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• 1. [Article] Kilchis Watershed Analysis

  Abstract -- This watershed assessment contains information on characteristics and land use in the Tillamook Basin, hydrologic characterization, stream channels, riparian, erosion, water quality, wetlands, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Kilchis Watershed Analysis Abstract -- This watershed assessment contains information on characteristics and land use in the Tillamook Basin, hydrologic characterization, stream channels, riparian, erosion, water quality, wetlands, estuary, fish and wildlife, and a synthesis. Title: Kilchis Watershed Analysis Abstract -- This watershed assessment contains information on characteristics and land use in the Tillamook Basin, hydrologic characterization, stream channels, riparian, erosion, water quality, wetlands, estuary, fish and wildlife, and a synthesis. Close

• 2. [Article] North Santiam River Watershed Assessment: Lower and Middle Reach Subwatersheds

  Abstract -- This assessment contains topics including historical and reference conditions, hydrology, water use, sediment sources, water quality, fisheries, aquatic and riparian habitats, a watershed condition ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: North Santiam River Watershed Assessment: Lower and Middle Reach Subwatersheds Abstract -- This assessment contains topics including historical and reference conditions, hydrology, water use, sediment sources, water quality, fisheries, aquatic and riparian habitats, a watershed condition summary, future trends, and recommendations. Title: North Santiam River Watershed Assessment: Lower and Middle Reach Subwatersheds Abstract -- This assessment contains topics including historical and reference conditions, hydrology, water use, sediment sources, water quality, fisheries, aquatic and riparian habitats, a watershed condition summary, future trends, and recommendations. Close

• 3. [Article] MidCoast A - Rapid Bio-assessment 1998 Midcoast

  Abstract -- Snorkel surveys were conducted in five midcoast watersheds that included the Yachats, Alsea, Yaquina, Siletz, and Salmon Rivers. These surveys were commissioned by the Midcoast Watershed Council, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: MidCoast A - Rapid Bio-assessment 1998 Midcoast Abstract -- Snorkel surveys were conducted in five midcoast watersheds that included the Yachats, Alsea, Yaquina, Siletz, and Salmon Rivers. These surveys were commissioned by the Midcoast Watershed Council, using funds granted by GWEB. The intent of these surveys was to begin to develop a base line for monitoring trends in the distribution and abundance of juvenile Coho, Steelhead and Cutthroat in Midcoast watersheds. Adult Coho escapement for many of these basins has hovered near all time low levels for multiple brood cycles. These surveys intend to identify the core areas within these basins that, at low spawner densities, provide suitable spawning habitats. They also intend to identify areas important for juvenile salmonid rearing such that restoration activities can focus on recovering reaches that adult salmonids are returning to. Title: MidCoast A - Rapid Bio-assessment 1998 Midcoast Abstract -- Snorkel surveys were conducted in five midcoast watersheds that included the Yachats, Alsea, Yaquina, Siletz, and Salmon Rivers. These surveys were commissioned by the Midcoast Watershed Council, using funds granted by GWEB. The intent of these surveys was to begin to develop a base line for monitoring trends in the distribution and abundance of juvenile Coho, Steelhead and Cutthroat in Midcoast watersheds. Adult Coho escapement for many of these basins has hovered near all time low levels for multiple brood cycles. These surveys intend to identify the core areas within these basins that, at low spawner densities, provide suitable spawning habitats. They also intend to identify areas important for juvenile salmonid rearing such that restoration activities can focus on recovering reaches that adult salmonids are returning to. Close

• 4. [Article] Calapooya Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan

  Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Calapooya Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Calapooya Creek Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Calapooya Creek Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Title: Calapooya Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Calapooya Creek Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Calapooya Creek Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Close

• 5. [Article] Lower North Umpqua Watershed Assessment and Action Plan

  Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower North Umpqua Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Lower North Umpqua Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Lower North Umpqua Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Title: Lower North Umpqua Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Lower North Umpqua Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Lower North Umpqua Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Close

• 6. [Article] Lower South Umpqua Watershed Assessment and Action Plan

  Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower South Umpqua Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Lower South Umpqua Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Lower South Umpqua Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Title: Lower South Umpqua Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Lower South Umpqua Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Lower South Umpqua Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Close

• 7. [Article] Middle South Umpqua Watershed Assessment and Action Plan

  Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Middle South Umpqua Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Middle South Umpqua Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Middle South Umpqua Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Title: Middle South Umpqua Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Middle South Umpqua Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Middle South Umpqua Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Close

• 8. [Article] Myrtle Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan

  Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Myrtle Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Myrtle Creek Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Myrtle Creek Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Title: Myrtle Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Myrtle Creek Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Myrtle Creek Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Close

• 9. [Article] Lower Cow Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan

  Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Cow Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Lower Cow Creek Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Lower Cow Creek Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Title: Lower Cow Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Lower Cow Creek Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Lower Cow Creek Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Close

• 10. [Article] West Fork Cow Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan

  Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: West Fork Cow Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the West Fork Cow Creek Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, West Fork Cow Creek Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Title: West Fork Cow Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the West Fork Cow Creek Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, West Fork Cow Creek Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Close

• 11. [Article] Upper Cow Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan

  Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Cow Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Upper Cow Creek Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Upper Cow Creek Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Title: Upper Cow Creek Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Upper Cow Creek Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Upper Cow Creek Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Close

• 12. [Article] South Umpqua River Watershed Assessment and Action Plan

  Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: South Umpqua River Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the South Umpqua River Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, South Umpqua River Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Title: South Umpqua River Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the watershed assessment, watershed description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the South Umpqua River Watershed, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, stakeholder/landowner perspectives, and landowner interviews. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, South Umpqua River Watershed key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Close

• 13. [Article] Tiller Region Assessment and Action Plan

  Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the assessment, Tiller region description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tiller Region Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the assessment, Tiller region description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Tiller Region, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, and stakeholder perspectives. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Tiller Region key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Title: Tiller Region Assessment and Action Plan Abstract -- This report contains: the purpose and development of the assessment, Tiller region description, land use, ownership, and population, past conditions from pre-settlement to current, history of the Tiller Region, and historical references. Current conditions include: Stream function, riparian zones and wetlands, water quality/quantity, fish populations, current trends and potential future conditions overview, and stakeholder perspectives. The action plan includes: Property ownership and restoration potential, Tiller Region key findings and action recommendations, and specific UBWC enhancement opportunities. Close

• 14. [Article] White River Watershed Assessment

  Abstract -- This Assessment has been undertaken by the White River Watershed Council, in partnership with the Wasco County Soil and Water Conservation District. It is the intent of this Assessment to provide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: White River Watershed Assessment Abstract -- This Assessment has been undertaken by the White River Watershed Council, in partnership with the Wasco County Soil and Water Conservation District. It is the intent of this Assessment to provide a reference point from which the stakeholders in the White River Watershed, those who live and work in the watershed, can continue to plan for the health of its lands and waters into the future. The assessment contains sections on: a watershed description, settlement and development, stream flow and water rights, irrigation and water management, runoff and erosion, water quality, channel types, riparian and wetlands conditions, aquatic habitat, upland habitat, and evaluation. Title: White River Watershed Assessment Abstract -- This Assessment has been undertaken by the White River Watershed Council, in partnership with the Wasco County Soil and Water Conservation District. It is the intent of this Assessment to provide a reference point from which the stakeholders in the White River Watershed, those who live and work in the watershed, can continue to plan for the health of its lands and waters into the future. The assessment contains sections on: a watershed description, settlement and development, stream flow and water rights, irrigation and water management, runoff and erosion, water quality, channel types, riparian and wetlands conditions, aquatic habitat, upland habitat, and evaluation. Close

• 15. [Article] Big Elk Watershed Analysis

  Abstract -- This watershed analysis describes three domains - the human, the aquatic, and the terrestrial - of the southern one-third of the Yaquina River basin, comprised of Big Elk Creek and Mill Creek, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Big Elk Watershed Analysis Abstract -- This watershed analysis describes three domains - the human, the aquatic, and the terrestrial - of the southern one-third of the Yaquina River basin, comprised of Big Elk Creek and Mill Creek, in the central Coast Range. Watershed characterization, issues, reference conditions, current conditions, trends, and recommendations are given. Title: Big Elk Watershed Analysis Abstract -- This watershed analysis describes three domains - the human, the aquatic, and the terrestrial - of the southern one-third of the Yaquina River basin, comprised of Big Elk Creek and Mill Creek, in the central Coast Range. Watershed characterization, issues, reference conditions, current conditions, trends, and recommendations are given. Close

• 16. [Article] Drift Creek (Alsea) Watershed Analysis

  Abstract -- This analysis of the Drift Creek watershed within the Alsea River basin in the middle Coast Range includes characterization, issues, historic conditions, current conditions, trends, and recommendations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drift Creek (Alsea) Watershed Analysis Abstract -- This analysis of the Drift Creek watershed within the Alsea River basin in the middle Coast Range includes characterization, issues, historic conditions, current conditions, trends, and recommendations for three domains - the human, the aquatic, and the terrestrial. Title: Drift Creek (Alsea) Watershed Analysis Abstract -- This analysis of the Drift Creek watershed within the Alsea River basin in the middle Coast Range includes characterization, issues, historic conditions, current conditions, trends, and recommendations for three domains - the human, the aquatic, and the terrestrial. Close

• 17. [Article] Jordan-Alder Creek (S. Umpqua) Watershed Assessment, 2006

  Abstract -- This assessment identifies current habitat limitations and recommends corrective actions, prioritized by potential benefit to salmonids, in the Jordan-Alder Creek subbasin of the South Umpqua ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jordan-Alder Creek (S. Umpqua) Watershed Assessment, 2006 Abstract -- This assessment identifies current habitat limitations and recommends corrective actions, prioritized by potential benefit to salmonids, in the Jordan-Alder Creek subbasin of the South Umpqua River near Canyonville. Sections include introduction, past conditions, current conditions, current trends and potential future conditions, action plan, and references. Copious figures, tables, and maps. Appendices include stream habitat survey results and official letters. 123 pp. Title: Jordan-Alder Creek (S. Umpqua) Watershed Assessment, 2006 Abstract -- This assessment identifies current habitat limitations and recommends corrective actions, prioritized by potential benefit to salmonids, in the Jordan-Alder Creek subbasin of the South Umpqua River near Canyonville. Sections include introduction, past conditions, current conditions, current trends and potential future conditions, action plan, and references. Copious figures, tables, and maps. Appendices include stream habitat survey results and official letters. 123 pp. Close

• 18. [Article] Annual trends in abundance and frequency for juvenile coho in the Oregon Coast Coho ESU

  Abstract -- PDF Document with reference to North, Mid and Mid-South and Umpqua coastal streams. Snorkel years from 1998 to 2006 and shows information of the annual trend in abundance and frequency metrics ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual trends in abundance and frequency for juvenile coho in the Oregon Coast Coho ESU Abstract -- PDF Document with reference to North, Mid and Mid-South and Umpqua coastal streams. Snorkel years from 1998 to 2006 and shows information of the annual trend in abundance and frequency metrics for juvenile coho salmon in the Oregon Coast Coho ESU, based on snorkel surveys in 1st-3rd order stream reaches. Title: Annual trends in abundance and frequency for juvenile coho in the Oregon Coast Coho ESU Abstract -- PDF Document with reference to North, Mid and Mid-South and Umpqua coastal streams. Snorkel years from 1998 to 2006 and shows information of the annual trend in abundance and frequency metrics for juvenile coho salmon in the Oregon Coast Coho ESU, based on snorkel surveys in 1st-3rd order stream reaches. Close

• 19. [Article] Annual trends in abundance and frequency metrics for juvenile steelhead in the Oregon Coast Steelhead DPS

  Abstract -- PDF Document with reference to North, Mid and Mid-South and Umpqua coastal streams. Snorkel years from 2002 to 2006 and shows information from the annual trend in abundance and frequency metrics ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual trends in abundance and frequency metrics for juvenile steelhead in the Oregon Coast Steelhead DPS Abstract -- PDF Document with reference to North, Mid and Mid-South and Umpqua coastal streams. Snorkel years from 2002 to 2006 and shows information from the annual trend in abundance and frequency metrics for juvenile steelhead in the Oregon Coast Steelhead DPS, based on snorkel surveys in 1st-3rd order stream reaches. Title: Annual trends in abundance and frequency metrics for juvenile steelhead in the Oregon Coast Steelhead DPS Abstract -- PDF Document with reference to North, Mid and Mid-South and Umpqua coastal streams. Snorkel years from 2002 to 2006 and shows information from the annual trend in abundance and frequency metrics for juvenile steelhead in the Oregon Coast Steelhead DPS, based on snorkel surveys in 1st-3rd order stream reaches. Close

• 20. [Article] West Fork Illinois River Watershed Analysis

  Abstract -- The West Fork Illinois River Watershed Analysis (Iteration 1.0) document was completed in June 1997 to provide an ecological context for proposed mineral development, including management recommendations. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: West Fork Illinois River Watershed Analysis Abstract -- The West Fork Illinois River Watershed Analysis (Iteration 1.0) document was completed in June 1997 to provide an ecological context for proposed mineral development, including management recommendations. The focus of iteration 1.0 was the serpentine portion of the watershed on Forest Service lands. The purpose of the current document and analysis is to expand on this earlier analysis by adding the lower elevation BLM land areas. It identifies the various ecosystem components in the lower elevation areas of the West Fork Illinois River fifth field watershed and their interactions at a landscape scale. The analysis looks at historical ecological components, current ecological components and trends. It makes recommendations for future management actions that could be implemented to reach recommended ecological conditions. Title: West Fork Illinois River Watershed Analysis Abstract -- The West Fork Illinois River Watershed Analysis (Iteration 1.0) document was completed in June 1997 to provide an ecological context for proposed mineral development, including management recommendations. The focus of iteration 1.0 was the serpentine portion of the watershed on Forest Service lands. The purpose of the current document and analysis is to expand on this earlier analysis by adding the lower elevation BLM land areas. It identifies the various ecosystem components in the lower elevation areas of the West Fork Illinois River fifth field watershed and their interactions at a landscape scale. The analysis looks at historical ecological components, current ecological components and trends. It makes recommendations for future management actions that could be implemented to reach recommended ecological conditions. Close

• 21. [Article] Upper Sprague Watershed Assessment

  Abstract -- The insight that soil, water and vegetation interact dynamically to produce watershed conditions has led to two principles that have informed the content of this document. First is the importance ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Sprague Watershed Assessment Abstract -- The insight that soil, water and vegetation interact dynamically to produce watershed conditions has led to two principles that have informed the content of this document. First is the importance of basing our restoration and/or our management planning on site-specific conditions, rather than on generalized judgments about conditions at the watershed scale. While watershed-scale statements and analyses are very important for context and for the “big picture,” any actual on-the-ground actions must be rooted in analysis of the actual conditions on the site in question. Second is the importance of focusing on “trend over time,” rather than on static “snapshots” of watershed conditions. The snapshot approach to assessment of conditions compels the analyst or resource manager to make “black or white” determinations about whether or not a given site is acceptable. Focusing on trend over time, on the other hand, allows the resource managers to determine whether fundamental processes are in place that will produce a stable -- but dynamic -- landscape over the long term. Title: Upper Sprague Watershed Assessment Abstract -- The insight that soil, water and vegetation interact dynamically to produce watershed conditions has led to two principles that have informed the content of this document. First is the importance of basing our restoration and/or our management planning on site-specific conditions, rather than on generalized judgments about conditions at the watershed scale. While watershed-scale statements and analyses are very important for context and for the “big picture,” any actual on-the-ground actions must be rooted in analysis of the actual conditions on the site in question. Second is the importance of focusing on “trend over time,” rather than on static “snapshots” of watershed conditions. The snapshot approach to assessment of conditions compels the analyst or resource manager to make “black or white” determinations about whether or not a given site is acceptable. Focusing on trend over time, on the other hand, allows the resource managers to determine whether fundamental processes are in place that will produce a stable -- but dynamic -- landscape over the long term. Close

• 22. [Article] Lower Rogue Watershed Assessment

  Abstract -- Thank you for your interest in The Lower Rogue Watershed Assessment. The Lower Rogue Watershed Council’s mission is: To help foster, develop and coordinate a basin-wide approach to resource ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Rogue Watershed Assessment Abstract -- Thank you for your interest in The Lower Rogue Watershed Assessment. The Lower Rogue Watershed Council’s mission is: To help foster, develop and coordinate a basin-wide approach to resource planning and management so as to protect, enhance and restore the natural resources of the entire Rogue Basin through a framework of assessing the Lower Rogue Watershed’s condit ions and trends, implementing and monitoring proven management practices, and testing new management practices that are designed to support environmental integrity and economic stability for the communities of the Lower Rogue Watershed. The “Lower Rogue Watershed” consists of all lands and waters that drain into the Rogue and Illinois Rivers within Curry County. Title: Lower Rogue Watershed Assessment Abstract -- Thank you for your interest in The Lower Rogue Watershed Assessment. The Lower Rogue Watershed Council’s mission is: To help foster, develop and coordinate a basin-wide approach to resource planning and management so as to protect, enhance and restore the natural resources of the entire Rogue Basin through a framework of assessing the Lower Rogue Watershed’s condit ions and trends, implementing and monitoring proven management practices, and testing new management practices that are designed to support environmental integrity and economic stability for the communities of the Lower Rogue Watershed. The “Lower Rogue Watershed” consists of all lands and waters that drain into the Rogue and Illinois Rivers within Curry County. Close

• 23. [Article] WORP - Annual Report 2004: Nestucca River Native Broodstock Monitoring - Juveniles

  Abstract -- In the spring of 2001, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW)adopted a proposal to collect approximately 70 wild winter steelhead females from the Nestucca River Basin for hatchery ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: WORP - Annual Report 2004: Nestucca River Native Broodstock Monitoring - Juveniles Abstract -- In the spring of 2001, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW)adopted a proposal to collect approximately 70 wild winter steelhead females from the Nestucca River Basin for hatchery broodstock. As part of an effort to monitor the impact of this broodstock collection on the wild winter steelhead population in the Nestucca, ODFW’s Western Oregon Rearing Project was given the task of monitoring trends in the abundance and distribution of juvenile steelhead in the basin. This report presents the results of the sampling conducted during the summer of 2004. Title: WORP - Annual Report 2004: Nestucca River Native Broodstock Monitoring - Juveniles Abstract -- In the spring of 2001, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW)adopted a proposal to collect approximately 70 wild winter steelhead females from the Nestucca River Basin for hatchery broodstock. As part of an effort to monitor the impact of this broodstock collection on the wild winter steelhead population in the Nestucca, ODFW’s Western Oregon Rearing Project was given the task of monitoring trends in the abundance and distribution of juvenile steelhead in the basin. This report presents the results of the sampling conducted during the summer of 2004. Close

• 24. [Article] AI - Year 2000 Stream Habitat Conditions in Western Oregon

  Abstract -- The goals of the habitat monitoring portion of the Oregon Plan program are to develop baseline statistics, describe current conditions and track trends in habitat condition over time. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AI - Year 2000 Stream Habitat Conditions in Western Oregon Abstract -- The goals of the habitat monitoring portion of the Oregon Plan program are to develop baseline statistics, describe current conditions and track trends in habitat condition over time. This program functions as the landscape link in the overall Oregon Plan monitoring program. Field work for the habitat monitoring program began in 1998 with coordinated site visitations conducted with the two other Oregon Plan monitoring programs; juvenile rearing survey and adult salmon spawning survey programs. The Oregon Plan Habitat Survey program is nested within the Aquatic Inventories Project (AIP). The AIP was begun by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) in 1990 and has expanded to include a wide variety of inventory, modeling and monitoring efforts. The central purpose of these diverse projects is the inventory of physical aspects of the environment that are important for aquatic life and the habitat needs of salmonids and other fishes during the freshwater stages of their life history. Some of the significant ongoing or recently completed projects that are part of the AIP are: Basinwide cesus surveys, Oregon plan Habitat surveys, Restoration Project Monitoring, Salmonid Habitat and Diversity Watersheds Project, Fish Inventories, Great Basin Redband Trout, Oregon Chub Status and Recovery Project, Salmon River Estuary, and Columbia River Estuary Project. Title: AI - Year 2000 Stream Habitat Conditions in Western Oregon Abstract -- The goals of the habitat monitoring portion of the Oregon Plan program are to develop baseline statistics, describe current conditions and track trends in habitat condition over time. This program functions as the landscape link in the overall Oregon Plan monitoring program. Field work for the habitat monitoring program began in 1998 with coordinated site visitations conducted with the two other Oregon Plan monitoring programs; juvenile rearing survey and adult salmon spawning survey programs. The Oregon Plan Habitat Survey program is nested within the Aquatic Inventories Project (AIP). The AIP was begun by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) in 1990 and has expanded to include a wide variety of inventory, modeling and monitoring efforts. The central purpose of these diverse projects is the inventory of physical aspects of the environment that are important for aquatic life and the habitat needs of salmonids and other fishes during the freshwater stages of their life history. Some of the significant ongoing or recently completed projects that are part of the AIP are: Basinwide cesus surveys, Oregon plan Habitat surveys, Restoration Project Monitoring, Salmonid Habitat and Diversity Watersheds Project, Fish Inventories, Great Basin Redband Trout, Oregon Chub Status and Recovery Project, Salmon River Estuary, and Columbia River Estuary Project. Close

• 25. [Article] AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department of Forestry Tillamook Study Area

  Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synthesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department of Forestry Tillamook Study Area Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synthesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information for the Tillamook drainage to assist in the development of operational management plans, stream habitat restoration projects, habitat conservation planning, and watershed analysis. The project summarizes the condition of stream habitat, the distribution and abundance of salmonid fishes, and the potential for restoration. The ODFW Aquatic Inventories Project has conducted stream habitat surveys as part of its basin survey project and habitat assessment project under the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The goal of these surveys was to document the status and trends of stream conditions in coastal drainages. These surveys in conjunction with fish distribution, fish presence, potential barriers to passage, and past restoration activities form the basis of the analyses. Title: AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department of Forestry Tillamook Study Area Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synthesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information for the Tillamook drainage to assist in the development of operational management plans, stream habitat restoration projects, habitat conservation planning, and watershed analysis. The project summarizes the condition of stream habitat, the distribution and abundance of salmonid fishes, and the potential for restoration. The ODFW Aquatic Inventories Project has conducted stream habitat surveys as part of its basin survey project and habitat assessment project under the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The goal of these surveys was to document the status and trends of stream conditions in coastal drainages. These surveys in conjunction with fish distribution, fish presence, potential barriers to passage, and past restoration activities form the basis of the analyses. Close

• 26. [Article] AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department of Forestry North Cascade Study Area

  Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synthesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department of Forestry North Cascade Study Area Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synthesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information for the North Cascade management areas to assist in the development of operational management plans, stream habitat restoration projects, habitat conservation planning, and watershed analysis. The project summarizes the condition of stream habitat, the distribution and abundance of salmonid fishes, and the potential for restoration. The ODFW Aquatic Inventories Project has conducted stream habitat surveys as part of its basin survey project and habitat assessment project under the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The goal of these surveys was to document the status and trends of stream conditions in coastal drainages. These surveys in conjunction with fish distribution, fish presence, potential barriers to passage, and past restoration activities form the basis of the analyses. Title: AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department of Forestry North Cascade Study Area Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synthesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information for the North Cascade management areas to assist in the development of operational management plans, stream habitat restoration projects, habitat conservation planning, and watershed analysis. The project summarizes the condition of stream habitat, the distribution and abundance of salmonid fishes, and the potential for restoration. The ODFW Aquatic Inventories Project has conducted stream habitat surveys as part of its basin survey project and habitat assessment project under the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The goal of these surveys was to document the status and trends of stream conditions in coastal drainages. These surveys in conjunction with fish distribution, fish presence, potential barriers to passage, and past restoration activities form the basis of the analyses. Close

• 27. [Article] AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department of Forestry Lower Nehalem and Necanicum Study Area

  Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synthesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department of Forestry Lower Nehalem and Necanicum Study Area Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synthesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information for the Lower Nehalem and Necanicum River drainages to assist in the development of operational management plans, stream habitat restoration projects, habitat conservation planning, and watershed analysis. The project summarizes the condition of stream habitat, the distribution and abundance of salmonid fishes, and the potential for restoration. The ODFW Aquatic Inventories Project has conducted stream habitat surveys as part of its basin survey project and habitat assessment project under the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The goal of these surveys was to document the status and trends of stream conditions in coastal drainages. These surveys in conjunction with fish distribution, fish presence, potential barriers to passage, and past restoration activities form the basis of the analyses. Title: AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department of Forestry Lower Nehalem and Necanicum Study Area Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synthesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information for the Lower Nehalem and Necanicum River drainages to assist in the development of operational management plans, stream habitat restoration projects, habitat conservation planning, and watershed analysis. The project summarizes the condition of stream habitat, the distribution and abundance of salmonid fishes, and the potential for restoration. The ODFW Aquatic Inventories Project has conducted stream habitat surveys as part of its basin survey project and habitat assessment project under the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The goal of these surveys was to document the status and trends of stream conditions in coastal drainages. These surveys in conjunction with fish distribution, fish presence, potential barriers to passage, and past restoration activities form the basis of the analyses. Close

• 28. [Article] AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department of Forestry Elliot Study Area

  Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synt hesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department of Forestry Elliot Study Area Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synt hesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information for the Elliott State Forest study area, which includes portions of the Coos, Umpqua, and Tenmile Lake drainages, to assist in the development of operational management plans, stream habitat restoration projects, habitat conservation planning, and watershed analysis. The project summarizes the condition of stream habitat, the distribution and abundance of salmonid fishes, and the potential for restoration. The ODFW Aquatic Inventories Project has conducted stream habitat surveys as part of its basin survey project and habitat assessment project under the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The goal of these surveys was to document the status and trends of stream conditions in coastal drainages. These surveys in conjunction with fish distribution, fish abundance, potential barriers to passage, and past restoration activities form the basis of the analyses. Title: AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department of Forestry Elliot Study Area Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synt hesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information for the Elliott State Forest study area, which includes portions of the Coos, Umpqua, and Tenmile Lake drainages, to assist in the development of operational management plans, stream habitat restoration projects, habitat conservation planning, and watershed analysis. The project summarizes the condition of stream habitat, the distribution and abundance of salmonid fishes, and the potential for restoration. The ODFW Aquatic Inventories Project has conducted stream habitat surveys as part of its basin survey project and habitat assessment project under the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The goal of these surveys was to document the status and trends of stream conditions in coastal drainages. These surveys in conjunction with fish distribution, fish abundance, potential barriers to passage, and past restoration activities form the basis of the analyses. Close

• 29. [Article] AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department of Forestry Upper Nehalem and Clatskanie Study Area

  Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synthesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department of Forestry Upper Nehalem and Clatskanie Study Area Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synthesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information for the upper Nehalem and Clatskanie River drainages to assist in the development of operational management plans, stream habitat restoration projects, habitat conservation planning, and watershed analysis. The project summarizes the condition of stream habitat, the distribution and abundance of salmonid fishes, and the potential for restoration. The ODFW Aquatic Inventories Project has conducted stream habitat surveys as part of its basin survey project and habitat assessment project under the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The goal of these surveys was to document the status and trends of stream conditions in coastal drainages. These surveys in conjunction with fish distribution, fish presence, potential barriers to passage, and past restoration activities form the basis of the analyses. Title: AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department of Forestry Upper Nehalem and Clatskanie Study Area Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synthesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information for the upper Nehalem and Clatskanie River drainages to assist in the development of operational management plans, stream habitat restoration projects, habitat conservation planning, and watershed analysis. The project summarizes the condition of stream habitat, the distribution and abundance of salmonid fishes, and the potential for restoration. The ODFW Aquatic Inventories Project has conducted stream habitat surveys as part of its basin survey project and habitat assessment project under the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The goal of these surveys was to document the status and trends of stream conditions in coastal drainages. These surveys in conjunction with fish distribution, fish presence, potential barriers to passage, and past restoration activities form the basis of the analyses. Close

• 30. [Article] AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department Of Forestry Miamii Study Area

  Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synthesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department Of Forestry Miamii Study Area Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synthesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information for the Miami River drainage to assist in the development of operational management plans, stream habitat restoration projects, habitat conservation planning, and watershed analysis. The project summarizes the condition of stream habitat, the distribution and abundance of salmonid fishes, and the potential for restoration. The ODFW Aquatic Inventories Project has conducted stream habitat surveys as part of its basin survey project and habitat assessment project under the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The goal of these surveys was to document the status and trends of stream conditions in coastal drainages. These surveys in conjunction with fish distribution, fish presence, potential barriers to passage, and past restoration activities will be the basis of the analyses. Title: AI - Fish Habitat Assessment in The Oregon Department Of Forestry Miamii Study Area Abstract -- A collaborative project between the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) was initiated to synthesize aquatic habitat and fisheries information for the Miami River drainage to assist in the development of operational management plans, stream habitat restoration projects, habitat conservation planning, and watershed analysis. The project summarizes the condition of stream habitat, the distribution and abundance of salmonid fishes, and the potential for restoration. The ODFW Aquatic Inventories Project has conducted stream habitat surveys as part of its basin survey project and habitat assessment project under the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The goal of these surveys was to document the status and trends of stream conditions in coastal drainages. These surveys in conjunction with fish distribution, fish presence, potential barriers to passage, and past restoration activities will be the basis of the analyses. Close

• 31. [Article] AI - Restoration Effectiveness Monitoring Plan for the Western Oregon Stream Project; Monitoring through June 2008

  Abstract -- The purpose of this plan is to outline the continued monitoring of stream restoration work completed as part of the Western Oregon Stream Project. This revised plan has been developed out of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AI - Restoration Effectiveness Monitoring Plan for the Western Oregon Stream Project; Monitoring through June 2008 Abstract -- The purpose of this plan is to outline the continued monitoring of stream restoration work completed as part of the Western Oregon Stream Project. This revised plan has been developed out of a need to monitor a subset of restoratio n projects from all areas of the Western Oregon Stream Project (Figure 1). This plan encompasses the monitoring period of January 2000 to June 2008, and is a continuation of monitoring activities that were started in the fall of 1995 on the North Coast and continued into the Mid-coast in 1996 and 1997. Much of this plan is a compilation of the original North Coast and Mid-Coast monitoring plans (Hodgson 1996, Thom and Moore 1995). Modifications have been made to better define the monitoring activities, increase efficiency, and strengthen the scientific credibility of the project. Four main questions will be answered as a result of the monitoring activities outlined in this plan. They are: 1)How much stream restoration work has been completed? 2)Is the stream restoration work that is completed leading to improved habitat conditions for salmonids in the treated stream reaches? 3)What fish are utilizing the restored habitats? 4)What are the trends in juvenile abundance in the restored stream reaches? Title: AI - Restoration Effectiveness Monitoring Plan for the Western Oregon Stream Project; Monitoring through June 2008 Abstract -- The purpose of this plan is to outline the continued monitoring of stream restoration work completed as part of the Western Oregon Stream Project. This revised plan has been developed out of a need to monitor a subset of restoratio n projects from all areas of the Western Oregon Stream Project (Figure 1). This plan encompasses the monitoring period of January 2000 to June 2008, and is a continuation of monitoring activities that were started in the fall of 1995 on the North Coast and continued into the Mid-coast in 1996 and 1997. Much of this plan is a compilation of the original North Coast and Mid-Coast monitoring plans (Hodgson 1996, Thom and Moore 1995). Modifications have been made to better define the monitoring activities, increase efficiency, and strengthen the scientific credibility of the project. Four main questions will be answered as a result of the monitoring activities outlined in this plan. They are: 1)How much stream restoration work has been completed? 2)Is the stream restoration work that is completed leading to improved habitat conditions for salmonids in the treated stream reaches? 3)What fish are utilizing the restored habitats? 4)What are the trends in juvenile abundance in the restored stream reaches? Close

