 6 hours of crowding immediately prior to release. The chronic stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a PIT-tag (Digital Angel Corporation), 36 days of acclimation, followed by 3 weeks of crowding in low water conditions prior to release. Short-term migratory success of steelhead that received the acute stress treatment was determined by radio telemetry. Numbers of migrating fish that received experimental stress treatments and their speed was determined by both mobile radio telemetry and stationary PIT-tag and radio-tag interrogation systems already established on Abernathy Creek. Acute and chronic stress treatments both significantly delayed migration by 2 to 10 days, respectively, compared to controls. Furthermore, the acute stress treatment significantly decreased the both the rate of migration and numbers of juvenile steelhead that successfully migrated out of Abernathy creek. Title: Effects of estuarine circulation patterns and stress on the migratory behavior of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus sp.) Author: Truelove, Nathan Kobun For the first objective of this thesis, we attempt to understand the role of water flow and directionality in determining steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and spring/summer and fall Chinook (O. tschawytscha) migration patterns within the Columbia River Estuary and plume by integrating recent advances in biotelemetry and environmental observation and forecasting systems (EOFS). The underlying methodology included analysis of the spatial and temporal movements of juvenile outmigrant salmonids with hydrological data from the CORIE modeling system (http://www.ccalmr.ogi.edu/CORIE). The CORIE modeling system, an EOFS for the Columbia River and nearshore environment, integrates a real-time sensor network, data management system and advanced 3-dimensional numerical models. Numerical simulations of key physical variables (water level, velocities, and directionality) were generated for the precise time and location that individual juvenile salmonids implanted with radio transmitters were present in the Columbia River Estuary. Five general behavioral trends were evident from these simulations: i) passive movement (drifting) during ebb tides, ii) active swimming with the current during ebb tides, iii) active swimming against the current during flood tides, iv) active swimming cross current during flood tides, and v) passive drifting during flood tide. Direction of water flow had a significant effect on fish velocity. All fish types showed a positive relationship between fish velocity and simulated drifter velocity with outgoing water flow. During slack water flow (< 0.25 m/s), this relationship was only observed in barged fall Chinook. With incoming water flow, spring/summer and fall Chinook fish types showed no relationship, whereas steelhead did. Analysis over a three-year period suggested that data from the CORIE modeling system corresponded well with juvenile salmonid migratory behavior and that the model may be a useful tool for evaluating the impact of different hydrological regimes on fish movement. The secondary objective of this thesis evaluated the effects of both acute and chronic crowding stressors on the migratory behavior of hatchery reared juvenile steelhead released into Abernathy Creek, a tributary of the Columbia River Estuary, Washington. The acute stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a NanoTag radio transmitter (Lotek Wireless, Canada), followed by 6 hours of crowding immediately prior to release. The chronic stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a PIT-tag (Digital Angel Corporation), 36 days of acclimation, followed by 3 weeks of crowding in low water conditions prior to release. Short-term migratory success of steelhead that received the acute stress treatment was determined by radio telemetry. Numbers of migrating fish that received experimental stress treatments and their speed was determined by both mobile radio telemetry and stationary PIT-tag and radio-tag interrogation systems already established on Abernathy Creek. Acute and chronic stress treatments both significantly delayed migration by 2 to 10 days, respectively, compared to controls. Furthermore, the acute stress treatment significantly decreased the both the rate of migration and numbers of juvenile steelhead that successfully migrated out of Abernathy creek. Close

• 16. [Article] Impact of microbial growth on water flow and solute transport in unsaturated porous media

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of microbial growth on water flow and solute transport in unsaturated porous media Author: Niemet, M. R., Selker, J. S., Rockhold, M. L., Bottomley, P. J., Yarwood, R. R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Title: Impact of microbial growth on water flow and solute transport in unsaturated porous media Author: Niemet, M. R., Selker, J. S., Rockhold, M. L., Bottomley, P. J., Yarwood, R. R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Close

• 17. [Article] Report on "Yaquina River" : Investigation sponsored by Oregon State Fish Commission, July, 1936

  Reports on potential sites for a salmon hatchery on the Yaquina River. "Each tributary has been carefully studied and special attention given to those creeks on which possible hatchery sites were found. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report on "Yaquina River" : Investigation sponsored by Oregon State Fish Commission, July, 1936 Author: Reynolds, John, Ledgerwood, Edgar, Oregon. Fish Commission Reports on potential sites for a salmon hatchery on the Yaquina River. "Each tributary has been carefully studied and special attention given to those creeks on which possible hatchery sites were found. Items given consideration on each stream were: pond site locations, flow of water, drop of stream bed, nature of creek bottom, temperature of water, flow of water, flood water levels, salmon run, obstructions to salmon run, stranded fingerlings, ownership of land, water rights, irrigation projects, etc." (From the Introduction) Includes hand-drawn maps. Title: Report on "Yaquina River" : Investigation sponsored by Oregon State Fish Commission, July, 1936 Author: Reynolds, John, Ledgerwood, Edgar, Oregon. Fish Commission Reports on potential sites for a salmon hatchery on the Yaquina River. "Each tributary has been carefully studied and special attention given to those creeks on which possible hatchery sites were found. Items given consideration on each stream were: pond site locations, flow of water, drop of stream bed, nature of creek bottom, temperature of water, flow of water, flood water levels, salmon run, obstructions to salmon run, stranded fingerlings, ownership of land, water rights, irrigation projects, etc." (From the Introduction) Includes hand-drawn maps. Close

• 18. [Article] Friction losses for water flowing in non-circular ducts

  Friction factors were measured for water flowing in ducts made up of two rods held between two flat plates. Three rod diameters of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 inches were used. The spacings between rods varied ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Friction losses for water flowing in non-circular ducts Author: Mohandes, Abdolhosein Friction factors were measured for water flowing in ducts made up of two rods held between two flat plates. Three rod diameters of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 inches were used. The spacings between rods varied from 0.0 to 0.32 inch. It was found that the concept of hydraulic diameter was adequate to correlate data and equations of the forms corresponding the Blasius power form and the Nikuradse-Von-Karman logarithmic form were obtained. The friction factor values are almost 40% less than values of circular tubes at the same Reynolds number. The correlations obtained have a maximum of 5% variation over 215 experimental data points. Analysis of data also showed that 2-8% of the cross-sectional area of duct can be considered laminar flow and the remainder to be in turbulent flow. This division of two regions is nearly constant at an angle of 20-30° which is the angle subtended by the laminar portion of the stream at the center of a rod. This angle is defined in Figure 7. Reynolds number range from 2,000 to 30,000. Title: Friction losses for water flowing in non-circular ducts Author: Mohandes, Abdolhosein Friction factors were measured for water flowing in ducts made up of two rods held between two flat plates. Three rod diameters of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 inches were used. The spacings between rods varied from 0.0 to 0.32 inch. It was found that the concept of hydraulic diameter was adequate to correlate data and equations of the forms corresponding the Blasius power form and the Nikuradse-Von-Karman logarithmic form were obtained. The friction factor values are almost 40% less than values of circular tubes at the same Reynolds number. The correlations obtained have a maximum of 5% variation over 215 experimental data points. Analysis of data also showed that 2-8% of the cross-sectional area of duct can be considered laminar flow and the remainder to be in turbulent flow. This division of two regions is nearly constant at an angle of 20-30° which is the angle subtended by the laminar portion of the stream at the center of a rod. This angle is defined in Figure 7. Reynolds number range from 2,000 to 30,000. Close

• 19. [Image] Scenes on the Umatilla River; PH036_5737

  	An outside photograph of what has been identified as the Umatilla River in Oregon. The river flows between two embankments of fir trees. The right embankment contains a high density of fir trees, and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scenes on the Umatilla River; PH036_5737 Year: 1897 An outside photograph of what has been identified as the Umatilla River in Oregon. The river flows between two embankments of fir trees. The right embankment contains a high density of fir trees, and the left embankment contains a patch of fir trees surrounded by wild grasses, rock, and dirt. The river shows its currents and ripples, with a water flow toward the bottom of the photograph. The water flow appears to drop off slightly, like a small waterfall. The river first appears in the photograph after it winds around a bend in the embankments. Toward the top of the photograph a mountain range can be seen in the distance. The top of the photograph displays large, dark clouds that threaten rain. Title: Scenes on the Umatilla River; PH036_5737 Year: 1897 An outside photograph of what has been identified as the Umatilla River in Oregon. The river flows between two embankments of fir trees. The right embankment contains a high density of fir trees, and the left embankment contains a patch of fir trees surrounded by wild grasses, rock, and dirt. The river shows its currents and ripples, with a water flow toward the bottom of the photograph. The water flow appears to drop off slightly, like a small waterfall. The river first appears in the photograph after it winds around a bend in the embankments. Toward the top of the photograph a mountain range can be seen in the distance. The top of the photograph displays large, dark clouds that threaten rain. Close

• 20. [Article] Incipient boiling and burnout heat flux for subcooled water flowing in annuli containing heated concentric wires

  Incipient boiling and burnout heat fluxes were studied for sub-cooled forced convection annular flow. Small wires varying from 0.010 to 0.020 inch in diameter were used as the inner core of the annulus and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Incipient boiling and burnout heat flux for subcooled water flowing in annuli containing heated concentric wires Author: Nolan, Lawrence Lyle Incipient boiling and burnout heat fluxes were studied for sub-cooled forced convection annular flow. Small wires varying from 0.010 to 0.020 inch in diameter were used as the inner core of the annulus and a one inch ID glass tube 24 inches long was used as the outer tube. This gave diameter ratios from 100:1 to 50:1. The water flow rate varied from 685,000 to 2,710,000 LBM/(hr.ft.²) at a constant temperature of 208.4°F and a constant pressure of 18.7 psia. Alternating current was supplied to the wires, and the power required for incipient boiling and burnout heat flux measured. Incipient boiling heat fluxes varied from 70,200 to 254,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²) while burnout heat fluxes ranged from 638,000 to 921,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²). For the range of operating conditions considered it was found that the heat transfer coefficient for incipient boiling was much less than predicted by other investigators. Measured burnout heat flux agreed well with an empirical relationship developed by Weatherhead. Title: Incipient boiling and burnout heat flux for subcooled water flowing in annuli containing heated concentric wires Author: Nolan, Lawrence Lyle Incipient boiling and burnout heat fluxes were studied for sub-cooled forced convection annular flow. Small wires varying from 0.010 to 0.020 inch in diameter were used as the inner core of the annulus and a one inch ID glass tube 24 inches long was used as the outer tube. This gave diameter ratios from 100:1 to 50:1. The water flow rate varied from 685,000 to 2,710,000 LBM/(hr.ft.²) at a constant temperature of 208.4°F and a constant pressure of 18.7 psia. Alternating current was supplied to the wires, and the power required for incipient boiling and burnout heat flux measured. Incipient boiling heat fluxes varied from 70,200 to 254,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²) while burnout heat fluxes ranged from 638,000 to 921,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²). For the range of operating conditions considered it was found that the heat transfer coefficient for incipient boiling was much less than predicted by other investigators. Measured burnout heat flux agreed well with an empirical relationship developed by Weatherhead. Close

• 21. [Image] Gerber Dam - leaks from construction joints

  	KP-2215-R2 - Klamath Project, Gerber Dam. Downstream face of spillway showing leaks from construction joints and water flowing along downstream face of dam. California Projects; July 14, 1953; Photo by ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam - leaks from construction joints Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Westphal, Donald M. Year: 1953, 2007, 2006 KP-2215-R2 - Klamath Project, Gerber Dam. Downstream face of spillway showing leaks from construction joints and water flowing along downstream face of dam. California Projects; July 14, 1953; Photo by Donald M. Westphal Title: Gerber Dam - leaks from construction joints Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Westphal, Donald M. Year: 1953, 2007, 2006 KP-2215-R2 - Klamath Project, Gerber Dam. Downstream face of spillway showing leaks from construction joints and water flowing along downstream face of dam. California Projects; July 14, 1953; Photo by Donald M. Westphal Close

• 22. [Article] The Effects of Villwok's Ford on Native and Exotic Fishes of Rickreall Creek

  Abstract -- Rickreall Creek is a 4th order tributary of the Willamette River in Polk County, Oregon (Mattson and Gallagher 2001). Previous fish sampling had indicated a high percentage of exotic fishes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Villwok's Ford on Native and Exotic Fishes of Rickreall Creek Abstract -- Rickreall Creek is a 4th order tributary of the Willamette River in Polk County, Oregon (Mattson and Gallagher 2001). Previous fish sampling had indicated a high percentage of exotic fishes in the lower portion of the creek (Altman 1997) and in an upstream reservoir (Chastain et. al. 2002). However, within the mainstem, exotic fishes (with the exception of planted juvenile coho) are absent above Villwok's Ford, the lowermost barrier on the creek at about river km 12.7 (Chastain et. al. 2002). A 1995 CH2MHill survey noted the ford was a culvert and not passable while Mattson and Gallagher (2001) found water flowing over the ford and fish passage "appeared possible". Because the ford appears to violate Oregon statutes regarding fish passage at man-made barriers, but may paradoxically provide benefits by excluding exotic fishes, we initiated a study of the ford and of a variety of fishes to determine the seasons and conditions during which the ford was a barrier to fish passage. Title: The Effects of Villwok's Ford on Native and Exotic Fishes of Rickreall Creek Abstract -- Rickreall Creek is a 4th order tributary of the Willamette River in Polk County, Oregon (Mattson and Gallagher 2001). Previous fish sampling had indicated a high percentage of exotic fishes in the lower portion of the creek (Altman 1997) and in an upstream reservoir (Chastain et. al. 2002). However, within the mainstem, exotic fishes (with the exception of planted juvenile coho) are absent above Villwok's Ford, the lowermost barrier on the creek at about river km 12.7 (Chastain et. al. 2002). A 1995 CH2MHill survey noted the ford was a culvert and not passable while Mattson and Gallagher (2001) found water flowing over the ford and fish passage "appeared possible". Because the ford appears to violate Oregon statutes regarding fish passage at man-made barriers, but may paradoxically provide benefits by excluding exotic fishes, we initiated a study of the ford and of a variety of fishes to determine the seasons and conditions during which the ford was a barrier to fish passage. Close

• 23. [Image] LANGELL VALLEY DIVISION - North Canal

  	KP-2599-R2-Klamath Project, LANGELL VALLEY DIVISION - North Canal. Looking northwest at Station 451. Emulsion and water flowing in empty canal; April 27, 1961; Photo by K.J. Greene
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: LANGELL VALLEY DIVISION - North Canal Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2599-R2-Klamath Project, LANGELL VALLEY DIVISION - North Canal. Looking northwest at Station 451. Emulsion and water flowing in empty canal; April 27, 1961; Photo by K.J. Greene Title: LANGELL VALLEY DIVISION - North Canal Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2599-R2-Klamath Project, LANGELL VALLEY DIVISION - North Canal. Looking northwest at Station 451. Emulsion and water flowing in empty canal; April 27, 1961; Photo by K.J. Greene Close

• 24. [Image] Gerber Dam

  	CN-12-201-542NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over Gerber spillway at 60 cfs from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-542NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over Gerber spillway at 60 cfs from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-542NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over Gerber spillway at 60 cfs from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Close

• 25. [Article] Observations of Fish and Shrimp Behavior in Ocean Shrimp (Pandalus jordani) Trawls, Information Reports 2003-03

