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• 1. [Article] Effective Single-Parent Training Group Program: Three System Studies

  Objective: This study highlights Dr. Elsie Pinkston and colleagues’ research on the effectiveness of behavior parent training and examines the application of single-parent training group (SPG) programs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effective Single-Parent Training Group Program: Three System Studies Author: Briggs, Harold E., Miller, Keva M., Orellana, Edwin Roberto, Briggs, Adam C., Cox, Wendell H. Year: 2013 Objective: This study highlights Dr. Elsie Pinkston and colleagues’ research on the effectiveness of behavior parent training and examines the application of single-parent training group (SPG) programs to three parent–child dyads exposed to distressed family circumstances. Methods: Single-system evaluation designs were conducted with two single birth parents, one single foster parent, and each parent’s three respective children, in an effort to appraise the results of a SPG program. Results: Two of the three parent–child dyads benefited from the SPG. Results suggested that there were changes in parent reinforcement and attention behaviors and children’s noncompliance behaviors. Conclusion: Behavioral improvements in single parent and child dyads lend support for the effectiveness of the parent training group for single parents. Implications for practice and future research on SPG programs are discussed. Title: Effective Single-Parent Training Group Program: Three System Studies Author: Briggs, Harold E., Miller, Keva M., Orellana, Edwin Roberto, Briggs, Adam C., Cox, Wendell H. Year: 2013 Objective: This study highlights Dr. Elsie Pinkston and colleagues’ research on the effectiveness of behavior parent training and examines the application of single-parent training group (SPG) programs to three parent–child dyads exposed to distressed family circumstances. Methods: Single-system evaluation designs were conducted with two single birth parents, one single foster parent, and each parent’s three respective children, in an effort to appraise the results of a SPG program. Results: Two of the three parent–child dyads benefited from the SPG. Results suggested that there were changes in parent reinforcement and attention behaviors and children’s noncompliance behaviors. Conclusion: Behavioral improvements in single parent and child dyads lend support for the effectiveness of the parent training group for single parents. Implications for practice and future research on SPG programs are discussed. Close

• 2. [Article] Understanding the Experience of Air Force Single Parents: A Phenomenological Study

  Today, raising children under the best of circumstances represents a daunting endeavor as any parent and a growing body of research confirm. When a single parent is on active duty in one of the U.S. armed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Understanding the Experience of Air Force Single Parents: A Phenomenological Study Author: Blanchard, Samantha Everhart Year: 2012 Today, raising children under the best of circumstances represents a daunting endeavor as any parent and a growing body of research confirm. When a single parent is on active duty in one of the U.S. armed forces, there are additional challenges involved that may not exist among civilian counterparts. The phenomenon of single parents on active duty with its unique difficulties associated both with single parenting and with military service was the basis of this study. The purpose of the research was twofold: to describe the experiences of Air Force single parents as related to social support and work-life theory in the context of bureaucracy and to use that understanding to identify needed improvements in support services. The specific aim of this study was to gain an understanding of single parents in the military through a phenomenological approach. Purposive sampling was utilized to identify the 13 participants. The central question for the study was the following: What are the experiences of single parents serving on active duty in the United States Air Force? The seven themes that were identified as part of the single parent experience were: (a) transition to single parent in the Air Force, (b) better life (c) parental responsibilities, (d) work responsibilities, (e) support provided by the work organizations, (f) informal social supports, and (g) work-life conflict. Major findings include the importance of family-friendly supervisors that alleviated work-family conflict. Participants also noted the military family as being significant to their adjustment and acceptance of military life. Finally, participants were seeking a better life for themselves and their children by either joining as a single parent or deciding to stay as a single parent. This study offers an opportunity to change policy and practice to enhance and encourage the retention of single parents. One application of study findings is the reexamination of the Family Care Plan to alleviate work-family conflict. Another area identified for practice enhancement is the education and training of family-friendly supervisors. Title: Understanding the Experience of Air Force Single Parents: A Phenomenological Study Author: Blanchard, Samantha Everhart Year: 2012 Today, raising children under the best of circumstances represents a daunting endeavor as any parent and a growing body of research confirm. When a single parent is on active duty in one of the U.S. armed forces, there are additional challenges involved that may not exist among civilian counterparts. The phenomenon of single parents on active duty with its unique difficulties associated both with single parenting and with military service was the basis of this study. The purpose of the research was twofold: to describe the experiences of Air Force single parents as related to social support and work-life theory in the context of bureaucracy and to use that understanding to identify needed improvements in support services. The specific aim of this study was to gain an understanding of single parents in the military through a phenomenological approach. Purposive sampling was utilized to identify the 13 participants. The central question for the study was the following: What are the experiences of single parents serving on active duty in the United States Air Force? The seven themes that were identified as part of the single parent experience were: (a) transition to single parent in the Air Force, (b) better life (c) parental responsibilities, (d) work responsibilities, (e) support provided by the work organizations, (f) informal social supports, and (g) work-life conflict. Major findings include the importance of family-friendly supervisors that alleviated work-family conflict. Participants also noted the military family as being significant to their adjustment and acceptance of military life. Finally, participants were seeking a better life for themselves and their children by either joining as a single parent or deciding to stay as a single parent. This study offers an opportunity to change policy and practice to enhance and encourage the retention of single parents. One application of study findings is the reexamination of the Family Care Plan to alleviate work-family conflict. Another area identified for practice enhancement is the education and training of family-friendly supervisors. Close

• 3. [Article] Housing for nuclear and single parent families : a comparison by two methods

  The vast majority of housing in the United States today has been created to conform to a family definition that does not match current demographic realities. The "traditional family" - a married couple ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Housing for nuclear and single parent families : a comparison by two methods Author: Asam, Susan Lynn The vast majority of housing in the United States today has been created to conform to a family definition that does not match current demographic realities. The "traditional family" - a married couple with an employed husband, a homemaker wife, and several children has been the model family that housing designers have strived to accommodate on a grand scale since at least the mid-1940's. This type of family, however, comprises only 10% of all American families; the remaining 90%, despite being a majority, have had their housing needs ignored. One family group often considered to be non-traditional and often left out of housing considerations is the single parent family. This family type is an established household form in the United States; currently nearly one third of all American families are single parent families, most of which are headed by women. During the past few years housing projects have begun to appear that are designed to house "non-traditional families" such as single parent families. It has been generally assumed that the spatial needs of single parent families are different from those of nuclear families or the "traditional family". This research will focus on the analysis of housing as designed for single parent families in comparison to housing as designed for the American nuclear family. Floor plans of the two housing types were obtained from the following cities: Denver, CO, Hayward, CA, Providence, RI, and Minneapolis, MN. The intent of this study is to examine what, if any, differences occur in the spatial orientation of housing designed for single parent families and housing designed for the nuclear family: the single family detached home. The study examined room layout in relation to use and commonly accepted social function. Two methods of analysis were employed: gamma analysis as developed by Hillier and Hanson and annotated analysis developed specifically for this research. The method of gamma analysis was used to determine if the housing as designed for the two family types is different in form and social function, while the annotated analysis was used to measure the "fit" of the housing for each of the family types. It was originally expected that the single parent family dwellings would exhibit a higher degree of integration than the single family detached homes based on predictions gleaned form the literature. However, the gamma analysis revealed a lower mean relative asymmetry value for the single family detached houses (0.308), indicating a higher degree of integration, than the mean relative asymmetry value for the single parent family dwellings (0.368). This difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.276). The annotated analysis results indicated single family detached houses scored a better fit to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.638) than did the single parent family dwellings to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.533). Again, this difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.385). The findings of this study provide a glimpse at the interior spatial arrangements of housing as designed for the two family types in question. While the results of the two analysis methods seems to indicate that the interior spatial arrangement of housing is not meeting the needs of either family type, more research should be conducted to further substantiate the findings. These findings will be of interest to designers of homes, housing developers, planners and policy makers, and researchers in the field of housing, all of whom can have an effect on the shape of the housing environment and can help make it more suitable for all family types. Title: Housing for nuclear and single parent families : a comparison by two methods Author: Asam, Susan Lynn The vast majority of housing in the United States today has been created to conform to a family definition that does not match current demographic realities. The "traditional family" - a married couple with an employed husband, a homemaker wife, and several children has been the model family that housing designers have strived to accommodate on a grand scale since at least the mid-1940's. This type of family, however, comprises only 10% of all American families; the remaining 90%, despite being a majority, have had their housing needs ignored. One family group often considered to be non-traditional and often left out of housing considerations is the single parent family. This family type is an established household form in the United States; currently nearly one third of all American families are single parent families, most of which are headed by women. During the past few years housing projects have begun to appear that are designed to house "non-traditional families" such as single parent families. It has been generally assumed that the spatial needs of single parent families are different from those of nuclear families or the "traditional family". This research will focus on the analysis of housing as designed for single parent families in comparison to housing as designed for the American nuclear family. Floor plans of the two housing types were obtained from the following cities: Denver, CO, Hayward, CA, Providence, RI, and Minneapolis, MN. The intent of this study is to examine what, if any, differences occur in the spatial orientation of housing designed for single parent families and housing designed for the nuclear family: the single family detached home. The study examined room layout in relation to use and commonly accepted social function. Two methods of analysis were employed: gamma analysis as developed by Hillier and Hanson and annotated analysis developed specifically for this research. The method of gamma analysis was used to determine if the housing as designed for the two family types is different in form and social function, while the annotated analysis was used to measure the "fit" of the housing for each of the family types. It was originally expected that the single parent family dwellings would exhibit a higher degree of integration than the single family detached homes based on predictions gleaned form the literature. However, the gamma analysis revealed a lower mean relative asymmetry value for the single family detached houses (0.308), indicating a higher degree of integration, than the mean relative asymmetry value for the single parent family dwellings (0.368). This difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.276). The annotated analysis results indicated single family detached houses scored a better fit to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.638) than did the single parent family dwellings to their intended family type (mean annotated analysis score = 0.533). Again, this difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.385). The findings of this study provide a glimpse at the interior spatial arrangements of housing as designed for the two family types in question. While the results of the two analysis methods seems to indicate that the interior spatial arrangement of housing is not meeting the needs of either family type, more research should be conducted to further substantiate the findings. These findings will be of interest to designers of homes, housing developers, planners and policy makers, and researchers in the field of housing, all of whom can have an effect on the shape of the housing environment and can help make it more suitable for all family types. 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• 4. [Article] Sex role patterns of school age children in time used for household work : an analysis of single parent/two-child and two-parent/two-child California households

  Systems theory and role theory were used in this study to develop a management model, integrating the managerial and psycho-social subsystems of the family system. The integrated theory and model were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sex role patterns of school age children in time used for household work : an analysis of single parent/two-child and two-parent/two-child California households Author: Peters, Jeanne M. Systems theory and role theory were used in this study to develop a management model, integrating the managerial and psycho-social subsystems of the family system. The integrated theory and model were used to derive hypotheses concerning whether or not type of task and actual/relative amount of time spent on household tasks performed by school age children varied according to the sex of the child, attitude toward feminism of the homemaker, number of parents, and employment status of the homemaker. Whether parents were more sex-segregated than school age children in the performance of household tasks was also assessed. The sample used in this study included 325 school age children from 79 single parent families and 208 two parent families interviewed for the Northeastern Regional Research Project, 113: "An Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families Time Use." Families included in this study were limited to those with at least one school age child, since time data were not collected for children Less than six years of age. Data were collected using two face-to-face interviews, and three instruments: a survey questionnaire, a time-use chart, and a 20-item attitude toward feminism scale. The data were evaluated using both univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions reached on the basis of the data analyses were: (1) increased demands in the households of employed women and single parent homemakers were associated with more relative time spent on household tasks by their children, (2) boys in single parent families were more traditional in sex role behavior in the performance of household work than boys in two parent families, (3) girls in single parent families were undifferentiated in sex role behavior in the performance of household work, (4) children in both single parent and two parent families were less sex-segregated than parents in the performance of household work, and (5) the homemaker's attitude toward feminism was not directly related to children's time use in the performance of household work. The results of this study have provided baseline data for examining changing sex roles and time use for household work in the next generation of adults. Title: Sex role patterns of school age children in time used for household work : an analysis of single parent/two-child and two-parent/two-child California households Author: Peters, Jeanne M. Systems theory and role theory were used in this study to develop a management model, integrating the managerial and psycho-social subsystems of the family system. The integrated theory and model were used to derive hypotheses concerning whether or not type of task and actual/relative amount of time spent on household tasks performed by school age children varied according to the sex of the child, attitude toward feminism of the homemaker, number of parents, and employment status of the homemaker. Whether parents were more sex-segregated than school age children in the performance of household tasks was also assessed. The sample used in this study included 325 school age children from 79 single parent families and 208 two parent families interviewed for the Northeastern Regional Research Project, 113: "An Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families Time Use." Families included in this study were limited to those with at least one school age child, since time data were not collected for children Less than six years of age. Data were collected using two face-to-face interviews, and three instruments: a survey questionnaire, a time-use chart, and a 20-item attitude toward feminism scale. The data were evaluated using both univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions reached on the basis of the data analyses were: (1) increased demands in the households of employed women and single parent homemakers were associated with more relative time spent on household tasks by their children, (2) boys in single parent families were more traditional in sex role behavior in the performance of household work than boys in two parent families, (3) girls in single parent families were undifferentiated in sex role behavior in the performance of household work, (4) children in both single parent and two parent families were less sex-segregated than parents in the performance of household work, and (5) the homemaker's attitude toward feminism was not directly related to children's time use in the performance of household work. The results of this study have provided baseline data for examining changing sex roles and time use for household work in the next generation of adults. Close

• 5. [Article] Parental marital status and child self-regulation

  Parents play an essential role in their child’s development of the skills needed for self-regulation. The current study examined the relationship between parental marital status and child self-regulation. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Parental marital status and child self-regulation Author: Gooding, Elisa K., Schmitt, Sara, McClelland, Megan M. Parents play an essential role in their child’s development of the skills needed for self-regulation. The current study examined the relationship between parental marital status and child self-regulation. Analyzing a sample of 328 preschool children, results indicate having married parents is related to higher self-regulation in children. These results suggest that living in a single-parent or married parent household Title: Parental marital status and child self-regulation Author: Gooding, Elisa K., Schmitt, Sara, McClelland, Megan M. Parents play an essential role in their child’s development of the skills needed for self-regulation. The current study examined the relationship between parental marital status and child self-regulation. Analyzing a sample of 328 preschool children, results indicate having married parents is related to higher self-regulation in children. These results suggest that living in a single-parent or married parent household Close

• 6. [Article] Children's housework in single-mother and single-father families

  Using data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this study compared time children of single mothers (n = 717) and fathers (n = 78) spent on housework. Housework takes time and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Children's housework in single-mother and single-father families Author: Hall, Leslie Duke Using data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this study compared time children of single mothers (n = 717) and fathers (n = 78) spent on housework. Housework takes time and many parents combine it with employment and child rearing. Characteristics of families headed by single mothers and fathers differ: mothers have more and younger children, fathers have more. The purpose of this study was to use a nationally representative data set to examine participation in housework by children in single-parent families. It examined whether the pattern of labor differed by gender of parent or child, or by an interaction between the two. Central to the theoretical perspective is the nation that the gendered division of labor in unpaid family work is part of socially constructed gender. Because parent characteristics and child characteristics influence children's housework, these and other variables were explored. Variables which were significant in preliminary analyses were entered into the final analyses. The dependent variables were time children spent in housework, both absolute (hours) and relative (percentage of time spent by children of the time spent by children and parents), measured for overall, "feminine," and "masculine" housework. General Linear Models were used in the first set of analyses, testing for differences by gender of parent as if mother households and father households were equal on all covariates. Multiple regression models were used in the second set of analyses exploring the impact of child gender. Multiple regression models with an interaction factor (gender of child and gender of parent) were used in the final analyses. Families headed by single fathers overall did less housework than families headed by single mothers. Children of fathers spent a higher percentage of time in housework than children of mothers. There was no interaction between parent gender and child gender that would show only fathers or only mothers burden their daughters. As in two-parent households, daughters in single-mother and in single-father families do more housework than sons. Title: Children's housework in single-mother and single-father families Author: Hall, Leslie Duke Using data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this study compared time children of single mothers (n = 717) and fathers (n = 78) spent on housework. Housework takes time and many parents combine it with employment and child rearing. Characteristics of families headed by single mothers and fathers differ: mothers have more and younger children, fathers have more. The purpose of this study was to use a nationally representative data set to examine participation in housework by children in single-parent families. It examined whether the pattern of labor differed by gender of parent or child, or by an interaction between the two. Central to the theoretical perspective is the nation that the gendered division of labor in unpaid family work is part of socially constructed gender. Because parent characteristics and child characteristics influence children's housework, these and other variables were explored. Variables which were significant in preliminary analyses were entered into the final analyses. The dependent variables were time children spent in housework, both absolute (hours) and relative (percentage of time spent by children of the time spent by children and parents), measured for overall, "feminine," and "masculine" housework. General Linear Models were used in the first set of analyses, testing for differences by gender of parent as if mother households and father households were equal on all covariates. Multiple regression models were used in the second set of analyses exploring the impact of child gender. Multiple regression models with an interaction factor (gender of child and gender of parent) were used in the final analyses. Families headed by single fathers overall did less housework than families headed by single mothers. Children of fathers spent a higher percentage of time in housework than children of mothers. There was no interaction between parent gender and child gender that would show only fathers or only mothers burden their daughters. As in two-parent households, daughters in single-mother and in single-father families do more housework than sons. Close

• 7. [Article] Forging new paths : life course transitions for American women and their families

  Families of remarriage constitute a growing number of American families. The spiraling divorce rate of the 1970s was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the number of remarriages. Forty percent of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forging new paths : life course transitions for American women and their families Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Families of remarriage constitute a growing number of American families. The spiraling divorce rate of the 1970s was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the number of remarriages. Forty percent of American families today contain at least one spouse that has been previously married, thus studying relationships within families of remarriage is crucial to understanding the experiences of both children and adults in American families. This study uses a life-span perspective to examine the qualitative accounts of 62 women 43 of whom divorced, spent some time as a single parent of at least one child, and remarried and 19 of whom had divorced and did not remarry. Some of those women also had a remarriage end in divorce. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques were used to both explore relationships within families of remarriage, and differences between those women that remarried and those who remained single parents. Quantitative analyses revealed that women who did not remarry were better educated and had more conflict with their former spouse over time. Women who were younger when they became a single parent for the first time, had more children, had jobs rather than careers, and had less education reported more marriages overall. Qualitative analyses showed that particular problem areas in families of remarriage centered around the adjustment period between the children and the new partner, finances, and communication. Remarriages that failed were characterized by problematic relationships between children and their mother's partner. As this was predominantly a white, middle-class sample, generalizations to other populations should be made with caution. Directions for future research are discussed. Title: Forging new paths : life course transitions for American women and their families Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Families of remarriage constitute a growing number of American families. The spiraling divorce rate of the 1970s was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the number of remarriages. Forty percent of American families today contain at least one spouse that has been previously married, thus studying relationships within families of remarriage is crucial to understanding the experiences of both children and adults in American families. This study uses a life-span perspective to examine the qualitative accounts of 62 women 43 of whom divorced, spent some time as a single parent of at least one child, and remarried and 19 of whom had divorced and did not remarry. Some of those women also had a remarriage end in divorce. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques were used to both explore relationships within families of remarriage, and differences between those women that remarried and those who remained single parents. Quantitative analyses revealed that women who did not remarry were better educated and had more conflict with their former spouse over time. Women who were younger when they became a single parent for the first time, had more children, had jobs rather than careers, and had less education reported more marriages overall. Qualitative analyses showed that particular problem areas in families of remarriage centered around the adjustment period between the children and the new partner, finances, and communication. Remarriages that failed were characterized by problematic relationships between children and their mother's partner. As this was predominantly a white, middle-class sample, generalizations to other populations should be made with caution. Directions for future research are discussed. Close

• 8. [Article] The effects of the family context and parent involvement on perceptions of children's school achievement

  The study examined dimensions of the family context associated with variations in parent involvement and parent perceptions of children's school achievement using data from 1,085 male and 2,239 female respondents ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of the family context and parent involvement on perceptions of children's school achievement Author: Katzev, Aphra R. The study examined dimensions of the family context associated with variations in parent involvement and parent perceptions of children's school achievement using data from 1,085 male and 2,239 female respondents with a child between the ages of 5 and 18 years collected in the 1987-88 National Survey of Families and Households. Small but significant differences in parent perceptions of school achievement were found in favor of children being raised in a first-married two-parent home. Negative effects on school outcomes were centered on children who experienced family disruption. Living in a one-parent household with a parent who was previous married was associated with parent reports of poorer performance for elementary school children and lower grades for adolescents. Neither living in a one-parent household with a continuously single parent nor living in a stepfamily was significantly related to achievement. Parent employment status was not directly related to children's achievement but did have indirect effects through parent involvement both at home and school. Parent involvement at school and in child-centered home activities was associated with perceptions of improved school performance for elementary school children and higher grades for adolescents. Mothers were more likely to be involved in children's schooling than fathers. Single and cohabiting mothers were less involved at school than first-married mothers, but single fathers tended to be more likely to participate than their first-married counterparts. There were no significant differences between the home involvement of single mothers and their first-married counterparts but single fathers were more involved at home than first-married fathers. For both mothers and fathers, receiving tangible aid from a wide network of relatives and friends was associated with higher levels of school and home involvement. Findings suggest that educators who have negative beliefs about single parents' engagement in school-family partnerships may be influenced by these parents' low presence at school. Recognizing that single parents are as involved with their children at home as parents in traditional families can lead to educational practices that support home involvement and result in positive effects on children's academic progress. Title: The effects of the family context and parent involvement on perceptions of children's school achievement Author: Katzev, Aphra R. The study examined dimensions of the family context associated with variations in parent involvement and parent perceptions of children's school achievement using data from 1,085 male and 2,239 female respondents with a child between the ages of 5 and 18 years collected in the 1987-88 National Survey of Families and Households. Small but significant differences in parent perceptions of school achievement were found in favor of children being raised in a first-married two-parent home. Negative effects on school outcomes were centered on children who experienced family disruption. Living in a one-parent household with a parent who was previous married was associated with parent reports of poorer performance for elementary school children and lower grades for adolescents. Neither living in a one-parent household with a continuously single parent nor living in a stepfamily was significantly related to achievement. Parent employment status was not directly related to children's achievement but did have indirect effects through parent involvement both at home and school. Parent involvement at school and in child-centered home activities was associated with perceptions of improved school performance for elementary school children and higher grades for adolescents. Mothers were more likely to be involved in children's schooling than fathers. Single and cohabiting mothers were less involved at school than first-married mothers, but single fathers tended to be more likely to participate than their first-married counterparts. There were no significant differences between the home involvement of single mothers and their first-married counterparts but single fathers were more involved at home than first-married fathers. For both mothers and fathers, receiving tangible aid from a wide network of relatives and friends was associated with higher levels of school and home involvement. Findings suggest that educators who have negative beliefs about single parents' engagement in school-family partnerships may be influenced by these parents' low presence at school. Recognizing that single parents are as involved with their children at home as parents in traditional families can lead to educational practices that support home involvement and result in positive effects on children's academic progress. Close

• 9. [Article] Relations between Parental Marital Status, Residential Mobility, and Children’s Academic Achievement and Self-Regulation in Kindergarten

  Children’s self-regulation and academic achievement are important factors in predicting school readiness and later academic outcomes. This study examined relationships between parental marital status and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relations between Parental Marital Status, Residential Mobility, and Children’s Academic Achievement and Self-Regulation in Kindergarten Author: Tracy, Alexis, Bukres, Aya, McClelland, Megan M. Children’s self-regulation and academic achievement are important factors in predicting school readiness and later academic outcomes. This study examined relationships between parental marital status and residential mobility on children’s academic achievement and self-regulation in kindergarten. Using a diverse sample of 131 kindergarten children, results indicated that the number of family moves was related to lower literacy skills at the beginning of kindergarten In addition, being a single parent was significantly related to lower self-regulation in children. Title: Relations between Parental Marital Status, Residential Mobility, and Children’s Academic Achievement and Self-Regulation in Kindergarten Author: Tracy, Alexis, Bukres, Aya, McClelland, Megan M. Children’s self-regulation and academic achievement are important factors in predicting school readiness and later academic outcomes. This study examined relationships between parental marital status and residential mobility on children’s academic achievement and self-regulation in kindergarten. Using a diverse sample of 131 kindergarten children, results indicated that the number of family moves was related to lower literacy skills at the beginning of kindergarten In addition, being a single parent was significantly related to lower self-regulation in children. Close

• 10. [Article] Non-traditional Families and Their Architectural Needs

  9 p.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Non-traditional Families and Their Architectural Needs Author: Freiberg, Kirstyn Year: 2005 9 p. Title: Non-traditional Families and Their Architectural Needs Author: Freiberg, Kirstyn Year: 2005 9 p. Close

• 11. [Article] Perceptions of family of origin health, self-esteem, and the divorced single mother among college students

  This study sought to determine the contributions of college students' perceptions of family of origin health and self-esteem to their perceptions of the divorced single mother. It was hypothesized that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Perceptions of family of origin health, self-esteem, and the divorced single mother among college students Author: Burke, Susan J. This study sought to determine the contributions of college students' perceptions of family of origin health and self-esteem to their perceptions of the divorced single mother. It was hypothesized that individuals who hold more positive views of their family of origin health will also view themselves and, consequently, the divorced single mother more positively. Participants were 170 college students, 113 of whom lived only with their biological parents, and 57 of whom lived at sometime in their lives with a divorced single mother. Four instruments were used to collect the data, including the Family of Origin Health Scale (Hovestadt et al., 1985), the Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Perception of Divorced Mother Scale (Ganong & Coleman, 1983), and a demographic questionnaire. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were used in data analyses. Generally, results indicated that family type made no major impact on participants' perceptions of the divorced single mother. Among participants in the biological parent group and the divorced single mother group, family of origin health significantly predicted more positive perceptions of the divorced single mother. In this analysis, the regression model for the biological parent group was significant, while for the divorced single mother group it was not. Self-esteem was not found to contribute significantly to participants' perceptions of the divorced single mother, and thus did not mediate the relationship between family of origin health and perceptions of the divorced single mother. Finally, among the biological parent group, amount of interaction with single parent families headed by a divorced single mother significantly predicted more positive perceptions of the divorced single mother. Among the divorced single mother group, however, amount of time lived in a single parent family headed by a divorced mother did not significantly predict their perceptions of the divorced single mother. Title: Perceptions of family of origin health, self-esteem, and the divorced single mother among college students Author: Burke, Susan J. This study sought to determine the contributions of college students' perceptions of family of origin health and self-esteem to their perceptions of the divorced single mother. It was hypothesized that individuals who hold more positive views of their family of origin health will also view themselves and, consequently, the divorced single mother more positively. Participants were 170 college students, 113 of whom lived only with their biological parents, and 57 of whom lived at sometime in their lives with a divorced single mother. Four instruments were used to collect the data, including the Family of Origin Health Scale (Hovestadt et al., 1985), the Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Perception of Divorced Mother Scale (Ganong & Coleman, 1983), and a demographic questionnaire. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were used in data analyses. Generally, results indicated that family type made no major impact on participants' perceptions of the divorced single mother. Among participants in the biological parent group and the divorced single mother group, family of origin health significantly predicted more positive perceptions of the divorced single mother. In this analysis, the regression model for the biological parent group was significant, while for the divorced single mother group it was not. Self-esteem was not found to contribute significantly to participants' perceptions of the divorced single mother, and thus did not mediate the relationship between family of origin health and perceptions of the divorced single mother. Finally, among the biological parent group, amount of interaction with single parent families headed by a divorced single mother significantly predicted more positive perceptions of the divorced single mother. Among the divorced single mother group, however, amount of time lived in a single parent family headed by a divorced mother did not significantly predict their perceptions of the divorced single mother. Close

• 12. [Article] The effect of social support on the well-being of single-mothers enrolled in a rural community college

  The primary purpose of this research was to examine the effects of informal social support on the psychological sense of well-being of single-parent mothers who are enrolled in a rural Oregon community ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of social support on the well-being of single-mothers enrolled in a rural community college Author: Stenson, Julie Ann The primary purpose of this research was to examine the effects of informal social support on the psychological sense of well-being of single-parent mothers who are enrolled in a rural Oregon community college. A secondary purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of selected demographic indices upon the mothers' well-being. A 32-item questionnaire was mailed to a randomly selected population of 1,000 female spring term enrollees at Linn-Benton Community College, resulting in an 82 percent rate of response and 781 usable surveys, including 76 (10 percent) from single-mother students. Characteristically 35 to 39 years of age, Caucasian, and maintaining her own household on a gross monthly income of $1,000 or less, the single-mother student worked part-time, had been a single-parent for more than two years, raised one child, and was enrolled for six or fewer credits during the spring term. Analyses of variance among demographic indices and well-being measures indicated that single-mother students employed part-time scored lowest on Total Well-Being, Problems and Isolation. There was a significant effect on Problems from those enrolled in a degree program for seven or more credits and receiving financial aid. Simple linear and multiple stepwise regressions between components of Support and Well-Being, showed that: (1) Total Support had an effect upon Problems, Loneliness, Happiness, and Total Well-Being; (2) Personal Conversations influenced or affected all measures of Well-Being; (3) Relatives influenced Isolation, Loneliness, Happiness, and Total Well-Being; (4) Friendship affected Problems, Loneliness, Happiness, and Total Well-Being; and (5) Neighbors influenced Total Well-Being. Stepwise multiple regressions indicated that (1) Total Well-Being was affected by Conversations and to a lesser extent by Relatives and Friends; (2) Problems and Loneliness were influenced by Friends; (3) Isolation was affected by Relatives, and (4) Happiness was influenced by Conversations and to a lesser degree by Relatives. Recommendations for further research and implications for educational and family professionals working with single-mother students are discussed. Title: The effect of social support on the well-being of single-mothers enrolled in a rural community college Author: Stenson, Julie Ann The primary purpose of this research was to examine the effects of informal social support on the psychological sense of well-being of single-parent mothers who are enrolled in a rural Oregon community college. A secondary purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of selected demographic indices upon the mothers' well-being. A 32-item questionnaire was mailed to a randomly selected population of 1,000 female spring term enrollees at Linn-Benton Community College, resulting in an 82 percent rate of response and 781 usable surveys, including 76 (10 percent) from single-mother students. Characteristically 35 to 39 years of age, Caucasian, and maintaining her own household on a gross monthly income of $1,000 or less, the single-mother student worked part-time, had been a single-parent for more than two years, raised one child, and was enrolled for six or fewer credits during the spring term. Analyses of variance among demographic indices and well-being measures indicated that single-mother students employed part-time scored lowest on Total Well-Being, Problems and Isolation. There was a significant effect on Problems from those enrolled in a degree program for seven or more credits and receiving financial aid. Simple linear and multiple stepwise regressions between components of Support and Well-Being, showed that: (1) Total Support had an effect upon Problems, Loneliness, Happiness, and Total Well-Being; (2) Personal Conversations influenced or affected all measures of Well-Being; (3) Relatives influenced Isolation, Loneliness, Happiness, and Total Well-Being; (4) Friendship affected Problems, Loneliness, Happiness, and Total Well-Being; and (5) Neighbors influenced Total Well-Being. Stepwise multiple regressions indicated that (1) Total Well-Being was affected by Conversations and to a lesser extent by Relatives and Friends; (2) Problems and Loneliness were influenced by Friends; (3) Isolation was affected by Relatives, and (4) Happiness was influenced by Conversations and to a lesser degree by Relatives. Recommendations for further research and implications for educational and family professionals working with single-mother students are discussed. Close

• 13. [Article] A descriptive study of the perceptions of employers, teachers and graduates of Oregon single parent/displaced homemaker programs regarding non-technical employment qualities needed on the job

  The purpose of this research was to explore the perceptions of employers, teachers and graduates of the Oregon Carl Perkins Single Parent/Displaced Homemaker Programs regarding non-technical employment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A descriptive study of the perceptions of employers, teachers and graduates of Oregon single parent/displaced homemaker programs regarding non-technical employment qualities needed on the job Author: Anderson, GwenEllyn The purpose of this research was to explore the perceptions of employers, teachers and graduates of the Oregon Carl Perkins Single Parent/Displaced Homemaker Programs regarding non-technical employment qualities. The Luft "Non-Technical Employment Qualities Survey Instrument" and open-ended questions were used to elicit personal responses from members of each group for the purpose of comparing the results. The research questions addressed the perceived rankings of non-technical employment qualities, the extent to which programs were perceived to have addressed these nontechnical employment qualities, the extent to which graduates were perceived to possess these non-technical employment qualities, the extent to which graduates were perceived to seek and receive feedback regarding these non-technical employment qualities, the specific non-technical employment qualities that were perceived as essential prior to entering the workforce, the perceptions as to why employees were terminated and the perceived reasons why graduates left employment. The findings concluded that the respondent populations were in general agreement as to their perceptions. Employers and teachers agreed more frequently regarding their perceptions as to the extent graduates possessed these non-technical employment qualities and the extent to which graduates sought and received feedback. Graduates agreed more frequently with the employers as to their rankings of the qualities needed, but there was great disagreement between graduates, and their employers as to the number of qualities possessed and the amount of feedback sought. Employers and teachers disagreed more frequently in their rankings as to which qualities were the most important. The principle implication of this research for education with regard to these populations is that a close relationship between employers and the instructors preparing graduates for employment is imperative. The principle research recommendation entails further inquiry into the specific behaviors that demonstrate the possession of these skills and that would prevent employment termination. Title: A descriptive study of the perceptions of employers, teachers and graduates of Oregon single parent/displaced homemaker programs regarding non-technical employment qualities needed on the job Author: Anderson, GwenEllyn The purpose of this research was to explore the perceptions of employers, teachers and graduates of the Oregon Carl Perkins Single Parent/Displaced Homemaker Programs regarding non-technical employment qualities. The Luft "Non-Technical Employment Qualities Survey Instrument" and open-ended questions were used to elicit personal responses from members of each group for the purpose of comparing the results. The research questions addressed the perceived rankings of non-technical employment qualities, the extent to which programs were perceived to have addressed these nontechnical employment qualities, the extent to which graduates were perceived to possess these non-technical employment qualities, the extent to which graduates were perceived to seek and receive feedback regarding these non-technical employment qualities, the specific non-technical employment qualities that were perceived as essential prior to entering the workforce, the perceptions as to why employees were terminated and the perceived reasons why graduates left employment. The findings concluded that the respondent populations were in general agreement as to their perceptions. Employers and teachers agreed more frequently regarding their perceptions as to the extent graduates possessed these non-technical employment qualities and the extent to which graduates sought and received feedback. Graduates agreed more frequently with the employers as to their rankings of the qualities needed, but there was great disagreement between graduates, and their employers as to the number of qualities possessed and the amount of feedback sought. Employers and teachers disagreed more frequently in their rankings as to which qualities were the most important. The principle implication of this research for education with regard to these populations is that a close relationship between employers and the instructors preparing graduates for employment is imperative. The principle research recommendation entails further inquiry into the specific behaviors that demonstrate the possession of these skills and that would prevent employment termination. Close

• 14. [Article] Right Directions, Wrong Maps: Understanding the Involvement of Low-SES African American Parents to Enlist Them as Partners in College Choice

  While research extols the benefits of parent involvement in college choice, low SES African American parents are increasingly less able to match the efforts of wealthier parents. A qualitative methodology ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Right Directions, Wrong Maps: Understanding the Involvement of Low-SES African American Parents to Enlist Them as Partners in College Choice Author: Smith, Michael J. Year: 2009 While research extols the benefits of parent involvement in college choice, low SES African American parents are increasingly less able to match the efforts of wealthier parents. A qualitative methodology is used to explore the lives 5 urban African American single parents whose low-SES parents encouraged education for postsecondary advancement. The study found that the high school diploma was the normative credential for upward mobility in their communities. Their parents used narratives of struggle to encourage their children while utilizing maps that helped navigate the road towards a high school diploma. It concludes that a high level of involvement already exists in these families albeit for different goals than those of mainstream America. It suggests that in order to convert postsecondary planning into college choice participation the Academy must assume that these parents want their children to use education to succeed, must bring them into college choice long before their children enter high school, and must simultaneously deliver critical college knowledge by co-constructing maps of all the necessary college preparatory protocols, college benefits, and a description of financial aid. Title: Right Directions, Wrong Maps: Understanding the Involvement of Low-SES African American Parents to Enlist Them as Partners in College Choice Author: Smith, Michael J. Year: 2009 While research extols the benefits of parent involvement in college choice, low SES African American parents are increasingly less able to match the efforts of wealthier parents. A qualitative methodology is used to explore the lives 5 urban African American single parents whose low-SES parents encouraged education for postsecondary advancement. The study found that the high school diploma was the normative credential for upward mobility in their communities. Their parents used narratives of struggle to encourage their children while utilizing maps that helped navigate the road towards a high school diploma. It concludes that a high level of involvement already exists in these families albeit for different goals than those of mainstream America. It suggests that in order to convert postsecondary planning into college choice participation the Academy must assume that these parents want their children to use education to succeed, must bring them into college choice long before their children enter high school, and must simultaneously deliver critical college knowledge by co-constructing maps of all the necessary college preparatory protocols, college benefits, and a description of financial aid. Close

• 15. [Article] The crisis in housing for the poor : homelessness

  The purpose is to investigate the number, causes, services denied, and reasons for denial of services to homeless families with children--single parent families (female and male) and couples--in a tri-county ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The crisis in housing for the poor : homelessness Author: Taffesse, Hanna The purpose is to investigate the number, causes, services denied, and reasons for denial of services to homeless families with children--single parent families (female and male) and couples--in a tri-county region, Linn, Benton and Lincoln counties, Oregon. The data for this study were obtained from monthly survey forms (July 1992- December 1995) completed by Linn, Benton, and Lincoln county agencies funded by the Community Services Consortium (CSC). In fiscal years 1993-1995, the homeless and at risk of homelessness family population (n=2825) received assistance in the form of emergency shelter, transitional housing, motel/hotel voucher, information and referral, case management, crisis intervention, meals, rent mortgage assistance, and utility assistance. The analysis includes descriptive and inferential statistics, chi-square. The number of homeless families served yearly over a three year period beginning July 1, 1992-June 30, 1995 did not differ. There was also no difference (p=.258) in the number of homeless families served by family type. The causes of homelessness in Linn, Benton and Lincoln counties were multiple. Single female parent families most self reported cause was domestic violence (52.71%). Lack of affordable housing and (40.96% and 26.07%, respectively) unemployment (21.69% and 27.15%, respectively) were the more frequent self reported causes of homelessness for single male parent families and couples with children. The three services most denied to homeless families had to do with shelter--emergency shelter (n=234), rent and mortgage assistance (n=181), and motel/hotel voucher (n=83). The two reasons given most frequently by agencies for the denial of services to homeless families were that the shelter was full (47.21%) and program was out of funds (23.04%). The findings of this study will benefit government and non profit organizations, including churches, for the opportunity to better supply the types of services needed, by improved allocation and use of funds, and to organize volunteers. By doing this they can help homeless families regain independence as quickly as possible to become healthy and productive citizens. Title: The crisis in housing for the poor : homelessness Author: Taffesse, Hanna The purpose is to investigate the number, causes, services denied, and reasons for denial of services to homeless families with children--single parent families (female and male) and couples--in a tri-county region, Linn, Benton and Lincoln counties, Oregon. The data for this study were obtained from monthly survey forms (July 1992- December 1995) completed by Linn, Benton, and Lincoln county agencies funded by the Community Services Consortium (CSC). In fiscal years 1993-1995, the homeless and at risk of homelessness family population (n=2825) received assistance in the form of emergency shelter, transitional housing, motel/hotel voucher, information and referral, case management, crisis intervention, meals, rent mortgage assistance, and utility assistance. The analysis includes descriptive and inferential statistics, chi-square. The number of homeless families served yearly over a three year period beginning July 1, 1992-June 30, 1995 did not differ. There was also no difference (p=.258) in the number of homeless families served by family type. The causes of homelessness in Linn, Benton and Lincoln counties were multiple. Single female parent families most self reported cause was domestic violence (52.71%). Lack of affordable housing and (40.96% and 26.07%, respectively) unemployment (21.69% and 27.15%, respectively) were the more frequent self reported causes of homelessness for single male parent families and couples with children. The three services most denied to homeless families had to do with shelter--emergency shelter (n=234), rent and mortgage assistance (n=181), and motel/hotel voucher (n=83). The two reasons given most frequently by agencies for the denial of services to homeless families were that the shelter was full (47.21%) and program was out of funds (23.04%). The findings of this study will benefit government and non profit organizations, including churches, for the opportunity to better supply the types of services needed, by improved allocation and use of funds, and to organize volunteers. By doing this they can help homeless families regain independence as quickly as possible to become healthy and productive citizens. Close

• 16. [Article] Stress among working women : an examination of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships

  Since the industrial revolution, work and family have been viewed as separate spheres, with women relegated to the family sphere. With the advent of women into the paid labor force, few studies have considered the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stress among working women : an examination of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Since the industrial revolution, work and family have been viewed as separate spheres, with women relegated to the family sphere. With the advent of women into the paid labor force, few studies have considered the potentially complex context of women's work and family experiences. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships on women workers' perceptions of stress. The sample for this study included 379 women dental assistants and hygienists who responded to mailed questionnaires sent to the dental offices where they worked. The dependent variables used in this analysis were mental stress, physical stress, and four social stress items. Analysis of variance was performed for the family structure groups on physical, mental, and social stress items. Single parents and parents in general were especially stressed in terms of financial stress and marital stress. The second series of analyses included t-tests on stress by occupation. Dental assistants had more financial stress than hygienists. Hygienists had more mental stress than assistants. Workplace relationships were assessed in the full regression models. Frequency of talking with fellow workers was strongly and positively associated with financial problems. The full regression models supported the findings in earlier analyses that tensions from children and financial problems were associated with the presence of children in the home. The findings in this study suggest that for women workers, work and family do not occupy separate spheres. Women workers think about family matters at the workplace and discuss them with their other women workers. Further research needs to focus on women workers, especially those in traditionally female occupations, and the work and family connections for these workers. Title: Stress among working women : an examination of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Since the industrial revolution, work and family have been viewed as separate spheres, with women relegated to the family sphere. With the advent of women into the paid labor force, few studies have considered the potentially complex context of women's work and family experiences. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships on women workers' perceptions of stress. The sample for this study included 379 women dental assistants and hygienists who responded to mailed questionnaires sent to the dental offices where they worked. The dependent variables used in this analysis were mental stress, physical stress, and four social stress items. Analysis of variance was performed for the family structure groups on physical, mental, and social stress items. Single parents and parents in general were especially stressed in terms of financial stress and marital stress. The second series of analyses included t-tests on stress by occupation. Dental assistants had more financial stress than hygienists. Hygienists had more mental stress than assistants. Workplace relationships were assessed in the full regression models. Frequency of talking with fellow workers was strongly and positively associated with financial problems. The full regression models supported the findings in earlier analyses that tensions from children and financial problems were associated with the presence of children in the home. The findings in this study suggest that for women workers, work and family do not occupy separate spheres. Women workers think about family matters at the workplace and discuss them with their other women workers. Further research needs to focus on women workers, especially those in traditionally female occupations, and the work and family connections for these workers. Close

• 17. [Article] Forging their way : the experience of single fathers on a community college campus

  The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of single fathers attending a community college. Single fathers comprise one-fifth of all single parent families, yet little research has been ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forging their way : the experience of single fathers on a community college campus Author: Cook, Tim S. The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of single fathers attending a community college. Single fathers comprise one-fifth of all single parent families, yet little research has been done on this growing segment of the population. A phenomenological approach was utilized to examine the attributes, needs, and challenges facing single fathers who were community college students. Seven single fathers attending a community college in the Northwest participated in this study. The fathers had primary responsibility for raising their children, had been enrolled at least half-time, and were attending the college for a minimum of one year. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews and a focus group. Seven main themes emerged from the data: 1) Ambivalence, 2) Stability, 3) Finding support, 4) Mattering, 5) Success Factors, 6) Barriers, and 7) How the college can assist single father students. Three factors were identified as a result of the study. (1) Attending community college improved family relationships. The flexibility of class scheduling allowed the fathers to spend more time with their children. (2) The experience of single fathers and single mothers attending community college are remarkably similar, with the exception of how each accessed support networks. Single fathers were much less likely to initially identify and utilize support networks. (3) How single fathers viewed their identity and their definition of masculinity changed. Prior to attending community college, their primary identity was related to their work. As students, their identity shifted to being recognized as good students and good fathers. Title: Forging their way : the experience of single fathers on a community college campus Author: Cook, Tim S. The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of single fathers attending a community college. Single fathers comprise one-fifth of all single parent families, yet little research has been done on this growing segment of the population. A phenomenological approach was utilized to examine the attributes, needs, and challenges facing single fathers who were community college students. Seven single fathers attending a community college in the Northwest participated in this study. The fathers had primary responsibility for raising their children, had been enrolled at least half-time, and were attending the college for a minimum of one year. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews and a focus group. Seven main themes emerged from the data: 1) Ambivalence, 2) Stability, 3) Finding support, 4) Mattering, 5) Success Factors, 6) Barriers, and 7) How the college can assist single father students. Three factors were identified as a result of the study. (1) Attending community college improved family relationships. The flexibility of class scheduling allowed the fathers to spend more time with their children. (2) The experience of single fathers and single mothers attending community college are remarkably similar, with the exception of how each accessed support networks. Single fathers were much less likely to initially identify and utilize support networks. (3) How single fathers viewed their identity and their definition of masculinity changed. Prior to attending community college, their primary identity was related to their work. As students, their identity shifted to being recognized as good students and good fathers. Close

• 18. [Article] The Adoption History Project

  Website preserved as 865 page interactive pdf.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Adoption History Project Author: Herman, Ellen Year: 2017, 2003 Website preserved as 865 page interactive pdf. Title: The Adoption History Project Author: Herman, Ellen Year: 2017, 2003 Website preserved as 865 page interactive pdf. Close

• 19. [Article] Daycare Center Selection using Hierarchical Decision Model

  One of the most important decision that families will ever make is choosing the best kind of day care for their children. This decision is faced by many as the number of dual-income and single parent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Daycare Center Selection using Hierarchical Decision Model Author: Chavarria, Maria Year: 2017 One of the most important decision that families will ever make is choosing the best kind of day care for their children. This decision is faced by many as the number of dual-income and single parent households, and maternal employment continues to grow in the United States(US Census Bureau, 2013). Working parents are looking for an alternative that will provide the same quality care for their children in their absence. The objective of this paper is to develop a decision framework that can be used by families in the selection of a daycare center for their children. A hierarchical decision model (HDM) was developed in which experts actively participated during the model development stage as well as provided judgments using weights for the criteria, subcriteria, and alternatives, using pairwise comparisons among the decision elements. Four prospective daycare centers are identified as alternatives. Common elements of daycare centers are identified and used as criteria and sub-criteria. Findings from this research show that staff qualification and program reputation are the top two indicators that influence the decision making process in choosing a daycare center, followed by a tie between base cost, health policy, and curriculum. Findings from the case study used in this research resulted to the identification of the top alternative (Daycare Center N1) from the quantified expert judgments, both collectively and individually. But how robust is this result? Unfortunately, robustness check was not implemented in this research paper due to limitations in terms of time and resources. For future study, a sensitivity analysis of the model is recommended. Title: Daycare Center Selection using Hierarchical Decision Model Author: Chavarria, Maria Year: 2017 One of the most important decision that families will ever make is choosing the best kind of day care for their children. This decision is faced by many as the number of dual-income and single parent households, and maternal employment continues to grow in the United States(US Census Bureau, 2013). Working parents are looking for an alternative that will provide the same quality care for their children in their absence. The objective of this paper is to develop a decision framework that can be used by families in the selection of a daycare center for their children. A hierarchical decision model (HDM) was developed in which experts actively participated during the model development stage as well as provided judgments using weights for the criteria, subcriteria, and alternatives, using pairwise comparisons among the decision elements. Four prospective daycare centers are identified as alternatives. Common elements of daycare centers are identified and used as criteria and sub-criteria. Findings from this research show that staff qualification and program reputation are the top two indicators that influence the decision making process in choosing a daycare center, followed by a tie between base cost, health policy, and curriculum. Findings from the case study used in this research resulted to the identification of the top alternative (Daycare Center N1) from the quantified expert judgments, both collectively and individually. But how robust is this result? Unfortunately, robustness check was not implemented in this research paper due to limitations in terms of time and resources. For future study, a sensitivity analysis of the model is recommended. Close

• 20. [Article] The effects of career planning on self-concept and academic achievement of at-risk middle school students in an urban public school environment

  The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a six-week career planning dropout prevention program on the self-concepts and academic achievement of at-risk middle school students in an inner-city ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of career planning on self-concept and academic achievement of at-risk middle school students in an urban public school environment Author: Casey, Michael Winfield The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a six-week career planning dropout prevention program on the self-concepts and academic achievement of at-risk middle school students in an inner-city public school environment. The research population consisted of 1,434 students (grades seven, eight and nine) attending an inner city public junior high school in south-central Los Angeles, California. The selection of the research site and sample was based on the assumption that the student population met the criteria and demographic profile of at-risk students: Students are from low-income and/or single parent families; have low achievement scores in reading and mathematics; exhibit a high incidence of truancy, absenteeism and teenage pregnancy; have low career aspirations and plans; and exhibit other related characteristics of at-risk students. The study was conducted from September, 1993 to January, 1994 (fall semester, 1993). All students were selected by random procedure from grades seven, eight and nine. The experimental group consisted of 195 students enrolled in a woodworking class. The control group consisted of 1,239 students who were not enrolled in a woodworking class but were enrolled in other elective classes. The experimental treatment consisted of a six week career planning dropout prevention program. The career planning dropout prevention program was infused into the 20-week woodworking class during the 6th through 12th week, and consisted of seven interrelated topics and lesson plans. The objectives of the study were to research and explore career interests and options, and to construct personal career planning portfolios for students in the experimental group. It was concluded that: a) There were no significant differences between pre and post measures of self-concept in the experimental group, b) There was no significant difference in the pre and post academic achievement scores between the control and experimental groups, c) There was a substantial increase int he academic achievement scores of the experimental group, but this increase did not equal or exceed the alpha value. Title: The effects of career planning on self-concept and academic achievement of at-risk middle school students in an urban public school environment Author: Casey, Michael Winfield The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a six-week career planning dropout prevention program on the self-concepts and academic achievement of at-risk middle school students in an inner-city public school environment. The research population consisted of 1,434 students (grades seven, eight and nine) attending an inner city public junior high school in south-central Los Angeles, California. The selection of the research site and sample was based on the assumption that the student population met the criteria and demographic profile of at-risk students: Students are from low-income and/or single parent families; have low achievement scores in reading and mathematics; exhibit a high incidence of truancy, absenteeism and teenage pregnancy; have low career aspirations and plans; and exhibit other related characteristics of at-risk students. The study was conducted from September, 1993 to January, 1994 (fall semester, 1993). All students were selected by random procedure from grades seven, eight and nine. The experimental group consisted of 195 students enrolled in a woodworking class. The control group consisted of 1,239 students who were not enrolled in a woodworking class but were enrolled in other elective classes. The experimental treatment consisted of a six week career planning dropout prevention program. The career planning dropout prevention program was infused into the 20-week woodworking class during the 6th through 12th week, and consisted of seven interrelated topics and lesson plans. The objectives of the study were to research and explore career interests and options, and to construct personal career planning portfolios for students in the experimental group. It was concluded that: a) There were no significant differences between pre and post measures of self-concept in the experimental group, b) There was no significant difference in the pre and post academic achievement scores between the control and experimental groups, c) There was a substantial increase int he academic achievement scores of the experimental group, but this increase did not equal or exceed the alpha value. Close

• 21. [Article] Selected risk factors contribute to homelessness among youth: a comparative study of Chile and the United States

  Youth who are at-risk of homelessness are placed into jeopardizing situations because they are often pushed toward the outer edges of society, disconnected from healthy support networks, involved in illegal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selected risk factors contribute to homelessness among youth: a comparative study of Chile and the United States Author: Minks, Kelly Youth who are at-risk of homelessness are placed into jeopardizing situations because they are often pushed toward the outer edges of society, disconnected from healthy support networks, involved in illegal activities, and their chances of having successful futures are, in turn, diminished. The goals of this project were to: review current literature of homelessness among youth in the United States and Chile and identify parallel risk factors occurring in both countries; determine causes and effects of selected risk factors; and identify methods cited in the literature that may prevent the occurrence of selected risk factors, and provide them to one social welfare agency in each of the two countries (SEDEJ and JSYSI). In order to identify these risk factors, I chose to conduct a literature review which resulted in the following: substance abuse, lack of education, single parent household, low social class, childhood abuse, mental illness, involvement in criminal activity, and lack of healthy support networks. I subsequently decided to conduct interviews with Chilean and American social workers so that I could determine whether the literature corresponded with actual experience. These interviews proved there to be a strong correlation between the literature and experiences that the social workers have had while working with youth who are at-risk of homelessness. Although I discovered many parallels in my research about the populations of at-risk youth in Chile and the United States, I also observed several differences that clearly relate to the cultural values that are distinct to each of these countries. Title: Selected risk factors contribute to homelessness among youth: a comparative study of Chile and the United States Author: Minks, Kelly Youth who are at-risk of homelessness are placed into jeopardizing situations because they are often pushed toward the outer edges of society, disconnected from healthy support networks, involved in illegal activities, and their chances of having successful futures are, in turn, diminished. The goals of this project were to: review current literature of homelessness among youth in the United States and Chile and identify parallel risk factors occurring in both countries; determine causes and effects of selected risk factors; and identify methods cited in the literature that may prevent the occurrence of selected risk factors, and provide them to one social welfare agency in each of the two countries (SEDEJ and JSYSI). In order to identify these risk factors, I chose to conduct a literature review which resulted in the following: substance abuse, lack of education, single parent household, low social class, childhood abuse, mental illness, involvement in criminal activity, and lack of healthy support networks. I subsequently decided to conduct interviews with Chilean and American social workers so that I could determine whether the literature corresponded with actual experience. These interviews proved there to be a strong correlation between the literature and experiences that the social workers have had while working with youth who are at-risk of homelessness. Although I discovered many parallels in my research about the populations of at-risk youth in Chile and the United States, I also observed several differences that clearly relate to the cultural values that are distinct to each of these countries. Close

• 22. [Article] Factors related to the use of pediatricians as resources for child behavior problems

  All parents experience some problems with their children and may look to various parenting resources for guidance and reassurance (Stoltz, 1967). The literature on the problems parents experience, including ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors related to the use of pediatricians as resources for child behavior problems Author: Jones, Laura Lynn All parents experience some problems with their children and may look to various parenting resources for guidance and reassurance (Stoltz, 1967). The literature on the problems parents experience, including tantrums, bedwetting, whining/crying, has not comprehensively explored the range and co-occurrence of child behavior problems across all ages (Kanoy and Schroeder, 1985). Many resources are available to parents experiencing difficulties; these include books and magazines, parenting classes, and other health professionals. The role of the pediatrician as a resource for information and guidance has received minimal attention. Two hundred parents and ten pediatricians served as respondents in this study. Of the parents, 94% were female and 97% were white. Ages of the children ranged from 9 months to 13 years. The parents' questionnaire explored the types of child behavior problems perceived by parents, their attitudes concerning the use of resources including the pediatrician, and demographic information about the structure of the family. The pediatricians themselves reported on their backgrounds and their attitudes about providing parenting assistance. A principal components factor analysis reveals that the child behavior problems group into two factors. Assertiveness includes problems such as talking back and destructiveness. Reliance includes problems during mealtime and bedtime. Age is related to assertiveness and reliance; in general younger children are viewed by their parents as more assertive and more reliant (ANOVA for assertiveness, F = 2.34, df = 4, E < .05) (ANOVA for reliance, F = 4.11, df = 4, p < .01). Families with lower income and single parent families reported more assertive children as well. The next step of data analysis was to examine the resources parents use when faced with child behavior problems. Relatives (99%) are the most frequently used resources. Consulting friends (98%) and reading books and magazines (93%) were also frequently reported. However, when parents were asked the value of resources, the pediatrician was ranked as the most valuable. Pediatrician characteristics, including the number of years in practice and number of patients per day, are positively related to the parents' rating of pediatricians as a valued resource for parenting information. It appears that parents tend to consult resources, not solely on value, but instead on convenience. Characteristics of the pediatricians' background and work schedules seem to influence how valuable their guidance is to parents. This study answers the questions of which problems occur together, and which resources are used by parents to aid them with child behavior problems. The results provide valuable information for pediatricians and other family health professionals interested in becoming more active in "well-child" work. Title: Factors related to the use of pediatricians as resources for child behavior problems Author: Jones, Laura Lynn All parents experience some problems with their children and may look to various parenting resources for guidance and reassurance (Stoltz, 1967). The literature on the problems parents experience, including tantrums, bedwetting, whining/crying, has not comprehensively explored the range and co-occurrence of child behavior problems across all ages (Kanoy and Schroeder, 1985). Many resources are available to parents experiencing difficulties; these include books and magazines, parenting classes, and other health professionals. The role of the pediatrician as a resource for information and guidance has received minimal attention. Two hundred parents and ten pediatricians served as respondents in this study. Of the parents, 94% were female and 97% were white. Ages of the children ranged from 9 months to 13 years. The parents' questionnaire explored the types of child behavior problems perceived by parents, their attitudes concerning the use of resources including the pediatrician, and demographic information about the structure of the family. The pediatricians themselves reported on their backgrounds and their attitudes about providing parenting assistance. A principal components factor analysis reveals that the child behavior problems group into two factors. Assertiveness includes problems such as talking back and destructiveness. Reliance includes problems during mealtime and bedtime. Age is related to assertiveness and reliance; in general younger children are viewed by their parents as more assertive and more reliant (ANOVA for assertiveness, F = 2.34, df = 4, E < .05) (ANOVA for reliance, F = 4.11, df = 4, p < .01). Families with lower income and single parent families reported more assertive children as well. The next step of data analysis was to examine the resources parents use when faced with child behavior problems. Relatives (99%) are the most frequently used resources. Consulting friends (98%) and reading books and magazines (93%) were also frequently reported. However, when parents were asked the value of resources, the pediatrician was ranked as the most valuable. Pediatrician characteristics, including the number of years in practice and number of patients per day, are positively related to the parents' rating of pediatricians as a valued resource for parenting information. It appears that parents tend to consult resources, not solely on value, but instead on convenience. Characteristics of the pediatricians' background and work schedules seem to influence how valuable their guidance is to parents. This study answers the questions of which problems occur together, and which resources are used by parents to aid them with child behavior problems. The results provide valuable information for pediatricians and other family health professionals interested in becoming more active in "well-child" work. Close

• 23. [Article] Fantasy in stories spontaneously told by two relatively privileged groups of preschoolers

  The purpose of this investigation was to duplicate the methodology of the Pitcher and Prelinger (1963) study, using their theoretical framework and category system, to examine the cultural impact upon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fantasy in stories spontaneously told by two relatively privileged groups of preschoolers Author: Lai, Shirley Tak Yan The purpose of this investigation was to duplicate the methodology of the Pitcher and Prelinger (1963) study, using their theoretical framework and category system, to examine the cultural impact upon the development of a group of socioeconomically disadvantaged preschool children as reflected in their fantasy products, specifically in their spontaneously told stories. The results for this disadvantaged group were analyzed separately, and were compared, where possible, with the Pitcher and Prelinger data on a socioeconomically privileged group of children. The general assumption underlying the hypotheses is that experiences due to cultural impact will be differentially expressed in the fantasy products of two socioeconomically different groups of children and will be reflected in their spontaneously told stories. The three null hypotheses formulated to test for differences within the less privileged group were: formal aspects of the stories, which presumably represent the child's ego structure, do not differ for boys and girls of the two age groups; story contents, which presumably represent the range of experience stored in the child, are independent of age, sex, and number of parents; and, the predominant psychosocial issue in the stories do not differ for boys and girls of the two age groups. The hypotheses formulated for comparison of the two different socioeconomic groups were: formal story aspects and psychosocial modalities do not differ for privilege group; and, story contents are independent of privilege group. The data (60 stories) were collected by the investigator using Jung's "free association" method and were rated by three judges using the Pitcher and Prelinger category system. Satisfactory interjudge reliability agreement was established on the ratings. Analysis of variance and the x² test of independence were used to analyze the data for tests within the less privileged group; whereas, analysis for the comparison of the two groups, with the exception of one modified x² test, had to be carried out on the basis of inspection alone due to the particular manner in which Pitcher and Prelinger reported their data. Stories were collected from 30 socioeconomically disadvantaged three- and four-year-old children enrolled in a United-Fund-supported day nursery in Portland, Oregon in the summer of 1964. The subjects, designated as socioeconomically disadvantaged (or less privileged) children were from families for whom the median annual take-home income is $3234.00; 53% of the sample were from single-parent families and 47% were from two-parent families; and, 21% of the parents had college or graduate education while 79% had high school education. The socioeconomically privileged subjects of the Pitcher and Prelinger study were from two-parent families of professional people, attended exclusive private nursery schools, and 60% of them showed superior capacity on intelligence tests. The results obtained within the less privileged group indicated that interaction of sex and age accounts for the significant difference in formal aspects as well as in relevant material on psychosocial modalities expressed in the stories; and, that the choice of the two major themes in the story contents category was dependent upon the sex of the child. Outstanding differences on the means for the sex and age groups were described and discussed. Findings on the comparison of data for the two relatively privileged groups showed that choice of themes in the stories was dependent on socioeconomic (privilege) group; the privileged group used themes reflecting socialization more often than the less privileged group and the less privileged group used themes centering in the self more often. Outstanding differences in the group means for the two relatively privileged groups were reported and discussed. Tentative explanations of the results in light of socio-cultural factors were considered and obvious weaknesses of the study were pointed up. It was concluded that fantasy products, in the form of spontaneously told stories, for the two relatively privileged socioeconomic groups of preschoolers do, at least to some degree, differentially reflect socio-cultural impact on child development. Title: Fantasy in stories spontaneously told by two relatively privileged groups of preschoolers Author: Lai, Shirley Tak Yan The purpose of this investigation was to duplicate the methodology of the Pitcher and Prelinger (1963) study, using their theoretical framework and category system, to examine the cultural impact upon the development of a group of socioeconomically disadvantaged preschool children as reflected in their fantasy products, specifically in their spontaneously told stories. The results for this disadvantaged group were analyzed separately, and were compared, where possible, with the Pitcher and Prelinger data on a socioeconomically privileged group of children. The general assumption underlying the hypotheses is that experiences due to cultural impact will be differentially expressed in the fantasy products of two socioeconomically different groups of children and will be reflected in their spontaneously told stories. The three null hypotheses formulated to test for differences within the less privileged group were: formal aspects of the stories, which presumably represent the child's ego structure, do not differ for boys and girls of the two age groups; story contents, which presumably represent the range of experience stored in the child, are independent of age, sex, and number of parents; and, the predominant psychosocial issue in the stories do not differ for boys and girls of the two age groups. The hypotheses formulated for comparison of the two different socioeconomic groups were: formal story aspects and psychosocial modalities do not differ for privilege group; and, story contents are independent of privilege group. The data (60 stories) were collected by the investigator using Jung's "free association" method and were rated by three judges using the Pitcher and Prelinger category system. Satisfactory interjudge reliability agreement was established on the ratings. Analysis of variance and the x² test of independence were used to analyze the data for tests within the less privileged group; whereas, analysis for the comparison of the two groups, with the exception of one modified x² test, had to be carried out on the basis of inspection alone due to the particular manner in which Pitcher and Prelinger reported their data. Stories were collected from 30 socioeconomically disadvantaged three- and four-year-old children enrolled in a United-Fund-supported day nursery in Portland, Oregon in the summer of 1964. The subjects, designated as socioeconomically disadvantaged (or less privileged) children were from families for whom the median annual take-home income is $3234.00; 53% of the sample were from single-parent families and 47% were from two-parent families; and, 21% of the parents had college or graduate education while 79% had high school education. The socioeconomically privileged subjects of the Pitcher and Prelinger study were from two-parent families of professional people, attended exclusive private nursery schools, and 60% of them showed superior capacity on intelligence tests. The results obtained within the less privileged group indicated that interaction of sex and age accounts for the significant difference in formal aspects as well as in relevant material on psychosocial modalities expressed in the stories; and, that the choice of the two major themes in the story contents category was dependent upon the sex of the child. Outstanding differences on the means for the sex and age groups were described and discussed. Findings on the comparison of data for the two relatively privileged groups showed that choice of themes in the stories was dependent on socioeconomic (privilege) group; the privileged group used themes reflecting socialization more often than the less privileged group and the less privileged group used themes centering in the self more often. Outstanding differences in the group means for the two relatively privileged groups were reported and discussed. Tentative explanations of the results in light of socio-cultural factors were considered and obvious weaknesses of the study were pointed up. It was concluded that fantasy products, in the form of spontaneously told stories, for the two relatively privileged socioeconomic groups of preschoolers do, at least to some degree, differentially reflect socio-cultural impact on child development. Close

• 24. [Article] Supporting children who struggle with self-regulation : the role of early family risk and child care quality

  Children's early self-regulation skills have long-term implications for a variety of academic, social, and health outcomes. Unfortunately, children facing multiple family risk factors (e.g., harsh parenting, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Supporting children who struggle with self-regulation : the role of early family risk and child care quality Author: Pratt, Megan E. Children's early self-regulation skills have long-term implications for a variety of academic, social, and health outcomes. Unfortunately, children facing multiple family risk factors (e.g., harsh parenting, economic disadvantage) are more likely to struggle with early self-regulation. Despite early disparities in self-regulation, promising intervention evidence suggests that high quality prekindergarten experiences can improve children's self-regulation skills, especially for children with self-regulatory challenges. At this point, few studies have examined how children's self-regulation may differ according to the unique combinations of family risks they experience during their first three years of life. Furthermore, it remains largely unknown how children's experiences in typical early care and education settings relate to their self-regulation development. To address these gaps in the literature, this dissertation includes two studies focused on understanding children with low early self-regulation. The first study addressed how distinct combinations of family risk factors (i.e., family risk profiles), as experienced during the first three years of life, predicted children's self-regulation at 36-months. Person-centered analyses indicated children's family risk experiences were captured by three distinct family risk profiles: 1) low risk, 2) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/single parent (ICS), and 3) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/high parental harshness (ICH). Each of the three profiles predicted significant differences in children's early self-regulation, with children characterized by the profile including high harshness (ICH) exhibiting the lowest self-regulation skills. Study 2 examined how two dimensions of early care and education process quality (positivity/responsivity and cognitive stimulation) experienced during children's prekindergarten year predicted their subsequent self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten. This study also considered children's earlier self-regulation as a moderator of both quality dimensions. Results indicated that higher positivity/responsivity predicted stronger self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten for children with low early self-regulation, but not for the overall sample. Cognitive stimulation did not predict children's self-regulation in kindergarten, regardless of early self-regulation skills. Overall, findings from these studies help explain why some children struggle more with early self-regulation than others, and how high quality early care and education can support children's transition to kindergarten, particularly for children with low early self-regulation. Title: Supporting children who struggle with self-regulation : the role of early family risk and child care quality Author: Pratt, Megan E. Children's early self-regulation skills have long-term implications for a variety of academic, social, and health outcomes. Unfortunately, children facing multiple family risk factors (e.g., harsh parenting, economic disadvantage) are more likely to struggle with early self-regulation. Despite early disparities in self-regulation, promising intervention evidence suggests that high quality prekindergarten experiences can improve children's self-regulation skills, especially for children with self-regulatory challenges. At this point, few studies have examined how children's self-regulation may differ according to the unique combinations of family risks they experience during their first three years of life. Furthermore, it remains largely unknown how children's experiences in typical early care and education settings relate to their self-regulation development. To address these gaps in the literature, this dissertation includes two studies focused on understanding children with low early self-regulation. The first study addressed how distinct combinations of family risk factors (i.e., family risk profiles), as experienced during the first three years of life, predicted children's self-regulation at 36-months. Person-centered analyses indicated children's family risk experiences were captured by three distinct family risk profiles: 1) low risk, 2) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/single parent (ICS), and 3) low-income/low cognitive stimulation/high parental harshness (ICH). Each of the three profiles predicted significant differences in children's early self-regulation, with children characterized by the profile including high harshness (ICH) exhibiting the lowest self-regulation skills. Study 2 examined how two dimensions of early care and education process quality (positivity/responsivity and cognitive stimulation) experienced during children's prekindergarten year predicted their subsequent self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten. This study also considered children's earlier self-regulation as a moderator of both quality dimensions. Results indicated that higher positivity/responsivity predicted stronger self-regulation in the fall of kindergarten for children with low early self-regulation, but not for the overall sample. Cognitive stimulation did not predict children's self-regulation in kindergarten, regardless of early self-regulation skills. Overall, findings from these studies help explain why some children struggle more with early self-regulation than others, and how high quality early care and education can support children's transition to kindergarten, particularly for children with low early self-regulation. Close

• 25. [Article] Participation, persistence, and progression : motivating factors in the success of Hispanic community college students who moved from mastering English as a second language to a certificate or degree program

  This interpretive research sought to understand how eight Hispanic students who mastered English as a Second Language (ESL) matriculated at a rural community college, and what motivating factors encouraged ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Participation, persistence, and progression : motivating factors in the success of Hispanic community college students who moved from mastering English as a second language to a certificate or degree program Author: Bennett, Judith N This interpretive research sought to understand how eight Hispanic students who mastered English as a Second Language (ESL) matriculated at a rural community college, and what motivating factors encouraged or encumbered their academic persistence and success. Particularly the study focused on student backgrounds, motivations, and persistence factors influencing their success. Participants were chosen as follows: + Spanish is their first language. + English is their second language. + They are over the age of 21. + They are or were enrolled in a certificate or degree program. + They had earned at least 21 credits at a community college. + They had a grade point average of at least 2.0. In-depth student interviews, conversations with staff, and examination of student records supplied data for the progression of case records. Data analysis resulted in the generation of eight hypotheses for academic success: (a) participatory learning; (b) appropriate support system, such as developmental classes, tutoring services, and mentoring instructors; (c) trust in the educational system; (d) social integration, (e) English and Spanish language fluency; (0 use of personal and community resources to combat racism; (g) family support; and (h) financial backing. Redacted for Privacy Theoretical frameworks used for data collection and analysis primarily were those of Paulo Freire and Margaret Wheatley. Both espoused participatory learning and leadership. I also found the literature that focused on multiculturalism valuable. The study revealed that Hispanic ESL students persisted despite major obstacles which might have been devastating. They had ethnic bias to overcome and the need to master the English language. Some were working single parents, some in full-time jobs. The initiative to become economically self-sufficient and to maintain a strong trust in education empowered students to persist and succeed. Participants supplied proof that Hispanic ESL students can succeed in community college when there is an appropriate support system. The study suggests that although the elements for moving toward multiculturalism are being put in place, they are not, as yet, attaining the necessary synthesis. The criteria for efficient use of participatory learning, improved curricula and environment, and administration committed to developing self-efficacy of ESL students are necessary conditions for success. Title: Participation, persistence, and progression : motivating factors in the success of Hispanic community college students who moved from mastering English as a second language to a certificate or degree program Author: Bennett, Judith N This interpretive research sought to understand how eight Hispanic students who mastered English as a Second Language (ESL) matriculated at a rural community college, and what motivating factors encouraged or encumbered their academic persistence and success. Particularly the study focused on student backgrounds, motivations, and persistence factors influencing their success. Participants were chosen as follows: + Spanish is their first language. + English is their second language. + They are over the age of 21. + They are or were enrolled in a certificate or degree program. + They had earned at least 21 credits at a community college. + They had a grade point average of at least 2.0. In-depth student interviews, conversations with staff, and examination of student records supplied data for the progression of case records. Data analysis resulted in the generation of eight hypotheses for academic success: (a) participatory learning; (b) appropriate support system, such as developmental classes, tutoring services, and mentoring instructors; (c) trust in the educational system; (d) social integration, (e) English and Spanish language fluency; (0 use of personal and community resources to combat racism; (g) family support; and (h) financial backing. Redacted for Privacy Theoretical frameworks used for data collection and analysis primarily were those of Paulo Freire and Margaret Wheatley. Both espoused participatory learning and leadership. I also found the literature that focused on multiculturalism valuable. The study revealed that Hispanic ESL students persisted despite major obstacles which might have been devastating. They had ethnic bias to overcome and the need to master the English language. Some were working single parents, some in full-time jobs. The initiative to become economically self-sufficient and to maintain a strong trust in education empowered students to persist and succeed. Participants supplied proof that Hispanic ESL students can succeed in community college when there is an appropriate support system. The study suggests that although the elements for moving toward multiculturalism are being put in place, they are not, as yet, attaining the necessary synthesis. The criteria for efficient use of participatory learning, improved curricula and environment, and administration committed to developing self-efficacy of ESL students are necessary conditions for success. Close

• 26. [Article] Off to the (labor) market: Women, work, and welfare reform in 21st century American cities

  xvi, 307 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Off to the (labor) market: Women, work, and welfare reform in 21st century American cities Author: Haney, Timothy James, 1980- Year: 2010, 2009 xvi, 307 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: Off to the (labor) market: Women, work, and welfare reform in 21st century American cities Author: Haney, Timothy James, 1980- Year: 2010, 2009 xvi, 307 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 27. [Article] One-Child Families in Urban Dalian: A Case Study of the Consequences of Current Family Planning Practices in China

  xi, 94 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: One-Child Families in Urban Dalian: A Case Study of the Consequences of Current Family Planning Practices in China Author: Hou, Xueyuan, 1983- Year: 2009 xi, 94 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: One-Child Families in Urban Dalian: A Case Study of the Consequences of Current Family Planning Practices in China Author: Hou, Xueyuan, 1983- Year: 2009 xi, 94 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 28. [Article] Genesis of some soils in the central western Cascades of Oregon

  Soils representative of several landscape units in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Western Cascade Range, were sampled, analyzed, and tentatively classified. Genetic inferences were drawn relating ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Genesis of some soils in the central western Cascades of Oregon Author: Brown, R. B. Soils representative of several landscape units in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Western Cascade Range, were sampled, analyzed, and tentatively classified. Genetic inferences were drawn relating soils to landscape position and other factors of soil formation. Descriptive information and nutrient capital data were provided to support ecosystem modelling efforts by the Coniferous Forest Biome study group of the U. S./International Biological Program (IBP). To meet the "nutrient capital" requirements of IBP, and to gain insight particularly into the effects of coarse fragments on soil genesis, a volumetric approach was used. Soil organic matter, total N, extractable P, exchangeable cations, free Fe oxides, and cation exchange capacity were expressed in terms of weight or equivalents per unit volume of "whole soil," defined as organic and mineral fine earth components plus pore space plus coarse fragments. The various entities, in grams or equivalents per liter of whole soil, were observed as to their variation with depth. Additional calculations showed levels of the various entities per surface meter ³ of whole soil. Soil temperature data from several sites within the Andrews Forest showed the mesic-frigid soil temperature regime boundary to fall at about the 600 m (2, 000 ft) elevation on south slopes and at about the 450 m (1, 500 ft) elevation on north slopes. The frigidcryic boundary apparently was above the 1, 500 m (4,900 ft) elevation in the Andrews Forest. A sequence of three fluvial and two colluvial soils ranging in elevation from 440 to 460 m was studied in conjunction with concurrent IBP investigations into the geomorphic history of the area The soil on a floodplain adjacent to Lookout Creek, in the sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Hapludolls, was between 500 and 7, 000 yrs in age. The adjacent stream terrace soil, in the loamyskeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts, was > 7, 000 yrs old as evidenced Mazama pumice erposi tE-; on or near the surface of the terrace. Volumetric analysis suggested that the floodplain soil had a mollic epipedon largely by virtue of its high content of coarse fragments. The coarse fragments caused a concentration of soil organic matter and recycled cations into a smaller volume of fine earth as compared with the terrace soil, which was lower in coarse fragments. An alluvial-colluvial fan emanated from an adjacent slope and lapped onto the terrace. The soil in this fan was a member of the Fluventic Eutrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic. It was high in base status and moderately high in clay content, apparently because the southeast-facing source area for parent material here had experienced only shallow weathering and minimal leaching. Across Lookout Creek from these landscape units was a remnant of a high colluvial terrace emanating from a northwest-facing watershed. At the crest of this fan remnant the soil was a member of the loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts with a distinct layer of Mazama pumice at the 75 to 85 cm depth. This terrace is cut by the watershed stream, which has deposited a comparatively well sorted fan. Soils are in the coarseloamy, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts, Eight landscape units in longitudinal and transverse crosssections of upper McRae Creek valley, ranging in elevation from 800 to 1, 200 m, were chosen to study upland soil genesis. Proceeding up the valley, stage of profile development appeared to decrease, indicating a series of depositional events. Soils varied from Eutric Glossoboralfs, fine, mixed on the lowermost surface to Fluventic Dystrochrepts, fine-loamy, mixed, frigid on the next higher surface, to Fluventic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid on the next higher surface, to Typic Haplumbrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid on the backslope at the valley headwall. The two lowermost soils contrasted markedly with the two uppermost soils, being lower in content of organic matter and N, and higher in base status and clay content. The upper two soils, typical of upper valley bottom and sideslope soils in the region, were extremely low in exchangeable bases and base saturation as measured at pH 7. Compared with the two lower soils, however, these upper soils had relatively high soil: water pH values and relatively small drops in pH from soil:water to soil :KCI measurement. This may be an indication that the upper soils were higher in amorphous content. Greater pH-dependent-CEC would have caused the upper soils to exhibit unrealistically high CEO s--and thus low base saturations--when measured at pH 7. A topoclimosequence of soils on north, east (saddle), and south-facing landscape units with a single parent rock lithology was studied in the transverse valley transect. All three soils were placed tentatively in the Andic Dystrochrepts. The north-facing soil was in a medial - skeletal, frigid family, was the deepest to bedrock ( > 1 1/2 m), aria had the freshest coarse fragments of the three soils. The saddle and south-facing soils were in medial-skeletal, frigid and medial, frigid families, respectively. They were shallow ( <1 m) to saprolite bedrock, with well weathered coarse fragments in the regolith, demonstrating shallower, but apparently more intense weathering on the more exposed sites. These more exposed soils were darker in color than the north-facing soil. Soil organic matter levels were not strikingly different among the three soils. Soil N levels were significantly higher in the south-facing soil than in the east and north-facing soils. Levels of exchangeable bases, while low, were not as low in these three soils as in the upper valley bottom and backslope soils. Saprolite horizons had higher base saturations than overlying horizons. Title: Genesis of some soils in the central western Cascades of Oregon Author: Brown, R. B. Soils representative of several landscape units in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Western Cascade Range, were sampled, analyzed, and tentatively classified. Genetic inferences were drawn relating soils to landscape position and other factors of soil formation. Descriptive information and nutrient capital data were provided to support ecosystem modelling efforts by the Coniferous Forest Biome study group of the U. S./International Biological Program (IBP). To meet the "nutrient capital" requirements of IBP, and to gain insight particularly into the effects of coarse fragments on soil genesis, a volumetric approach was used. Soil organic matter, total N, extractable P, exchangeable cations, free Fe oxides, and cation exchange capacity were expressed in terms of weight or equivalents per unit volume of "whole soil," defined as organic and mineral fine earth components plus pore space plus coarse fragments. The various entities, in grams or equivalents per liter of whole soil, were observed as to their variation with depth. Additional calculations showed levels of the various entities per surface meter ³ of whole soil. Soil temperature data from several sites within the Andrews Forest showed the mesic-frigid soil temperature regime boundary to fall at about the 600 m (2, 000 ft) elevation on south slopes and at about the 450 m (1, 500 ft) elevation on north slopes. The frigidcryic boundary apparently was above the 1, 500 m (4,900 ft) elevation in the Andrews Forest. A sequence of three fluvial and two colluvial soils ranging in elevation from 440 to 460 m was studied in conjunction with concurrent IBP investigations into the geomorphic history of the area The soil on a floodplain adjacent to Lookout Creek, in the sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Hapludolls, was between 500 and 7, 000 yrs in age. The adjacent stream terrace soil, in the loamyskeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts, was > 7, 000 yrs old as evidenced Mazama pumice erposi tE-; on or near the surface of the terrace. Volumetric analysis suggested that the floodplain soil had a mollic epipedon largely by virtue of its high content of coarse fragments. The coarse fragments caused a concentration of soil organic matter and recycled cations into a smaller volume of fine earth as compared with the terrace soil, which was lower in coarse fragments. An alluvial-colluvial fan emanated from an adjacent slope and lapped onto the terrace. The soil in this fan was a member of the Fluventic Eutrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic. It was high in base status and moderately high in clay content, apparently because the southeast-facing source area for parent material here had experienced only shallow weathering and minimal leaching. Across Lookout Creek from these landscape units was a remnant of a high colluvial terrace emanating from a northwest-facing watershed. At the crest of this fan remnant the soil was a member of the loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts with a distinct layer of Mazama pumice at the 75 to 85 cm depth. This terrace is cut by the watershed stream, which has deposited a comparatively well sorted fan. Soils are in the coarseloamy, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Dystrochrepts, Eight landscape units in longitudinal and transverse crosssections of upper McRae Creek valley, ranging in elevation from 800 to 1, 200 m, were chosen to study upland soil genesis. Proceeding up the valley, stage of profile development appeared to decrease, indicating a series of depositional events. Soils varied from Eutric Glossoboralfs, fine, mixed on the lowermost surface to Fluventic Dystrochrepts, fine-loamy, mixed, frigid on the next higher surface, to Fluventic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid on the next higher surface, to Typic Haplumbrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid on the backslope at the valley headwall. The two lowermost soils contrasted markedly with the two uppermost soils, being lower in content of organic matter and N, and higher in base status and clay content. The upper two soils, typical of upper valley bottom and sideslope soils in the region, were extremely low in exchangeable bases and base saturation as measured at pH 7. Compared with the two lower soils, however, these upper soils had relatively high soil: water pH values and relatively small drops in pH from soil:water to soil :KCI measurement. This may be an indication that the upper soils were higher in amorphous content. Greater pH-dependent-CEC would have caused the upper soils to exhibit unrealistically high CEO s--and thus low base saturations--when measured at pH 7. A topoclimosequence of soils on north, east (saddle), and south-facing landscape units with a single parent rock lithology was studied in the transverse valley transect. All three soils were placed tentatively in the Andic Dystrochrepts. The north-facing soil was in a medial - skeletal, frigid family, was the deepest to bedrock ( > 1 1/2 m), aria had the freshest coarse fragments of the three soils. The saddle and south-facing soils were in medial-skeletal, frigid and medial, frigid families, respectively. They were shallow ( <1 m) to saprolite bedrock, with well weathered coarse fragments in the regolith, demonstrating shallower, but apparently more intense weathering on the more exposed sites. These more exposed soils were darker in color than the north-facing soil. Soil organic matter levels were not strikingly different among the three soils. Soil N levels were significantly higher in the south-facing soil than in the east and north-facing soils. Levels of exchangeable bases, while low, were not as low in these three soils as in the upper valley bottom and backslope soils. Saprolite horizons had higher base saturations than overlying horizons. Close

• 29. [Article] A comparison of progeny testing methods and estimates of combining ability for seed yield and associated variables in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.)