• 32. [Article] AI - Oregon Coast Coho Assessment: Habitat

  Abstract -- In November 2003, the State of Oregon began a comprehensive review of coho and their habitat in NOAA Fisheries’ Oregon Coastal coho Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU). The purpose of the review ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AI - Oregon Coast Coho Assessment: Habitat Abstract -- In November 2003, the State of Oregon began a comprehensive review of coho and their habitat in NOAA Fisheries’ Oregon Coastal coho Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU). The purpose of the review is threefold: 1) provide an analysis of the current status and trend in coho populations, their habitat, and related threats; 2) provide NOAA Fisheries with information it requires to determine whether formalized conservation efforts within the ESU justify not listing coho under the Endangered Species Act as outlined in their Policy for Evaluation of Conservation Efforts; and 3) provide information to state agencies, watershed councils, and others participating in the Oregon Plan for and Watersheds (OPSW) so they may assess the success of their OPSW programs and modify them where necessary to better achieve their objectives (i.e. adaptive management). This report describes the current status and trend of instream physical habitat for coho in the ESU as well as summarizes and evaluates instream habitat restoration activities conducted from 1997-2003. Persistence of coho salmon populations in coastal drainages during periods of poor ocean conditions is dependent on the distribution and carrying capacity of freshwater habitat. Coho salmon are sensitive to the quality of habitat during each life stage and seasonal effects on survival are propagated through subsequent life stages (Nickelson et al. 1992). In this chapter, we use measures of habitat quality and quantity to determine overall carrying capacity of freshwater habitat at two juvenile coho life stages: 1) fry through summer parr; and 2) over-winter parr to smolt. From this information we identify life stages at which habitat may limit the coho smolt production capacity for the coho salmon populations considered independent by NOAA Fisheries Technical Recovery Team. Title: AI - Oregon Coast Coho Assessment: Habitat Abstract -- In November 2003, the State of Oregon began a comprehensive review of coho and their habitat in NOAA Fisheries’ Oregon Coastal coho Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU). The purpose of the review is threefold: 1) provide an analysis of the current status and trend in coho populations, their habitat, and related threats; 2) provide NOAA Fisheries with information it requires to determine whether formalized conservation efforts within the ESU justify not listing coho under the Endangered Species Act as outlined in their Policy for Evaluation of Conservation Efforts; and 3) provide information to state agencies, watershed councils, and others participating in the Oregon Plan for and Watersheds (OPSW) so they may assess the success of their OPSW programs and modify them where necessary to better achieve their objectives (i.e. adaptive management). This report describes the current status and trend of instream physical habitat for coho in the ESU as well as summarizes and evaluates instream habitat restoration activities conducted from 1997-2003. Persistence of coho salmon populations in coastal drainages during periods of poor ocean conditions is dependent on the distribution and carrying capacity of freshwater habitat. Coho salmon are sensitive to the quality of habitat during each life stage and seasonal effects on survival are propagated through subsequent life stages (Nickelson et al. 1992). In this chapter, we use measures of habitat quality and quantity to determine overall carrying capacity of freshwater habitat at two juvenile coho life stages: 1) fry through summer parr; and 2) over-winter parr to smolt. From this information we identify life stages at which habitat may limit the coho smolt production capacity for the coho salmon populations considered independent by NOAA Fisheries Technical Recovery Team. Close

• 33. [Article] AI - Stream Habitat Conditions in Western Oregon, 1999

  Abstract -- The physical habitat of a stream forms the template from which the biological community can develop. The structure and complexity of the stream habitat influences the species composition, distribution, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AI - Stream Habitat Conditions in Western Oregon, 1999 Abstract -- The physical habitat of a stream forms the template from which the biological community can develop. The structure and complexity of the stream habitat influences the species composition, distribution, and production of the fish community. Assessing the status of stream habitat conditions in coastal Oregon streams is important for monitoring the effects of landscape and aquatic management practices on the character of riparian stream habitat. Comprehensive habitat assessments are also important for watershed assessments, restoration planning, and for studying the relationship between stream habitat, fish abundance, and fish distribution. The goals of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds (OPSW) Habitat Monitoring Program are to 1) provide an annual update on the status of stream habitat in Western Oregon, and 2) track trends in habitat over time. This report on stream habitat conditions covers sampling that occurred between June and October of 1999. The report is grouped into six different areas: • Current habitat status by Gene Conservation Area (GCA) • The status of habitat in relation to landscape variables • An assessment of the high quality habitat existing on the landscape • A comparison of 1998 and 1999 stream conditions • An analysis of habitat variable precision • An assessment of fish distribution outside of known coho salmon distribution Title: AI - Stream Habitat Conditions in Western Oregon, 1999 Abstract -- The physical habitat of a stream forms the template from which the biological community can develop. The structure and complexity of the stream habitat influences the species composition, distribution, and production of the fish community. Assessing the status of stream habitat conditions in coastal Oregon streams is important for monitoring the effects of landscape and aquatic management practices on the character of riparian stream habitat. Comprehensive habitat assessments are also important for watershed assessments, restoration planning, and for studying the relationship between stream habitat, fish abundance, and fish distribution. The goals of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds (OPSW) Habitat Monitoring Program are to 1) provide an annual update on the status of stream habitat in Western Oregon, and 2) track trends in habitat over time. This report on stream habitat conditions covers sampling that occurred between June and October of 1999. The report is grouped into six different areas: • Current habitat status by Gene Conservation Area (GCA) • The status of habitat in relation to landscape variables • An assessment of the high quality habitat existing on the landscape • A comparison of 1998 and 1999 stream conditions • An analysis of habitat variable precision • An assessment of fish distribution outside of known coho salmon distribution Close

• 34. [Article] AI - Reference Site Selection and Survey Results 2000

  Abstract -- The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) Aquatic Inventories Project conducts stream habitat surveys as part of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The goal of these surveys ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AI - Reference Site Selection and Survey Results 2000 Abstract -- The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) Aquatic Inventories Project conducts stream habitat surveys as part of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The goal of these surveys is to document the status and trends of stream conditions that exist in coastal drainages of western Oregon. To better interpret landscape patterns in aquatic habitat character, the Aquatic Inventories Project has sought to improve the definition of a set of reference conditions from which to compare habitat survey sites. Over the past three years, the set of reference conditions used in analyses was selected from basin-wide habitat surveys conducted between 1992 and 1997. These conditions did not adequately represent the variety of stream sizes, geologic types, or ecoregions present in all coastal streams. The Aquatic Inventories Project selected a set of new reference survey locations that better represent reference conditions in coastal streams for a variety of ecoregions, geologic types, and basins. The reference sites selected for the year 2000 represented watershed areas with low impact from human activities such as roads, development, and forest management. Ideally, areas would have been selected that were completely free from human disturbance, but we concluded it was more important to represent a larger geographic range of conditions across the landscape. Title: AI - Reference Site Selection and Survey Results 2000 Abstract -- The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) Aquatic Inventories Project conducts stream habitat surveys as part of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The goal of these surveys is to document the status and trends of stream conditions that exist in coastal drainages of western Oregon. To better interpret landscape patterns in aquatic habitat character, the Aquatic Inventories Project has sought to improve the definition of a set of reference conditions from which to compare habitat survey sites. Over the past three years, the set of reference conditions used in analyses was selected from basin-wide habitat surveys conducted between 1992 and 1997. These conditions did not adequately represent the variety of stream sizes, geologic types, or ecoregions present in all coastal streams. The Aquatic Inventories Project selected a set of new reference survey locations that better represent reference conditions in coastal streams for a variety of ecoregions, geologic types, and basins. The reference sites selected for the year 2000 represented watershed areas with low impact from human activities such as roads, development, and forest management. Ideally, areas would have been selected that were completely free from human disturbance, but we concluded it was more important to represent a larger geographic range of conditions across the landscape. Close

• 35. [Image] A conservation strategy for the northern spotted owl

  	ill., maps; Shipping list no.: 90-263-P; "May 1990."; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A conservation strategy for the northern spotted owl Author: Thomas, Jack Ward Year: 1990, 2010 ill., maps; Shipping list no.: 90-263-P; "May 1990."; Includes bibliographical references Title: A conservation strategy for the northern spotted owl Author: Thomas, Jack Ward Year: 1990, 2010 ill., maps; Shipping list no.: 90-263-P; "May 1990."; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 36. [Image] Crater Lake market assessment

  	ill., maps; "Final report"--Cover; "January 1992."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake market assessment Author: University of Oregon; Department of Planning, Public Policy, and Management; Community Planning Workshop Year: 1922, 2010 ill., maps; "Final report"--Cover; "January 1992." Title: Crater Lake market assessment Author: University of Oregon; Department of Planning, Public Policy, and Management; Community Planning Workshop Year: 1922, 2010 ill., maps; "Final report"--Cover; "January 1992." Close

• 37. [Image] Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: draft visitor services plan, environmental impact statement

  	"November 1997."; Includes bibliographical references (155-163) and index
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: draft visitor services plan, environmental impact statement Author: United States. National Park Service Year: 1997, 2008 "November 1997."; Includes bibliographical references (155-163) and index Title: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: draft visitor services plan, environmental impact statement Author: United States. National Park Service Year: 1997, 2008 "November 1997."; Includes bibliographical references (155-163) and index Close

• 38. [Image] Environmental assessment for snowmobile rulemaking in Crater Lake National Park, January 2001

  	ill., maps; "00383.O1D-CRATER LAKE"; "NPSD-306 Jan 2001"; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental assessment for snowmobile rulemaking in Crater Lake National Park, January 2001 Author: Crater Lake National Park (Agency : U.S.) Year: 2001, 2010 ill., maps; "00383.O1D-CRATER LAKE"; "NPSD-306 Jan 2001"; Includes bibliographical references Title: Environmental assessment for snowmobile rulemaking in Crater Lake National Park, January 2001 Author: Crater Lake National Park (Agency : U.S.) Year: 2001, 2010 ill., maps; "00383.O1D-CRATER LAKE"; "NPSD-306 Jan 2001"; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 39. [Image] Mountain pine beetle damage in the Pacific Northwest, 1955-1966

  	illus., maps (part col.);
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mountain pine beetle damage in the Pacific Northwest, 1955-1966 Author: Dolph, Robert E. Year: 1968, 2010 illus., maps (part col.); Title: Mountain pine beetle damage in the Pacific Northwest, 1955-1966 Author: Dolph, Robert E. Year: 1968, 2010 illus., maps (part col.); Close

• 40. [Image] Final winter use plan and environmental assessment: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill., maps; "August, 1994"; Includes appendices; "Jones/Winter use 08/22/94e."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final winter use plan and environmental assessment: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: United States; National Park Service; Denver Service Center Year: 1994, 2009, 2010 ill., maps; "August, 1994"; Includes appendices; "Jones/Winter use 08/22/94e." Title: Final winter use plan and environmental assessment: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: United States; National Park Service; Denver Service Center Year: 1994, 2009, 2010 ill., maps; "August, 1994"; Includes appendices; "Jones/Winter use 08/22/94e." Close

• 41. [Image] Structure, abundance, and distribution of pelagic zooplankton in Crater Lake, Oregon

  	ill.; Includes bibliographic references (p. 144-155); Cooperative Agreement CA-9000-3-0003 Subagreement 12; CPSU/OSU 88-3.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Structure, abundance, and distribution of pelagic zooplankton in Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Karnaugh, Elena N. Year: 1988, 2009 ill.; Includes bibliographic references (p. 144-155); Cooperative Agreement CA-9000-3-0003 Subagreement 12; CPSU/OSU 88-3. Title: Structure, abundance, and distribution of pelagic zooplankton in Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Karnaugh, Elena N. Year: 1988, 2009 ill.; Includes bibliographic references (p. 144-155); Cooperative Agreement CA-9000-3-0003 Subagreement 12; CPSU/OSU 88-3. Close

• 42. [Image] Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill., maps (1 col.); Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1980; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Seyer, Susan C. Year: 1979, 2009 ill., maps (1 col.); Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1980; Includes bibliographical references Title: Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Seyer, Susan C. Year: 1979, 2009 ill., maps (1 col.); Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1980; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 43. [Image] Evaluation and Design of Downhole Heat Exchangers for Direct Application; Annual Report, May 1, 1976 - July 1, 1977

  	Progress in an experimental and analytical research program to evaluate and improve the design of downhole heat exchangers (DHEs) for direct applications of geothermal energy is reported. Significant progress ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation and Design of Downhole Heat Exchangers for Direct Application; Annual Report, May 1, 1976 - July 1, 1977 Author: Culver, G.G. Year: 1977 Progress in an experimental and analytical research program to evaluate and improve the design of downhole heat exchangers (DHEs) for direct applications of geothermal energy is reported. Significant progress has been achieved in characterizing flows in wells and without perforated casings and DHEs installed, determination of energy extraction rates for conventional DHEs in both cased and uncased wells, and utilization of information obtained to develop and substantiate models of heat transfer within the well. Flow characterization was obtained by experimentally measuring temperature and velocity profiles. In uncased wells, there was a relatively large vertical temperature gradient (approximately 0.5{sup 0}C/m) and insignificant measured vertical flow, while for the same wells when cased the temperature gradient was essentially zero (approximately 0.03{sup 0}C/m) and a large vertically upward flow was measured (9 to 14 cm/s as measured with a hot-film anemometer). These show that a significant connection cell is established after installation of the casing. The energy extraction rates for a conventional DHE both before and after casing of a 60 m deep well was experimentally measured. In the uncased well up to 300 kW was obtained while the cased well produced over 500 kW. Analytical heat transfer models were developed for the cased well both with and without DHEs. For the cased well without a DHE, the model predicts flow rates that agree with the measured value within about 30 percent. Further, the energy extraction rates predicted by the models agree even better with the measured values. These models allow the energy extraction rates of design parameter variations to be evaluated. At this stage, only trends can be shown but with additional substantiation they should produce optimum energy extraction designs Title: Evaluation and Design of Downhole Heat Exchangers for Direct Application; Annual Report, May 1, 1976 - July 1, 1977 Author: Culver, G.G. Year: 1977 Progress in an experimental and analytical research program to evaluate and improve the design of downhole heat exchangers (DHEs) for direct applications of geothermal energy is reported. Significant progress has been achieved in characterizing flows in wells and without perforated casings and DHEs installed, determination of energy extraction rates for conventional DHEs in both cased and uncased wells, and utilization of information obtained to develop and substantiate models of heat transfer within the well. Flow characterization was obtained by experimentally measuring temperature and velocity profiles. In uncased wells, there was a relatively large vertical temperature gradient (approximately 0.5{sup 0}C/m) and insignificant measured vertical flow, while for the same wells when cased the temperature gradient was essentially zero (approximately 0.03{sup 0}C/m) and a large vertically upward flow was measured (9 to 14 cm/s as measured with a hot-film anemometer). These show that a significant connection cell is established after installation of the casing. The energy extraction rates for a conventional DHE both before and after casing of a 60 m deep well was experimentally measured. In the uncased well up to 300 kW was obtained while the cased well produced over 500 kW. Analytical heat transfer models were developed for the cased well both with and without DHEs. For the cased well without a DHE, the model predicts flow rates that agree with the measured value within about 30 percent. Further, the energy extraction rates predicted by the models agree even better with the measured values. These models allow the energy extraction rates of design parameter variations to be evaluated. At this stage, only trends can be shown but with additional substantiation they should produce optimum energy extraction designs Close

• 44. [Image] South Carolina Geothermal Program Final Report; Tectogenesis of the Rocks Surrounding the Winnsboro Intrusive Complex and Reconnaissance and Petrography of the Pageland Pluton

  	Major post-tectonic plutons of the easternmost Piedmont in the southern Appalachians have been of primary interest because of their high radiogenic heat production. Such heat production comes from a linear ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: South Carolina Geothermal Program Final Report; Tectogenesis of the Rocks Surrounding the Winnsboro Intrusive Complex and Reconnaissance and Petrography of the Pageland Pluton Author: Bourland, W.C. Year: 1978 Major post-tectonic plutons of the easternmost Piedmont in the southern Appalachians have been of primary interest because of their high radiogenic heat production. Such heat production comes from a linear map trend including the Winnsboro, Liberty Hill, Pageland, and Lilesville plutons which parallel the proposed eastern Piedmont Fault system of Hatcher and others (1977). This study, in examining regional versus contact metamorphism and crosscutting relationships between the Winnsboro and Pageland complexes and the major folds and mylonitic zones of this area, provides a relative time framework for the tectonic and plutonic events Title: South Carolina Geothermal Program Final Report; Tectogenesis of the Rocks Surrounding the Winnsboro Intrusive Complex and Reconnaissance and Petrography of the Pageland Pluton Author: Bourland, W.C. Year: 1978 Major post-tectonic plutons of the easternmost Piedmont in the southern Appalachians have been of primary interest because of their high radiogenic heat production. Such heat production comes from a linear map trend including the Winnsboro, Liberty Hill, Pageland, and Lilesville plutons which parallel the proposed eastern Piedmont Fault system of Hatcher and others (1977). This study, in examining regional versus contact metamorphism and crosscutting relationships between the Winnsboro and Pageland complexes and the major folds and mylonitic zones of this area, provides a relative time framework for the tectonic and plutonic events Close

• 45. [Image] Wet Geothermal Potential of the Kingman-Williams Region, Arizona

  	The Kingman-Williams region, Arizona, possesses few thermal waters of deep origin. Evaluation of 33 waters (8 thermal) reveals that thermal waters are restricted to the Basin and Range tectonic province; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wet Geothermal Potential of the Kingman-Williams Region, Arizona Author: Goff, F.E. Year: 1979 The Kingman-Williams region, Arizona, possesses few thermal waters of deep origin. Evaluation of 33 waters (8 thermal) reveals that thermal waters are restricted to the Basin and Range tectonic province; no thermal waters were found on the west margin of the Colorado Plateau. The thermal waters appear to rise along north-trending normal faults or flow in deep aquifers in Quaternary sedimentary basins of the Basin and Range province. All thermal waters have distinctive chemistry and discharge at temperatures ranjinj from 28-46°C. They Apparently issue from small isolated jeothermal reservoirs. Geothermometry and chemistry indicate that these are low-temperature reservoirs that probably do not exceed 115°C Title: Wet Geothermal Potential of the Kingman-Williams Region, Arizona Author: Goff, F.E. Year: 1979 The Kingman-Williams region, Arizona, possesses few thermal waters of deep origin. Evaluation of 33 waters (8 thermal) reveals that thermal waters are restricted to the Basin and Range tectonic province; no thermal waters were found on the west margin of the Colorado Plateau. The thermal waters appear to rise along north-trending normal faults or flow in deep aquifers in Quaternary sedimentary basins of the Basin and Range province. All thermal waters have distinctive chemistry and discharge at temperatures ranjinj from 28-46°C. They Apparently issue from small isolated jeothermal reservoirs. Geothermometry and chemistry indicate that these are low-temperature reservoirs that probably do not exceed 115°C Close

• 46. [Image] Geophysical Lineaments of Arizona

  	Photolineaments seen on satellite images are usually expressions of deep crustal ruptures. However, photolineaments are omnipresent and an independent expression of regional discontinuities is needed to ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geophysical Lineaments of Arizona Author: Lepley, L.K. Year: 1979 Photolineaments seen on satellite images are usually expressions of deep crustal ruptures. However, photolineaments are omnipresent and an independent expression of regional discontinuities is needed to help rank the photolineaments. Published gravity and magnetic contour maps of Arizona were analyzed to produce a single geophysical lineament map to indicate trends of regional basement structures. This map shows that the southwestern quarter of Arizona is dominated by a NNW-ENE orthogonal system whereas the remainder of the state is gridded by a NW-NE system. North-south systems are present throughout the state, as are EW lineaments. Arizona is transected by the WNW Texas Strand, but other shorter systems trending in the Texas direction are found throughout the state south of the Strand. The major lineament systems as seen on Landsat, gravity, and magnetic maps correlate reasonably Well with known geothermal manifestations. Many other systems are Precambrian, Paleozoic, and/or Mesozoic in age but appear to control the location of Quaternary Volcanic systems Title: Geophysical Lineaments of Arizona Author: Lepley, L.K. Year: 1979 Photolineaments seen on satellite images are usually expressions of deep crustal ruptures. However, photolineaments are omnipresent and an independent expression of regional discontinuities is needed to help rank the photolineaments. Published gravity and magnetic contour maps of Arizona were analyzed to produce a single geophysical lineament map to indicate trends of regional basement structures. This map shows that the southwestern quarter of Arizona is dominated by a NNW-ENE orthogonal system whereas the remainder of the state is gridded by a NW-NE system. North-south systems are present throughout the state, as are EW lineaments. Arizona is transected by the WNW Texas Strand, but other shorter systems trending in the Texas direction are found throughout the state south of the Strand. The major lineament systems as seen on Landsat, gravity, and magnetic maps correlate reasonably Well with known geothermal manifestations. Many other systems are Precambrian, Paleozoic, and/or Mesozoic in age but appear to control the location of Quaternary Volcanic systems Close

• 47. [Image] Geothermal exploration assessment and interpretation, Upper Klamath Lake Area, Klamath Basin, Oregon

  	Data from public and private sources on the Klamath Basin geothermal resource are reviewed, synthesized, and reinterpreted. In this, the second and final phase of the work, geological, remote sensing, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal exploration assessment and interpretation, Upper Klamath Lake Area, Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Stark, M. Year: 1980 Data from public and private sources on the Klamath Basin geothermal resource are reviewed, synthesized, and reinterpreted. In this, the second and final phase of the work, geological, remote sensing, geochemical, temperature gradient, gravity, aeromagnetic, and electrical resistivity data sets are examined. These data were derived from surveys concentrated on the east and west shores of Upper Klamath Lake. The geological, remote sensing, and potential field data suggest a few northeast-trending discontinuities, which cross the regional north-westerly strike. The near-surface distribution of warm water appears to be related to the intersections of these lineaments and northwest-trending faults. The groundwater geochemical data are reviewed and the various reservoir temperature estimates compared. Particular attention is given to specific electrical conductivities of waters as an interpretational aid to the subsurface resistivity results. A clear trend emerges in the Klamath Falls/Olene Gap area; hotter waters are associated with higher specific conductivities. In the Nuss Lake/Stukel Mountain area the opposite trend prevails, although the relationship is somewhat equivocal; LBL-10140 Title: Geothermal exploration assessment and interpretation, Upper Klamath Lake Area, Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Stark, M. Year: 1980 Data from public and private sources on the Klamath Basin geothermal resource are reviewed, synthesized, and reinterpreted. In this, the second and final phase of the work, geological, remote sensing, geochemical, temperature gradient, gravity, aeromagnetic, and electrical resistivity data sets are examined. These data were derived from surveys concentrated on the east and west shores of Upper Klamath Lake. The geological, remote sensing, and potential field data suggest a few northeast-trending discontinuities, which cross the regional north-westerly strike. The near-surface distribution of warm water appears to be related to the intersections of these lineaments and northwest-trending faults. The groundwater geochemical data are reviewed and the various reservoir temperature estimates compared. Particular attention is given to specific electrical conductivities of waters as an interpretational aid to the subsurface resistivity results. A clear trend emerges in the Klamath Falls/Olene Gap area; hotter waters are associated with higher specific conductivities. In the Nuss Lake/Stukel Mountain area the opposite trend prevails, although the relationship is somewhat equivocal; LBL-10140 Close

• 48. [Image] Geothermal exploration assessment and interpretation, Klamath Basin, Oregon: Swan Lake and Klamath Hills area

  	A synthesis and preliminary interpretation of predominantly geophysical information relating to the Klamath Basin geothermal resource is presented. The Swan Lake Valley area, northeast of Klamath Falls, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal exploration assessment and interpretation, Klamath Basin, Oregon: Swan Lake and Klamath Hills area Author: Stark, M. Year: 1979 A synthesis and preliminary interpretation of predominantly geophysical information relating to the Klamath Basin geothermal resource is presented. The Swan Lake Valley area, northeast of Klamath Falls, and the Klamath Hills area, south of Klamath Falls, are discussed in detail. Available geophysical data, including gravity, magnetic, electrical resistivity, microearthquake, roving dipole resistivity, audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) and magnetotelluric (MT) data sets, are examined and reinterpreted for these areas. One- and two-dimensional modeling techniques are applied, and general agreement among overlapping data sets is achieved. The MT method appears well suited to this type of exploration, although interpretation is difficult in the complex geology. Roving dipole and AMT are useful in reconnaissance, while gravity and magnetics help in defining structure. For the Swan Lake Valley the data suggest buried electrically conductive zones beneath Meadow Lake Valley and Swan Lake, connected by a conductive layer at 1 kilometer depth. In the Klamath Hills area, the data suggest a conductive zone centered near the northwestern tip of Stukel Mountain, associated with a concealed northeast-trending cross-fault. Another conductive zone appears near some producing hot wells at the southwestern edge of the Klamath Hills. These conductive zones may represent geothermal reservoirs. Follow-up work is recommended for each target area; LBL-8186 Title: Geothermal exploration assessment and interpretation, Klamath Basin, Oregon: Swan Lake and Klamath Hills area Author: Stark, M. Year: 1979 A synthesis and preliminary interpretation of predominantly geophysical information relating to the Klamath Basin geothermal resource is presented. The Swan Lake Valley area, northeast of Klamath Falls, and the Klamath Hills area, south of Klamath Falls, are discussed in detail. Available geophysical data, including gravity, magnetic, electrical resistivity, microearthquake, roving dipole resistivity, audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) and magnetotelluric (MT) data sets, are examined and reinterpreted for these areas. One- and two-dimensional modeling techniques are applied, and general agreement among overlapping data sets is achieved. The MT method appears well suited to this type of exploration, although interpretation is difficult in the complex geology. Roving dipole and AMT are useful in reconnaissance, while gravity and magnetics help in defining structure. For the Swan Lake Valley the data suggest buried electrically conductive zones beneath Meadow Lake Valley and Swan Lake, connected by a conductive layer at 1 kilometer depth. In the Klamath Hills area, the data suggest a conductive zone centered near the northwestern tip of Stukel Mountain, associated with a concealed northeast-trending cross-fault. Another conductive zone appears near some producing hot wells at the southwestern edge of the Klamath Hills. These conductive zones may represent geothermal reservoirs. Follow-up work is recommended for each target area; LBL-8186 Close

• 49. [Image] Assessment of geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada

  	An assessment of the geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada was made to provide information on resource characteristics and to site 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) test wells to confirm the resource. The strategy ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessment of geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada Author: Trexler, D.T. Year: 1980 An assessment of the geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada was made to provide information on resource characteristics and to site 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) test wells to confirm the resource. The strategy used in the resource assessment employed a logical sequence of work elements that included 1) baseline data collection, 2) field investigations, 3) laboratory analyses and 4) data interpretation and synthesis. Airphoto interpretation indicated that a series of normal faults produced a stepped arrangement in the canyon walls on the west side of Meadow Valley Wash north of downtown Caiente. This area coincides with the area of known geothermal occurrences. Temperature measurements in existing wells indicate a rapid cooling of the geothermal waters as they mix with cold groundwater flows in Meadow Valley Wash. Soil mercury analyses range from 15 ppB to as high as 120 ppB. Trends in soil mercury content may indicate the presence of buried faults. Temperature measured in 2-meter deep auger holes indicated temperatures as high as 40/sup 0/C in an area north of the Lincoln County Medical Facility. Interpretation of chemical analyses, both major and minor, of waters collected from wells and streams in the area failed to conclusively show any mechanisms for the mixing of thermal and nonthermal waters. The selection of sites for the 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) reservoir confirmation wells was made using the results of temperature surveys, geologic structure and historic observations; DOE/NV/10039-1 Title: Assessment of geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada Author: Trexler, D.T. Year: 1980 An assessment of the geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada was made to provide information on resource characteristics and to site 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) test wells to confirm the resource. The strategy used in the resource assessment employed a logical sequence of work elements that included 1) baseline data collection, 2) field investigations, 3) laboratory analyses and 4) data interpretation and synthesis. Airphoto interpretation indicated that a series of normal faults produced a stepped arrangement in the canyon walls on the west side of Meadow Valley Wash north of downtown Caiente. This area coincides with the area of known geothermal occurrences. Temperature measurements in existing wells indicate a rapid cooling of the geothermal waters as they mix with cold groundwater flows in Meadow Valley Wash. Soil mercury analyses range from 15 ppB to as high as 120 ppB. Trends in soil mercury content may indicate the presence of buried faults. Temperature measured in 2-meter deep auger holes indicated temperatures as high as 40/sup 0/C in an area north of the Lincoln County Medical Facility. Interpretation of chemical analyses, both major and minor, of waters collected from wells and streams in the area failed to conclusively show any mechanisms for the mixing of thermal and nonthermal waters. The selection of sites for the 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) reservoir confirmation wells was made using the results of temperature surveys, geologic structure and historic observations; DOE/NV/10039-1 Close