  Abstract -- Underwater video observations of ocean shrimp (Panda/us jordani) and fish inside shrimp trawls and interacting with bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) were summarized. Ocean shrimp behavior inside ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Observations of Fish and Shrimp Behavior in Ocean Shrimp (Pandalus jordani) Trawls, Information Reports 2003-03 Abstract -- Underwater video observations of ocean shrimp (Panda/us jordani) and fish inside shrimp trawls and interacting with bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) were summarized. Ocean shrimp behavior inside trawl nets was passive and reactive in comparison to fish which generally exhibited the more typical optomotor responses. Mesh escapement for shrimp was mostly a two stage process in which shrimp entered an open mesh tail first. Escapement would occur a few seconds to many minutes later after a stimulus, such as motion of the catch or movement of the netting, initiated an escape response (tail flip) from the shrimp. Observations of rigid-grate BRDs showed that an accelerator funnel or panel was an important component of a successful BRD, keeping shrimp away from the escape hole and accelerating shrimp transport into the codend. Rigid-grate BRDs also provided a much more consistent net shape and grate angle with minimal water flow out the escape hole. Soft-panel BRDs were shown to deliver unpredictable angles in the deflector panel, due to an unpredictable net shape and diameter in the intermediate portion of shrimp nets, with associated water flow out the escape hole. Observations of the fisheye BRD showed it to be an ineffective BRD in ocean shrimp nets and very sensitive to placement. Title: Observations of Fish and Shrimp Behavior in Ocean Shrimp (Pandalus jordani) Trawls, Information Reports 2003-03 Abstract -- Underwater video observations of ocean shrimp (Panda/us jordani) and fish inside shrimp trawls and interacting with bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) were summarized. Ocean shrimp behavior inside trawl nets was passive and reactive in comparison to fish which generally exhibited the more typical optomotor responses. Mesh escapement for shrimp was mostly a two stage process in which shrimp entered an open mesh tail first. Escapement would occur a few seconds to many minutes later after a stimulus, such as motion of the catch or movement of the netting, initiated an escape response (tail flip) from the shrimp. Observations of rigid-grate BRDs showed that an accelerator funnel or panel was an important component of a successful BRD, keeping shrimp away from the escape hole and accelerating shrimp transport into the codend. Rigid-grate BRDs also provided a much more consistent net shape and grate angle with minimal water flow out the escape hole. Soft-panel BRDs were shown to deliver unpredictable angles in the deflector panel, due to an unpredictable net shape and diameter in the intermediate portion of shrimp nets, with associated water flow out the escape hole. Observations of the fisheye BRD showed it to be an ineffective BRD in ocean shrimp nets and very sensitive to placement. Close

• 26. [Article] Water rights and summer stream conditions

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water rights and summer stream conditions Title: Water rights and summer stream conditions Close

• 27. [Article] Soil suitability for on-site waste disposal : development of genetically marked Escherichia coli strains as tracers of subsurface water flow : completion report for Project A-039-ORE

  The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington D.C., as authorized by the Water ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil suitability for on-site waste disposal : development of genetically marked Escherichia coli strains as tracers of subsurface water flow : completion report for Project A-039-ORE Author: McCoy, Edward L., Hagedorn, Charles The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington D.C., as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978. Title: Soil suitability for on-site waste disposal : development of genetically marked Escherichia coli strains as tracers of subsurface water flow : completion report for Project A-039-ORE Author: McCoy, Edward L., Hagedorn, Charles The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington D.C., as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978. Close

• 28. [Article] Freshwater resources, Oregon Coastal Zone : a natural resource inventory report to the Oregon Coastal Conservation & Development Commission

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Freshwater resources, Oregon Coastal Zone : a natural resource inventory report to the Oregon Coastal Conservation & Development Commission Author: Oregon. State Water Resources Board, Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission Title: Freshwater resources, Oregon Coastal Zone : a natural resource inventory report to the Oregon Coastal Conservation & Development Commission Author: Oregon. State Water Resources Board, Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission Close

• 29. [Article] Spatial patterns in land use and water quality in the Tillamook Bay Watershed : a GIS mapping project

  No publishing date on piece.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial patterns in land use and water quality in the Tillamook Bay Watershed : a GIS mapping project Author: Frost, Pamela A., Garono, Ralph J., Strittholt, James R. No publishing date on piece. Title: Spatial patterns in land use and water quality in the Tillamook Bay Watershed : a GIS mapping project Author: Frost, Pamela A., Garono, Ralph J., Strittholt, James R. No publishing date on piece. Close

• 30. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 31. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 32. [Article] Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP) Title: Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP) Close

• 33. [Image] Prolonging water-flow in Negev Wadis

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prolonging water-flow in Negev Wadis Author: Orev, Y. Year: 1980 Title: Prolonging water-flow in Negev Wadis Author: Orev, Y. Year: 1980 Close

• 34. [Image] Water Flow in the Negev Riverbeds

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water Flow in the Negev Riverbeds Author: Ben-Zvi, Arie Year: 1980 Title: Water Flow in the Negev Riverbeds Author: Ben-Zvi, Arie Year: 1980 Close

• 35. [Image] Study of modelling the ground water flow in the Nile Delta using the Electrical Analog method

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Study of modelling the ground water flow in the Nile Delta using the Electrical Analog method Year: 1970 Title: Study of modelling the ground water flow in the Nile Delta using the Electrical Analog method Year: 1970 Close

• 36. [Image] Lebanese Water Flows to Israel

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lebanese Water Flows to Israel Year: 1986 Title: Lebanese Water Flows to Israel Year: 1986 Close

• 37. [Article] Squaw Creek Monitoring Project #97-211

  Abstract -- The project included watershed education of 400 students; water quality monitoring of water flow, temperature, dissolved oxygen, bacteria, and macro-invertebrates; riparian surveys; fish surveys; ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Squaw Creek Monitoring Project #97-211 Abstract -- The project included watershed education of 400 students; water quality monitoring of water flow, temperature, dissolved oxygen, bacteria, and macro-invertebrates; riparian surveys; fish surveys; and thermal infrared monitoring and color videography in the Squaw Creek sub-basin from 1997 through 2000. Reports on Squaw Creek watershed research, performed by USFS and ODFW during the same time period, are appended. Title: Squaw Creek Monitoring Project #97-211 Abstract -- The project included watershed education of 400 students; water quality monitoring of water flow, temperature, dissolved oxygen, bacteria, and macro-invertebrates; riparian surveys; fish surveys; and thermal infrared monitoring and color videography in the Squaw Creek sub-basin from 1997 through 2000. Reports on Squaw Creek watershed research, performed by USFS and ODFW during the same time period, are appended. Close

• 38. [Article] The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Close

• 39. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 40. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 41. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 42. [Article] A physical description of the Salmon River estuary

  A student report for a Civil Engineering 572 class, this document is an extensive description of the Salmon River estuary, including water flow, quality, predictions for the estuary’s future, and numerous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A physical description of the Salmon River estuary Author: Noble, Scott, Higgins, Bruce, Pratt, Robert, Askren, David, Hansen, Robert A student report for a Civil Engineering 572 class, this document is an extensive description of the Salmon River estuary, including water flow, quality, predictions for the estuary’s future, and numerous charts and graphs. Title: A physical description of the Salmon River estuary Author: Noble, Scott, Higgins, Bruce, Pratt, Robert, Askren, David, Hansen, Robert A student report for a Civil Engineering 572 class, this document is an extensive description of the Salmon River estuary, including water flow, quality, predictions for the estuary’s future, and numerous charts and graphs. Close

• 43. [Image] The main business district (the "loop"), Chicago

  	Looking north, from 20th Street to beyond Randolph Street. The Chicago Drainage Canal, its source in Lake Michigan and its north and south branches are well shown. Water flows from Lake Michigan through ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The main business district (the "loop"), Chicago Looking north, from 20th Street to beyond Randolph Street. The Chicago Drainage Canal, its source in Lake Michigan and its north and south branches are well shown. Water flows from Lake Michigan through the south branch of this canal into the Mississsippi River, and ultimately into the Gulf of Mexico. Title: The main business district (the "loop"), Chicago Looking north, from 20th Street to beyond Randolph Street. The Chicago Drainage Canal, its source in Lake Michigan and its north and south branches are well shown. Water flows from Lake Michigan through the south branch of this canal into the Mississsippi River, and ultimately into the Gulf of Mexico. Close

• 44. [Image] 500 ft. below great north glacier in early P.M. when water flows heavier - Cascade N. F.

  	Some of the glacial streams have dry channels in the early morning but as the ice begins to melt the stream grows until by evening it is a regular torrent. The glacier can be seen in the background.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 500 ft. below great north glacier in early P.M. when water flows heavier - Cascade N. F. Some of the glacial streams have dry channels in the early morning but as the ice begins to melt the stream grows until by evening it is a regular torrent. The glacier can be seen in the background. Title: 500 ft. below great north glacier in early P.M. when water flows heavier - Cascade N. F. Some of the glacial streams have dry channels in the early morning but as the ice begins to melt the stream grows until by evening it is a regular torrent. The glacier can be seen in the background. Close

• 45. [Image] Canyon near mouth of Klickitat River

  	The water flow is about 782 feet per second
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Canyon near mouth of Klickitat River Year: 1938 The water flow is about 782 feet per second Title: Canyon near mouth of Klickitat River Year: 1938 The water flow is about 782 feet per second Close

• 46. [Article] Modeling the hydrological aspects of the Fern Lake Watershed : annual report 1971

  Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling the hydrological aspects of the Fern Lake Watershed : annual report 1971 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Fowler, Charles W. (Charles Winsor), 1941-, University of Washington Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here is to develop a model of this flow using the climatological data available from the watershed. Measurements of air temperature, wind movement, air pressure, relative humidity, insolation, and precipitation were used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration through the use of the Penman equation (Penman 1948). A model based on relationships found in the published literature and some empirical relationships was developed to simulate the dynamics of the soil water. This submodel was incorporated into the larger model to link the climatological input variables to streamflow. Output from the computer program developed for the model includes soil water content, underground flow, evaporation, transpiration, and streamflow. In its tentative form, the model is sufficiently realistic to be used for further modeling of the dynamics of other aspects of the watershed involving water flow. Title: Modeling the hydrological aspects of the Fern Lake Watershed : annual report 1971 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Fowler, Charles W. (Charles Winsor), 1941-, University of Washington Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here is to develop a model of this flow using the climatological data available from the watershed. Measurements of air temperature, wind movement, air pressure, relative humidity, insolation, and precipitation were used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration through the use of the Penman equation (Penman 1948). A model based on relationships found in the published literature and some empirical relationships was developed to simulate the dynamics of the soil water. This submodel was incorporated into the larger model to link the climatological input variables to streamflow. Output from the computer program developed for the model includes soil water content, underground flow, evaporation, transpiration, and streamflow. In its tentative form, the model is sufficiently realistic to be used for further modeling of the dynamics of other aspects of the watershed involving water flow. Close

• 47. [Article] Water Flow through Temperate Glaciers

  Understanding water movement through a glacier is fundamental to several critical issues in glaciology, including glacier dynamics, glacier-induced floods, and the prediction of runoff from glacierized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water Flow through Temperate Glaciers Author: Fountain, Andrew G., Walder, Joseph S. Year: 1998 Understanding water movement through a glacier is fundamental to several critical issues in glaciology, including glacier dynamics, glacier-induced floods, and the prediction of runoff from glacierized drainage basins. To this end we have synthesized a conceptual model of water movement through a temperate glacier from the surface to the outlet stream. Processes that regulate the rate and distribution of water input at the glacier surface and that regulate water movement from the surface to the bed play important but commonly neglected roles in glacier hydrology. Where a glacier is covered by a layer of porous, permeable firn (the accumulation zone), the flux of water to the glacier interior varies slowly because the firn temporarily stores water and thereby smooths out variations in the supply rate. In the firn-free ablation zone, in contrast, the flux of water into the glacier depends directly on the rate of surface melt or rainfall and therefore varies greatly in time. Water moves from the surface to the bed through an upward branching arborescent network consisting of both steeply inclined conduits, formed by the enlargement of intergranular veins, and gently inclined conduits, spawned by water flow along the bottoms of near-surface fractures (crevasses). Englacial drainage conduits deliver water to the glacier bed at a limited number of points, probably a long distance downglacier of where water enters the glacier. Englacial conduits supplied from the accumulation zone are quasi steady state features that convey the slowly varying water flux delivered via the firn. Their size adjusts so that they are usually full of water and flow is pressurized. In contrast, water flow in englacial conduits supplied from the ablation area is pressurized only near times of peak daily flow or during rainstorms; flow is otherwise in an open-channel configuration. The subglacial drainage system typically consists of several elements that are distinct both morphologically and hydrologically. An upglacier branching, arborescent network of channels incised into the basal ice conveys water rapidly. Much of the water flux to the bed probably enters directly into the arborescent channel network, which covers only a small fraction of the glacier bed. More extensive spatially is a nonarborescent network, which commonly includes cavities (gaps between the glacier sole and bed), channels incised into the bed, and a layer of permeable sediment. The nonarborescent network conveys water slowly and is usually poorly connected to the arborescent system. The arborescent channel network largely collapses during winter but reforms in the spring as the first flush of meltwater to the bed destabilizes the cavities within the nonarborescent network. The volume of water stored by a glacier varies diurnally and seasonally. Small, temperate alpine glaciers seem to attain a maximum seasonal water storage of approximately 200 mm of water averaged over the area of the glacier bed, with daily fluctuations of as much as 20-30 mm. The likely storage capacity of subglacial cavities is insufficient to account for estimated stored water volumes, so most water storage may actually occur englacially. Stored water may also be released abruptly and catastrophically in the form of outburst floods. Title: Water Flow through Temperate Glaciers Author: Fountain, Andrew G., Walder, Joseph S. Year: 1998 Understanding water movement through a glacier is fundamental to several critical issues in glaciology, including glacier dynamics, glacier-induced floods, and the prediction of runoff from glacierized drainage basins. To this end we have synthesized a conceptual model of water movement through a temperate glacier from the surface to the outlet stream. Processes that regulate the rate and distribution of water input at the glacier surface and that regulate water movement from the surface to the bed play important but commonly neglected roles in glacier hydrology. Where a glacier is covered by a layer of porous, permeable firn (the accumulation zone), the flux of water to the glacier interior varies slowly because the firn temporarily stores water and thereby smooths out variations in the supply rate. In the firn-free ablation zone, in contrast, the flux of water into the glacier depends directly on the rate of surface melt or rainfall and therefore varies greatly in time. Water moves from the surface to the bed through an upward branching arborescent network consisting of both steeply inclined conduits, formed by the enlargement of intergranular veins, and gently inclined conduits, spawned by water flow along the bottoms of near-surface fractures (crevasses). Englacial drainage conduits deliver water to the glacier bed at a limited number of points, probably a long distance downglacier of where water enters the glacier. Englacial conduits supplied from the accumulation zone are quasi steady state features that convey the slowly varying water flux delivered via the firn. Their size adjusts so that they are usually full of water and flow is pressurized. In contrast, water flow in englacial conduits supplied from the ablation area is pressurized only near times of peak daily flow or during rainstorms; flow is otherwise in an open-channel configuration. The subglacial drainage system typically consists of several elements that are distinct both morphologically and hydrologically. An upglacier branching, arborescent network of channels incised into the basal ice conveys water rapidly. Much of the water flux to the bed probably enters directly into the arborescent channel network, which covers only a small fraction of the glacier bed. More extensive spatially is a nonarborescent network, which commonly includes cavities (gaps between the glacier sole and bed), channels incised into the bed, and a layer of permeable sediment. The nonarborescent network conveys water slowly and is usually poorly connected to the arborescent system. The arborescent channel network largely collapses during winter but reforms in the spring as the first flush of meltwater to the bed destabilizes the cavities within the nonarborescent network. The volume of water stored by a glacier varies diurnally and seasonally. Small, temperate alpine glaciers seem to attain a maximum seasonal water storage of approximately 200 mm of water averaged over the area of the glacier bed, with daily fluctuations of as much as 20-30 mm. The likely storage capacity of subglacial cavities is insufficient to account for estimated stored water volumes, so most water storage may actually occur englacially. Stored water may also be released abruptly and catastrophically in the form of outburst floods. Close