  Eight genotypes of tall fescue were selected from a plant population consisting of 9000 individuals. Selection was based on early maturity, self-sterility, seed and forage potential, and nutritive value. Parental ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of progeny testing methods and estimates of combining ability for seed yield and associated variables in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Echeverri, Silvio Eight genotypes of tall fescue were selected from a plant population consisting of 9000 individuals. Selection was based on early maturity, self-sterility, seed and forage potential, and nutritive value. Parental clones, single cross, open pollinated, self pollinated and polycross seeds were organized into a randomized block experiment with five replications each of which contained 63 entries with ten plants to the entry. The distance between entry rows was three feet; plants within the entry were planted one foot apart. The experimental nursery was planted on October 11, 1961, at the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, Corvallis, Oregon. Alta and Kentucky 31 varieties were used as checks. Parchment bags were used to secure information on self sterility and seed production. Height, maturity, disease incidence, number of culms per plant, panicles not harvested and forage yield were also evaluated. Griffing's model 1, experimental method 4, was used to test both general and specific combining ability. Simple correlation coefficients were calculated to measure the association between characters and between progeny testing methods within characters. The height of F₁ progenies was positively correlated with the height of both the mean of the parents and the largest parent. Height was also correlated with the number of culms per plant and the stage of maturity before harvesting. The stage of maturity of the single crosses was positively correlated with the stage of maturity of both the mean of the parents and the largest parent. Either polycross or open pollination may be used for evaluating maturity with comparable results. Although there was an incidence of Helminthisporium dyctioides, it was not serious enough to affect markedly the general performance of the plants in the nursery. The number of culms per plant for single crosses was negatively correlated with the number of culms for both the mean of the parents and the smallest parent. The number of culms per plant was also correlated with seed yield. From parents to S₁ there was a reduction in the number per plant. Title: A comparison of progeny testing methods and estimates of combining ability for seed yield and associated variables in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Echeverri, Silvio Eight genotypes of tall fescue were selected from a plant population consisting of 9000 individuals. Selection was based on early maturity, self-sterility, seed and forage potential, and nutritive value. Parental clones, single cross, open pollinated, self pollinated and polycross seeds were organized into a randomized block experiment with five replications each of which contained 63 entries with ten plants to the entry. The distance between entry rows was three feet; plants within the entry were planted one foot apart. The experimental nursery was planted on October 11, 1961, at the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, Corvallis, Oregon. Alta and Kentucky 31 varieties were used as checks. Parchment bags were used to secure information on self sterility and seed production. Height, maturity, disease incidence, number of culms per plant, panicles not harvested and forage yield were also evaluated. Griffing's model 1, experimental method 4, was used to test both general and specific combining ability. Simple correlation coefficients were calculated to measure the association between characters and between progeny testing methods within characters. The height of F₁ progenies was positively correlated with the height of both the mean of the parents and the largest parent. Height was also correlated with the number of culms per plant and the stage of maturity before harvesting. The stage of maturity of the single crosses was positively correlated with the stage of maturity of both the mean of the parents and the largest parent. Either polycross or open pollination may be used for evaluating maturity with comparable results. Although there was an incidence of Helminthisporium dyctioides, it was not serious enough to affect markedly the general performance of the plants in the nursery. The number of culms per plant for single crosses was negatively correlated with the number of culms for both the mean of the parents and the smallest parent. The number of culms per plant was also correlated with seed yield. From parents to S₁ there was a reduction in the number per plant. Close

• 30. [Article] Heritabilities and associations of seed yield components and seed yield in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.)

  Estimates of heritability and associations of tiller number, seed number, seed weight, and seed yield were determined in two groups of tall fescue. Group E was early maturing and had eight parental clones, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heritabilities and associations of seed yield components and seed yield in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Thomas, Johnny Ray Estimates of heritability and associations of tiller number, seed number, seed weight, and seed yield were determined in two groups of tall fescue. Group E was early maturing and had eight parental clones, while group I was intermediate in maturity and had nine parental clones. The parents and five progeny groups were included in the study: first generation selfed progeny (S₁), open-pollinated progeny, polycross progeny, single-cross progeny, and selfed progeny from the single-crosses (F₂). Each entry consisted of ten plants in a nine foot row, with three feet between rows. The plants were established in the field in October 1962, in a randomized block design with four replications. Data were collected during the summers of 1963, 1964, and 1965. Group E plants had slightly higher seed yields than group I plants. This yield advantage was mainly the result of heavier seeds in group E. The parents and the open-pollinated, polycross, and single-cross progeny were generally highest in performance for all four characteristics, while the S₁ progeny were intermediate and the F₂ progeny were lowest in performance. The open-pollinated and polycross progeny were limited in their usefulness for evaluating breeding material since there were no significant differences among the open-pollinated progenies in 13 of 24 analyses of variance and there were no significant differences among the polycross progenies in 12 of 24 analyses of variance. Six methods (regression of the S₁ progeny on the parents, two times the regression of the open-pollinated progeny on the parents, two times the regression of the polycross progeny on the parents, regression of the single-cross progeny on the mid-parents, regression of the F₂ progeny on the mid-parents, and mean squares from the diallel analysis) of estimating heritability were compared for both populations. There were large differences in the heritability estimates among years and among methods. Two methods, 2([superscript b][subscript OP.P]) and [superscript b][subscript SX.MP'] generally resulted in higher heritability estimates than the other four methods. The "average heritability" (averaged across six methods and three years) for tiller number, seed number, seed weight, and seed yield were .187, .371, .506, and .193 respectively for group E and .567, .417, .622, and .374 for group I. The correlation and path-coefficient analysis for groups E and I indicated that tiller number had the largest direct effect in 1963, while seed number was most important in 1964 and both were equally important in 1965. Seed weight had relatively small effects all three years. All indirect effects were minor in both populations. The correlations and the direct and indirect effects for the parent, single-cross and F₂ generations were more variable and they were not always in agreement with the direct and indirect effects for the combined data of the parents and five progeny groups. There were large negative indirect effects in the individual generations which were not evident for the combined data of the parents and five progeny groups. Group E could be improved most by breeding for increased seed number while selection for yield would be most worthwhile in group I. However, maximum improvement could be made by combining the attributes of the two populations. The high seed weight of group E could be incorporated into group I and seed number of group E could be increased by crossing plants of group E with plants of group I. Title: Heritabilities and associations of seed yield components and seed yield in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Thomas, Johnny Ray Estimates of heritability and associations of tiller number, seed number, seed weight, and seed yield were determined in two groups of tall fescue. Group E was early maturing and had eight parental clones, while group I was intermediate in maturity and had nine parental clones. The parents and five progeny groups were included in the study: first generation selfed progeny (S₁), open-pollinated progeny, polycross progeny, single-cross progeny, and selfed progeny from the single-crosses (F₂). Each entry consisted of ten plants in a nine foot row, with three feet between rows. The plants were established in the field in October 1962, in a randomized block design with four replications. Data were collected during the summers of 1963, 1964, and 1965. Group E plants had slightly higher seed yields than group I plants. This yield advantage was mainly the result of heavier seeds in group E. The parents and the open-pollinated, polycross, and single-cross progeny were generally highest in performance for all four characteristics, while the S₁ progeny were intermediate and the F₂ progeny were lowest in performance. The open-pollinated and polycross progeny were limited in their usefulness for evaluating breeding material since there were no significant differences among the open-pollinated progenies in 13 of 24 analyses of variance and there were no significant differences among the polycross progenies in 12 of 24 analyses of variance. Six methods (regression of the S₁ progeny on the parents, two times the regression of the open-pollinated progeny on the parents, two times the regression of the polycross progeny on the parents, regression of the single-cross progeny on the mid-parents, regression of the F₂ progeny on the mid-parents, and mean squares from the diallel analysis) of estimating heritability were compared for both populations. There were large differences in the heritability estimates among years and among methods. Two methods, 2([superscript b][subscript OP.P]) and [superscript b][subscript SX.MP'] generally resulted in higher heritability estimates than the other four methods. The "average heritability" (averaged across six methods and three years) for tiller number, seed number, seed weight, and seed yield were .187, .371, .506, and .193 respectively for group E and .567, .417, .622, and .374 for group I. The correlation and path-coefficient analysis for groups E and I indicated that tiller number had the largest direct effect in 1963, while seed number was most important in 1964 and both were equally important in 1965. Seed weight had relatively small effects all three years. All indirect effects were minor in both populations. The correlations and the direct and indirect effects for the parent, single-cross and F₂ generations were more variable and they were not always in agreement with the direct and indirect effects for the combined data of the parents and five progeny groups. There were large negative indirect effects in the individual generations which were not evident for the combined data of the parents and five progeny groups. Group E could be improved most by breeding for increased seed number while selection for yield would be most worthwhile in group I. However, maximum improvement could be made by combining the attributes of the two populations. The high seed weight of group E could be incorporated into group I and seed number of group E could be increased by crossing plants of group E with plants of group I. Close

• 31. [Article] Heterosis and inbreeding in the progeney of genetically diverse parental clones of Festuca arundinacea Schreb

  The response of maturity, vigor, plant spread, plant height, three forage harvest yields, and total forage yield to heterosis and inbreeding was studied in tall fescue. Parent clones selected for diverse ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heterosis and inbreeding in the progeney of genetically diverse parental clones of Festuca arundinacea Schreb Author: Johnson, Blaine Earl The response of maturity, vigor, plant spread, plant height, three forage harvest yields, and total forage yield to heterosis and inbreeding was studied in tall fescue. Parent clones selected for diverse anthesis date, origin, and morphology were separated into two groups based on anthesis date, those having early maturity and those having late maturity. Parents, single-cross (SX), and first generation selfed (S₁) progeny were field evaluated. Parents, S₁, and SX progeny were space planted on a . 914 x 1.219 meter basis at the Hyslop Agronomy Field Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, in September, 1969. A randomized block design having four blocks and 14 plant rows as entries was used. Data were collected during the spring, summer, and fall of 1972. Single-cross progeny had a mean performance better than their midparents ' mean performance for all characteristics, with all differences significant except for plant height and third harvest forage yield. Single-cross progeny averaged 7. 03, 13. 18, 13. 50, 3. 89, 42. 93, 51. 72, 15. 14, and 37. 12 percent better than their midparents for maturity rating, vigor rating, plant spread, plant height, first, second, and third harvest forage yield, and forage yield, respectively. There was a greater frequency of individual single-crosses that exhibited significant heterosis in the early x late group than in either the early x early or late x late groups. In addition the average heterotic response of the early x late group was consistently greater than that of either of the other two groups. Thus it appears significant heterosis is more likely to occur, and is likely to be of a greater magnitude, in the progeny of parents having maturity differences, and presumably, greater genetic differences. Significant variation occurred among the single-cross maturity group means for all characteristics with the early x early single crosses most often being the better performers. Consequently the additional heterosis observed in the early x late group was usually insufficient to bring performance of this group up to that of the higher performing but less heterotic early x early single-crosses. This suggests heterosis may be of little practical importance. Inbreeding depression of S₁ progeny was significant for all characteristics. The inbreeding depression was of the greatest magnitude in the progeny of the early parents. Performance of early parents and early S₁ progeny was generally better than that of their late counterparts. Heritability estimates were high, particularly those obtained by regressing single-cross progeny on midparents, although two did not differ significantly from zero. The coefficients of determination for the same associations were likewise high, with over 70 percent of progeny variation being explained by linear association with parents for most characteristics. As superior progeny came from superior parents, this high degree of association suggests clonal evaluation may be an effective screening method in tall fescue. There was strong association among the characteristics of maturity rating, plant spread, plant height, first and third forage yield, and total forage yield, with the lowest of these coefficients of determination, R² = .6031, occurring between maturity rating and plant spread. Vigor rating, second harvest yield, seedling vigor index, and panicle number showed little association among themselves or among the other characteristics, with the highest association, R² = . 3599, occurring between panicle number and third harvest yield. Seed yield was moderately associated with forage characteristics, with R² values of about .5000, but showed no association with panicle number. Title: Heterosis and inbreeding in the progeney of genetically diverse parental clones of Festuca arundinacea Schreb Author: Johnson, Blaine Earl The response of maturity, vigor, plant spread, plant height, three forage harvest yields, and total forage yield to heterosis and inbreeding was studied in tall fescue. Parent clones selected for diverse anthesis date, origin, and morphology were separated into two groups based on anthesis date, those having early maturity and those having late maturity. Parents, single-cross (SX), and first generation selfed (S₁) progeny were field evaluated. Parents, S₁, and SX progeny were space planted on a . 914 x 1.219 meter basis at the Hyslop Agronomy Field Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, in September, 1969. A randomized block design having four blocks and 14 plant rows as entries was used. Data were collected during the spring, summer, and fall of 1972. Single-cross progeny had a mean performance better than their midparents ' mean performance for all characteristics, with all differences significant except for plant height and third harvest forage yield. Single-cross progeny averaged 7. 03, 13. 18, 13. 50, 3. 89, 42. 93, 51. 72, 15. 14, and 37. 12 percent better than their midparents for maturity rating, vigor rating, plant spread, plant height, first, second, and third harvest forage yield, and forage yield, respectively. There was a greater frequency of individual single-crosses that exhibited significant heterosis in the early x late group than in either the early x early or late x late groups. In addition the average heterotic response of the early x late group was consistently greater than that of either of the other two groups. Thus it appears significant heterosis is more likely to occur, and is likely to be of a greater magnitude, in the progeny of parents having maturity differences, and presumably, greater genetic differences. Significant variation occurred among the single-cross maturity group means for all characteristics with the early x early single crosses most often being the better performers. Consequently the additional heterosis observed in the early x late group was usually insufficient to bring performance of this group up to that of the higher performing but less heterotic early x early single-crosses. This suggests heterosis may be of little practical importance. Inbreeding depression of S₁ progeny was significant for all characteristics. The inbreeding depression was of the greatest magnitude in the progeny of the early parents. Performance of early parents and early S₁ progeny was generally better than that of their late counterparts. Heritability estimates were high, particularly those obtained by regressing single-cross progeny on midparents, although two did not differ significantly from zero. The coefficients of determination for the same associations were likewise high, with over 70 percent of progeny variation being explained by linear association with parents for most characteristics. As superior progeny came from superior parents, this high degree of association suggests clonal evaluation may be an effective screening method in tall fescue. There was strong association among the characteristics of maturity rating, plant spread, plant height, first and third forage yield, and total forage yield, with the lowest of these coefficients of determination, R² = .6031, occurring between maturity rating and plant spread. Vigor rating, second harvest yield, seedling vigor index, and panicle number showed little association among themselves or among the other characteristics, with the highest association, R² = . 3599, occurring between panicle number and third harvest yield. Seed yield was moderately associated with forage characteristics, with R² values of about .5000, but showed no association with panicle number. Close

• 32. [Article] An examination of seedling vigor and the effects of genetic diversity on response to heterosis in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)

  Response to heterosis for plant height, anthesis date, panicle number, seed yield, and fall vigor rating was determined in a tall. fescue group selected for diverse morphology, origin, and anthesis date. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An examination of seedling vigor and the effects of genetic diversity on response to heterosis in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Author: Moutray, Jim B., 1939- Response to heterosis for plant height, anthesis date, panicle number, seed yield, and fall vigor rating was determined in a tall. fescue group selected for diverse morphology, origin, and anthesis date. Parents, single-cross progeny (SX), and first generation selfed progeny (S₁) were included in the study. Each experimental plot consisted of 14 plants spaced three feet apart in a row with four feet between rows. Plants were established in the field in September, 1969, in a randomized block design with four replications. Data were collected during the summer and fall of 1970. Single-cross progeny were superior to parents with the exception of seed yield, with parents above S₁ progeny except in plant height. Single-crosses averaged 15. 36, 2. 60, 28.21, 24. 79, and 23. 04 percent above the mid-parent for plant height, early anthesis date, panicle number, seed yield, and fall vigor rating respectively. Single-crosses averaged 5.85 and 10.27 percent above the high-parent for panicle number and fall vigor rating respectively. Crosses between maturity groups resulted in the greatest heterosis above the mid-parent for all characteristics and above the high-parent for panicle number (117.50 percent of the high-parent). Early x early single-crosses were tallest (106. 49 percent of the high-parent) and had the most vegetative vigor (115. 36 percent of the high-parent). Indications are that crosses between parents of diverse morphology and origin result in a greater expression of heterosis than crosses among similar parents. Diverse anthesis date appears to increase response to heterosis. Vigor and associations among vigor characteristics were determined from single-cross and S₁ seed and seedlings. Respiration, germination, root and shoot growth, rate of growth, and unit growth characteristics were measured using a Gilson differential respirometer and a seed germinator. For most seed and seedling vigor characteristics S₁ 's and SX's were very similar. Early S₁ and early x early SX groups were consistently more vigorous than late S₁ and late x late SX groups with the early x late SX group intermediate between early x early and late x late SX groups for all seedling vigor characteristics. Root length and vigor index were two of the better indicators of early seedling vigor, with vigor index favored because it takes less time to measure and requires less space. Selection on the basis of vigor index should be an effective laboratory method of screening for higher seedling vigor in tall fescue. There was a significant association between most seed and seedling vigor characteristics in SX's and S₁'s, and most seed and seedling vigor characteristics were associated with from one to three mature plant characteristics, most often fall vigor rating. Three methods of selection for high and low seedling vigor (seed weight, head selection on shoot length, and emergence from deep seeding) resulted in small changes in seed weight and vigor index of progeny. Clones from a population with low seed weight and seedling vigor were self-pollinated and topcrossed to a source with high seed weight and seedling vigor. Positive associations between topcrosses and S₁'s for seed weight and vigor index suggests a lack of appreciable heterosis for these characteristics. The association of forage and seed yield was studied in duplicate populations of parents and five progeny groups. These were: first generation selfed (S₁), open-pollinated OP), polycross (PX), single-cross (SX), and selfed single-cross (F ). Nurseries were planted in a randomized block design with four replications, with harvests made during the spring and summer of 1969. There were significant associations of forage and seed yield in four progeny groups with no association in parents and polycross progeny. The highest correlation occurred in the S₁ progeny (r .794). High forage and seed yields in certain OP, PX, and SX progenies indicate the possibility of breeding for both characteristics simultaneously. Title: An examination of seedling vigor and the effects of genetic diversity on response to heterosis in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Author: Moutray, Jim B., 1939- Response to heterosis for plant height, anthesis date, panicle number, seed yield, and fall vigor rating was determined in a tall. fescue group selected for diverse morphology, origin, and anthesis date. Parents, single-cross progeny (SX), and first generation selfed progeny (S₁) were included in the study. Each experimental plot consisted of 14 plants spaced three feet apart in a row with four feet between rows. Plants were established in the field in September, 1969, in a randomized block design with four replications. Data were collected during the summer and fall of 1970. Single-cross progeny were superior to parents with the exception of seed yield, with parents above S₁ progeny except in plant height. Single-crosses averaged 15. 36, 2. 60, 28.21, 24. 79, and 23. 04 percent above the mid-parent for plant height, early anthesis date, panicle number, seed yield, and fall vigor rating respectively. Single-crosses averaged 5.85 and 10.27 percent above the high-parent for panicle number and fall vigor rating respectively. Crosses between maturity groups resulted in the greatest heterosis above the mid-parent for all characteristics and above the high-parent for panicle number (117.50 percent of the high-parent). Early x early single-crosses were tallest (106. 49 percent of the high-parent) and had the most vegetative vigor (115. 36 percent of the high-parent). Indications are that crosses between parents of diverse morphology and origin result in a greater expression of heterosis than crosses among similar parents. Diverse anthesis date appears to increase response to heterosis. Vigor and associations among vigor characteristics were determined from single-cross and S₁ seed and seedlings. Respiration, germination, root and shoot growth, rate of growth, and unit growth characteristics were measured using a Gilson differential respirometer and a seed germinator. For most seed and seedling vigor characteristics S₁ 's and SX's were very similar. Early S₁ and early x early SX groups were consistently more vigorous than late S₁ and late x late SX groups with the early x late SX group intermediate between early x early and late x late SX groups for all seedling vigor characteristics. Root length and vigor index were two of the better indicators of early seedling vigor, with vigor index favored because it takes less time to measure and requires less space. Selection on the basis of vigor index should be an effective laboratory method of screening for higher seedling vigor in tall fescue. There was a significant association between most seed and seedling vigor characteristics in SX's and S₁'s, and most seed and seedling vigor characteristics were associated with from one to three mature plant characteristics, most often fall vigor rating. Three methods of selection for high and low seedling vigor (seed weight, head selection on shoot length, and emergence from deep seeding) resulted in small changes in seed weight and vigor index of progeny. Clones from a population with low seed weight and seedling vigor were self-pollinated and topcrossed to a source with high seed weight and seedling vigor. Positive associations between topcrosses and S₁'s for seed weight and vigor index suggests a lack of appreciable heterosis for these characteristics. The association of forage and seed yield was studied in duplicate populations of parents and five progeny groups. These were: first generation selfed (S₁), open-pollinated OP), polycross (PX), single-cross (SX), and selfed single-cross (F ). Nurseries were planted in a randomized block design with four replications, with harvests made during the spring and summer of 1969. There were significant associations of forage and seed yield in four progeny groups with no association in parents and polycross progeny. The highest correlation occurred in the S₁ progeny (r .794). High forage and seed yields in certain OP, PX, and SX progenies indicate the possibility of breeding for both characteristics simultaneously. Close

• 33. [Article] Illuminating the Experiences of Single Fathers

  The purpose of this thesis is to explore the experiences of single fathers and their roles as primary caregiver to their children as men in society adopting traditionally feminine roles. There was one ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Illuminating the Experiences of Single Fathers Author: Esbensen, Heidi Rosa Year: 2014 The purpose of this thesis is to explore the experiences of single fathers and their roles as primary caregiver to their children as men in society adopting traditionally feminine roles. There was one primary research question explored: How do single father's experience parenthood? This is explored through four sub questions and discussions about daily life and childrearing alone; childcare and work and family conflicts; use of services and support networks; and of particular interest, gender and the influence of masculinity. Through an analysis of interviews with 14 fathers of varying class status, age, education, and time spent as a single father, I captured broadly the ways in which these men maneuver their childrearing with their lives, and how they are challenging, yet still upholding aspects of hegemonic masculinity. By exploring how these fathers maneuver childrearing as a male in society I assist in gaining insight and understanding to this population that has been previously overlooked in academic research. Title: Illuminating the Experiences of Single Fathers Author: Esbensen, Heidi Rosa Year: 2014 The purpose of this thesis is to explore the experiences of single fathers and their roles as primary caregiver to their children as men in society adopting traditionally feminine roles. There was one primary research question explored: How do single father's experience parenthood? This is explored through four sub questions and discussions about daily life and childrearing alone; childcare and work and family conflicts; use of services and support networks; and of particular interest, gender and the influence of masculinity. Through an analysis of interviews with 14 fathers of varying class status, age, education, and time spent as a single father, I captured broadly the ways in which these men maneuver their childrearing with their lives, and how they are challenging, yet still upholding aspects of hegemonic masculinity. By exploring how these fathers maneuver childrearing as a male in society I assist in gaining insight and understanding to this population that has been previously overlooked in academic research. Close

• 34. [Article] Heritability estimates for seed and plant characteristics in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

  Genetic differences, extent of hybrid vigor, nature of gene action, heritability estimates, and associations among characteristics, and between progenies and their respective mid-parents were determined for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heritability estimates for seed and plant characteristics in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) Author: Kim, Dal Ung Genetic differences, extent of hybrid vigor, nature of gene action, heritability estimates, and associations among characteristics, and between progenies and their respective mid-parents were determined for seed and plant characteristics in white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Ten seed and seedling vigor characteristics, including seed weight, ATP content in seed, seed respiration, and seedling vigor index were studied for a diallel cross consisting of 28 single crosses, five test-crosses, four checks, and eight open-pollinated seed and seedlings. Twenty-three plant characteristics on stolon, petiole, leaf, and forage were examined on the eight clones diallel cross, five test-crosses, three checks, the eight parental clones of single crosses, and six parent clones of the test-crosses. These 14 parent clones for this study were assembled on the basis of diverse morphology and origin. Most seed and seedling vigor characteristics, except RQ values, and most plant characteristics, except internode length, LAR and diurnal ratio in SLW, expressed significant differences among and within most groups of progenies and parental clones. All seed and seedling vigor characteristics, except RQ values, responded primarily to the nonadditive type of gene action. This suggests that the plant breeder should design his breeding program to develop varieties where hybrid vigor can be used to advantage. Among the criteria used in this study to measure seed and seedling vigor, ATP content per seed was closely associated with seedling vigor index and with certain plant characteristics, including forage yield per plant. The associations of seed weight with other seed and seedling vigor characteristics were negative or poor. Most plant characteristics showed apparent hybrid vigor when progenies were compared with their respective mid-parents. With few exceptions, most plant characteristics, stolon, petiole, leaf and forage yield per plant, responded primarily to the nonadditive gene system. This indicated that the plant breeder may use the hybrid approach to white clover variety development. The exceptions were leaf ratio and SLW which responded primarily to additive gene action, and area and dry weight per leaf appeared to respond equally to additive and nonadditive gene action. Genetic differences were more readily identified for stolon number and length when measurements were taken after 70 days of growth. Yield components, such as number, length, and diameter of stolon, petiole length, number of leaves per plant, and dry weight per leaf were closely related to each other. The leaf components of yield, dry weight per leaf and number of leaves per plant, had the highest direct and indirect effects on forage yields per plant among the yield components. This study showed nonadditive gene action primarily responsible for most seed and plant characteristics. Considering the ease of vegetative propagation in this species along with the self-incompatibility, mechanisms, it is suggested that parent geneotypes may be developed by some recurrent selection procedure, then crossed on a two clone synthetic basis to form experimental lines for testing purposes. Title: Heritability estimates for seed and plant characteristics in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) Author: Kim, Dal Ung Genetic differences, extent of hybrid vigor, nature of gene action, heritability estimates, and associations among characteristics, and between progenies and their respective mid-parents were determined for seed and plant characteristics in white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Ten seed and seedling vigor characteristics, including seed weight, ATP content in seed, seed respiration, and seedling vigor index were studied for a diallel cross consisting of 28 single crosses, five test-crosses, four checks, and eight open-pollinated seed and seedlings. Twenty-three plant characteristics on stolon, petiole, leaf, and forage were examined on the eight clones diallel cross, five test-crosses, three checks, the eight parental clones of single crosses, and six parent clones of the test-crosses. These 14 parent clones for this study were assembled on the basis of diverse morphology and origin. Most seed and seedling vigor characteristics, except RQ values, and most plant characteristics, except internode length, LAR and diurnal ratio in SLW, expressed significant differences among and within most groups of progenies and parental clones. All seed and seedling vigor characteristics, except RQ values, responded primarily to the nonadditive type of gene action. This suggests that the plant breeder should design his breeding program to develop varieties where hybrid vigor can be used to advantage. Among the criteria used in this study to measure seed and seedling vigor, ATP content per seed was closely associated with seedling vigor index and with certain plant characteristics, including forage yield per plant. The associations of seed weight with other seed and seedling vigor characteristics were negative or poor. Most plant characteristics showed apparent hybrid vigor when progenies were compared with their respective mid-parents. With few exceptions, most plant characteristics, stolon, petiole, leaf and forage yield per plant, responded primarily to the nonadditive gene system. This indicated that the plant breeder may use the hybrid approach to white clover variety development. The exceptions were leaf ratio and SLW which responded primarily to additive gene action, and area and dry weight per leaf appeared to respond equally to additive and nonadditive gene action. Genetic differences were more readily identified for stolon number and length when measurements were taken after 70 days of growth. Yield components, such as number, length, and diameter of stolon, petiole length, number of leaves per plant, and dry weight per leaf were closely related to each other. The leaf components of yield, dry weight per leaf and number of leaves per plant, had the highest direct and indirect effects on forage yields per plant among the yield components. This study showed nonadditive gene action primarily responsible for most seed and plant characteristics. Considering the ease of vegetative propagation in this species along with the self-incompatibility, mechanisms, it is suggested that parent geneotypes may be developed by some recurrent selection procedure, then crossed on a two clone synthetic basis to form experimental lines for testing purposes. Close

• 35. [Article] Compensating effects and gene action estimates for the components of grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell)

  Five winter wheat cultivars and their diallel crosses were evaluated for plant height, harvest index, deading-maturity duration, the components of yield, (spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, kernel ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Compensating effects and gene action estimates for the components of grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) Author: Abi-Antoun, Michel Five winter wheat cultivars and their diallel crosses were evaluated for plant height, harvest index, deading-maturity duration, the components of yield, (spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, kernel weight and kernels per spikelet)and total plant yield. Two diverse locations, Moro, a dryland site (250 mm annually) located in central Oregon and the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, a high rainfall site (over 1000 mm annually) located in the Willamette Valley, were utilized for one and two cropping seasons, respectively. Three rates of seeding were used as main plots in a split-plot design that was replicated four times. A modified blend method of seeding was used to simulate solid seeding conditions. Experimental seeds were planted 30.5 centimeters apart within the row over a filler cultivar in equally spaced (30.5 centimeters) rows. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance, Griffing's diallel analysis (Method 4, Model 1), correlation, path-coefficient analysis and by parent progeny regression. The correlation between grain yield, its components, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height was dependent on the particula. r environment of the test. The re waspoorcorrelationbetween yield, tiller number and seed size under all the conditions of these studies. Negative associations between the components of yield indicated the sequential compensatory behavior of these characters under all environments. It would be very hard to select for large grain and short stature wheat because of the positive correlation between plant height and seed size within this population. The low correlations of yield with tiller number and seed size were mainly caused by indirect negative effects through one or more of the other yield components. Harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height had very small direct or indirect influences on grain yield. It was concluded that maximum yield would be obtained from a plant type which produces enough tillers to cover a particular unit of field area with large, fertile spikes, having medium to large kernels and semi-dwarf stature. No significant differences existed between parents and single crosses in the expression of the yield components. Nevertheless, hybrids outyielded their parents in grain yield and demonstrated that heterosis for complex traits was a consequence of multiplicative relationships among the components of these traits. Significant interactions between the genotypes and locations, seeding rates and years were observed in the expression of all characters studied. These interactions indicated that using data from non-competitive conditions to assess performance under competitive conditions could not be justified. Also, limiting the number of testing sites may lead to unsound generalizations and erroneous recommendations regarding gene action estimates of yield and the components of grain yield and three associated characters. Under non-competitive conditions, estimates of the additive type of gene action were more significant and contributed larger effects than the non-additive type for all traits. As competition increased at higher seeding rates, the effects of specific combining ability became more important in the expression of yield, number of spikes, spikelets per spike, and plant height. Heritability estimates confirmed these results except for yield. Of the agronomic characters, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height, only harvest index showed some promise as a selection criterion under noncompetitive conditions. A breeding procedure utilizing the component approach consisted of selecting early generations under spaced planting with emphasis on avoiding extreme values in any of the components of yield. The balanced combinations of the components of yield should be tested under solid seeding conditions. Title: Compensating effects and gene action estimates for the components of grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) Author: Abi-Antoun, Michel Five winter wheat cultivars and their diallel crosses were evaluated for plant height, harvest index, deading-maturity duration, the components of yield, (spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, kernel weight and kernels per spikelet)and total plant yield. Two diverse locations, Moro, a dryland site (250 mm annually) located in central Oregon and the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, a high rainfall site (over 1000 mm annually) located in the Willamette Valley, were utilized for one and two cropping seasons, respectively. Three rates of seeding were used as main plots in a split-plot design that was replicated four times. A modified blend method of seeding was used to simulate solid seeding conditions. Experimental seeds were planted 30.5 centimeters apart within the row over a filler cultivar in equally spaced (30.5 centimeters) rows. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance, Griffing's diallel analysis (Method 4, Model 1), correlation, path-coefficient analysis and by parent progeny regression. The correlation between grain yield, its components, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height was dependent on the particula. r environment of the test. The re waspoorcorrelationbetween yield, tiller number and seed size under all the conditions of these studies. Negative associations between the components of yield indicated the sequential compensatory behavior of these characters under all environments. It would be very hard to select for large grain and short stature wheat because of the positive correlation between plant height and seed size within this population. The low correlations of yield with tiller number and seed size were mainly caused by indirect negative effects through one or more of the other yield components. Harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height had very small direct or indirect influences on grain yield. It was concluded that maximum yield would be obtained from a plant type which produces enough tillers to cover a particular unit of field area with large, fertile spikes, having medium to large kernels and semi-dwarf stature. No significant differences existed between parents and single crosses in the expression of the yield components. Nevertheless, hybrids outyielded their parents in grain yield and demonstrated that heterosis for complex traits was a consequence of multiplicative relationships among the components of these traits. Significant interactions between the genotypes and locations, seeding rates and years were observed in the expression of all characters studied. These interactions indicated that using data from non-competitive conditions to assess performance under competitive conditions could not be justified. Also, limiting the number of testing sites may lead to unsound generalizations and erroneous recommendations regarding gene action estimates of yield and the components of grain yield and three associated characters. Under non-competitive conditions, estimates of the additive type of gene action were more significant and contributed larger effects than the non-additive type for all traits. As competition increased at higher seeding rates, the effects of specific combining ability became more important in the expression of yield, number of spikes, spikelets per spike, and plant height. Heritability estimates confirmed these results except for yield. Of the agronomic characters, harvest index, maturity-duration and plant height, only harvest index showed some promise as a selection criterion under noncompetitive conditions. A breeding procedure utilizing the component approach consisted of selecting early generations under spaced planting with emphasis on avoiding extreme values in any of the components of yield. The balanced combinations of the components of yield should be tested under solid seeding conditions. Close

• 36. [Article] The heritability of agronomic characteristics in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)

  Three genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cultivar Fawn and four genotypes from the cultivar Fortune were used as parents to form 15 of a possible 21 single crosses to study the heritability ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The heritability of agronomic characteristics in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Author: Subhanij, Thiravira Three genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cultivar Fawn and four genotypes from the cultivar Fortune were used as parents to form 15 of a possible 21 single crosses to study the heritability of certain agronomic characteristics. The Fawn variety is considered to be tall in growth habit, vigorous and early in anthesis. The Fortune variety represents germ plasm with a shorter growth habit, less vigor and later anthesis. Crossing was accomplished by mutual pollination in the greenhouse during February 1972. A greenhouse experiment was started in June 1972 using the 15 single crosses in a randomized block with three replications. Plants were supplied with one half strength of a modified Hougland's solution twice weekly until August 3 followed with an application of the same nutrient solution every two weeks until they were taken to the field for establishment. Greenhouse data were collected on July 7, August 4 and September 11. These data indicated that the variation among single crosses for tiller numbers and dry weight were greater as the plant grew older. Nutrient stress affected dry matter yield by reducing the variation and mean performance of the single crosses. Differences among single crosses for shoot length, tiller number, and plant spread were still quite evident under the stress conditions. Shoot length showed significant general combining ability (GCA) with non significant specific combining ability effects (SCA) on July 7 and September 11. GCA effects for tiller numbers were evident on August 4 and September 11. Both GCA and SCA effects were significant for plant spread on September ii. GCA for dry weight were significant only on July 7. Based on the diallel analysis, additive gene action was primarily responsible for shoot length, tiller numbers and dry weight. Both additive and non additive gene action influenced plant spread. The field establishment included the 15 single crosses from greenhouse experiments and the seven parent clones, established in a randomized block design with three replications. From the diallel analysis, it was observed that the GCA:SCA mean square for the characters measured were: plant height (19:1), plant spread (2. 1:1), anthesis date (3.2:1), panicle number (1.4:1), panicle length(l2:1), number of primary pedicels per panicle (7.4:1), five panicle seed weight (0. 2:1), seed yield per plant (0. 4:1) and 100 seed weight (15.1:1). This indicated that additive gene action was of major importance in the expression of plant height, number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight. Non additive gene action was contributed substantially more to the expression of five panicles seed weight and seed yield. Both additive and non additive gene action contributed to plant spread and anthesis. Inferences about gene action for panicle numbers and panicle length were not as evident. This is because of the low GCA:SCA ratio, a barely significant GCA for panicle number, and no significant GCA or SCA for panicle length. Single cross progeny were superior to mid parent for plant height (9.27 percent), plant spread (20. 33 percent), anthesis (20.90 percent, which suggested earlier anthesis than mid parent), panicle number (36. 69 percent), and panicle length (11. 44 percent). No apparent superiority of single cross progeny over their corresponding mid parent for number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight was observed. Of all single crosses, only Fawn x Fortune crosses were inferior to mid parents for five panicle seed weight (65.93 percent) and seed yield (60. 22 percent). The Fawn x Fortune performance for both of these characters (0.4062 and 1.23 g per plant, respectively)was low, The diverse parentage of these crosses may have resulted in irregular meiotic behavior in the F₁ which in turn may have caused inviable gametes to be formed. This sterility would result in the low seed yields observed. This is a problem that should be cytologically investigated. Crosses between diverse germ plasm (Fawn x Fortune crosses) did result, however, in heterosis for all characteristics except number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight. But Fortune x Fortune crosses, for certain characters such as plant height, plant spread, panicle numbers, panicle length,exhibited even more heterosis. No heterosis was observed in the Fawn x Fawn crosses. Medium to high heritability estimates were observed for 100 seed weight, plant spread, anthesis date, panicle number and panicle length, while medium to low heritability were observed for panicle length. Low heritable value was evident for plant height, number of primary pedicels, five panicle seed weight and seed yield. Heritability estimates were based on parent progeny relationships involving all single crosses and mid parents. The relationships among various plant characteristics and seed yield was studied. Five panicle seed weight and panicle numbers were significantly correlated with seed yield. However there was a non-significant association of panicle length with seed yield and number of primary pedicels with seed yield.These relationships suggest that higher yielding genotypes may be identified by observing only few panicles per plants. The panicle characteristics examined in this study (other than seed weight) were of little value in identifying high seed yield genotypes, but panicle seed weight was positively related to plant yield. Title: The heritability of agronomic characteristics in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Author: Subhanij, Thiravira Three genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cultivar Fawn and four genotypes from the cultivar Fortune were used as parents to form 15 of a possible 21 single crosses to study the heritability of certain agronomic characteristics. The Fawn variety is considered to be tall in growth habit, vigorous and early in anthesis. The Fortune variety represents germ plasm with a shorter growth habit, less vigor and later anthesis. Crossing was accomplished by mutual pollination in the greenhouse during February 1972. A greenhouse experiment was started in June 1972 using the 15 single crosses in a randomized block with three replications. Plants were supplied with one half strength of a modified Hougland's solution twice weekly until August 3 followed with an application of the same nutrient solution every two weeks until they were taken to the field for establishment. Greenhouse data were collected on July 7, August 4 and September 11. These data indicated that the variation among single crosses for tiller numbers and dry weight were greater as the plant grew older. Nutrient stress affected dry matter yield by reducing the variation and mean performance of the single crosses. Differences among single crosses for shoot length, tiller number, and plant spread were still quite evident under the stress conditions. Shoot length showed significant general combining ability (GCA) with non significant specific combining ability effects (SCA) on July 7 and September 11. GCA effects for tiller numbers were evident on August 4 and September 11. Both GCA and SCA effects were significant for plant spread on September ii. GCA for dry weight were significant only on July 7. Based on the diallel analysis, additive gene action was primarily responsible for shoot length, tiller numbers and dry weight. Both additive and non additive gene action influenced plant spread. The field establishment included the 15 single crosses from greenhouse experiments and the seven parent clones, established in a randomized block design with three replications. From the diallel analysis, it was observed that the GCA:SCA mean square for the characters measured were: plant height (19:1), plant spread (2. 1:1), anthesis date (3.2:1), panicle number (1.4:1), panicle length(l2:1), number of primary pedicels per panicle (7.4:1), five panicle seed weight (0. 2:1), seed yield per plant (0. 4:1) and 100 seed weight (15.1:1). This indicated that additive gene action was of major importance in the expression of plant height, number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight. Non additive gene action was contributed substantially more to the expression of five panicles seed weight and seed yield. Both additive and non additive gene action contributed to plant spread and anthesis. Inferences about gene action for panicle numbers and panicle length were not as evident. This is because of the low GCA:SCA ratio, a barely significant GCA for panicle number, and no significant GCA or SCA for panicle length. Single cross progeny were superior to mid parent for plant height (9.27 percent), plant spread (20. 33 percent), anthesis (20.90 percent, which suggested earlier anthesis than mid parent), panicle number (36. 69 percent), and panicle length (11. 44 percent). No apparent superiority of single cross progeny over their corresponding mid parent for number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight was observed. Of all single crosses, only Fawn x Fortune crosses were inferior to mid parents for five panicle seed weight (65.93 percent) and seed yield (60. 22 percent). The Fawn x Fortune performance for both of these characters (0.4062 and 1.23 g per plant, respectively)was low, The diverse parentage of these crosses may have resulted in irregular meiotic behavior in the F₁ which in turn may have caused inviable gametes to be formed. This sterility would result in the low seed yields observed. This is a problem that should be cytologically investigated. Crosses between diverse germ plasm (Fawn x Fortune crosses) did result, however, in heterosis for all characteristics except number of primary pedicels and 100 seed weight. But Fortune x Fortune crosses, for certain characters such as plant height, plant spread, panicle numbers, panicle length,exhibited even more heterosis. No heterosis was observed in the Fawn x Fawn crosses. Medium to high heritability estimates were observed for 100 seed weight, plant spread, anthesis date, panicle number and panicle length, while medium to low heritability were observed for panicle length. Low heritable value was evident for plant height, number of primary pedicels, five panicle seed weight and seed yield. Heritability estimates were based on parent progeny relationships involving all single crosses and mid parents. The relationships among various plant characteristics and seed yield was studied. Five panicle seed weight and panicle numbers were significantly correlated with seed yield. However there was a non-significant association of panicle length with seed yield and number of primary pedicels with seed yield.These relationships suggest that higher yielding genotypes may be identified by observing only few panicles per plants. The panicle characteristics examined in this study (other than seed weight) were of little value in identifying high seed yield genotypes, but panicle seed weight was positively related to plant yield. Close