• 50. [Image] Geology of the Colado Geothermal Area, Pershing County, Nevada

  	The Colado geothermal area in south-central Pershing County, Nevada is defined by hot water wells in alluvium just west of the West Humboldt Range. Geothermal gradient holes have encountered temperatures ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology of the Colado Geothermal Area, Pershing County, Nevada Author: Sibbett, B.S. Year: 1980 The Colado geothermal area in south-central Pershing County, Nevada is defined by hot water wells in alluvium just west of the West Humboldt Range. Geothermal gradient holes have encountered temperatures up to 113.5/sup 0/C at a depth of 76 m (250 ft) with a gradient reversal in the alluvium below this depth. The West Humboldt Range consists mainly of Triassic to Jurassic slaty shale to quartzite of the Auld Lang Syne Group. Carbonate rocks of the Jurassic Lovelock Formation have been thrust over pelitic rocks on the south end of the area. Erosional remnants of Tertiary tuffs and sediments overlay the metasediments in the West Humboldt Range. The principal structures are high-angle faults striking north-northwest, northeast and north-south. The horst-to-graben transition along the range front consists of several step faults trending irregularly north. The structural pattern in the west edge of the range probably continues to the west under the Quaterary alluvium where the source of the hot water is located. Thermal waters probably rise along a major fault intersection in the Mesozoic rocks then spread out in an aquifer in the alluvium. Several thrust faults are exposed south of Coal Canyon, and a structural break in the Mesozoic rock exists under the canyon. Several low-angle faults are present north of Coal Canyon but their effect, if any, on the geothermal occurrence is not known; DOE/ID/12079-8; ESL-38 Title: Geology of the Colado Geothermal Area, Pershing County, Nevada Author: Sibbett, B.S. Year: 1980 The Colado geothermal area in south-central Pershing County, Nevada is defined by hot water wells in alluvium just west of the West Humboldt Range. Geothermal gradient holes have encountered temperatures up to 113.5/sup 0/C at a depth of 76 m (250 ft) with a gradient reversal in the alluvium below this depth. The West Humboldt Range consists mainly of Triassic to Jurassic slaty shale to quartzite of the Auld Lang Syne Group. Carbonate rocks of the Jurassic Lovelock Formation have been thrust over pelitic rocks on the south end of the area. Erosional remnants of Tertiary tuffs and sediments overlay the metasediments in the West Humboldt Range. The principal structures are high-angle faults striking north-northwest, northeast and north-south. The horst-to-graben transition along the range front consists of several step faults trending irregularly north. The structural pattern in the west edge of the range probably continues to the west under the Quaterary alluvium where the source of the hot water is located. Thermal waters probably rise along a major fault intersection in the Mesozoic rocks then spread out in an aquifer in the alluvium. Several thrust faults are exposed south of Coal Canyon, and a structural break in the Mesozoic rock exists under the canyon. Several low-angle faults are present north of Coal Canyon but their effect, if any, on the geothermal occurrence is not known; DOE/ID/12079-8; ESL-38 Close

• 51. [Image] Visitor services plan: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	col. maps; "November 1999."; "NPS D-239"--P. [3] of cover;
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Visitor services plan: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: United States. National Park Service. Denver Service Center Year: 1999, 2009 col. maps; "November 1999."; "NPS D-239"--P. [3] of cover; Title: Visitor services plan: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: United States. National Park Service. Denver Service Center Year: 1999, 2009 col. maps; "November 1999."; "NPS D-239"--P. [3] of cover; Close

• 52. [Image] Botrychium summit: 16 March 1993

  	Cover title; Includes draft: Species conservation strategy: pumice grape fern, 1992, botrychium pumicola cov. in underw, Deschutes National Forest sensitive plant program
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Botrychium summit: 16 March 1993 Author: Christine O. Hopkins Year: 1940, 2009, 2010 Cover title; Includes draft: Species conservation strategy: pumice grape fern, 1992, botrychium pumicola cov. in underw, Deschutes National Forest sensitive plant program Title: Botrychium summit: 16 March 1993 Author: Christine O. Hopkins Year: 1940, 2009, 2010 Cover title; Includes draft: Species conservation strategy: pumice grape fern, 1992, botrychium pumicola cov. in underw, Deschutes National Forest sensitive plant program Close

• 53. [Image] Vegetation and fire history of Ponderosa Pine - White Fir forest in Crater Lake National Park

  	ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1975; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation and fire history of Ponderosa Pine - White Fir forest in Crater Lake National Park Author: McNeil, Robert Curlan Year: 1975, 2009, 2010 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1975; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127) Title: Vegetation and fire history of Ponderosa Pine - White Fir forest in Crater Lake National Park Author: McNeil, Robert Curlan Year: 1975, 2009, 2010 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1975; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127) Close

• 54. [Image] Parks and Recreation Oregon Department of Transportation: Larry V. Espey

  	"... interviews were recorded on January 21 and February 10, 1988." - [iii].
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Parks and Recreation Oregon Department of Transportation: Larry V. Espey Author: Elizabeth Potter Year: 1988, 2009, 2010 "... interviews were recorded on January 21 and February 10, 1988." - [iii]. Title: Parks and Recreation Oregon Department of Transportation: Larry V. Espey Author: Elizabeth Potter Year: 1988, 2009, 2010 "... interviews were recorded on January 21 and February 10, 1988." - [iii]. Close

• 55. [Image] Draft 100 percent report: Crater Lake transportation study

  	ill.; "August 1989, prepared for: National Park Service." - T.p.; Missing page 39; Includes bibliographical references (p. 40).
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Draft 100 percent report: Crater Lake transportation study Author: Sno-Engineering Inc. Year: 1989, 2009, 2010 ill.; "August 1989, prepared for: National Park Service." - T.p.; Missing page 39; Includes bibliographical references (p. 40). Title: Draft 100 percent report: Crater Lake transportation study Author: Sno-Engineering Inc. Year: 1989, 2009, 2010 ill.; "August 1989, prepared for: National Park Service." - T.p.; Missing page 39; Includes bibliographical references (p. 40). Close

• 56. [Image] Growth response of whitebark pine to climate in the Pacific Northwest

  	ill.; Thesis (M.S.)--Saint Joseph's University, 2003; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-78)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth response of whitebark pine to climate in the Pacific Northwest Author: Daneshgar, Pedram Patrick Year: 2003, 2010 ill.; Thesis (M.S.)--Saint Joseph's University, 2003; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-78) Title: Growth response of whitebark pine to climate in the Pacific Northwest Author: Daneshgar, Pedram Patrick Year: 2003, 2010 ill.; Thesis (M.S.)--Saint Joseph's University, 2003; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-78) Close

• 57. [Image] Report of pine beetle survey of Klamath Indian Reservation and included private lands, Oregon: seasons of 1942 and 1943

  	Cover title
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report of pine beetle survey of Klamath Indian Reservation and included private lands, Oregon: seasons of 1942 and 1943 Author: Hall, Ralph C. Year: 1944, 2010 Cover title Title: Report of pine beetle survey of Klamath Indian Reservation and included private lands, Oregon: seasons of 1942 and 1943 Author: Hall, Ralph C. Year: 1944, 2010 Cover title Close

• 58. [Image] Geological and Geothermal Investigation of the Lower Wind River Valley, Southwestern Washington Cascade Range

  	The Wind River Valley, on the west slope of the Cascade Range, is a northwest-trending drainage that joins the Columbia River near Carson, Washington. The region has been heavily dissected by fluvial and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geological and Geothermal Investigation of the Lower Wind River Valley, Southwestern Washington Cascade Range Author: Berri, Dulcy A. Year: 1983 The Wind River Valley, on the west slope of the Cascade Range, is a northwest-trending drainage that joins the Columbia River near Carson, Washington. The region has been heavily dissected by fluvial and glacial erosion. Ridges have sharp crests and deep subsidiary valleys typical of a mature topography, with a total relief of as much as 900 m. The region is vegetated by fir and hemlock, as Well as dense, brushy ground-cover and undergrowth. The lower 8 km of the valley is privately owned and moderately populated. The upper reaches lies within the Gifford Pinchot National Forest, and include several campgrounds and day parks, the Carson National Fish Hatchery, and the Wind River Ranger Station and Wind River Nursery of the US Forest Service. Logging activity is light due to the rugged terrain, and consequently, most valley slopes are not accessible by vehicle. The realization that a potential for significant geothermal resources exists in the Wind River area was brought about by earlier exploration activities. Geologic mapping and interpretation was needed to facilitate further exploration of the resource by providing a knowledge of possible geologic controls on the geothermal system. This report presents the detailed geology of the lower Wind River valley with emphasis on those factors that bear significantly on development of a geothermal resource Title: Geological and Geothermal Investigation of the Lower Wind River Valley, Southwestern Washington Cascade Range Author: Berri, Dulcy A. Year: 1983 The Wind River Valley, on the west slope of the Cascade Range, is a northwest-trending drainage that joins the Columbia River near Carson, Washington. The region has been heavily dissected by fluvial and glacial erosion. Ridges have sharp crests and deep subsidiary valleys typical of a mature topography, with a total relief of as much as 900 m. The region is vegetated by fir and hemlock, as Well as dense, brushy ground-cover and undergrowth. The lower 8 km of the valley is privately owned and moderately populated. The upper reaches lies within the Gifford Pinchot National Forest, and include several campgrounds and day parks, the Carson National Fish Hatchery, and the Wind River Ranger Station and Wind River Nursery of the US Forest Service. Logging activity is light due to the rugged terrain, and consequently, most valley slopes are not accessible by vehicle. The realization that a potential for significant geothermal resources exists in the Wind River area was brought about by earlier exploration activities. Geologic mapping and interpretation was needed to facilitate further exploration of the resource by providing a knowledge of possible geologic controls on the geothermal system. This report presents the detailed geology of the lower Wind River valley with emphasis on those factors that bear significantly on development of a geothermal resource Close

• 59. [Image] Determination of the 5 MW Gross Nominal Design Case Binary Cycle for Power Generation at Raft River, Idaho

  	This report documents a series of Rankine Cycle studies for power generation utilizing geothermal fluid as the heat source and isobutane as the working fluid. To find the plant configuration which would ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determination of the 5 MW Gross Nominal Design Case Binary Cycle for Power Generation at Raft River, Idaho Author: Ingvarsson, I.J. Year: 1976 This report documents a series of Rankine Cycle studies for power generation utilizing geothermal fluid as the heat source and isobutane as the working fluid. To find the plant configuration which would most effectively utilize the available energy, a parametric study was performed. The study considered the desirability of supercritical, single boiler or double boiler cycles, and the relative boiler temperatures and percentage isobutane flow split between the boilers in the double cycles for geothermal fluid temperatures of 260°F to 360°F. This study was designed to discover thermodynamic trends which would point to an optimum isobutane cycle for geothermal fluid temperatures in this temperature range. The results of the parametric study were applied to derive a Nominal Design Case for a demonstration plant at Raft River, with a geothermal fluid resource at 290°F. In addition, plant variations due to tolerances applied to thermodynamic properties and other key factors are included Title: Determination of the 5 MW Gross Nominal Design Case Binary Cycle for Power Generation at Raft River, Idaho Author: Ingvarsson, I.J. Year: 1976 This report documents a series of Rankine Cycle studies for power generation utilizing geothermal fluid as the heat source and isobutane as the working fluid. To find the plant configuration which would most effectively utilize the available energy, a parametric study was performed. The study considered the desirability of supercritical, single boiler or double boiler cycles, and the relative boiler temperatures and percentage isobutane flow split between the boilers in the double cycles for geothermal fluid temperatures of 260°F to 360°F. This study was designed to discover thermodynamic trends which would point to an optimum isobutane cycle for geothermal fluid temperatures in this temperature range. The results of the parametric study were applied to derive a Nominal Design Case for a demonstration plant at Raft River, with a geothermal fluid resource at 290°F. In addition, plant variations due to tolerances applied to thermodynamic properties and other key factors are included Close

• 60. [Image] Evolution and dynamics of hybridization in Penstemon subgenus Dasanthera (Scrophulariaceae S.L.)

  	ill.; Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2001; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-114); Advisor: Andrea Wolfe, Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology Program
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evolution and dynamics of hybridization in Penstemon subgenus Dasanthera (Scrophulariaceae S.L.) Author: Datwyler, Shannon Lynn ; 1973- Year: 2001, 2008 ill.; Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2001; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-114); Advisor: Andrea Wolfe, Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology Program Title: Evolution and dynamics of hybridization in Penstemon subgenus Dasanthera (Scrophulariaceae S.L.) Author: Datwyler, Shannon Lynn ; 1973- Year: 2001, 2008 ill.; Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2001; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-114); Advisor: Andrea Wolfe, Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology Program Close

• 61. [Image] Crater Lake limnological studies 1985 annual report

  	1982-2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1985-1987; CA 9000-3-0003 Subagreement 12; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1985 annual report Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with Crater Lake National Park Year: 1985, 2009 1982-2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1985-1987; CA 9000-3-0003 Subagreement 12; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Title: Crater Lake limnological studies 1985 annual report Author: Oregon State University; in collaboration with Crater Lake National Park Year: 1985, 2009 1982-2002; ill., maps; Title covers calendar years 1985-1987; CA 9000-3-0003 Subagreement 12; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Close

• 62. [Image] Interpreting variations in Secchi disk transparencies of Crater Lake: a deep caldera lake

  	ill.; Caption title; Includes bibliographical references;
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interpreting variations in Secchi disk transparencies of Crater Lake: a deep caldera lake Author: Larson, Gary L. Year: 2009 ill.; Caption title; Includes bibliographical references; Title: Interpreting variations in Secchi disk transparencies of Crater Lake: a deep caldera lake Author: Larson, Gary L. Year: 2009 ill.; Caption title; Includes bibliographical references; Close

• 63. [Image] Annie Spring flow response to long-term drought and municipal water use trends at Crater Lake National Park

  	ill.; Report title
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annie Spring flow response to long-term drought and municipal water use trends at Crater Lake National Park Author: Buktenica, M. W., (Mark W.) Year: 1993, 2009 ill.; Report title Title: Annie Spring flow response to long-term drought and municipal water use trends at Crater Lake National Park Author: Buktenica, M. W., (Mark W.) Year: 1993, 2009 ill.; Report title Close

• 64. [Image] Biofuels and internal combustion engine options for tour boats on Crater Lake

  	ill.; Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--University of Washington, 2000; Includes bibliographical references (p. 321-339)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biofuels and internal combustion engine options for tour boats on Crater Lake Author: O'Keefe, Michael Patrick Year: 2000, 2009 ill.; Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--University of Washington, 2000; Includes bibliographical references (p. 321-339) Title: Biofuels and internal combustion engine options for tour boats on Crater Lake Author: O'Keefe, Michael Patrick Year: 2000, 2009 ill.; Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--University of Washington, 2000; Includes bibliographical references (p. 321-339) Close

• 65. [Image] Structure, abundance, and distribution of pelagic zooplankton in a deep, oligotrophic Caldera Lake

  	ill.; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1988; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-155)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Structure, abundance, and distribution of pelagic zooplankton in a deep, oligotrophic Caldera Lake Author: Karnaugh, Elena N. Year: 1988, 2009 ill.; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1988; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-155) Title: Structure, abundance, and distribution of pelagic zooplankton in a deep, oligotrophic Caldera Lake Author: Karnaugh, Elena N. Year: 1988, 2009 ill.; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1988; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-155) Close

• 66. [Image] The geology and geochemistry of thirteen cinder cones at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill.; maps; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 1985; Includes vita and abstract; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-158)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The geology and geochemistry of thirteen cinder cones at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Prueher, Elizabeth M., 1957- Year: 1985, 2009 ill.; maps; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 1985; Includes vita and abstract; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-158) Title: The geology and geochemistry of thirteen cinder cones at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Prueher, Elizabeth M., 1957- Year: 1985, 2009 ill.; maps; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 1985; Includes vita and abstract; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-158) Close

• 67. [Image] Reference guide to the Crater Lake National Park oral history series

  	INTRODUCTION This document is not only directed at making the Crater Lake National Park Oral History Series more useful to readers by providing an index for faster reference, but also to give some ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reference guide to the Crater Lake National Park oral history series Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 2000, 2009 INTRODUCTION This document is not only directed at making the Crater Lake National Park Oral History Series more useful to readers by providing an index for faster reference, but also to give some explanation about the program. The first section describes the origin and development of formalized oral history at Crater Lake in an operational context, concluding with suggestions for consulting additional sources of information. A summary of each interview in alphabetical order by consultant constitutes the second part and should convey the circumstances of how each consultant was interviewed. The third section begins with listing the abbreviations assigned to consultants and the various types of interviews as they appear in the index. Organized by topic, this index also includes people and places mentioned in the interviews as they pertain to the park. Beginnings Interest in doing oral history at Crater Lake can be traced to the 1970s when seasonal ranger Larry Smith informally discussed past events in the park with visitors and former employees. He used this information to compile and update the Smith Brothers Chronological History of Crater Lake National Park, a work that evolved from agency direction to generate "important event logs" at each park starting in 1967.1 Concurrently, more formal oral history interviews gained popularity as part of a national trend toward greater interest in social history. Funding for oral history in places like southern Oregon increased in anticipation of the bicentennial celebrations in 1976, and coincided with the term "public history" gaining currency in academic circles. While the field of history was undergoing an important change, the National Park Service drafted its first general management plan for Crater Lake throughout 1976. This plan was approved in December 1977 and issued without its resources management component, something intended to complement the visitor use/interpretation and general development sections of the plan. A first draft of the resources management section followed almost four years later and included a number of project statements. They were aimed primarily at natural resources, but included several for cultural resources written by Ron Warfield, then chief of interpretation. One project statement articulated the need for taping and transcribing ethnographic and oral history interviews for permanent retention. This effort would "provide material for the Park administrative history and would give background for interpretive programs [intended] to enrich the visitor 1 These logs were intended to replace the superintendent's annual report, a requirement dropped by the Washington Office of the NPS in 1966. Emphasis on maintaining the logs waned, however, by 1974. Smith and his brother Lloyd saw the need for maintaining some record of past events in the park since a large portion of the official files that had been previously stored on-site by the NPS were either shipped to the Federal Record Center in Seattle or dumped. experience by emphasizing the life, culture, history of local inhabitants and park management."2 Although the RMP draft included a programming sheet that made a modest five-year budget projection needed to support oral history, none of the cultural resources endeavors listed were funded immediately. The RMP was updated in 1985, though the oral history project statement remained virtually unchanged. This time, however, the plan was approved by the acting regional director and began to attract greater levels of funding directed from NPS staff in Seattle. Bob Benton, park superintendent at the time, hoped that a permanent curator would conduct and then transcribe interviews for three years, beginning in FY87.3 Budget constraints limited the NPS to hiring a part-time museum technician who had to subsequently devote all of her time to dealing with a massive backlog of objects. Program development The NPS regional historian at that time, Stephanie Toothman, eventually persuaded Benton to fund a historian on a temporary appointment for the summer of 1987. My predecessor conducted several taped interviews during his short tenure at the park, though these interviews remained unprocessed for a number of years. The writer was hired in the spring of 1988 partly because of management's desire to continue conducting oral history interviews, though I little in the way of previous job experience with this method of gathering source material. My first interviews (with Bob Foster and Ethel Wilkinson) were not taped and fairly unfocused other than centering on their experiences in the park. Taped interviews, however, demand a certain amount of structure and generally involved submitting questions in advance of the interview. In this way some focal points could be developed during the interview and it increased the chances of obtaining more in-depth information. My supervisor and other park managers could not express what level or type of information they desired, but this worked to some advantage as the number of consultants interviewed was restricted only by their geographic proximity. Besides supplying interpretation and leads about documentary information that I found in any number of repositories, former NPS employees also provided me with a valuable (and probably very unusual) orientation to the agency. Many consultants donated photographs and archival material to the park, generally in conjunction with an interview. The oral history program thus gave management tangible results for funds expended in conducting interviews, well beyond the obvious public relations value to the NPS. More than a few of these consultants 2 Warfield, Project Statement CRLA-C-5, Provide Oral History Documentation, Cultural Resources Management Program, RMP drafted by superintendent James S. Rouse, 11/27/81. 3 Natural and Cultural Resource Management and Environmental Assessment, Crater Lake National Park, 1986, p. 89. Ill gave follow up interviews and research assistance to the writer. Many are or were quite elderly, and the lack of funds allocated for transcribing taped interviews hindered the program for the first several years. Interview transcripts began to appear in 1992, when the first funding was allocated for transcribing and has continued intermittently to the present. This allowed consultants to review what was on tape, sign release forms, and allow the writer to finalize transcripts for retention in the park's museum collections and library. The lag in transcription furnishes one reason why more interviews are not freely available to library users. Several consultants died before transcripts were available and therefore could not sign a release. Interviews recorded through field notes remain lodged in the writer's biographical files established for many consultants, since releases were not obtained. Notes from shorter conversations with other consultants have been placed together in files labeled "Personages of CRLA." Correspondence containing oral history information is in either of these two places. The writer and/or curator should be contacted for access to these documents. Without an index, most researchers have thus far expressed little interest in material obtained through oral history. There are only a couple of notable exceptions, but these interviews have never really been integrated into interpretive programs. It is hoped that this document will aid both research and interpretation, but the index will not allow readers to access ethnographic information. The latter is the domain of an ongoing traditional use study conducted under contract by Douglas Deur.4 Oral history pertinent to Crater Lake from other than NPS sources is not indexed, though interested readers are encouraged to consult interviews conducted by other institutions. Suggested sources are noted below.5 Acknowledgments The writer wishes to thank all of the people who labored to produce finished transcripts. In chronological order, they include: Darci Descharnais Gomolski, Anton Briefer, Amelia Bruno, Chris Prout, Cheryl Ryan, Renee Edwards, and Kelli Bacher. The laborious work of actually indexing the entries that follow can be credited to Kelli Bacher, who began her work on this document in 1999. Park curator Mary Benterou helped process interviews for retention in 4 At the time of writing this study (which covers both Crater Lake and Lava Beds) entered its second phase. A confidentiality agreement with the Klamath Tribes limits the interview data can be released to the NPS, though a summary report on traditional uses in both parks will be available. For an overview of ethnographic information pertaining to Crater Lake, see chapters 3 and 4 by Robert Winthrop in Mairs, et al, Archeological and Ethnological Studies of Southwest Oregon and Crater Lake National Park, pp. 29-73. 5 These include the Southern Oregon Historical Society (see the indicated interviews on "Preliminary Guide to the Oral History Collection, version dated 2/12/97), the Rogue River National Forest (see vol. 3, "Recollections: People and the Forest," available in the park library), and several in the Oregon Historical Society's collections. Copies of interviews with a more general scope have been obtained from the NPS library at Harpers Ferry (in the writer's files) and the Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (available in the park library). IV the museum collection. The work of other interviewers such as Royal Jackson, Pat Erigero, and John Morrison is included in the index because they were funded to conduct interviews in 1986-87. Consultants deserve the largest measure of appreciation since they made time for these interviews and gave their recollections freely. More than a few rendered ready assistance with editing transcripts, usually waiting months or years before each interview reached that stage of development. My sincerest apologies go to each of them for this inconvenience, as well as regrets about those consultants I could not reach in time. Stephen R. Mark October 20, 2000 Title: Reference guide to the Crater Lake National Park oral history series Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 2000, 2009 INTRODUCTION This document is not only directed at making the Crater Lake National Park Oral History Series more useful to readers by providing an index for faster reference, but also to give some explanation about the program. The first section describes the origin and development of formalized oral history at Crater Lake in an operational context, concluding with suggestions for consulting additional sources of information. A summary of each interview in alphabetical order by consultant constitutes the second part and should convey the circumstances of how each consultant was interviewed. The third section begins with listing the abbreviations assigned to consultants and the various types of interviews as they appear in the index. Organized by topic, this index also includes people and places mentioned in the interviews as they pertain to the park. Beginnings Interest in doing oral history at Crater Lake can be traced to the 1970s when seasonal ranger Larry Smith informally discussed past events in the park with visitors and former employees. He used this information to compile and update the Smith Brothers Chronological History of Crater Lake National Park, a work that evolved from agency direction to generate "important event logs" at each park starting in 1967.1 Concurrently, more formal oral history interviews gained popularity as part of a national trend toward greater interest in social history. Funding for oral history in places like southern Oregon increased in anticipation of the bicentennial celebrations in 1976, and coincided with the term "public history" gaining currency in academic circles. While the field of history was undergoing an important change, the National Park Service drafted its first general management plan for Crater Lake throughout 1976. This plan was approved in December 1977 and issued without its resources management component, something intended to complement the visitor use/interpretation and general development sections of the plan. A first draft of the resources management section followed almost four years later and included a number of project statements. They were aimed primarily at natural resources, but included several for cultural resources written by Ron Warfield, then chief of interpretation. One project statement articulated the need for taping and transcribing ethnographic and oral history interviews for permanent retention. This effort would "provide material for the Park administrative history and would give background for interpretive programs [intended] to enrich the visitor 1 These logs were intended to replace the superintendent's annual report, a requirement dropped by the Washington Office of the NPS in 1966. Emphasis on maintaining the logs waned, however, by 1974. Smith and his brother Lloyd saw the need for maintaining some record of past events in the park since a large portion of the official files that had been previously stored on-site by the NPS were either shipped to the Federal Record Center in Seattle or dumped. experience by emphasizing the life, culture, history of local inhabitants and park management."2 Although the RMP draft included a programming sheet that made a modest five-year budget projection needed to support oral history, none of the cultural resources endeavors listed were funded immediately. The RMP was updated in 1985, though the oral history project statement remained virtually unchanged. This time, however, the plan was approved by the acting regional director and began to attract greater levels of funding directed from NPS staff in Seattle. Bob Benton, park superintendent at the time, hoped that a permanent curator would conduct and then transcribe interviews for three years, beginning in FY87.3 Budget constraints limited the NPS to hiring a part-time museum technician who had to subsequently devote all of her time to dealing with a massive backlog of objects. Program development The NPS regional historian at that time, Stephanie Toothman, eventually persuaded Benton to fund a historian on a temporary appointment for the summer of 1987. My predecessor conducted several taped interviews during his short tenure at the park, though these interviews remained unprocessed for a number of years. The writer was hired in the spring of 1988 partly because of management's desire to continue conducting oral history interviews, though I little in the way of previous job experience with this method of gathering source material. My first interviews (with Bob Foster and Ethel Wilkinson) were not taped and fairly unfocused other than centering on their experiences in the park. Taped interviews, however, demand a certain amount of structure and generally involved submitting questions in advance of the interview. In this way some focal points could be developed during the interview and it increased the chances of obtaining more in-depth information. My supervisor and other park managers could not express what level or type of information they desired, but this worked to some advantage as the number of consultants interviewed was restricted only by their geographic proximity. Besides supplying interpretation and leads about documentary information that I found in any number of repositories, former NPS employees also provided me with a valuable (and probably very unusual) orientation to the agency. Many consultants donated photographs and archival material to the park, generally in conjunction with an interview. The oral history program thus gave management tangible results for funds expended in conducting interviews, well beyond the obvious public relations value to the NPS. More than a few of these consultants 2 Warfield, Project Statement CRLA-C-5, Provide Oral History Documentation, Cultural Resources Management Program, RMP drafted by superintendent James S. Rouse, 11/27/81. 3 Natural and Cultural Resource Management and Environmental Assessment, Crater Lake National Park, 1986, p. 89. Ill gave follow up interviews and research assistance to the writer. Many are or were quite elderly, and the lack of funds allocated for transcribing taped interviews hindered the program for the first several years. Interview transcripts began to appear in 1992, when the first funding was allocated for transcribing and has continued intermittently to the present. This allowed consultants to review what was on tape, sign release forms, and allow the writer to finalize transcripts for retention in the park's museum collections and library. The lag in transcription furnishes one reason why more interviews are not freely available to library users. Several consultants died before transcripts were available and therefore could not sign a release. Interviews recorded through field notes remain lodged in the writer's biographical files established for many consultants, since releases were not obtained. Notes from shorter conversations with other consultants have been placed together in files labeled "Personages of CRLA." Correspondence containing oral history information is in either of these two places. The writer and/or curator should be contacted for access to these documents. Without an index, most researchers have thus far expressed little interest in material obtained through oral history. There are only a couple of notable exceptions, but these interviews have never really been integrated into interpretive programs. It is hoped that this document will aid both research and interpretation, but the index will not allow readers to access ethnographic information. The latter is the domain of an ongoing traditional use study conducted under contract by Douglas Deur.4 Oral history pertinent to Crater Lake from other than NPS sources is not indexed, though interested readers are encouraged to consult interviews conducted by other institutions. Suggested sources are noted below.5 Acknowledgments The writer wishes to thank all of the people who labored to produce finished transcripts. In chronological order, they include: Darci Descharnais Gomolski, Anton Briefer, Amelia Bruno, Chris Prout, Cheryl Ryan, Renee Edwards, and Kelli Bacher. The laborious work of actually indexing the entries that follow can be credited to Kelli Bacher, who began her work on this document in 1999. Park curator Mary Benterou helped process interviews for retention in 4 At the time of writing this study (which covers both Crater Lake and Lava Beds) entered its second phase. A confidentiality agreement with the Klamath Tribes limits the interview data can be released to the NPS, though a summary report on traditional uses in both parks will be available. For an overview of ethnographic information pertaining to Crater Lake, see chapters 3 and 4 by Robert Winthrop in Mairs, et al, Archeological and Ethnological Studies of Southwest Oregon and Crater Lake National Park, pp. 29-73. 5 These include the Southern Oregon Historical Society (see the indicated interviews on "Preliminary Guide to the Oral History Collection, version dated 2/12/97), the Rogue River National Forest (see vol. 3, "Recollections: People and the Forest," available in the park library), and several in the Oregon Historical Society's collections. Copies of interviews with a more general scope have been obtained from the NPS library at Harpers Ferry (in the writer's files) and the Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (available in the park library). IV the museum collection. The work of other interviewers such as Royal Jackson, Pat Erigero, and John Morrison is included in the index because they were funded to conduct interviews in 1986-87. Consultants deserve the largest measure of appreciation since they made time for these interviews and gave their recollections freely. More than a few rendered ready assistance with editing transcripts, usually waiting months or years before each interview reached that stage of development. My sincerest apologies go to each of them for this inconvenience, as well as regrets about those consultants I could not reach in time. Stephen R. Mark October 20, 2000 Close

• 68. [Image] Evaluation of Lineament Analysis as an Exploration Technique for Geothermal Energy, Western and Central Nevada. Final Report, June 1976--October 1978