• 48. [Article] Sedimentologic changes in the deposits of an evolving lahar-flood in 2006, Hood River Basin, Mount Hood, Oregon

  Over a span of six days from November 2nd -- 7th, 2006 approximately 43 cm of precipitation fell over the Hood River Basin in Oregon. A lahar was initiated on the Eliot Branch of the Middle Fork Hood River ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sedimentologic changes in the deposits of an evolving lahar-flood in 2006, Hood River Basin, Mount Hood, Oregon Author: Poole, Matthew Ray Year: 2016 Over a span of six days from November 2nd -- 7th, 2006 approximately 43 cm of precipitation fell over the Hood River Basin in Oregon. A lahar was initiated on the Eliot Branch of the Middle Fork Hood River by two or more landslides that occurred on the lateral moraines of the Eliot Glacier on the early part of November 7th, 2006. The Eliot Branch lahar was embedded within the larger regional flood that was occurring in the Hood River Basin and traveled a total of 48 km from the initiation points on the north flank of Mount Hood to the Hood Rivers confluence with the Columbia River. The initiating landslides abruptly transformed into a debris flow upon mixing with flood waters of the Eliot Branch. The debris flow traveled a distance of ~28 km at which point it was transformed first to a hyperconcentrated flow and then to water flow via selective deposition of coarse sediment and progressive dilution by channel flow waters from the East and West Fork Hood Rivers. The transformation from debris flow to hyperconcentrated streamflow was recorded by a thickening wedge of hyperconcentrated streamflow sediments found above and below progressively fining debris flow sediments over a reach of 22 km. Finally, the hyperconcentrated-flow phase of the lahar transformed to water flow and then traveled an additional 20 km to the Hood River delta. Upon reaching the apex of the Hood River delta, depositing sediments led to an expansion of the delta. Debris-flow sediments were predominantly gravel (36.0-69.7% by wt.) with sand (22.1-55.9% by wt.) and fines (4.7-7.8% by wt.). Hyperconcentrated flow deposits contained a larger sand fraction of (66.8-99.2% by wt.) with few gravel clasts (0-26.0% by wt.) and fines (0-8.8% by wt.). Water flow deposits averaged 90.5% (wt.) sand with 6.0% (wt.) gravel and 3.0% (wt.) fines. Sorting was a key factor in flow identification and showed progressive improvement downstream from the initiation point. Sorting values for the flow types are as follows: debris flow deposits ranged from 3.3Φ (very poorly sorted) to 1.8Φ (poorly sorted), hyperconcentrated flow deposits ranged from 2.4Φ (very poorly sorted) to 0.8Φ (moderately sorted), and water flood deposits ranged between 1.4Φ (poorly sorted) to 0.6Φ (moderately sorted). Title: Sedimentologic changes in the deposits of an evolving lahar-flood in 2006, Hood River Basin, Mount Hood, Oregon Author: Poole, Matthew Ray Year: 2016 Over a span of six days from November 2nd -- 7th, 2006 approximately 43 cm of precipitation fell over the Hood River Basin in Oregon. A lahar was initiated on the Eliot Branch of the Middle Fork Hood River by two or more landslides that occurred on the lateral moraines of the Eliot Glacier on the early part of November 7th, 2006. The Eliot Branch lahar was embedded within the larger regional flood that was occurring in the Hood River Basin and traveled a total of 48 km from the initiation points on the north flank of Mount Hood to the Hood Rivers confluence with the Columbia River. The initiating landslides abruptly transformed into a debris flow upon mixing with flood waters of the Eliot Branch. The debris flow traveled a distance of ~28 km at which point it was transformed first to a hyperconcentrated flow and then to water flow via selective deposition of coarse sediment and progressive dilution by channel flow waters from the East and West Fork Hood Rivers. The transformation from debris flow to hyperconcentrated streamflow was recorded by a thickening wedge of hyperconcentrated streamflow sediments found above and below progressively fining debris flow sediments over a reach of 22 km. Finally, the hyperconcentrated-flow phase of the lahar transformed to water flow and then traveled an additional 20 km to the Hood River delta. Upon reaching the apex of the Hood River delta, depositing sediments led to an expansion of the delta. Debris-flow sediments were predominantly gravel (36.0-69.7% by wt.) with sand (22.1-55.9% by wt.) and fines (4.7-7.8% by wt.). Hyperconcentrated flow deposits contained a larger sand fraction of (66.8-99.2% by wt.) with few gravel clasts (0-26.0% by wt.) and fines (0-8.8% by wt.). Water flow deposits averaged 90.5% (wt.) sand with 6.0% (wt.) gravel and 3.0% (wt.) fines. Sorting was a key factor in flow identification and showed progressive improvement downstream from the initiation point. Sorting values for the flow types are as follows: debris flow deposits ranged from 3.3Φ (very poorly sorted) to 1.8Φ (poorly sorted), hyperconcentrated flow deposits ranged from 2.4Φ (very poorly sorted) to 0.8Φ (moderately sorted), and water flood deposits ranged between 1.4Φ (poorly sorted) to 0.6Φ (moderately sorted). Close

• 49. [Article] Water and anion movement in selected soils of western Oregon

  Experiments were carried out to study the movement of water and halide anions in perched water tables or saturated zones in the soil and upper rock mantle of eight different experimental sites located on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water and anion movement in selected soils of western Oregon Author: Hammermeister, Dale P. Experiments were carried out to study the movement of water and halide anions in perched water tables or saturated zones in the soil and upper rock mantle of eight different experimental sites located on low hills near the western border of the Willamette Valley. At each site the experimental procedure consisted of first injecting a solution of either KBr or KI into one of three line sources located at different depths in the soil-rock mantle. Ground water samples were then periodically collected from both saturated and unsaturated depths in the soilrock mantle at points both upslope and downslope from the line source. These samples were analyzed for either I⁻ or Br⁻ by specific ion electrodes. Tensiometers and piezometers were monitored at different depths in the soil-rock mantle at each site to determine water pressure potentials (P's) which were used to calculate hydraulic gradients both in the vertical and downslope directions. Saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements were made on intact cores of soil and weathered rock from different depths at each site. In situ conductivity measurements were made where possible at depths where intact cores could not be obtained. Conductivities of intact cores were found to be log normally distributed in the A horizons, B horizons, and also possibly in the C horizons. Further, an exponential relationship was found between the percent pore space occupied by pores drained by P = -50 cm of water and the conductivity of intact cores taken from different depths at all sites. Assuming that pores drained by P = -50 cm transmit most of the water flowing through the soil-rock mantle expressions were obtained for an average pore velocity (μ) of water flowing through pores drained by P = -50 cm, and for an average pore velocity (vi) of water flowing through different pore size increments (assuming a capillary bundle model) within this pore space. Plots of P's and rainfall vs. time indicated that impermeable regions of rock near or below the 110 cm depth are mainly responsible for the development of perched water tables at most sites. Similar plots indicated that subsurface flow contributed water to sites located on lower hill slope positions. Halide anions were found to move rapidly downslope by saturated flow at all experimental sites. These rapid rates of anion movement as well as other observed characteristics of anion movement suggested that water may move through the soil-rock mantle at these sites by laminar flow through interconnected regions of high conductivity and/or via turbulent flow through macroscopic voids. To attempt to describe the maximum rates of anion movement at several sites, pore water velocity vectors μ and Vi were calculated by resolving these vectors into vertical and downslope components. μ vectors failed to account for the maximum rates of anion movement even when conductivity coefficients were selected to maximize μ in the downslope direction. However, vi vectors when maximized in the downslope direction roughly approximated the maximum rates of anion movement. This together with some additional evidence concerning the apparent or effective diffusion of halide anions in the B horizon at site 8 suggested that the capillary bundle model of the soil-rock mantle may be a good approximation of the laminar flow paths in at least several sites. However, the possibility that turbulent flow occurs through macroscopic voids in the soil-rock mantle must also be considered as a possible flow mechanism in all experimental sites. Title: Water and anion movement in selected soils of western Oregon Author: Hammermeister, Dale P. Experiments were carried out to study the movement of water and halide anions in perched water tables or saturated zones in the soil and upper rock mantle of eight different experimental sites located on low hills near the western border of the Willamette Valley. At each site the experimental procedure consisted of first injecting a solution of either KBr or KI into one of three line sources located at different depths in the soil-rock mantle. Ground water samples were then periodically collected from both saturated and unsaturated depths in the soilrock mantle at points both upslope and downslope from the line source. These samples were analyzed for either I⁻ or Br⁻ by specific ion electrodes. Tensiometers and piezometers were monitored at different depths in the soil-rock mantle at each site to determine water pressure potentials (P's) which were used to calculate hydraulic gradients both in the vertical and downslope directions. Saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements were made on intact cores of soil and weathered rock from different depths at each site. In situ conductivity measurements were made where possible at depths where intact cores could not be obtained. Conductivities of intact cores were found to be log normally distributed in the A horizons, B horizons, and also possibly in the C horizons. Further, an exponential relationship was found between the percent pore space occupied by pores drained by P = -50 cm of water and the conductivity of intact cores taken from different depths at all sites. Assuming that pores drained by P = -50 cm transmit most of the water flowing through the soil-rock mantle expressions were obtained for an average pore velocity (μ) of water flowing through pores drained by P = -50 cm, and for an average pore velocity (vi) of water flowing through different pore size increments (assuming a capillary bundle model) within this pore space. Plots of P's and rainfall vs. time indicated that impermeable regions of rock near or below the 110 cm depth are mainly responsible for the development of perched water tables at most sites. Similar plots indicated that subsurface flow contributed water to sites located on lower hill slope positions. Halide anions were found to move rapidly downslope by saturated flow at all experimental sites. These rapid rates of anion movement as well as other observed characteristics of anion movement suggested that water may move through the soil-rock mantle at these sites by laminar flow through interconnected regions of high conductivity and/or via turbulent flow through macroscopic voids. To attempt to describe the maximum rates of anion movement at several sites, pore water velocity vectors μ and Vi were calculated by resolving these vectors into vertical and downslope components. μ vectors failed to account for the maximum rates of anion movement even when conductivity coefficients were selected to maximize μ in the downslope direction. However, vi vectors when maximized in the downslope direction roughly approximated the maximum rates of anion movement. This together with some additional evidence concerning the apparent or effective diffusion of halide anions in the B horizon at site 8 suggested that the capillary bundle model of the soil-rock mantle may be a good approximation of the laminar flow paths in at least several sites. However, the possibility that turbulent flow occurs through macroscopic voids in the soil-rock mantle must also be considered as a possible flow mechanism in all experimental sites. Close

• 50. [Article] Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean Author: McLaughlin, F. A., Civitarese, G., Jones, E. P., Kattner, G., Lipizer, M., Anderson, L. G., Falkner, Kelly, Swift, J. H. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean Author: McLaughlin, F. A., Civitarese, G., Jones, E. P., Kattner, G., Lipizer, M., Anderson, L. G., Falkner, Kelly, Swift, J. H. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 51. [Article] Lower Deschutes River, Oregon: discharge and the fish environment

  This is a report of data and observations gathered during the Lower Deschutes Flow Study. The authors describe the area’s geography, topography, and geology. The work covers Deschutes River stream discharges ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Deschutes River, Oregon: discharge and the fish environment Author: Montgomery, Monty L., Aney, Warren W., Lichens, Allan B. This is a report of data and observations gathered during the Lower Deschutes Flow Study. The authors describe the area’s geography, topography, and geology. The work covers Deschutes River stream discharges and regulations, as well as its biological contents. It continues with a focus on salmonid spawning, including a study of water flow over spawning gravels, dissolved oxygen, gravel permeability, and temperatures for water around spawning beds. There are extensive maps, charts, tables, and photographs. Title: Lower Deschutes River, Oregon: discharge and the fish environment Author: Montgomery, Monty L., Aney, Warren W., Lichens, Allan B. This is a report of data and observations gathered during the Lower Deschutes Flow Study. The authors describe the area’s geography, topography, and geology. The work covers Deschutes River stream discharges and regulations, as well as its biological contents. It continues with a focus on salmonid spawning, including a study of water flow over spawning gravels, dissolved oxygen, gravel permeability, and temperatures for water around spawning beds. There are extensive maps, charts, tables, and photographs. Close

• 52. [Article] Automated water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases based on soil moisture

  Based on the determination of the zero-flux plane, a water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases was automated to estimate the soil water balance based on soil water content distribution ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Automated water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases based on soil moisture Author: Grayson, Susana Maria Based on the determination of the zero-flux plane, a water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases was automated to estimate the soil water balance based on soil water content distribution with depth through time. The automated procedure was verified using data from the BOREAS project obtained in three Intensive Field Campaigns during the spring and summer of 1994. The data used correspond to four tower sites measuring atmospheric fluxes above the forest canopy from the Northern and Southern Study Areas and are designated according to the predominant vegetation in the area as Old Jack Pine and Young Jack Pine. The total hydraulic head through time at these sites is determined to identify the position of the zero-flux plane, which separates that part of the soil profile in which water flow is upward from the region in which the water flow is downward. In conjunction with precipitation and soil water content data, the procedure allows estimation of the actual soil water balance, the water used from the region above the zero-flux plane being evapotranspiration, and the change in soil water content below the mean zero-flux plane being drainage. Prior to this study, no published attempt had been made to automate a water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases based on the position of the zero-flux plane and soil water content distribution through time. Title: Automated water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases based on soil moisture Author: Grayson, Susana Maria Based on the determination of the zero-flux plane, a water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases was automated to estimate the soil water balance based on soil water content distribution with depth through time. The automated procedure was verified using data from the BOREAS project obtained in three Intensive Field Campaigns during the spring and summer of 1994. The data used correspond to four tower sites measuring atmospheric fluxes above the forest canopy from the Northern and Southern Study Areas and are designated according to the predominant vegetation in the area as Old Jack Pine and Young Jack Pine. The total hydraulic head through time at these sites is determined to identify the position of the zero-flux plane, which separates that part of the soil profile in which water flow is upward from the region in which the water flow is downward. In conjunction with precipitation and soil water content data, the procedure allows estimation of the actual soil water balance, the water used from the region above the zero-flux plane being evapotranspiration, and the change in soil water content below the mean zero-flux plane being drainage. Prior to this study, no published attempt had been made to automate a water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases based on the position of the zero-flux plane and soil water content distribution through time. Close

• 53. [Article] The Cromwell Current on the east side of the Galapagos Islands

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Cromwell Current on the east side of the Galapagos Islands Author: Pak, Hasong, Zaneveld, J. Ronald Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: The Cromwell Current on the east side of the Galapagos Islands Author: Pak, Hasong, Zaneveld, J. Ronald Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 54. [Image] Kl. Str. Drain Enl., Phase II, Specs. 200C-954 - RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor

  	P12-201-4540NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Plant E Outlet Transition Bridge -- Water flowing from base of the left retaining wall at Plant E. Flow was a by-product of jetting operations for Plant E west ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Kl. Str. Drain Enl., Phase II, Specs. 200C-954 - RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Hamilton, R.J. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P12-201-4540NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Plant E Outlet Transition Bridge -- Water flowing from base of the left retaining wall at Plant E. Flow was a by-product of jetting operations for Plant E west bridge abutment piles; March 20, 1978; USBR photo by R.J. Hamilton Title: Kl. Str. Drain Enl., Phase II, Specs. 200C-954 - RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Hamilton, R.J. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P12-201-4540NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Plant E Outlet Transition Bridge -- Water flowing from base of the left retaining wall at Plant E. Flow was a by-product of jetting operations for Plant E west bridge abutment piles; March 20, 1978; USBR photo by R.J. Hamilton Close

• 55. [Article] A new multisource and high-frequency approach to measuring δ²H and δ¹⁸O in hydrological field studies

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-7973.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A new multisource and high-frequency approach to measuring δ²H and δ¹⁸O in hydrological field studies Author: Klaus, Julian, McDonnell, Jeffrey J., Gupta, Manish, Berman, Elena S. F., Pangle, Luke A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-7973. Title: A new multisource and high-frequency approach to measuring δ²H and δ¹⁸O in hydrological field studies Author: Klaus, Julian, McDonnell, Jeffrey J., Gupta, Manish, Berman, Elena S. F., Pangle, Luke A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-7973. Close

• 56. [Article] The development of a hydrological model of the Walla Walla Basin using Integrated Water Flow Model

  The Walla Walla basin lies in an arid region of Eastern Washington and Oregon. A large portion of the area is devoted to agricultural production, relying on irrigation water diverted from the Walla Walla ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The development of a hydrological model of the Walla Walla Basin using Integrated Water Flow Model Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. The Walla Walla basin lies in an arid region of Eastern Washington and Oregon. A large portion of the area is devoted to agricultural production, relying on irrigation water diverted from the Walla Walla River and underlying aquifers occurring within Quaternary and Mio-pliocene era gravel deposits, as well as a supplemental source from the Columbia River Basalt formation. Heavy water demand over summer months has resulted in a fully allocated surface water supply and significant drawdown in groundwater levels. The Walla Walla River also hosts two salmonid species listed as threatened under the endangered species act and entitled to federal protection. Specific questions have emerged regarding regional water supply as stakeholders work towards management strategies that meet water user demands, well also addressing concerns such as groundwater depletion and fish habitat. Currently, there are proposals aimed at increasing water use efficiency such as the lining of permeable canal beds and the expansion of a shallow aquifer recharge program. Effective implementation of such strategies, in part, relies on understanding the interactions between surface water and groundwater within this region. This project used the distributed hydrologic model, Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM), for simulating surface and subsurface flows over a portion of the Walla Walla River basin spanning from Milton Freewater, Oregon to west of Touchet, Washington. This application of IWFM uses a grid with an average spacing of 100 x 100 meters over the 230 square kilometer model area. The model was developed and calibrated using data from 2007 through 2009, with 2010 data to be used as a data set for validation. Data collection has been a collaborative effort between a research team from Oregon State University and the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council (WWBWC). This thesis provides explanation and documentation of model development. This includes details of data collection and processing for groundwater and surface water conditions, estimation of initial and boundary conditions, parameter calibration, model validation, and error analysis. Data sources include federal and state agencies, a gauge network managed by the WWBWC, and geologic research primarily performed by Kevin Lindsey of GSI Water Solutions with support of the WWBWC. Parameters have been independently determined from field measurements whenever possible. Otherwise they were estimated using established methods of hydrologic analysis, values drawn from previous regional studies, or the process of model calibration. Outputs include detailed hydrological budgets and hydrographs for groundwater and surface water gauges. The calibrated model has an overall correlation coefficient of 0.59 for groundwater and 0.63 for surface water. The standard deviation for groundwater is 3.2 meters at 62 well locations and surface water has a mean relative error of 22.3 percent at 34 gauges. This model intended as a tool for formulating water budgets for the basin under present conditions and making predictions of systemic responses to hypothetical water management scenarios. Scenarios of increased inputs into the Locher Road aquifer recharge site and conversion of irrigation district canals into pipelines are presented. Title: The development of a hydrological model of the Walla Walla Basin using Integrated Water Flow Model Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. The Walla Walla basin lies in an arid region of Eastern Washington and Oregon. A large portion of the area is devoted to agricultural production, relying on irrigation water diverted from the Walla Walla River and underlying aquifers occurring within Quaternary and Mio-pliocene era gravel deposits, as well as a supplemental source from the Columbia River Basalt formation. Heavy water demand over summer months has resulted in a fully allocated surface water supply and significant drawdown in groundwater levels. The Walla Walla River also hosts two salmonid species listed as threatened under the endangered species act and entitled to federal protection. Specific questions have emerged regarding regional water supply as stakeholders work towards management strategies that meet water user demands, well also addressing concerns such as groundwater depletion and fish habitat. Currently, there are proposals aimed at increasing water use efficiency such as the lining of permeable canal beds and the expansion of a shallow aquifer recharge program. Effective implementation of such strategies, in part, relies on understanding the interactions between surface water and groundwater within this region. This project used the distributed hydrologic model, Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM), for simulating surface and subsurface flows over a portion of the Walla Walla River basin spanning from Milton Freewater, Oregon to west of Touchet, Washington. This application of IWFM uses a grid with an average spacing of 100 x 100 meters over the 230 square kilometer model area. The model was developed and calibrated using data from 2007 through 2009, with 2010 data to be used as a data set for validation. Data collection has been a collaborative effort between a research team from Oregon State University and the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council (WWBWC). This thesis provides explanation and documentation of model development. This includes details of data collection and processing for groundwater and surface water conditions, estimation of initial and boundary conditions, parameter calibration, model validation, and error analysis. Data sources include federal and state agencies, a gauge network managed by the WWBWC, and geologic research primarily performed by Kevin Lindsey of GSI Water Solutions with support of the WWBWC. Parameters have been independently determined from field measurements whenever possible. Otherwise they were estimated using established methods of hydrologic analysis, values drawn from previous regional studies, or the process of model calibration. Outputs include detailed hydrological budgets and hydrographs for groundwater and surface water gauges. The calibrated model has an overall correlation coefficient of 0.59 for groundwater and 0.63 for surface water. The standard deviation for groundwater is 3.2 meters at 62 well locations and surface water has a mean relative error of 22.3 percent at 34 gauges. This model intended as a tool for formulating water budgets for the basin under present conditions and making predictions of systemic responses to hypothetical water management scenarios. Scenarios of increased inputs into the Locher Road aquifer recharge site and conversion of irrigation district canals into pipelines are presented. Close

• 57. [Image] Kl. Str. Dr. Enlargement, Phase II Specs. 200C-954- RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor

  	P12-201-4441 NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Center Canal Flume--View of outlet transition south wall after corntractor forces stopped source of water flow. Visquene was laid next to the outlet transition ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Kl. Str. Dr. Enlargement, Phase II Specs. 200C-954- RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Kline, D.J. Year: 1977, 2009, 2007 P12-201-4441 NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Center Canal Flume--View of outlet transition south wall after corntractor forces stopped source of water flow. Visquene was laid next to the outlet transition cutoff wall and backfilled. The leak was caused by high water running around the edge of the cutoff wall into the void where compacted backfill shrank away from the flume wall. The water, as it piped, cut deeper into the backfill; August 19, 1977; USBR photo by D.J. Kline Title: Kl. Str. Dr. Enlargement, Phase II Specs. 200C-954- RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Kline, D.J. Year: 1977, 2009, 2007 P12-201-4441 NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Center Canal Flume--View of outlet transition south wall after corntractor forces stopped source of water flow. Visquene was laid next to the outlet transition cutoff wall and backfilled. The leak was caused by high water running around the edge of the cutoff wall into the void where compacted backfill shrank away from the flume wall. The water, as it piped, cut deeper into the backfill; August 19, 1977; USBR photo by D.J. Kline Close

• 58. [Image] CLEAR LAKE- Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. - D. E.

  	KP-2502-R2- Klamath Project- CLEAR LAKE- Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. - D. E. Close-up of the water inlet to the fracture showing how the water flows to the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: CLEAR LAKE- Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. - D. E. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, [Bunger, D.E.?] Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2502-R2- Klamath Project- CLEAR LAKE- Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. - D. E. Close-up of the water inlet to the fracture showing how the water flows to the south; September 28, 1959 Title: CLEAR LAKE- Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. - D. E. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, [Bunger, D.E.?] Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2502-R2- Klamath Project- CLEAR LAKE- Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. - D. E. Close-up of the water inlet to the fracture showing how the water flows to the south; September 28, 1959 Close

• 59. [Image] Kl. Str. Drain Enl., Phase II, Specs. 200C-954 - RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor

  	P12-201-4568NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Ady Canal -- Siphon hydrostatic test -- Plant FF. Water in CMP was held at head of 10" using 192 GMP Homelite pump regulated by means of valve on downstream side ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Kl. Str. Drain Enl., Phase II, Specs. 200C-954 - RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Kline, D.J. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P12-201-4568NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Ady Canal -- Siphon hydrostatic test -- Plant FF. Water in CMP was held at head of 10" using 192 GMP Homelite pump regulated by means of valve on downstream side of a Tokheim water flow meter; April 6, 1978; USBR photo by D.J. Kline Title: Kl. Str. Drain Enl., Phase II, Specs. 200C-954 - RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Kline, D.J. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P12-201-4568NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Ady Canal -- Siphon hydrostatic test -- Plant FF. Water in CMP was held at head of 10" using 192 GMP Homelite pump regulated by means of valve on downstream side of a Tokheim water flow meter; April 6, 1978; USBR photo by D.J. Kline Close

• 60. [Image] Kl. Str. Dr. Enlargement, Phase II Specs. 200C-954- RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor

  	P12-201-4438 NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Center Canal Flume--View of flume south wall near pile cap where water exited after piping along fllume wall. This water flowed into the void adjacent to the outlet ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Kl. Str. Dr. Enlargement, Phase II Specs. 200C-954- RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Kline, D.J. Year: 1977, 2009, 2007 P12-201-4438 NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Center Canal Flume--View of flume south wall near pile cap where water exited after piping along fllume wall. This water flowed into the void adjacent to the outlet transition west toward flume pier excavation. The leak at its high point was comparable to a 5-inch line break; August 19, 1977; USBR photo by D.J. Kline Title: Kl. Str. Dr. Enlargement, Phase II Specs. 200C-954- RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Kline, D.J. Year: 1977, 2009, 2007 P12-201-4438 NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Center Canal Flume--View of flume south wall near pile cap where water exited after piping along fllume wall. This water flowed into the void adjacent to the outlet transition west toward flume pier excavation. The leak at its high point was comparable to a 5-inch line break; August 19, 1977; USBR photo by D.J. Kline Close

• 61. [Article] Conifer, a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : documentation

  CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conifer, a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : documentation Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Coniferous Forest Biome Modeling Group CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Title: Conifer, a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : documentation Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Coniferous Forest Biome Modeling Group CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Close

• 62. [Image] TULE LAKE DIVISION, SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307, R-Canal

  	KP-2585-R2-Klamath Project - TULE LAKE DIVISION, SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307, R-Canal. Looking downstream from Station 37+07 of the R-Canal. Water flowing at the check at Station 37+36; January 18, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TULE LAKE DIVISION, SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307, R-Canal Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Renning, John A. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2585-R2-Klamath Project - TULE LAKE DIVISION, SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307, R-Canal. Looking downstream from Station 37+07 of the R-Canal. Water flowing at the check at Station 37+36; January 18, 1961; Photo by John A. Renning Title: TULE LAKE DIVISION, SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307, R-Canal Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Renning, John A. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2585-R2-Klamath Project - TULE LAKE DIVISION, SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307, R-Canal. Looking downstream from Station 37+07 of the R-Canal. Water flowing at the check at Station 37+36; January 18, 1961; Photo by John A. Renning Close

• 63. [Image] Gerber Dam

  	CN-12-201-533NA Klamath Project. View from right abutment of Gerber Dam, showing water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, 60 cfs.; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-533NA Klamath Project. View from right abutment of Gerber Dam, showing water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, 60 cfs.; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-533NA Klamath Project. View from right abutment of Gerber Dam, showing water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, 60 cfs.; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Close

• 64. [Image] Gerber Dam

  	CN-12-201-534NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Gerber Dam, from right side of plunge pool; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-534NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Gerber Dam, from right side of plunge pool; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-534NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Gerber Dam, from right side of plunge pool; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Close

• 65. [Image] Gerber Dam

  	CN-12-201-535NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Gerber Dam, from right side of plunge pool; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-535NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Gerber Dam, from right side of plunge pool; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-535NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Gerber Dam, from right side of plunge pool; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Close

• 66. [Image] Gerber Dam

  	CN-12-201-536NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-536NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-536NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Close

• 67. [Image] Gerber Dam

  	CN-12-201-537NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-537NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-537NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Close

• 68. [Image] Gerber Dam

  	CN-12-201-543NA Klamath Project. View from Dam crest of water flow over Gerber spillway from left side. Spill was 60 cfs.; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-543NA Klamath Project. View from Dam crest of water flow over Gerber spillway from left side. Spill was 60 cfs.; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-543NA Klamath Project. View from Dam crest of water flow over Gerber spillway from left side. Spill was 60 cfs.; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Close

• 69. [Image] Sealing, Repair and Modification of Gerber Dam -Specs. 200C-888 - Dante Engineers & Contractors

  	CN-12-201-578NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. View of downstream face of Gerber Dam. Note new foot­bridge in foreground. Note water flowing over rock weir which was constructed under this specification ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sealing, Repair and Modification of Gerber Dam -Specs. 200C-888 - Dante Engineers & Contractors Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Rosten, T.J. Year: 1974, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-578NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. View of downstream face of Gerber Dam. Note new foot­bridge in foreground. Note water flowing over rock weir which was constructed under this specification number; June 1974; USBR photo by T. J. Rosten Title: Sealing, Repair and Modification of Gerber Dam -Specs. 200C-888 - Dante Engineers & Contractors Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Rosten, T.J. Year: 1974, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-578NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. View of downstream face of Gerber Dam. Note new foot­bridge in foreground. Note water flowing over rock weir which was constructed under this specification number; June 1974; USBR photo by T. J. Rosten Close

• 70. [Article] A real-time digital control system for two hydroelectric power plants

  The objective of this paper is to describe the design of a real-time system to control two hydroelectric power plants by a digital computer. The two controlling relations are stated as the continuity of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A real-time digital control system for two hydroelectric power plants Author: Hwang, John Dzen The objective of this paper is to describe the design of a real-time system to control two hydroelectric power plants by a digital computer. The two controlling relations are stated as the continuity of water flow and the inequality of power generation requirements. It contains the logical sequence in finding the solution of the allocation of power under the optimized condition, which is to use the least amount of discharge to generate any requested load, as the operation involves a pump-storage scheme. Theoretical proofs of existence and uniqueness of solutions are presented, which are based on the characteristics of the convexity of the performance curves of the generators. Finally, a set of FORTRAN programs is furnished to simulate the real-time situation for one specific example. Title: A real-time digital control system for two hydroelectric power plants Author: Hwang, John Dzen The objective of this paper is to describe the design of a real-time system to control two hydroelectric power plants by a digital computer. The two controlling relations are stated as the continuity of water flow and the inequality of power generation requirements. It contains the logical sequence in finding the solution of the allocation of power under the optimized condition, which is to use the least amount of discharge to generate any requested load, as the operation involves a pump-storage scheme. Theoretical proofs of existence and uniqueness of solutions are presented, which are based on the characteristics of the convexity of the performance curves of the generators. Finally, a set of FORTRAN programs is furnished to simulate the real-time situation for one specific example. Close