• 37. [Image] A model for the origin of calc-alkaline andesites at Crater Lake, Oregon

  	ill. (some color), maps; Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pennsylvania State University; Includes bibliographic references (p. 118-124);
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A model for the origin of calc-alkaline andesites at Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Pinta, James Year: 1981, 2009 ill. (some color), maps; Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pennsylvania State University; Includes bibliographic references (p. 118-124); Title: A model for the origin of calc-alkaline andesites at Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Pinta, James Year: 1981, 2009 ill. (some color), maps; Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pennsylvania State University; Includes bibliographic references (p. 118-124); Close

• 38. [Article] Conscience orientation in children and parental attitudes toward independence granting and achievement inducement

  This study focused on the relationship between parental attitudes and the conscience orientation of children, testing the hypotheses that (1) parents who had children with an external conscience orientation would ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conscience orientation in children and parental attitudes toward independence granting and achievement inducement Author: Draper, Henry E. This study focused on the relationship between parental attitudes and the conscience orientation of children, testing the hypotheses that (1) parents who had children with an external conscience orientation would show significantly greater disparity between their independence granting and achievement inducement attitudes than parents whose children had conventional or humanistic orientations, (2) that parents who had children with a humanistic conscience orientation would show significantly less disparity between their independence granting and achievement inducement scores than parents whose children had external or conventional conscience orientations, and (3) that parents whose children had conventional conscience orientations would show a disparity between independence granting and achievement inducement scores which would fall midway between the parents of children with external or humanistic conscience orientations. Fifteen students representative of each of three conscience types were identified from 325 sixth grade children from various school districts in central and south eastern Utah. The identification and measurement of conscience orientations was achieved with a projective story completion battery adapted from a measure developed by Hoffman. Parental attitudes toward independence granting and achievement inducement were obtained by means of an interview, using the Parental Developmental Timetable, a paper and pencil instrument designed for this purpose by Torgoff . These instruments provided a single independence granting and single achievement inducement score for each parent. The achievement inducement score of each parent was divided into the independence granting score to obtain a ratio of these two variables (the I/A ratio). To determine if there was a significant difference in the I/A ratio scores of parents whose children held different conscience orientations, the parental data were treated by an analysis of variance. Using raw score data no differences were found in the I/A ratios between the three parental groupings, and the three hypotheses stated above were rejected. A derived score transformation technique of handling the data was then developed which permitted a more precise method of determining the difference between the relationship of independence granting to achievement inducement. The rationale permitted a high score theoretically to represent parents whose children had a humanistic conscience orientation, a low score to represent parents whose children had an external conscience orientation, and the scores in between to represent parents whose children had a conventional conscience orientation. When an analysis of variance was applied to these data, the hypotheses were again rejected. The data also were tested to determine the influence of the parental independence granting and achievement inducement variables independently on the conscience orientation of children. This analysis also revealed a lack of relationship between independence granting or achievement inducement orientations on the part of parents and the conscience orientation of children. It was concluded, within the limits of these data, that the independence granting and achievement orientations of parents are unrelated to the conscience orientations of sixth grade children from selected school districts in Utah. In an effort to account for the negative findings corning from the study, an examination of the sampling procedures, the measurement procedures, and the conceptual framework was undertaken. In spite of weakness in the sampling procedure, and the limitations of measurement, it is the opinion of the investigator that the major factor accounting for the negative findings was the inadequacy of the conceptual framework. Had a conceptual framework been developed which included a three-dimensional model, taking into account the influence of parental warmth in relation to the ratio of independence granting and achievement inducement, results in the direction predicted may have occurred. Title: Conscience orientation in children and parental attitudes toward independence granting and achievement inducement Author: Draper, Henry E. This study focused on the relationship between parental attitudes and the conscience orientation of children, testing the hypotheses that (1) parents who had children with an external conscience orientation would show significantly greater disparity between their independence granting and achievement inducement attitudes than parents whose children had conventional or humanistic orientations, (2) that parents who had children with a humanistic conscience orientation would show significantly less disparity between their independence granting and achievement inducement scores than parents whose children had external or conventional conscience orientations, and (3) that parents whose children had conventional conscience orientations would show a disparity between independence granting and achievement inducement scores which would fall midway between the parents of children with external or humanistic conscience orientations. Fifteen students representative of each of three conscience types were identified from 325 sixth grade children from various school districts in central and south eastern Utah. The identification and measurement of conscience orientations was achieved with a projective story completion battery adapted from a measure developed by Hoffman. Parental attitudes toward independence granting and achievement inducement were obtained by means of an interview, using the Parental Developmental Timetable, a paper and pencil instrument designed for this purpose by Torgoff . These instruments provided a single independence granting and single achievement inducement score for each parent. The achievement inducement score of each parent was divided into the independence granting score to obtain a ratio of these two variables (the I/A ratio). To determine if there was a significant difference in the I/A ratio scores of parents whose children held different conscience orientations, the parental data were treated by an analysis of variance. Using raw score data no differences were found in the I/A ratios between the three parental groupings, and the three hypotheses stated above were rejected. A derived score transformation technique of handling the data was then developed which permitted a more precise method of determining the difference between the relationship of independence granting to achievement inducement. The rationale permitted a high score theoretically to represent parents whose children had a humanistic conscience orientation, a low score to represent parents whose children had an external conscience orientation, and the scores in between to represent parents whose children had a conventional conscience orientation. When an analysis of variance was applied to these data, the hypotheses were again rejected. The data also were tested to determine the influence of the parental independence granting and achievement inducement variables independently on the conscience orientation of children. This analysis also revealed a lack of relationship between independence granting or achievement inducement orientations on the part of parents and the conscience orientation of children. It was concluded, within the limits of these data, that the independence granting and achievement orientations of parents are unrelated to the conscience orientations of sixth grade children from selected school districts in Utah. In an effort to account for the negative findings corning from the study, an examination of the sampling procedures, the measurement procedures, and the conceptual framework was undertaken. In spite of weakness in the sampling procedure, and the limitations of measurement, it is the opinion of the investigator that the major factor accounting for the negative findings was the inadequacy of the conceptual framework. Had a conceptual framework been developed which included a three-dimensional model, taking into account the influence of parental warmth in relation to the ratio of independence granting and achievement inducement, results in the direction predicted may have occurred. Close

• 39. [Article] Children's preceptions of parental responses to sibling quarrels and the qualities of sibling relationships

  Children in middle childhood were surveyed in elementary schools to explore possible associations between their perceptions about certain characteristics of their sibling relationships and the ways in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Children's preceptions of parental responses to sibling quarrels and the qualities of sibling relationships Author: Ozretich, Rachel A. Children in middle childhood were surveyed in elementary schools to explore possible associations between their perceptions about certain characteristics of their sibling relationships and the ways in which their parents responded to sibling quarrels. An instrument was developed to measure perceptions of types of parental responses and the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire was used to assess sibling conflict, warmth/closeness, and perceptions of parental partiality. Factor analyses revealed that the parental responses of punishing, prohibiting, and group discipline were closely related, reflecting a single dimension (alpha=.81). Labeled restricting, regression analyses indicated that this type of parental response to sibling quarrels was a strong positive predictor of sibling conflict, a negative predictor of sibling warmth/closeness, and unrelated to perceptions of parental partiality. The contributions of the other types of parental responses to the aspects of sibling relationships studied were different for girls and boys. Parental referring to family rules contributed positively to girls' sibling conflict, and negatively to sibling warmth/closeness. Parental mediating conciliation, particularly by mothers, was a strong positive predictor of boys' sibling warmth/closeness. Parental mediating conciliation negatively contributed to boys' sibling conflict, particularly fathers' mediating conciliation. Nonintervention by parents, particularly fathers' nonintervention, was a strong positive predictor of boys' sibling conflict, and contributed positively to boys' perceptions of parental partiality, as well. However, among girls, fathers' nonintervention positively contributed to sibling warmth/closeness and negatively contributed to partiality. Boys perceived more sibling conflict than girls, but other sibling constellation and family structure variables did not contribute significantly to the aspects of sibling relationships studied. Title: Children's preceptions of parental responses to sibling quarrels and the qualities of sibling relationships Author: Ozretich, Rachel A. Children in middle childhood were surveyed in elementary schools to explore possible associations between their perceptions about certain characteristics of their sibling relationships and the ways in which their parents responded to sibling quarrels. An instrument was developed to measure perceptions of types of parental responses and the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire was used to assess sibling conflict, warmth/closeness, and perceptions of parental partiality. Factor analyses revealed that the parental responses of punishing, prohibiting, and group discipline were closely related, reflecting a single dimension (alpha=.81). Labeled restricting, regression analyses indicated that this type of parental response to sibling quarrels was a strong positive predictor of sibling conflict, a negative predictor of sibling warmth/closeness, and unrelated to perceptions of parental partiality. The contributions of the other types of parental responses to the aspects of sibling relationships studied were different for girls and boys. Parental referring to family rules contributed positively to girls' sibling conflict, and negatively to sibling warmth/closeness. Parental mediating conciliation, particularly by mothers, was a strong positive predictor of boys' sibling warmth/closeness. Parental mediating conciliation negatively contributed to boys' sibling conflict, particularly fathers' mediating conciliation. Nonintervention by parents, particularly fathers' nonintervention, was a strong positive predictor of boys' sibling conflict, and contributed positively to boys' perceptions of parental partiality, as well. However, among girls, fathers' nonintervention positively contributed to sibling warmth/closeness and negatively contributed to partiality. Boys perceived more sibling conflict than girls, but other sibling constellation and family structure variables did not contribute significantly to the aspects of sibling relationships studied. Close

• 40. [Article] Assessing the sex education attitudes and skills of parents of church attending preadolescents

  Four instruments were developed to assess sex education attitudes and skills of parents. The Parental Perception of Preadolescent Child (PPPC), Parental Attitudes Toward the Sex Education of Children (PATSEC), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the sex education attitudes and skills of parents of church attending preadolescents Author: Kleffner, Carolyn Joyce Four instruments were developed to assess sex education attitudes and skills of parents. The Parental Perception of Preadolescent Child (PPPC), Parental Attitudes Toward the Sex Education of Children (PATSEC), Topic Checklist (TC) and Index of Challenging Questions for Parents of Preadolescents (ICQPP) provided measures on how parents perceive maturity and readiness for receiving information about sexual topics, and assessed a variety of parental sex education attitudes as well as competence, openness, and confidence in answering challenging questions from 9 - 12 year old children. After pretesting on a small sample of parents of preadolescents the instruments were then administered to a nonrandom parent sample of 65 residents of Linn and Benton Counties, Oregon. A majority of the 38 mothers and 27 fathers were married, college graduates, and attended church frequently. The questionnaire was administered at four Benton County churches. The four questionnaires and parental background data were analyzed by one and two way analysis of variance, Pearson Product Moment correlation, multiple and single response frequency tabulations, and a stepwise multiple regression test. Results indicated that parents held very positive attitudes toward the sex education of children and prefer being the primary source of information to them. Subjects were able to select the most developmentally appropriate response to children's challenging questions 75% of the time. The mean scores for fathers and mothers did not differ significantly in openness, attitude, or competence as measured on the TC, PATSEC, and ICQPP instruments. However, fathers were found to be more confident than mothers in responding to preadolescents' questions. A stepwise regression analysis showed a significant positive relationship between openness, competence and attitudes toward sex education of children. How mature a parent perceives a child to be was not significantly correlated to frequency of discussion on sexual topics. These findings were discussed and implications for providing sex education classes and parent-child discussion groups were made. Title: Assessing the sex education attitudes and skills of parents of church attending preadolescents Author: Kleffner, Carolyn Joyce Four instruments were developed to assess sex education attitudes and skills of parents. The Parental Perception of Preadolescent Child (PPPC), Parental Attitudes Toward the Sex Education of Children (PATSEC), Topic Checklist (TC) and Index of Challenging Questions for Parents of Preadolescents (ICQPP) provided measures on how parents perceive maturity and readiness for receiving information about sexual topics, and assessed a variety of parental sex education attitudes as well as competence, openness, and confidence in answering challenging questions from 9 - 12 year old children. After pretesting on a small sample of parents of preadolescents the instruments were then administered to a nonrandom parent sample of 65 residents of Linn and Benton Counties, Oregon. A majority of the 38 mothers and 27 fathers were married, college graduates, and attended church frequently. The questionnaire was administered at four Benton County churches. The four questionnaires and parental background data were analyzed by one and two way analysis of variance, Pearson Product Moment correlation, multiple and single response frequency tabulations, and a stepwise multiple regression test. Results indicated that parents held very positive attitudes toward the sex education of children and prefer being the primary source of information to them. Subjects were able to select the most developmentally appropriate response to children's challenging questions 75% of the time. The mean scores for fathers and mothers did not differ significantly in openness, attitude, or competence as measured on the TC, PATSEC, and ICQPP instruments. However, fathers were found to be more confident than mothers in responding to preadolescents' questions. A stepwise regression analysis showed a significant positive relationship between openness, competence and attitudes toward sex education of children. How mature a parent perceives a child to be was not significantly correlated to frequency of discussion on sexual topics. These findings were discussed and implications for providing sex education classes and parent-child discussion groups were made. Close

• 41. [Article] A study of methods of parental evaluation using testers to predict subsequent progeny performance in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

  The major objective of this study was to determine why certain winter wheat cultivars, when hybridized, will produce a greater proportion of desirable plants in subsequent, segregating generations. Three ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of methods of parental evaluation using testers to predict subsequent progeny performance in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Author: Alexander, William Larry The major objective of this study was to determine why certain winter wheat cultivars, when hybridized, will produce a greater proportion of desirable plants in subsequent, segregating generations. Three winter wheat parents were chosen as the experimental material, based on their known performance as parents. Yamhill and Pullman Selection 101 are recognized as cultivars with good combining abilities for grain yield. Crosses with Nugaines have been disappointing, even though the cultivar itself is high yielding. Each parent was crossed to a series of five testers. These testers were chosen on the basis of their genetic diversity, especially for the components of yield. This parent x tester crossing scheme was analyzed as a 3 x 5 factorial, where the main effects due to parents and testers were their general combining ability effect estimates. The interactions of these main effects were their specific combining abilities. F₁ hybrids were evaluated for two years and F₂ populations for one year to characterize the parents' capacity to transmit selected attributes to their resulting progeny. These generations were evaluated on a per plant basis for their grain yields and the primary components of yield, tillers per plant, kernels per spike, and 1000 kernel weight. The four methods of evaluating parents assessed were parental performance, midparent-progeny correlations, examination of individual crosses, and combining ability analysis. Midparent-progeny correlations usually were not significant within the progeny of each parent. Significant differences were not found for grain yields among the parents in either year. However, significant differences existed for their expressions of yield components. Parental expressions of the yield components were generally more erratic than those of their F₁ progenies. Significant differences occurred for estimates of general combining ability effects in both years and for each generation in all traits. These estimates for a particular parent were relatively consistent. Specific combining ability was not found to be a dependable means of identifying superior combinations. Associations between the parental general combining ability effect estimates for kernels per spike and 1000 kernel weight were positive. Relationships between other yield component combinations were negative with regard to general combining ability effects. Trends observed in single crosses reflected the relative general combining abilities of the parents. Crosses involving Yamhill generally had fewer tillers with a higher number of kernels per spike, heavier kernel weights, and superior grain yields to those of the other parents. Progeny of Pullman Selection 101 were usually high in tillering, intermediate for number of kernels per spike, low in kernel weights, and intermediate for grain yields. The progeny of Nugaines were characterized by high tillering, a low number of kernels per spike, low kernel weights, and also low grain yields. The parent x tester crossing scheme was found to be an effective way of determining the potentials of the three parents by estimating their general combining abilities, as well as minimizing the number of crosses required. If, as found in this study, the general combining ability effect estimates of the parents for grain yield accurately predict performance of later generations, this parent x tester crossing scheme would be an efficient method of assessing the potentials of prospective parents in breeding programs. Title: A study of methods of parental evaluation using testers to predict subsequent progeny performance in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Author: Alexander, William Larry The major objective of this study was to determine why certain winter wheat cultivars, when hybridized, will produce a greater proportion of desirable plants in subsequent, segregating generations. Three winter wheat parents were chosen as the experimental material, based on their known performance as parents. Yamhill and Pullman Selection 101 are recognized as cultivars with good combining abilities for grain yield. Crosses with Nugaines have been disappointing, even though the cultivar itself is high yielding. Each parent was crossed to a series of five testers. These testers were chosen on the basis of their genetic diversity, especially for the components of yield. This parent x tester crossing scheme was analyzed as a 3 x 5 factorial, where the main effects due to parents and testers were their general combining ability effect estimates. The interactions of these main effects were their specific combining abilities. F₁ hybrids were evaluated for two years and F₂ populations for one year to characterize the parents' capacity to transmit selected attributes to their resulting progeny. These generations were evaluated on a per plant basis for their grain yields and the primary components of yield, tillers per plant, kernels per spike, and 1000 kernel weight. The four methods of evaluating parents assessed were parental performance, midparent-progeny correlations, examination of individual crosses, and combining ability analysis. Midparent-progeny correlations usually were not significant within the progeny of each parent. Significant differences were not found for grain yields among the parents in either year. However, significant differences existed for their expressions of yield components. Parental expressions of the yield components were generally more erratic than those of their F₁ progenies. Significant differences occurred for estimates of general combining ability effects in both years and for each generation in all traits. These estimates for a particular parent were relatively consistent. Specific combining ability was not found to be a dependable means of identifying superior combinations. Associations between the parental general combining ability effect estimates for kernels per spike and 1000 kernel weight were positive. Relationships between other yield component combinations were negative with regard to general combining ability effects. Trends observed in single crosses reflected the relative general combining abilities of the parents. Crosses involving Yamhill generally had fewer tillers with a higher number of kernels per spike, heavier kernel weights, and superior grain yields to those of the other parents. Progeny of Pullman Selection 101 were usually high in tillering, intermediate for number of kernels per spike, low in kernel weights, and intermediate for grain yields. The progeny of Nugaines were characterized by high tillering, a low number of kernels per spike, low kernel weights, and also low grain yields. The parent x tester crossing scheme was found to be an effective way of determining the potentials of the three parents by estimating their general combining abilities, as well as minimizing the number of crosses required. If, as found in this study, the general combining ability effect estimates of the parents for grain yield accurately predict performance of later generations, this parent x tester crossing scheme would be an efficient method of assessing the potentials of prospective parents in breeding programs. Close

• 42. [Article] Bilingual Spanish-English Speaking 4-Year-Old-Children: English Normative Data and Correlations with Parent Reports

  Many bilingual Spanish-English preschool aged children are impacted by speech sound disorders; and research has shown that bilingual speech sound systems develop differently than monolinguals'. Research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bilingual Spanish-English Speaking 4-Year-Old-Children: English Normative Data and Correlations with Parent Reports Author: Powers, Brooke Leann Year: 2010 Many bilingual Spanish-English preschool aged children are impacted by speech sound disorders; and research has shown that bilingual speech sound systems develop differently than monolinguals'. Research has also shown that, for monolingual English and Spanish speakers, parent reports can be a valid tool for identification and single-word assessments can effectively diagnose speech disorder, yet little, if any, normative data or information about the validity of parent reports as an identification tool exists for bilingual Spanish-English speakers. The purpose of the present study was to create bilingual speech normative data for English single-word assessment scores for percent consonants correct (PCC), percent vowels correct (PVC), and the index of phonetic complexity (IPC). It also sought to determine correlations of speech scores and parent reports, which was done as an extension of Stertzbach's 2005 study with monolingual Spanish speakers. Fifty-six bilingual Spanish-English 4-year-olds were administered a single-word assessment in English and normative data was generated from the PCC, PVC, and IPC scores. That normative data was correlated with Likert values from the parent surveys to establish the validity of the report as an identification tool, and finally, the disordered scores (as determined by the normative data) were explored in relation to previous suspicion or diagnosis of disorder. The normative data showed 89% of speech scores falling within the typical range for both PCC and PVC and 93% for IPC. Pearson coefficients were computed by regression analysis and parent reports were deemed a valid tool for identification based on statistically significant correlations (at the .05 level) for 6 of 10 questions. Previous suspicions of disorder, based on parent report or examiner questionnaire, were 87.5% and 91% accurate, respectively, while current diagnosis, based on the presence of an existing Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP), was 93% accurate. The results were consistent with previous research showing the prevalence of speech disorder as well as the validity of the parent report. Title: Bilingual Spanish-English Speaking 4-Year-Old-Children: English Normative Data and Correlations with Parent Reports Author: Powers, Brooke Leann Year: 2010 Many bilingual Spanish-English preschool aged children are impacted by speech sound disorders; and research has shown that bilingual speech sound systems develop differently than monolinguals'. Research has also shown that, for monolingual English and Spanish speakers, parent reports can be a valid tool for identification and single-word assessments can effectively diagnose speech disorder, yet little, if any, normative data or information about the validity of parent reports as an identification tool exists for bilingual Spanish-English speakers. The purpose of the present study was to create bilingual speech normative data for English single-word assessment scores for percent consonants correct (PCC), percent vowels correct (PVC), and the index of phonetic complexity (IPC). It also sought to determine correlations of speech scores and parent reports, which was done as an extension of Stertzbach's 2005 study with monolingual Spanish speakers. Fifty-six bilingual Spanish-English 4-year-olds were administered a single-word assessment in English and normative data was generated from the PCC, PVC, and IPC scores. That normative data was correlated with Likert values from the parent surveys to establish the validity of the report as an identification tool, and finally, the disordered scores (as determined by the normative data) were explored in relation to previous suspicion or diagnosis of disorder. The normative data showed 89% of speech scores falling within the typical range for both PCC and PVC and 93% for IPC. Pearson coefficients were computed by regression analysis and parent reports were deemed a valid tool for identification based on statistically significant correlations (at the .05 level) for 6 of 10 questions. Previous suspicions of disorder, based on parent report or examiner questionnaire, were 87.5% and 91% accurate, respectively, while current diagnosis, based on the presence of an existing Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP), was 93% accurate. The results were consistent with previous research showing the prevalence of speech disorder as well as the validity of the parent report. Close

• 43. [Article] Toward a Model of Work and Family Balance: How Families with Children Having Serious Emotional Disorders Manage Caregiving and Worklife

  Employed parents of children with serious emotional disorders must manage the competing demands of home and job. Although every situation is unique, all parents cope daily with the interface between employment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Toward a Model of Work and Family Balance: How Families with Children Having Serious Emotional Disorders Manage Caregiving and Worklife Author: Rosenzweig, Julie M., Ogilvie, Alice Myrth, Brennan, Eileen M. Year: 1998 Employed parents of children with serious emotional disorders must manage the competing demands of home and job. Although every situation is unique, all parents cope daily with the interface between employment and home. As the number of single employed mothers and dual-worker households has increased, so has the research on work and family. A review of this literature offers an examination of the different ways work and family relate within the busy lives of employed parents. Three primary models emerge from the review that describe experiences of mothers and fathers challenged by meeting both the needs of family members and the responsibilities of work-life. The literature does not identify whether or not the parents have children with any special needs. This review serves as a foundation for research that will specifically focus on parents of children with serious emotional disorders. Title: Toward a Model of Work and Family Balance: How Families with Children Having Serious Emotional Disorders Manage Caregiving and Worklife Author: Rosenzweig, Julie M., Ogilvie, Alice Myrth, Brennan, Eileen M. Year: 1998 Employed parents of children with serious emotional disorders must manage the competing demands of home and job. Although every situation is unique, all parents cope daily with the interface between employment and home. As the number of single employed mothers and dual-worker households has increased, so has the research on work and family. A review of this literature offers an examination of the different ways work and family relate within the busy lives of employed parents. Three primary models emerge from the review that describe experiences of mothers and fathers challenged by meeting both the needs of family members and the responsibilities of work-life. The literature does not identify whether or not the parents have children with any special needs. This review serves as a foundation for research that will specifically focus on parents of children with serious emotional disorders. Close

• 44. [Article] Evaluation of methods of progeny testing in tall fescue seed production (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.)

  Seventeen parental clones were selected, from 9,000 plants, on the basis of self-sterility, seed and forage yield potential using phenotypic ratings, crude protein and chromogen content. The parental clones ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of methods of progeny testing in tall fescue seed production (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Thomas, Johnny Ray Seventeen parental clones were selected, from 9,000 plants, on the basis of self-sterility, seed and forage yield potential using phenotypic ratings, crude protein and chromogen content. The parental clones were divided into two populations based on date of maturity. Group I was intermediate in maturity and had nine parental clones, while group E was early maturing and had eight parental clones. Six progeny testing methods (vegetative cuttings of parental clones, first generation selfed-seed (S₁ progeny), open-pollinated progeny, polycross progeny, seed from all possible single crosses, and selfed seed from the single-crosses or F₂ progeny) were compared using simple correlation coefficients between the progeny test and by comparing the rankings of the clones on the basis of each progeny test. The actual polycross performance was compared with the theoretical polycross performance or average of all possible single crosses, to see if equal and random fertilization occurred in the actual polycross. The results from the comparison of the six progeny testing methods indicated the vegetative cuttings of the parental clones and the single-cross progeny tests are the two most effective progeny testing methods when considering all four traits and both populations of plants. The open pollinated and polycross progeny tests were generally undesirable, because frequently there was no significant difference among their progeny. The S₁ progeny test was generally not desirable in group I; however, it appeared to be the most satisfactory test for seed yield when both populations of plants were considered. The results illustrate why there are inconsistencies in the literature concerning the effectiveness of the progeny testing methods. The effectiveness of the six progeny tests varied, to some extent, from trait to trait and for the two populations. For all four traits there was much less agreement among the six progeny tests in group E than in group I. In all four traits the F₂ generation showed a great inbreeding depression. The average of the single crosses was lower than the parents for tiller number, plant height, and 100 seed weight, but equalled the parents in yield per plant. The S₁ progeny were usually approximately equal to the average of the single cross progeny. The open-pollinated and polycross progeny were generally the highest for all four traits. The results from the comparison of the actual polycross with the theoretical polycross indicated that equal and random fertilization did not occur in the actual polycross. The more desirable clones appeared to contribute the majority of the pollen, since the actual polycross performance was usually greater than the theoretical polycross performance. Title: Evaluation of methods of progeny testing in tall fescue seed production (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Thomas, Johnny Ray Seventeen parental clones were selected, from 9,000 plants, on the basis of self-sterility, seed and forage yield potential using phenotypic ratings, crude protein and chromogen content. The parental clones were divided into two populations based on date of maturity. Group I was intermediate in maturity and had nine parental clones, while group E was early maturing and had eight parental clones. Six progeny testing methods (vegetative cuttings of parental clones, first generation selfed-seed (S₁ progeny), open-pollinated progeny, polycross progeny, seed from all possible single crosses, and selfed seed from the single-crosses or F₂ progeny) were compared using simple correlation coefficients between the progeny test and by comparing the rankings of the clones on the basis of each progeny test. The actual polycross performance was compared with the theoretical polycross performance or average of all possible single crosses, to see if equal and random fertilization occurred in the actual polycross. The results from the comparison of the six progeny testing methods indicated the vegetative cuttings of the parental clones and the single-cross progeny tests are the two most effective progeny testing methods when considering all four traits and both populations of plants. The open pollinated and polycross progeny tests were generally undesirable, because frequently there was no significant difference among their progeny. The S₁ progeny test was generally not desirable in group I; however, it appeared to be the most satisfactory test for seed yield when both populations of plants were considered. The results illustrate why there are inconsistencies in the literature concerning the effectiveness of the progeny testing methods. The effectiveness of the six progeny tests varied, to some extent, from trait to trait and for the two populations. For all four traits there was much less agreement among the six progeny tests in group E than in group I. In all four traits the F₂ generation showed a great inbreeding depression. The average of the single crosses was lower than the parents for tiller number, plant height, and 100 seed weight, but equalled the parents in yield per plant. The S₁ progeny were usually approximately equal to the average of the single cross progeny. The open-pollinated and polycross progeny were generally the highest for all four traits. The results from the comparison of the actual polycross with the theoretical polycross indicated that equal and random fertilization did not occur in the actual polycross. The more desirable clones appeared to contribute the majority of the pollen, since the actual polycross performance was usually greater than the theoretical polycross performance. Close

• 45. [Article] Evaluation of parental performance for grain yield in two populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host)

  Six winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for their breeding value in transmitting superior genetic factors for grain yield to subsequent progeny. The cultivars were selected on the basis of their potential ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of parental performance for grain yield in two populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Alcala de Stefano, Maximino Six winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for their breeding value in transmitting superior genetic factors for grain yield to subsequent progeny. The cultivars were selected on the basis of their potential grain yield and divided into two populations. Population I was comprised of three cultivars which have been in commercial production for several years and are regarded as intermediate for grain yield. Population II was represented by three recently developed cultivars which have superior grain yielding potential. Each of the three parents within each population were crossed in a diallel manner Hence, the parents and subsequent F₁, F₂, and BC progeny made up the experimental populations. These populations were grown at two environmentally diverse sites within the state of Oregon. Morphological characters measured were: (1) tillers per plant; (2) kernels per spike; (3) plant height; (4) weight of 300 kernels; and (5) grain yield. To detect which parental combination had the greatest potential for transmitting superior performance to the subsequent progeny for the components of yield and grain yield, the following parameters were determined for both populations: (1) the amount and nature of the genetic variance associated with each population; (2) average combining ability of each parent within the populations; (3) estimates of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in the F₁ and (4) the possible influence of the genotype-environmental interactions on the parameters measured. Also information concerning the desirability of using top crosses and double crosses rather than single crosses was obtained. In an effort to compare the relative performance between the populations, Pullman Selection 101, which is a good general combining winter wheat cultivar, was used as a tester for both populations. The values obtained in this investigation reflect the properties of the populations studied and should not be interpreted as applying to all wheat populations. Considerable genetic variability was found within both populations for the characters studied. This variability was largely due to genetic factors which were additive. Tillers per plant and grain yield were influenced by both additive and nonadditive genetic variance. The higher yielding parents in Population II were found to be higher in their average combining ability for kernels per spike and grain yield per plant whereas the lower yielding parents in Population I were higher for tiller number, weight of 300 kernels and plant height. Parental combinations identified as being promising, for grain yield in a conventional program, where nearly homozygous lines are desired, were also the same parental combinations which resulted in a maximum expression of heterobeltiosis and would be of most interest in a hybrid program. The desirability of using multiple crosses to maximize the number of favorable factors need further study inctuding additional parents and different combinations plus an evaluation of the performance of such crosses in later generations. In this investigation, the single crosses appeared to be the most promising; however, inbreeding depression due to segregation within top and double crosses influenced the values obtained. Also, the population sizes should be increased to measure the total potential of such crosses. Significant genotype-environmental interactions were observed between locations for plant height and weight of 300 kernels. The estimates obtained for average combining ability, heterosis and heterobeltiosis for the other characters measured also suggested that it will be necessary to identify the most promising hybrid combinations based on the performance of the parents at the specific location. To make the most rapid progress in developing high yielding cultivars in either conventional or hybrid programs, the wheat breeder needs to emphasize crosses between unrelated high yielding cultivars. However, the need to provide superior parental lines which include such factors as disease resistance, should be evaluated. The development of elite germ plasm by geneticists will be mandatory if plant breeders are to continue to improve grain yield. Title: Evaluation of parental performance for grain yield in two populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Alcala de Stefano, Maximino Six winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for their breeding value in transmitting superior genetic factors for grain yield to subsequent progeny. The cultivars were selected on the basis of their potential grain yield and divided into two populations. Population I was comprised of three cultivars which have been in commercial production for several years and are regarded as intermediate for grain yield. Population II was represented by three recently developed cultivars which have superior grain yielding potential. Each of the three parents within each population were crossed in a diallel manner Hence, the parents and subsequent F₁, F₂, and BC progeny made up the experimental populations. These populations were grown at two environmentally diverse sites within the state of Oregon. Morphological characters measured were: (1) tillers per plant; (2) kernels per spike; (3) plant height; (4) weight of 300 kernels; and (5) grain yield. To detect which parental combination had the greatest potential for transmitting superior performance to the subsequent progeny for the components of yield and grain yield, the following parameters were determined for both populations: (1) the amount and nature of the genetic variance associated with each population; (2) average combining ability of each parent within the populations; (3) estimates of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in the F₁ and (4) the possible influence of the genotype-environmental interactions on the parameters measured. Also information concerning the desirability of using top crosses and double crosses rather than single crosses was obtained. In an effort to compare the relative performance between the populations, Pullman Selection 101, which is a good general combining winter wheat cultivar, was used as a tester for both populations. The values obtained in this investigation reflect the properties of the populations studied and should not be interpreted as applying to all wheat populations. Considerable genetic variability was found within both populations for the characters studied. This variability was largely due to genetic factors which were additive. Tillers per plant and grain yield were influenced by both additive and nonadditive genetic variance. The higher yielding parents in Population II were found to be higher in their average combining ability for kernels per spike and grain yield per plant whereas the lower yielding parents in Population I were higher for tiller number, weight of 300 kernels and plant height. Parental combinations identified as being promising, for grain yield in a conventional program, where nearly homozygous lines are desired, were also the same parental combinations which resulted in a maximum expression of heterobeltiosis and would be of most interest in a hybrid program. The desirability of using multiple crosses to maximize the number of favorable factors need further study inctuding additional parents and different combinations plus an evaluation of the performance of such crosses in later generations. In this investigation, the single crosses appeared to be the most promising; however, inbreeding depression due to segregation within top and double crosses influenced the values obtained. Also, the population sizes should be increased to measure the total potential of such crosses. Significant genotype-environmental interactions were observed between locations for plant height and weight of 300 kernels. The estimates obtained for average combining ability, heterosis and heterobeltiosis for the other characters measured also suggested that it will be necessary to identify the most promising hybrid combinations based on the performance of the parents at the specific location. To make the most rapid progress in developing high yielding cultivars in either conventional or hybrid programs, the wheat breeder needs to emphasize crosses between unrelated high yielding cultivars. However, the need to provide superior parental lines which include such factors as disease resistance, should be evaluated. The development of elite germ plasm by geneticists will be mandatory if plant breeders are to continue to improve grain yield. Close

• 46. [Article] Analysis of high-risk hispanic families in a family support program : characteristics, factors affecting parenting skills over time, and age-paced newsletter efficacy

  Two studies investigated the characteristics of high-risk Hispanic parents with young children who were enrolled in a primary prevention home visitation program targeting first birth families. In the first ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of high-risk hispanic families in a family support program : characteristics, factors affecting parenting skills over time, and age-paced newsletter efficacy Author: Weatherspoon, Joni Two studies investigated the characteristics of high-risk Hispanic parents with young children who were enrolled in a primary prevention home visitation program targeting first birth families. In the first study, more and less acculturated high-risk Hispanic families were compared to high-risk non-Hispanic White families on differences in demographic characteristics, risk factors associated with poor child outcomes, and parent behaviors related to infant health. Using the General Linear Model Univariate procedure, these characteristics were then related to level of parenting skills, measured after approximately one year of service. A total of 1005 families were included in the study. There were important differences in parent psychosocial characteristics, health risks, and outcomes among Hispanic families. Hispanic mothers who were more acculturated, as measured by use of English in the home, were more likely to be at risk for substance abuse, mental illness, and family conflict. They were more likely to smoke and less likely to breastfeed. Less acculturated Hispanic mothers were less educated and more likely to be isolated. Controlling for pretest scores and education level, there were significant between group differences on parenting skills after one year of service, however the effect was small and overshadowed by the significant interaction effect between partner status and household category. Scores for single Spanish-speaking Hispanic mothers were significantly lower than scores of Spanish-speaking Hispanics in partner households. Risk factors that were positively associated with program progress included breastfeeding and mother's education level. Smoking, mental illness, and unrealistic expectations for the child were negatively associated with program progress. The second paper addressed the efficacy of an age-paced parenting newsletter as part of a home-visiting program for Spanish-speaking Hispanic parents. Family Service Workers serving these families delivered the newsletter and used it as a curriculum guide and teaching tool for families. Parents reported reading the newsletter, learning from it, and changing their behavior in response to newsletter content. Home visitors reported that it was a useful tool to reach high-risk parents with important parenting information. They found that it was particularly useful to combat inappropriate or unhealthful parenting advice from well-meaning family members and friends. Title: Analysis of high-risk hispanic families in a family support program : characteristics, factors affecting parenting skills over time, and age-paced newsletter efficacy Author: Weatherspoon, Joni Two studies investigated the characteristics of high-risk Hispanic parents with young children who were enrolled in a primary prevention home visitation program targeting first birth families. In the first study, more and less acculturated high-risk Hispanic families were compared to high-risk non-Hispanic White families on differences in demographic characteristics, risk factors associated with poor child outcomes, and parent behaviors related to infant health. Using the General Linear Model Univariate procedure, these characteristics were then related to level of parenting skills, measured after approximately one year of service. A total of 1005 families were included in the study. There were important differences in parent psychosocial characteristics, health risks, and outcomes among Hispanic families. Hispanic mothers who were more acculturated, as measured by use of English in the home, were more likely to be at risk for substance abuse, mental illness, and family conflict. They were more likely to smoke and less likely to breastfeed. Less acculturated Hispanic mothers were less educated and more likely to be isolated. Controlling for pretest scores and education level, there were significant between group differences on parenting skills after one year of service, however the effect was small and overshadowed by the significant interaction effect between partner status and household category. Scores for single Spanish-speaking Hispanic mothers were significantly lower than scores of Spanish-speaking Hispanics in partner households. Risk factors that were positively associated with program progress included breastfeeding and mother's education level. Smoking, mental illness, and unrealistic expectations for the child were negatively associated with program progress. The second paper addressed the efficacy of an age-paced parenting newsletter as part of a home-visiting program for Spanish-speaking Hispanic parents. Family Service Workers serving these families delivered the newsletter and used it as a curriculum guide and teaching tool for families. Parents reported reading the newsletter, learning from it, and changing their behavior in response to newsletter content. Home visitors reported that it was a useful tool to reach high-risk parents with important parenting information. They found that it was particularly useful to combat inappropriate or unhealthful parenting advice from well-meaning family members and friends. Close

• 47. [Article] Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the presence of two other preschool siblings

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the presence of two other preschool siblings Author: Thompson, Joanne Mann Title: Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the presence of two other preschool siblings Author: Thompson, Joanne Mann Close

• 48. [Article] Attitudes of one hundred thirty single college men toward certain aspects of parenthood

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Attitudes of one hundred thirty single college men toward certain aspects of parenthood Author: Benjamin, Dayton Title: Attitudes of one hundred thirty single college men toward certain aspects of parenthood Author: Benjamin, Dayton Close

• 49. [Article] Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the home

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the home Author: Paul, Janet Smetts Title: Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the home Author: Paul, Janet Smetts Close

• 50. [Article] Baby Talk: Engaging the Community in Early Language Development as a Strategy to Improve K-12 Success

  Single-page poster.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Baby Talk: Engaging the Community in Early Language Development as a Strategy to Improve K-12 Success Author: Spencer-Iiams, Jennifer Year: 2013, 2012 Single-page poster. Title: Baby Talk: Engaging the Community in Early Language Development as a Strategy to Improve K-12 Success Author: Spencer-Iiams, Jennifer Year: 2013, 2012 Single-page poster. Close

• 51. [Article] Reproductive ecology and endocrinology of the garibaldi damselfish, Hypsypops rubicundus (Pomacentridae)