  	Lineament analysis as an exploration technique for geothermal energy using multi-scale, multi-format imagery and geophysical data is investigated and evaluated. Two areas in Nevada, each having distinct ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of Lineament Analysis as an Exploration Technique for Geothermal Energy, Western and Central Nevada. Final Report, June 1976--October 1978 Author: Trexler, D.T. Year: 1978 Lineament analysis as an exploration technique for geothermal energy using multi-scale, multi-format imagery and geophysical data is investigated and evaluated. Two areas in Nevada, each having distinct differences in structural style were studied. One area, which encompasses a portion of the Battle Mountain Heat Flow High, was studied to determine the relationship between regional and local structural controls and geothermal activity. Four geothermal sites within this area (Winnemucca AMS) were selected and studied in detail. These sites include: 1) Leach Hot Springs, 2) Kyle Hot Springs, 3) Beowawe geothermal area and Buffalo Valley Hot Springs. A second area encompassed by the Reno AMS Sheet was selected for further study in a region dominated by three diverse tectonic styles; these are: 1) the Sierra Nevada Front, 2) the Walker Lane, and 3) basin-and-range structures. Geothermal sites analyzed at site specific scales within the Reno AMS Sheet included Steamboat Hot Springs in the Sierra Nevada Front subprovince, Dixie Valley Hot Springs located in typical basin-and-range terrain and the Brady's-Desert Peak area which is marginal to the Walker Lane. Data products employed included LANDSAT imagery, SKYLAB photography, gravity, and aeromagnetic maps. Results of this investigation indicate that in north-central Nevada the major sites of geothermal activity are associated with northeast trending structures related to the Midas Trench lineament and that the most viable geothermal area (Beowawe is located at the intersection of the northeast trend of the Oregon-Nevada Lineament Title: Evaluation of Lineament Analysis as an Exploration Technique for Geothermal Energy, Western and Central Nevada. Final Report, June 1976--October 1978 Author: Trexler, D.T. Year: 1978 Lineament analysis as an exploration technique for geothermal energy using multi-scale, multi-format imagery and geophysical data is investigated and evaluated. Two areas in Nevada, each having distinct differences in structural style were studied. One area, which encompasses a portion of the Battle Mountain Heat Flow High, was studied to determine the relationship between regional and local structural controls and geothermal activity. Four geothermal sites within this area (Winnemucca AMS) were selected and studied in detail. These sites include: 1) Leach Hot Springs, 2) Kyle Hot Springs, 3) Beowawe geothermal area and Buffalo Valley Hot Springs. A second area encompassed by the Reno AMS Sheet was selected for further study in a region dominated by three diverse tectonic styles; these are: 1) the Sierra Nevada Front, 2) the Walker Lane, and 3) basin-and-range structures. Geothermal sites analyzed at site specific scales within the Reno AMS Sheet included Steamboat Hot Springs in the Sierra Nevada Front subprovince, Dixie Valley Hot Springs located in typical basin-and-range terrain and the Brady's-Desert Peak area which is marginal to the Walker Lane. Data products employed included LANDSAT imagery, SKYLAB photography, gravity, and aeromagnetic maps. Results of this investigation indicate that in north-central Nevada the major sites of geothermal activity are associated with northeast trending structures related to the Midas Trench lineament and that the most viable geothermal area (Beowawe is located at the intersection of the northeast trend of the Oregon-Nevada Lineament Close

• 69. [Image] A Time Domain Survey of the Los Alamos Region, New Mexico

  	A time domain electromagnetic sounding survey of the region surrounding the city of Los Alamos, New Mexico was carried out. The results show that a linear trough, trending northeast--southwest runs beneath ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Time Domain Survey of the Los Alamos Region, New Mexico Author: Williston, McNeiI and Associates Year: 1979 A time domain electromagnetic sounding survey of the region surrounding the city of Los Alamos, New Mexico was carried out. The results show that a linear trough, trending northeast--southwest runs beneath the city. The southern boundary is somewhat to the south of the city, the northern boundary was not established. The geoelectric section consists of three layers and the total thickness of the section is in excess of 3 000 m. The resistivities of the second layer are as low as 2.5 ..cap omega.. m. If the salinities are in the region of 7 000 ppm, the resistivities could indicate that water with a temperature of 150/sup 0/C may be found at a depth of 3 000 m. Title: A Time Domain Survey of the Los Alamos Region, New Mexico Author: Williston, McNeiI and Associates Year: 1979 A time domain electromagnetic sounding survey of the region surrounding the city of Los Alamos, New Mexico was carried out. The results show that a linear trough, trending northeast--southwest runs beneath the city. The southern boundary is somewhat to the south of the city, the northern boundary was not established. The geoelectric section consists of three layers and the total thickness of the section is in excess of 3 000 m. The resistivities of the second layer are as low as 2.5 ..cap omega.. m. If the salinities are in the region of 7 000 ppm, the resistivities could indicate that water with a temperature of 150/sup 0/C may be found at a depth of 3 000 m. Close

• 70. [Image] Energy Scenarios for New Zealand

  	The objective of the Energy Research Group, led by Dr Garth Harris, Executive Officer of the NZERDC, was to explore a range of energy choices open to New Zealand and to identify policies that match the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Energy Scenarios for New Zealand Author: Maiden, C. J. Year: 1976 The objective of the Energy Research Group, led by Dr Garth Harris, Executive Officer of the NZERDC, was to explore a range of energy choices open to New Zealand and to identify policies that match the choices. The range of choices is broad, both because the national resource base is diverse and because there is plenty of room for improving the efficiency with which we use energy. The trend of recent years has been towards rapid growth in energy use, i.e. a doubling every 15-20 years. But trend is not destiny and the current research shows clearly that our nation's energy future is not compelled to follow a single narrow path Title: Energy Scenarios for New Zealand Author: Maiden, C. J. Year: 1976 The objective of the Energy Research Group, led by Dr Garth Harris, Executive Officer of the NZERDC, was to explore a range of energy choices open to New Zealand and to identify policies that match the choices. The range of choices is broad, both because the national resource base is diverse and because there is plenty of room for improving the efficiency with which we use energy. The trend of recent years has been towards rapid growth in energy use, i.e. a doubling every 15-20 years. But trend is not destiny and the current research shows clearly that our nation's energy future is not compelled to follow a single narrow path Close

• 71. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor. Progress Report No. 4, September 1980

  	The following are included: geothermal power plants proposed and on-line; direct heat applications proposed and operational; trends in drilling activities; exploration; leases; outreach and technical assistance; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor. Progress Report No. 4, September 1980 Author: Assistant Secretary for Resource Applications, Division of Geothermal Resource Management Year: 1980 The following are included: geothermal power plants proposed and on-line; direct heat applications proposed and operational; trends in drilling activities; exploration; leases; outreach and technical assistance; feasibility studies and application demonstrations; geothermal loan guaranty program; research and development activities; legal, institutional, and regulatory activities; environmental activities; reports and publications; and a directory (MHR) Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor. Progress Report No. 4, September 1980 Author: Assistant Secretary for Resource Applications, Division of Geothermal Resource Management Year: 1980 The following are included: geothermal power plants proposed and on-line; direct heat applications proposed and operational; trends in drilling activities; exploration; leases; outreach and technical assistance; feasibility studies and application demonstrations; geothermal loan guaranty program; research and development activities; legal, institutional, and regulatory activities; environmental activities; reports and publications; and a directory (MHR) Close

• 72. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 11, December 1989

  	This issue of the Geothermal Progress Monitor (GPM) is the 11th since the inception of the publication in 1980. It continues to synthesize information on all aspects of geothermal development in this country ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 11, December 1989 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Teahnology Division Year: 1989 This issue of the Geothermal Progress Monitor (GPM) is the 11th since the inception of the publication in 1980. It continues to synthesize information on all aspects of geothermal development in this country and abroad to permit identification and quantification of trends in the use of this energy technology. In addition, the GPM is a mechanism for transferring current information on geothermal technology development to the private sector, and, over time, provides a historical record for those interested in the development pathway of the resource. In sum, the Department of Energy makes the GPM available to the many diverse interests that make up the geothermal community for the multiple uses it may serve. This issue of the GPM points up very clearly how closely knit many of those diverse interests have become. It might well be called an international issue'' since many of its pages are devoted to news of geothermal development abroad, to the efforts of the US industry to participate in overseas development, to the support given those efforts by federal and state agencies, and to the formation of the International Geothermal Association (IGA). All of these events indicate that the geothermal community has become truly international in character, an occurrence that can only enhance the future of geothermal energy as a major source of energy supply worldwide. 15 figs. Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 11, December 1989 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Teahnology Division Year: 1989 This issue of the Geothermal Progress Monitor (GPM) is the 11th since the inception of the publication in 1980. It continues to synthesize information on all aspects of geothermal development in this country and abroad to permit identification and quantification of trends in the use of this energy technology. In addition, the GPM is a mechanism for transferring current information on geothermal technology development to the private sector, and, over time, provides a historical record for those interested in the development pathway of the resource. In sum, the Department of Energy makes the GPM available to the many diverse interests that make up the geothermal community for the multiple uses it may serve. This issue of the GPM points up very clearly how closely knit many of those diverse interests have become. It might well be called an international issue'' since many of its pages are devoted to news of geothermal development abroad, to the efforts of the US industry to participate in overseas development, to the support given those efforts by federal and state agencies, and to the formation of the International Geothermal Association (IGA). All of these events indicate that the geothermal community has become truly international in character, an occurrence that can only enhance the future of geothermal energy as a major source of energy supply worldwide. 15 figs. Close

• 73. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor, Report No. 13, February 1992

  	Geothermal Progress Monitor (GPM) Issue No. 13 documents that most related factors favor the growth and geographic expansion of the US geothermal industry and that the industry is being technologically ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor, Report No. 13, February 1992 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1992 Geothermal Progress Monitor (GPM) Issue No. 13 documents that most related factors favor the growth and geographic expansion of the US geothermal industry and that the industry is being technologically prepared to meet those challenges into the next century. It is the function of GPM to identify trends in the use of this resource and to provide a historical record of its development pathway. The information assembled for this issue of GPM indicates that trends in the use of geothermal energy in this country and abroad continue to be very positive. Favorable sentiments as well as pertinent actions on the part of both government and industry are documented in almost every section. The FEDERAL BEAT points up that the National Energy Strategy (NES) developed at the highest levels of the US government recognizes the environmental and energy security advantages of renewable energy, including geothermal, and makes a commitment to substantial diversification'' of US sources of energy. With the announcement of the construction of several new plants and plant expansions, the INDUSTRY SCENE illustrates industry's continued expectation that the use of geothermal energy will prove profitable to investors. In DEVELOPMENT STATUS, spokesmen for both an investor-owned utility and a major geothermal developer express strong support for geothermal power, particularly emphasizing its environmental advantages. DEVELOPMENT STATUS also reports that early successes have been achieved by joint DOE/industry R D at The Geysers which will have important impacts on the future management of this mature field. Also there is increasing interest in hot dry rock. Analyses conducted in support of the NES indicate that if all the postulated technology developments occur in this field, the price of energy derived from hot dry rock in the US could drop Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor, Report No. 13, February 1992 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1992 Geothermal Progress Monitor (GPM) Issue No. 13 documents that most related factors favor the growth and geographic expansion of the US geothermal industry and that the industry is being technologically prepared to meet those challenges into the next century. It is the function of GPM to identify trends in the use of this resource and to provide a historical record of its development pathway. The information assembled for this issue of GPM indicates that trends in the use of geothermal energy in this country and abroad continue to be very positive. Favorable sentiments as well as pertinent actions on the part of both government and industry are documented in almost every section. The FEDERAL BEAT points up that the National Energy Strategy (NES) developed at the highest levels of the US government recognizes the environmental and energy security advantages of renewable energy, including geothermal, and makes a commitment to substantial diversification'' of US sources of energy. With the announcement of the construction of several new plants and plant expansions, the INDUSTRY SCENE illustrates industry's continued expectation that the use of geothermal energy will prove profitable to investors. In DEVELOPMENT STATUS, spokesmen for both an investor-owned utility and a major geothermal developer express strong support for geothermal power, particularly emphasizing its environmental advantages. DEVELOPMENT STATUS also reports that early successes have been achieved by joint DOE/industry R D at The Geysers which will have important impacts on the future management of this mature field. Also there is increasing interest in hot dry rock. Analyses conducted in support of the NES indicate that if all the postulated technology developments occur in this field, the price of energy derived from hot dry rock in the US could drop Close

• 74. [Image] Oil Sands and Heavy Oils of Alberta

  	About 82 percent of the oil produced in Canada comes from Alberta. For a number of years following major discoveries in 1947, additions to reserves exceeded production in the province. In 1970, however, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oil Sands and Heavy Oils of Alberta Author: McRory, R. E. Year: 1982 About 82 percent of the oil produced in Canada comes from Alberta. For a number of years following major discoveries in 1947, additions to reserves exceeded production in the province. In 1970, however, this trend was reversed and has continued for the past 11 years. As a result, the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB) reported that remaining established reserves at the end of 1980 had declined to 4.53 billion barrels. At 1980 rates of production these reserves could be fully depleted by 1992 Title: Oil Sands and Heavy Oils of Alberta Author: McRory, R. E. Year: 1982 About 82 percent of the oil produced in Canada comes from Alberta. For a number of years following major discoveries in 1947, additions to reserves exceeded production in the province. In 1970, however, this trend was reversed and has continued for the past 11 years. As a result, the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB) reported that remaining established reserves at the end of 1980 had declined to 4.53 billion barrels. At 1980 rates of production these reserves could be fully depleted by 1992 Close

• 75. [Image] The 1985 Oil Production of 21 Oil Producing Non-OPEC Countries

  	The purpose of this report is to forecast the 1985 production possibilities of 21 non-OPEC marginal oil producing, developing and less-developed countries (LDC), in Latin America, Africa and the Far East ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The 1985 Oil Production of 21 Oil Producing Non-OPEC Countries Author: Warner, A. J. Year: 1979 The purpose of this report is to forecast the 1985 production possibilities of 21 non-OPEC marginal oil producing, developing and less-developed countries (LDC), in Latin America, Africa and the Far East (including Asia), and the potential net benefit of such production to the world market. The net benefit is the quantity of oil that may be produced in excess of indigenous demand. The forecast is based on an analysis of drilling results in geological basins, and pertinent historical production and consumption trends. The extent to which production is expected to increase hinges on the status of existing fields and the quality of recent discoveries. The normal lag-time between pre-concession or pre-drilling exploration, exploration drilling, development drilling, and the installment of production facilities with ancillary transportation and marketing infrastructure, preclude any oil discovery not now undergoing development from being an important supply source in 1985. In the event national political, social and economic policies rationalize a less than maximum effort to increase production, this forecast becomes moot. The forecasts of others concerned with the future prospects of many of the same countries that are the subject of this analysis, are included for comparison Title: The 1985 Oil Production of 21 Oil Producing Non-OPEC Countries Author: Warner, A. J. Year: 1979 The purpose of this report is to forecast the 1985 production possibilities of 21 non-OPEC marginal oil producing, developing and less-developed countries (LDC), in Latin America, Africa and the Far East (including Asia), and the potential net benefit of such production to the world market. The net benefit is the quantity of oil that may be produced in excess of indigenous demand. The forecast is based on an analysis of drilling results in geological basins, and pertinent historical production and consumption trends. The extent to which production is expected to increase hinges on the status of existing fields and the quality of recent discoveries. The normal lag-time between pre-concession or pre-drilling exploration, exploration drilling, development drilling, and the installment of production facilities with ancillary transportation and marketing infrastructure, preclude any oil discovery not now undergoing development from being an important supply source in 1985. In the event national political, social and economic policies rationalize a less than maximum effort to increase production, this forecast becomes moot. The forecasts of others concerned with the future prospects of many of the same countries that are the subject of this analysis, are included for comparison Close

• 76. [Image] Gravity and Ground Magnetic Surveys of the Central Mineral Mountains, Utah. Volume 6: Final Report

  	During the summers of 1974 and 1975, gravity and ground magnetic surveys were made over the central part of the Mineral Mountains and vicinity, Utah. The gravity survey comprised 627 gravity stations over ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gravity and Ground Magnetic Surveys of the Central Mineral Mountains, Utah. Volume 6: Final Report Author: Crebs, T.J. Year: 1976 During the summers of 1974 and 1975, gravity and ground magnetic surveys were made over the central part of the Mineral Mountains and vicinity, Utah. The gravity survey comprised 627 gravity stations over an area of approximately 660 sq km, and included 8 gravity profiles over the Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. The magnetic survey comprised over 400 magnetic stations within 4 magnetic profiles. The gravity data were compiled as a terrain-corrected Bouguer gravity anomaly map with a contour interval of 2 mgal. The gravity features include: (1) generally northward-trending gravity contours with gradients along the margins of the Mineral Range, indicating that the range is a horst bounded on the east and west by the Beaver and Milford valley grabens, respectively, where the Milford Valley graben shows pronounced gravity low, which indicates a valley-fill thickness of about 1.8km; and (2) a northward-trending gravity high extends along the western flank of the Mineral Range (probably caused by high-density metamorphic rocks) Title: Gravity and Ground Magnetic Surveys of the Central Mineral Mountains, Utah. Volume 6: Final Report Author: Crebs, T.J. Year: 1976 During the summers of 1974 and 1975, gravity and ground magnetic surveys were made over the central part of the Mineral Mountains and vicinity, Utah. The gravity survey comprised 627 gravity stations over an area of approximately 660 sq km, and included 8 gravity profiles over the Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. The magnetic survey comprised over 400 magnetic stations within 4 magnetic profiles. The gravity data were compiled as a terrain-corrected Bouguer gravity anomaly map with a contour interval of 2 mgal. The gravity features include: (1) generally northward-trending gravity contours with gradients along the margins of the Mineral Range, indicating that the range is a horst bounded on the east and west by the Beaver and Milford valley grabens, respectively, where the Milford Valley graben shows pronounced gravity low, which indicates a valley-fill thickness of about 1.8km; and (2) a northward-trending gravity high extends along the western flank of the Mineral Range (probably caused by high-density metamorphic rocks) Close

• 77. [Image] Geopressured Geothermal Fairway Evaluation and Test-Well Site Location Frio Formation, Texas Gulf Coast

  	Tertiary strata of the Texas Gulf Coast comprise a number of terrigenous depositional wedges, some of which thicken abruptly at their downdip ends as a result of contemporaneous movement of growth faults ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geopressured Geothermal Fairway Evaluation and Test-Well Site Location Frio Formation, Texas Gulf Coast Author: Bebout, D.G. Year: 1978 Tertiary strata of the Texas Gulf Coast comprise a number of terrigenous depositional wedges, some of which thicken abruptly at their downdip ends as a result of contemporaneous movement of growth faults and underlying salt. The Frio Formation, one of these wedges, has been studied regionally by means of a grid of correlation cross sections aided by micropaleontological control. By means of these sections, the Frio was subdivided into six map units; maps of sandstone distribution within these units delineate principal elongate sandstone trends parallel to the Gulf Coast composed of deltaic, barrier-bar, and strandplain sandstones. These broad regional studies, followed by detailed local investigations, were pursued in order to delineate prospective areas for production of geopressured geothermal energy. A prospective area must meet the following minimum requirements: reservoir volume of 3 cubic miles, minimum permeability of 20 millidarcys (md), and fluid temperatures of 300° F. Several geothermal fairways were identified as a result of this Frio study Title: Geopressured Geothermal Fairway Evaluation and Test-Well Site Location Frio Formation, Texas Gulf Coast Author: Bebout, D.G. Year: 1978 Tertiary strata of the Texas Gulf Coast comprise a number of terrigenous depositional wedges, some of which thicken abruptly at their downdip ends as a result of contemporaneous movement of growth faults and underlying salt. The Frio Formation, one of these wedges, has been studied regionally by means of a grid of correlation cross sections aided by micropaleontological control. By means of these sections, the Frio was subdivided into six map units; maps of sandstone distribution within these units delineate principal elongate sandstone trends parallel to the Gulf Coast composed of deltaic, barrier-bar, and strandplain sandstones. These broad regional studies, followed by detailed local investigations, were pursued in order to delineate prospective areas for production of geopressured geothermal energy. A prospective area must meet the following minimum requirements: reservoir volume of 3 cubic miles, minimum permeability of 20 millidarcys (md), and fluid temperatures of 300° F. Several geothermal fairways were identified as a result of this Frio study Close

• 78. [Article] Bridge Creek Watershed Assessment

  Abstract -- Bridge Creek, a tributary of the John Day River, is located in Wheeler County in North Eastern Oregon. The Bridge Creek watershed drains a total of 269 square miles and contains 69 miles of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bridge Creek Watershed Assessment Abstract -- Bridge Creek, a tributary of the John Day River, is located in Wheeler County in North Eastern Oregon. The Bridge Creek watershed drains a total of 269 square miles and contains 69 miles of summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spawning habitat. Wheeler Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD) staff surveyed 23.6 miles of the mainstem of Bridge Creek during the summer of 2013. The data from this survey was entered into a spatially referenced geodatabase of the stream channel. The purpose of this reach evaluation is to identify the severity of the limiting factors on a reach by reach basis and create an interactive GIS framework with the purpose of improving the effectiveness of restoration work conducted within the Bridge Creek watershed. Resource Specialists Inc. was commissioned to analyze the data and examine trends within the watershed. The results of the analysis are contained within this report. Steelhead are currently listed as a threatened species. The overall health of the steelhead population in the middle Columbia River along with limiting factors and guidelines for recovery were detailed in "Conservation and Recovery Plan for Oregon Steelhead Populations in the Middle Columbia River Steelhead Distinct Population Segment," henceforth referred to as the "Mid-C Recovery Plan." Title: Bridge Creek Watershed Assessment Abstract -- Bridge Creek, a tributary of the John Day River, is located in Wheeler County in North Eastern Oregon. The Bridge Creek watershed drains a total of 269 square miles and contains 69 miles of summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spawning habitat. Wheeler Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD) staff surveyed 23.6 miles of the mainstem of Bridge Creek during the summer of 2013. The data from this survey was entered into a spatially referenced geodatabase of the stream channel. The purpose of this reach evaluation is to identify the severity of the limiting factors on a reach by reach basis and create an interactive GIS framework with the purpose of improving the effectiveness of restoration work conducted within the Bridge Creek watershed. Resource Specialists Inc. was commissioned to analyze the data and examine trends within the watershed. The results of the analysis are contained within this report. Steelhead are currently listed as a threatened species. The overall health of the steelhead population in the middle Columbia River along with limiting factors and guidelines for recovery were detailed in "Conservation and Recovery Plan for Oregon Steelhead Populations in the Middle Columbia River Steelhead Distinct Population Segment," henceforth referred to as the "Mid-C Recovery Plan." Close

• 79. [Article] Aquatic Monitoring Program 2002-2003 Report

  Abstract -- The Applegate River Watershed Council (ARWC), a non-profit, 501(c)3 organization located in southern Oregon has been monitoring water quality, temperature, biological and physical aspects in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aquatic Monitoring Program 2002-2003 Report Abstract -- The Applegate River Watershed Council (ARWC), a non-profit, 501(c)3 organization located in southern Oregon has been monitoring water quality, temperature, biological and physical aspects in the Applegate since 1997. The data collected by ARWC staff has established baseline conditions and allowed for water quality trend analysis in the 493,000-acre Applegate watershed located in the Rogue River Basin. Topics include Water Quality Monitoring, Water Temperature, Water Chemistry, Stream Flow Monitoring, Biological Monitoring, Little Applegate Stream Habitat And Enhancement Program, Snorkel Surveys, Steelhead Spawning Surveys, Lamprey Study, Physical Monitoring, Slate And Waters Creeks Cross Sections, Sediment And Heat Source Study In The Upper Applegate Watershed, Thompson Creek Habitat Survey, and Monitoring Program Summary. Title: Aquatic Monitoring Program 2002-2003 Report Abstract -- The Applegate River Watershed Council (ARWC), a non-profit, 501(c)3 organization located in southern Oregon has been monitoring water quality, temperature, biological and physical aspects in the Applegate since 1997. The data collected by ARWC staff has established baseline conditions and allowed for water quality trend analysis in the 493,000-acre Applegate watershed located in the Rogue River Basin. Topics include Water Quality Monitoring, Water Temperature, Water Chemistry, Stream Flow Monitoring, Biological Monitoring, Little Applegate Stream Habitat And Enhancement Program, Snorkel Surveys, Steelhead Spawning Surveys, Lamprey Study, Physical Monitoring, Slate And Waters Creeks Cross Sections, Sediment And Heat Source Study In The Upper Applegate Watershed, Thompson Creek Habitat Survey, and Monitoring Program Summary. Close

• 80. [Article] Bakeoven (Deschutes) Watershed Assessment, 2005

  Abstract -- The headwaters of the Bakeoven Watershed are located in the Shaniko area in southern Wasco County, east of the Deschutes River at elevations just above 3,200 feet. Bakeoven Creek flows to the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bakeoven (Deschutes) Watershed Assessment, 2005 Abstract -- The headwaters of the Bakeoven Watershed are located in the Shaniko area in southern Wasco County, east of the Deschutes River at elevations just above 3,200 feet. Bakeoven Creek flows to the Deschutes River at Maupin City Park. Chapters include historic conditions, stream channels, fish and fish habitat, hydrology, riparian conditions, wetlands, road network, water quality, wildlife and wildlife habitat, economic impacts of conservation, summary of issues and recommendations, Bakeoven Action Plan, watershed council goals and objectives, glossary, and references. Numerous tables, figures, and maps summarize data collections. 97 pp. Title: Bakeoven (Deschutes) Watershed Assessment, 2005 Abstract -- The headwaters of the Bakeoven Watershed are located in the Shaniko area in southern Wasco County, east of the Deschutes River at elevations just above 3,200 feet. Bakeoven Creek flows to the Deschutes River at Maupin City Park. Chapters include historic conditions, stream channels, fish and fish habitat, hydrology, riparian conditions, wetlands, road network, water quality, wildlife and wildlife habitat, economic impacts of conservation, summary of issues and recommendations, Bakeoven Action Plan, watershed council goals and objectives, glossary, and references. Numerous tables, figures, and maps summarize data collections. 97 pp. Close

• 81. [Article] OWEB Grant Number 208-2084 Project Completion Report - PUR Monitoring

  Abstract -- While it is assumed that habitat enhancement and fish passage improvements increase fish production, there is little empirical data to support that claim in the Umpqua Basin. The Umpqua District ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: OWEB Grant Number 208-2084 Project Completion Report - PUR Monitoring Abstract -- While it is assumed that habitat enhancement and fish passage improvements increase fish production, there is little empirical data to support that claim in the Umpqua Basin. The Umpqua District has used smolt traps in the past to both establish a baseline record and to attempt to determine any response to habitat enhancement (Brush, Hinkle, and Big Tom Folley Creeks). Brush Creek and Big Tom Folley were originally chosen as monitoring sites since they are similar in characteristics, and Brush was originally the treatment stream for restoration projects while Big Tom Folley was used as the control until later projects occurred. Currently, there are PUR habitat enhancement projects scheduled to take place within the Little Wolf Creek and Wolf Creek basins. In order to gain more insight as to whether restoration efforts improve fish populations and address limiting factors, baseline and post treatment surveys will be needed. Restoration that is planned in Wolf and Little Wolf Creeks in 2008 and 2009 provides a unique opportunity to examine stream and fish responses to log-only and boulder-only instream placements. Pre-treatment data exists on these streams for smolt outmigration, summer habitat, spawning adults, summer seeding, channel cross-sections and temperature. ODFW has been collecting smolt out-migration data at five sites in the Upper Umpqua and Elk Creek watersheds almost continuously for 15 years to monitor yearly trends and to calculate over-winter survival rates of coho and steelhead. This OWEB grant will add to this baseline data and provide funding to continue past monitoring and add new monitoring components. Continuous smolt trap data from Brush, Big Tom Folley, and Hinkle Creeks is important to future efforts to monitor watershed health. Extensive habitat enhancement and fish inventories have been completed within the Hinkle Creek, Brush Creek and Big Tom Folley Creek basins. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) Umpqua Watershed District joined with the Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers (PUR) in an effort to continue ongoing juvenile monitoring within the Umpqua Basin. Since little is known about stream-specific limiting factors and fish production response to various habitat restoration treatments such as log or boulder placement, these long term data sets will help to understand the fish response aspect related to or resulting from habitat restoration projects. Title: OWEB Grant Number 208-2084 Project Completion Report - PUR Monitoring Abstract -- While it is assumed that habitat enhancement and fish passage improvements increase fish production, there is little empirical data to support that claim in the Umpqua Basin. The Umpqua District has used smolt traps in the past to both establish a baseline record and to attempt to determine any response to habitat enhancement (Brush, Hinkle, and Big Tom Folley Creeks). Brush Creek and Big Tom Folley were originally chosen as monitoring sites since they are similar in characteristics, and Brush was originally the treatment stream for restoration projects while Big Tom Folley was used as the control until later projects occurred. Currently, there are PUR habitat enhancement projects scheduled to take place within the Little Wolf Creek and Wolf Creek basins. In order to gain more insight as to whether restoration efforts improve fish populations and address limiting factors, baseline and post treatment surveys will be needed. Restoration that is planned in Wolf and Little Wolf Creeks in 2008 and 2009 provides a unique opportunity to examine stream and fish responses to log-only and boulder-only instream placements. Pre-treatment data exists on these streams for smolt outmigration, summer habitat, spawning adults, summer seeding, channel cross-sections and temperature. ODFW has been collecting smolt out-migration data at five sites in the Upper Umpqua and Elk Creek watersheds almost continuously for 15 years to monitor yearly trends and to calculate over-winter survival rates of coho and steelhead. This OWEB grant will add to this baseline data and provide funding to continue past monitoring and add new monitoring components. Continuous smolt trap data from Brush, Big Tom Folley, and Hinkle Creeks is important to future efforts to monitor watershed health. Extensive habitat enhancement and fish inventories have been completed within the Hinkle Creek, Brush Creek and Big Tom Folley Creek basins. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) Umpqua Watershed District joined with the Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers (PUR) in an effort to continue ongoing juvenile monitoring within the Umpqua Basin. Since little is known about stream-specific limiting factors and fish production response to various habitat restoration treatments such as log or boulder placement, these long term data sets will help to understand the fish response aspect related to or resulting from habitat restoration projects. Close

• 82. [Article] Salmonberry River Steelhead Spawning Surveys

  Abstract -- Results of spawning ground surveys since 1994, done by volunteers under a STEP project. Target species = winter steelhead. Project background and protocols are reported in the document "STEP ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmonberry River Steelhead Spawning Surveys Abstract -- Results of spawning ground surveys since 1994, done by volunteers under a STEP project. Target species = winter steelhead. Project background and protocols are reported in the document "STEP Report-Salmonberry Spawning Surveys". For convenience and further long-term context, the data also include ODFW peak counts since 1973, based on Streamnet data (1973-1992) and personal communication from Walt Weber (1993 and later) Title: Salmonberry River Steelhead Spawning Surveys Abstract -- Results of spawning ground surveys since 1994, done by volunteers under a STEP project. Target species = winter steelhead. Project background and protocols are reported in the document "STEP Report-Salmonberry Spawning Surveys". For convenience and further long-term context, the data also include ODFW peak counts since 1973, based on Streamnet data (1973-1992) and personal communication from Walt Weber (1993 and later) Close