• 71. [Article] Crayfish management in the Ljungan river: Managing with shocks

  The noble crayfish fishery in the Ljungan river system in Sweden has been subjected to two major shocks; hydropower development in the 1970s, which reduced water flow throughout the system with attendant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crayfish management in the Ljungan river: Managing with shocks Author: Zimmerman, Jenny, Stage, Jesper The noble crayfish fishery in the Ljungan river system in Sweden has been subjected to two major shocks; hydropower development in the 1970s, which reduced water flow throughout the system with attendant effects on the crayfish stocks, and an outbreak of crayfish plague in the 1990s which wiped out the noble crayfish in most of the river system. Differing ownership structures for the fishing rights in different parts of the river system have led to different management systems, ranging from sole private ownership through management by fishermen's associations through to effective open access fishing. We study how these different systems of management have affected the crayfish, and compare the outcomes to those from the hydropower development in the 1970s. Title: Crayfish management in the Ljungan river: Managing with shocks Author: Zimmerman, Jenny, Stage, Jesper The noble crayfish fishery in the Ljungan river system in Sweden has been subjected to two major shocks; hydropower development in the 1970s, which reduced water flow throughout the system with attendant effects on the crayfish stocks, and an outbreak of crayfish plague in the 1990s which wiped out the noble crayfish in most of the river system. Differing ownership structures for the fishing rights in different parts of the river system have led to different management systems, ranging from sole private ownership through management by fishermen's associations through to effective open access fishing. We study how these different systems of management have affected the crayfish, and compare the outcomes to those from the hydropower development in the 1970s. Close

• 72. [Image] PH037_P250 Angelus Studio photographs; H383; 8556

  	A horse-drawn wagon and driver situated in front of a fountain identified as the Skidmore Fountain. Two horses harnessed to the wagon drink from the fountain as the driver looks on. He is dressed in a ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH037_P250 Angelus Studio photographs; H383; 8556 Year: 1880 A horse-drawn wagon and driver situated in front of a fountain identified as the Skidmore Fountain. Two horses harnessed to the wagon drink from the fountain as the driver looks on. He is dressed in a hat, jacket with pockets, trousers, and boots. From the wooden covered wagon hangs a torn tarp that conceals the wagon's contents. The fountain's base is octagonal with two central sculpted females in draped clothing supporting a bowl from which water flows. Behind the wagon a sign on a builidng reads, Western Union Telegraph and Cable Office. In the background are buildings and streets that are part of this business district. Title: PH037_P250 Angelus Studio photographs; H383; 8556 Year: 1880 A horse-drawn wagon and driver situated in front of a fountain identified as the Skidmore Fountain. Two horses harnessed to the wagon drink from the fountain as the driver looks on. He is dressed in a hat, jacket with pockets, trousers, and boots. From the wooden covered wagon hangs a torn tarp that conceals the wagon's contents. The fountain's base is octagonal with two central sculpted females in draped clothing supporting a bowl from which water flows. Behind the wagon a sign on a builidng reads, Western Union Telegraph and Cable Office. In the background are buildings and streets that are part of this business district. Close

• 73. [Article] Sedimentation within the Cocos Gap, Panama Basin

  The Cocos Gap is a deeper portion, or saddle, of the Cocos Ridge and forms part of the western boundary of the Panama Basing It is probably typical of saddles within most submarine ridges, In order to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sedimentation within the Cocos Gap, Panama Basin Author: Dowding, Lynn Gretton The Cocos Gap is a deeper portion, or saddle, of the Cocos Ridge and forms part of the western boundary of the Panama Basing It is probably typical of saddles within most submarine ridges, In order to determine the mechanisms controlling sediment dispersal, the nature and sources of the sediments at 23 core locations were defined by hydrodynamic size separation (> 63, 2- 63, <2 micron) and microscopic or X-ray diffraction analysis of the individual fractions. In addition, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, opal and quartz determinations were made for the total sediment. The silt sized fraction was resolved into eight textural modes, The coarse modes reflect the progressive breakage and winnowing of the corase fraction (foraminifera) under the influence of bottom currents and gravity. Above 2000 m mechanical breakdown, winnowing and relocation by bottom currents mask the effects of depth related dissolution of the carbonate fraction, Intermediate modes in general represent a transitional facies with both biogenic and terrigenous influences, while the finest modes characterize a distal regime of clay deposition, The clay fraction is amorphous material with very low percentages of well crystallized clays. Three main sources and transport paths were recognized, including one associated with the circulation of the Panama Basin. Sedimentation within the Gap is controlled by local processes, predominantly the interaction between tidally induced intensification of bottom water flow and directional (thermohaline) flow. The steep' ness of the sea floor slope is a major factor controlling the efficiency of winnowing of the sediment away from certain higher elevations (biogenic source areas) to the sheltered parts and flanks of the ridge. Superimposed upon this sediment dispersal is the influx of terrigenous material carried by directional bottom currents that operate as postulated upper and lower contour currents along the flanks of the ridge. The crest of the Cocos Gap acts as a catchment area for the biogenic components, while the adjacent more sloping region, the sub-plateau, acts as a source area. The extreme breakage of the foraminifera is most likely a function of the tidally induced intensification of the bottom water flow, characteristic of many shallow ridges, and is probably most significant in the subplateau. Hydrographic data indicates that there is no significant transport of bottom water across the Cocos Gap into the Panama Basin, but downslope transport of carbonate and siliceous fragments and minerals from the Gap into the basin is associated with cyclical tidal bottom water flow. Title: Sedimentation within the Cocos Gap, Panama Basin Author: Dowding, Lynn Gretton The Cocos Gap is a deeper portion, or saddle, of the Cocos Ridge and forms part of the western boundary of the Panama Basing It is probably typical of saddles within most submarine ridges, In order to determine the mechanisms controlling sediment dispersal, the nature and sources of the sediments at 23 core locations were defined by hydrodynamic size separation (> 63, 2- 63, <2 micron) and microscopic or X-ray diffraction analysis of the individual fractions. In addition, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, opal and quartz determinations were made for the total sediment. The silt sized fraction was resolved into eight textural modes, The coarse modes reflect the progressive breakage and winnowing of the corase fraction (foraminifera) under the influence of bottom currents and gravity. Above 2000 m mechanical breakdown, winnowing and relocation by bottom currents mask the effects of depth related dissolution of the carbonate fraction, Intermediate modes in general represent a transitional facies with both biogenic and terrigenous influences, while the finest modes characterize a distal regime of clay deposition, The clay fraction is amorphous material with very low percentages of well crystallized clays. Three main sources and transport paths were recognized, including one associated with the circulation of the Panama Basin. Sedimentation within the Gap is controlled by local processes, predominantly the interaction between tidally induced intensification of bottom water flow and directional (thermohaline) flow. The steep' ness of the sea floor slope is a major factor controlling the efficiency of winnowing of the sediment away from certain higher elevations (biogenic source areas) to the sheltered parts and flanks of the ridge. Superimposed upon this sediment dispersal is the influx of terrigenous material carried by directional bottom currents that operate as postulated upper and lower contour currents along the flanks of the ridge. The crest of the Cocos Gap acts as a catchment area for the biogenic components, while the adjacent more sloping region, the sub-plateau, acts as a source area. The extreme breakage of the foraminifera is most likely a function of the tidally induced intensification of the bottom water flow, characteristic of many shallow ridges, and is probably most significant in the subplateau. Hydrographic data indicates that there is no significant transport of bottom water across the Cocos Gap into the Panama Basin, but downslope transport of carbonate and siliceous fragments and minerals from the Gap into the basin is associated with cyclical tidal bottom water flow. Close

• 74. [Article] Flux of ground water and nitrogen through the floodplain of a fourth-order stream

  Changes in the concentrations of dissolved ammonia (NH4+1), nitrate (NO3-1), organic nitrogen (DON) were monitored along ground water flow paths to determine the importance of the ground water system to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flux of ground water and nitrogen through the floodplain of a fourth-order stream Author: Wondzell, Steve Changes in the concentrations of dissolved ammonia (NH4+1), nitrate (NO3-1), organic nitrogen (DON) were monitored along ground water flow paths to determine the importance of the ground water system to the stream nitrogen budget. The study site was located on a wide floodplain along a fourth-order stream in the Oregon Cascades. A network of wells was installed during the summers of 1989 and 1990. Water table elevations and nitrogen chemistry was sampled seasonally and within individual storm events. Subsurface flows were dominated by the flow of advected channel water through the gravel bar. Flow rates were correlated to stream discharge during base-flow periods, but did not increase during storms. In contrast, ground-water flows through the aquifer beneath the floodplain were small during base flow, but nearly doubled during storm events. The mean residence time of water stored within the aquifer was long, exceeding 10 days for the gravel bar and 30 days for the floodplain. Even though precipitation inputs to the aquifer during storms equaled 12% of the water stored in the gravel bar and 23% of the water stored in the floodplain, the mean residence time of water remained long. Subsurface flow through the aquifer adjacent to the stream was a net source of nitrogen to the stream in all seasons of the year and during storms. Flows of water through the conifer forested floodplain supplied most of the nitrogen per unit length of stream - accounting for approximately two-thirds of the estimated flux, most of which is DON. The gravel bar was colonized by red alder, a nitrogen fixing tree, and on a unit area basis, supplied 2.5 times more nitrogen to the stream than did the floodplain. I estimate that 2 kg ha-1 yr-1 are leached from riparian forests into the aquifer, and transported to the stream. The study site covered only one-half of the valley floor. Assuming that similar fluxes occurred from the opposite side of the valley, I estimate that 17 g of nitrogen yr-1 m-1 channel length are input to the stream. The stream is approximately 10 m wide, thus these inputs equal 1.7 g N m2 streambed yr-1. Title: Flux of ground water and nitrogen through the floodplain of a fourth-order stream Author: Wondzell, Steve Changes in the concentrations of dissolved ammonia (NH4+1), nitrate (NO3-1), organic nitrogen (DON) were monitored along ground water flow paths to determine the importance of the ground water system to the stream nitrogen budget. The study site was located on a wide floodplain along a fourth-order stream in the Oregon Cascades. A network of wells was installed during the summers of 1989 and 1990. Water table elevations and nitrogen chemistry was sampled seasonally and within individual storm events. Subsurface flows were dominated by the flow of advected channel water through the gravel bar. Flow rates were correlated to stream discharge during base-flow periods, but did not increase during storms. In contrast, ground-water flows through the aquifer beneath the floodplain were small during base flow, but nearly doubled during storm events. The mean residence time of water stored within the aquifer was long, exceeding 10 days for the gravel bar and 30 days for the floodplain. Even though precipitation inputs to the aquifer during storms equaled 12% of the water stored in the gravel bar and 23% of the water stored in the floodplain, the mean residence time of water remained long. Subsurface flow through the aquifer adjacent to the stream was a net source of nitrogen to the stream in all seasons of the year and during storms. Flows of water through the conifer forested floodplain supplied most of the nitrogen per unit length of stream - accounting for approximately two-thirds of the estimated flux, most of which is DON. The gravel bar was colonized by red alder, a nitrogen fixing tree, and on a unit area basis, supplied 2.5 times more nitrogen to the stream than did the floodplain. I estimate that 2 kg ha-1 yr-1 are leached from riparian forests into the aquifer, and transported to the stream. The study site covered only one-half of the valley floor. Assuming that similar fluxes occurred from the opposite side of the valley, I estimate that 17 g of nitrogen yr-1 m-1 channel length are input to the stream. The stream is approximately 10 m wide, thus these inputs equal 1.7 g N m2 streambed yr-1. Close

• 75. [Article] Modeling surface water and groundwater interactions near Milton- Freewater, Oregon

  The gravel aquifer of the Oregon side of Walla Walla River Basin has a strong hydrologic connection to surface water through a series of springs, unlined irrigation canals, the Walla Walla River, numerous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling surface water and groundwater interactions near Milton- Freewater, Oregon Author: Petrides Jimenez, Aristides Crisostomos The gravel aquifer of the Oregon side of Walla Walla River Basin has a strong hydrologic connection to surface water through a series of springs, unlined irrigation canals, the Walla Walla River, numerous wells and, since 2004, artificial recharge to the shallow aquifer using infiltration basins. The finite element Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM) developed by California Department of Water Resources was used to quantify all of the major hydrologic features of the basin. Using the information provided by the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council, irrigation districts, and previous studies conducted at Oregon State University and by consultants, the model was setup and calibrated, and a water budget simulation was performed for the years of 2003 to 2006. It is shown that close to 96 percent of the land use water demand goes to agriculture growing 16 major crops. 60 percent of the water comes from surface water diversions flowing through unlined irrigation canals , which themselves lose 28 percent of their inflow to the unconfined gravel aquifer. The calibrated and validated model was used to simulate the flow of the Johnson Creek Springs, which were shown to have increased flow due to the artificial recharge project. Title: Modeling surface water and groundwater interactions near Milton- Freewater, Oregon Author: Petrides Jimenez, Aristides Crisostomos The gravel aquifer of the Oregon side of Walla Walla River Basin has a strong hydrologic connection to surface water through a series of springs, unlined irrigation canals, the Walla Walla River, numerous wells and, since 2004, artificial recharge to the shallow aquifer using infiltration basins. The finite element Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM) developed by California Department of Water Resources was used to quantify all of the major hydrologic features of the basin. Using the information provided by the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council, irrigation districts, and previous studies conducted at Oregon State University and by consultants, the model was setup and calibrated, and a water budget simulation was performed for the years of 2003 to 2006. It is shown that close to 96 percent of the land use water demand goes to agriculture growing 16 major crops. 60 percent of the water comes from surface water diversions flowing through unlined irrigation canals , which themselves lose 28 percent of their inflow to the unconfined gravel aquifer. The calibrated and validated model was used to simulate the flow of the Johnson Creek Springs, which were shown to have increased flow due to the artificial recharge project. Close