  I examined two aspects of the reproductive behavior of the garibaldi, Hypsypops rubicundus, a temperate marine damselfish with male parental care. My primary objective was to determine the relationship ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reproductive ecology and endocrinology of the garibaldi damselfish, Hypsypops rubicundus (Pomacentridae) Author: Sikkel, Paul C. I examined two aspects of the reproductive behavior of the garibaldi, Hypsypops rubicundus, a temperate marine damselfish with male parental care. My primary objective was to determine the relationship between female choice and male parental investment in the care of offspring. In particular, I sought to determine: (1) how the presence and developmental stage of eggs already in the nest influences female spawning site choice; (2) how male investment in current offspring varies with the number and developmental stage of eggs in his nest; and (3) how patterns of mate choice and parental investment contribute to the reproductive success of each sex. Because male courtship and parental care behaviors change during a nesting cycle, a secondary objective was to indentify associated hormonal changes that potentially cause this change in behavior. Female garibaldi showed a strong preference to spawn in nests with early stage eggs over empty nests or those with predominantly late-stage eggs. Within nests containing eggs in multiple stages of development, females always deposited their eggs among the youngest eggs in the nest. Male garibaldi exhibited behavioral tactics that would increase the mortality of eggs deposited in empty nests (first clutches) or in older broods (late clutches) and thus favor such female preference. These include: (1) cannibalism of single-clutch broods; (2) cannibalism of older eggs early in the brood-cycle; (3) cannibalism of younger eggs late in the brood-cycle; (4) increased attentiveness of larger broods; and (5) increased aggressiveness in defense of larger broods. These behaviors are consistent with the predictions of parental investment theory that males invest in current offspring in a way that maximizes the net (current plus future) benefits of paternal care. Male garibaldi actively courted females when their nests were empty. However, courtship rates declined as males acquired eggs and as those eggs aged. This was concomitant with an increase in parental egg fanning. Levels of both testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone were positively related to levels of courtship activity and inversely related to male parental egg-fanning. Title: Reproductive ecology and endocrinology of the garibaldi damselfish, Hypsypops rubicundus (Pomacentridae) Author: Sikkel, Paul C. I examined two aspects of the reproductive behavior of the garibaldi, Hypsypops rubicundus, a temperate marine damselfish with male parental care. My primary objective was to determine the relationship between female choice and male parental investment in the care of offspring. In particular, I sought to determine: (1) how the presence and developmental stage of eggs already in the nest influences female spawning site choice; (2) how male investment in current offspring varies with the number and developmental stage of eggs in his nest; and (3) how patterns of mate choice and parental investment contribute to the reproductive success of each sex. Because male courtship and parental care behaviors change during a nesting cycle, a secondary objective was to indentify associated hormonal changes that potentially cause this change in behavior. Female garibaldi showed a strong preference to spawn in nests with early stage eggs over empty nests or those with predominantly late-stage eggs. Within nests containing eggs in multiple stages of development, females always deposited their eggs among the youngest eggs in the nest. Male garibaldi exhibited behavioral tactics that would increase the mortality of eggs deposited in empty nests (first clutches) or in older broods (late clutches) and thus favor such female preference. These include: (1) cannibalism of single-clutch broods; (2) cannibalism of older eggs early in the brood-cycle; (3) cannibalism of younger eggs late in the brood-cycle; (4) increased attentiveness of larger broods; and (5) increased aggressiveness in defense of larger broods. These behaviors are consistent with the predictions of parental investment theory that males invest in current offspring in a way that maximizes the net (current plus future) benefits of paternal care. Male garibaldi actively courted females when their nests were empty. However, courtship rates declined as males acquired eggs and as those eggs aged. This was concomitant with an increase in parental egg fanning. Levels of both testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone were positively related to levels of courtship activity and inversely related to male parental egg-fanning. Close

• 52. [Article] Exploring the Effects of Multi-Level Protective and Risk Factors on Child and Parenting Outcomes in Families Participating in Healthy Start/Healthy Families Oregon (HS/HFO)

  While many studies focus on the links between multiple risk factors and negative outcomes such as child maltreatment, less is known about the influence of protective factors in the face of risks. The theoretical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring the Effects of Multi-Level Protective and Risk Factors on Child and Parenting Outcomes in Families Participating in Healthy Start/Healthy Families Oregon (HS/HFO) Author: Nygren, Peggy Year: 2013 While many studies focus on the links between multiple risk factors and negative outcomes such as child maltreatment, less is known about the influence of protective factors in the face of risks. The theoretical base of this study was a social ecological model of interactive influences including individual parent, family, and neighborhood level factors to predict outcomes. Protective Factor Index (PFI) and Risk Factor Index (RFI) predictors were developed to explore potential multi-level protective factor buffering effects on key child development and parenting outcomes. Participants were first time mothers enrolled in a randomized controlled study of the Healthy Start/ Healthy Families Oregon (HS/HFO) home visitation program (treatment group) who completed a follow-up phone survey at the child’s 12 month birthday (n = 405). Families were offered HS/HFO services prenatally after meeting risk screening eligibility criteria on the New Baby Questionnaire (NBQ). Program mothers having received at least one home visit (n = 248) were included in the final analyses. Families had an average of 3.1 (SD = 1.2) NBQ risk factors at enrollment and 83% reported having trouble paying for basic needs. Families received an average of 16 home visits in the first 6 months of the program. Thirty-one percent of mothers were aged 19 or younger, 60% were White and Non-Hispanic, 31% were Hispanic, and 9% were another race/ethnicity. Hierarchical regression models with main effects (RFI, PFI, race) and an interaction term (RFI X PFI) were developed to predict eight outcomes. Interaction effects models were not significant. Five RFI main effects were significant: higher RFI scores were associated with greater likelihood of child welfare involvement, greater parenting stress, less favorable scores on child health and well-being, lower parent responsiveness and ii acceptance, and less supportive learning environments. One PFI main effect was significant: higher PFI scores predicted lower parenting stress. A trend level result showed higher PFI scores were associated with less child welfare involvement. Race was significant in two models: White/Non-Hispanic families were more likely to have a home visitor report child welfare involvement and had more frequent parent-child activities compared to other race/ethnicity families. Unpacking the results with separate single risk factor (12 items) and protective factor (10 items) regression models followed. Results showed parent’s prior family history of maltreatment and younger maternal age predicted child welfare involvement (home visitor report), while protection was seen for those with access to housing support. Social support and family functioning protectors were linked to lower parenting stress, while maternal depression showed the opposite finding. Better scores on a child health and well-being measure were seen with higher neighborhood cohesion and greater participation in HS/HFO; in contrast, neighborhood violence and frequent mobility were linked to worse scores. Developmentally supportive home environments were seen for families participating in additional parent support programs, in which the mother had greater knowledge of infant milestones and behavior, and if the family had access to housing supports. Unemployment proved to be associated with less enriched home environments. In summary, there was no support for the cumulative PFI in buffering risk for negative outcomes in this model. The RFI was also a more robust predictor of outcomes compared to the PFI in the main effects models. Overall, study findings provide some evidence for the utility of specific protective factors, as well as cumulative and specific single risk factors, for screening families for effectively targeting services and guiding the conceptual development of program and evaluation formats. Title: Exploring the Effects of Multi-Level Protective and Risk Factors on Child and Parenting Outcomes in Families Participating in Healthy Start/Healthy Families Oregon (HS/HFO) Author: Nygren, Peggy Year: 2013 While many studies focus on the links between multiple risk factors and negative outcomes such as child maltreatment, less is known about the influence of protective factors in the face of risks. The theoretical base of this study was a social ecological model of interactive influences including individual parent, family, and neighborhood level factors to predict outcomes. Protective Factor Index (PFI) and Risk Factor Index (RFI) predictors were developed to explore potential multi-level protective factor buffering effects on key child development and parenting outcomes. Participants were first time mothers enrolled in a randomized controlled study of the Healthy Start/ Healthy Families Oregon (HS/HFO) home visitation program (treatment group) who completed a follow-up phone survey at the child’s 12 month birthday (n = 405). Families were offered HS/HFO services prenatally after meeting risk screening eligibility criteria on the New Baby Questionnaire (NBQ). Program mothers having received at least one home visit (n = 248) were included in the final analyses. Families had an average of 3.1 (SD = 1.2) NBQ risk factors at enrollment and 83% reported having trouble paying for basic needs. Families received an average of 16 home visits in the first 6 months of the program. Thirty-one percent of mothers were aged 19 or younger, 60% were White and Non-Hispanic, 31% were Hispanic, and 9% were another race/ethnicity. Hierarchical regression models with main effects (RFI, PFI, race) and an interaction term (RFI X PFI) were developed to predict eight outcomes. Interaction effects models were not significant. Five RFI main effects were significant: higher RFI scores were associated with greater likelihood of child welfare involvement, greater parenting stress, less favorable scores on child health and well-being, lower parent responsiveness and ii acceptance, and less supportive learning environments. One PFI main effect was significant: higher PFI scores predicted lower parenting stress. A trend level result showed higher PFI scores were associated with less child welfare involvement. Race was significant in two models: White/Non-Hispanic families were more likely to have a home visitor report child welfare involvement and had more frequent parent-child activities compared to other race/ethnicity families. Unpacking the results with separate single risk factor (12 items) and protective factor (10 items) regression models followed. Results showed parent’s prior family history of maltreatment and younger maternal age predicted child welfare involvement (home visitor report), while protection was seen for those with access to housing support. Social support and family functioning protectors were linked to lower parenting stress, while maternal depression showed the opposite finding. Better scores on a child health and well-being measure were seen with higher neighborhood cohesion and greater participation in HS/HFO; in contrast, neighborhood violence and frequent mobility were linked to worse scores. Developmentally supportive home environments were seen for families participating in additional parent support programs, in which the mother had greater knowledge of infant milestones and behavior, and if the family had access to housing supports. Unemployment proved to be associated with less enriched home environments. In summary, there was no support for the cumulative PFI in buffering risk for negative outcomes in this model. The RFI was also a more robust predictor of outcomes compared to the PFI in the main effects models. Overall, study findings provide some evidence for the utility of specific protective factors, as well as cumulative and specific single risk factors, for screening families for effectively targeting services and guiding the conceptual development of program and evaluation formats. Close

• 53. [Image] Soils of the Klamath Indian Reservation; interim report, June 11, 1958

  	TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION 18 - 11 History and ethnology 18 Irrigated area table 19 Cultural geography 19 General physiographic features 262e . .3 Physiographic areas and farming 1d CLIMATE ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soils of the Klamath Indian Reservation; interim report, June 11, 1958 Author: United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs Year: 1958, 2005, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION 18 - 11 History and ethnology 18 Irrigated area table 19 Cultural geography 19 General physiographic features 262e . .3 Physiographic areas and farming 1d CLIMATE 182 - 18 Climatic table, Sprague River, Oregon 185 Precipitation table , Chiloquin, Oregon 186 Temperature table, Chiloquin, Oregon 187 Climatic table, Fort Klamath, Oregon 188 VEGETATION 189 - 25 GEOLOGY 196 - 51 Hydrography: rivers, lakes, marshes, ground water 196 Relief and geological formations. 262e .32 Diatomite - tuff formation 262e . 1c4 Pliocene sediments of the Modoc Point area 262e.. 37 Faulted tuff formation 1c9 Pumice tuff formation.. 1d0 Pumice mantle and pumice flows ........ 262e.... .........40 Table of chemical analyses of pumice and scoria 1d5 Geology Map 262e . 262e 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY 262e 262e...52 PART II DESCRIPTIONS OF SOILS 223 - 60 Classification and survey 262e 262e.. 262e... 53 Soil profile and nomenclature. .... 262e...53 Chestnut Soils 262e 224 "Western" Brown Forest Soils 225 Regosol Soils . . 262e. 262e......56 Solonetz Soils 262e.....57 Halomorphic Soils 262e 228 Hydromorphic Soils 262e... 229 Soil Association Map 262e 229 KEY TO SOIL SERIES 262e61 - 63 SOIL SERIES AND MAPPING UNIT DESCRIPTIONS 134 ~ 254 APPENDIX 1955 - 297 Soil Series and mapping unit index. 2620. . . . 255 Glossary of terms 263f 262e. . . . 272 Table of soil analyses (Oregon State College)... 1989 Table of irrigation water quality (Oregon State College) 1990 Table of conductivity and reaction. . . . 1991 Table of resistance of saturated paste 262e296 Title: Soils of the Klamath Indian Reservation; interim report, June 11, 1958 Author: United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs Year: 1958, 2005, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION 18 - 11 History and ethnology 18 Irrigated area table 19 Cultural geography 19 General physiographic features 262e . .3 Physiographic areas and farming 1d CLIMATE 182 - 18 Climatic table, Sprague River, Oregon 185 Precipitation table , Chiloquin, Oregon 186 Temperature table, Chiloquin, Oregon 187 Climatic table, Fort Klamath, Oregon 188 VEGETATION 189 - 25 GEOLOGY 196 - 51 Hydrography: rivers, lakes, marshes, ground water 196 Relief and geological formations. 262e .32 Diatomite - tuff formation 262e . 1c4 Pliocene sediments of the Modoc Point area 262e.. 37 Faulted tuff formation 1c9 Pumice tuff formation.. 1d0 Pumice mantle and pumice flows ........ 262e.... .........40 Table of chemical analyses of pumice and scoria 1d5 Geology Map 262e . 262e 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY 262e 262e...52 PART II DESCRIPTIONS OF SOILS 223 - 60 Classification and survey 262e 262e.. 262e... 53 Soil profile and nomenclature. .... 262e...53 Chestnut Soils 262e 224 "Western" Brown Forest Soils 225 Regosol Soils . . 262e. 262e......56 Solonetz Soils 262e.....57 Halomorphic Soils 262e 228 Hydromorphic Soils 262e... 229 Soil Association Map 262e 229 KEY TO SOIL SERIES 262e61 - 63 SOIL SERIES AND MAPPING UNIT DESCRIPTIONS 134 ~ 254 APPENDIX 1955 - 297 Soil Series and mapping unit index. 2620. . . . 255 Glossary of terms 263f 262e. . . . 272 Table of soil analyses (Oregon State College)... 1989 Table of irrigation water quality (Oregon State College) 1990 Table of conductivity and reaction. . . . 1991 Table of resistance of saturated paste 262e296 Close

• 54. [Article] Diagnostic congruence: a study on presentation of clinical information to parents and recall

  The present study was an investigation of recall following presentation of diagnostic information. The setting was the Crippled Children's Division of the University of Oregon Medical School. The purpose ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Diagnostic congruence: a study on presentation of clinical information to parents and recall Author: Maier, Miriam Rae Year: 1972 The present study was an investigation of recall following presentation of diagnostic information. The setting was the Crippled Children's Division of the University of Oregon Medical School. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that one session conferencing imparting diagnostic information to parents of handicapped children reduces recall. Additionally, it was hypothesized that multi-discipline conferencing is related to greater diagnostic recall than single discipline conferencing. The sample was made up of 20 parent units whose children were evaluated at the Crippled Children's Division for suspected Cerebral Palsy and/or Mental Retardation. There were ten families from the Cerebral Palsy Clinic and ten from the Mental Retardation Clinic. Three comparisons were made: (1) The amount of information presented at the staffing session was the baseline against which the amount of information imparted at the parent conference was compared. (2) The amount of information imparted at the parent conference was compared with the amount of information that was recalled six weeks later at the follow up interview. (3) The amount of information recalled at the time of the follow up interview was compared with the staffing information in order to determine the loss of diagnostic information. The results supported the hypotheses. Diagnostic congruence was by far, more the exception than the rule Implications suggest that additional follow up services are necessary. Title: Diagnostic congruence: a study on presentation of clinical information to parents and recall Author: Maier, Miriam Rae Year: 1972 The present study was an investigation of recall following presentation of diagnostic information. The setting was the Crippled Children's Division of the University of Oregon Medical School. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that one session conferencing imparting diagnostic information to parents of handicapped children reduces recall. Additionally, it was hypothesized that multi-discipline conferencing is related to greater diagnostic recall than single discipline conferencing. The sample was made up of 20 parent units whose children were evaluated at the Crippled Children's Division for suspected Cerebral Palsy and/or Mental Retardation. There were ten families from the Cerebral Palsy Clinic and ten from the Mental Retardation Clinic. Three comparisons were made: (1) The amount of information presented at the staffing session was the baseline against which the amount of information imparted at the parent conference was compared. (2) The amount of information imparted at the parent conference was compared with the amount of information that was recalled six weeks later at the follow up interview. (3) The amount of information recalled at the time of the follow up interview was compared with the staffing information in order to determine the loss of diagnostic information. The results supported the hypotheses. Diagnostic congruence was by far, more the exception than the rule Implications suggest that additional follow up services are necessary. Close

• 55. [Article] Influential Factors of Parental Substance and Alcohol Abuse on Children’s Academic Achievement

  There is much research to support the idea that parental involvement benefits a child's educational performance. There is also strong evidence demonstrating that parental substance or alcohol abuse increases ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influential Factors of Parental Substance and Alcohol Abuse on Children’s Academic Achievement Author: Winters, Andrea Year: 2013 There is much research to support the idea that parental involvement benefits a child's educational performance. There is also strong evidence demonstrating that parental substance or alcohol abuse increases a child's risk for behavioral problems that include drug and alcohol abuse, social-skill deficits, and low educational attainment. Very little current research has focused specifically on children of substance abusers who, against the odds, achieve academically. This study investigates the relationship between parental substance or alcohol abuse and children’s academic achievement. Data will be collected using a self-report survey from adult-children who self-identify as being a child of a past or present substance or alcohol abuser. This study hopes to identify strategies that were used by the subjects to surmount family dysfunction and which helped them to achieve academically. It is expected that these strategies could be used as interventions to help other students by encouraging their academic progress and achievement even amid dysfunctional, substance abusing family situations. Positive psychological theory and resilience theory concepts are used as a backdrop. Substance abuse, specifically alcohol abuse, is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in the United States, with an estimate in 1992 of 14 million adults who abused or were dependent upon alcohol. The problems of drug and alcohol addiction are worthy of attention as they create concomitant social, economic, and psychological consequences for everyone involved. For example, the collective effects of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs exact greater consequences on the welfare of the American people than any other single preventable factor. The total costs ascribable to addiction are approximated at more than $400 billion every year, including health care costs, low worker productivity, and crime. Faculty Mentor: Valerie Stewart Title: Influential Factors of Parental Substance and Alcohol Abuse on Children’s Academic Achievement Author: Winters, Andrea Year: 2013 There is much research to support the idea that parental involvement benefits a child's educational performance. There is also strong evidence demonstrating that parental substance or alcohol abuse increases a child's risk for behavioral problems that include drug and alcohol abuse, social-skill deficits, and low educational attainment. Very little current research has focused specifically on children of substance abusers who, against the odds, achieve academically. This study investigates the relationship between parental substance or alcohol abuse and children’s academic achievement. Data will be collected using a self-report survey from adult-children who self-identify as being a child of a past or present substance or alcohol abuser. This study hopes to identify strategies that were used by the subjects to surmount family dysfunction and which helped them to achieve academically. It is expected that these strategies could be used as interventions to help other students by encouraging their academic progress and achievement even amid dysfunctional, substance abusing family situations. Positive psychological theory and resilience theory concepts are used as a backdrop. Substance abuse, specifically alcohol abuse, is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in the United States, with an estimate in 1992 of 14 million adults who abused or were dependent upon alcohol. The problems of drug and alcohol addiction are worthy of attention as they create concomitant social, economic, and psychological consequences for everyone involved. For example, the collective effects of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs exact greater consequences on the welfare of the American people than any other single preventable factor. The total costs ascribable to addiction are approximated at more than $400 billion every year, including health care costs, low worker productivity, and crime. Faculty Mentor: Valerie Stewart Close

• 56. [Article] Construction of a SNP and SSR linkage map in autotetraploid blueberry using genotyping by sequencing

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Construction of a SNP and SSR linkage map in autotetraploid blueberry using genotyping by sequencing Author: Hackett, Christine A., Buck, Emily, Wiedow, Claudia, Wheeler, Edmund J., Bassil, Nahla V., Brown, Allan, Poland, Jesse A., Olmstead, James W., Jorgensen, Linzi, McCallum, Susan, Rowland, Lisa J., Hancock, James F., Graham, Julie, Vining, Kelly, Jackson, Eric To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11032 Title: Construction of a SNP and SSR linkage map in autotetraploid blueberry using genotyping by sequencing Author: Hackett, Christine A., Buck, Emily, Wiedow, Claudia, Wheeler, Edmund J., Bassil, Nahla V., Brown, Allan, Poland, Jesse A., Olmstead, James W., Jorgensen, Linzi, McCallum, Susan, Rowland, Lisa J., Hancock, James F., Graham, Julie, Vining, Kelly, Jackson, Eric To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11032 Close

• 57. [Article] Sex-determining chromosomes and sexual dimorphism: insights from genetic mapping of sex expression in a natural hybrid Fragaria ×ananassa subsp. cuneifolia

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Nature Publishing Group and can be found at: http://www.nature.com/hdy/index.ht...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sex-determining chromosomes and sexual dimorphism: insights from genetic mapping of sex expression in a natural hybrid Fragaria ×ananassa subsp. cuneifolia Author: Liston, Aaron, Ashman, Tia-Lynn, Govindarajulu, Rajanikanth This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Nature Publishing Group and can be found at: http://www.nature.com/hdy/index.html. Title: Sex-determining chromosomes and sexual dimorphism: insights from genetic mapping of sex expression in a natural hybrid Fragaria ×ananassa subsp. cuneifolia Author: Liston, Aaron, Ashman, Tia-Lynn, Govindarajulu, Rajanikanth This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Nature Publishing Group and can be found at: http://www.nature.com/hdy/index.html. Close

• 58. [Article] Bioclimatic, ecological, and phenotypic intermediacy and high genetic admixture in a natural hybrid of octoploid strawberries

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Botanical Society of America and can be found at: http://www.botany.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bioclimatic, ecological, and phenotypic intermediacy and high genetic admixture in a natural hybrid of octoploid strawberries Author: Ashnam, Tia-Lynn, Liston, Aaron, Falk, Stacey, Govindarajulu, Rajanikanth, Parks, Matthew, Salamone, Isabella This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Botanical Society of America and can be found at: http://www.botany.org/. Title: Bioclimatic, ecological, and phenotypic intermediacy and high genetic admixture in a natural hybrid of octoploid strawberries Author: Ashnam, Tia-Lynn, Liston, Aaron, Falk, Stacey, Govindarajulu, Rajanikanth, Parks, Matthew, Salamone, Isabella This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Botanical Society of America and can be found at: http://www.botany.org/. Close

• 59. [Article] Single cross progeny evaluation in tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea, Schreb

  All possible single crosses from three different maturity groups of 27 selected parental genotypes of tall fescue were established in a randomized block experiment to be evaluated in 1962 for five agronomic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Single cross progeny evaluation in tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea, Schreb Author: Cáceres, Oscar All possible single crosses from three different maturity groups of 27 selected parental genotypes of tall fescue were established in a randomized block experiment to be evaluated in 1962 for five agronomic characters: height, width and maturity per plant; self -seed yield per plant; and forage yield per plant. For each character, general and specific combining ability effects, relationship among these characters and heritability estimates based on mean square expectations were obtained. Results of this study indicate that genetic diversity present in the original parental population resulted in significant differences among maturity groups for the characters measured, with the exception of self-seed yield. The variability within each group was small and significant only for maturity and self-seed yield in the intermediate group and for height and maturity in the late group, indicating that the progenies were quite uniform for the other characters. Significant correlation coefficients were noted between forage yield with height and width of the plant. This significant association was observed in all three maturity groups. Estimates of heritability in narrow sense for maturity and self-seed yield in the intermediate maturity group were 0.19 and 0.46, respectively. With the preponderance of additive gene effects for self-seed yield, the value of breeding material for this character may be indicated early in a breeding program. Title: Single cross progeny evaluation in tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea, Schreb Author: Cáceres, Oscar All possible single crosses from three different maturity groups of 27 selected parental genotypes of tall fescue were established in a randomized block experiment to be evaluated in 1962 for five agronomic characters: height, width and maturity per plant; self -seed yield per plant; and forage yield per plant. For each character, general and specific combining ability effects, relationship among these characters and heritability estimates based on mean square expectations were obtained. Results of this study indicate that genetic diversity present in the original parental population resulted in significant differences among maturity groups for the characters measured, with the exception of self-seed yield. The variability within each group was small and significant only for maturity and self-seed yield in the intermediate group and for height and maturity in the late group, indicating that the progenies were quite uniform for the other characters. Significant correlation coefficients were noted between forage yield with height and width of the plant. This significant association was observed in all three maturity groups. Estimates of heritability in narrow sense for maturity and self-seed yield in the intermediate maturity group were 0.19 and 0.46, respectively. With the preponderance of additive gene effects for self-seed yield, the value of breeding material for this character may be indicated early in a breeding program. Close

• 60. [Article] Methods of evaluation, effects of intermating and results of one cycle of S₁ family recurrent selection in barley

  The focus of this study was to determine if S₁ family recurrent selection might be successfully used for barley improvement. Objectives were: 1) to identify suitable methods of evaluating grain yield in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Methods of evaluation, effects of intermating and results of one cycle of S₁ family recurrent selection in barley Author: Mareck, James The focus of this study was to determine if S₁ family recurrent selection might be successfully used for barley improvement. Objectives were: 1) to identify suitable methods of evaluating grain yield in small plots, 2) to study the effects of intermating on mean values and variances of selected agronomic characters, and 3) to evaluate the response to one cycle of S₁ family selection for grain yield. Genetic materials included parents, random F₃ lines from four single cross populations, and random S₁ lines from the Cycle 0 (C-0) population which was developed by intermating the four single crosses for two generations. Heading date, plant height, and grain yield were measured on F₃ and S₁ lines grown in unreplicated small (0.7 m²) two row plots in two locations in 1979. The same traits were measured on bulk progenies of F₃ and S₁ lines grown in unreplicated large (6.0 m²) plots in three locations in 1980. Moving mean technique, which uses the mean grain yield of a number of adjacent plots as a covariable in an analysis of covariance, improved the precision of yield trials. Error mean square of replicated parents was reduced between 0 and 80 percent at different experimental sites, depending on the magnitude of field variation. Comparison of grain yield of parents grown in both large and small plots in the same year-location indicated that grain yield in small plots was affected by competition effects associated with plant height. Additional evidence for the inaccuracy of small plot yield data was supplied by the higher positive correlation between grain yield and plant height in small plots as compared to large plots. Breakup of favorably interacting associations of alleles by intermating was studied by comparing the mean of the four single crosses with the mean of the C-0 population. Two generations of intermating did not affect the mean values for plant height or grain yield, however the C-0 population headed significantly earlier due to the effect of rapid generation advancement in the intermating process. Two generations of intermating increased genetic variance for heading date and plant height, but no effect could be detected for grain yield. While some of the estimates of genetic variance for grain yield were negative, most were small and non-significant. Lack of genetic variation for grain yield is believed to be due to common parentage of the genetic materials in this study. Response to selection for grain yield was evaluated with Cycle 1 (C-1) S₁ lines developed by intermating the highest yielding 10% of C-0 S₁ lines. The C-1 population was significantly higher yielding than parents and significantly taller than parents and the C-0 population. Since little genetic variation for grain yield was found in this study, the response to selection for grain yield shown in small plot tests is believed to be a manifestation of competition effects associated with the increased plant height of the C-1 population. Successful S₁ family recurrent selection in barley may require the development of populations with greater genetic variation for grain yield. If populations with more diverse parentage and greater genetic variability are developed, then S₁ family selection in concert with improved field plot techniques may result in continued grain yield improvement in barley. Title: Methods of evaluation, effects of intermating and results of one cycle of S₁ family recurrent selection in barley Author: Mareck, James The focus of this study was to determine if S₁ family recurrent selection might be successfully used for barley improvement. Objectives were: 1) to identify suitable methods of evaluating grain yield in small plots, 2) to study the effects of intermating on mean values and variances of selected agronomic characters, and 3) to evaluate the response to one cycle of S₁ family selection for grain yield. Genetic materials included parents, random F₃ lines from four single cross populations, and random S₁ lines from the Cycle 0 (C-0) population which was developed by intermating the four single crosses for two generations. Heading date, plant height, and grain yield were measured on F₃ and S₁ lines grown in unreplicated small (0.7 m²) two row plots in two locations in 1979. The same traits were measured on bulk progenies of F₃ and S₁ lines grown in unreplicated large (6.0 m²) plots in three locations in 1980. Moving mean technique, which uses the mean grain yield of a number of adjacent plots as a covariable in an analysis of covariance, improved the precision of yield trials. Error mean square of replicated parents was reduced between 0 and 80 percent at different experimental sites, depending on the magnitude of field variation. Comparison of grain yield of parents grown in both large and small plots in the same year-location indicated that grain yield in small plots was affected by competition effects associated with plant height. Additional evidence for the inaccuracy of small plot yield data was supplied by the higher positive correlation between grain yield and plant height in small plots as compared to large plots. Breakup of favorably interacting associations of alleles by intermating was studied by comparing the mean of the four single crosses with the mean of the C-0 population. Two generations of intermating did not affect the mean values for plant height or grain yield, however the C-0 population headed significantly earlier due to the effect of rapid generation advancement in the intermating process. Two generations of intermating increased genetic variance for heading date and plant height, but no effect could be detected for grain yield. While some of the estimates of genetic variance for grain yield were negative, most were small and non-significant. Lack of genetic variation for grain yield is believed to be due to common parentage of the genetic materials in this study. Response to selection for grain yield was evaluated with Cycle 1 (C-1) S₁ lines developed by intermating the highest yielding 10% of C-0 S₁ lines. The C-1 population was significantly higher yielding than parents and significantly taller than parents and the C-0 population. Since little genetic variation for grain yield was found in this study, the response to selection for grain yield shown in small plot tests is believed to be a manifestation of competition effects associated with the increased plant height of the C-1 population. Successful S₁ family recurrent selection in barley may require the development of populations with greater genetic variation for grain yield. If populations with more diverse parentage and greater genetic variability are developed, then S₁ family selection in concert with improved field plot techniques may result in continued grain yield improvement in barley. Close

• 61. [Article] The breeding behavior of forage yield in two populations of tall fescue, (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.)

  The single-cross and most F₂ progenies of 19 genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb. ) were used to study the breeding behavior of forage yield. Parental genotypes were selected for high ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The breeding behavior of forage yield in two populations of tall fescue, (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Matheson, Keith Isom The single-cross and most F₂ progenies of 19 genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb. ) were used to study the breeding behavior of forage yield. Parental genotypes were selected for high self-sterility, high chromogen and high crude protein. These were studied in two groups of nine intermediate and ten late-flowering genotypes. Progenies were grown on the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, Corvallis, Oregon as plants spaced one foot apart with three feet between rows. Ten plants of each cross for each generation were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Variables measured were plant width, natural plant height, plant spread, leaf length, total plant height of regrowth tissue, plant density and forage yield. The collected data were converted to plant means. Broad- and narrow-sense estimates of heritability were obtained from expected mean squares according to Griffing's analysis (random model, method four) and compared with estimates of heritability obtained by F₂-single-cross regression. General and specific combining ability effects were observed and the single-cross-F₂ inbreeding depressions were studied. The F₂ families were obtained by the self-pollination of five single-cross plants. General combining ability mean squares averaged from two to nine times greater than the mean squares for specific combining ability, with the largest difference being 54.7 times greater. The two populations responded similarly for the variables measured except for total plant height and plant spread. Greater progress from selection could be expected in the late- maturing group with the exception of these two traits. In most cases, single-cross progenies performed better than their corresponding F₂ progenies. The average of all single-crosses differed from the average of all F₂ progenies in 12 of 20 analyses in 1963, but in only 2 of 12 in 1964. The inbreeding characteristic was most pronounced for forage yield. High-performing single-crosses for the traits studied tended to produce high-performing F₂ progenies. Little or no heterosis was expressed and the expression of inbreeding depression appeared to be influenced greatly by the environment. Heritability estimates indicated that most traits could be studied more effectively after the second year of plant establishment. The environmental influence appeared to be less pronounced at that time. Where the coefficient of determination was high between the single-cross and F₂ generations, traits were less influenced by the environment and the disparity between the estimates of heritability was less. When used on cross-pollinated polyploid grasses, the method of diallel analysis proposed by Griffing does not appear to remove all environmental influence and thus overestimates heritability. Forage yield in the two populations of tall fescue studied was governed principally by additive gene action. Heterosis expressed was mostly in crosses involving low-performing parents. Title: The breeding behavior of forage yield in two populations of tall fescue, (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Matheson, Keith Isom The single-cross and most F₂ progenies of 19 genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb. ) were used to study the breeding behavior of forage yield. Parental genotypes were selected for high self-sterility, high chromogen and high crude protein. These were studied in two groups of nine intermediate and ten late-flowering genotypes. Progenies were grown on the Hyslop Agronomy Farm, Corvallis, Oregon as plants spaced one foot apart with three feet between rows. Ten plants of each cross for each generation were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Variables measured were plant width, natural plant height, plant spread, leaf length, total plant height of regrowth tissue, plant density and forage yield. The collected data were converted to plant means. Broad- and narrow-sense estimates of heritability were obtained from expected mean squares according to Griffing's analysis (random model, method four) and compared with estimates of heritability obtained by F₂-single-cross regression. General and specific combining ability effects were observed and the single-cross-F₂ inbreeding depressions were studied. The F₂ families were obtained by the self-pollination of five single-cross plants. General combining ability mean squares averaged from two to nine times greater than the mean squares for specific combining ability, with the largest difference being 54.7 times greater. The two populations responded similarly for the variables measured except for total plant height and plant spread. Greater progress from selection could be expected in the late- maturing group with the exception of these two traits. In most cases, single-cross progenies performed better than their corresponding F₂ progenies. The average of all single-crosses differed from the average of all F₂ progenies in 12 of 20 analyses in 1963, but in only 2 of 12 in 1964. The inbreeding characteristic was most pronounced for forage yield. High-performing single-crosses for the traits studied tended to produce high-performing F₂ progenies. Little or no heterosis was expressed and the expression of inbreeding depression appeared to be influenced greatly by the environment. Heritability estimates indicated that most traits could be studied more effectively after the second year of plant establishment. The environmental influence appeared to be less pronounced at that time. Where the coefficient of determination was high between the single-cross and F₂ generations, traits were less influenced by the environment and the disparity between the estimates of heritability was less. When used on cross-pollinated polyploid grasses, the method of diallel analysis proposed by Griffing does not appear to remove all environmental influence and thus overestimates heritability. Forage yield in the two populations of tall fescue studied was governed principally by additive gene action. Heterosis expressed was mostly in crosses involving low-performing parents. Close

• 62. [Article] Highland Magnet School at Kenwood: School Improvement Plan Dashboard

  Single-page poster.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Highland Magnet School at Kenwood: School Improvement Plan Dashboard Author: Dean, Paul Year: 2013, 2012 Single-page poster. Title: Highland Magnet School at Kenwood: School Improvement Plan Dashboard Author: Dean, Paul Year: 2013, 2012 Single-page poster. Close

• 63. [Article] Consequential Validity Evidence for Oregon's Extended Assessment

  Single page poster

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Consequential Validity Evidence for Oregon's Extended Assessment Author: Farley, Daniel Year: 2013, 2012 Single page poster Title: Consequential Validity Evidence for Oregon's Extended Assessment Author: Farley, Daniel Year: 2013, 2012 Single page poster Close

• 64. [Image] Nude youths: 1508-1510, Sistine Chapel Ceiling

  	Printed on both sides of a single accordion folded piece of paper; Housed in a brown paper slip case; Slip case sealed with parental advisory label; Text printed accross center of images; Black and white ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nude youths: 1508-1510, Sistine Chapel Ceiling Author: Wirth, Karen Printed on both sides of a single accordion folded piece of paper; Housed in a brown paper slip case; Slip case sealed with parental advisory label; Text printed accross center of images; Black and white images of figures on the Sistine Chapel ceiling Title: Nude youths: 1508-1510, Sistine Chapel Ceiling Author: Wirth, Karen Printed on both sides of a single accordion folded piece of paper; Housed in a brown paper slip case; Slip case sealed with parental advisory label; Text printed accross center of images; Black and white images of figures on the Sistine Chapel ceiling Close

• 65. [Article] Genetic variation and interrelationships of acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb)

  Six parent clones and their 15 single-crosses of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae, Schreb) were row-planted in Corvallis, Oregon, row and sward-planted in Columbia, Missouri, and evaluated for genetic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Genetic variation and interrelationships of acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) Author: Soh, Aik-chin Six parent clones and their 15 single-crosses of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae, Schreb) were row-planted in Corvallis, Oregon, row and sward-planted in Columbia, Missouri, and evaluated for genetic variability, genotyp-eenvironment interactions and interrelationships in acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose (HCL), crude protein (CP) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) for each harvest in 1977 and 1978. Analyses revealed that general combining ability or additive genetic effects predominated for all the measured characteristics in the tall fescue diallel cross population. Of the genotype-environment interactions, only general combining ability x harvest interaction effects were significant enough to warrant consideration. The results also suggest that general combining ability of the parents rather than actual parental performance is a better predictor of hybrid progeny performance for all the characteristics. Parent-progeny regressions reveal that ADF is a more transmissible trait than NDF, IVDMD, HCL, or CP. ADF and NDF were highly and significantly correlated to IVDMD while HCL and CP were poorly correlated to IVDMD. It is suggested that the results obtained can have wider applicability to other tall fescue growing areas and populations. The results indicate that a selection program based on progeny testing for general combining ability for low ADF under row-planted conditions in one location for all harvest seasons over one or two years would efficiently and conveniently result in a rapid indirect selection improvement for digestibility in tall fescue. Title: Genetic variation and interrelationships of acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) Author: Soh, Aik-chin Six parent clones and their 15 single-crosses of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae, Schreb) were row-planted in Corvallis, Oregon, row and sward-planted in Columbia, Missouri, and evaluated for genetic variability, genotyp-eenvironment interactions and interrelationships in acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose (HCL), crude protein (CP) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) for each harvest in 1977 and 1978. Analyses revealed that general combining ability or additive genetic effects predominated for all the measured characteristics in the tall fescue diallel cross population. Of the genotype-environment interactions, only general combining ability x harvest interaction effects were significant enough to warrant consideration. The results also suggest that general combining ability of the parents rather than actual parental performance is a better predictor of hybrid progeny performance for all the characteristics. Parent-progeny regressions reveal that ADF is a more transmissible trait than NDF, IVDMD, HCL, or CP. ADF and NDF were highly and significantly correlated to IVDMD while HCL and CP were poorly correlated to IVDMD. It is suggested that the results obtained can have wider applicability to other tall fescue growing areas and populations. The results indicate that a selection program based on progeny testing for general combining ability for low ADF under row-planted conditions in one location for all harvest seasons over one or two years would efficiently and conveniently result in a rapid indirect selection improvement for digestibility in tall fescue. Close

• 66. [Article] Do Family Risk Classes Predict Attrition in Parent Child Interaction Therapy?