• 83. [Article] Luckiamute Rapid Bio-Assessment

  Abstract -- The 2011 Rapid Bio-Assessment inventory of the Luckiamute Watershed was a replicate inventory that attempted to target the most productive salmonid habitats in the basin. This was the fourth ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Luckiamute Rapid Bio-Assessment Abstract -- The 2011 Rapid Bio-Assessment inventory of the Luckiamute Watershed was a replicate inventory that attempted to target the most productive salmonid habitats in the basin. This was the fourth consecutive inventory in the basin designed to describe the distribution and relative abundance of coho, cutthroat trout and winter steelhead. The entire basin (214 stream miles) was inventoried in 2008 utilizing the RBA protocol which included many miles of dysfunctional aquatic habitats that currently exhibit deep channel entrenchment, elevated summer temperature profiles and provided limited summer production potential. Survey efforts were reduced to 96.6 stream miles in 2009 and covered only the highest quality habitat reaches. Surveys were further refined in 2010 to a subset of the highest quality habitats (90.2 stream miles) and reduced again in 2011 to 84.6 stream miles. Some streams in the basin were also surveyed in 2002 and 2003 in a separate effort funded by Boise Cascade, the previous owner of the current Forest Capital holdings. These included Beaver, Boulder, Clayton, Cougar, Miller, Pedee, Ritner, Sheythe, West Fork Luckiamute, Wolf, and approximately 7 miles of the upper Luckiamute mainstem. Results and comparisons to those surveys are included below in the Site Specific observations. The intent of the RBA inventory was to gather information on the status of juvenile salmonid summer distributions and summer rearing densities. The inventory consisted of extensive snorkel surveys that began at the mouth of each stream and continued to the end of significant salmonid rearing potential (not to the end of cutthroat distribution). These surveys will be used to develop a base line for understanding how juvenile salmonids are currently utilizing habitats within the basin during summer flow regimes. Replicates of this inventory in high priority stream reaches (streams exhibiting residual system function) will be critical for identifying trends in the distribution and abundance of juvenile coho, steelhead and cutthroat in response to watershed restoration and management. The Rapid Bio-Assessment (RBA) survey method was designed to sub-sample 20 percent of the pool habitats using a Rapid Assay technique that could cover large distances and succeed in describing the current distribution of juvenile salmonids in all of the surveyed streams and their tributaries. Beaver dam frequency was also recorded. Title: Luckiamute Rapid Bio-Assessment Abstract -- The 2011 Rapid Bio-Assessment inventory of the Luckiamute Watershed was a replicate inventory that attempted to target the most productive salmonid habitats in the basin. This was the fourth consecutive inventory in the basin designed to describe the distribution and relative abundance of coho, cutthroat trout and winter steelhead. The entire basin (214 stream miles) was inventoried in 2008 utilizing the RBA protocol which included many miles of dysfunctional aquatic habitats that currently exhibit deep channel entrenchment, elevated summer temperature profiles and provided limited summer production potential. Survey efforts were reduced to 96.6 stream miles in 2009 and covered only the highest quality habitat reaches. Surveys were further refined in 2010 to a subset of the highest quality habitats (90.2 stream miles) and reduced again in 2011 to 84.6 stream miles. Some streams in the basin were also surveyed in 2002 and 2003 in a separate effort funded by Boise Cascade, the previous owner of the current Forest Capital holdings. These included Beaver, Boulder, Clayton, Cougar, Miller, Pedee, Ritner, Sheythe, West Fork Luckiamute, Wolf, and approximately 7 miles of the upper Luckiamute mainstem. Results and comparisons to those surveys are included below in the Site Specific observations. The intent of the RBA inventory was to gather information on the status of juvenile salmonid summer distributions and summer rearing densities. The inventory consisted of extensive snorkel surveys that began at the mouth of each stream and continued to the end of significant salmonid rearing potential (not to the end of cutthroat distribution). These surveys will be used to develop a base line for understanding how juvenile salmonids are currently utilizing habitats within the basin during summer flow regimes. Replicates of this inventory in high priority stream reaches (streams exhibiting residual system function) will be critical for identifying trends in the distribution and abundance of juvenile coho, steelhead and cutthroat in response to watershed restoration and management. The Rapid Bio-Assessment (RBA) survey method was designed to sub-sample 20 percent of the pool habitats using a Rapid Assay technique that could cover large distances and succeed in describing the current distribution of juvenile salmonids in all of the surveyed streams and their tributaries. Beaver dam frequency was also recorded. Close

• 84. [Image] A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest

  	Abstract Everest, Fred H.; Stouder, Deanna J.; Kakoyannis, Christina; Houston, Laurie; Stankey, George; Kline, Jeffery; Alig, Ralph. 2004. A review of scientific information ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest Year: 2004 Abstract Everest, Fred H.; Stouder, Deanna J.; Kakoyannis, Christina; Houston, Laurie; Stankey, George; Kline, Jeffery; Alig, Ralph. 2004. A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-595. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 128 p. Fresh water is a valuable and essential commodity in the Pacific Northwest States, specifically Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and one provided abundantly by forested watersheds in the region. The maintenance and growth of industrial, municipal, agricultural, and recreational activities in the region are dependent on adequate and sustainable supplies of fresh water from surface and ground-water sources. Future development, especially in the semiarid intermountain area, depends on the conservation and expansion of the region's water resource. This synthesis reviews the state of our knowledge and condition of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Keywords: Water distribution, flow regimes, water demand, conflicts, tools, water use. Title: A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest Year: 2004 Abstract Everest, Fred H.; Stouder, Deanna J.; Kakoyannis, Christina; Houston, Laurie; Stankey, George; Kline, Jeffery; Alig, Ralph. 2004. A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-595. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 128 p. Fresh water is a valuable and essential commodity in the Pacific Northwest States, specifically Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and one provided abundantly by forested watersheds in the region. The maintenance and growth of industrial, municipal, agricultural, and recreational activities in the region are dependent on adequate and sustainable supplies of fresh water from surface and ground-water sources. Future development, especially in the semiarid intermountain area, depends on the conservation and expansion of the region's water resource. This synthesis reviews the state of our knowledge and condition of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Keywords: Water distribution, flow regimes, water demand, conflicts, tools, water use. Close

• 85. [Image] The Third Klamath Basin Watershed Restoration and Research Conference

  	Cover title; "March 1999."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Third Klamath Basin Watershed Restoration and Research Conference Year: 1999, 2004 Cover title; "March 1999." Title: The Third Klamath Basin Watershed Restoration and Research Conference Year: 1999, 2004 Cover title; "March 1999." Close

• 86. [Image] Seeking refuge: making space for migratory waterfowl and wetlands along the Pacific Flyway

  	Abstract "Seeking Refuge" examines the history of migratory waterfowl management along the Pacific Flyway, the westernmost of four main migration routes in North America. Drawing on approaches from historical ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seeking refuge: making space for migratory waterfowl and wetlands along the Pacific Flyway Author: Wilson, Robert Michael Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Abstract "Seeking Refuge" examines the history of migratory waterfowl management along the Pacific Flyway, the westernmost of four main migration routes in North America. Drawing on approaches from historical geography and environmental history, this study shows how wildlife officials developed migratory bird refuges in Oregon and California, where over 60 percent of Pacific Flyway waterfowl winter. During the early-twentieth century, reclamation and river diking eliminated most of the wetlands in the birds' wintering range. Bird enthusiasts such as bird watchers and duck hunters successfully lobbied for the creation of wildlife refuges in a few areas along the flyway. These early refuges failed to protect waterfowl habitat and they were severely degraded by reclamation. In the 1930s and 1940s, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and its predecessor, the Bureau of Biological Survey, undertook an ambitious program to resurrect these sanctuaries and to create new ones. Many farmers opposed these refuges out of fear that waterfowl would damage crops. To respond to these concerns and to ensure an adequate food supply for the birds, the FWS raised rice, barley, and other grains. The agency adopted many of the technologies of modern, industrial agriculture including synthetic herbicides and insecticides such as 2, 4-D and DDT. By the 1960s, the refuges had become largely mirrors of the surrounding irrigated farmlands, the main difference being that the FWS raised grain for waterfowl rather than for market. Refuges could not escape the agricultural settings in which they were embedded. As units within the irrigated countryside, Pacific Flyway refuges were often at the mercy of nearby farmers and federal reclamation agencies. Poor water quality and insufficient supplies of water often hampered FWS efforts to manage refuges. In the late-twentieth century, reduced water supply due to diversions to California municipalities and to sustain endangered fish species affected the amount of water reaching refuges. This dissertation has other goals. First, it critiques the anthropocentrism of most historical geography by focusing on how political, cultural, and ecological factors affected wildlife. Second, it contributes to the literature on the state's role in environmental protection by investigating the overlapping, and often contradictory, spaces within which wildlife managers implemented environmental regulations. Title: Seeking refuge: making space for migratory waterfowl and wetlands along the Pacific Flyway Author: Wilson, Robert Michael Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Abstract "Seeking Refuge" examines the history of migratory waterfowl management along the Pacific Flyway, the westernmost of four main migration routes in North America. Drawing on approaches from historical geography and environmental history, this study shows how wildlife officials developed migratory bird refuges in Oregon and California, where over 60 percent of Pacific Flyway waterfowl winter. During the early-twentieth century, reclamation and river diking eliminated most of the wetlands in the birds' wintering range. Bird enthusiasts such as bird watchers and duck hunters successfully lobbied for the creation of wildlife refuges in a few areas along the flyway. These early refuges failed to protect waterfowl habitat and they were severely degraded by reclamation. In the 1930s and 1940s, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and its predecessor, the Bureau of Biological Survey, undertook an ambitious program to resurrect these sanctuaries and to create new ones. Many farmers opposed these refuges out of fear that waterfowl would damage crops. To respond to these concerns and to ensure an adequate food supply for the birds, the FWS raised rice, barley, and other grains. The agency adopted many of the technologies of modern, industrial agriculture including synthetic herbicides and insecticides such as 2, 4-D and DDT. By the 1960s, the refuges had become largely mirrors of the surrounding irrigated farmlands, the main difference being that the FWS raised grain for waterfowl rather than for market. Refuges could not escape the agricultural settings in which they were embedded. As units within the irrigated countryside, Pacific Flyway refuges were often at the mercy of nearby farmers and federal reclamation agencies. Poor water quality and insufficient supplies of water often hampered FWS efforts to manage refuges. In the late-twentieth century, reduced water supply due to diversions to California municipalities and to sustain endangered fish species affected the amount of water reaching refuges. This dissertation has other goals. First, it critiques the anthropocentrism of most historical geography by focusing on how political, cultural, and ecological factors affected wildlife. Second, it contributes to the literature on the state's role in environmental protection by investigating the overlapping, and often contradictory, spaces within which wildlife managers implemented environmental regulations. Close

• 87. [Image] A strategy for achieving healthy watersheds in Oregon

  	"January 2001."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A strategy for achieving healthy watersheds in Oregon Author: Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 2001, 2004 "January 2001." Title: A strategy for achieving healthy watersheds in Oregon Author: Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 2001, 2004 "January 2001." Close

• 88. [Image] The Endangered Species Act and its impact on agricultural producers: hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research of the Committee on Agriculture, House of representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, July 26, 2004, Greely, CO.

  	CONTENTS Lucas, Hon. Frank, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oklahoma, opening statement .................................................................................... 1 Musgrave, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Endangered Species Act and its impact on agricultural producers: hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research of the Committee on Agriculture, House of representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, July 26, 2004, Greely, CO. Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research. Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS Lucas, Hon. Frank, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oklahoma, opening statement .................................................................................... 1 Musgrave, Hon. Marilyn N., a Representative in Congress from the State of Colorado, opening statement........................................................................... 2 Witnesses Foutz, Alan, president, Colorado Farm Bureau, Centennial, CO ........................ 10 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 38 George, Russell, executive director, Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Denver, CO............................................................................................. 4 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 29 Palmer, William, executive director, Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, Brighton, CO ........................................................................................................ 16 Prepared statement.......................................................................................... 60 Sims, James T., executive director, Western Business Roundtable, Golden, CO.......................................................................................................................... 13 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 43 Stetson, Jean, co-chairman, Endangered Species Committee, Colorado Cattlemen, Craig, CO..................................................................................................... 7 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 36 Submitted Material Weege, Merle, secretary, Ginseng Board of Wisconsin, statement...................... 65 Title: The Endangered Species Act and its impact on agricultural producers: hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research of the Committee on Agriculture, House of representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, July 26, 2004, Greely, CO. Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research. Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS Lucas, Hon. Frank, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oklahoma, opening statement .................................................................................... 1 Musgrave, Hon. Marilyn N., a Representative in Congress from the State of Colorado, opening statement........................................................................... 2 Witnesses Foutz, Alan, president, Colorado Farm Bureau, Centennial, CO ........................ 10 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 38 George, Russell, executive director, Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Denver, CO............................................................................................. 4 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 29 Palmer, William, executive director, Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, Brighton, CO ........................................................................................................ 16 Prepared statement.......................................................................................... 60 Sims, James T., executive director, Western Business Roundtable, Golden, CO.......................................................................................................................... 13 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 43 Stetson, Jean, co-chairman, Endangered Species Committee, Colorado Cattlemen, Craig, CO..................................................................................................... 7 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 36 Submitted Material Weege, Merle, secretary, Ginseng Board of Wisconsin, statement...................... 65 Close

• 89. [Image] Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database

  	"September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database Author: Marcot, Bruce G. Year: 1997, 2005, 2004 "September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24) Title: Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database Author: Marcot, Bruce G. Year: 1997, 2005, 2004 "September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24) Close

• 90. [Image] Upper Klamath Lake Basin nutrient-loading study: assessment of historic flows in the Williamson and Sprague Rivers

  	"The goal of the project is to quantitatively describe the nature and extent of the ground-water flow systems in the basin."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Klamath Lake Basin nutrient-loading study: assessment of historic flows in the Williamson and Sprague Rivers Author: Risley, John C. Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 "The goal of the project is to quantitatively describe the nature and extent of the ground-water flow systems in the basin." Title: Upper Klamath Lake Basin nutrient-loading study: assessment of historic flows in the Williamson and Sprague Rivers Author: Risley, John C. Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 "The goal of the project is to quantitatively describe the nature and extent of the ground-water flow systems in the basin." Close

• 91. [Image] Effect of water-column pH on sediment-phosphorus release rates in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2001

  	Abstract Sediment-phosphorus release rates as a function of pH were determined in laboratory experiments for sediment and water samples collected from Shoalwater Bay in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, in 2001. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of water-column pH on sediment-phosphorus release rates in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2001 Author: Fisher, Lawrence H. Year: 2004, 2005 Abstract Sediment-phosphorus release rates as a function of pH were determined in laboratory experiments for sediment and water samples collected from Shoalwater Bay in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, in 2001. Areal release rates for a stable sediment/water interface that is representative of the sediment surface area to water column volume ratio (1:3) observed in the lake and volumetric release rates for resuspended sediment events were determined at three different pH values (8.1, 9.2, 10.2). Ambient water column pH (8.1) was maintained by sparging study columns with atmospheric air. Elevation of the water column pH to 9.2 was achieved through the removal of dissolved carbon dioxide by sparging with carbon dioxide-reduced air, partially simulating water chemistry changes that occur during algal photosynthesis. Further elevation of the pH to 10.2 was achieved by the addition of sodium hydroxide, which doubled average alkalinities in the study columns from about 1 to 2 milliequivalents per liter. Upper Klamath Lake sediments collected from the lake bottom and then placed in contact with lake water, either at a stable sediment/water interface or by resus-pension, exhibited an initial capacity to take up soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from the water column rather than release phosphorus to the water column. At a higher pH this initial uptake of phosphorus was slowed, but not stopped. This initial phase was followed by a reversal in which the sediments began to release SRP back into the water column. The release rate of phosphorus 30 to 40 days after suspension of sediments in the columns was 0.5 |ig/L/day (micrograms per liter per day) at pH 8, and 0.9 |ug/L/day at pH 10, indicating that the higher pH increased the rate of phosphorus release by a factor of about two. The highest determined rate of release was approximately 10% (percent) of the rate required to explain the annual internal loading to Upper Klamath Lake from the sediments as calculated from a lake-wide mass balance and observed in total phosphorus data collected at individual locations. Title: Effect of water-column pH on sediment-phosphorus release rates in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2001 Author: Fisher, Lawrence H. Year: 2004, 2005 Abstract Sediment-phosphorus release rates as a function of pH were determined in laboratory experiments for sediment and water samples collected from Shoalwater Bay in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, in 2001. Areal release rates for a stable sediment/water interface that is representative of the sediment surface area to water column volume ratio (1:3) observed in the lake and volumetric release rates for resuspended sediment events were determined at three different pH values (8.1, 9.2, 10.2). Ambient water column pH (8.1) was maintained by sparging study columns with atmospheric air. Elevation of the water column pH to 9.2 was achieved through the removal of dissolved carbon dioxide by sparging with carbon dioxide-reduced air, partially simulating water chemistry changes that occur during algal photosynthesis. Further elevation of the pH to 10.2 was achieved by the addition of sodium hydroxide, which doubled average alkalinities in the study columns from about 1 to 2 milliequivalents per liter. Upper Klamath Lake sediments collected from the lake bottom and then placed in contact with lake water, either at a stable sediment/water interface or by resus-pension, exhibited an initial capacity to take up soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from the water column rather than release phosphorus to the water column. At a higher pH this initial uptake of phosphorus was slowed, but not stopped. This initial phase was followed by a reversal in which the sediments began to release SRP back into the water column. The release rate of phosphorus 30 to 40 days after suspension of sediments in the columns was 0.5 |ig/L/day (micrograms per liter per day) at pH 8, and 0.9 |ug/L/day at pH 10, indicating that the higher pH increased the rate of phosphorus release by a factor of about two. The highest determined rate of release was approximately 10% (percent) of the rate required to explain the annual internal loading to Upper Klamath Lake from the sediments as calculated from a lake-wide mass balance and observed in total phosphorus data collected at individual locations. Close

• 92. [Image] Relation between selected water-quality variables and lake level in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon

  	Relation Between Selected Water-Quality Constituents and Lake Stage in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon By Tamara M. Wood, Gregory J. Fuhrer, and Jennifer L. Morace SUMMARY Upper Klamath Lake is ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relation between selected water-quality variables and lake level in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 1996, 2005, 2004 Relation Between Selected Water-Quality Constituents and Lake Stage in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon By Tamara M. Wood, Gregory J. Fuhrer, and Jennifer L. Morace SUMMARY Upper Klamath Lake is a large (140 square-mile), shallow (mean depth about 8 ft) lake in south-central Oregon that the historical record indicates has been eutrophic since its discovery by non-Native Americans. In recent decades, however, the lake has had annual occurrences of near-monoculture blooms of the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. In 1988 two sucker species endemic to the lake, the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and the shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris), were listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and it has been proposed that the poor water quality conditions associated with extremely long and productive blooms are contributing to the decline of those species. It has also been proposed that the low lake levels made possible by the construction of a dam at the outlet from the lake in 1921 have contributed to worsening water quality through a variety of possible mechanisms (Jacob Kann, Klamath Tribes, written com-mun., 1995). One such mechanism would be an increase in internal phosphorus loading from resuspended sediments (Jacoby and others, 1982), resulting from an increase in bottom shear stresses at lower lake levels (Laenen and LeTourneau, 1996), leading in turn to more intense algal blooms. Another possible mechanism is an earlier triggering of algal blooms. When early spring lake levels are low, greater light intensity at the sediment surface might speed recruitment of algal cells from the sediments. Sediment recruitment has been shown to be an important contributor to water column biomass increases in A. flos aquae (Barbiero and Kann, 1994) and Gloeotrichia echinulata (Barbiero, 1993). An earlier bloom could result in poor water quality conditions occurring earlier in the year, when young-of-the-year fish may be more susceptible to those conditions. Lake level can also influence water quality directly. An increased frequency of sediment resuspension at lower lake levels could increase chemical and biological oxygen demand, resulting in decreased dissolved oxygen concentrations. Sediment oxygen demand also may be enhanced at lower lake levels because it is concentrated over a smaller volume of water. Some compensation for increased oxygen demand at lower lake levels might be provided by increased reaeration, if the water column mixes from top to bottom more frequently. Based on the analysis of data that they have been collecting for several years, the Klamath Tribes recently recommended that the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) modify the operating plan for the dam to make the minimum lake levels for the June-August period more closely resemble pre-dam conditions (Jacob Kann, written commun., 1995). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was asked to analyze the available data for the lake and to assess whether the evidence exists to conclude that year-to-year differences in certain lake water-quality variables are related to year-to-year differences in lake level. The results of the analysis will be used as scientific input in the process of developing an operating plan for the Link River Dam. Datasets Two water-quality datasets were analyzed. The first was a series of hourly records of pH, dissolved oxygen, and water temperature, each of approximately a week's duration. The records were collected at 3 sites over 3 years, 1992 through 1994, with enough consistency to define the seasonal patterns. This dataset provided information about the diel extremes in dissolved oxygen and pH and the seasonal pattern in the diel cycle, but measurements were limited to a depth of 1 m(3.28 ft). The second dataset was a set of depth profiles of pH and dissolved oxygen and concurrent depth-integrated samples for nutrients and chlo-rophyll-a. The profiles were collected at approximately biweekly intervals at nine sites (seven in Upper Klamath and two in Agency Lake) over the 5 years 1990 through 1994. These depth profiles provided information on the depth-dependence of dissolved oxygen and pH, and allowed more extensive year-to-year comparisons than did the hourly records. Because measurements were made at each site only once during the sampling day, however, they did not capture the daily extremes in water quality. Lake level is measured daily by the USGS at three sites around the lake: Rocky Point, Rattlesnake Point, and near the city of Klamath Falls. These daily measurements are then used to compute a spatially weighted average of the lake level that is reported in the USGS annual Water-Data Report for Oregon. The average lake levels were used in this report. Two climatic datasets were used in this report; both were collected at the Klamath Falls airport. Air temperature was recorded as a daily maximum and daily minimum value. Cloud cover was quantized on a daily basis into one of seven levels. Because the focus of this study was primarily to examine possible relations between water quality and lake level, the lake level data provide an important context for the discussions that follow. Title: Relation between selected water-quality variables and lake level in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 1996, 2005, 2004 Relation Between Selected Water-Quality Constituents and Lake Stage in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon By Tamara M. Wood, Gregory J. Fuhrer, and Jennifer L. Morace SUMMARY Upper Klamath Lake is a large (140 square-mile), shallow (mean depth about 8 ft) lake in south-central Oregon that the historical record indicates has been eutrophic since its discovery by non-Native Americans. In recent decades, however, the lake has had annual occurrences of near-monoculture blooms of the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. In 1988 two sucker species endemic to the lake, the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and the shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris), were listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and it has been proposed that the poor water quality conditions associated with extremely long and productive blooms are contributing to the decline of those species. It has also been proposed that the low lake levels made possible by the construction of a dam at the outlet from the lake in 1921 have contributed to worsening water quality through a variety of possible mechanisms (Jacob Kann, Klamath Tribes, written com-mun., 1995). One such mechanism would be an increase in internal phosphorus loading from resuspended sediments (Jacoby and others, 1982), resulting from an increase in bottom shear stresses at lower lake levels (Laenen and LeTourneau, 1996), leading in turn to more intense algal blooms. Another possible mechanism is an earlier triggering of algal blooms. When early spring lake levels are low, greater light intensity at the sediment surface might speed recruitment of algal cells from the sediments. Sediment recruitment has been shown to be an important contributor to water column biomass increases in A. flos aquae (Barbiero and Kann, 1994) and Gloeotrichia echinulata (Barbiero, 1993). An earlier bloom could result in poor water quality conditions occurring earlier in the year, when young-of-the-year fish may be more susceptible to those conditions. Lake level can also influence water quality directly. An increased frequency of sediment resuspension at lower lake levels could increase chemical and biological oxygen demand, resulting in decreased dissolved oxygen concentrations. Sediment oxygen demand also may be enhanced at lower lake levels because it is concentrated over a smaller volume of water. Some compensation for increased oxygen demand at lower lake levels might be provided by increased reaeration, if the water column mixes from top to bottom more frequently. Based on the analysis of data that they have been collecting for several years, the Klamath Tribes recently recommended that the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) modify the operating plan for the dam to make the minimum lake levels for the June-August period more closely resemble pre-dam conditions (Jacob Kann, written commun., 1995). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was asked to analyze the available data for the lake and to assess whether the evidence exists to conclude that year-to-year differences in certain lake water-quality variables are related to year-to-year differences in lake level. The results of the analysis will be used as scientific input in the process of developing an operating plan for the Link River Dam. Datasets Two water-quality datasets were analyzed. The first was a series of hourly records of pH, dissolved oxygen, and water temperature, each of approximately a week's duration. The records were collected at 3 sites over 3 years, 1992 through 1994, with enough consistency to define the seasonal patterns. This dataset provided information about the diel extremes in dissolved oxygen and pH and the seasonal pattern in the diel cycle, but measurements were limited to a depth of 1 m(3.28 ft). The second dataset was a set of depth profiles of pH and dissolved oxygen and concurrent depth-integrated samples for nutrients and chlo-rophyll-a. The profiles were collected at approximately biweekly intervals at nine sites (seven in Upper Klamath and two in Agency Lake) over the 5 years 1990 through 1994. These depth profiles provided information on the depth-dependence of dissolved oxygen and pH, and allowed more extensive year-to-year comparisons than did the hourly records. Because measurements were made at each site only once during the sampling day, however, they did not capture the daily extremes in water quality. Lake level is measured daily by the USGS at three sites around the lake: Rocky Point, Rattlesnake Point, and near the city of Klamath Falls. These daily measurements are then used to compute a spatially weighted average of the lake level that is reported in the USGS annual Water-Data Report for Oregon. The average lake levels were used in this report. Two climatic datasets were used in this report; both were collected at the Klamath Falls airport. Air temperature was recorded as a daily maximum and daily minimum value. Cloud cover was quantized on a daily basis into one of seven levels. Because the focus of this study was primarily to examine possible relations between water quality and lake level, the lake level data provide an important context for the discussions that follow. Close

• 93. [Image] Programmatic environmental assessment for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office Projects, 2000-2010