• 76. [Article] Change in Hydraulic Conductivity of Expansive Soils

  Swelling soils cause millions of dollars of damage to buildings every year in the Unites States alone. One essential piece to understanding these soils is to understand how water moves through them. Hydraulic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Change in Hydraulic Conductivity of Expansive Soils Author: Hesseltine, Johnathon Swelling soils cause millions of dollars of damage to buildings every year in the Unites States alone. One essential piece to understanding these soils is to understand how water moves through them. Hydraulic conductivity is a measure of how easily water flows through a soil. Currently, the most common method of finding the hydraulic conductivity of a saturated soil is to confine the sample in a rigid container and saturate it for 24 hours, then measure the value and assume that it is constant. This method assumes that the hydraulic conductivity of the soil is not dependent on the swelling of the soil or the length of time that it is saturated. The validity of this assumption was evaluated in this project. The goal of this project is to quantify how the hydraulic conductivity and swelling of the Chilean soil changes over time with continuous saturation, when the soil is allowed to swell freely. A standard soil core was wrapped in latex and submerged it in a sealed jar full of water. Water was then allowed to flow from one end of the soil to the other, and a container was connected to the jar, that allowed water to flow between the two as water was displaced. The hydraulic conductivity of the soil was be calculated at each point in time using mass, pressure, and temperature measurements. The three significant samples used in this experiment each expanded about 10-15% initially then decreased in volume by about 2-3% slowly over time. A total of 90-100 pore volumes were flowed through each sample. Each of the samples initially increased in hydraulic conductivity during the first 24 hours then slowly decreased by about a factor of two in hydraulic conductivity from 1 day to 5-8 days. These data show that the assumption that saturated hydraulic conductivity is constant is violated by real soil. Title: Change in Hydraulic Conductivity of Expansive Soils Author: Hesseltine, Johnathon Swelling soils cause millions of dollars of damage to buildings every year in the Unites States alone. One essential piece to understanding these soils is to understand how water moves through them. Hydraulic conductivity is a measure of how easily water flows through a soil. Currently, the most common method of finding the hydraulic conductivity of a saturated soil is to confine the sample in a rigid container and saturate it for 24 hours, then measure the value and assume that it is constant. This method assumes that the hydraulic conductivity of the soil is not dependent on the swelling of the soil or the length of time that it is saturated. The validity of this assumption was evaluated in this project. The goal of this project is to quantify how the hydraulic conductivity and swelling of the Chilean soil changes over time with continuous saturation, when the soil is allowed to swell freely. A standard soil core was wrapped in latex and submerged it in a sealed jar full of water. Water was then allowed to flow from one end of the soil to the other, and a container was connected to the jar, that allowed water to flow between the two as water was displaced. The hydraulic conductivity of the soil was be calculated at each point in time using mass, pressure, and temperature measurements. The three significant samples used in this experiment each expanded about 10-15% initially then decreased in volume by about 2-3% slowly over time. A total of 90-100 pore volumes were flowed through each sample. Each of the samples initially increased in hydraulic conductivity during the first 24 hours then slowly decreased by about a factor of two in hydraulic conductivity from 1 day to 5-8 days. These data show that the assumption that saturated hydraulic conductivity is constant is violated by real soil. Close

• 77. [Article] Conservation of Mass in a Piping Network

  Using returnable bottles within a brewery setting can lower costs associated with purchasing new bottles as well as reduce the energy associated with recycling glass bottles. A commercial dishwasher was ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conservation of Mass in a Piping Network Author: Heim, Samantha Using returnable bottles within a brewery setting can lower costs associated with purchasing new bottles as well as reduce the energy associated with recycling glass bottles. A commercial dishwasher was retrofit specifically to wash bottles. The design and assembly of the piping flow network, testing of water flow through the network and testing of the cleanliness of the bottles post washing are presented in this study. This requires simultaneous analyses of mass and energy conservation equations. The flow out of the piping network was examined by running water through the network and collecting the exiting water in beakers for a specified period of time. These data were used to determine the exiting velocity and report the variations in nozzle mass flow rate. The measured exit velocity of water was found to vary from nozzle to nozzle by as much as 11%. All measured velocities were within 5.7% of those predicted from theory. The outer nozzles had a lower velocity than the nozzles closer to the water source. Although the velocity was different than the calculated values, the total mass exiting the piping network was equal to within ±0.25% of the calculated value. The bottles were swabbed to determine compliance with food safety standards. All cleaned bottles met food safety standards. Title: Conservation of Mass in a Piping Network Author: Heim, Samantha Using returnable bottles within a brewery setting can lower costs associated with purchasing new bottles as well as reduce the energy associated with recycling glass bottles. A commercial dishwasher was retrofit specifically to wash bottles. The design and assembly of the piping flow network, testing of water flow through the network and testing of the cleanliness of the bottles post washing are presented in this study. This requires simultaneous analyses of mass and energy conservation equations. The flow out of the piping network was examined by running water through the network and collecting the exiting water in beakers for a specified period of time. These data were used to determine the exiting velocity and report the variations in nozzle mass flow rate. The measured exit velocity of water was found to vary from nozzle to nozzle by as much as 11%. All measured velocities were within 5.7% of those predicted from theory. The outer nozzles had a lower velocity than the nozzles closer to the water source. Although the velocity was different than the calculated values, the total mass exiting the piping network was equal to within ±0.25% of the calculated value. The bottles were swabbed to determine compliance with food safety standards. All cleaned bottles met food safety standards. Close

• 78. [Article] Surface temperature effects on the fouling characteristics of cooling water

  A cooling tower system was built and fouling resistances were studied for cooling water flowing over a heated tubular surface. The cooling water studied was formulated in an effort to match industrial cooling ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface temperature effects on the fouling characteristics of cooling water Author: Story, Michael Kenneth A cooling tower system was built and fouling resistances were studied for cooling water flowing over a heated tubular surface. The cooling water studied was formulated in an effort to match industrial cooling water quality. The water used in this study had an average Ryznar Stability Index of 6.23 and was formulated by adding calcium chloride and magnesium carbonate to tap water. Fouling resistance versus time was plotted for each experimental run, and the resulting curves indicate a close approximation to industrial conditions can be made in a laboratory environment. Fouling resistances were obtained at surface temperatures from 136°F to 199°F. The flow velocity and water quality were held constant during these runs. A correlation modeled after the Arrhenius temperature function was developed for surface temperature and asymptotic fouling resistance values. The model obtained has a correlation coefficient of .95 and a standard deviation of 4. 08% for data obtained in this study. The Ryznar Stability Index proved to be a poor indicator of water fouling tendency with the cooling water used in the present study. Title: Surface temperature effects on the fouling characteristics of cooling water Author: Story, Michael Kenneth A cooling tower system was built and fouling resistances were studied for cooling water flowing over a heated tubular surface. The cooling water studied was formulated in an effort to match industrial cooling water quality. The water used in this study had an average Ryznar Stability Index of 6.23 and was formulated by adding calcium chloride and magnesium carbonate to tap water. Fouling resistance versus time was plotted for each experimental run, and the resulting curves indicate a close approximation to industrial conditions can be made in a laboratory environment. Fouling resistances were obtained at surface temperatures from 136°F to 199°F. The flow velocity and water quality were held constant during these runs. A correlation modeled after the Arrhenius temperature function was developed for surface temperature and asymptotic fouling resistance values. The model obtained has a correlation coefficient of .95 and a standard deviation of 4. 08% for data obtained in this study. The Ryznar Stability Index proved to be a poor indicator of water fouling tendency with the cooling water used in the present study. Close

• 79. [Article] Design and testing of intrustive conductivity probes for the measurement of two-phase flow parameters

  This thesis examines two techniques for measuring two-phase flow parameters in an air/water system using intrusive conductivity probes. Specifically, the theoretical derivation for measuring void fraction ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Design and testing of intrustive conductivity probes for the measurement of two-phase flow parameters Author: McCreary, David M. This thesis examines two techniques for measuring two-phase flow parameters in an air/water system using intrusive conductivity probes. Specifically, the theoretical derivation for measuring void fraction and interfacial area using a two-sensor needle-type probe is derived, and a statistical analysis of the accuracy using the two-sensor probe for measuring interfacial area will be determined from a comprehensive literature review. The second technique used to measure void fraction in air/water flows is with a half-ring type conductivity probe. This half-ring type probe measures an area-averaged void fraction, while the needle-type probe measures local two-phase parameters. A single-sensor needle-type probe is used to experimentally measure void fraction in a test section, and is then benchmarked with another instrument as well as the drift-flux model. The half-ring type probe is then cross-calibrated with the needle-type probe. A complete system for measurement of local void fraction in an air/water two-phase mixture using two measurement techniques is presented. A detailed design procedure for a single-sensor conductivity probe as well as a half-ring type probe, and the corresponding circuits to power them are discussed. The two techniques discussed are accurate, simple, reliable, and inexpensive. Title: Design and testing of intrustive conductivity probes for the measurement of two-phase flow parameters Author: McCreary, David M. This thesis examines two techniques for measuring two-phase flow parameters in an air/water system using intrusive conductivity probes. Specifically, the theoretical derivation for measuring void fraction and interfacial area using a two-sensor needle-type probe is derived, and a statistical analysis of the accuracy using the two-sensor probe for measuring interfacial area will be determined from a comprehensive literature review. The second technique used to measure void fraction in air/water flows is with a half-ring type conductivity probe. This half-ring type probe measures an area-averaged void fraction, while the needle-type probe measures local two-phase parameters. A single-sensor needle-type probe is used to experimentally measure void fraction in a test section, and is then benchmarked with another instrument as well as the drift-flux model. The half-ring type probe is then cross-calibrated with the needle-type probe. A complete system for measurement of local void fraction in an air/water two-phase mixture using two measurement techniques is presented. A detailed design procedure for a single-sensor conductivity probe as well as a half-ring type probe, and the corresponding circuits to power them are discussed. The two techniques discussed are accurate, simple, reliable, and inexpensive. Close

• 80. [Article] Estuaries in Motion: Teaching Estuarine Flow Concepts through Video

  A video explaining estuarine flow concepts was produced for a target audience of high school students in physics and earth science classes. This honors thesis explains the video production and concepts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estuaries in Motion: Teaching Estuarine Flow Concepts through Video Author: Cameron, Marina R. A video explaining estuarine flow concepts was produced for a target audience of high school students in physics and earth science classes. This honors thesis explains the video production and concepts introduced in the video. Title: Estuaries in Motion: Teaching Estuarine Flow Concepts through Video Author: Cameron, Marina R. A video explaining estuarine flow concepts was produced for a target audience of high school students in physics and earth science classes. This honors thesis explains the video production and concepts introduced in the video. Close

• 81. [Article] Analysis and numerical simulation of the ground water system at the Bonneville navigation lock site, Oregon

  As part of the new navigation lock for Bonneville Dam a new water source for the Bonneville Fish Hatchery must be supplied. The hatchery is located on the Oregon side of the Columbia River downstream of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis and numerical simulation of the ground water system at the Bonneville navigation lock site, Oregon Author: Baron, Dirk Year: 1990 As part of the new navigation lock for Bonneville Dam a new water source for the Bonneville Fish Hatchery must be supplied. The hatchery is located on the Oregon side of the Columbia River downstream of the dam. It requires large quantities of water free from chemical and biological contamination. In addition, the water has to be in a narrow temperature range. Currently the fish hatchery receives its water from a well field that is located on the alluvial terrace downstream of Bonneville Dam. The well field lies in the proposed approach channel for the new lock and has to be abandoned during construction of the lock. For the continued water supply of the hatchery, a new well field will be developed north of the approach channel. Early in the planning phase for the new lock, concerns were raised about the potential impact of the relocation of the well field and the excavation of the new approach channel on the hatchery. To assess these concerns and to assure a continuous water supply during and after construction, a hydrogeologic investigation was initiated. Within the framework of the investigation this study focuses on the analysis of pumping test data and the development of a three-dimensional ground water flow model for the site. Title: Analysis and numerical simulation of the ground water system at the Bonneville navigation lock site, Oregon Author: Baron, Dirk Year: 1990 As part of the new navigation lock for Bonneville Dam a new water source for the Bonneville Fish Hatchery must be supplied. The hatchery is located on the Oregon side of the Columbia River downstream of the dam. It requires large quantities of water free from chemical and biological contamination. In addition, the water has to be in a narrow temperature range. Currently the fish hatchery receives its water from a well field that is located on the alluvial terrace downstream of Bonneville Dam. The well field lies in the proposed approach channel for the new lock and has to be abandoned during construction of the lock. For the continued water supply of the hatchery, a new well field will be developed north of the approach channel. Early in the planning phase for the new lock, concerns were raised about the potential impact of the relocation of the well field and the excavation of the new approach channel on the hatchery. To assess these concerns and to assure a continuous water supply during and after construction, a hydrogeologic investigation was initiated. Within the framework of the investigation this study focuses on the analysis of pumping test data and the development of a three-dimensional ground water flow model for the site. Close

• 82. [Article] 'Sticky spots' and subglacial lakes under ice streams of the Siple Coast, Antarctica

  Locations of subglacial lakes discovered under fast-moving West Antarctic ice streams tend to be associated with topographic features of the subglacial bed or with areas that have strong variations in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 'Sticky spots' and subglacial lakes under ice streams of the Siple Coast, Antarctica Author: Sergienko, Olga V., Hulbe, Christina L. Year: 2011 Locations of subglacial lakes discovered under fast-moving West Antarctic ice streams tend to be associated with topographic features of the subglacial bed or with areas that have strong variations in basal conditions. Inversion of ice-stream surface velocity indicates that basal conditions under ice streams can be highly variable and that there can be widespread regions where basal traction is high. To seek an explanation for why lakes appear to be sited near areas with high basal traction, we use numerical models to simulate ice-stream dynamics, thermodynamics and subglacial water flow. We demonstrate that the ice flow over high basal traction areas produces favourable conditions for the ponding of meltwater. Energy dissipation associated with ice sliding over a region with high basal traction constitutes a water source supplying a lake, and ice-thickness perturbations induced by ice flow over variable traction create local minima in hydraulic potential. Variations in thermodynamic processes caused by such ice flow could be responsible for limiting the horizontal extent of the subglacial lakes. Title: 'Sticky spots' and subglacial lakes under ice streams of the Siple Coast, Antarctica Author: Sergienko, Olga V., Hulbe, Christina L. Year: 2011 Locations of subglacial lakes discovered under fast-moving West Antarctic ice streams tend to be associated with topographic features of the subglacial bed or with areas that have strong variations in basal conditions. Inversion of ice-stream surface velocity indicates that basal conditions under ice streams can be highly variable and that there can be widespread regions where basal traction is high. To seek an explanation for why lakes appear to be sited near areas with high basal traction, we use numerical models to simulate ice-stream dynamics, thermodynamics and subglacial water flow. We demonstrate that the ice flow over high basal traction areas produces favourable conditions for the ponding of meltwater. Energy dissipation associated with ice sliding over a region with high basal traction constitutes a water source supplying a lake, and ice-thickness perturbations induced by ice flow over variable traction create local minima in hydraulic potential. Variations in thermodynamic processes caused by such ice flow could be responsible for limiting the horizontal extent of the subglacial lakes. Close

• 83. [Article] Interactions between microbial dynamics, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media