  Child behavior disorders are the second most prevalent form of mental illness affecting children in the United States (Perou et al., 2013), with lifetime prevalence estimated at 10% (Nock, Kazdin, Hiripi ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Do Family Risk Classes Predict Attrition in Parent Child Interaction Therapy? Author: Hartman, Grace M. Child behavior disorders are the second most prevalent form of mental illness affecting children in the United States (Perou et al., 2013), with lifetime prevalence estimated at 10% (Nock, Kazdin, Hiripi & Kessler, 2007). Negative outcomes associated with ODD during childhood and adolescence include conflict in families, poor peer relationships, peer rejection, and academic difficulties (Burke, Rowe & Boylan, 2013). Parent training programs are shown to be effective in reducing child behavior disorders (Thomas & Zimmer-Gembeck, 2011). One such program, Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), is a widely disseminated intervention implemented in diverse settings with populations of at-risk families. PCIT is an intervention shown to be effective in preventing and reducing behavior disorders in children aged 2- to 7- years old (Brinkmeyer & Eyberg, 2003). However, a large barrier to treatment success is that families often dropout before therapy is completed (Fernandez & Eyberg, 2009). A small collection of studies specifically examining attrition in PCIT have explored family risks as treatment barriers. Models exploring the shared influence of multiple risk factors in the literature on PCIT attrition are uncommon, but given the co-occurring contextual risks often seen in families enrolled in PCIT, studies documenting the shared influence of multiple risks on attrition are important and have potential value in research and practice. Studies associating family risks with PCIT attrition have typically operationalized single variables and findings have been inconsistent. Although children and parents in parent-child therapies are known to have adverse family experiences (i.e. abuse, neglect, witnessing violence) (Kazdin, 1996), studies on the influence of adverse family experiences in PCIT attrition are few, and none have looked at the combined influences of family risks. To help address these gaps, the current study will examined the ways in which family risks operate in combination with one another to help explain attrition in PCIT. More specifically, this study examines whether or not families participating in PCIT differ not only in the number of risks they present, but also in the ways in which risks combine, forming distinct patterns of risks. To address this question, we conduct a Latent Class Analysis to identify family risk classes examining how two overarching types of risk; low-SES, and adverse family experiences. We addressed our main study aim by examining how the classes predicted the likelihood of dropping out of PCIT overall, and prior to the completion of the CDI component. To help address these gaps, the current study will examine the ways in which family risks operate in combination with one another to help explain attrition in PCIT. More specifically, this study examines whether or not families participating in PCIT differ not only in the number of risks they present, but also in the ways in which risks combine, forming distinct patterns of risks. The goals of the present study were to explore patterns of risks among families participating in PCIT, and to examine associations between these patterns and the likelihood of dropping out of PCIT, both prior to completing the first component (CDI) of the therapy and prior to completion of the full program. Findings pointed to three distinct patterns of risk but did not detect any significant associations between these patterns of risk and attrition in PCIT. These findings are important for guiding future research and provide preliminary information for practitioners to better understand the complexity of risks among families attending PCIT. Although the primary study aim was to examine links between classes of risk and attrition in PCIT, preliminary analysis detected two specific risk variables linked with PCIT attrition prior to completion of CDI: low parental education and having a mental health disorder in the household. There was also a trend toward low parental education being associated with attrition from PCIT overall Title: Do Family Risk Classes Predict Attrition in Parent Child Interaction Therapy? Author: Hartman, Grace M. Child behavior disorders are the second most prevalent form of mental illness affecting children in the United States (Perou et al., 2013), with lifetime prevalence estimated at 10% (Nock, Kazdin, Hiripi & Kessler, 2007). Negative outcomes associated with ODD during childhood and adolescence include conflict in families, poor peer relationships, peer rejection, and academic difficulties (Burke, Rowe & Boylan, 2013). Parent training programs are shown to be effective in reducing child behavior disorders (Thomas & Zimmer-Gembeck, 2011). One such program, Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), is a widely disseminated intervention implemented in diverse settings with populations of at-risk families. PCIT is an intervention shown to be effective in preventing and reducing behavior disorders in children aged 2- to 7- years old (Brinkmeyer & Eyberg, 2003). However, a large barrier to treatment success is that families often dropout before therapy is completed (Fernandez & Eyberg, 2009). A small collection of studies specifically examining attrition in PCIT have explored family risks as treatment barriers. Models exploring the shared influence of multiple risk factors in the literature on PCIT attrition are uncommon, but given the co-occurring contextual risks often seen in families enrolled in PCIT, studies documenting the shared influence of multiple risks on attrition are important and have potential value in research and practice. Studies associating family risks with PCIT attrition have typically operationalized single variables and findings have been inconsistent. Although children and parents in parent-child therapies are known to have adverse family experiences (i.e. abuse, neglect, witnessing violence) (Kazdin, 1996), studies on the influence of adverse family experiences in PCIT attrition are few, and none have looked at the combined influences of family risks. To help address these gaps, the current study will examined the ways in which family risks operate in combination with one another to help explain attrition in PCIT. More specifically, this study examines whether or not families participating in PCIT differ not only in the number of risks they present, but also in the ways in which risks combine, forming distinct patterns of risks. To address this question, we conduct a Latent Class Analysis to identify family risk classes examining how two overarching types of risk; low-SES, and adverse family experiences. We addressed our main study aim by examining how the classes predicted the likelihood of dropping out of PCIT overall, and prior to the completion of the CDI component. To help address these gaps, the current study will examine the ways in which family risks operate in combination with one another to help explain attrition in PCIT. More specifically, this study examines whether or not families participating in PCIT differ not only in the number of risks they present, but also in the ways in which risks combine, forming distinct patterns of risks. The goals of the present study were to explore patterns of risks among families participating in PCIT, and to examine associations between these patterns and the likelihood of dropping out of PCIT, both prior to completing the first component (CDI) of the therapy and prior to completion of the full program. Findings pointed to three distinct patterns of risk but did not detect any significant associations between these patterns of risk and attrition in PCIT. These findings are important for guiding future research and provide preliminary information for practitioners to better understand the complexity of risks among families attending PCIT. Although the primary study aim was to examine links between classes of risk and attrition in PCIT, preliminary analysis detected two specific risk variables linked with PCIT attrition prior to completion of CDI: low parental education and having a mental health disorder in the household. There was also a trend toward low parental education being associated with attrition from PCIT overall Close

• 67. [Article] Early genetic selection in Douglas-fir : interactions with shade, drought, and stand density

  This thesis is concerned with developing techniques for identifying "superior" Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) parent trees based on seedling progeny evaluation. The growth responses ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Early genetic selection in Douglas-fir : interactions with shade, drought, and stand density Author: Riitters, K. H. (Kurt H.) This thesis is concerned with developing techniques for identifying "superior" Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) parent trees based on seedling progeny evaluation. The growth responses of up to 14 open-pollinated families to shade, drought, and stand density were assessed in four experiments. A technique was developed to compare family height growth responses to increasing stand density while accounting for genetic variation in growth rates. Family rankings based on seedling evaluation criteria were compared with 15-year growth records for an earlier cohort from the same parent trees. The significant findings of this study were: (1) fifteen-year field height rankings were related to differences in budset date, height growth rate, and branchiness among seedlings grown with or without shade or drought stress; (2) seedling-field correlations were inversely related to seedling-seed weight correlations; (3) seedling-field correlations improved with age in the field; (L) family correlations between spaced-plant growth and closed-stand growth were low for measures of seedling size but high for measures of seedling shape, and; (5) there was genetic variation in height growth responses to increasing stand density in single-family seedling plots. Title: Early genetic selection in Douglas-fir : interactions with shade, drought, and stand density Author: Riitters, K. H. (Kurt H.) This thesis is concerned with developing techniques for identifying "superior" Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) parent trees based on seedling progeny evaluation. The growth responses of up to 14 open-pollinated families to shade, drought, and stand density were assessed in four experiments. A technique was developed to compare family height growth responses to increasing stand density while accounting for genetic variation in growth rates. Family rankings based on seedling evaluation criteria were compared with 15-year growth records for an earlier cohort from the same parent trees. The significant findings of this study were: (1) fifteen-year field height rankings were related to differences in budset date, height growth rate, and branchiness among seedlings grown with or without shade or drought stress; (2) seedling-field correlations were inversely related to seedling-seed weight correlations; (3) seedling-field correlations improved with age in the field; (L) family correlations between spaced-plant growth and closed-stand growth were low for measures of seedling size but high for measures of seedling shape, and; (5) there was genetic variation in height growth responses to increasing stand density in single-family seedling plots. Close

• 68. [Article] The transition of single mothers on public assistance to economic self-sufficiency : an analysis of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors

  The study explored a model that integrates human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors to explain variation in economic self-sufficiency (ESS) among single mothers. A sample of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The transition of single mothers on public assistance to economic self-sufficiency : an analysis of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors Author: Parker, Louise Anne The study explored a model that integrates human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors to explain variation in economic self-sufficiency (ESS) among single mothers. A sample of 851 single mothers on Aid to Families with Dependent Children was selected from the Washington State Family Income Study data base. Data from a three-year period (6/88-5/91) were utilized to describe and analyze single mothers in transition from welfare. When compared to a sample of non-poor single mothers, mothers on public assistance differed significantly in several ways: They were younger, had more children and were more likely to have parents who received public assistance. Educational levels were significantly lower, as was employment activity. Economic self-sufficiency was measured as the ratio of welfare benefits to household income. Degree of ESS improved over the three-year period: While 60 percent of single mothers relied on welfare for more than half their income in the first year, only 45 percent did by the third year. In analyzing differences in degrees of economic self-sufficiency among single mothers, the following groups of mothers had significantly higher degrees of welfare reliance: never-married and divorced mothers; mothers with a child under age two; mothers with three or more children; non-white mothers; and mothers living in public housing. A path analysis was conducted to determine the relative influence of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors on later economic self-sufficiency. Number of children and receipt of subsidies positively affected welfare reliance. Education, number of adults in the household and number of months employed negatively affected degree of welfare reliance. A key finding was that, after controlling for differences in human capital, family resources and employment activity, workplace support retained a highly significant, inverse relationship with degree of welfare reliance. Sense of personal control and social support had both direct and indirect effects on degree of welfare reliance, establishing that psychosocial factors mediate impacts of human capital, family and employment factors on economic self-sufficiency. The results support the viability of utilizing stress models to examine objective economic outcomes in future research. Title: The transition of single mothers on public assistance to economic self-sufficiency : an analysis of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors Author: Parker, Louise Anne The study explored a model that integrates human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors to explain variation in economic self-sufficiency (ESS) among single mothers. A sample of 851 single mothers on Aid to Families with Dependent Children was selected from the Washington State Family Income Study data base. Data from a three-year period (6/88-5/91) were utilized to describe and analyze single mothers in transition from welfare. When compared to a sample of non-poor single mothers, mothers on public assistance differed significantly in several ways: They were younger, had more children and were more likely to have parents who received public assistance. Educational levels were significantly lower, as was employment activity. Economic self-sufficiency was measured as the ratio of welfare benefits to household income. Degree of ESS improved over the three-year period: While 60 percent of single mothers relied on welfare for more than half their income in the first year, only 45 percent did by the third year. In analyzing differences in degrees of economic self-sufficiency among single mothers, the following groups of mothers had significantly higher degrees of welfare reliance: never-married and divorced mothers; mothers with a child under age two; mothers with three or more children; non-white mothers; and mothers living in public housing. A path analysis was conducted to determine the relative influence of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors on later economic self-sufficiency. Number of children and receipt of subsidies positively affected welfare reliance. Education, number of adults in the household and number of months employed negatively affected degree of welfare reliance. A key finding was that, after controlling for differences in human capital, family resources and employment activity, workplace support retained a highly significant, inverse relationship with degree of welfare reliance. Sense of personal control and social support had both direct and indirect effects on degree of welfare reliance, establishing that psychosocial factors mediate impacts of human capital, family and employment factors on economic self-sufficiency. The results support the viability of utilizing stress models to examine objective economic outcomes in future research. Close

• 69. [Article] A comparison of three systems of phenotypic selection for grain yield in three spring barley populations

  Concerns regarding the most effective means of evaluating segregating generations of spring barley prompted this investigation. Three methods of selection were considered: bulk, pedigree, and single seed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of three systems of phenotypic selection for grain yield in three spring barley populations Author: Hayes, Patrick M. Concerns regarding the most effective means of evaluating segregating generations of spring barley prompted this investigation. Three methods of selection were considered: bulk, pedigree, and single seed descent. F₆ lines derived by each method were grown in a replicated yield trial. The effectiveness of each method was measured in terms of grain yield and four other agronomic traits. Continuity of method performance was evaluated across three spring barley populations. Parents used in developing these populations were chosen on the basis"of their diverse genetic backgrounds. Experimental populations differed for all agronomic traits measured. Differences between methods of selection were only found for 100 kernel weight, with lines from the single seed descent method being superior. The pedigree method was least effective for this trait. No significant differences between selection methods were found for plant height, spikes per meter, kernels per spike or grain yield. Significant differences were found between individual lines within methods and crosses for all traits except spikes per meter. There was no conclusive superiority of lines derived by any given method for any of the five traits. Although the single seed descent method was not significantly different from the pedigree and bulk methods on a mean basis, it did derive a number of superior individual lines and preserved substantial between-line variability for all traits measured, except spikes per meter. Because of the overall efficiency achieved with the single seed descent method, it may be a useful tool for the breeder of self-pollinated species. Title: A comparison of three systems of phenotypic selection for grain yield in three spring barley populations Author: Hayes, Patrick M. Concerns regarding the most effective means of evaluating segregating generations of spring barley prompted this investigation. Three methods of selection were considered: bulk, pedigree, and single seed descent. F₆ lines derived by each method were grown in a replicated yield trial. The effectiveness of each method was measured in terms of grain yield and four other agronomic traits. Continuity of method performance was evaluated across three spring barley populations. Parents used in developing these populations were chosen on the basis"of their diverse genetic backgrounds. Experimental populations differed for all agronomic traits measured. Differences between methods of selection were only found for 100 kernel weight, with lines from the single seed descent method being superior. The pedigree method was least effective for this trait. No significant differences between selection methods were found for plant height, spikes per meter, kernels per spike or grain yield. Significant differences were found between individual lines within methods and crosses for all traits except spikes per meter. There was no conclusive superiority of lines derived by any given method for any of the five traits. Although the single seed descent method was not significantly different from the pedigree and bulk methods on a mean basis, it did derive a number of superior individual lines and preserved substantial between-line variability for all traits measured, except spikes per meter. Because of the overall efficiency achieved with the single seed descent method, it may be a useful tool for the breeder of self-pollinated species. Close

• 70. [Article] Electrophoretic karyotypes and molecular genetic analysis of Tilletia caries and T. controversa

  Electrophoretic karyotypes were obtained from intact cells of four wild type strains of Tilletia caries and T. controversa, and 5 inter specific hybrid progeny using clamped homogeneous electric field, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Electrophoretic karyotypes and molecular genetic analysis of Tilletia caries and T. controversa Author: Russell, Brian W. Electrophoretic karyotypes were obtained from intact cells of four wild type strains of Tilletia caries and T. controversa, and 5 inter specific hybrid progeny using clamped homogeneous electric field, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (CHEF PFGE). Each karyotype was polymorphic and unique relative to the other strains. However, the relative size range of all the chromosomes was consistent and typically ranged from approximately 850 to 4,490 kilobasepairs (Kb) for all strains, accept for two atypically small chromosomes in one strain of T. caries. The minimum estimated number of chromosomes was 19 or 20 for strains of T. controversa, 14 to 20 for T. caries, and from 19 to 22 for the hybrid progeny. The minimum estimated total genome size ranged from 28 to 39 megabasepairs (mb) for T. caries, 34 to 40 mb for T. controversa, and 36 to 42 mb for the hybrid progeny. Southern hybridization analysis performed with cloned, single copy homologous DNA fragments identified a single similar-sized chromosome in all strains. The maximum percent variability of the linkage groups defined by the single copy probes was 10% or less. The rDNA from Neurospora crassa hybridized with 2 or 3 chromosomes in the wild type stains of T. caries and T. controversa, and with 1 to 3 chromosomes in the hybrid progeny. The maximum percent variability among chromosomes that hybridized with the rDNA probe ranged from 35 to 40%. Either 1 or 2 chromosomes were identified by the single copy actin gene from Aspergillus nidulans, and the maximum percent variability ranged from 4 to 14% for these chromosomes. It was not possible to differentiate between the karyotypes of strains of either T. caries or T. controversa using the physical appearance of the karyotypes, the number and sizes of chromosomes, the genome sizes, or by Southern hybridization analysis. Analysis of the karyotypes of the hybrid progeny revealed that all were unique relative to each other and the parental stains, providing circumstantial evidence for the presence of recombinant chromosomes. That the genome size and chromosomes numbers of the hybrid progeny were similar to their monokaryotic parental strains strongly argues that the reduction division stage of meiosis had occurred. Seven teliospore samples from Oregon and Turkey were examined for their germination and autofluorescence properties. The teliospore samples were analyzed to determine if low temperature germination (0-4° C) and autofluorescing spore-wall reticulations associated with spores of T. controversa were usually linked. Two of the seven teliospore samples showed these characteristics to be unlinked. In an attempt to clone the mating type genes of T. caries and T. controversa, total genomic DNA was probed with a fragment of the b west mating type gene from Ustilago hordei. Although single 1.4 kb BamHI fragment from both pathogens was cloned by homology and sequenced, its role in mating type function remains uncertain. Title: Electrophoretic karyotypes and molecular genetic analysis of Tilletia caries and T. controversa Author: Russell, Brian W. Electrophoretic karyotypes were obtained from intact cells of four wild type strains of Tilletia caries and T. controversa, and 5 inter specific hybrid progeny using clamped homogeneous electric field, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (CHEF PFGE). Each karyotype was polymorphic and unique relative to the other strains. However, the relative size range of all the chromosomes was consistent and typically ranged from approximately 850 to 4,490 kilobasepairs (Kb) for all strains, accept for two atypically small chromosomes in one strain of T. caries. The minimum estimated number of chromosomes was 19 or 20 for strains of T. controversa, 14 to 20 for T. caries, and from 19 to 22 for the hybrid progeny. The minimum estimated total genome size ranged from 28 to 39 megabasepairs (mb) for T. caries, 34 to 40 mb for T. controversa, and 36 to 42 mb for the hybrid progeny. Southern hybridization analysis performed with cloned, single copy homologous DNA fragments identified a single similar-sized chromosome in all strains. The maximum percent variability of the linkage groups defined by the single copy probes was 10% or less. The rDNA from Neurospora crassa hybridized with 2 or 3 chromosomes in the wild type stains of T. caries and T. controversa, and with 1 to 3 chromosomes in the hybrid progeny. The maximum percent variability among chromosomes that hybridized with the rDNA probe ranged from 35 to 40%. Either 1 or 2 chromosomes were identified by the single copy actin gene from Aspergillus nidulans, and the maximum percent variability ranged from 4 to 14% for these chromosomes. It was not possible to differentiate between the karyotypes of strains of either T. caries or T. controversa using the physical appearance of the karyotypes, the number and sizes of chromosomes, the genome sizes, or by Southern hybridization analysis. Analysis of the karyotypes of the hybrid progeny revealed that all were unique relative to each other and the parental stains, providing circumstantial evidence for the presence of recombinant chromosomes. That the genome size and chromosomes numbers of the hybrid progeny were similar to their monokaryotic parental strains strongly argues that the reduction division stage of meiosis had occurred. Seven teliospore samples from Oregon and Turkey were examined for their germination and autofluorescence properties. The teliospore samples were analyzed to determine if low temperature germination (0-4° C) and autofluorescing spore-wall reticulations associated with spores of T. controversa were usually linked. Two of the seven teliospore samples showed these characteristics to be unlinked. In an attempt to clone the mating type genes of T. caries and T. controversa, total genomic DNA was probed with a fragment of the b west mating type gene from Ustilago hordei. Although single 1.4 kb BamHI fragment from both pathogens was cloned by homology and sequenced, its role in mating type function remains uncertain. Close

• 71. [Article] A study of the relationship between attitudes toward business and level of occupational aspiration

  The purpose of this study was to determine a student's attitudes toward business, his level of occupational aspiration, and the degree of correlation between them. Two questionnaires were used: Student ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of the relationship between attitudes toward business and level of occupational aspiration Author: Kashuba, Steven Carson, 1935- The purpose of this study was to determine a student's attitudes toward business, his level of occupational aspiration, and the degree of correlation between them. Two questionnaires were used: Student Attitudes Toward Business and Level of Occupational Aspiration. The business attitude questionnaire elicited student reactions to 87 business-related statements. The occupational aspiration questionnaire sought biographical information and responses pertaining to a student's idealistic shortrange, idealistic long-range, realistic short-range, and realistic long-range occupational aspirations. This study found that senior high school students' attitudes toward business were not significantly correlated with their level of occupational aspiration when compared by sex and intelligence. However, significant differences were found when student attitudes were correlated with level of occupational aspiration by high school (socioeconomic area) and by high school pattern (academic, business, and general education). Students coming from a high socioeconomic area and attending a high school in a high socioeconomic area scored significantly higher on the business attitude questionnaire than did the other two groups. Students enrolled in an academic pattern (college or university preparatory) scored significantly higher on the business attitude questionnaire than did business education students. Business and general education students' scores were not significantly different. Senior high school academic students' levels of occupational aspiration were significantly higher than those of business and general education students. However, the occupational aspirations of students in the business educa-pattern were not significantly higher than those of general education students. This study found a significant correlation between a senior high school students's concept of self (the strength of his feelings about his ability, chances of getting ahead, value of education and educational aspirations) and his level of occupational aspiration. A student's concept of self and attitudes toward business scores were not significantly correlated. Senior high school students' scholastic achievement (grade 11 scholastic average) was found to be significantly correlated with their levels of occupational aspiration. Their attitudes toward business scores, meanwhile, were not significantly correlated with their level of occupational aspiration at any of the four levels of intelligence (IQ). Nor was there a significant correlation between student attitudes toward business and scholastic achievement. Twenty-eight per cent of the students tested indicated that their parents were the greatest single influence on their educational aspirations and 43 per cent indicated that they made their own educational decisions. Academic students did, however, cite their parents as being the most influential factor significantly more often than did non-academic students. Over 60 per cent of the students reported that they made their own occupational decisions, while 10 per cent regarded their parents as being the greatest single influence on their occupational decisions. Academic students reported that their parents were more instrumental in their decisions than did non-academic students. Six per cent of the academic students and 25 per cent of the business and general education students felt that circumstances such as grades, attendance record, and interests were responsible for their choice of a high school educational program. Thirty per cent of the business education students reported that the most important consideration in their choice of an occupation was money, while 20 per cent of the academic and general education students chose money as the most important consideration. On the average, the educational aspiration of the group tested was slightly higher than a baccalaureate degree; the educational aspiration of the academic group was significantly higher than that of the other two groups. The realistic long-range occupational aspirations of the group were significantly higher than their short-range realistic aspirations, and their long-range idealistic occupational aspirations were significantly higher than their short-range idealistic occupational aspirations. Title: A study of the relationship between attitudes toward business and level of occupational aspiration Author: Kashuba, Steven Carson, 1935- The purpose of this study was to determine a student's attitudes toward business, his level of occupational aspiration, and the degree of correlation between them. Two questionnaires were used: Student Attitudes Toward Business and Level of Occupational Aspiration. The business attitude questionnaire elicited student reactions to 87 business-related statements. The occupational aspiration questionnaire sought biographical information and responses pertaining to a student's idealistic shortrange, idealistic long-range, realistic short-range, and realistic long-range occupational aspirations. This study found that senior high school students' attitudes toward business were not significantly correlated with their level of occupational aspiration when compared by sex and intelligence. However, significant differences were found when student attitudes were correlated with level of occupational aspiration by high school (socioeconomic area) and by high school pattern (academic, business, and general education). Students coming from a high socioeconomic area and attending a high school in a high socioeconomic area scored significantly higher on the business attitude questionnaire than did the other two groups. Students enrolled in an academic pattern (college or university preparatory) scored significantly higher on the business attitude questionnaire than did business education students. Business and general education students' scores were not significantly different. Senior high school academic students' levels of occupational aspiration were significantly higher than those of business and general education students. However, the occupational aspirations of students in the business educa-pattern were not significantly higher than those of general education students. This study found a significant correlation between a senior high school students's concept of self (the strength of his feelings about his ability, chances of getting ahead, value of education and educational aspirations) and his level of occupational aspiration. A student's concept of self and attitudes toward business scores were not significantly correlated. Senior high school students' scholastic achievement (grade 11 scholastic average) was found to be significantly correlated with their levels of occupational aspiration. Their attitudes toward business scores, meanwhile, were not significantly correlated with their level of occupational aspiration at any of the four levels of intelligence (IQ). Nor was there a significant correlation between student attitudes toward business and scholastic achievement. Twenty-eight per cent of the students tested indicated that their parents were the greatest single influence on their educational aspirations and 43 per cent indicated that they made their own educational decisions. Academic students did, however, cite their parents as being the most influential factor significantly more often than did non-academic students. Over 60 per cent of the students reported that they made their own occupational decisions, while 10 per cent regarded their parents as being the greatest single influence on their occupational decisions. Academic students reported that their parents were more instrumental in their decisions than did non-academic students. Six per cent of the academic students and 25 per cent of the business and general education students felt that circumstances such as grades, attendance record, and interests were responsible for their choice of a high school educational program. Thirty per cent of the business education students reported that the most important consideration in their choice of an occupation was money, while 20 per cent of the academic and general education students chose money as the most important consideration. On the average, the educational aspiration of the group tested was slightly higher than a baccalaureate degree; the educational aspiration of the academic group was significantly higher than that of the other two groups. The realistic long-range occupational aspirations of the group were significantly higher than their short-range realistic aspirations, and their long-range idealistic occupational aspirations were significantly higher than their short-range idealistic occupational aspirations. Close

• 72. [Article] Estimates of genetic variability resulting from single, top, and double cross populations in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum)

  The success of a plant breeding program depends upon the availability of useable genetic diversity. Such diversity may be enhanced depending on the type of hybridization strategy employed. Segregating ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimates of genetic variability resulting from single, top, and double cross populations in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) Author: Abdennadher, Mourad The success of a plant breeding program depends upon the availability of useable genetic diversity. Such diversity may be enhanced depending on the type of hybridization strategy employed. Segregating progenies resulting from F2 populations, a double cross, and a top cross were compared for the amount of useable genetic diversity associated with six traits in durum wheat. The parental lines were three winter selections, H7092-11, H7092-52, and WD5, and two spring cultivars, WPB 881 and Altar 84. Traits evaluated were (1) plant height, (2) days to maturity, (3) harvest index, (4) kernel weight, (5) grain yield, and (6) pigment content. Analysis of the population mean values suggested the superiority of the F1 top cross for plant height, kernel weight, and grain yield. The F1 top cross progeny also had the highest genetic variability for grain yield. F2 population of the cross Altar 84 I H7092-52 gave the highest mean values for days to maturity and harvest index, and showed the highest genetic diversity for traits other than grain yield. The only population showing detectable genetic variance for pigment content was the F2 progeny of the single cross WPB 881 / H7092-11. When genetic diversity was detected, the double cross was approximately intermediate between the two F2 populations from which it was derived. Transgressive segregation was more frequent in the top cross population for grain yield, kernel weight, and plant height. No associations between grain yield and the other traits were noted for the F2 population of the single cross Altar 84 I H7092-52 and the top cross population. For the second F2 population (WPB 881 / H7092-11) and the double cross population, grain yield was found to be associated with harvest index and plant height. The only consistent relationship across all segregating generations was a negative correlation between plant height and harvest index. Based on the genetic diversity and the transgressive segregation observed, top crossing appears to be the more promising in improving grain yield in the experimental material investigated. For specific traits other than grain yield, it would appear that single crosses would be a more productive approach, however progress would depend on the specific parental combination. The double cross was inferior to the other crossing strategies for the traits measured. Title: Estimates of genetic variability resulting from single, top, and double cross populations in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) Author: Abdennadher, Mourad The success of a plant breeding program depends upon the availability of useable genetic diversity. Such diversity may be enhanced depending on the type of hybridization strategy employed. Segregating progenies resulting from F2 populations, a double cross, and a top cross were compared for the amount of useable genetic diversity associated with six traits in durum wheat. The parental lines were three winter selections, H7092-11, H7092-52, and WD5, and two spring cultivars, WPB 881 and Altar 84. Traits evaluated were (1) plant height, (2) days to maturity, (3) harvest index, (4) kernel weight, (5) grain yield, and (6) pigment content. Analysis of the population mean values suggested the superiority of the F1 top cross for plant height, kernel weight, and grain yield. The F1 top cross progeny also had the highest genetic variability for grain yield. F2 population of the cross Altar 84 I H7092-52 gave the highest mean values for days to maturity and harvest index, and showed the highest genetic diversity for traits other than grain yield. The only population showing detectable genetic variance for pigment content was the F2 progeny of the single cross WPB 881 / H7092-11. When genetic diversity was detected, the double cross was approximately intermediate between the two F2 populations from which it was derived. Transgressive segregation was more frequent in the top cross population for grain yield, kernel weight, and plant height. No associations between grain yield and the other traits were noted for the F2 population of the single cross Altar 84 I H7092-52 and the top cross population. For the second F2 population (WPB 881 / H7092-11) and the double cross population, grain yield was found to be associated with harvest index and plant height. The only consistent relationship across all segregating generations was a negative correlation between plant height and harvest index. Based on the genetic diversity and the transgressive segregation observed, top crossing appears to be the more promising in improving grain yield in the experimental material investigated. For specific traits other than grain yield, it would appear that single crosses would be a more productive approach, however progress would depend on the specific parental combination. The double cross was inferior to the other crossing strategies for the traits measured. Close

• 73. [Article] An evaluation of creeping habit in various progenies of red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)

  Thirty-three genotypes of red fescue were selected on the basis of diverse origin, anthesis date, and type of spreading from a space-planted introduction nursery. Open-pollinated, single-cross, and top-cross ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of creeping habit in various progenies of red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) Author: Kim, Dal Ung Thirty-three genotypes of red fescue were selected on the basis of diverse origin, anthesis date, and type of spreading from a space-planted introduction nursery. Open-pollinated, single-cross, and top-cross progeny nurseries were established into a randomized block with four replications, 20, 9, 8 entries, respectively, with nine plants per entry on two foot centers. Measured characteristics were plant height, plant width, and seed yield per plant. A polycross progeny row test nursery was established in a randomized block with eight replications in which 17 entries were assigned with rows 10 feet long. Measured characteristics for this progeny test were panicle length, number of branches per panicle, 100-seed weight, 20 panicles seed yield, and seed yield per row. Single-cross and top-cross progenies were compared with their mean open-pollinated progeny performance, respectively. The association between characters for various progeny testing methods was measured by simple correlation coefficients. The creeping type parents resulted in progenies with greater width, height, and seed yield per plant than the non-creeping type when the open-pollinated progeny test was used. Associations between height, width, and seed yield in open-pollinated progeny were positive and significantly correlated with each other. The behavior in the open-pollinated progeny for seed yield was similar to the polycross progeny row test. For these three characters, clonal selection of parents may be effective. In the single-cross progeny, the single-cross between creeping and creeping was greater than any other combination for plant width and seed yield. Frequently there was no significant difference between combinations of crosses and among entries. In the top-cross progeny, the creeping type crossed with the non-creeping tester was the greatest in width and seed yield. For all three characters, the creeping type crossed with the non-creeping tester and the non-creeping type crossed with the creeping tester were greater than any other combination. The open-pollinated progeny of the creeping tester genotype was always greater than the open pollinated progeny of the non-creeping tester genotype. In the comparison of the top-cross with their mean open-pollinated progeny, the behavior of the top-cross progeny was quite different from their mean open-pollinated progeny for all characteristics. The top-cross method was desirable for the study of general and specific combining ability. The study would suggest that genotypes can be quickly identified by using the top-cross progeny test with a non-creeping tester. In the polycross progeny row test the creeping types which came from two isolations were greater than the non-creeping types for all five measured characteristics. Associations between the five characteristics were positive and significantly correlated except the correlation between 100-seed weight and seed yield per row. Title: An evaluation of creeping habit in various progenies of red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) Author: Kim, Dal Ung Thirty-three genotypes of red fescue were selected on the basis of diverse origin, anthesis date, and type of spreading from a space-planted introduction nursery. Open-pollinated, single-cross, and top-cross progeny nurseries were established into a randomized block with four replications, 20, 9, 8 entries, respectively, with nine plants per entry on two foot centers. Measured characteristics were plant height, plant width, and seed yield per plant. A polycross progeny row test nursery was established in a randomized block with eight replications in which 17 entries were assigned with rows 10 feet long. Measured characteristics for this progeny test were panicle length, number of branches per panicle, 100-seed weight, 20 panicles seed yield, and seed yield per row. Single-cross and top-cross progenies were compared with their mean open-pollinated progeny performance, respectively. The association between characters for various progeny testing methods was measured by simple correlation coefficients. The creeping type parents resulted in progenies with greater width, height, and seed yield per plant than the non-creeping type when the open-pollinated progeny test was used. Associations between height, width, and seed yield in open-pollinated progeny were positive and significantly correlated with each other. The behavior in the open-pollinated progeny for seed yield was similar to the polycross progeny row test. For these three characters, clonal selection of parents may be effective. In the single-cross progeny, the single-cross between creeping and creeping was greater than any other combination for plant width and seed yield. Frequently there was no significant difference between combinations of crosses and among entries. In the top-cross progeny, the creeping type crossed with the non-creeping tester was the greatest in width and seed yield. For all three characters, the creeping type crossed with the non-creeping tester and the non-creeping type crossed with the creeping tester were greater than any other combination. The open-pollinated progeny of the creeping tester genotype was always greater than the open pollinated progeny of the non-creeping tester genotype. In the comparison of the top-cross with their mean open-pollinated progeny, the behavior of the top-cross progeny was quite different from their mean open-pollinated progeny for all characteristics. The top-cross method was desirable for the study of general and specific combining ability. The study would suggest that genotypes can be quickly identified by using the top-cross progeny test with a non-creeping tester. In the polycross progeny row test the creeping types which came from two isolations were greater than the non-creeping types for all five measured characteristics. Associations between the five characteristics were positive and significantly correlated except the correlation between 100-seed weight and seed yield per row. Close

• 74. [Article] Characterization of an architectural mutant of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.)

  Genetic and morphological characteristics of an architectural mutant in common beans were studied. The mutant had shiny, dark green leaves, overlapping leaflets, short petioles and a reproductive terminal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of an architectural mutant of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) Author: Guner, Nihat Genetic and morphological characteristics of an architectural mutant in common beans were studied. The mutant had shiny, dark green leaves, overlapping leaflets, short petioles and a reproductive terminal bud even though the line did not carry the fin gene. Branching was nearly absent resulting in a single stem vine. This is a new form of determinancy in common bean. The inheritance of the mutant was studied in crosses involving four normal parents, Oregon 91G, Minuette, 5-593, and UI 906, which represent a diversity of growth habit types. The F₁ plants had a normal phenotype, indicating that the mutant trait was recessive. F₂ segregation data fit a single recessive gene ratio and F₃ data confirmed the hypothesis that the mutant character was controlled by a single recessive gene. Tests of allelism were conducted to determine if the mutant was allelic to similar mutants. These were ol for overlapping leaflets and dgs for dark green savoy leaves. When the mutant was crossed with ol and dgs tested, all of the F₁ plants were normal. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the mutant trait was not allelic to ol and dgs. The name topiary was conferred on this mutant describing its compact and neat appearance. The gene symbol top was proposed. Because the four parental lines differ from the top line for alleles at other loci, linkage was tested for growth habit (fin), shiny leaf, cross-sectional shape of pods, striped pod (prp superscript [st]) and pod suture strings (st) with the topiary mutant. Chi-square test of independence showed no linkage between either the mutant and marker genes or among the marker genes. A phenological study of topiary revealed that long days delayed flowering an average of 15 days. In addition, the number of vegetative nodes before flowering was increased. The topiary mutant is photoperiod sensitive, but does not react in the same manner as other photoperiod sensitive beans. Whether this photoperiodic sensitivity in the mutant is independent of the topiary gene is unknown and deserves further study. The topiary mutant has potential for improving common beans. Its single stem growth habit may allow closer row spacing leading to higher planting populations and may enhance the efficiency of mechanical harvest. Pod formation at higher nodes may escape disease. Currently, the thin stems cause lodging. Development of thick and upright forms will be the subject of future studies. Title: Characterization of an architectural mutant of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) Author: Guner, Nihat Genetic and morphological characteristics of an architectural mutant in common beans were studied. The mutant had shiny, dark green leaves, overlapping leaflets, short petioles and a reproductive terminal bud even though the line did not carry the fin gene. Branching was nearly absent resulting in a single stem vine. This is a new form of determinancy in common bean. The inheritance of the mutant was studied in crosses involving four normal parents, Oregon 91G, Minuette, 5-593, and UI 906, which represent a diversity of growth habit types. The F₁ plants had a normal phenotype, indicating that the mutant trait was recessive. F₂ segregation data fit a single recessive gene ratio and F₃ data confirmed the hypothesis that the mutant character was controlled by a single recessive gene. Tests of allelism were conducted to determine if the mutant was allelic to similar mutants. These were ol for overlapping leaflets and dgs for dark green savoy leaves. When the mutant was crossed with ol and dgs tested, all of the F₁ plants were normal. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the mutant trait was not allelic to ol and dgs. The name topiary was conferred on this mutant describing its compact and neat appearance. The gene symbol top was proposed. Because the four parental lines differ from the top line for alleles at other loci, linkage was tested for growth habit (fin), shiny leaf, cross-sectional shape of pods, striped pod (prp superscript [st]) and pod suture strings (st) with the topiary mutant. Chi-square test of independence showed no linkage between either the mutant and marker genes or among the marker genes. A phenological study of topiary revealed that long days delayed flowering an average of 15 days. In addition, the number of vegetative nodes before flowering was increased. The topiary mutant is photoperiod sensitive, but does not react in the same manner as other photoperiod sensitive beans. Whether this photoperiodic sensitivity in the mutant is independent of the topiary gene is unknown and deserves further study. The topiary mutant has potential for improving common beans. Its single stem growth habit may allow closer row spacing leading to higher planting populations and may enhance the efficiency of mechanical harvest. Pod formation at higher nodes may escape disease. Currently, the thin stems cause lodging. Development of thick and upright forms will be the subject of future studies. Close

• 75. [Article] Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica: A single suite of Caribbean oceanic plateau magmas

  The pre-Tertiary oceanic crust exposed on the west coast of Costa Pica has been broadly referred to as the Nicoya Complex. This study was designed to determine the age of the Nicoya Complex in the Nicoya ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica: A single suite of Caribbean oceanic plateau magmas Author: Denyer, Percy, Duncan, Robert A., Sinton, Christopher W. The pre-Tertiary oceanic crust exposed on the west coast of Costa Pica has been broadly referred to as the Nicoya Complex. This study was designed to determine the age of the Nicoya Complex in the Nicoya Peninsula, Playa Jaco, and the Quepos Peninsula using Ar-40-Ar-39 radiometric dating and to assess the petrologic relationships between the different localities using major element, trace element, and Sr, Nd, Pb isotopic data. Radiometric ages of basalts and diabases from the Nicoya Peninsula are 88-90 Ma (with a weighted mean of 88.5 Ma), and those of two intrusive rocks (a gabbro and plagiogranite) are both 83-84 Ma. The combined geochemical data indicate that the sampled Nicoya Peninsula rocks belong to a single suite related by fractional crystallization of similar parental magmas. Nd and Pb isotopic ratios indicate a common mantle source distinct from that of mid-ocean ridge basalts. Both the age and composition of the Nicoya rocks are consistent with the idea that they are a part of the Caribbean Cretaceous oceanic plateau [Donnelly, 1994]. The Jacó lavas are geochemically similar to the Nicoya Peninsula suite, and a single age of 84 Ma is identical to the age of the Nicoya Peninsula intrusives. The one analyzed Quepos basalt has a radiometric age of ~64 Ma, and it is enriched in incompatible elements relative to the Nicoya rocks, Similarities in Nd and Pb isotopic ratios indicate that the Quepos and Nicoya/Jacó lavas were derived from a similar mantle source to that which produced the Nicoya rocks, possibly the Galapagos plume. Title: Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica: A single suite of Caribbean oceanic plateau magmas Author: Denyer, Percy, Duncan, Robert A., Sinton, Christopher W. The pre-Tertiary oceanic crust exposed on the west coast of Costa Pica has been broadly referred to as the Nicoya Complex. This study was designed to determine the age of the Nicoya Complex in the Nicoya Peninsula, Playa Jaco, and the Quepos Peninsula using Ar-40-Ar-39 radiometric dating and to assess the petrologic relationships between the different localities using major element, trace element, and Sr, Nd, Pb isotopic data. Radiometric ages of basalts and diabases from the Nicoya Peninsula are 88-90 Ma (with a weighted mean of 88.5 Ma), and those of two intrusive rocks (a gabbro and plagiogranite) are both 83-84 Ma. The combined geochemical data indicate that the sampled Nicoya Peninsula rocks belong to a single suite related by fractional crystallization of similar parental magmas. Nd and Pb isotopic ratios indicate a common mantle source distinct from that of mid-ocean ridge basalts. Both the age and composition of the Nicoya rocks are consistent with the idea that they are a part of the Caribbean Cretaceous oceanic plateau [Donnelly, 1994]. The Jacó lavas are geochemically similar to the Nicoya Peninsula suite, and a single age of 84 Ma is identical to the age of the Nicoya Peninsula intrusives. The one analyzed Quepos basalt has a radiometric age of ~64 Ma, and it is enriched in incompatible elements relative to the Nicoya rocks, Similarities in Nd and Pb isotopic ratios indicate that the Quepos and Nicoya/Jacó lavas were derived from a similar mantle source to that which produced the Nicoya rocks, possibly the Galapagos plume. Close

• 76. [Article] The relationship of protein composition to end-product functionality of hard white wheat