  	Programmatic Environmental Assessment Summary This Environmental Assessment (EA) provides compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for restoration actions undertaken by the US Fish ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Programmatic environmental assessment for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office Projects, 2000-2010 Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office. Year: 2000, 2005, 2004 Programmatic Environmental Assessment Summary This Environmental Assessment (EA) provides compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for restoration actions undertaken by the US Fish & Wildlife Service's Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office (ERO) in Klamath Falls, Oregon. These restoration activities are needed due to the large-scale loss of wetland and riparian habitat and degraded water quality. The purpose of these restoration efforts is the improvement of conditions of the watershed with specific regard to habitat and water quality, resulting in, among other benefits, improved conditions for the endangered fish species (bull trout and Lost River and shortnose sucker) populations of the basin. The geographic scope of this EA is defined as the upper Klamath River basin, including the entire watershed from Irongate Dam upstream to the headwaters. This EA is intended to provide NEPA compliance for restoration projects conducted between the years 2000 and 2010. The ERO was established in 1993 to sponsor and assist with a variety of restoration activities in the Klamath Basin. The ERO funds and provides technical assistance to restoration projects involving private landholders, concerned groups, and other state, federal, and tribal agencies. Four alternatives are presented in this EA. The proposed alternative (Alternative 1) consists of a comprehensive program of ecosystem restoration, promoting projects in both riparian areas and in upland habitats. This would continue the current program in effect since 1994. NEPA compliance would primarily be carried out via a single, programmatic document saving time and funds. The Fish & Wildlife Service proposes to fund and administer the following projects types: Riparian Projects: (fencing for livestock management; native plant establishment & diversification; non-native plant removal/control; erosion control; contour re-establishment; impoundment removal; wildlife habitat improvements) Wetland Projects: (fencing; wetland restoration and enhancement; wildlife habitat improvements) Upland or Road Projects: (road abandonment, decommissioning, & obliteration; road drainage improvements and storm proofing, re-establishment of historic contours; silvicultural treatments; native plant establishment/diversification; non-native plant removal/control; fencing; landslide treatments; culvert/stream crossing upgrades; erosion control; wildlife habitat improvements). In-stream Projects: (habitat complexity and diversity improvements; hydrologic regime improvements; coarse woody debris supplementation; natural or artificial barrier removal, modification &/or creation; fish screens installation). Alternative 2 would concentrate restoration efforts only on riparian, instream, and wetland areas. Road projects would be conducted only within the riparian corridor, as defined. NEPA compliance would also be conducted programmatically. Alternative 3 would cease all restoration activities conducted and funded by the ERO in the Klamath Basin. This alternative would serve as a benchmark against which the effects of the restoration alternatives discussed above can be compared. Alternative 4, the "No Action" alternative, would continue current management policies with regard to NEPA compliance, providing compliance on a project by project basis requiring independent analysis for each project. The affected environment of the region is described in detail. The environment has been changed significantly since the 1890's due to logging, agriculture and urban development. An extensive system of dams, canals, and drainage structures has resulted in the conversion of approximately 80% of pre-settlement wetlands to agricultural uses. Riparian corridors have been similarly impacted, and upland forests regions have been affected by logging, road construction and other factors. These changes have contributed to problems with the water quality in the region, contributing to the listing of several fish species as threatened or endangered; loss of habitat has affected a large number of other species as well. The environmental effects of each alternative is analyzed. Some short term negative impacts could occur as a result of the projects authorized by both Alternative 1 and Alternative 2, but these would be strongly offset by the expected beneficial results to water quality and habitat conditions. Alternative 1 would be expected to have a greater overall effect on the environment than Alternative 2, since many of the underlying factors with which restoration efforts are concerned originate in upland conditions (i.e. sedimentation and hydrologic functionality). Alternative 3 would result in conditions remaining much as they are currently, although other programs and organizations are making efforts at restoration activities. The environmental impacts of individual projects anticipated under Alternative 4 would be generally the same as for similar projects under Alternative 1. The primary difference between the two alternatives would be the higher efficiency and improved cumulative analysis resulting from a programmatic approach as proposed in Alternative 1. Public participation in the NEPA process has been, and will continue to be, solicited and welcomed. Compliance with state and federal laws and regulations such as the Clean Water Act, National Historic Preservation Act, and the Endangered Species Act, as well as guidelines for contaminant surveys, will be carried out as detailed. While these projects are expected to play an important role in the restoration of the region, none of these alternatives are expected to have a significant impact when compared with the loss of wetland, riparian and upland habitats over the past century, impacts which do occur would be of a cumulatively beneficial nature. Other restoration efforts are being carried out in the area by other governmental and private groups, and it is expected that these combined efforts will achieve important beneficial results for the ecosystem. Title: Programmatic environmental assessment for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office Projects, 2000-2010 Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office. Year: 2000, 2005, 2004 Programmatic Environmental Assessment Summary This Environmental Assessment (EA) provides compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for restoration actions undertaken by the US Fish & Wildlife Service's Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office (ERO) in Klamath Falls, Oregon. These restoration activities are needed due to the large-scale loss of wetland and riparian habitat and degraded water quality. The purpose of these restoration efforts is the improvement of conditions of the watershed with specific regard to habitat and water quality, resulting in, among other benefits, improved conditions for the endangered fish species (bull trout and Lost River and shortnose sucker) populations of the basin. The geographic scope of this EA is defined as the upper Klamath River basin, including the entire watershed from Irongate Dam upstream to the headwaters. This EA is intended to provide NEPA compliance for restoration projects conducted between the years 2000 and 2010. The ERO was established in 1993 to sponsor and assist with a variety of restoration activities in the Klamath Basin. The ERO funds and provides technical assistance to restoration projects involving private landholders, concerned groups, and other state, federal, and tribal agencies. Four alternatives are presented in this EA. The proposed alternative (Alternative 1) consists of a comprehensive program of ecosystem restoration, promoting projects in both riparian areas and in upland habitats. This would continue the current program in effect since 1994. NEPA compliance would primarily be carried out via a single, programmatic document saving time and funds. The Fish & Wildlife Service proposes to fund and administer the following projects types: Riparian Projects: (fencing for livestock management; native plant establishment & diversification; non-native plant removal/control; erosion control; contour re-establishment; impoundment removal; wildlife habitat improvements) Wetland Projects: (fencing; wetland restoration and enhancement; wildlife habitat improvements) Upland or Road Projects: (road abandonment, decommissioning, & obliteration; road drainage improvements and storm proofing, re-establishment of historic contours; silvicultural treatments; native plant establishment/diversification; non-native plant removal/control; fencing; landslide treatments; culvert/stream crossing upgrades; erosion control; wildlife habitat improvements). In-stream Projects: (habitat complexity and diversity improvements; hydrologic regime improvements; coarse woody debris supplementation; natural or artificial barrier removal, modification &/or creation; fish screens installation). Alternative 2 would concentrate restoration efforts only on riparian, instream, and wetland areas. Road projects would be conducted only within the riparian corridor, as defined. NEPA compliance would also be conducted programmatically. Alternative 3 would cease all restoration activities conducted and funded by the ERO in the Klamath Basin. This alternative would serve as a benchmark against which the effects of the restoration alternatives discussed above can be compared. Alternative 4, the "No Action" alternative, would continue current management policies with regard to NEPA compliance, providing compliance on a project by project basis requiring independent analysis for each project. The affected environment of the region is described in detail. The environment has been changed significantly since the 1890's due to logging, agriculture and urban development. An extensive system of dams, canals, and drainage structures has resulted in the conversion of approximately 80% of pre-settlement wetlands to agricultural uses. Riparian corridors have been similarly impacted, and upland forests regions have been affected by logging, road construction and other factors. These changes have contributed to problems with the water quality in the region, contributing to the listing of several fish species as threatened or endangered; loss of habitat has affected a large number of other species as well. The environmental effects of each alternative is analyzed. Some short term negative impacts could occur as a result of the projects authorized by both Alternative 1 and Alternative 2, but these would be strongly offset by the expected beneficial results to water quality and habitat conditions. Alternative 1 would be expected to have a greater overall effect on the environment than Alternative 2, since many of the underlying factors with which restoration efforts are concerned originate in upland conditions (i.e. sedimentation and hydrologic functionality). Alternative 3 would result in conditions remaining much as they are currently, although other programs and organizations are making efforts at restoration activities. The environmental impacts of individual projects anticipated under Alternative 4 would be generally the same as for similar projects under Alternative 1. The primary difference between the two alternatives would be the higher efficiency and improved cumulative analysis resulting from a programmatic approach as proposed in Alternative 1. Public participation in the NEPA process has been, and will continue to be, solicited and welcomed. Compliance with state and federal laws and regulations such as the Clean Water Act, National Historic Preservation Act, and the Endangered Species Act, as well as guidelines for contaminant surveys, will be carried out as detailed. While these projects are expected to play an important role in the restoration of the region, none of these alternatives are expected to have a significant impact when compared with the loss of wetland, riparian and upland habitats over the past century, impacts which do occur would be of a cumulatively beneficial nature. Other restoration efforts are being carried out in the area by other governmental and private groups, and it is expected that these combined efforts will achieve important beneficial results for the ecosystem. Close

• 94. [Image] Klamath River fish die-off, September 2002 : report on estimate of mortality

  	Klamath River Fish Die-off, September 2002, Mortality Report, FWS, Arcata, CA Summary of Findings This report provides an estimate of the fish mortality that occurred during the September 2002 Klamath ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath River fish die-off, September 2002 : report on estimate of mortality Author: Guillen, George. Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Klamath River Fish Die-off, September 2002, Mortality Report, FWS, Arcata, CA Summary of Findings This report provides an estimate of the fish mortality that occurred during the September 2002 Klamath River die-off. The intent of this report is to provide natural resource agencies and trustees with information describing the magnitude of this event for their consideration in near-term decisions regarding the affected fisheries resources and related assets under their authority. The Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), in cooperation with other federal and state agencies and Tribes, will continue to collaborate and evaluate information collected during the die-off. This report describes a conservative assessment, which probably underestimates the total number of fish that died during this event. Findings described in this report include the following: 22 The most accurate estimate of the total number of observable fish that died during the incident is 34,056. 22 Approximately 98.4 percent of the dead fish observed were adult anadromous salmonids 22 Out of 33,527 anadromous salmonids estimated to have succumbed during this event, 97.1 percent (32,533) were fall-run Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, 1.8 percent (629) were steelhead, O. mykiss, and 1.0 percent (344) were coho salmon, O. kisutch. Only one coastal cutthroat, O. clarki clarki was found dead during the investigation. 22 Approximately 91.5 percent of the coho salmon, and 38.7 percent of the steelhead observed had marks indicating that they were of hatchery origin. All hatchery coho originated from the Trinity River Hatchery. After accounting for variable tagging and shed rates, the Klamath River Technical Advisory Team (KRTAT) estimated that 7,060 (21.7 percent) Chinook were of hatchery origin. A total of 2,921 (9 percent) Chinook were of Iron Gate (Klamath River) Hatchery origin. A total of 4,139 (12.7 percent) Chinook were of Trinity River Hatchery origin. 22 The KRTAT also estimated that dead Chinook salmon represented 19.2 percent of the total (169,,297) in-river Klamath-Trinity River run. 22 Other dead fish observed during the investigation included sculpins, Cottus spp. (87 fish), speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus (9 fish), Klamath smallscale sucker, Catostomus rimiculus (311 fish), one American shad, Alosa sapidissima, and one green sturgeon, Acipencer medirostris. ii Klamath River Fish Die-off, September 2002, Mortality Report, FWS, Arcata, CA 22 Throughout the investigation, live adult and juvenile fish of affected and unaffected species were observed in the river. In addition, some species (e.g. American shad, speckled dace, and green sturgeon) did not appear to experience extensive mortality. Almost all (greater than 99 percent) of the dead fish observed were adults or larger species offish. 22 The majority of the recently dead fish examined exhibited one or more outward gross signs of disease including gill necrosis, bacterial growth, sores, bloody vents, and ulcerations. Pathological examinations confirmed that white spot disease and columnaris were the principle immediate causes of death. Additional information collected by the Service and cooperating agencies included a suite of water quality parameters collected during the summer and fall of 2001 and 2002, fish pathology analyses, and related hydrologic information. The Service will provide reports on this additional information after it has received quality assurance review. A more comprehensive report addressing contributing factors associated with causes of the fish die-off will follow. in Title: Klamath River fish die-off, September 2002 : report on estimate of mortality Author: Guillen, George. Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Klamath River Fish Die-off, September 2002, Mortality Report, FWS, Arcata, CA Summary of Findings This report provides an estimate of the fish mortality that occurred during the September 2002 Klamath River die-off. The intent of this report is to provide natural resource agencies and trustees with information describing the magnitude of this event for their consideration in near-term decisions regarding the affected fisheries resources and related assets under their authority. The Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), in cooperation with other federal and state agencies and Tribes, will continue to collaborate and evaluate information collected during the die-off. This report describes a conservative assessment, which probably underestimates the total number of fish that died during this event. Findings described in this report include the following: 22 The most accurate estimate of the total number of observable fish that died during the incident is 34,056. 22 Approximately 98.4 percent of the dead fish observed were adult anadromous salmonids 22 Out of 33,527 anadromous salmonids estimated to have succumbed during this event, 97.1 percent (32,533) were fall-run Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, 1.8 percent (629) were steelhead, O. mykiss, and 1.0 percent (344) were coho salmon, O. kisutch. Only one coastal cutthroat, O. clarki clarki was found dead during the investigation. 22 Approximately 91.5 percent of the coho salmon, and 38.7 percent of the steelhead observed had marks indicating that they were of hatchery origin. All hatchery coho originated from the Trinity River Hatchery. After accounting for variable tagging and shed rates, the Klamath River Technical Advisory Team (KRTAT) estimated that 7,060 (21.7 percent) Chinook were of hatchery origin. A total of 2,921 (9 percent) Chinook were of Iron Gate (Klamath River) Hatchery origin. A total of 4,139 (12.7 percent) Chinook were of Trinity River Hatchery origin. 22 The KRTAT also estimated that dead Chinook salmon represented 19.2 percent of the total (169,,297) in-river Klamath-Trinity River run. 22 Other dead fish observed during the investigation included sculpins, Cottus spp. (87 fish), speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus (9 fish), Klamath smallscale sucker, Catostomus rimiculus (311 fish), one American shad, Alosa sapidissima, and one green sturgeon, Acipencer medirostris. ii Klamath River Fish Die-off, September 2002, Mortality Report, FWS, Arcata, CA 22 Throughout the investigation, live adult and juvenile fish of affected and unaffected species were observed in the river. In addition, some species (e.g. American shad, speckled dace, and green sturgeon) did not appear to experience extensive mortality. Almost all (greater than 99 percent) of the dead fish observed were adults or larger species offish. 22 The majority of the recently dead fish examined exhibited one or more outward gross signs of disease including gill necrosis, bacterial growth, sores, bloody vents, and ulcerations. Pathological examinations confirmed that white spot disease and columnaris were the principle immediate causes of death. Additional information collected by the Service and cooperating agencies included a suite of water quality parameters collected during the summer and fall of 2001 and 2002, fish pathology analyses, and related hydrologic information. The Service will provide reports on this additional information after it has received quality assurance review. A more comprehensive report addressing contributing factors associated with causes of the fish die-off will follow. in Close

• 95. [Image] Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999

  	SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999 Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 2001, 2005, 2004 SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in the spring and 1.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. These values were well within the range of values in the literature for sites with similar sediment characteristics: primarily silty with at least a moderate amount of organic content. Over most of the lake there appears to be relatively little variation in SOD 14the interquartile range in values was 0.4 g/m2/day in the spring and 0.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. A significant exception was apparent in Ball Bay, where SOD in the late summer was greater than 10.2 g/m2/day. In the absence of primary production, an SOD of this magnitude could deplete the water column of oxygen in a few days. This measurement provided evidence that localized areas of very high SOD occur episodically in the bays, perhaps associated with large algal mats being trapped by the lake circulation patterns. A statistical test for a spring to late summer difference in the median values of SOD confirmed that SOD in the late summer (median value 1.7 g/m2/day) was significantly higher than in the spring (median value 1.2 g/m2/day). The difference was primarily due to seasonal changes in temperature; when SOD values were corrected to 20°C, there was no seasonal difference in the median values. There was no correlation between SOD20 and the sediment characteristics measured in this study: percent fines, organic carbon, and residue lost on ignition. Title: Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999 Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 2001, 2005, 2004 SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in the spring and 1.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. These values were well within the range of values in the literature for sites with similar sediment characteristics: primarily silty with at least a moderate amount of organic content. Over most of the lake there appears to be relatively little variation in SOD 14the interquartile range in values was 0.4 g/m2/day in the spring and 0.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. A significant exception was apparent in Ball Bay, where SOD in the late summer was greater than 10.2 g/m2/day. In the absence of primary production, an SOD of this magnitude could deplete the water column of oxygen in a few days. This measurement provided evidence that localized areas of very high SOD occur episodically in the bays, perhaps associated with large algal mats being trapped by the lake circulation patterns. A statistical test for a spring to late summer difference in the median values of SOD confirmed that SOD in the late summer (median value 1.7 g/m2/day) was significantly higher than in the spring (median value 1.2 g/m2/day). The difference was primarily due to seasonal changes in temperature; when SOD values were corrected to 20°C, there was no seasonal difference in the median values. There was no correlation between SOD20 and the sediment characteristics measured in this study: percent fines, organic carbon, and residue lost on ignition. Close

• 96. [Image] Klamath River fish die-off, September 2002 : causative factors of mortality

  	Executive Summary This report provides information describing the biological, hydrological, meteorological, and water quality conditions associated with the die-off of an estimated 34,056 fish in the Klamath ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath River fish die-off, September 2002 : causative factors of mortality Author: Guillen, George Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Executive Summary This report provides information describing the biological, hydrological, meteorological, and water quality conditions associated with the die-off of an estimated 34,056 fish in the Klamath River, California in September 2002. The proximate cause of death was heavy infections of two fish pathogens, Ich and columnaris. However, given that these ubiquitous pathogens are normally found in the Klamath River, additional factors must have played a role for them to have become lethal. It is our conclusion based on multiple lines of evidence that the fish die-off in the lower Klamath River in 2002 was a result of a combination of factors that began with an early peak in the return of a large run of fall Chinook salmon. Low river discharges apparently did not provide suitable attraction flows for migrating adult salmon, resulting in large numbers of fish congregating in the warm waters of the lower River. The high density offish, low discharges, warm water temperatures, and possible extended residence time of salmon created optimal conditions for parasite proliferation and precipitated an epizootic of Ich and columnaris. Based on a review of available literature and historical records, this was the largest known pre-spawning adult salmonid die-off recorded for the Klamath River and possibly the Pacific coast. Title: Klamath River fish die-off, September 2002 : causative factors of mortality Author: Guillen, George Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Executive Summary This report provides information describing the biological, hydrological, meteorological, and water quality conditions associated with the die-off of an estimated 34,056 fish in the Klamath River, California in September 2002. The proximate cause of death was heavy infections of two fish pathogens, Ich and columnaris. However, given that these ubiquitous pathogens are normally found in the Klamath River, additional factors must have played a role for them to have become lethal. It is our conclusion based on multiple lines of evidence that the fish die-off in the lower Klamath River in 2002 was a result of a combination of factors that began with an early peak in the return of a large run of fall Chinook salmon. Low river discharges apparently did not provide suitable attraction flows for migrating adult salmon, resulting in large numbers of fish congregating in the warm waters of the lower River. The high density offish, low discharges, warm water temperatures, and possible extended residence time of salmon created optimal conditions for parasite proliferation and precipitated an epizootic of Ich and columnaris. Based on a review of available literature and historical records, this was the largest known pre-spawning adult salmonid die-off recorded for the Klamath River and possibly the Pacific coast. Close