  Bioremediation in the vadose zone is unpredictable because of poor understanding of factors influencing microbial growth in this environment. A lab-scale experimental system was developed to examine, noninvasively, interactions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactions between microbial dynamics, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media Author: Yarwood, Rockie R. Bioremediation in the vadose zone is unpredictable because of poor understanding of factors influencing microbial growth in this environment. A lab-scale experimental system was developed to examine, noninvasively, interactions between microbial growth, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media. Measurements of microbial colonization, and its impact on hydrology, were facilitated by using the luxCDABE-containing reporter bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 and digital CCD imaging. Experiments were conducted in glass-walled two-dimensional flow cells (45 x 50 x 1 cm) packed with silica sand. Several bioengineering problems associated with chamber design and function required solution before microbial experiments were successful. These included: choice of materials for chamber components; development of sterilization, packing, and inoculation protocols; and development of procedures for data collection and chamber maintenance during experiments lasting several days. Bacterial growth was mapped daily by quantifying development of salicylate-induced bioluminescence. A model relating the rate of increase in light emission after induction successfully predicted microbial densities over four orders of magnitude (R²=0.95) provided that sufficient oxygen for the bioluminescence reaction was available. Total model-predicted growth during a one-week experiment agreed with potential growth calculated from the mass-balance of the system and previously established kinetic parameters (predicted, 1.2x10¹² cells; calculated, 1.7x10¹² cells). Although the rate of expansion of the colonized zone (and predicted populations in newly colonized regions) remained relatively constant, the proportion of the daily potential growth remaining within the chamber declined over time. Monitoring of bioluminescence revealed the development of an (hypothesized) anaerobic zone associated with microbial growth in the unsaturated porous media. Water content and flow streams were measured using light transmission. Accumulation of microbial growth modified the hydrologic properties of the sand causing up to 50% decrease in saturation within the colonized zone, diversion of flow around the colonized zone, and lowering (5 cm) of the capillary fringe height. Apparent solute velocity through the colonized region was reduced from 0.39 cm min⁻¹ (R²=0.99) to 0.25 cm min⁻¹ (R²=0.99). These experiments provide proof-of-concept for combining light transmission and bioluminescence technologies to study interactions between microbial growth and hydrology in unsaturated porous media. Title: Interactions between microbial dynamics, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media Author: Yarwood, Rockie R. Bioremediation in the vadose zone is unpredictable because of poor understanding of factors influencing microbial growth in this environment. A lab-scale experimental system was developed to examine, noninvasively, interactions between microbial growth, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media. Measurements of microbial colonization, and its impact on hydrology, were facilitated by using the luxCDABE-containing reporter bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 and digital CCD imaging. Experiments were conducted in glass-walled two-dimensional flow cells (45 x 50 x 1 cm) packed with silica sand. Several bioengineering problems associated with chamber design and function required solution before microbial experiments were successful. These included: choice of materials for chamber components; development of sterilization, packing, and inoculation protocols; and development of procedures for data collection and chamber maintenance during experiments lasting several days. Bacterial growth was mapped daily by quantifying development of salicylate-induced bioluminescence. A model relating the rate of increase in light emission after induction successfully predicted microbial densities over four orders of magnitude (R²=0.95) provided that sufficient oxygen for the bioluminescence reaction was available. Total model-predicted growth during a one-week experiment agreed with potential growth calculated from the mass-balance of the system and previously established kinetic parameters (predicted, 1.2x10¹² cells; calculated, 1.7x10¹² cells). Although the rate of expansion of the colonized zone (and predicted populations in newly colonized regions) remained relatively constant, the proportion of the daily potential growth remaining within the chamber declined over time. Monitoring of bioluminescence revealed the development of an (hypothesized) anaerobic zone associated with microbial growth in the unsaturated porous media. Water content and flow streams were measured using light transmission. Accumulation of microbial growth modified the hydrologic properties of the sand causing up to 50% decrease in saturation within the colonized zone, diversion of flow around the colonized zone, and lowering (5 cm) of the capillary fringe height. Apparent solute velocity through the colonized region was reduced from 0.39 cm min⁻¹ (R²=0.99) to 0.25 cm min⁻¹ (R²=0.99). These experiments provide proof-of-concept for combining light transmission and bioluminescence technologies to study interactions between microbial growth and hydrology in unsaturated porous media. Close

• 84. [Image] Minimizing Costs for Water Supply in Rural Areas: The Steady-Flow Water System

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Minimizing Costs for Water Supply in Rural Areas: The Steady-Flow Water System Year: 1997 Title: Minimizing Costs for Water Supply in Rural Areas: The Steady-Flow Water System Year: 1997 Close

• 85. [Article] Documentation for a combined carbon-water flow stand level coniferous forest model

  The following report Introduces a documentation scheme for flow oriented ecosystem models and shows its application to a carbon-water model developed within the coniferous biome. This documentation scheme has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation for a combined carbon-water flow stand level coniferous forest model Author: Sollins, P., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Swartzman, G. L. (Gordon L.), University of Washington The following report Introduces a documentation scheme for flow oriented ecosystem models and shows its application to a carbon-water model developed within the coniferous biome. This documentation scheme has remained operative through revision of this model and expansion of It to include nutrient flows. This model and subsequent versions are operative simulations on the CDC 6400 at the University of Washington using SIMCOMP (Gustafson S Innis (1971)).and give reasonable output. The purpose of this report is mainly to introduce the reader to the documentation scheme which we have found so effective in maintaining a running history of the modeling process for large scale models. We hope that it will lead to the adoption of this or a similar documentation scheme as a standard for ecological modeling. Title: Documentation for a combined carbon-water flow stand level coniferous forest model Author: Sollins, P., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Swartzman, G. L. (Gordon L.), University of Washington The following report Introduces a documentation scheme for flow oriented ecosystem models and shows its application to a carbon-water model developed within the coniferous biome. This documentation scheme has remained operative through revision of this model and expansion of It to include nutrient flows. This model and subsequent versions are operative simulations on the CDC 6400 at the University of Washington using SIMCOMP (Gustafson S Innis (1971)).and give reasonable output. The purpose of this report is mainly to introduce the reader to the documentation scheme which we have found so effective in maintaining a running history of the modeling process for large scale models. We hope that it will lead to the adoption of this or a similar documentation scheme as a standard for ecological modeling. Close

• 86. [Article] Experimental evaluation and numerical modeling of a water source heat pump evaporator

  Water source heat pumps are increasingly being used for residential and commercial space heating. Typically, these heat pumps are capable of both heating and cooling, and historically the design emphasis has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Experimental evaluation and numerical modeling of a water source heat pump evaporator Author: Means, Paul Morency Water source heat pumps are increasingly being used for residential and commercial space heating. Typically, these heat pumps are capable of both heating and cooling, and historically the design emphasis has been on improving the units' cooling performance. Recently, there has been more interest in improving the heating performance, however, in order to optimize the design for improved heating performance data on the heat pump components operating in the heating mode are required. These data have not been available for the waterto- refrigerant heat exchangers typically installed in unitary water source heat pumps. The purpose of this work is to provide performance data on such heat exchangers operating as evaporators (data is available for the heat exchangers operating as condensers) and to provide a numerical model by which a limited amount of evaporator data might be expanded for system modeling and optimization studies. A well instrumented water-to-water heat pump was assembled for the purpose of testing two such water-to-refrigerant heat exchangers to determine their heat transfer and refrigerant pressure drop characteristics as evaporators. The overall heat transfer coefficient for each of the two heat exchangers was found to be a strong function of both the water and refrigerant flow rates and a relatively weak function of the refrigerant evaporation temperature. The refrigerant pressure drop was determined to be highly dependent on the refrigerant flow rate and only slightly dependent on the evaporator temperature. The overall heat transfer coefficient showed an apparent difference between parallel and counter flow conditions. This coefficient, as defined by the log-mean temperature difference, was slightly higher for the counter flow condition. A numerical model of the evaporator was developed and compared with the experimental results. The model follows a numerical solution in which the governing equations (continuity, momentum, and energy) are solved for a finite control volume and an appropriate finitedifference scheme is used to continue the solution step-wise along the length of the heat exchanger. The numerical model accurately predicts the effect of flow rate and temperature on refrigerant pressure drop and the effect of water flow rate and direction on the overall heat transfer coefficient. The model does not accurately predict the effect of evaporator temperature and refrigerant flow rate on the heat transfer coefficient. Title: Experimental evaluation and numerical modeling of a water source heat pump evaporator Author: Means, Paul Morency Water source heat pumps are increasingly being used for residential and commercial space heating. Typically, these heat pumps are capable of both heating and cooling, and historically the design emphasis has been on improving the units' cooling performance. Recently, there has been more interest in improving the heating performance, however, in order to optimize the design for improved heating performance data on the heat pump components operating in the heating mode are required. These data have not been available for the waterto- refrigerant heat exchangers typically installed in unitary water source heat pumps. The purpose of this work is to provide performance data on such heat exchangers operating as evaporators (data is available for the heat exchangers operating as condensers) and to provide a numerical model by which a limited amount of evaporator data might be expanded for system modeling and optimization studies. A well instrumented water-to-water heat pump was assembled for the purpose of testing two such water-to-refrigerant heat exchangers to determine their heat transfer and refrigerant pressure drop characteristics as evaporators. The overall heat transfer coefficient for each of the two heat exchangers was found to be a strong function of both the water and refrigerant flow rates and a relatively weak function of the refrigerant evaporation temperature. The refrigerant pressure drop was determined to be highly dependent on the refrigerant flow rate and only slightly dependent on the evaporator temperature. The overall heat transfer coefficient showed an apparent difference between parallel and counter flow conditions. This coefficient, as defined by the log-mean temperature difference, was slightly higher for the counter flow condition. A numerical model of the evaporator was developed and compared with the experimental results. The model follows a numerical solution in which the governing equations (continuity, momentum, and energy) are solved for a finite control volume and an appropriate finitedifference scheme is used to continue the solution step-wise along the length of the heat exchanger. The numerical model accurately predicts the effect of flow rate and temperature on refrigerant pressure drop and the effect of water flow rate and direction on the overall heat transfer coefficient. The model does not accurately predict the effect of evaporator temperature and refrigerant flow rate on the heat transfer coefficient. Close

• 87. [Article] Pudding River Watershed Assessment, 2006

  Abstract -- Northeast of Salem, five large streams flow west out of the Cascade Mountains to join the Pudding River as it meanders north across the broad Willamette Valley and to its confluence with the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pudding River Watershed Assessment, 2006 Abstract -- Northeast of Salem, five large streams flow west out of the Cascade Mountains to join the Pudding River as it meanders north across the broad Willamette Valley and to its confluence with the Molalla River near Canby. In this document, we characterize past and current watershed conditions and identify opportunities for improving conditions in this watershed. Chapter headings include: introduction and watershed overview, water quality, fish populations and aquatic habitat, water flow and use, riparian vegetation and wetlands, and riparian and stream restoration. The two appendices deal with Pudding River watershed history and BLM Conservation Strategy objectives. 221 pp. Numerous illustrative maps in PDF format accompany this report. Title: Pudding River Watershed Assessment, 2006 Abstract -- Northeast of Salem, five large streams flow west out of the Cascade Mountains to join the Pudding River as it meanders north across the broad Willamette Valley and to its confluence with the Molalla River near Canby. In this document, we characterize past and current watershed conditions and identify opportunities for improving conditions in this watershed. Chapter headings include: introduction and watershed overview, water quality, fish populations and aquatic habitat, water flow and use, riparian vegetation and wetlands, and riparian and stream restoration. The two appendices deal with Pudding River watershed history and BLM Conservation Strategy objectives. 221 pp. Numerous illustrative maps in PDF format accompany this report. Close

• 88. [Article] A numerical model for the fate and transport of chlorinated phenols in groundwater

  The objective of this study was to develop a numerical model for the movement and fate of chlorinated phenols in groundwater. In the first part, a numerical model for several different equilibrium and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A numerical model for the fate and transport of chlorinated phenols in groundwater Author: Lee, Sang Bong The objective of this study was to develop a numerical model for the movement and fate of chlorinated phenols in groundwater. In the first part, a numerical model for several different equilibrium and nonequilibrium sorption processes under isothermal conditions is developed for one-dimensional, steady-state water flow in soil columns. The simulated breakthrough curves can be used to estimate sorption parameters from the results of column experiments. The second part presents a one-dimensional numerical model for the fate and transport of chlorinated phenols for one-dimensional, steady-state groundwater flow. The numerical model includes the transport processes of advection, dispersion, sorption, biological degradation, and decay. The set of governing differential equations is solved by Newton-Raphson iteration and the finite difference method. Two different groups of microorganisms are assumed to be involved in the degradation; one group for the reductive dechlorination of the electron acceptor/donor pair and the other group for the fermentation of the electron donor. Inhibition effects due to presence of multiple substrates are included in the Monod kinetics. Simulated breakthrough curves are presented for a range of assumed model parameters and will be compared with measured concentrations in a series of miscible displacement experiments in laboratory columns. Title: A numerical model for the fate and transport of chlorinated phenols in groundwater Author: Lee, Sang Bong The objective of this study was to develop a numerical model for the movement and fate of chlorinated phenols in groundwater. In the first part, a numerical model for several different equilibrium and nonequilibrium sorption processes under isothermal conditions is developed for one-dimensional, steady-state water flow in soil columns. The simulated breakthrough curves can be used to estimate sorption parameters from the results of column experiments. The second part presents a one-dimensional numerical model for the fate and transport of chlorinated phenols for one-dimensional, steady-state groundwater flow. The numerical model includes the transport processes of advection, dispersion, sorption, biological degradation, and decay. The set of governing differential equations is solved by Newton-Raphson iteration and the finite difference method. Two different groups of microorganisms are assumed to be involved in the degradation; one group for the reductive dechlorination of the electron acceptor/donor pair and the other group for the fermentation of the electron donor. Inhibition effects due to presence of multiple substrates are included in the Monod kinetics. Simulated breakthrough curves are presented for a range of assumed model parameters and will be compared with measured concentrations in a series of miscible displacement experiments in laboratory columns. Close

• 89. [Article] Sub-regional detention siting : a methodology using GIS

  The Mt. Scott watershed in northern Clackamas County, Oregon is an urban watershed that lies inside the Portland metropolitan urban growth boundary. Urbanization of the watershed began in the early 1970s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sub-regional detention siting : a methodology using GIS Author: Murdock, Carol L. The Mt. Scott watershed in northern Clackamas County, Oregon is an urban watershed that lies inside the Portland metropolitan urban growth boundary. Urbanization of the watershed began in the early 1970s and has recently accelerated. A landscape level analysis of the urbanization process was combined with the results of a recently completed storm water master plan for the area. The project resulted in the identification of potential locations for combined detention and water quality facilities. It also served to further justify the recent revision of surface water management rules and regulations to include requirements for lower release rates from detention facilities and riparian and wetland buffers. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used extensively throughout the project to provide data input into the XPSWMM model that was used to analyze storm water flows and to identify infrastructure needs and requirements. In addition, GIS played a pivotal role in identifying factors which may be contributing to changes in stream condition in the basin. The results of this analysis project will be used by surface water managers in their continuing effort to refine current surface water management rules and regulations in the face of on-going development and continued urbanization. Title: Sub-regional detention siting : a methodology using GIS Author: Murdock, Carol L. The Mt. Scott watershed in northern Clackamas County, Oregon is an urban watershed that lies inside the Portland metropolitan urban growth boundary. Urbanization of the watershed began in the early 1970s and has recently accelerated. A landscape level analysis of the urbanization process was combined with the results of a recently completed storm water master plan for the area. The project resulted in the identification of potential locations for combined detention and water quality facilities. It also served to further justify the recent revision of surface water management rules and regulations to include requirements for lower release rates from detention facilities and riparian and wetland buffers. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used extensively throughout the project to provide data input into the XPSWMM model that was used to analyze storm water flows and to identify infrastructure needs and requirements. In addition, GIS played a pivotal role in identifying factors which may be contributing to changes in stream condition in the basin. The results of this analysis project will be used by surface water managers in their continuing effort to refine current surface water management rules and regulations in the face of on-going development and continued urbanization. Close

• 90. [Article] Tillamook Bay comprehensive conservation and mangement plan : restoring the balance

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tillamook Bay comprehensive conservation and mangement plan : restoring the balance Title: Tillamook Bay comprehensive conservation and mangement plan : restoring the balance Close

• 91. [Article] Shelfbreak upwelling induced by alongshore currents: analytical and numerical results

  This is the publisher's version of record. The original submission is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found here: http://www.tos.org/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shelfbreak upwelling induced by alongshore currents: analytical and numerical results Author: Palma, Elbio D., Miller, Robert N., Matano, Ricardo P. This is the publisher's version of record. The original submission is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found here: http://www.tos.org/ Title: Shelfbreak upwelling induced by alongshore currents: analytical and numerical results Author: Palma, Elbio D., Miller, Robert N., Matano, Ricardo P. This is the publisher's version of record. The original submission is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found here: http://www.tos.org/ Close