  Improving quality of hard white wheat (HW) cultivars in the Pacific Northwest is important to expand exports to Asia. Asian food processors prefer HW grain that can satisfy an array of baking needs, as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship of protein composition to end-product functionality of hard white wheat Author: Gehlhar, Sarah Bronwen Improving quality of hard white wheat (HW) cultivars in the Pacific Northwest is important to expand exports to Asia. Asian food processors prefer HW grain that can satisfy an array of baking needs, as well as produce superior quality noodle products. Three experimental populations were developed from single cross and backcross combinations of four parents with contrasting protein composition, bread-making attributes, and noodle quality. Three hundred-sixty F₃-derived F₅ progeny grown in Corvallis, Oregon in 2004 were evaluated for protein content, single kernel characteristics, milling yield, dough mixing properties, SDS sedimentation volume, and polyphenol oxidase activity. Variation in flour protein composition was determined by SE-HPLC and SDS-PAGE. The populations and progeny showed wide variations in quality. Ranges in protein composition and mixing properties exceeded those of the parents. Backcrossing had a significant influence on quality characteristics of progeny. Progeny with the Glu-D1 HMW glutenin subunit (GS) pair 5+10 had increased SDS sedimentation volume, mixing time, and tolerance as compared to those with HMW-GS 2+12. At the Glu-B1 locus, HMW-GS 7+9 was associated with improved protein quality and mixing properties as compared with either 7+null or 6+8. The Glu-A1 HMW-GS 1 was associated with increased mixing time and tolerance as compared with 2*; both of which had improved mixing properties as compared with progeny carrying the null allele at this locus. Changes in relative proportions of polymeric and monomeric proteins were associated with variation in HMW subunit composition. Five LMW-GS were found to be polymorphic in parents and progeny. The LMW-GS designated band-a, which had relatively higher molecular weight, was associated with increased protein quality and stronger dough handling properties. LMW-GS bands b and e were associated with reduced mixing time and tolerance and lower levels of monomeric proteins. Interactions of HMW and LMW subunits were generally associated with changes in magnitude of effects rather than change in rank. Influences of LMW-GS were more pronounced in progeny which carry HMW-GS associated with reduced dough strength, such as 2+12, 7+null, or 2*. Manipulation of protein composition can be an effective method to improve end-use quality of HW cultivars in the Pacific Northwest. Title: The relationship of protein composition to end-product functionality of hard white wheat Author: Gehlhar, Sarah Bronwen Improving quality of hard white wheat (HW) cultivars in the Pacific Northwest is important to expand exports to Asia. Asian food processors prefer HW grain that can satisfy an array of baking needs, as well as produce superior quality noodle products. Three experimental populations were developed from single cross and backcross combinations of four parents with contrasting protein composition, bread-making attributes, and noodle quality. Three hundred-sixty F₃-derived F₅ progeny grown in Corvallis, Oregon in 2004 were evaluated for protein content, single kernel characteristics, milling yield, dough mixing properties, SDS sedimentation volume, and polyphenol oxidase activity. Variation in flour protein composition was determined by SE-HPLC and SDS-PAGE. The populations and progeny showed wide variations in quality. Ranges in protein composition and mixing properties exceeded those of the parents. Backcrossing had a significant influence on quality characteristics of progeny. Progeny with the Glu-D1 HMW glutenin subunit (GS) pair 5+10 had increased SDS sedimentation volume, mixing time, and tolerance as compared to those with HMW-GS 2+12. At the Glu-B1 locus, HMW-GS 7+9 was associated with improved protein quality and mixing properties as compared with either 7+null or 6+8. The Glu-A1 HMW-GS 1 was associated with increased mixing time and tolerance as compared with 2*; both of which had improved mixing properties as compared with progeny carrying the null allele at this locus. Changes in relative proportions of polymeric and monomeric proteins were associated with variation in HMW subunit composition. Five LMW-GS were found to be polymorphic in parents and progeny. The LMW-GS designated band-a, which had relatively higher molecular weight, was associated with increased protein quality and stronger dough handling properties. LMW-GS bands b and e were associated with reduced mixing time and tolerance and lower levels of monomeric proteins. Interactions of HMW and LMW subunits were generally associated with changes in magnitude of effects rather than change in rank. Influences of LMW-GS were more pronounced in progeny which carry HMW-GS associated with reduced dough strength, such as 2+12, 7+null, or 2*. Manipulation of protein composition can be an effective method to improve end-use quality of HW cultivars in the Pacific Northwest. Close

• 77. [Article] The influence of work values in the life planning of tenth grade girls

  This investigation was concerned with the work values of tenth grade girls and their relationship to the girls' aspirations and expectations for future education and marriage-career roles. The instrument ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of work values in the life planning of tenth grade girls Author: Bowden, Shirley Smith This investigation was concerned with the work values of tenth grade girls and their relationship to the girls' aspirations and expectations for future education and marriage-career roles. The instrument employed for the value measurement was the Work Values Inventory of Super (1968). An original questionnaire was developed by the researcher to determine the subject's age, her aspirations and expectations, and the occupational status of both parents. Nine authorities composing a committee of judges reviewed the questionnaire for its technical aspects and passed upon the ability of this age group to understand the questions as worded. The Work Values Inventory and questionnaire then were pretested. After some revision of the questionnaire, both instruments were administered to 503 tenth grade girls within five randomly selected Oregon high schools. Usable responses were provided by 488 subjects. The conclusions that may be drawn from the descriptive and statistical treatment of the data are as follows: 1. Consistent with Super's (1970) report, the work values most important to girls of this grade level are Way of Life and Altruism. Values least emphasized are Management and Esthetics. 2. Some further education or training beyond high school is the wish of about two-thirds of the girls though the expectation of a slightly smaller percentage. Approximately three-fourths want to delay marriage a year or two after high school graduation in order to obtain such education or in order to be gainfully employed for this time. A slightly greater percentage expect to delay marriage for these reasons. Slightly over 90 percent wish to marry and plan to do so. All but about seven percent want and expect to have children, about half of the group desiring two children and anticipating that they will bear this number. In regard to future work outside of the home, almost 50 percent want to enter occupations in the professional-technical category and slightly over one-third anticipate that they will. The occupations of teacher and nurse account for about 20 percent of all desired occupations and only a slightly smaller percentage of those the girls expect to enter. Secretary is the single occupational title most often mentioned among either aspirations or expectations. Over 95 percent of the girls both want and expect to work outside of the home in the future, about 40 percent wishing to integrate such work with marriage and child-rearing responsibilities in a discontinuous work pattern and about an equal percentage planning to do so. 3. Results of analysis of variance indicate that scores for individual work values differ significantly (p < . 05) among girls who differ in regard to achievement-test scores, the fathers' current employment or unemployment, socioeconomic levels of the fathers' occupations; and either aspirations or expectations regarding future education, time of marriage, child-bearing, work outside of the home, and the integration of marriage and career roles. Individual work-value scores do not differ significantly among girls who differ in regard to age, IQ scores, mothers' employment or unemployment, or socioeconomic levels of the mothers' occupations. 4. Despite significant differences in the scores of individual work values among sub-groups examined, the calculation of Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance (W) revealed a high degree of overall consistency (p < .01) in the work-value hierarchies of girls who differ in regard to age, intelligence or scholastic achievement, parents' employment and the socioeconomic levels of their occupations, and any aspirations or expectations considered. Values ranked as most important or least important by girls of the total sample remain so for those within most sub-groups. 5. Also reported are any relationship of the girls' aspirations and expectations to their age, intelligence or scholastic achievement, parents' current employment and socioeconomic levels of the parents' occupations. Title: The influence of work values in the life planning of tenth grade girls Author: Bowden, Shirley Smith This investigation was concerned with the work values of tenth grade girls and their relationship to the girls' aspirations and expectations for future education and marriage-career roles. The instrument employed for the value measurement was the Work Values Inventory of Super (1968). An original questionnaire was developed by the researcher to determine the subject's age, her aspirations and expectations, and the occupational status of both parents. Nine authorities composing a committee of judges reviewed the questionnaire for its technical aspects and passed upon the ability of this age group to understand the questions as worded. The Work Values Inventory and questionnaire then were pretested. After some revision of the questionnaire, both instruments were administered to 503 tenth grade girls within five randomly selected Oregon high schools. Usable responses were provided by 488 subjects. The conclusions that may be drawn from the descriptive and statistical treatment of the data are as follows: 1. Consistent with Super's (1970) report, the work values most important to girls of this grade level are Way of Life and Altruism. Values least emphasized are Management and Esthetics. 2. Some further education or training beyond high school is the wish of about two-thirds of the girls though the expectation of a slightly smaller percentage. Approximately three-fourths want to delay marriage a year or two after high school graduation in order to obtain such education or in order to be gainfully employed for this time. A slightly greater percentage expect to delay marriage for these reasons. Slightly over 90 percent wish to marry and plan to do so. All but about seven percent want and expect to have children, about half of the group desiring two children and anticipating that they will bear this number. In regard to future work outside of the home, almost 50 percent want to enter occupations in the professional-technical category and slightly over one-third anticipate that they will. The occupations of teacher and nurse account for about 20 percent of all desired occupations and only a slightly smaller percentage of those the girls expect to enter. Secretary is the single occupational title most often mentioned among either aspirations or expectations. Over 95 percent of the girls both want and expect to work outside of the home in the future, about 40 percent wishing to integrate such work with marriage and child-rearing responsibilities in a discontinuous work pattern and about an equal percentage planning to do so. 3. Results of analysis of variance indicate that scores for individual work values differ significantly (p < . 05) among girls who differ in regard to achievement-test scores, the fathers' current employment or unemployment, socioeconomic levels of the fathers' occupations; and either aspirations or expectations regarding future education, time of marriage, child-bearing, work outside of the home, and the integration of marriage and career roles. Individual work-value scores do not differ significantly among girls who differ in regard to age, IQ scores, mothers' employment or unemployment, or socioeconomic levels of the mothers' occupations. 4. Despite significant differences in the scores of individual work values among sub-groups examined, the calculation of Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance (W) revealed a high degree of overall consistency (p < .01) in the work-value hierarchies of girls who differ in regard to age, intelligence or scholastic achievement, parents' employment and the socioeconomic levels of their occupations, and any aspirations or expectations considered. Values ranked as most important or least important by girls of the total sample remain so for those within most sub-groups. 5. Also reported are any relationship of the girls' aspirations and expectations to their age, intelligence or scholastic achievement, parents' current employment and socioeconomic levels of the parents' occupations. Close

• 78. [Article] Variation in adaptive traits of coastal Douglas-fir : genetic and environmental components

  Cold hardiness and phenology are important adaptive traits for perennial plant species in temperate climates. Timing of growth, dormancy, and associated cold acclimation and deacclimation represents a ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variation in adaptive traits of coastal Douglas-fir : genetic and environmental components Author: Balduman, Lisa M. Cold hardiness and phenology are important adaptive traits for perennial plant species in temperate climates. Timing of growth, dormancy, and associated cold acclimation and deacclimation represents a delicate balance between maximizing growth under favorable conditions and minimizing frost damage under unfavorable conditions. Geographic patterns of genetic variation in adaptive traits, such as cold hardiness and bud phenology, are complex in coastal Douglas-fir populations (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and correspond to the heterogeneity of environments in mountainous terrain (Campbell and Sorenson 1973, Rehfeldt 1986, Loopstra and Adams 1989). In order to assess the adaptive significance of cold hardiness and bud phenology traits within Douglas-fir breeding populations (breeding zones) and the ability of traditional progeny tests to reveal genetic variation in these traits, this study investigated the relationship between family variation in these adaptive traits and 1) characteristics of parent tree environments, and 2) environmental variables of test sites. Forty families (6 to 7 year old trees) from each of two breeding zones (central Oregon Coast and Cascade ranges) were assessed for several cold hardiness and phenological traits over a two year period. Variation among traits was summarized through principal components analysis. Family means for the first five principal components (PC's) from each population, as well as univariate traits representing fall and spring cold damage and height, were regressed on geographic and topographic variables, as well as on climatic indices of parent tree locations. Despite the small size of the breeding zones, PC's of parent trees in both zones were significantly related to location and climatic variables. In the coastal zone, PC-1 (explaining 46% of trait variation and primarily a function of spring phenology and hardiness) was related to both temperature and moisture variables, climatic factors that vary along gradients of elevation and distance from the ocean. In the Cascade zone, only very weak relationships exist between PC- 1 (explaining 39% of trait variation) and parent-tree variables. PC-2 (primarily a function of fall cold hardiness, explaining 22% of the variation in the coastal zone and 20% of the variation in the Cascades zone) was significantly related to temperature and moisture in both breeding zones. Despite notable variation in climate between the two test years and two test sites within each breeding zone, the first two PC'S were very consistent in both breeding zones demonstrating that adaptive trait patterns are stable across test environments and years. To assess the ability of progeny tests to reveal genetic variation in phenology and cold hardiness traits, individual tree values for these traits were related to topographic factors in two test sites selected for their environmental heterogeneity. Analyses of variance of single adaptive traits for each site (consisting of traditional randomized complete blocks and multiple-tree non-contiguous plots) were conducted with and without topographic factors included as covariates. The influence of within-block topographic variation on the ability to detect family differences was evaluated by comparing heritability estimates for the alternative analyses. Selected covariates were predominantly topographic factors affecting temperature and moisture regimes of individual trees. In one site (located on a steep slope) elevation was the predominant factor affecting expression of cold hardiness; in the second site these traits were primarily influenced by frost pockets. Covariate adjustments for either factor had little effect in improving the precision of genetic estimates. Thus, on each site the traditional experimental design and analysis was adequate for dealing with microtopographic variation. Title: Variation in adaptive traits of coastal Douglas-fir : genetic and environmental components Author: Balduman, Lisa M. Cold hardiness and phenology are important adaptive traits for perennial plant species in temperate climates. Timing of growth, dormancy, and associated cold acclimation and deacclimation represents a delicate balance between maximizing growth under favorable conditions and minimizing frost damage under unfavorable conditions. Geographic patterns of genetic variation in adaptive traits, such as cold hardiness and bud phenology, are complex in coastal Douglas-fir populations (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and correspond to the heterogeneity of environments in mountainous terrain (Campbell and Sorenson 1973, Rehfeldt 1986, Loopstra and Adams 1989). In order to assess the adaptive significance of cold hardiness and bud phenology traits within Douglas-fir breeding populations (breeding zones) and the ability of traditional progeny tests to reveal genetic variation in these traits, this study investigated the relationship between family variation in these adaptive traits and 1) characteristics of parent tree environments, and 2) environmental variables of test sites. Forty families (6 to 7 year old trees) from each of two breeding zones (central Oregon Coast and Cascade ranges) were assessed for several cold hardiness and phenological traits over a two year period. Variation among traits was summarized through principal components analysis. Family means for the first five principal components (PC's) from each population, as well as univariate traits representing fall and spring cold damage and height, were regressed on geographic and topographic variables, as well as on climatic indices of parent tree locations. Despite the small size of the breeding zones, PC's of parent trees in both zones were significantly related to location and climatic variables. In the coastal zone, PC-1 (explaining 46% of trait variation and primarily a function of spring phenology and hardiness) was related to both temperature and moisture variables, climatic factors that vary along gradients of elevation and distance from the ocean. In the Cascade zone, only very weak relationships exist between PC- 1 (explaining 39% of trait variation) and parent-tree variables. PC-2 (primarily a function of fall cold hardiness, explaining 22% of the variation in the coastal zone and 20% of the variation in the Cascades zone) was significantly related to temperature and moisture in both breeding zones. Despite notable variation in climate between the two test years and two test sites within each breeding zone, the first two PC'S were very consistent in both breeding zones demonstrating that adaptive trait patterns are stable across test environments and years. To assess the ability of progeny tests to reveal genetic variation in phenology and cold hardiness traits, individual tree values for these traits were related to topographic factors in two test sites selected for their environmental heterogeneity. Analyses of variance of single adaptive traits for each site (consisting of traditional randomized complete blocks and multiple-tree non-contiguous plots) were conducted with and without topographic factors included as covariates. The influence of within-block topographic variation on the ability to detect family differences was evaluated by comparing heritability estimates for the alternative analyses. Selected covariates were predominantly topographic factors affecting temperature and moisture regimes of individual trees. In one site (located on a steep slope) elevation was the predominant factor affecting expression of cold hardiness; in the second site these traits were primarily influenced by frost pockets. Covariate adjustments for either factor had little effect in improving the precision of genetic estimates. Thus, on each site the traditional experimental design and analysis was adequate for dealing with microtopographic variation. Close

• 79. [Article] Marriage role expectations of college students

  This study explored the relationship among marital role expectations, religiosity, and other variables including age, dating status of subjects, living arrangement, marriage plans and parents' marriage. Data ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marriage role expectations of college students Author: Fordyce, Wendy Kyle This study explored the relationship among marital role expectations, religiosity, and other variables including age, dating status of subjects, living arrangement, marriage plans and parents' marriage. Data were obtained from a sample of 460 Oregon State University students in April, 1976. They were primarily young students, 18 - 19 years old, from many different fields of study, residing in a variety of living situations. Most of the sample came from intact families and the vast majority plan on marrying at sometime during their life. The instruments used to collect data include Dunn's (1960) Marriage Role Expectation Inventory, Faulkner's and DeJong's (1966) Religiosity in Five D Scale, and Hunt and Hunt's (1975) three item measure of religiosity. Four hypotheses were tested: the number of students choosing emergent or traditional marital role expectations, the relationships between marital role expectations and selected background factors, the relationships between religiosity and selected background factors, and the relationship between marital role expectations and religiosity. The following statistical tests were used to test the hypotheses: Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, linear regression analysis and a t test. The .05 level of significance was used. Significantly more students chose emergent marital role expectations than traditional marital role expectations. The variables dating status, college residence, marriage plans, age and parents' marriage yielded insignificant differences on marital role expectation scores. Sex was the only discriminating background variable. Females scored significantly higher (more emergent) on marital role expectations than males. The relationship between background variables and religiosity was examined. First, using the Five D Scale, no significant differences on religiosity scores were found using the variable parents' marriage. Females scored significantly higher (more religious) than males on the religiosity scale. Engaged students scored significantly higher than any other class of dating status. Those students living together scored significantly lower than any other class of dating status. Those students who were living in a single sex dormitory scored significantly higher on religiosity than any other type of living arrangement. Those students planning on marriage scored significantly higher on the religiosity measure than those students planning to never marry. Those students planning on having three or more children scored significantly higher than any other class, and those students planning no children or only one child, scored significantly lower than any other group. There was a significant positive relationship between religiosity and church attendance. Second, using the Hunt and Hunt measure, no significant differences were found on this measure on the following variables: desired family size, dating status, college residence, marriage plans and parents' marriage. Females scored significantly higher than males on this religiosity measure. A significant postitive relationship was found between religiosity and church attendance. A positive significant relationship was found between the two religiosity measures. A significant negative relationship was found between marital role expectations and religiosity when the Hunt and Hunt scale was used. Title: Marriage role expectations of college students Author: Fordyce, Wendy Kyle This study explored the relationship among marital role expectations, religiosity, and other variables including age, dating status of subjects, living arrangement, marriage plans and parents' marriage. Data were obtained from a sample of 460 Oregon State University students in April, 1976. They were primarily young students, 18 - 19 years old, from many different fields of study, residing in a variety of living situations. Most of the sample came from intact families and the vast majority plan on marrying at sometime during their life. The instruments used to collect data include Dunn's (1960) Marriage Role Expectation Inventory, Faulkner's and DeJong's (1966) Religiosity in Five D Scale, and Hunt and Hunt's (1975) three item measure of religiosity. Four hypotheses were tested: the number of students choosing emergent or traditional marital role expectations, the relationships between marital role expectations and selected background factors, the relationships between religiosity and selected background factors, and the relationship between marital role expectations and religiosity. The following statistical tests were used to test the hypotheses: Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, linear regression analysis and a t test. The .05 level of significance was used. Significantly more students chose emergent marital role expectations than traditional marital role expectations. The variables dating status, college residence, marriage plans, age and parents' marriage yielded insignificant differences on marital role expectation scores. Sex was the only discriminating background variable. Females scored significantly higher (more emergent) on marital role expectations than males. The relationship between background variables and religiosity was examined. First, using the Five D Scale, no significant differences on religiosity scores were found using the variable parents' marriage. Females scored significantly higher (more religious) than males on the religiosity scale. Engaged students scored significantly higher than any other class of dating status. Those students living together scored significantly lower than any other class of dating status. Those students who were living in a single sex dormitory scored significantly higher on religiosity than any other type of living arrangement. Those students planning on marriage scored significantly higher on the religiosity measure than those students planning to never marry. Those students planning on having three or more children scored significantly higher than any other class, and those students planning no children or only one child, scored significantly lower than any other group. There was a significant positive relationship between religiosity and church attendance. Second, using the Hunt and Hunt measure, no significant differences were found on this measure on the following variables: desired family size, dating status, college residence, marriage plans and parents' marriage. Females scored significantly higher than males on this religiosity measure. A significant postitive relationship was found between religiosity and church attendance. A positive significant relationship was found between the two religiosity measures. A significant negative relationship was found between marital role expectations and religiosity when the Hunt and Hunt scale was used. Close

• 80. [Article] Genetic factors that provide adult plant resistance against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici to wheat cultivar 'Stephens' in a multilocation analysis.

  Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) has been receiving increased attention in the USA since the appearance of more virulent races detected in the past decade. These races caused yield losses ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Genetic factors that provide adult plant resistance against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici to wheat cultivar 'Stephens' in a multilocation analysis. Author: Vazquez, Maria Dolores Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) has been receiving increased attention in the USA since the appearance of more virulent races detected in the past decade. These races caused yield losses even in areas where the disease previously was rarely detected. Host plant resistance is the most cost effective and environmentally friendly means of controlling stripe rust. Deployment of single, major genes for resistance has been compromised due to the genetic variability of the pathogen, emphasizing the need to breed for durable resistance. 'Stephens' wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been grown commercially in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA for 30 years and shows resistance to P. striiformis f. sp. tritici "old" and "new" races. The durable resistance of Stephens to stripe rust is believed to be due to a combination of seedling and adult plant resistance genes. Multilocation field trials and molecular genotyping were used to study the genetics of the resistance response in 'Stephens'. Disease severity, based on the percentage of leaf area infected in field plots, was recorded in eight locations: five in 2008 and three in 2009. Locations could be divided into two mega-environments based on time of appearance of disease and QTL identified. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis identified 11 chromosomal regions associated with resistance to stripe rust in the resistant parent ('Stephens') and two regions derived from the susceptible parent ('Platte'). Many QTL locations coincided to those of previous reports. Furthermore, this study suggests that a combination of additive resistance genes acting at different plant stages is responsible for the durable resistance of 'Stephens'. Significant QTL x environment interactions were found, suggesting that specificity to plant stage, race, and/or temperature are responsible for different disease responses. Title: Genetic factors that provide adult plant resistance against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici to wheat cultivar 'Stephens' in a multilocation analysis. Author: Vazquez, Maria Dolores Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) has been receiving increased attention in the USA since the appearance of more virulent races detected in the past decade. These races caused yield losses even in areas where the disease previously was rarely detected. Host plant resistance is the most cost effective and environmentally friendly means of controlling stripe rust. Deployment of single, major genes for resistance has been compromised due to the genetic variability of the pathogen, emphasizing the need to breed for durable resistance. 'Stephens' wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been grown commercially in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA for 30 years and shows resistance to P. striiformis f. sp. tritici "old" and "new" races. The durable resistance of Stephens to stripe rust is believed to be due to a combination of seedling and adult plant resistance genes. Multilocation field trials and molecular genotyping were used to study the genetics of the resistance response in 'Stephens'. Disease severity, based on the percentage of leaf area infected in field plots, was recorded in eight locations: five in 2008 and three in 2009. Locations could be divided into two mega-environments based on time of appearance of disease and QTL identified. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis identified 11 chromosomal regions associated with resistance to stripe rust in the resistant parent ('Stephens') and two regions derived from the susceptible parent ('Platte'). Many QTL locations coincided to those of previous reports. Furthermore, this study suggests that a combination of additive resistance genes acting at different plant stages is responsible for the durable resistance of 'Stephens'. Significant QTL x environment interactions were found, suggesting that specificity to plant stage, race, and/or temperature are responsible for different disease responses. Close

• 81. [Article] The growth of wild-type and genetically-marked strains of Tilletia caries and T. controversa in susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars

  The objective of this study was to provide basic information on the interaction of the bunt fungi Tilletia caries and T. controversa with their host, Triticum aestivum. Studies on the ability of haploid strains ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The growth of wild-type and genetically-marked strains of Tilletia caries and T. controversa in susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars Author: Trail, Frances The objective of this study was to provide basic information on the interaction of the bunt fungi Tilletia caries and T. controversa with their host, Triticum aestivum. Studies on the ability of haploid strains to colonize wheat heads provided the basis for experiments in which haploid strains were crossed in planta. Wild-type and genetically-marked haploid strains of T. caries and T. controversa injected into boot-stage heads of susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars were recovered from the mature heads 4 to 6 weeks after introduction. Viable teliospores were produced following successful matings of sexually compatible haploid cultures of T.caries and T.controversa injected into boot-stage heads which were grown both in intact plants and in an organ culture system for wheat heads. The organ culture system adopted here was determined to simulate natural infection under controlled environmental conditions. It served as a basis for the production of hybrid teliospores formed between strains of T. caries and T. controversa. The kinetics of teliospore germination of T. caries, T. controversa and hybrids formed by the cross of T. caries, and a genetically-marked strain of T. controversa, were determined. The time required for germination of the hybrid teliospores at 4C was intermediate to that of the parents, suggesting that this trait may be controlled by a single gene which exhibits incomplete dominance. Teliospores of the Fl generation failed to germinate at 18C suggesting that this trait is controlled by a dominant gene present in the T. controversa parental strain. The genetic marker was recovered in the Fl generation, indicating that drug-resistance markers may be used in future crosses. Title: The growth of wild-type and genetically-marked strains of Tilletia caries and T. controversa in susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars Author: Trail, Frances The objective of this study was to provide basic information on the interaction of the bunt fungi Tilletia caries and T. controversa with their host, Triticum aestivum. Studies on the ability of haploid strains to colonize wheat heads provided the basis for experiments in which haploid strains were crossed in planta. Wild-type and genetically-marked haploid strains of T. caries and T. controversa injected into boot-stage heads of susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars were recovered from the mature heads 4 to 6 weeks after introduction. Viable teliospores were produced following successful matings of sexually compatible haploid cultures of T.caries and T.controversa injected into boot-stage heads which were grown both in intact plants and in an organ culture system for wheat heads. The organ culture system adopted here was determined to simulate natural infection under controlled environmental conditions. It served as a basis for the production of hybrid teliospores formed between strains of T. caries and T. controversa. The kinetics of teliospore germination of T. caries, T. controversa and hybrids formed by the cross of T. caries, and a genetically-marked strain of T. controversa, were determined. The time required for germination of the hybrid teliospores at 4C was intermediate to that of the parents, suggesting that this trait may be controlled by a single gene which exhibits incomplete dominance. Teliospores of the Fl generation failed to germinate at 18C suggesting that this trait is controlled by a dominant gene present in the T. controversa parental strain. The genetic marker was recovered in the Fl generation, indicating that drug-resistance markers may be used in future crosses. Close

• 82. [Article] High-Throughput Sequencing of Arabidopsis microRNAs : Evidence for Frequent Birth and Death of MIRNA Genes

  In plants, microRNAs (miRNAs) comprise one of two classes of small RNAs that function primarily as negative regulators at the posttranscriptional level. Several MIRNA genes in the plant kingdom are ancient, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: High-Throughput Sequencing of Arabidopsis microRNAs : Evidence for Frequent Birth and Death of MIRNA Genes Author: Kasschau, Kristin D., Dangl, Jeffrey L., Grant, Sarah R., Howell, Miya D., Carrington, James C., Law, Theresa F., Sullivan, Christopher M., Fahlgren, Noah, Cumbie, Jason S., Givan, Scott A. In plants, microRNAs (miRNAs) comprise one of two classes of small RNAs that function primarily as negative regulators at the posttranscriptional level. Several MIRNA genes in the plant kingdom are ancient, with conservation extending between angiosperms and the mosses, whereas many others are more recently evolved. Here, we use deep sequencing and computational methods to identify, profile and analyze non-conserved MIRNA genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. 48 nonconserved MIRNA families, nearly all of which were represented by single genes, were identified. Sequence similarity analyses of miRNA precursor foldback arms revealed evidence for recent evolutionary origin of 16 MIRNA loci through inverted duplication events from protein-coding gene sequences. Interestingly, these recently evolved MIRNA genes have taken distinct paths. Whereas some non-conserved miRNAs interact with and regulate target transcripts from gene families that donated parental sequences, others have drifted to the point of non-interaction with parental gene family transcripts. Some young MIRNA loci clearly originated from one gene family but form miRNAs that target transcripts in another family. We suggest that MIRNA genes are undergoing relatively frequent birth and death, with only a subset being stabilized by integration into regulatory networks Title: High-Throughput Sequencing of Arabidopsis microRNAs : Evidence for Frequent Birth and Death of MIRNA Genes Author: Kasschau, Kristin D., Dangl, Jeffrey L., Grant, Sarah R., Howell, Miya D., Carrington, James C., Law, Theresa F., Sullivan, Christopher M., Fahlgren, Noah, Cumbie, Jason S., Givan, Scott A. In plants, microRNAs (miRNAs) comprise one of two classes of small RNAs that function primarily as negative regulators at the posttranscriptional level. Several MIRNA genes in the plant kingdom are ancient, with conservation extending between angiosperms and the mosses, whereas many others are more recently evolved. Here, we use deep sequencing and computational methods to identify, profile and analyze non-conserved MIRNA genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. 48 nonconserved MIRNA families, nearly all of which were represented by single genes, were identified. Sequence similarity analyses of miRNA precursor foldback arms revealed evidence for recent evolutionary origin of 16 MIRNA loci through inverted duplication events from protein-coding gene sequences. Interestingly, these recently evolved MIRNA genes have taken distinct paths. Whereas some non-conserved miRNAs interact with and regulate target transcripts from gene families that donated parental sequences, others have drifted to the point of non-interaction with parental gene family transcripts. Some young MIRNA loci clearly originated from one gene family but form miRNAs that target transcripts in another family. We suggest that MIRNA genes are undergoing relatively frequent birth and death, with only a subset being stabilized by integration into regulatory networks Close

• 83. [Article] Pre-harvest sprouting tolerance of a synthetic hexaploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L. x Aegilops tauschii Coss.)

  Pre-harvest sprouting in wheat costs farmers millions of dollars every year. Pre-harvest sprouting tolerance (PST) has minimized this problem, but improvement of PST is still necessary. Synthetic hexaploid ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pre-harvest sprouting tolerance of a synthetic hexaploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L. x Aegilops tauschii Coss.) Author: Rosa, Andre Cunha Pre-harvest sprouting in wheat costs farmers millions of dollars every year. Pre-harvest sprouting tolerance (PST) has minimized this problem, but improvement of PST is still necessary. Synthetic hexaploid wheats (synthetics) have been used as sources of genes coding for many useful traits. Two studies evaluated the PST of a synthetic (Altar 84/Aegilops tauschii) and investigated its potential as a source of PST in crosses with wheat cultivars. The first study compared the synthetic with selected wheat checks for PST and with its parent Altar 84 for the germination response of these genotypes to controlled wetting treatments applied to field-grown intact spikes and threshed seed. Spikes were rolled in wet germination paper and the percentages of germinated seed were determined after seven days. Threshed seeds in Petri dishes were wetted with water and vegetative floral tissues (chaff) extracts. Germinating seeds were counted daily for 14 days. The synthetic was more tolerant than Altar 84 and was classified as moderately sensitive. The improved PST of the synthetic over Altar 84 was attributed to Aegilops tauschii. Seed dormancy and water-soluble substances in the chaff of the synthetic and other genotypes appeared to contribute to their PST. The second study used random inbred F₅ lines obtained from single and backcrosses between the synthetic (red-seeded) and the sensitive wheat cultivars Opata F₅ (red-seeded) and Bacanora 88 (white-seeded). Seed coat color and germination responses of the F5 lines subjected to a five-day spike wetting treatment were evaluated. Pre-harvest sprouting tolerance was moderately to highly inheritable and largely controlled by additive gene effects in the studied populations. An association between red seed coat color and PST was observed but white recombinant lines more tolerant than their sensitive parent were obtained. The synthetic can be used to improve wheats with red and white seed coats. The potential use of the synthetic as a PST source was discussed and a breeding strategy suggested. Title: Pre-harvest sprouting tolerance of a synthetic hexaploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L. x Aegilops tauschii Coss.) Author: Rosa, Andre Cunha Pre-harvest sprouting in wheat costs farmers millions of dollars every year. Pre-harvest sprouting tolerance (PST) has minimized this problem, but improvement of PST is still necessary. Synthetic hexaploid wheats (synthetics) have been used as sources of genes coding for many useful traits. Two studies evaluated the PST of a synthetic (Altar 84/Aegilops tauschii) and investigated its potential as a source of PST in crosses with wheat cultivars. The first study compared the synthetic with selected wheat checks for PST and with its parent Altar 84 for the germination response of these genotypes to controlled wetting treatments applied to field-grown intact spikes and threshed seed. Spikes were rolled in wet germination paper and the percentages of germinated seed were determined after seven days. Threshed seeds in Petri dishes were wetted with water and vegetative floral tissues (chaff) extracts. Germinating seeds were counted daily for 14 days. The synthetic was more tolerant than Altar 84 and was classified as moderately sensitive. The improved PST of the synthetic over Altar 84 was attributed to Aegilops tauschii. Seed dormancy and water-soluble substances in the chaff of the synthetic and other genotypes appeared to contribute to their PST. The second study used random inbred F₅ lines obtained from single and backcrosses between the synthetic (red-seeded) and the sensitive wheat cultivars Opata F₅ (red-seeded) and Bacanora 88 (white-seeded). Seed coat color and germination responses of the F5 lines subjected to a five-day spike wetting treatment were evaluated. Pre-harvest sprouting tolerance was moderately to highly inheritable and largely controlled by additive gene effects in the studied populations. An association between red seed coat color and PST was observed but white recombinant lines more tolerant than their sensitive parent were obtained. The synthetic can be used to improve wheats with red and white seed coats. The potential use of the synthetic as a PST source was discussed and a breeding strategy suggested. Close

• 84. [Article] Patterns of genetic inheritance and variation through ontogeny for hatchery and wild stocks of Chinook salmon

  Although differences between selective pressures in hatcheries and streams have been theorized to cause genetic divergence between hatchery and wild salmonids, evidence of this is lacking. This study was ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns of genetic inheritance and variation through ontogeny for hatchery and wild stocks of Chinook salmon Author: Hulett, Patrick L. Although differences between selective pressures in hatcheries and streams have been theorized to cause genetic divergence between hatchery and wild salmonids, evidence of this is lacking. This study was initiated to document the presence or absence of genetic change in hatchery and wild stocks by characterizing genetic traits in fish of various life history stages within a single generation. Nine biochemical traits (enzyme loci) and 12 meristic traits were characterized for adult fall chinook and one or more juvenile stages of their progeny of the 1984 brood year. Study groups consisted of hatchery-reared and naturally-reared subunits of populations in two tributaries of the lower Columbia River: Abernathy Creek and the Lewis River. Parents of both groups from Abernathy Creek were primarily of hatchery origin, whereas parents of both groups from the Lewis River were primarily of wild origin. The experimental design thus included reciprocal comparisons of hatchery and wild-reared groups from each of two stocks: one that has been propagated under hatchery conditions for at least five generations and one that has evolved in a stream environment. Both biochemical and meristic traits varied among adult and juvenile stages within hatchery and wild groups. Changes in some of these traits appear to have been caused by natural selection. This was true even for Abernathy hatchery and Lewis wild groups, which have been in the same environment for many generations. The direction and/or degree of change in some biochemical and meristic traits differed between hatchery and wild groups from a given stream, suggesting that selective pressures of the hatchery and wild environments differed in those cases. However, it could not be determined from these data whether the observed divergence of traits reflects general differences in hatchery and stream environments, or if it reflects population-specific responses to site-specific environmental conditions. The extent to which patterns of genetic change within a single generation might vary among year classes or generations is likewise unknown. Evidence of temporal changes in biochemical and meristic traits of hatchery and wild fish within a single generation has important implications regarding the use of those traits to characterize stocks. Assumptions of temporal stability of biochemical or meristic traits within or between year classes should be applied with caution. Sampling strategies of studies involving these characters should account for the possibility of temporal heterogeneity. Finally, these results suggest that workers using allozymes as genetic tags should test the assumption of selective neutrality of the particular allozyme markers being used. Title: Patterns of genetic inheritance and variation through ontogeny for hatchery and wild stocks of Chinook salmon Author: Hulett, Patrick L. Although differences between selective pressures in hatcheries and streams have been theorized to cause genetic divergence between hatchery and wild salmonids, evidence of this is lacking. This study was initiated to document the presence or absence of genetic change in hatchery and wild stocks by characterizing genetic traits in fish of various life history stages within a single generation. Nine biochemical traits (enzyme loci) and 12 meristic traits were characterized for adult fall chinook and one or more juvenile stages of their progeny of the 1984 brood year. Study groups consisted of hatchery-reared and naturally-reared subunits of populations in two tributaries of the lower Columbia River: Abernathy Creek and the Lewis River. Parents of both groups from Abernathy Creek were primarily of hatchery origin, whereas parents of both groups from the Lewis River were primarily of wild origin. The experimental design thus included reciprocal comparisons of hatchery and wild-reared groups from each of two stocks: one that has been propagated under hatchery conditions for at least five generations and one that has evolved in a stream environment. Both biochemical and meristic traits varied among adult and juvenile stages within hatchery and wild groups. Changes in some of these traits appear to have been caused by natural selection. This was true even for Abernathy hatchery and Lewis wild groups, which have been in the same environment for many generations. The direction and/or degree of change in some biochemical and meristic traits differed between hatchery and wild groups from a given stream, suggesting that selective pressures of the hatchery and wild environments differed in those cases. However, it could not be determined from these data whether the observed divergence of traits reflects general differences in hatchery and stream environments, or if it reflects population-specific responses to site-specific environmental conditions. The extent to which patterns of genetic change within a single generation might vary among year classes or generations is likewise unknown. Evidence of temporal changes in biochemical and meristic traits of hatchery and wild fish within a single generation has important implications regarding the use of those traits to characterize stocks. Assumptions of temporal stability of biochemical or meristic traits within or between year classes should be applied with caution. Sampling strategies of studies involving these characters should account for the possibility of temporal heterogeneity. Finally, these results suggest that workers using allozymes as genetic tags should test the assumption of selective neutrality of the particular allozyme markers being used. Close

• 85. [Article] An Examination of the Interrelationship Between Caregiver Behaviors, Infant Temperament and Perceptual-Cognitive Development

  The present study extended the Lewis and Goldberg (1968) study and included the parameter of infant temperament as defined by Thomas, Chess, Birch, Hertzig and Korn (1963). As in the Goldberg study, the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Examination of the Interrelationship Between Caregiver Behaviors, Infant Temperament and Perceptual-Cognitive Development Author: Stauffer, Anita E. Year: 1976 The present study extended the Lewis and Goldberg (1968) study and included the parameter of infant temperament as defined by Thomas, Chess, Birch, Hertzig and Korn (1963). As in the Goldberg study, the index of response decrement was used as a measure of the infant’s development. It was hypothesized that response decrement would be positively correlated with high frequency of caregiver stimulation and negatively correlated with high infant intensity and activity ratings. Response decrement is the measured decrease in the amount of time an infant looks at a novel stimulus after several trials. It was computed by observing the infant’s fixation to a single blinking light over four trials, and subtracting the total amount of time looking on trial from trial one. Title: An Examination of the Interrelationship Between Caregiver Behaviors, Infant Temperament and Perceptual-Cognitive Development Author: Stauffer, Anita E. Year: 1976 The present study extended the Lewis and Goldberg (1968) study and included the parameter of infant temperament as defined by Thomas, Chess, Birch, Hertzig and Korn (1963). As in the Goldberg study, the index of response decrement was used as a measure of the infant’s development. It was hypothesized that response decrement would be positively correlated with high frequency of caregiver stimulation and negatively correlated with high infant intensity and activity ratings. Response decrement is the measured decrease in the amount of time an infant looks at a novel stimulus after several trials. It was computed by observing the infant’s fixation to a single blinking light over four trials, and subtracting the total amount of time looking on trial from trial one. Close

• 86. [Article] Electron spin resonance of RCHCOR'radicals in X‑irradiated ketone‑urea inclusion compounds

  5 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Electron spin resonance of RCHCOR'radicals in X‑irradiated ketone‑urea inclusion compounds Author: Griffith, O. H. Year: 2016, 1965 5 pages Title: Electron spin resonance of RCHCOR'radicals in X‑irradiated ketone‑urea inclusion compounds Author: Griffith, O. H. Year: 2016, 1965 5 pages Close

• 87. [Article] A mendelian study of Crassostrea gigas

  The genotype frequencies of one-year-old oyster spat (Crassostrea gigas) from parents of known genotype, are compared to the frequencies expected with Mendelian inheritance. The genotypes are characterized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A mendelian study of Crassostrea gigas Author: Smoker, Janet Van Dusen The genotype frequencies of one-year-old oyster spat (Crassostrea gigas) from parents of known genotype, are compared to the frequencies expected with Mendelian inheritance. The genotypes are characterized at three enzyme loci, Aspartate amino-transferase (AAT), Phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) and Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and a general protein locus. In this study expression of these loci as histochemically stained patterns on a gel following electrophoresis is controlled by two codominant alleles at each locus. Frequencies of the genotypes at all four loci, in all offspring groups investigated, are not statistically different from those expected with Mendelian inheritance, supporting the hypothesis that this is the method of inheritance. It is further concluded that there are no large amounts of selection connected with any of these loci. An additional observation, that there is no statistical difference between genotype ratios of siblings in two different growing areas, is discussed in terms of G. Williams' (1975) "elm-oyster" model. It is suggested that the search for selection at single loci is probably not a generally useful one for the oyster breeder. Title: A mendelian study of Crassostrea gigas Author: Smoker, Janet Van Dusen The genotype frequencies of one-year-old oyster spat (Crassostrea gigas) from parents of known genotype, are compared to the frequencies expected with Mendelian inheritance. The genotypes are characterized at three enzyme loci, Aspartate amino-transferase (AAT), Phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) and Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and a general protein locus. In this study expression of these loci as histochemically stained patterns on a gel following electrophoresis is controlled by two codominant alleles at each locus. Frequencies of the genotypes at all four loci, in all offspring groups investigated, are not statistically different from those expected with Mendelian inheritance, supporting the hypothesis that this is the method of inheritance. It is further concluded that there are no large amounts of selection connected with any of these loci. An additional observation, that there is no statistical difference between genotype ratios of siblings in two different growing areas, is discussed in terms of G. Williams' (1975) "elm-oyster" model. It is suggested that the search for selection at single loci is probably not a generally useful one for the oyster breeder. Close

• 88. [Article] Simple sequence repeat marker development and use in European hazelnut(Corylus avellana L.)