• 97. [Image] The Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds

  	KCAMATH FALLS. QREEON THE OREGON PLAN FOR SALMON AND WATERSHEDS The purpose of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds ( the " Oregon Plan") as stated in the Plan and reaffirmed in this Executive Order ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds Author: Oregon. Office of the Governor Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 KCAMATH FALLS. QREEON THE OREGON PLAN FOR SALMON AND WATERSHEDS The purpose of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds ( the " Oregon Plan") as stated in the Plan and reaffirmed in this Executive Order is to restore Oregon's wild salmon and trout populations and fisheries to sustainable and productive levels that will provide substantial environmental, cultural, and economic benefits and to improve water quality. The Oregon Plan is a long- term, ongoing effort that began as a focused set of actions by state, local, tribal and private organizations and individuals in October of 1995. The Oregon Plan first addressed coho salmon on the Oregon Coast, was then broadened to include steelhead trout on the coast and in the Lower Columbia River, and is now expanding to all at- risk wild salmonids throughout the state. The Oregon Plan addresses all factors for decline of these species, including watershed conditions arid fisheries, to the extent those factors can be affected by the state. The Oregon Plan was endorsed and funded by the Oregon Legislature in 1997 through Oregon Senate Bill 924 ( 1 997 Or. Laws, ch. 7) and House Bill 3700 ( 1 997 Or. Laws, ch.' 8). The Oregon Plan is described in two principal documents: " The Oregon Plan," dated March 1997, and " The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds, Supplement I - steelhbad," dated January 1998. As used in this Executive Order, + the Oregon Plan also incorporates the Healthy Streams Partnership ( Oregon Senate Bill 101 0, 1 993- Or. Laws, ch. 263). The Oregon Plan is a cooperative effort of state, local, federal, tribal and private organizations and individuals. Although the Oregon Plan contains a strong foundation of protective regulations -- continuing existing regulatory programs and speeding the implementation of others - an essential principle of the Plan is the need to move beyond prohibitions and to encourage efforts to improve conditions for salmon through non- regulatory means. Many of the most significant contributions to the Oregon Plan are private and quasi- governmental efforts to protect and . restore salmon on working landscapes, including efforts by watershed councils. Salmon and trout restoration requires action and sacrifice across the entire economic and geographic spectrum of Oregon. The commercial and sport fishing industries in Oregon have been heavily affected by complete or partial closures of fisheries. The forest industry operates under the Oregon Forest Practices Act, and has contributed substantially to salmon recovery through habitat restoration projects on private lands and by funding a large pan of the state recovery efforts. The agriculture and mining industries are also taking actions that will protect and restore salmon and trout habitat and improve water quality ( including financial support of restoration efforts by the mining industry). Urban areas are developing water conservation programs, spending funds for wastewater treatment improvements to reduce point source pollution, reducing non- point source pollution and reducing activities that degrade riparian areas. All citizens of Oregon share responsibility for declining populations of wild salmon and trout, and it is important that there be both a broad commitment to reversing these historic trends and a sense that the burdens of restoration are being shared by all of society. It is also important that there be independent scientific oversight of the Oregon Plan. This oversight is being provided by the Independent Mutidisciplinary Science Team ( IMST), established under Oregon Senate Bill 924 ( 1 997 Or. Laws, ch. 7). ~ d'ditional legislative oversight for the Oregon Plan is being provided by the Joint Legislative Committee on . Salmon and Stream Enhancement ( the " Joint Committee!'). Under the federal Endangered Species Act ( ESA) the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service . . ( F& WS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS) are responsible for identifying species that are threatened or endangered, and for developing programs to conserve and recover lhose species. F& WS and NMFS have now listed salmonids under the ESA on the entire Oregon Coast, the lower Columbia River ( including most of the Portland metropolitan area). the la math River basin, and in the upper Columbia and Snake River basins. More listings are expected within the next year. To date, the F& WS and NMFS generally have not had the resources to develop and implement effective recovery plans for fisheries. In addition, in many areas a large proportion of the habitat that list'ed'salmonids depend on is located on private lands, where the regulatory tools under the ESA are relatively ' ill- defined and indirect. Finally, federal agencies alone, even if they take an active regulatory approach. to recovery, will not restore listed salmonids. The federal ESA may work to prohibit certain actions, but there is simply too much habitat on private lands for restoration to succeed without pro- active involvement and incentives for individuals, groups, and local governments to take affirmative actions to restore habitat on working landscapes. In April, 1997 the State of Oregon and NMFS entered into a Memorandum of Agreement ( MOA) under which the State agreed to continue existing measures under the March 1997 Oregon Plan and to take certain additional actions to protect and restbre coho salmon on the Oregon Coast. On May 6, 1997, NMFS determined that the Oregon Coast Evolutionarily Significant Unit ( ESU) of coho salmon did not warrant listing as a threatened or endangered species under the ESA. On June 2, 1998, the US. District Court for Oregon ordered NMFS to reconsider its decision without taking into account any parts of the Oregon Plan or MOA that are not " current enforceable measures." The U. S. District Court for Oregon also held that the MOA was speculative, due to the fact that it provided for termination by either party on thirty days notice, and that therefore the MOA could not be considered by NMFS ' in its listing decision. Under court order, NMFS reconsidered its decision without taking into account the application in the future of the harvest and hatchery measures contained in the Oregon Plan, or the habitat improvement programs being undertaken under the Oregon Plan, or the commitments made by the State of Oregon in the MOA for improvement of applicable habitat measures. Accordingly, NMFS listed Oregon Coast .. . coho as threatened undefthe ESA on or about October 2, 1998. - The MOA provided for the State of Oregon to take actions necessary to ensfie that - Oregon Coast coho did not warrant listing as a threatened or endangered species under the federal ESA. Now that Oregon Coast coho are listed as a threatened species as a- result of the U. S. District Court's order, the central purpose of the MOA has been eliminated. Due to the uncertainties created by the District Court's decision and the increasing extent of salmonids listed or proposed for listing under the federal ESA, it is important that the status of the State of Oregon's substantive commitments under the MOA and the purpose of the Oregon Plan be clarified. Through this Executive Order, the State of Oregon reaffirms its intent to play the leading role in protecting and restoring Oregon Coast coho and other salmonids. through the implementation of the Oregon Plan. This Executive Order provides the framework and direction for state agencies to implement ( to the extent of their authorities) the Oregon Plan in a timely and effective manner. This Executive Order also provides a framework for extending the state's efforts beyond a focus on Oregon Coast coho, to watersheds and fisheries statewide. Consistent with the principle of adaptive management, this Order applies the experience gained to date in implementing the Oregon Plan to provide additional detailed direction to state agencies. Finally, this Executive Order establishes a public involvement process to prioritize continuing efforts under the Oregon Plan. NOW THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED AND DIRECTED: ( 1) Overall Direction ( a) Agencies of the State of Oregon will, consistent with their authorities, fully implement the state agency efforts described in the Oregon Plan and in this Executive Order. ( b) The overall objective for state agencies under the Oregon Plan and this Executive Order is to protect and restore salmonids and to improve water quality. ( c) The Governor will, in cooperation with the Joint Committee, IMST, affected state agencies, watershed councils, and other affected local entities and persons develop and implement, a process to set biological and habitat goals and objectives to protect and restore salmonids on a basin or regional basis as soon as practicable. Once these goals and objectives are established, they will be used by state agencies . . . to evaluate their regulatory and non- regulatory programs and measures relating to the protection and re'storation of salmonids. Through this on- going evaluation, state agencies will determine any changes to their programs or measures that may be necessary to meet the biological and habitat goals and objectives. In the interim, the following objectives in subsections ( d) and ( e) shall apply to agencies' implem'entation of the OregGn Plan and this Executive Order. . . ( d) Actions that state agencies take, fund and/ or authorize that are primarily for a purpose other than restoration of salmonids or the habitat they depend upon will, considering the anticipated duration and geographic scope of the actions: ( A) to the maximum extent practicable minimize and mitigate adverse effects of the actions on salmoni. ds or the habitat they depend on; and ( 8) not appreciably reduce the likelihood of the survival and recovery of salmonids in the wild. ( e) State agencies will take, fund and/ or authorize actions that are primarily for the purpose of restoring salmonids or the habitat they depend upon, including actions implementing the Oregon Plan, with the goal of producing a conservation benefit that ( if taken together with comparable and related actions by all persons and entities within the range of the species) is likely to result in sustainable population levels of salmonids in the foreseeable future, and in population levels of salmonids that provide substantial environmental, cultural and economic benefits to Oregonians in the long term. ( f) With the broadening of the Oregon Plan,' prioritizing all agency actions according to coho core areas is no longer appropriate. Each state agency participating in the Oregon Plan, in consultation with ODFW and other partners involved in the implementation of the Plan and through a public involvement process, will modify their existing work programs in the Oregon Plan to prioritize agency measures to protect and restore salmonids in a timely and effective manner. The work programs will continue to identify key specific outcomes, refine and improve designations of priority areas, and establish completion dates. These modifications will be submitted to the , Governor, the Joint Committee, and to the appropriate boards and commissions as soon as possible, but in no event later than June 1, 1999. Progress reports on action plans will be submitted to the Governor, the Joint Committee, and to the appropriate boards and commissions on an annual basis. In prioritizing their efforts,' state agencies shall consider how to maximize conservation -, benefits for salmonids and the habitat they depend on within limited resources and - . whether their- actions are likely to increase populations of salmonids in the foreseeable future. I p ( g) State agencies will work cooperatively with landowners, local entities and other persons taking actions to protect or restore salmonids. ( h) As the Oregon Plan grows in geographic scope and . in intensity of activity,' there is a growing need to streamline and prioritize state agency activity at the . regional level. One proposal has been to organize state natural resource agency field operations along hydrologic units. Therefore, state agencies will consider this proposal and, through the collective efforts of state agency directors, develop an organization plan that focuses state agency field effort on the activities and areas of highest priority under the Oregon Plan. ( i) State. agencies will continue to encourage and work with agencies of the U. S. government to implement the federal measures described in the Oregon Plan.. In addition, the state agencies will work with the federal government to develop additional means of protecting and restoring salmonids. Where appropriate, state agencies will request that federal agencies obtain incidental take permits under Section 7 of the federal ESA for state actions that ace funded or authorized by a , federal agency. ( j) State agencies will help support efforts to evaluate watershed conditions, and to develop'specific strategic plans to provide for flood management, water quality improvement, and salmonid restoration in basins around the state, including the Willamette basin through the Willamette Restoration Initiative. ( k) The IMST will continue to provide oversight to ensure the use of the best scientific information available as the basis for implementation of and for adaptive changes to the Oregon Plan. State agencies will ensure that the IMST receives data and other information reasonably required for its functions in a timely manner. The Governor's Natural Resources Office ( GNRO) has requested that the IMST's initial priority be review of the freshwater habitat needs of coho and the relationship between population levels, escapement levels, and habitat characteristics. The GNRO also will continue to request that the IMST annually review monitoring results and identify where the Oregon Plan warrants change for scientific or technical reasons and make recommend& ions to the appropriate agency on those adjustments that appear necessary. Agencies will report their responses to any recommendations by . . the IMST to the Governor and to the Joint Committee. Any other changes identified by the IMST as necessary to achieve properly functioning riparian and aquatic habitat conditions required to, protect and restore salmonids will be forwarded to the appropriate governmental entity for its consideration of the adoption of new, changed, or supplemental measures as rapidly as possible while providing for public involvement: Each state agency, by June 1, 1999, will ratify a monitoring team charter through an interagency memorandum. A draft of the charter is contained in the 1998 Oregon Plan Annual Report. ( I) Monitoring is a key element of the Oregon Plan. Each state agency will actively support the monitoring strategy described in the Oregon Plan. Each affected agency will participate on the monitoring team to coordinate activities and integrate analyses. Each agency will implement . an appropriate monitoring program to assess the effectiveness of their programs and measures in meeting the objectives set forth in the Oregon Planon an annual basis. In addition, agencies with regulatory programs that are included in the Oregon Plan will determine levels of compliance with regulatory standards and identify and act on opportunities to improve compliance levels: ( m) If information gathered regarding the effectiveness of measures in the Oregon Plan shows that existing strategies within state control are not achie, ving expected improvements and objectives, the agency( ies1 responsible for those measures will seek appropriate changes in their regulations, policies, programs, r-measures and other areas of the Oregon Plan, as required to protect and restore coho and other sal'monids. Such modification or supplementation will be done as rapidly as possible, consistent with public involvement. ( n) Agencies are using geographically- referenced data in their efforts under the Oregon Plan, and will be using Geographic Information Systems ( GIs) in the analysis of these , data. In doing so, the State GIs Plan, developed by the Oregon Geographic lnformation Council ( OGIC) ( see Executive Order 96- 40) will be followed, with specific adherence to the Plan guidance on data documentation, coordination and data sharing. The agency with primary responsibility for gathering and updating the specific data will be responsible for meeting the requirements of the Plan, and to ensure coordination- with OGIC, the State Service Center for GIs and other' cooperating agencies. In addition, state agencies will cooperate with the Governor's Watershed Enhancement Board ( GWEB), Soil and. Water Conservation Districts ( SWCDs), local waters$ ed councils, landowners and others in making these essential data available. ( 0) Geographically- based strategies to assess and achieve habitat needs and adequate escapement levels will be used, and the state agencies will continue with the development of standardized watershed assessment protocols, including a -- cumulative effects assessment. State agencies will also continue with the development of habitat restoration guides to evaluate and direct habitat restoration efforts. ( 2) Continuation and Expansion of Existing Efforts. Without limiting the generality of section ( l)( a) of this Executive Order, the following subsections of this Executive Order describe some of the many efforts in the Oregon Plan where the initial phase of work has been completed, and where efforts will be continued. ( a) The Oregon Fish & Wildlife Commission ( OFWC), the Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife ( ODFW), and the Pacific Fishery Management Council ( PFMC) are managing ocean and terminal fisheries according to the measures set forth in the Oregon Plan ( ODFW I- A. l and Ill- A. l). These measures set a maximum mortality rate ( resulting from other fisheries) for any of four disaggregated stocks of coho of fifteen percent ( 1 5%) under poor ocean conditions. In 1997, the mortality rate. from harvest is estimated to have been between nine and eleven percent ( 9- 1 1 %). ODFW and OFWC will continue these measures in state waters, and will actively support continued implementation of the ocean harvest measures by the PFMC ( Amendment 13 to the Council's salmon management plan) until and unless a different management regime agreeable to NMFS is adopted. ( b) The OFWC and ODFW will ensure that the fish hatchery measures set forth in the Oregon Plan are continued by the OFWC and ODFW. ODFW is marking all hatchery coho on the Oregon Coast. This marking will allow increased certainty in estimating hatchery stray rates beginning in 1999. Available data on hatchery stray rates for coho and steelhead are being provided to NMFS on an annual basis. The number of hatchery coho released is estimated to have been 1.7 million in 1998 - substantially below the level called for in the Oregon Plan. This number will be reduced to 1.2 million in 1999. In addition, ODFW has, and will continue to provide. annual reports regarding: ( i) the number of juvenile hatchery coho that are released by brood year, locations and dates of release, life stage, and broodstock origin; ( ii) the number of adult coho taken for broodstock for each hatchery, the location and date of collection, and the origin ( hatchery or natural); ( iii) the number of hatchery coho . . estimated to have spawned in natural habitat by basin; ( iv) the estimated percentage of hatchery coho% the total natural spawning population; and ( v) the mortality of naturally- spawning coho resulting from each fishery. NMFS may provide comments about hatchery prograk affecting coho to ODFW, with any concerns to be resolved between NMFS and ODFW. - - ( c) ln addition to recent modifications to hatchery practices and programs, a new vision is needed for how Oregon will utilize hatcheries in the best and most effective manner. Therefore, the ODFW and the OFWC shall engage in a process to create a strategic plan for fish hatcheries in Oregon over the next decade ( including state and federally- funded hatcheries, private hatcheries, and the STEP program). The essential elements of this process are as follows: ( i) Impartial analysis - conduct an impartial analysis of the scientific bases, and the social and economic effects of Oregon hatchery programs utilizing existing analyses and review where feasible, but conducting new analyses if necessary; ( ii) Review the Wild Fish Management Policy ( WFMP) - because the future plan for hatcheries in Oregon is dependent on implementation of the WFMP, ODFW shall conduct a science and stakeholder review to determine if this significant policy should be revised and shall make any revision by July 2000; ( iii) Frame alternative strategies -- convene a group of stockholders to . frame alternative strategies, including outcomes and descriptions, of how hatcheries will be used in Oregon over the next decade ( these strategies will address the use of hatcheries for wild fish population recovery including supplementation, research and monitoring, public education, and sport and commercial fishing opportunities); ( iv) Public review and selection of a strategy -- the OFWC shall, after public review and ' ;-'-!&%; f$'. i comment, adopt a strategic plan to guide development of future hatchery programs, incorporating the strategy developed and adopted in accordance with subpart ( iii) of this paragraph. ( d) Criteria and guidelines directing the design of projects that may affect fish passage have been established in a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU) between the Oregon Department of Transportation ( ODOT), ODFW, the Oregon Department of Forestry ( ODF), the Oregon Department of Agriculture ( ODA), the Division of State Lands ( DSL) and the Federal Highway Administration. These guidelines apply to the design, construction and consultations of projects affecting fish passage. Under the MOU, projects requiring regulatory approvals that follow these criteria and guidelines are expedited. Oregon agencies will continue to provide technical assistance to ensure that the criteria and guidelines are applied appropriately in restoration projects, as well as any other projects that may affect fish passage through road crossings and similar structures. ODFW will work with state agencies, local governments, and watershed councils to ensure that Oregon's standards for fish passage set forth in Exhibit A to the MOU are understood and are implemented. - ( e) Fish presence, stream habitat, road and culvert surveys have been conducted for roads within ODOT jurisdiction and county roads in coastal basins, the Lower Columbia basin, the Willamette basin, and the Grande Ronbe/ lmnaha basins. Among the results of these surveys is the finding that culvert barriers to fish passage affect a substantial quantity of salmonid habitat. For example, surveys of county and state highways in western Oregon found over 1,200 culverts that are barriers to passage. As a result, ODOT is placing additional priority on restoring fish access. For 1998, ODOT repaired or replaced 35 culverts restoring access to 101 miles of salmonid habitat. For 1999, the Oregon Transportation Commission will be asked to fund approximately $ 4.0 million for culvert modification. ODOT and the Commission will continue to examine means to speed restoration of fish passage and to coordinate priorities with ODFW. ( f) Draft watershed assessment protocols have been developed and are being field tested. Beginning in 1999, SWCDs, watershed councils and others will be able to use the protocols as the basis for action plans to identify and prioritize opportunities to protect and restore salmonids. Watershed action plans have already been completed in a number of basins including the Rogue, Coos, Coquille and Grande Ronde. State agencies will work to support these watershed assessments and plans to the maximum extent practicable. Where watershed action plans have been developed under the protocols, GWEB will ensure that projects funded through the Watershed Improvement Grant Fund are consistent with watershed action plans, and other state agencies will work with SWCDs and watershed councils to ensure that activities they authorize, fund or undertake are consistent with watershed action plans to the maximum extent practicable. ( g) The State of Oregon has developed interim aquatic habitat restoration and enhancement guidelines for 1998. State agencies involved with restoration activities ( ODFW, ODF, DSL, ODA, DEQ, and GWEB) will continue to develop and refine the interim guidelines for final publication in April 1999. The guidelines will be applied in restoration activities funded or authorized by state agencies. The purpose of ' the guidelines will be to define aquatic restoration and to identify and encourage aquatic habitat restoration techniques to restore salmonids. . . ( h) ODA and O ~ hFave each entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with the Oregon Department'of Environmental Quality relating to the development of . Total Maximum Daily Loads ( TMDLs) and Water Quality Management Area Plans ( WQMAPs). O Dw~ ill adopt. a nd implement WQMAPs ( through the Healthy Streams Partnership) and ODF , will review the adequacy of forest practices rules to meet water quality standards. ODF and ODA will evaluate the effectiveness of these measures in achieving water quality standards on a regular basis and implement any changes required to meet the standards. ( i) Agencies are implementing a coordinated monitoring program, as described in the Oregon Plan. This program includes technical support and standardized protocols for watershed councils, stream habitat surveys, forest practice effectiveness monitoring, water withdrawal monitoring, ambient water quality monitoring, and biotic index studies, as well as fish presence surveys and salmonid abundance and survival monitoring in selected subbasins. State agencies are also' working to coordinate monitoring efforts by state, federal, and local entities, including watershed councils. State agencies will work actively to ensure that the monitoring measures' in the Oregon Plan are continued. - .. ( j) GWEB has put into place new processes for identifying and coordinating the delivery of financial and technical assistance to individuals, agencies, watershed councils and soil and water conservation districts as they implement watershed ' restoration projects to improve water quality and restore aquatic resources. Over $ 25 ' million has been distributed for watershed restoration projects in the last ten years. During the present ( 1 997- 99 biennium) GWEB has awarded over $ 1 2 million dollars in f- state and federal funds for technical'assistance and watershed restoration activities to implement the Oregon Plan. GWEB and state agencies will continue to seek financial resources to be allocated by GWEB for watershed restoration activities at the local and. statewide levels. ( k) State agencies will continue to encourage, support and work to provide incentives for local, tribal, and private . efforts to implement the Oregon Plan. In addition, state agencies will continue to provide financial assistance to local entities for projects to protect and restore salmonids to the extent consistent with their budgetary and legal authorities, and consistent with their work programs in the Oregon Plan. To the. maximum extent practicable, state agencies will also provide technical assistance and planning tools to provide local conservation groups to assist in and target watershed restoration efforts. These efforts ( during 1996 and 1997) are reported in " The Oregon. Plan for Salmon and Watersheds: Watershed Restoration Inventory, 1998." ~ u s c afe w of the important efforts that have been completed include: ( A) Eighty- two watershed councils have joined with forty- five Soil and Water Conservation Districts as well as private and public landowners to implement on- the- ground projects' to protect and restore salmonids. During 1996 and 1997, a reported $ 27.4 million was spent on 1,234 watershed restoration projects on non-federal lands. Both the amount spent and the number of projects represent significant increases ( of over 300 percent) over prior years. In 1996- 97, watershed councils, SWCDs and other organizations and individuals completed: ( i) 138 stream fencing projects, involving at least 301 miles of streambank; ( ii) 196 riparian area planting projects, involving at least 11 1 miles of streams; and ( iii) 458 instream habitat improvement projects. . . . ( B) Private and state forest landowners are implementing key efforts under the Oregon Plan, including the road risk and remediation program ( ODF- 1 and 2). Under this effort in 1996 and 1997, close to 4,000 miles of roads'have been surveyed to identify risks that the roads may pose to salmonid habitat. As the risks are identified, they are then prioritized for remediation following an established. protocol. Already, 52 miles of forest roads have been closed, 843 miles of road repair and reconstruction projects to - protect salmonid habitat have been completed, and an additional 14 miles of roads have been decommissioned or relocated.. In addition, 530 culverts have been replaced, upgraded or installed for fish passage purposes, improving access to a reported 146 stream miles. ( C) Organizations working in Tillamook County have developed the I ." J aw#~ t Tillamook County Performance Partnership. The Partnership is implementing the \*. Tillamook Bay National Estuary Program by addressing water quality, fisheries, floodplain management and economic development in the county. Among the actions that the Partnership has already accomplished are: ( i) the closure of seven miles of degraded forest roads and the rehabilitation of 469 miles of roads to meet current standards, at a cost of $ 1 8 million; ( ii) the fencing of 53 miles of streambank, and the construction of three cattle bridges and 100 alternative cattle watering sites, at a cost of $ 214,000; and ( iii) the completion of 24 instream restoration projects and 34 barbs protecting 4,200 feet of streambank, at a cost of $ 1.3 million dollars. ( D) The Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde Community of Oregon have completed a forest management plan that establishes standards for the protection of aquatic resources that are comparable to those found in the Aquatic Conservation Strategy ' of the Northwest Forest Plan. . % ( E) A combination of funding from the Oregon Wildlife Heritage Foundation and the National Fish and Wildlife Heritage Foundation ( private, non- profit organizations) is provi, ding support for seven biologists to design restoration projects. These projects are prioritized based on stream surveys, and are carried out with the voluntary participation and support of landowners. A ten- year monitoring plan has been funded- and implemented to determine project effectiveness: ( F) The Oregon Cattlemen's Association has implemented its WESt Program that is designed to help landowners better understand their watersheds and stream functions through assessments and monitoring. h he WESt Program brings landowners together along stream reaches, and offers a series of workshops, conducted on a site specific basis, free of charge. The workshops include riparian ecology, setting goals and objectives, Proper Functioning Condition ( PFC), data. collection and monitoring. Over 25 workshops have been held, with attendance ranging from 5 to 30 landowners per workshop. The WESt Program is sponsored by the Oregon Cattlemen's Association, DEQ, Oregon State University, and GWEB. ( G) Within the Tillamook State Forest road network 1,902 culverts have been replaced or added to'improve road drainage and to disconnect storm water runoff from roads reducing stream sediment impacts. Additionally, some of these culverts also improved fish passage at stream crossings. In this process, ODF has also replaced six culverts with bridges improving fish passage to approximately four miles of stream. The Tillamook State Foresl in conjunction with many partners, such F-as the Association of Northwest Steelheaders, G W EB, Simpson Timber Company, Tillamook County, the FishAmerica Foundation, Hardrock Construction Company, the Oregon Wildlife Heritage Foundation, the F& WS, the Oregon Youth Conservation Corps, Columbia Helicopters and Terra Helicopters, has also recently completed instream placement of over 400 rootwads, trees and boulders at a cost of $ 300,000 for habitat enhancement. ( 3) Key Agency Efforts. Continuation and completion of the following state agency efforts is critical to the success of the Oregon Plan. State agencies will make continuation or completion ( as appropriate) of the following efforts a high priority. ( a) The State of Oregon and the US. Department of Agriculture have entered into a Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program ( CREP). This cost- share program, one of the first of its kind, . will be used to reduce the impacts of agricultural practices through water quality. add habitat improvement. The objectives of the CREP are to: ( i) provide incentives'for farmers and ranchers to establish riparian buffers; ( ii) protect - . and restore at least 4,000 miles of stream habitat by providing up to 95,000 acres of riparian buffeis; ( i4) restore up to 5,000 acres of wetlands that will benefit salmonids; and ( iv) provide a mechanism for farmers and ranchers to comply with Oregon's ,- Senate Bill 101 0 ( 1 993 Or. Laws, ch. 263). ( b) ODF will work with non- industrial forest landowners to'administer the Stewardship Incentive Program and the Forest Resources Trust programs to protect and restore riparian and wetland areas that benefit salmonids. ( c) The Oregon Board of Forestry will determine, with the assistance of an advisory committee, to what extent changes to forest practices are needed to meet state water quality standards and to protect and restore salmonids. A substantial body of information regarding the effectiveness of current practices is being . developed. This information includes: ( i) the IMST report regarding . the role of forest practices and forest habitat in protecting and restoring salmonids; and ( ii) a series of - monitoring projects that include the Storms of 1996 study, a riparian areas study, a stream temperature study, and a road drainage study. Using this information, as well as other available scientific information including scientific information from NMFS, the advisory committee will make recommendations to the Board at both site and watershed scales on threats to salmonid habitat relating to sediment, water temperature, freshwater habitat needs, roads and fish passage. Based on the advisory committee's recommendations and other scientific information, the Board will make every effort to make its determinations by June 1999. The Board may . . determine that the most effective means of achieving any necessary changes to . - d;.~ .;* i;. z . I:@;.. %- .~ + k forest practices is through regulatory changes, statutory changes or through other programs . including programs to create incentives for forest landowners. In the event that the Board determines that legislative changes. are necessary to carry out its determinations, the Board will transmit any recommendations for such changes to the . Governor and to the Joint Committee at the earliest possible date. ( d) Consistent with administrative rule, and statutory and constitutional mandates for the management of state forests, ODF State Forest management plans will include an aquatic conservation strategy that has a high likelihood of protecting and restoring properly functioning aquatic habitat for salmonids on state forest lands. ( e) ODF will present to NMFS a Habitat Conservation Plan ( HCP) under Section 10 of the federal ESA that includes the Clatsop and Tillamook State Forests. ODF has already completed scierkific review and has public review underway for this draft HCP. The scientific and public review comments will be considered by ODF in . . completing the draft HCP. The draft HCP will be presented to NMFS by June 1999. An HCP for the ~ jliotSt tate Forest was approved by the US. Fish & Wildlife Service in 1995. In October af 1997, ODF and DSL forwarded the Elliott State Forest HCP to NMFS with the request that it be reviewed to determine whether it has a high likelihood of protecting and restoring properly functioning aquatic habitat conditions on state forest lands necessary to protect and restore salmonids. Based on discussions surrounding the NMFS review, ODF and DSL will determine what revisions, if any, are required to the Elliott HCP and/ or Forest Management Plan to ensure a high likelihood of protecting and restoring properly functioning aquatic habitat for salmonids. ( f) Before the OFWC adopts and implements fishery regulations that may result in taking of coho, ODFW will provide NMFS with'all available scientific information and analyses pertinent to the proposed regulation where the harvest measures are not under the jurisdiction of the PFMC, including results of the Oregon Plan monitoring and evaluation program. This information, together with the proposed regulation and supporting analysis, will be provided at least two weeks prior to the OFWC's action, to give NMFS time to review and comment on the proposed regulations. ( g) ODFW will evaluate the effects of predation on salmonids, and . will . work with . affected federal agencies to determine whether changes to programs and law relating to predation are warranted in order to protect and restore salmonids. P ( h) Under Oregon Senate Bill 101 0 ( 1 993 Or. Laws, ch. 2631, ODA will adopt Agricultural Water Qualify Management Area Plans ( AWQMAPs) for Tier I and Tier ll watersheds by the end of 2002. The AWQMAPs will be designed and implemented to meet load allocations for agriculture needed to achieve state water quality . . standards. In addition, ODA will work with ODFW, DEQ, GWEB, SWCDs, federal . agencies and watershed councils to determine to what extent additional measures related to achieving properly functioning riparian and aquatic habitat on agricultural lands are needed to protect and restore salmonids, giving attention first to priority areas identified in. the Oregon Plan. In the event ODA is unable to reach a consensus regarding such measures, ODA will ask the IMST to review areas of substantive ' scientific disagreement and to'make recommendations to ODA regarding how they should be resolved. In the event that legislative changes are needed to implement such measures, ODA will transmit any recommendations for such changes to. the Governor and to the Joint Committee at the earliest possible date. In addition, any measures identified as rieeded by ODA will be implemented at the earliest practicable time. * . ( i) ODFW will expedite its applications for instream water rights and OWRD will process such applications promptly where flow deficits are identified as adversely affecting salmonids, and where such rights. are not already in place. The Oregon - water Resources Department ( OWRD) and the Oregon Water Resources Commission ( OWRC) will- also seek to facilitate flow restoration targeted to streams identified by OWRD and ODFW as posing the most critical low- flow barriers to salmonids. In addition, where necessary, OWRD will continue to work with the Oregon State Police to provide enforcement of water use. Where illegal water uses are identified, OWRD will ensure outcomes consistent with maintenance and restoration of flows. ( j) The Oregon Environmental Quality commission ( EQC). and DEQ will evaluate and will make every effort to utilize their authorities to continue to provide additional protection to . priority areas ( as determined under section 1 ( f) of this Executive Order), including in- stream flow protection under state law, and antidegradation policy under . the federal Clean Water Act ( including Outstanding Resource Waters designations . and high quality waters designations). . ( k) DSL has proposed to adopt changes to its Essential Salmonid Habitat rules that will provide additional protection for spawning and rearing areas of anadromous salmonids. In addition, ODFW and DSL will consult with the OWRC to determine where it is necessary to administratively close priority areas ( including ' work under General Authorizations) to fill and removal activities in order to protect salmonids. . . DSL, ODFW, ODF and ODA also will work together to identify means of regulating the . uy- w :.-:: st. removal of organic material ( such as large woody debris) from streams where such removal would adversely affect salmonids and would not be contrary to other agency mandates. ( I) DSL will seek the advice of the IMST regarding whether gravel removal affects gravel and/ or sediment budgets in a manner that adversely affects salmonids. ( m) The Department of Land Conservation and ~ e v e l o p r n e n t ' ( ~ ~ acn~ d ) th, e Land Conservation- and Development Commission ( LCDC) will evaluate and, to the extent feasible, speed implementation of existing Goal 5 requirements for riparian corridors. ( n) DLCD, DEQ, ODF, ODA, ODFW, and DSL and their respective boards and commissions will evaluate and implement programs to protect and restore riparian vegetation for the purposes of achieving statewide water quality standards and . . protecting and restoring a aquatic habitat for salmonids. ' ( 0) DLCD, with, the assistance of DSL and ODFW, and in consultation with coastal cities and counties, shall review the requirements of Statewide Planning Goal i 6 as they pertain to estuarine resources important to the restoration of salmonids, and shall, report its findings to LCDC for its consideration. ( p) The Oregon State Police will work to facilitate the existing cooperative relationship with the NMFS Office of ~ a Ewnfo rcement, as well as tomaintain cooperation with other enforcement entities, in order to enhance law enforcement, public awareness and voluntary compliance related to harvest, habitat and other issues addressed in the Oregon Plan. ( q) The Oregon Parks and Recreation Department will continue to work to p. rovide information and education to the public on salmon and steelhead needs through park programs and interpretive aids. ( r) The Oregon Marine Board will work to ensure fish friendly boating and to develop boating facilities that protect salmonids. ( s) State natural resource agencies will continue, to the extent feasible, to support watershed councils by providing technical assistance to develop watershed assessments, restoration plans and to develop watershed priorities to benefit 7- salmonids. In addition, state natural resource agencies will work'on a larger . .:.... watershed scale to develop basin- wide restoration priorities. ( 4) Future Modifications; Public Involvement for the Oregon Plan Generally. The GNRO will solicit public co'mments and input from participants in the Oregon Plan regarding whether there are refinements or changes to the Plan and/ or the organizational framework for implementing the Plan that are necessary or desirable based on the experience gained over the past three years, or resulting from the widespread listings and proposed listings of salmon and trout under the federal ESA. Based on this public involvement, the GNRO will provide a report and recommendations to the Governor and the Joint Committee regarding whether modifications are necessary to the Oregon Plan in order to protect and restore coho and other salmonids. ( 5) Definitions. For purioses'of this Executive Order: . . ( aj The " Oregon Plan" means the Oregon Coastal Salmon Recovery lnitiative, dated March 1991, and the Steelhead. Supplement, dated January 1998. " Oregon Plan," as used in this Order, is intended to be consistent with the definition of the' Oregon Coastal Salmon Recovery lnitiative in Oregon Senate Bill 924 ( 1997 Or. Laws, .- cti. 7), and to include the Healthy Streams Partnership ( 1 993 Or. Laws, ch. 263). -. - ( b) " Protect" has the meaning given in section ( l)( d) of this Executive Order. ( c) " Restore" has the meaning'given in section ( l)( e) of this Executive Order. Restore necessarily includes actions to manage salmonids to provide for adequate escapement levels, and actions to increase the quantity and improve the quality of properly functioning habitat upon which salmonids depend. ( d) " Coho" means native wild coho salmon found in rivers and lakes along the Oregon Coast. ( el " Salmonids" means native wild salmon, char and trout in the State of Oregon. ( 6) Effective Date; Relation to Federal ESA. This Executive Order will take effect on the date that it is filed with the Secretary of State. The State of Oregon will continue to work with NMFS to determine the appropriate relationship between the Oregon Plan and NMFS's efforts under the federal ESA. Done at Salem, Oregon, this $ day of & ~ 4 y , 1999. ha26 . ~ it& er, M. D. Suz adnd .~. ow& end DEPUTY SECR~ ARYOF - STATE Title: The Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds Author: Oregon. Office of the Governor Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 KCAMATH FALLS. QREEON THE OREGON PLAN FOR SALMON AND WATERSHEDS The purpose of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds ( the " Oregon Plan") as stated in the Plan and reaffirmed in this Executive Order is to restore Oregon's wild salmon and trout populations and fisheries to sustainable and productive levels that will provide substantial environmental, cultural, and economic benefits and to improve water quality. The Oregon Plan is a long- term, ongoing effort that began as a focused set of actions by state, local, tribal and private organizations and individuals in October of 1995. The Oregon Plan first addressed coho salmon on the Oregon Coast, was then broadened to include steelhead trout on the coast and in the Lower Columbia River, and is now expanding to all at- risk wild salmonids throughout the state. The Oregon Plan addresses all factors for decline of these species, including watershed conditions arid fisheries, to the extent those factors can be affected by the state. The Oregon Plan was endorsed and funded by the Oregon Legislature in 1997 through Oregon Senate Bill 924 ( 1 997 Or. Laws, ch. 7) and House Bill 3700 ( 1 997 Or. Laws, ch.' 8). The Oregon Plan is described in two principal documents: " The Oregon Plan," dated March 1997, and " The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds, Supplement I - steelhbad," dated January 1998. As used in this Executive Order, + the Oregon Plan also incorporates the Healthy Streams Partnership ( Oregon Senate Bill 101 0, 1 993- Or. Laws, ch. 263). The Oregon Plan is a cooperative effort of state, local, federal, tribal and private organizations and individuals. Although the Oregon Plan contains a strong foundation of protective regulations -- continuing existing regulatory programs and speeding the implementation of others - an essential principle of the Plan is the need to move beyond prohibitions and to encourage efforts to improve conditions for salmon through non- regulatory means. Many of the most significant contributions to the Oregon Plan are private and quasi- governmental efforts to protect and . restore salmon on working landscapes, including efforts by watershed councils. Salmon and trout restoration requires action and sacrifice across the entire economic and geographic spectrum of Oregon. The commercial and sport fishing industries in Oregon have been heavily affected by complete or partial closures of fisheries. The forest industry operates under the Oregon Forest Practices Act, and has contributed substantially to salmon recovery through habitat restoration projects on private lands and by funding a large pan of the state recovery efforts. The agriculture and mining industries are also taking actions that will protect and restore salmon and trout habitat and improve water quality ( including financial support of restoration efforts by the mining industry). Urban areas are developing water conservation programs, spending funds for wastewater treatment improvements to reduce point source pollution, reducing non- point source pollution and reducing activities that degrade riparian areas. All citizens of Oregon share responsibility for declining populations of wild salmon and trout, and it is important that there be both a broad commitment to reversing these historic trends and a sense that the burdens of restoration are being shared by all of society. It is also important that there be independent scientific oversight of the Oregon Plan. This oversight is being provided by the Independent Mutidisciplinary Science Team ( IMST), established under Oregon Senate Bill 924 ( 1 997 Or. Laws, ch. 7). ~ d'ditional legislative oversight for the Oregon Plan is being provided by the Joint Legislative Committee on . Salmon and Stream Enhancement ( the " Joint Committee!'). Under the federal Endangered Species Act ( ESA) the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service . . ( F& WS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS) are responsible for identifying species that are threatened or endangered, and for developing programs to conserve and recover lhose species. F& WS and NMFS have now listed salmonids under the ESA on the entire Oregon Coast, the lower Columbia River ( including most of the Portland metropolitan area). the la math River basin, and in the upper Columbia and Snake River basins. More listings are expected within the next year. To date, the F& WS and NMFS generally have not had the resources to develop and implement effective recovery plans for fisheries. In addition, in many areas a large proportion of the habitat that list'ed'salmonids depend on is located on private lands, where the regulatory tools under the ESA are relatively ' ill- defined and indirect. Finally, federal agencies alone, even if they take an active regulatory approach. to recovery, will not restore listed salmonids. The federal ESA may work to prohibit certain actions, but there is simply too much habitat on private lands for restoration to succeed without pro- active involvement and incentives for individuals, groups, and local governments to take affirmative actions to restore habitat on working landscapes. In April, 1997 the State of Oregon and NMFS entered into a Memorandum of Agreement ( MOA) under which the State agreed to continue existing measures under the March 1997 Oregon Plan and to take certain additional actions to protect and restbre coho salmon on the Oregon Coast. On May 6, 1997, NMFS determined that the Oregon Coast Evolutionarily Significant Unit ( ESU) of coho salmon did not warrant listing as a threatened or endangered species under the ESA. On June 2, 1998, the US. District Court for Oregon ordered NMFS to reconsider its decision without taking into account any parts of the Oregon Plan or MOA that are not " current enforceable measures." The U. S. District Court for Oregon also held that the MOA was speculative, due to the fact that it provided for termination by either party on thirty days notice, and that therefore the MOA could not be considered by NMFS ' in its listing decision. Under court order, NMFS reconsidered its decision without taking into account the application in the future of the harvest and hatchery measures contained in the Oregon Plan, or the habitat improvement programs being undertaken under the Oregon Plan, or the commitments made by the State of Oregon in the MOA for improvement of applicable habitat measures. Accordingly, NMFS listed Oregon Coast .. . coho as threatened undefthe ESA on or about October 2, 1998. - The MOA provided for the State of Oregon to take actions necessary to ensfie that - Oregon Coast coho did not warrant listing as a threatened or endangered species under the federal ESA. Now that Oregon Coast coho are listed as a threatened species as a- result of the U. S. District Court's order, the central purpose of the MOA has been eliminated. Due to the uncertainties created by the District Court's decision and the increasing extent of salmonids listed or proposed for listing under the federal ESA, it is important that the status of the State of Oregon's substantive commitments under the MOA and the purpose of the Oregon Plan be clarified. Through this Executive Order, the State of Oregon reaffirms its intent to play the leading role in protecting and restoring Oregon Coast coho and other salmonids. through the implementation of the Oregon Plan. This Executive Order provides the framework and direction for state agencies to implement ( to the extent of their authorities) the Oregon Plan in a timely and effective manner. This Executive Order also provides a framework for extending the state's efforts beyond a focus on Oregon Coast coho, to watersheds and fisheries statewide. Consistent with the principle of adaptive management, this Order applies the experience gained to date in implementing the Oregon Plan to provide additional detailed direction to state agencies. Finally, this Executive Order establishes a public involvement process to prioritize continuing efforts under the Oregon Plan. NOW THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED AND DIRECTED: ( 1) Overall Direction ( a) Agencies of the State of Oregon will, consistent with their authorities, fully implement the state agency efforts described in the Oregon Plan and in this Executive Order. ( b) The overall objective for state agencies under the Oregon Plan and this Executive Order is to protect and restore salmonids and to improve water quality. ( c) The Governor will, in cooperation with the Joint Committee, IMST, affected state agencies, watershed councils, and other affected local entities and persons develop and implement, a process to set biological and habitat goals and objectives to protect and restore salmonids on a basin or regional basis as soon as practicable. Once these goals and objectives are established, they will be used by state agencies . . . to evaluate their regulatory and non- regulatory programs and measures relating to the protection and re'storation of salmonids. Through this on- going evaluation, state agencies will determine any changes to their programs or measures that may be necessary to meet the biological and habitat goals and objectives. In the interim, the following objectives in subsections ( d) and ( e) shall apply to agencies' implem'entation of the OregGn Plan and this Executive Order. . . ( d) Actions that state agencies take, fund and/ or authorize that are primarily for a purpose other than restoration of salmonids or the habitat they depend upon will, considering the anticipated duration and geographic scope of the actions: ( A) to the maximum extent practicable minimize and mitigate adverse effects of the actions on salmoni. ds or the habitat they depend on; and ( 8) not appreciably reduce the likelihood of the survival and recovery of salmonids in the wild. ( e) State agencies will take, fund and/ or authorize actions that are primarily for the purpose of restoring salmonids or the habitat they depend upon, including actions implementing the Oregon Plan, with the goal of producing a conservation benefit that ( if taken together with comparable and related actions by all persons and entities within the range of the species) is likely to result in sustainable population levels of salmonids in the foreseeable future, and in population levels of salmonids that provide substantial environmental, cultural and economic benefits to Oregonians in the long term. ( f) With the broadening of the Oregon Plan,' prioritizing all agency actions according to coho core areas is no longer appropriate. Each state agency participating in the Oregon Plan, in consultation with ODFW and other partners involved in the implementation of the Plan and through a public involvement process, will modify their existing work programs in the Oregon Plan to prioritize agency measures to protect and restore salmonids in a timely and effective manner. The work programs will continue to identify key specific outcomes, refine and improve designations of priority areas, and establish completion dates. These modifications will be submitted to the , Governor, the Joint Committee, and to the appropriate boards and commissions as soon as possible, but in no event later than June 1, 1999. Progress reports on action plans will be submitted to the Governor, the Joint Committee, and to the appropriate boards and commissions on an annual basis. In prioritizing their efforts,' state agencies shall consider how to maximize conservation -, benefits for salmonids and the habitat they depend on within limited resources and - . whether their- actions are likely to increase populations of salmonids in the foreseeable future. I p ( g) State agencies will work cooperatively with landowners, local entities and other persons taking actions to protect or restore salmonids. ( h) As the Oregon Plan grows in geographic scope and . in intensity of activity,' there is a growing need to streamline and prioritize state agency activity at the . regional level. One proposal has been to organize state natural resource agency field operations along hydrologic units. Therefore, state agencies will consider this proposal and, through the collective efforts of state agency directors, develop an organization plan that focuses state agency field effort on the activities and areas of highest priority under the Oregon Plan. ( i) State. agencies will continue to encourage and work with agencies of the U. S. government to implement the federal measures described in the Oregon Plan.. In addition, the state agencies will work with the federal government to develop additional means of protecting and restoring salmonids. Where appropriate, state agencies will request that federal agencies obtain incidental take permits under Section 7 of the federal ESA for state actions that ace funded or authorized by a , federal agency. ( j) State agencies will help support efforts to evaluate watershed conditions, and to develop'specific strategic plans to provide for flood management, water quality improvement, and salmonid restoration in basins around the state, including the Willamette basin through the Willamette Restoration Initiative. ( k) The IMST will continue to provide oversight to ensure the use of the best scientific information available as the basis for implementation of and for adaptive changes to the Oregon Plan. State agencies will ensure that the IMST receives data and other information reasonably required for its functions in a timely manner. The Governor's Natural Resources Office ( GNRO) has requested that the IMST's initial priority be review of the freshwater habitat needs of coho and the relationship between population levels, escapement levels, and habitat characteristics. The GNRO also will continue to request that the IMST annually review monitoring results and identify where the Oregon Plan warrants change for scientific or technical reasons and make recommend& ions to the appropriate agency on those adjustments that appear necessary. Agencies will report their responses to any recommendations by . . the IMST to the Governor and to the Joint Committee. Any other changes identified by the IMST as necessary to achieve properly functioning riparian and aquatic habitat conditions required to, protect and restore salmonids will be forwarded to the appropriate governmental entity for its consideration of the adoption of new, changed, or supplemental measures as rapidly as possible while providing for public involvement: Each state agency, by June 1, 1999, will ratify a monitoring team charter through an interagency memorandum. A draft of the charter is contained in the 1998 Oregon Plan Annual Report. ( I) Monitoring is a key element of the Oregon Plan. Each state agency will actively support the monitoring strategy described in the Oregon Plan. Each affected agency will participate on the monitoring team to coordinate activities and integrate analyses. Each agency will implement . an appropriate monitoring program to assess the effectiveness of their programs and measures in meeting the objectives set forth in the Oregon Planon an annual basis. In addition, agencies with regulatory programs that are included in the Oregon Plan will determine levels of compliance with regulatory standards and identify and act on opportunities to improve compliance levels: ( m) If information gathered regarding the effectiveness of measures in the Oregon Plan shows that existing strategies within state control are not achie, ving expected improvements and objectives, the agency( ies1 responsible for those measures will seek appropriate changes in their regulations, policies, programs, r-measures and other areas of the Oregon Plan, as required to protect and restore coho and other sal'monids. Such modification or supplementation will be done as rapidly as possible, consistent with public involvement. ( n) Agencies are using geographically- referenced data in their efforts under the Oregon Plan, and will be using Geographic Information Systems ( GIs) in the analysis of these , data. In doing so, the State GIs Plan, developed by the Oregon Geographic lnformation Council ( OGIC) ( see Executive Order 96- 40) will be followed, with specific adherence to the Plan guidance on data documentation, coordination and data sharing. The agency with primary responsibility for gathering and updating the specific data will be responsible for meeting the requirements of the Plan, and to ensure coordination- with OGIC, the State Service Center for GIs and other' cooperating agencies. In addition, state agencies will cooperate with the Governor's Watershed Enhancement Board ( GWEB), Soil and. Water Conservation Districts ( SWCDs), local waters$ ed councils, landowners and others in making these essential data available. ( 0) Geographically- based strategies to assess and achieve habitat needs and adequate escapement levels will be used, and the state agencies will continue with the development of standardized watershed assessment protocols, including a -- cumulative effects assessment. State agencies will also continue with the development of habitat restoration guides to evaluate and direct habitat restoration efforts. ( 2) Continuation and Expansion of Existing Efforts. Without limiting the generality of section ( l)( a) of this Executive Order, the following subsections of this Executive Order describe some of the many efforts in the Oregon Plan where the initial phase of work has been completed, and where efforts will be continued. ( a) The Oregon Fish & Wildlife Commission ( OFWC), the Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife ( ODFW), and the Pacific Fishery Management Council ( PFMC) are managing ocean and terminal fisheries according to the measures set forth in the Oregon Plan ( ODFW I- A. l and Ill- A. l). These measures set a maximum mortality rate ( resulting from other fisheries) for any of four disaggregated stocks of coho of fifteen percent ( 1 5%) under poor ocean conditions. In 1997, the mortality rate. from harvest is estimated to have been between nine and eleven percent ( 9- 1 1 %). ODFW and OFWC will continue these measures in state waters, and will actively support continued implementation of the ocean harvest measures by the PFMC ( Amendment 13 to the Council's salmon management plan) until and unless a different management regime agreeable to NMFS is adopted. ( b) The OFWC and ODFW will ensure that the fish hatchery measures set forth in the Oregon Plan are continued by the OFWC and ODFW. ODFW is marking all hatchery coho on the Oregon Coast. This marking will allow increased certainty in estimating hatchery stray rates beginning in 1999. Available data on hatchery stray rates for coho and steelhead are being provided to NMFS on an annual basis. The number of hatchery coho released is estimated to have been 1.7 million in 1998 - substantially below the level called for in the Oregon Plan. This number will be reduced to 1.2 million in 1999. In addition, ODFW has, and will continue to provide. annual reports regarding: ( i) the number of juvenile hatchery coho that are released by brood year, locations and dates of release, life stage, and broodstock origin; ( ii) the number of adult coho taken for broodstock for each hatchery, the location and date of collection, and the origin ( hatchery or natural); ( iii) the number of hatchery coho . . estimated to have spawned in natural habitat by basin; ( iv) the estimated percentage of hatchery coho% the total natural spawning population; and ( v) the mortality of naturally- spawning coho resulting from each fishery. NMFS may provide comments about hatchery prograk affecting coho to ODFW, with any concerns to be resolved between NMFS and ODFW. - - ( c) ln addition to recent modifications to hatchery practices and programs, a new vision is needed for how Oregon will utilize hatcheries in the best and most effective manner. Therefore, the ODFW and the OFWC shall engage in a process to create a strategic plan for fish hatcheries in Oregon over the next decade ( including state and federally- funded hatcheries, private hatcheries, and the STEP program). The essential elements of this process are as follows: ( i) Impartial analysis - conduct an impartial analysis of the scientific bases, and the social and economic effects of Oregon hatchery programs utilizing existing analyses and review where feasible, but conducting new analyses if necessary; ( ii) Review the Wild Fish Management Policy ( WFMP) - because the future plan for hatcheries in Oregon is dependent on implementation of the WFMP, ODFW shall conduct a science and stakeholder review to determine if this significant policy should be revised and shall make any revision by July 2000; ( iii) Frame alternative strategies -- convene a group of stockholders to . frame alternative strategies, including outcomes and descriptions, of how hatcheries will be used in Oregon over the next decade ( these strategies will address the use of hatcheries for wild fish population recovery including supplementation, research and monitoring, public education, and sport and commercial fishing opportunities); ( iv) Public review and selection of a strategy -- the OFWC shall, after public review and ' ;-'-!&%; f$'. i comment, adopt a strategic plan to guide development of future hatchery programs, incorporating the strategy developed and adopted in accordance with subpart ( iii) of this paragraph. ( d) Criteria and guidelines directing the design of projects that may affect fish passage have been established in a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU) between the Oregon Department of Transportation ( ODOT), ODFW, the Oregon Department of Forestry ( ODF), the Oregon Department of Agriculture ( ODA), the Division of State Lands ( DSL) and the Federal Highway Administration. These guidelines apply to the design, construction and consultations of projects affecting fish passage. Under the MOU, projects requiring regulatory approvals that follow these criteria and guidelines are expedited. Oregon agencies will continue to provide technical assistance to ensure that the criteria and guidelines are applied appropriately in restoration projects, as well as any other projects that may affect fish passage through road crossings and similar structures. ODFW will work with state agencies, local governments, and watershed councils to ensure that Oregon's standards for fish passage set forth in Exhibit A to the MOU are understood and are implemented. - ( e) Fish presence, stream habitat, road and culvert surveys have been conducted for roads within ODOT jurisdiction and county roads in coastal basins, the Lower Columbia basin, the Willamette basin, and the Grande Ronbe/ lmnaha basins. Among the results of these surveys is the finding that culvert barriers to fish passage affect a substantial quantity of salmonid habitat. For example, surveys of county and state highways in western Oregon found over 1,200 culverts that are barriers to passage. As a result, ODOT is placing additional priority on restoring fish access. For 1998, ODOT repaired or replaced 35 culverts restoring access to 101 miles of salmonid habitat. For 1999, the Oregon Transportation Commission will be asked to fund approximately $ 4.0 million for culvert modification. ODOT and the Commission will continue to examine means to speed restoration of fish passage and to coordinate priorities with ODFW. ( f) Draft watershed assessment protocols have been developed and are being field tested. Beginning in 1999, SWCDs, watershed councils and others will be able to use the protocols as the basis for action plans to identify and prioritize opportunities to protect and restore salmonids. Watershed action plans have already been completed in a number of basins including the Rogue, Coos, Coquille and Grande Ronde. State agencies will work to support these watershed assessments and plans to the maximum extent practicable. Where watershed action plans have been developed under the protocols, GWEB will ensure that projects funded through the Watershed Improvement Grant Fund are consistent with watershed action plans, and other state agencies will work with SWCDs and watershed councils to ensure that activities they authorize, fund or undertake are consistent with watershed action plans to the maximum extent practicable. ( g) The State of Oregon has developed interim aquatic habitat restoration and enhancement guidelines for 1998. State agencies involved with restoration activities ( ODFW, ODF, DSL, ODA, DEQ, and GWEB) will continue to develop and refine the interim guidelines for final publication in April 1999. The guidelines will be applied in restoration activities funded or authorized by state agencies. The purpose of ' the guidelines will be to define aquatic restoration and to identify and encourage aquatic habitat restoration techniques to restore salmonids. . . ( h) ODA and O ~ hFave each entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with the Oregon Department'of Environmental Quality relating to the development of . Total Maximum Daily Loads ( TMDLs) and Water Quality Management Area Plans ( WQMAPs). O Dw~ ill adopt. a nd implement WQMAPs ( through the Healthy Streams Partnership) and ODF , will review the adequacy of forest practices rules to meet water quality standards. ODF and ODA will evaluate the effectiveness of these measures in achieving water quality standards on a regular basis and implement any changes required to meet the standards. ( i) Agencies are implementing a coordinated monitoring program, as described in the Oregon Plan. This program includes technical support and standardized protocols for watershed councils, stream habitat surveys, forest practice effectiveness monitoring, water withdrawal monitoring, ambient water quality monitoring, and biotic index studies, as well as fish presence surveys and salmonid abundance and survival monitoring in selected subbasins. State agencies are also' working to coordinate monitoring efforts by state, federal, and local entities, including watershed councils. State agencies will work actively to ensure that the monitoring measures' in the Oregon Plan are continued. - .. ( j) GWEB has put into place new processes for identifying and coordinating the delivery of financial and technical assistance to individuals, agencies, watershed councils and soil and water conservation districts as they implement watershed ' restoration projects to improve water quality and restore aquatic resources. Over $ 25 ' million has been distributed for watershed restoration projects in the last ten years. During the present ( 1 997- 99 biennium) GWEB has awarded over $ 1 2 million dollars in f- state and federal funds for technical'assistance and watershed restoration activities to implement the Oregon Plan. GWEB and state agencies will continue to seek financial resources to be allocated by GWEB for watershed restoration activities at the local and. statewide levels. ( k) State agencies will continue to encourage, support and work to provide incentives for local, tribal, and private . efforts to implement the Oregon Plan. In addition, state agencies will continue to provide financial assistance to local entities for projects to protect and restore salmonids to the extent consistent with their budgetary and legal authorities, and consistent with their work programs in the Oregon Plan. To the. maximum extent practicable, state agencies will also provide technical assistance and planning tools to provide local conservation groups to assist in and target watershed restoration efforts. These efforts ( during 1996 and 1997) are reported in " The Oregon. Plan for Salmon and Watersheds: Watershed Restoration Inventory, 1998." ~ u s c afe w of the important efforts that have been completed include: ( A) Eighty- two watershed councils have joined with forty- five Soil and Water Conservation Districts as well as private and public landowners to implement on- the- ground projects' to protect and restore salmonids. During 1996 and 1997, a reported $ 27.4 million was spent on 1,234 watershed restoration projects on non-federal lands. Both the amount spent and the number of projects represent significant increases ( of over 300 percent) over prior years. In 1996- 97, watershed councils, SWCDs and other organizations and individuals completed: ( i) 138 stream fencing projects, involving at least 301 miles of streambank; ( ii) 196 riparian area planting projects, involving at least 11 1 miles of streams; and ( iii) 458 instream habitat improvement projects. . . . ( B) Private and state forest landowners are implementing key efforts under the Oregon Plan, including the road risk and remediation program ( ODF- 1 and 2). Under this effort in 1996 and 1997, close to 4,000 miles of roads'have been surveyed to identify risks that the roads may pose to salmonid habitat. As the risks are identified, they are then prioritized for remediation following an established. protocol. Already, 52 miles of forest roads have been closed, 843 miles of road repair and reconstruction projects to - protect salmonid habitat have been completed, and an additional 14 miles of roads have been decommissioned or relocated.. In addition, 530 culverts have been replaced, upgraded or installed for fish passage purposes, improving access to a reported 146 stream miles. ( C) Organizations working in Tillamook County have developed the I ." J aw#~ t Tillamook County Performance Partnership. The Partnership is implementing the \*. Tillamook Bay National Estuary Program by addressing water quality, fisheries, floodplain management and economic development in the county. Among the actions that the Partnership has already accomplished are: ( i) the closure of seven miles of degraded forest roads and the rehabilitation of 469 miles of roads to meet current standards, at a cost of $ 1 8 million; ( ii) the fencing of 53 miles of streambank, and the construction of three cattle bridges and 100 alternative cattle watering sites, at a cost of $ 214,000; and ( iii) the completion of 24 instream restoration projects and 34 barbs protecting 4,200 feet of streambank, at a cost of $ 1.3 million dollars. ( D) The Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde Community of Oregon have completed a forest management plan that establishes standards for the protection of aquatic resources that are comparable to those found in the Aquatic Conservation Strategy ' of the Northwest Forest Plan. . % ( E) A combination of funding from the Oregon Wildlife Heritage Foundation and the National Fish and Wildlife Heritage Foundation ( private, non- profit organizations) is provi, ding support for seven biologists to design restoration projects. These projects are prioritized based on stream surveys, and are carried out with the voluntary participation and support of landowners. A ten- year monitoring plan has been funded- and implemented to determine project effectiveness: ( F) The Oregon Cattlemen's Association has implemented its WESt Program that is designed to help landowners better understand their watersheds and stream functions through assessments and monitoring. h he WESt Program brings landowners together along stream reaches, and offers a series of workshops, conducted on a site specific basis, free of charge. The workshops include riparian ecology, setting goals and objectives, Proper Functioning Condition ( PFC), data. collection and monitoring. Over 25 workshops have been held, with attendance ranging from 5 to 30 landowners per workshop. The WESt Program is sponsored by the Oregon Cattlemen's Association, DEQ, Oregon State University, and GWEB. ( G) Within the Tillamook State Forest road network 1,902 culverts have been replaced or added to'improve road drainage and to disconnect storm water runoff from roads reducing stream sediment impacts. Additionally, some of these culverts also improved fish passage at stream crossings. In this process, ODF has also replaced six culverts with bridges improving fish passage to approximately four miles of stream. The Tillamook State Foresl in conjunction with many partners, such F-as the Association of Northwest Steelheaders, G W EB, Simpson Timber Company, Tillamook County, the FishAmerica Foundation, Hardrock Construction Company, the Oregon Wildlife Heritage Foundation, the F& WS, the Oregon Youth Conservation Corps, Columbia Helicopters and Terra Helicopters, has also recently completed instream placement of over 400 rootwads, trees and boulders at a cost of $ 300,000 for habitat enhancement. ( 3) Key Agency Efforts. Continuation and completion of the following state agency efforts is critical to the success of the Oregon Plan. State agencies will make continuation or completion ( as appropriate) of the following efforts a high priority. ( a) The State of Oregon and the US. Department of Agriculture have entered into a Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program ( CREP). This cost- share program, one of the first of its kind, . will be used to reduce the impacts of agricultural practices through water quality. add habitat improvement. The objectives of the CREP are to: ( i) provide incentives'for farmers and ranchers to establish riparian buffers; ( ii) protect - . and restore at least 4,000 miles of stream habitat by providing up to 95,000 acres of riparian buffeis; ( i4) restore up to 5,000 acres of wetlands that will benefit salmonids; and ( iv) provide a mechanism for farmers and ranchers to comply with Oregon's ,- Senate Bill 101 0 ( 1 993 Or. Laws, ch. 263). ( b) ODF will work with non- industrial forest landowners to'administer the Stewardship Incentive Program and the Forest Resources Trust programs to protect and restore riparian and wetland areas that benefit salmonids. ( c) The Oregon Board of Forestry will determine, with the assistance of an advisory committee, to what extent changes to forest practices are needed to meet state water quality standards and to protect and restore salmonids. A substantial body of information regarding the effectiveness of current practices is being . developed. This information includes: ( i) the IMST report regarding . the role of forest practices and forest habitat in protecting and restoring salmonids; and ( ii) a series of - monitoring projects that include the Storms of 1996 study, a riparian areas study, a stream temperature study, and a road drainage study. Using this information, as well as other available scientific information including scientific information from NMFS, the advisory committee will make recommendations to the Board at both site and watershed scales on threats to salmonid habitat relating to sediment, water temperature, freshwater habitat needs, roads and fish passage. Based on the advisory committee's recommendations and other scientific information, the Board will make every effort to make its determinations by June 1999. The Board may . . determine that the most effective means of achieving any necessary changes to . - d;.~ .;* i;. z . I:@;.. %- .~ + k forest practices is through regulatory changes, statutory changes or through other programs . including programs to create incentives for forest landowners. In the event that the Board determines that legislative changes. are necessary to carry out its determinations, the Board will transmit any recommendations for such changes to the . Governor and to the Joint Committee at the earliest possible date. ( d) Consistent with administrative rule, and statutory and constitutional mandates for the management of state forests, ODF State Forest management plans will include an aquatic conservation strategy that has a high likelihood of protecting and restoring properly functioning aquatic habitat for salmonids on state forest lands. ( e) ODF will present to NMFS a Habitat Conservation Plan ( HCP) under Section 10 of the federal ESA that includes the Clatsop and Tillamook State Forests. ODF has already completed scierkific review and has public review underway for this draft HCP. The scientific and public review comments will be considered by ODF in . . completing the draft HCP. The draft HCP will be presented to NMFS by June 1999. An HCP for the ~ jliotSt tate Forest was approved by the US. Fish & Wildlife Service in 1995. In October af 1997, ODF and DSL forwarded the Elliott State Forest HCP to NMFS with the request that it be reviewed to determine whether it has a high likelihood of protecting and restoring properly functioning aquatic habitat conditions on state forest lands necessary to protect and restore salmonids. Based on discussions surrounding the NMFS review, ODF and DSL will determine what revisions, if any, are required to the Elliott HCP and/ or Forest Management Plan to ensure a high likelihood of protecting and restoring properly functioning aquatic habitat for salmonids. ( f) Before the OFWC adopts and implements fishery regulations that may result in taking of coho, ODFW will provide NMFS with'all available scientific information and analyses pertinent to the proposed regulation where the harvest measures are not under the jurisdiction of the PFMC, including results of the Oregon Plan monitoring and evaluation program. This information, together with the proposed regulation and supporting analysis, will be provided at least two weeks prior to the OFWC's action, to give NMFS time to review and comment on the proposed regulations. ( g) ODFW will evaluate the effects of predation on salmonids, and . will . work with . affected federal agencies to determine whether changes to programs and law relating to predation are warranted in order to protect and restore salmonids. P ( h) Under Oregon Senate Bill 101 0 ( 1 993 Or. Laws, ch. 2631, ODA will adopt Agricultural Water Qualify Management Area Plans ( AWQMAPs) for Tier I and Tier ll watersheds by the end of 2002. The AWQMAPs will be designed and implemented to meet load allocations for agriculture needed to achieve state water quality . . standards. In addition, ODA will work with ODFW, DEQ, GWEB, SWCDs, federal . agencies and watershed councils to determine to what extent additional measures related to achieving properly functioning riparian and aquatic habitat on agricultural lands are needed to protect and restore salmonids, giving attention first to priority areas identified in. the Oregon Plan. In the event ODA is unable to reach a consensus regarding such measures, ODA will ask the IMST to review areas of substantive ' scientific disagreement and to'make recommendations to ODA regarding how they should be resolved. In the event that legislative changes are needed to implement such measures, ODA will transmit any recommendations for such changes to. the Governor and to the Joint Committee at the earliest possible date. In addition, any measures identified as rieeded by ODA will be implemented at the earliest practicable time. * . ( i) ODFW will expedite its applications for instream water rights and OWRD will process such applications promptly where flow deficits are identified as adversely affecting salmonids, and where such rights. are not already in place. The Oregon - water Resources Department ( OWRD) and the Oregon Water Resources Commission ( OWRC) will- also seek to facilitate flow restoration targeted to streams identified by OWRD and ODFW as posing the most critical low- flow barriers to salmonids. In addition, where necessary, OWRD will continue to work with the Oregon State Police to provide enforcement of water use. Where illegal water uses are identified, OWRD will ensure outcomes consistent with maintenance and restoration of flows. ( j) The Oregon Environmental Quality commission ( EQC). and DEQ will evaluate and will make every effort to utilize their authorities to continue to provide additional protection to . priority areas ( as determined under section 1 ( f) of this Executive Order), including in- stream flow protection under state law, and antidegradation policy under . the federal Clean Water Act ( including Outstanding Resource Waters designations . and high quality waters designations). . ( k) DSL has proposed to adopt changes to its Essential Salmonid Habitat rules that will provide additional protection for spawning and rearing areas of anadromous salmonids. In addition, ODFW and DSL will consult with the OWRC to determine where it is necessary to administratively close priority areas ( including ' work under General Authorizations) to fill and removal activities in order to protect salmonids. . . DSL, ODFW, ODF and ODA also will work together to identify means of regulating the . uy- w :.-:: st. removal of organic material ( such as large woody debris) from streams where such removal would adversely affect salmonids and would not be contrary to other agency mandates. ( I) DSL will seek the advice of the IMST regarding whether gravel removal affects gravel and/ or sediment budgets in a manner that adversely affects salmonids. ( m) The Department of Land Conservation and ~ e v e l o p r n e n t ' ( ~ ~ acn~ d ) th, e Land Conservation- and Development Commission ( LCDC) will evaluate and, to the extent feasible, speed implementation of existing Goal 5 requirements for riparian corridors. ( n) DLCD, DEQ, ODF, ODA, ODFW, and DSL and their respective boards and commissions will evaluate and implement programs to protect and restore riparian vegetation for the purposes of achieving statewide water quality standards and . . protecting and restoring a aquatic habitat for salmonids. ' ( 0) DLCD, with, the assistance of DSL and ODFW, and in consultation with coastal cities and counties, shall review the requirements of Statewide Planning Goal i 6 as they pertain to estuarine resources important to the restoration of salmonids, and shall, report its findings to LCDC for its consideration. ( p) The Oregon State Police will work to facilitate the existing cooperative relationship with the NMFS Office of ~ a Ewnfo rcement, as well as tomaintain cooperation with other enforcement entities, in order to enhance law enforcement, public awareness and voluntary compliance related to harvest, habitat and other issues addressed in the Oregon Plan. ( q) The Oregon Parks and Recreation Department will continue to work to p. rovide information and education to the public on salmon and steelhead needs through park programs and interpretive aids. ( r) The Oregon Marine Board will work to ensure fish friendly boating and to develop boating facilities that protect salmonids. ( s) State natural resource agencies will continue, to the extent feasible, to support watershed councils by providing technical assistance to develop watershed assessments, restoration plans and to develop watershed priorities to benefit 7- salmonids. In addition, state natural resource agencies will work'on a larger . .:.... watershed scale to develop basin- wide restoration priorities. ( 4) Future Modifications; Public Involvement for the Oregon Plan Generally. The GNRO will solicit public co'mments and input from participants in the Oregon Plan regarding whether there are refinements or changes to the Plan and/ or the organizational framework for implementing the Plan that are necessary or desirable based on the experience gained over the past three years, or resulting from the widespread listings and proposed listings of salmon and trout under the federal ESA. Based on this public involvement, the GNRO will provide a report and recommendations to the Governor and the Joint Committee regarding whether modifications are necessary to the Oregon Plan in order to protect and restore coho and other salmonids. ( 5) Definitions. For purioses'of this Executive Order: . . ( aj The " Oregon Plan" means the Oregon Coastal Salmon Recovery lnitiative, dated March 1991, and the Steelhead. Supplement, dated January 1998. " Oregon Plan," as used in this Order, is intended to be consistent with the definition of the' Oregon Coastal Salmon Recovery lnitiative in Oregon Senate Bill 924 ( 1997 Or. Laws, .- cti. 7), and to include the Healthy Streams Partnership ( 1 993 Or. Laws, ch. 263). -. - ( b) " Protect" has the meaning given in section ( l)( d) of this Executive Order. ( c) " Restore" has the meaning'given in section ( l)( e) of this Executive Order. Restore necessarily includes actions to manage salmonids to provide for adequate escapement levels, and actions to increase the quantity and improve the quality of properly functioning habitat upon which salmonids depend. ( d) " Coho" means native wild coho salmon found in rivers and lakes along the Oregon Coast. ( el " Salmonids" means native wild salmon, char and trout in the State of Oregon. ( 6) Effective Date; Relation to Federal ESA. This Executive Order will take effect on the date that it is filed with the Secretary of State. The State of Oregon will continue to work with NMFS to determine the appropriate relationship between the Oregon Plan and NMFS's efforts under the federal ESA. Done at Salem, Oregon, this $ day of & ~ 4 y , 1999. ha26 . ~ it& er, M. D. Suz adnd .~. ow& end DEPUTY SECR~ ARYOF - STATE Close