• 92. [Article] Shelfbreak upwelling induced by alongshore currents: analytical and numerical results

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found at: http://www.cambridge.org/home/home/item5655304/?site_locale=en_US.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shelfbreak upwelling induced by alongshore currents: analytical and numerical results Author: Palma, Elbio D., Matano, Ricardo P., Miller, Robert N. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found at: http://www.cambridge.org/home/home/item5655304/?site_locale=en_US. Title: Shelfbreak upwelling induced by alongshore currents: analytical and numerical results Author: Palma, Elbio D., Matano, Ricardo P., Miller, Robert N. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found at: http://www.cambridge.org/home/home/item5655304/?site_locale=en_US. Close

• 93. [Article] Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation in Barrow Canyon

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://www.ametsoc.org/pubs/journals/jpo/index.html.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation in Barrow Canyon Author: Shroyer, E. L. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://www.ametsoc.org/pubs/journals/jpo/index.html. Title: Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation in Barrow Canyon Author: Shroyer, E. L. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://www.ametsoc.org/pubs/journals/jpo/index.html. Close

• 94. [Article] Physical parameters as tracers of Columbia River water

  Hydrographic and bathythermograph data taken off the Oregon coast during a two week period in August of 1969 were analyzed to determine if heat content and mixed layer depth may be used as indicators of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Physical parameters as tracers of Columbia River water Author: Evans, Richard H. Hydrographic and bathythermograph data taken off the Oregon coast during a two week period in August of 1969 were analyzed to determine if heat content and mixed layer depth may be used as indicators of Columbia River plume water. Heat content was found to be a poor indicator of plume water because of large additions of heat to the plume as the waters flowed southward and because the layer over which heat content was integrated (0 to 20 meters) was inconsistent with the depth of the plume. High variability among observations made analysis of mixed layer depth difficult and reduced its utility as an indicator of plume waters. Hydrographic sections taken during the summer months off Oregon from 1960 through 1969 were also examined. The axis of the Columbia River plume was located in 70 instances. The salinity axis was found to lie inshore of the temperature axis by a mean distance of 8.5 nautical miles. This displacement increased downstream and was most pronounced in July and August. A simple model showed the displacement to be the result of a large temperature gradient across the nearshore portion of the plume pynocline. Title: Physical parameters as tracers of Columbia River water Author: Evans, Richard H. Hydrographic and bathythermograph data taken off the Oregon coast during a two week period in August of 1969 were analyzed to determine if heat content and mixed layer depth may be used as indicators of Columbia River plume water. Heat content was found to be a poor indicator of plume water because of large additions of heat to the plume as the waters flowed southward and because the layer over which heat content was integrated (0 to 20 meters) was inconsistent with the depth of the plume. High variability among observations made analysis of mixed layer depth difficult and reduced its utility as an indicator of plume waters. Hydrographic sections taken during the summer months off Oregon from 1960 through 1969 were also examined. The axis of the Columbia River plume was located in 70 instances. The salinity axis was found to lie inshore of the temperature axis by a mean distance of 8.5 nautical miles. This displacement increased downstream and was most pronounced in July and August. A simple model showed the displacement to be the result of a large temperature gradient across the nearshore portion of the plume pynocline. Close

• 95. [Article] Hydrothermal fluid circulation through the sediment of Crater Lake, Oregon: Pore water and heat flow constraints

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrothermal fluid circulation through the sediment of Crater Lake, Oregon: Pore water and heat flow constraints Author: Dymond, Jack, Wheat, C. Geoffrey, McManus, James, Collier, Robert W., Whiticar, Michael Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: Hydrothermal fluid circulation through the sediment of Crater Lake, Oregon: Pore water and heat flow constraints Author: Dymond, Jack, Wheat, C. Geoffrey, McManus, James, Collier, Robert W., Whiticar, Michael Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 96. [Article] Some factors influencing the trends of salmon populations in Oregon

  Three factors were found to be significantly correlated with the fluctuations and trends in silver salmon production in Oregon. Logging was found to adversely affect the runs of salmon in later years. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Some factors influencing the trends of salmon populations in Oregon Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I., McKernan, Donald L. (Donald Lynn), 1918-1979 Three factors were found to be significantly correlated with the fluctuations and trends in silver salmon production in Oregon. Logging was found to adversely affect the runs of salmon in later years. Exceptional winter floods seem to produce poor resulting runs. Low summer water flows also appear to produce lower than average runs on some rivers, while higher summer flows appear to be followed by an increase in the resultant runs. The intensity of fishing was also found to affect the subsequent productivity of the fisheries. Increases in fishing effort on the rivers studied were followed in succeeding cycles by a lower catch, and when the fishing effort declined the ensuing production of silver salmon generally increased. Other factors studied did not bear a significant relationship to the fluctuations or trends of productivity of silver salmon. Title: Some factors influencing the trends of salmon populations in Oregon Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I., McKernan, Donald L. (Donald Lynn), 1918-1979 Three factors were found to be significantly correlated with the fluctuations and trends in silver salmon production in Oregon. Logging was found to adversely affect the runs of salmon in later years. Exceptional winter floods seem to produce poor resulting runs. Low summer water flows also appear to produce lower than average runs on some rivers, while higher summer flows appear to be followed by an increase in the resultant runs. The intensity of fishing was also found to affect the subsequent productivity of the fisheries. Increases in fishing effort on the rivers studied were followed in succeeding cycles by a lower catch, and when the fishing effort declined the ensuing production of silver salmon generally increased. Other factors studied did not bear a significant relationship to the fluctuations or trends of productivity of silver salmon. Close

• 97. [Article] Willamette Basin Restoration Priorities: Watershed Summaries, 2005

  Abstract -- The Watershed Restoration Summaries were developed by local watershed councils and other stakeholders to help identify priorities for restoring fish and wildlife habitat and water quality throughout ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette Basin Restoration Priorities: Watershed Summaries, 2005 Abstract -- The Watershed Restoration Summaries were developed by local watershed councils and other stakeholders to help identify priorities for restoring fish and wildlife habitat and water quality throughout the Willamette Basin. These summaries outline aquatic and terrestrial restoration priorities and geographic focus areas within three major themes: 1) Restoration of habitat connectivity (e.g., fish passage and wildlife corridors); 2) Restoration of key watershed processes and functions (e.g., large wood delivery, water flows, sediment transport, and disturbance regimes); and 3) Restoration of aquatic, riparian, wetland, and upland habitats, including addressing habitats for ESA-listed species and areas that impact water quality. Watersheds included: Scappoose Bay, Columbia Slough, Lower Willamette, Johnson, Tryon, Fanno Creeks, Clackamas, Tualatin, Yamhill & Chehalem, Molalla, Pudding, Glenn-Gibson, Greater Salem-Keizer Area, Rickreall, Santiam, Luckiamute, Calapooia, Mary's, Long Tom, McKenzie, Coast Fork Willamette, Middle Fork Willamette, Middle & Upper Willamette. Title: Willamette Basin Restoration Priorities: Watershed Summaries, 2005 Abstract -- The Watershed Restoration Summaries were developed by local watershed councils and other stakeholders to help identify priorities for restoring fish and wildlife habitat and water quality throughout the Willamette Basin. These summaries outline aquatic and terrestrial restoration priorities and geographic focus areas within three major themes: 1) Restoration of habitat connectivity (e.g., fish passage and wildlife corridors); 2) Restoration of key watershed processes and functions (e.g., large wood delivery, water flows, sediment transport, and disturbance regimes); and 3) Restoration of aquatic, riparian, wetland, and upland habitats, including addressing habitats for ESA-listed species and areas that impact water quality. Watersheds included: Scappoose Bay, Columbia Slough, Lower Willamette, Johnson, Tryon, Fanno Creeks, Clackamas, Tualatin, Yamhill & Chehalem, Molalla, Pudding, Glenn-Gibson, Greater Salem-Keizer Area, Rickreall, Santiam, Luckiamute, Calapooia, Mary's, Long Tom, McKenzie, Coast Fork Willamette, Middle Fork Willamette, Middle & Upper Willamette. Close

• 98. [Article] Conifer : a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : revised documentation

  CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Measured driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conifer : a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : revised documentation Author: Sollins, P., Brown, Alfred T., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Swartzman, G. L. (Gordon L.) CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Measured driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Title: Conifer : a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : revised documentation Author: Sollins, P., Brown, Alfred T., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Swartzman, G. L. (Gordon L.) CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Measured driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Close

• 99. [Article] Momentum transfer in climbing-film flow in an annular duct

  Momentum transfer in an annular duct with upward gas-Iiquid flow was studied under the condition that the liquid flowed as a film only on the inner core of the annulus, the outer wall remaining dry. Previous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Momentum transfer in climbing-film flow in an annular duct Author: Kim, Duk Hwang Momentum transfer in an annular duct with upward gas-Iiquid flow was studied under the condition that the liquid flowed as a film only on the inner core of the annulus, the outer wall remaining dry. Previous workers have studied climbing and falling liquid films in tubes or on vertical planes. With this type of apparatus it is very difficult to study pressure losses, gas velocity profiles, and the structure of the climbing film. The difficulty has been overcome by forming a liquid film on the inner core and maintaining a dry outer wall of an annular duct. The column consists of a three-inch I.D. outer tube with a concentric one-inch O.D. inner core. The inner tube was supported laterally by sets of streamlined centering screws. The total length of the column was about 35 feet and the test section was 20 feet long. All measurements were made at two stations, the first was 76 inches from the liquid injector, the second 154 inches from the liquid injector. The liquid injector is a porous stainless steel cylinder with one inch O.D. and two inch length. The air flow rates varied from 170 cfm to 410 cfm at 1 atmosphere pressure and 68° F temperature. The water flow rates used were 0.47 lbm/min and 0.79 lbm/min. The study has two major divisions. First division is the study of the mechanics of the air flow in the annulus as it is affected by the presence of the climbing film of liquid. This portion of the study involves an investigation of velocity profiles, the point of maximum velocity, friction losses, and the role of capillary waves in the annular flow. It was found that: 1) the pressure loss for climbing film flow in an annulus can be predicted by the Lockhart and Martinelli correlation for two-phase flow in tubes, 2) the capillary waves of the climbing film affect only the location of the point of maximum air velocity and the air velocity profile at the inner portion of the annulue, 3) the location of the point of maximum air velocity shuts to the outer wall as water film is introduced, 4) the air velocity profiles in the inner portion of the annulus with the film present, plotted as u⁺ versus y⁺, are shifted downward, relative to those for annular flow without the film, although they have same slope. The second part is the study of the mechanics of flow of a climbing water film which has a solid wall as one boundary and highly turbulent air stream as the other. The mean film thickness, wave length, and amplitude of the climbing film were measured by a photographic method. This method gave good results in the measurement of mean film thickness at the lower and moderate air velocities. However, the wave length and amplitude determined by this method have only a qualitative significance, because of the irregularity of wave shapes. With increasing air flow rates, the film thickness, wave length, and amplitude decreased. Generally the ratio of wave length to amplitude varied between 20 to 30. As a first approximation, Kapitza's theory of wave formation in the vertical plane with downward flow, based on laminar conditions, was extended to the climbing film in an annular duct in order to obtain an expression for the mean film thickness, the velocity profile of liquid film, and the wave length. Comparison between the prediction and the experiment was found to be reasonably good, The mean film thickness data for climbing film flow in an annulus was correlated with the Lockhart and Martinelli parameters, R[subscript L] and X, and was compared with the correlation for climbing film flow in a tube. If a unique correlation for climbing film flow in both tubes and annuli exists (this is the original proposal of Lockhart and Martinelli), it would appear that the region in the vicinity of x = 0.01 is a transition region. More data at high water flow rates are necessary to reach a general conclusion concerning the correlation. Title: Momentum transfer in climbing-film flow in an annular duct Author: Kim, Duk Hwang Momentum transfer in an annular duct with upward gas-Iiquid flow was studied under the condition that the liquid flowed as a film only on the inner core of the annulus, the outer wall remaining dry. Previous workers have studied climbing and falling liquid films in tubes or on vertical planes. With this type of apparatus it is very difficult to study pressure losses, gas velocity profiles, and the structure of the climbing film. The difficulty has been overcome by forming a liquid film on the inner core and maintaining a dry outer wall of an annular duct. The column consists of a three-inch I.D. outer tube with a concentric one-inch O.D. inner core. The inner tube was supported laterally by sets of streamlined centering screws. The total length of the column was about 35 feet and the test section was 20 feet long. All measurements were made at two stations, the first was 76 inches from the liquid injector, the second 154 inches from the liquid injector. The liquid injector is a porous stainless steel cylinder with one inch O.D. and two inch length. The air flow rates varied from 170 cfm to 410 cfm at 1 atmosphere pressure and 68° F temperature. The water flow rates used were 0.47 lbm/min and 0.79 lbm/min. The study has two major divisions. First division is the study of the mechanics of the air flow in the annulus as it is affected by the presence of the climbing film of liquid. This portion of the study involves an investigation of velocity profiles, the point of maximum velocity, friction losses, and the role of capillary waves in the annular flow. It was found that: 1) the pressure loss for climbing film flow in an annulus can be predicted by the Lockhart and Martinelli correlation for two-phase flow in tubes, 2) the capillary waves of the climbing film affect only the location of the point of maximum air velocity and the air velocity profile at the inner portion of the annulue, 3) the location of the point of maximum air velocity shuts to the outer wall as water film is introduced, 4) the air velocity profiles in the inner portion of the annulus with the film present, plotted as u⁺ versus y⁺, are shifted downward, relative to those for annular flow without the film, although they have same slope. The second part is the study of the mechanics of flow of a climbing water film which has a solid wall as one boundary and highly turbulent air stream as the other. The mean film thickness, wave length, and amplitude of the climbing film were measured by a photographic method. This method gave good results in the measurement of mean film thickness at the lower and moderate air velocities. However, the wave length and amplitude determined by this method have only a qualitative significance, because of the irregularity of wave shapes. With increasing air flow rates, the film thickness, wave length, and amplitude decreased. Generally the ratio of wave length to amplitude varied between 20 to 30. As a first approximation, Kapitza's theory of wave formation in the vertical plane with downward flow, based on laminar conditions, was extended to the climbing film in an annular duct in order to obtain an expression for the mean film thickness, the velocity profile of liquid film, and the wave length. Comparison between the prediction and the experiment was found to be reasonably good, The mean film thickness data for climbing film flow in an annulus was correlated with the Lockhart and Martinelli parameters, R[subscript L] and X, and was compared with the correlation for climbing film flow in a tube. If a unique correlation for climbing film flow in both tubes and annuli exists (this is the original proposal of Lockhart and Martinelli), it would appear that the region in the vicinity of x = 0.01 is a transition region. More data at high water flow rates are necessary to reach a general conclusion concerning the correlation. Close

• 100. [Image] Hydraulic mining near Talent

  	Men, women, children watching hydraulic mining; water flowing from wooden flume to left; water gushing from nozzle attached to long pipeline; children standing on pile of rock rubble (tailings) in center ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydraulic mining near Talent Author: Southern Oregon Historical Society Men, women, children watching hydraulic mining; water flowing from wooden flume to left; water gushing from nozzle attached to long pipeline; children standing on pile of rock rubble (tailings) in center of photo; people sitting on bank ledge Title: Hydraulic mining near Talent Author: Southern Oregon Historical Society Men, women, children watching hydraulic mining; water flowing from wooden flume to left; water gushing from nozzle attached to long pipeline; children standing on pile of rock rubble (tailings) in center of photo; people sitting on bank ledge Close