• 98. [Image] Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno

  	A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Technical Service Center Year: 2005, 2004 A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural flows for the same period at the outfall of Upper Klamath Lake, which forms the head of the Link River at Klamath Falls, Oregon. Flow past the Link River gage is tributary to the Klamath River above Lower Klamath Lake. These natural flows were determined using standard and accepted methods. Records used in developing this analysis were derived from stream-gaging records and from climatic records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also obtained from published maps and reports, and file documents of the Klamath Area Office. Currently, received comments are being addressed and evaluation of elements related to these comments is in progress. The objective of this report is to provide a representative estimate of the monthly natural flow of the Upper Klamath River. Such an estimate is of the natural flow that would typically have occurred without the water-resources developments in the Upper Klamath Basin. A water-budget assessment was used in the determination of the natural flows. The assessment includes results from an evaluation of present-day irrigation depletions, and losses from reclaimed marshland, that have changed the natural inflow to, and resulting natural outfall from, Upper Klamath Lake. Also evaluated were losses to the natural inflow that would have been incurred due to pre-development marshland and evaporation associated with Upper Klamath Lake. The natural outfall from the lake comprised the natural flow of the Link River at Klamath Falls and also the consequent natural inflow to Lower Klamath Lake. Therefore, a similar evaluation was also completed for Lower Klamath Lake to estimate the natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno. The water-budget assessment was designed to simulate each lake as a natural water body within a stream-connected two-lake system. Much of the assessment was completed using Excel. Title: Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Technical Service Center Year: 2005, 2004 A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural flows for the same period at the outfall of Upper Klamath Lake, which forms the head of the Link River at Klamath Falls, Oregon. Flow past the Link River gage is tributary to the Klamath River above Lower Klamath Lake. These natural flows were determined using standard and accepted methods. Records used in developing this analysis were derived from stream-gaging records and from climatic records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also obtained from published maps and reports, and file documents of the Klamath Area Office. Currently, received comments are being addressed and evaluation of elements related to these comments is in progress. The objective of this report is to provide a representative estimate of the monthly natural flow of the Upper Klamath River. Such an estimate is of the natural flow that would typically have occurred without the water-resources developments in the Upper Klamath Basin. A water-budget assessment was used in the determination of the natural flows. The assessment includes results from an evaluation of present-day irrigation depletions, and losses from reclaimed marshland, that have changed the natural inflow to, and resulting natural outfall from, Upper Klamath Lake. Also evaluated were losses to the natural inflow that would have been incurred due to pre-development marshland and evaporation associated with Upper Klamath Lake. The natural outfall from the lake comprised the natural flow of the Link River at Klamath Falls and also the consequent natural inflow to Lower Klamath Lake. Therefore, a similar evaluation was also completed for Lower Klamath Lake to estimate the natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno. The water-budget assessment was designed to simulate each lake as a natural water body within a stream-connected two-lake system. Much of the assessment was completed using Excel. Close

• 99. [Image] Williamson River delta restoration project : environmental assessment

  	"May 2000"; From cover: Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture/Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2316 South 6th Street, Suite C, Klamath Falls, Oregon 97601. In Partnership with The Nature Conservancy, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Williamson River delta restoration project : environmental assessment Year: 2000, 2005 "May 2000"; From cover: Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture/Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2316 South 6th Street, Suite C, Klamath Falls, Oregon 97601. In Partnership with The Nature Conservancy, 821 SE 14th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97214 and US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Tribes, PacifiCorp, Cell Tech International; Includes bibliographic references (p. 60-66) Title: Williamson River delta restoration project : environmental assessment Year: 2000, 2005 "May 2000"; From cover: Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture/Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2316 South 6th Street, Suite C, Klamath Falls, Oregon 97601. In Partnership with The Nature Conservancy, 821 SE 14th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97214 and US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Tribes, PacifiCorp, Cell Tech International; Includes bibliographic references (p. 60-66) Close

• 100. [Image] Larval ecology of shortnose and Lost River suckers in the lower Williamson River and Upper Klamath Lake

  	One chapter of a seven chapter annual report from 1999 examining ecological issues regarding the shortnose and Lost River sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake and Williamson River.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Larval ecology of shortnose and Lost River suckers in the lower Williamson River and Upper Klamath Lake Author: Oregon Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Year: 2000, 2005 One chapter of a seven chapter annual report from 1999 examining ecological issues regarding the shortnose and Lost River sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake and Williamson River. Title: Larval ecology of shortnose and Lost River suckers in the lower Williamson River and Upper Klamath Lake Author: Oregon Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Year: 2000, 2005 One chapter of a seven chapter annual report from 1999 examining ecological issues regarding the shortnose and Lost River sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake and Williamson River. Close