  New highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). were developed from several sources. The markers were characterized, and segregation in a mapping ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Simple sequence repeat marker development and use in European hazelnut(Corylus avellana L.) Author: Gurcan, Kahraman New highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). were developed from several sources. The markers were characterized, and segregation in a mapping population allowed to assign them to linkage groups. Their transferability across genera and species in the Betulaceae family was investigated. SSR markers were used to fingerprint several hazelnut accessions, including those from recent collections in northern Spain, Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan. A total of 170 new single-locus polymorphic SSR primers were developed in hazelnut: 76 from a library enriched for GA repeats, 13 from a library enriched for CA repeats, 23 from internal repeats in cloned inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) fragments, 52 from repeats at the ends of ISSR fragments, and 6 from Betulaceae sequences in GenBank. These polymorphic loci were characterized using 50 hazelnut accessions, including the parents of a mapping population and 48 accessions that represented the high level of genetic diversity in European hazelnut. One hundred forty three of the new polymorphic SSR loci were mapped in a full-sib population. The map of the resistant parent consists of 344 markers (175 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and 169 SSRs) spanning 837 cM with an average of 2.43 cM between markers, while the map of the susceptible parent consists of 366 markers (183 RAPDs and 183 SSRs) spanning 926 cM with an average of 2.53 cM between markers. SRR locus A601 co-segregated with the S-locus that controls pollen-stigma incompatibility, and four loci (B774, B720, B760, and SSR62) were tightly linked to the S-locus (≤6 cM). Five loci (B716, B776, SSR9, SSR28, and SSR 100) were placed on linkage group 6 with the 'Gasaway' gene for resistance to eastern filbert blight. The Betula genes BpMADS2 and BetV1 and a Corylus lipoxygenase (LOX) gene were also placed on the hazelnut genetic map. A high percentage of loci (26.5%) gave poor fit to Mendelian expectation. Transferability of 66 Corylus and 52 Betula SSR primer pairs was studied by amplifying 69 accessions representing diverse taxa in the family Betulaceae. The transferability of 157 additional SSR loci developed from Corylus was investigated using 32 Betulaceae accessions. Transferability across species was 92.31%, while across genera in the Betulaceae it was 40.90%. The highest transferability across genera was 58.72% between Betula and Alnus. For the Corylus loci, transferability across species averaged 93.95% and across genera averaged 42.16%. The highest cross-genera amplification was 58.72% in Carpinus species. Using 12 microsatellite loci, genetic diversity was investigated in hazelnut accessions from Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan and compared to cultivars in the Italian-Spanish cluster. A high level of genetic diversity (H₀ = 0.69) in the cultivars from Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan was observed. A moderate shift in allelic frequencies (FST = 0.11 to 0.13) was seen between accessions from these three countries and the Italian-Spanish accessions, with accessions from the Black Sea and Caucasus tending to form subgroups by country of origin. The same 12 microsatellite loci were used to investigate genetic diversity in 69 hazelnut accessions collected in northern Spain. Of these, 50 had fingerprints identical to 'Casina', while the remaining 19 were unique and highly diverse. Genotyping profiles were produced for 160 additional accessions using the twelve dozen SSR loci. Title: Simple sequence repeat marker development and use in European hazelnut(Corylus avellana L.) Author: Gurcan, Kahraman New highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). were developed from several sources. The markers were characterized, and segregation in a mapping population allowed to assign them to linkage groups. Their transferability across genera and species in the Betulaceae family was investigated. SSR markers were used to fingerprint several hazelnut accessions, including those from recent collections in northern Spain, Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan. A total of 170 new single-locus polymorphic SSR primers were developed in hazelnut: 76 from a library enriched for GA repeats, 13 from a library enriched for CA repeats, 23 from internal repeats in cloned inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) fragments, 52 from repeats at the ends of ISSR fragments, and 6 from Betulaceae sequences in GenBank. These polymorphic loci were characterized using 50 hazelnut accessions, including the parents of a mapping population and 48 accessions that represented the high level of genetic diversity in European hazelnut. One hundred forty three of the new polymorphic SSR loci were mapped in a full-sib population. The map of the resistant parent consists of 344 markers (175 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and 169 SSRs) spanning 837 cM with an average of 2.43 cM between markers, while the map of the susceptible parent consists of 366 markers (183 RAPDs and 183 SSRs) spanning 926 cM with an average of 2.53 cM between markers. SRR locus A601 co-segregated with the S-locus that controls pollen-stigma incompatibility, and four loci (B774, B720, B760, and SSR62) were tightly linked to the S-locus (≤6 cM). Five loci (B716, B776, SSR9, SSR28, and SSR 100) were placed on linkage group 6 with the 'Gasaway' gene for resistance to eastern filbert blight. The Betula genes BpMADS2 and BetV1 and a Corylus lipoxygenase (LOX) gene were also placed on the hazelnut genetic map. A high percentage of loci (26.5%) gave poor fit to Mendelian expectation. Transferability of 66 Corylus and 52 Betula SSR primer pairs was studied by amplifying 69 accessions representing diverse taxa in the family Betulaceae. The transferability of 157 additional SSR loci developed from Corylus was investigated using 32 Betulaceae accessions. Transferability across species was 92.31%, while across genera in the Betulaceae it was 40.90%. The highest transferability across genera was 58.72% between Betula and Alnus. For the Corylus loci, transferability across species averaged 93.95% and across genera averaged 42.16%. The highest cross-genera amplification was 58.72% in Carpinus species. Using 12 microsatellite loci, genetic diversity was investigated in hazelnut accessions from Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan and compared to cultivars in the Italian-Spanish cluster. A high level of genetic diversity (H₀ = 0.69) in the cultivars from Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan was observed. A moderate shift in allelic frequencies (FST = 0.11 to 0.13) was seen between accessions from these three countries and the Italian-Spanish accessions, with accessions from the Black Sea and Caucasus tending to form subgroups by country of origin. The same 12 microsatellite loci were used to investigate genetic diversity in 69 hazelnut accessions collected in northern Spain. Of these, 50 had fingerprints identical to 'Casina', while the remaining 19 were unique and highly diverse. Genotyping profiles were produced for 160 additional accessions using the twelve dozen SSR loci. Close

• 89. [Article] Magmatic processes beneath mid-ocean ridges : insights from mineral and glass chemistry in plagioclase ultraphyric basalts

  Prior to eruption at mid-ocean ridges, melts must travel through >6 km of crust from their origin in the mantle. The final composition of the melts is dependent on both the melting conditions and magmatic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Magmatic processes beneath mid-ocean ridges : insights from mineral and glass chemistry in plagioclase ultraphyric basalts Author: Lange, Amy E. Prior to eruption at mid-ocean ridges, melts must travel through >6 km of crust from their origin in the mantle. The final composition of the melts is dependent on both the melting conditions and magmatic processes within the crust. While mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) glasses are commonly used to infer melting conditions, including upper mantle composition, extent of melting and melt aggregation, evidence suggests that the final erupted MORB melt is significantly affected by magma mixing, fractionation, and melt-wallrock interactions, which significantly alter the original composition of the melt. A yet unresolved problem in interpreted erupted basaltic glass is the relative role of mantle processes and crustal processes in their contribution to MORB. The three manuscripts in this dissertation use plagioclase phenocrysts in plagioclase ultraphyric basalts (PUBs) to attempt to address the nature of the magmatic processes occurring within the oceanic crust prior to eruption. Plagioclase megacrysts and host glasses were analyzed for Sr-isotopic compositions in multiple samples from multiple spreading ridges. The resultant data reveals that the plagioclase megacrysts are often in isotopic disequilibrium with the melt they are erupted in. Some of the samples also display significant inter- and intra-crystalline disequilibria. As Cl concentrations in melt inclusions were low, the observed isotopic heterogeneity cannot be caused by interaction with seawater. Rather, the varied Sr-isotopes in plagioclase are the result of growth from distinct mantle components and some physical process is responsible for entraining the plagioclase into the final melt. To better interpret this isotopic disequilibria recorded in plagioclase, this physical process which is responsible for the eruption of these plagioclase-rich magmas must be understood. No systematic difference exists between the lavas that erupt abundant plagioclase phenocrysts and those lavas from the same ridge segments that are aphyric. Because these plagioclase crystals are typically high anorthite (>An₈₀), the phenocrysts are typically more dense than the melt they are erupted in. Thus a simple floatation model is not sufficient to explain the eruption of PUBs. PUBs only erupt in locations without currently imaged magma chambers, mainly fast spreading ridges, because prolonged residence in a magma chamber would cause the dense plagioclase to settle out. PUBs may erupt, however, when magmas carrying plagioclase crystals travel through conduits without magma chambers and do not stall in the crust for extended periods of time. Finally, the plagioclase megacrysts in this study were analyzed for trace element concentrations, in addition to melt inclusions, olivine and host glass analyses. Collection of this suite of data allows for a more complete representation of the pre-eruptive history of individual basalts. Using appropriate partition coefficients for anorthitic plagioclase, liquids that were in trace element equilibrium with the megacrysts can be calculated and then compared to the array of lavas that are erupted on the surface. Liquids in equilibrium with plagioclase are more primitive than erupted MORB glasses in the same region and are typically not parental to the host lava in which the megacrysts were erupted. These primitive liquids often appear to be parental to other erupted lavas by fractional crystallization alone. Plagioclase equilibrium liquids that cannot be modeled as parental to the host lava are typically display isotopic disequilibrium as well. For samples that display trace element heterogeneity, many of the liquids in equilibrium with plagioclase can be modeled as resulting from progressive melting of a single mantle source. Title: Magmatic processes beneath mid-ocean ridges : insights from mineral and glass chemistry in plagioclase ultraphyric basalts Author: Lange, Amy E. Prior to eruption at mid-ocean ridges, melts must travel through >6 km of crust from their origin in the mantle. The final composition of the melts is dependent on both the melting conditions and magmatic processes within the crust. While mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) glasses are commonly used to infer melting conditions, including upper mantle composition, extent of melting and melt aggregation, evidence suggests that the final erupted MORB melt is significantly affected by magma mixing, fractionation, and melt-wallrock interactions, which significantly alter the original composition of the melt. A yet unresolved problem in interpreted erupted basaltic glass is the relative role of mantle processes and crustal processes in their contribution to MORB. The three manuscripts in this dissertation use plagioclase phenocrysts in plagioclase ultraphyric basalts (PUBs) to attempt to address the nature of the magmatic processes occurring within the oceanic crust prior to eruption. Plagioclase megacrysts and host glasses were analyzed for Sr-isotopic compositions in multiple samples from multiple spreading ridges. The resultant data reveals that the plagioclase megacrysts are often in isotopic disequilibrium with the melt they are erupted in. Some of the samples also display significant inter- and intra-crystalline disequilibria. As Cl concentrations in melt inclusions were low, the observed isotopic heterogeneity cannot be caused by interaction with seawater. Rather, the varied Sr-isotopes in plagioclase are the result of growth from distinct mantle components and some physical process is responsible for entraining the plagioclase into the final melt. To better interpret this isotopic disequilibria recorded in plagioclase, this physical process which is responsible for the eruption of these plagioclase-rich magmas must be understood. No systematic difference exists between the lavas that erupt abundant plagioclase phenocrysts and those lavas from the same ridge segments that are aphyric. Because these plagioclase crystals are typically high anorthite (>An₈₀), the phenocrysts are typically more dense than the melt they are erupted in. Thus a simple floatation model is not sufficient to explain the eruption of PUBs. PUBs only erupt in locations without currently imaged magma chambers, mainly fast spreading ridges, because prolonged residence in a magma chamber would cause the dense plagioclase to settle out. PUBs may erupt, however, when magmas carrying plagioclase crystals travel through conduits without magma chambers and do not stall in the crust for extended periods of time. Finally, the plagioclase megacrysts in this study were analyzed for trace element concentrations, in addition to melt inclusions, olivine and host glass analyses. Collection of this suite of data allows for a more complete representation of the pre-eruptive history of individual basalts. Using appropriate partition coefficients for anorthitic plagioclase, liquids that were in trace element equilibrium with the megacrysts can be calculated and then compared to the array of lavas that are erupted on the surface. Liquids in equilibrium with plagioclase are more primitive than erupted MORB glasses in the same region and are typically not parental to the host lava in which the megacrysts were erupted. These primitive liquids often appear to be parental to other erupted lavas by fractional crystallization alone. Plagioclase equilibrium liquids that cannot be modeled as parental to the host lava are typically display isotopic disequilibrium as well. For samples that display trace element heterogeneity, many of the liquids in equilibrium with plagioclase can be modeled as resulting from progressive melting of a single mantle source. Close

• 90. [Article] Meeting of the magmas : the evolutionary history of the Kalama Eruptive Period, Mount St. Helens, Washington

  Comprehension of eruptive histories is critical in understanding the evolution of magmatic systems at arc volcanoes and may supply evidence to the petrogenesis of intermediate and evolved magmas. Within ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Meeting of the magmas : the evolutionary history of the Kalama Eruptive Period, Mount St. Helens, Washington Author: Lieuallen, Athena Erin Comprehension of eruptive histories is critical in understanding the evolution of magmatic systems at arc volcanoes and may supply evidence to the petrogenesis of intermediate and evolved magmas. Within the 300 ka eruptive history of Mount St. Helens, Washington, the Kalama Eruptive Period, 1479- ~1750 CE was bracketed by interludes of quiescence (Hoblitt et al., 1980) and thus likely represents an entire eruptive cycle within a span of 300 years. Study of the magmatic evolution during this short time period provides key information regarding inputs and the plumbing system of Mount St. Helens. This research aims to enhance comprehension of processes leading to the petrogenesis of intermediate magmas by providing whole rock and phase geochemical data of an eruptive cycle, thereby providing constraints on the magmatic evolution of the Kalama Eruptive Period. The eruptive sequence is divided into early, middle and late subperiods. The early Kalama began with two dacitic plinian eruptions and continued with smaller eruptions of dacite domes (64.4-66.5 wt% SiO₂) that included quenched mafic inclusions (53.7-57.7 wt% SiO₂). The middle Kalama signified the onset of basaltic andesite and andesite eruptions ranging between 55.5-58.5 wt % SiO₂. Subsequently, summit domes that began as felsic andesite (61-62.5 wt% SiO₂) and transitioned to dacite (62.5-64.6 wt% SiO₂) dominated the late Kalama. Previous work on Kalama-aged rocks suggests magma mixing is an integral process in their production. Compositions and textures of crystal phases, in addition to the presence of xenocrysts in middle and late Kalama rocks, confirm mechanical mixing of magmas likely produced many of the sampled compositions. New petrographic observations were integrated with new whole rock and phase EMP and LA-ICP-MS data and the known stratigraphy in order to constrain the magmatic and crustal components active during the Kalama Eruptive Period. New findings include: 1. Two populations of quenched mafic inclusions, one olivine-rich and one olivine-poor, are identified from the early Kalama based on mineralogy, textures, and major and trace element chemistry. Major element modeling shows crustal anatexis of plutonic inclusions found in early Kalama dacites could produce the felsic magma source of the olivine-poor population. The olivine-rich population incorporated cumulate material. 2. Four distinct lava populations erupted during the early part of the middle Kalama (X lavas), including two found exclusively in lahar deposits: M-type lahars are the most mafic, B-type lahars are more mixed, the Two Finger Flow was previously grouped with other middle Kalama-age lavas, and the X lava (in situ) has unique geochemical and textural character. X tephras likely correlate with the lavas. 3. There were at least three mafic source contributions at Mount St. Helens during the eruptive period: the parent to the X deposits, the cumulate material in the olivine-rich QMIs, and the calc-alkaline parent to the MKLV and SDO. The magma reservoir at Mount St. Helens has been modeled as a single, elongate chamber (Pallister et al., 1992). Multiple coeval basaltic or basaltic andesite parents fluxing into the magmatic system beneath the volcano could indicate a more complex magma chamber structure. Title: Meeting of the magmas : the evolutionary history of the Kalama Eruptive Period, Mount St. Helens, Washington Author: Lieuallen, Athena Erin Comprehension of eruptive histories is critical in understanding the evolution of magmatic systems at arc volcanoes and may supply evidence to the petrogenesis of intermediate and evolved magmas. Within the 300 ka eruptive history of Mount St. Helens, Washington, the Kalama Eruptive Period, 1479- ~1750 CE was bracketed by interludes of quiescence (Hoblitt et al., 1980) and thus likely represents an entire eruptive cycle within a span of 300 years. Study of the magmatic evolution during this short time period provides key information regarding inputs and the plumbing system of Mount St. Helens. This research aims to enhance comprehension of processes leading to the petrogenesis of intermediate magmas by providing whole rock and phase geochemical data of an eruptive cycle, thereby providing constraints on the magmatic evolution of the Kalama Eruptive Period. The eruptive sequence is divided into early, middle and late subperiods. The early Kalama began with two dacitic plinian eruptions and continued with smaller eruptions of dacite domes (64.4-66.5 wt% SiO₂) that included quenched mafic inclusions (53.7-57.7 wt% SiO₂). The middle Kalama signified the onset of basaltic andesite and andesite eruptions ranging between 55.5-58.5 wt % SiO₂. Subsequently, summit domes that began as felsic andesite (61-62.5 wt% SiO₂) and transitioned to dacite (62.5-64.6 wt% SiO₂) dominated the late Kalama. Previous work on Kalama-aged rocks suggests magma mixing is an integral process in their production. Compositions and textures of crystal phases, in addition to the presence of xenocrysts in middle and late Kalama rocks, confirm mechanical mixing of magmas likely produced many of the sampled compositions. New petrographic observations were integrated with new whole rock and phase EMP and LA-ICP-MS data and the known stratigraphy in order to constrain the magmatic and crustal components active during the Kalama Eruptive Period. New findings include: 1. Two populations of quenched mafic inclusions, one olivine-rich and one olivine-poor, are identified from the early Kalama based on mineralogy, textures, and major and trace element chemistry. Major element modeling shows crustal anatexis of plutonic inclusions found in early Kalama dacites could produce the felsic magma source of the olivine-poor population. The olivine-rich population incorporated cumulate material. 2. Four distinct lava populations erupted during the early part of the middle Kalama (X lavas), including two found exclusively in lahar deposits: M-type lahars are the most mafic, B-type lahars are more mixed, the Two Finger Flow was previously grouped with other middle Kalama-age lavas, and the X lava (in situ) has unique geochemical and textural character. X tephras likely correlate with the lavas. 3. There were at least three mafic source contributions at Mount St. Helens during the eruptive period: the parent to the X deposits, the cumulate material in the olivine-rich QMIs, and the calc-alkaline parent to the MKLV and SDO. The magma reservoir at Mount St. Helens has been modeled as a single, elongate chamber (Pallister et al., 1992). Multiple coeval basaltic or basaltic andesite parents fluxing into the magmatic system beneath the volcano could indicate a more complex magma chamber structure. Close

• 91. [Article] An analysis of the relationship between selected autobiographical data and the personality traits of high school basketball players

  The problem of this study was to determine the relationship between selected autobiographical data and the personality characteristics of high school basketball players. The Athletic Motivation Inventory ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of the relationship between selected autobiographical data and the personality traits of high school basketball players Author: Doherty, Michael Thomas The problem of this study was to determine the relationship between selected autobiographical data and the personality characteristics of high school basketball players. The Athletic Motivation Inventory (AMI) measured the personality traits of 150 high school basketball players. The Individual Data Questionnaire was used to identify background characteristics for comparison with the AMI trait scores. The AMI and the questionnaire were administered at 12 high schools in the metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon during the spring of 1974. Statistical significance was arbitrarily set at the .05 level of confidence, and the hypotheses for the study were formulated and tested by appropriate statistical methods. Simple linear regression analysis was used to test 14 hypotheses which stated that there were no significant trends in the relationship of the AMI scores and the autobiographical data. The remaining 13 hypotheses were tested by t-test to determine significant differences between the means of the trait scores for various populations within the study. Of the 27 null hypotheses, 23 were rejected when significant trends or differences were found on one or more of the 11 AMI traits. It was found that there were differences between black players and white players on three traits. Low social status subjects scored lower than middle and high status subjects on one trait. When races were compared at each status level, there were no differences among low status subjects. There was a difference on one trait at the middle status level and on one trait at the high status level. Because there were only two white subjects at the low status level and only one black at the high status level, those comparisons are probably based on insufficient numbers for proper statistical analysis. When players who lived with both natural parents were compared with those living with one natural parent or a relative, no differences were found. A third group made up of subjects living with one natural parent and a stepparent was found to score lower than each of the first two groups on a single trait. Subjects who were first-born children scored higher on one trait than later-born children. As family size increased, the subjects' scores tended to decrease on six traits. Scores tended to increase on one trait as the subjects' level of educational aspirations increased. There was a tendency for scores to increase on eight traits as the subjects' level of leadership attained in school organizations increased. As the subjects' attitude toward school grew more positive, scores tended to increase on six traits. The subjects' scores tended to increase on two traits and to decrease on one as their fathers' level of educational achievement increased. As the level of educational achievement of the mothers increased, the subjects' scores tended to increase on four traits. There was a tendency for scores to increase on three traits as the subjects' length of organized basketball experience increased. Subjects who were starters tended to score higher than substitutes on two traits. The subjects were divided into four groups according to the number and combination of sports in which they participated. In all six possible comparisons among the four groups, differences were found on one or more traits. No relationships were found between the AMI scores and the level of basketball honors achieved by the subjects. There were no relationships between the subjects' scores and the level of athletic achievement of their fathers. As the level of athletic achievement of the mothers increased, the subjects' scores tended to increase on four traits. Scores tended to increase on four traits as the subjects' level of athletic aspirations increased. Title: An analysis of the relationship between selected autobiographical data and the personality traits of high school basketball players Author: Doherty, Michael Thomas The problem of this study was to determine the relationship between selected autobiographical data and the personality characteristics of high school basketball players. The Athletic Motivation Inventory (AMI) measured the personality traits of 150 high school basketball players. The Individual Data Questionnaire was used to identify background characteristics for comparison with the AMI trait scores. The AMI and the questionnaire were administered at 12 high schools in the metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon during the spring of 1974. Statistical significance was arbitrarily set at the .05 level of confidence, and the hypotheses for the study were formulated and tested by appropriate statistical methods. Simple linear regression analysis was used to test 14 hypotheses which stated that there were no significant trends in the relationship of the AMI scores and the autobiographical data. The remaining 13 hypotheses were tested by t-test to determine significant differences between the means of the trait scores for various populations within the study. Of the 27 null hypotheses, 23 were rejected when significant trends or differences were found on one or more of the 11 AMI traits. It was found that there were differences between black players and white players on three traits. Low social status subjects scored lower than middle and high status subjects on one trait. When races were compared at each status level, there were no differences among low status subjects. There was a difference on one trait at the middle status level and on one trait at the high status level. Because there were only two white subjects at the low status level and only one black at the high status level, those comparisons are probably based on insufficient numbers for proper statistical analysis. When players who lived with both natural parents were compared with those living with one natural parent or a relative, no differences were found. A third group made up of subjects living with one natural parent and a stepparent was found to score lower than each of the first two groups on a single trait. Subjects who were first-born children scored higher on one trait than later-born children. As family size increased, the subjects' scores tended to decrease on six traits. Scores tended to increase on one trait as the subjects' level of educational aspirations increased. There was a tendency for scores to increase on eight traits as the subjects' level of leadership attained in school organizations increased. As the subjects' attitude toward school grew more positive, scores tended to increase on six traits. The subjects' scores tended to increase on two traits and to decrease on one as their fathers' level of educational achievement increased. As the level of educational achievement of the mothers increased, the subjects' scores tended to increase on four traits. There was a tendency for scores to increase on three traits as the subjects' length of organized basketball experience increased. Subjects who were starters tended to score higher than substitutes on two traits. The subjects were divided into four groups according to the number and combination of sports in which they participated. In all six possible comparisons among the four groups, differences were found on one or more traits. No relationships were found between the AMI scores and the level of basketball honors achieved by the subjects. There were no relationships between the subjects' scores and the level of athletic achievement of their fathers. As the level of athletic achievement of the mothers increased, the subjects' scores tended to increase on four traits. Scores tended to increase on four traits as the subjects' level of athletic aspirations increased. Close

• 92. [Article] The influence of life transition statuses on sibling intimacy and contact in early adulthood

  The current project investigated the influence of three life transitions on the intimacy and contact siblings share in early adulthood. Using a web-based survey, 260 young adults from two large state universities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of life transition statuses on sibling intimacy and contact in early adulthood Author: Meinhold, Jana L. The current project investigated the influence of three life transitions on the intimacy and contact siblings share in early adulthood. Using a web-based survey, 260 young adults from two large state universities and community members from the Portland, Oregon area were surveyed about their relationships with a single biological sibling. Participants were asked a series of questions concerning three life transitions (transition out of the parental home, transition to marriage or intimate partnership, and the transition to parenthood), contact (e-mail, phone, and personal), and sibling intimacy. Participants were also asked open-ended questions based on their responses to quantitative questions. A series of hierarchical linear regressions identified that sister-sister pairs were associated with the greatest levels of e-mail, phone, and personal contact, followed by the sister-brother, brother-sister, and brother-brother pairs. The gender of sibling pairs was not found to have an influence on the intimacy siblings shared. Coresidential status showed little to no influence on the intimacy and e-mail contact siblings shared, indicating that intimacy and e-mail contact did not appear to be influenced by the transition away from home for siblings. The phone and personal contact was however, significant with the transition away from home. The intimate relationship status of sibling pairs had little to no influence on the intimacy and phone contact shared by siblings. As predicted, those pairs in which both the participant and the sibling were single showed the greatest e-mail and personal contact. When looking at the transition to parenthood, e-mail contact was not influenced by the transition to parenthood, but childless sibling pairs identified the greatest levels of sibling intimacy and personal contact compared to all other pairs. Phone contact was the lowest for sibling pairs in which both the siblings were parents. Open-ended data offered a different explanation of the intimacy and contact between siblings. Feedback from participants indicated that intimacy was something that possibly remained consistent across gender and life transitions, even with a drop in personal, phone, and email contact. Implications and future directions were also explored. Title: The influence of life transition statuses on sibling intimacy and contact in early adulthood Author: Meinhold, Jana L. The current project investigated the influence of three life transitions on the intimacy and contact siblings share in early adulthood. Using a web-based survey, 260 young adults from two large state universities and community members from the Portland, Oregon area were surveyed about their relationships with a single biological sibling. Participants were asked a series of questions concerning three life transitions (transition out of the parental home, transition to marriage or intimate partnership, and the transition to parenthood), contact (e-mail, phone, and personal), and sibling intimacy. Participants were also asked open-ended questions based on their responses to quantitative questions. A series of hierarchical linear regressions identified that sister-sister pairs were associated with the greatest levels of e-mail, phone, and personal contact, followed by the sister-brother, brother-sister, and brother-brother pairs. The gender of sibling pairs was not found to have an influence on the intimacy siblings shared. Coresidential status showed little to no influence on the intimacy and e-mail contact siblings shared, indicating that intimacy and e-mail contact did not appear to be influenced by the transition away from home for siblings. The phone and personal contact was however, significant with the transition away from home. The intimate relationship status of sibling pairs had little to no influence on the intimacy and phone contact shared by siblings. As predicted, those pairs in which both the participant and the sibling were single showed the greatest e-mail and personal contact. When looking at the transition to parenthood, e-mail contact was not influenced by the transition to parenthood, but childless sibling pairs identified the greatest levels of sibling intimacy and personal contact compared to all other pairs. Phone contact was the lowest for sibling pairs in which both the siblings were parents. Open-ended data offered a different explanation of the intimacy and contact between siblings. Feedback from participants indicated that intimacy was something that possibly remained consistent across gender and life transitions, even with a drop in personal, phone, and email contact. Implications and future directions were also explored. Close

• 93. [Article] Examining multidimensional resilience in at-risk adolescents

  The bulk of resilience research has focused on developmental outcomes in a single domain of functioning (e.g., academic achievement), overlooking the complex interplay of positive and negative developmental ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Examining multidimensional resilience in at-risk adolescents Author: Taylor, Amanda L. The bulk of resilience research has focused on developmental outcomes in a single domain of functioning (e.g., academic achievement), overlooking the complex interplay of positive and negative developmental outcomes that may co-occur within an individual (Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000). Resilience may strengthen over time and across domains (e.g., psychological well-being, physical health), thus a corresponding variation in functioning across domains of development is also likely (Wright, Fopma-Loy, & Fischer, 2005). A multidimensional approach to resilience is necessary to account for this variation in functioning. Therefore, the current research trend of examining a single outcome and then ascribing a unidimensional 'resilient vs. not resilient' label without specifying a domain of resilience may be masking the co-occurrence of positive and negative outcomes of at-risk individuals. To address this gap, this dissertation presents two studies exploring resilience as a multidimensional construct. Both studies examined data from 323 students who participated in the Chicago cluster randomized trial of the Positive Action (PA) program (Ji, DuBois, Flay, & Brechling, 2008). The first study identified distinct subcategories of resilience profiles in an at-risk group of adolescents. Latent class analysis results indicate that, in contrast to the unidimensional--i.e., resilient or not resilient--construct of resilience, there are multiple profiles of resilience among at-risk students. Four distinct groups of students with markedly different resilience patterns were identified: Consistently Resilient (35.5%)--high on positive and low on negative outcomes, Consistently Non-resilient (18%)--low on positive and high on negative outcomes, Socio-emotional Resilience with Academic Issues (29.6%)--high on Social-emotional and Character Development (SECD) and positive health behaviors, low/moderate on negative outcomes, but reporting very poor academic performance, and Academically Resilient with Mental Health Issues (16.9%)--high on positive outcomes (SECD was moderate), low/moderate on violence and substance use, but very high on anxiety and depression. The second study used multinomial logistic regression to examine individual-, family-, and community-level risk and protective factors at grade 3 that predict distinct resilience patterns among children at grade 5. Analyses predicted resilient group membership, indicating students with high levels of empathy, parental and teacher reports of responsibility, parental encouragement, and students’ feelings of safety at grade 3 were more likely to be resilient across multiple domains at grade 5. Together, these studies empirically support a more integrative, comprehensive, and multidimensional conceptualization of resilience and its predictors that is better-suited to identifying hidden strengths and vulnerabilities in children and adolescents. Title: Examining multidimensional resilience in at-risk adolescents Author: Taylor, Amanda L. The bulk of resilience research has focused on developmental outcomes in a single domain of functioning (e.g., academic achievement), overlooking the complex interplay of positive and negative developmental outcomes that may co-occur within an individual (Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000). Resilience may strengthen over time and across domains (e.g., psychological well-being, physical health), thus a corresponding variation in functioning across domains of development is also likely (Wright, Fopma-Loy, & Fischer, 2005). A multidimensional approach to resilience is necessary to account for this variation in functioning. Therefore, the current research trend of examining a single outcome and then ascribing a unidimensional 'resilient vs. not resilient' label without specifying a domain of resilience may be masking the co-occurrence of positive and negative outcomes of at-risk individuals. To address this gap, this dissertation presents two studies exploring resilience as a multidimensional construct. Both studies examined data from 323 students who participated in the Chicago cluster randomized trial of the Positive Action (PA) program (Ji, DuBois, Flay, & Brechling, 2008). The first study identified distinct subcategories of resilience profiles in an at-risk group of adolescents. Latent class analysis results indicate that, in contrast to the unidimensional--i.e., resilient or not resilient--construct of resilience, there are multiple profiles of resilience among at-risk students. Four distinct groups of students with markedly different resilience patterns were identified: Consistently Resilient (35.5%)--high on positive and low on negative outcomes, Consistently Non-resilient (18%)--low on positive and high on negative outcomes, Socio-emotional Resilience with Academic Issues (29.6%)--high on Social-emotional and Character Development (SECD) and positive health behaviors, low/moderate on negative outcomes, but reporting very poor academic performance, and Academically Resilient with Mental Health Issues (16.9%)--high on positive outcomes (SECD was moderate), low/moderate on violence and substance use, but very high on anxiety and depression. The second study used multinomial logistic regression to examine individual-, family-, and community-level risk and protective factors at grade 3 that predict distinct resilience patterns among children at grade 5. Analyses predicted resilient group membership, indicating students with high levels of empathy, parental and teacher reports of responsibility, parental encouragement, and students’ feelings of safety at grade 3 were more likely to be resilient across multiple domains at grade 5. Together, these studies empirically support a more integrative, comprehensive, and multidimensional conceptualization of resilience and its predictors that is better-suited to identifying hidden strengths and vulnerabilities in children and adolescents. Close

• 94. [Article] Immunotoxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline in C57B1/6 mice

  Monocrotaline (MCT) is a member of a class of naturally occurring phytotoxins known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Exposure to PAs can result in liver and cardiopulmonary lesions as well as lymphoid ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Immunotoxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline in C57B1/6 mice Author: Deyo, James A. Monocrotaline (MCT) is a member of a class of naturally occurring phytotoxins known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Exposure to PAs can result in liver and cardiopulmonary lesions as well as lymphoid organ atrophy. In the present study C57BI/6 (B6) mice received MCT (0-150 mg/kg/day, po) for 14 days. Overt toxicity was minimal and observed only at highly immunosuppressive doses. Following MCT exposure, significant dose-dependent suppressions were observed in the following immune responses: numbers of antibody producing cells, cytotoxic T- lymphocyte activity, and NK cell cytotoxicity. The antibody responses to the T cell-dependent antigen, SRBC, and the T cell-independent (TI) antigens, DNP-Ficoll and TNP-LPS, were decreased with identical dose response curves. This, along with data showing MCT decreased blastogenesis of B cells more than T cells at the lowest dose level, and that high doses induced significant decreases in the total number of B cells only, suggest that the B cell may be more sensitive than T cells, NK cells , or macrophages. The liver and lung toxicity of MCT is believed to be mediated through its metabolism by mixed function oxidase (MFO) enzymes to reactive pyrroles (monocrotaline pyrrole, MCTP; and dihydropyrrolizine, DHP). Accordingly, it was our hypothesis that the immunotoxicity could be modulated by altering MFO activity. To test this, mice were given a single dose of MCT (100 or 200 mg/kg, po) after MFO induction with phenobarbital; in other experiments mice received the MFO inhibitor chloramphenicol immediately before and 3 hrs after a single exposure to MCT (300 mg/kg, po). However, neither MFO induction nor inhibition significantly altered the immunosuppressive potency of MCT. The antibody and blastogenic responses of splenic lymphocytes directly exposed to MCT (1-3 mM) or MCTP (1-8 μM) in culture were inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that both parent and metabolite were immunotoxic. However, the inability to alter the in vivo immunotoxicity by altering MFO activity questions the role this metabolite may play in vivo. In conclusion, the immune system in B6 mice is a sensitive target of MCT toxicity. Inhibition of blastogenesis appears to be one mechanism of MCT-induced immunosuppression. In contrast to other toxic effects of MCT, our results suggest that the parent compound itself plays a significant role in the immunotoxicity. Title: Immunotoxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline in C57B1/6 mice Author: Deyo, James A. Monocrotaline (MCT) is a member of a class of naturally occurring phytotoxins known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Exposure to PAs can result in liver and cardiopulmonary lesions as well as lymphoid organ atrophy. In the present study C57BI/6 (B6) mice received MCT (0-150 mg/kg/day, po) for 14 days. Overt toxicity was minimal and observed only at highly immunosuppressive doses. Following MCT exposure, significant dose-dependent suppressions were observed in the following immune responses: numbers of antibody producing cells, cytotoxic T- lymphocyte activity, and NK cell cytotoxicity. The antibody responses to the T cell-dependent antigen, SRBC, and the T cell-independent (TI) antigens, DNP-Ficoll and TNP-LPS, were decreased with identical dose response curves. This, along with data showing MCT decreased blastogenesis of B cells more than T cells at the lowest dose level, and that high doses induced significant decreases in the total number of B cells only, suggest that the B cell may be more sensitive than T cells, NK cells , or macrophages. The liver and lung toxicity of MCT is believed to be mediated through its metabolism by mixed function oxidase (MFO) enzymes to reactive pyrroles (monocrotaline pyrrole, MCTP; and dihydropyrrolizine, DHP). Accordingly, it was our hypothesis that the immunotoxicity could be modulated by altering MFO activity. To test this, mice were given a single dose of MCT (100 or 200 mg/kg, po) after MFO induction with phenobarbital; in other experiments mice received the MFO inhibitor chloramphenicol immediately before and 3 hrs after a single exposure to MCT (300 mg/kg, po). However, neither MFO induction nor inhibition significantly altered the immunosuppressive potency of MCT. The antibody and blastogenic responses of splenic lymphocytes directly exposed to MCT (1-3 mM) or MCTP (1-8 μM) in culture were inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that both parent and metabolite were immunotoxic. However, the inability to alter the in vivo immunotoxicity by altering MFO activity questions the role this metabolite may play in vivo. In conclusion, the immune system in B6 mice is a sensitive target of MCT toxicity. Inhibition of blastogenesis appears to be one mechanism of MCT-induced immunosuppression. In contrast to other toxic effects of MCT, our results suggest that the parent compound itself plays a significant role in the immunotoxicity. Close

• 95. [Article] Analysis of selected factors relating to the Neighborhood Youth Corps program in rural counties of Oregon

  Purpose of the Study There were two major purposes of this study. The first was to determine which socio-economic and educational factors normally available to Neighborhood Youth Corps personnel were associated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of selected factors relating to the Neighborhood Youth Corps program in rural counties of Oregon Author: Bigsby, Robert Alexander Purpose of the Study There were two major purposes of this study. The first was to determine which socio-economic and educational factors normally available to Neighborhood Youth Corps personnel were associated with success and failure in the out-of-school program. The second purpose was to utilize these available socio-economic and educational factors identified as success or failure determiners to construct a mathematical success-failure prediction equation. Procedures Data for 302 enrollees were obtained through a random sampling of terminated out-of-school enrollees. Socio-economic information was extracted from enrollee application forms and files. Educational information was obtained from the last school attended. Stepwise multiple linear regression and classification analyses were performed on data to identify variables contributing most significantly to success or failure. For these analyses, data for enrollees were grouped by marital status, sex, and age. Analyses were performed on separated groups. Variables contributing most significantly to success and failure were utilized to construct an equation for success-failure prediction. Selected Findings 1. A higher proportion of females succeeded in the out-of-school program than did males. Forty-five and one tenth percent of the females succeeded compared to 26.9 percent of the males. 2. Factors affecting success or failure of male enrollees were (a) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old male enrollees failed in the program at a rate approximately four times that of older enrollees. (b) Number of siblings in enrollee's family. Male enrollees coming from families with four or more children succeed at a higher rate than enrollees with one, two, or three children. "Only children" failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (c) Highest school grade completed. There was a steady decrease in the failure rate of male enrollees as school grade completed increased. (d) Head of household employment. Single male enrollees living in homes in which the head of household worked part time succeeded at over twice the rate of those living in homes with the head of household working full time. This group also succeeded at a higher rate than those from homes in which the head of household was not working at all. 3. Factors affecting success or failure of female enrollees were: (a) Language spoken in the home. Enrollees speaking Spanish in the home succeeded at a substantially higher rate than those speaking English. (b) Social assistance. Single female enrollees whose families accepted cash welfare payments succeeded at a lower rate than those whose families did not accept welfare. (c) Stated lifetime occupational goal. Single female enrollees stating a skilled lifetime occupational goal succeeded at a higher rate than those stating other lifetime goals. Those stating no lifetime goal or a professional goal failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (d) Family living group. Single female enrollees living with their mothers only succeeded at less than one-half the rate of those living with both parents. (e) Reason for leaving school. Female enrollees who left school for disciplinary reasons failed at a very high rate. (f) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old female enrollees tended not to succeed at as high a rate as 17, 18, 19, and 20 year-olds. 4. Accurate prediction of both success and failure was not possible for male enrollees and married or divorced females, 5. It was possible to correctly predict success and failure in the program of single female enrollees approximately 75 percent of the time by employing five socio-economic factors. 6. An equation was developed for predicting success or failure of single female enrollees. The following factors were employed in this prediction: (a) language spoken in home, (b) family living group, (c) reason for leaving school, (d) welfare, (e) lifetime occupational goal. Title: Analysis of selected factors relating to the Neighborhood Youth Corps program in rural counties of Oregon Author: Bigsby, Robert Alexander Purpose of the Study There were two major purposes of this study. The first was to determine which socio-economic and educational factors normally available to Neighborhood Youth Corps personnel were associated with success and failure in the out-of-school program. The second purpose was to utilize these available socio-economic and educational factors identified as success or failure determiners to construct a mathematical success-failure prediction equation. Procedures Data for 302 enrollees were obtained through a random sampling of terminated out-of-school enrollees. Socio-economic information was extracted from enrollee application forms and files. Educational information was obtained from the last school attended. Stepwise multiple linear regression and classification analyses were performed on data to identify variables contributing most significantly to success or failure. For these analyses, data for enrollees were grouped by marital status, sex, and age. Analyses were performed on separated groups. Variables contributing most significantly to success and failure were utilized to construct an equation for success-failure prediction. Selected Findings 1. A higher proportion of females succeeded in the out-of-school program than did males. Forty-five and one tenth percent of the females succeeded compared to 26.9 percent of the males. 2. Factors affecting success or failure of male enrollees were (a) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old male enrollees failed in the program at a rate approximately four times that of older enrollees. (b) Number of siblings in enrollee's family. Male enrollees coming from families with four or more children succeed at a higher rate than enrollees with one, two, or three children. "Only children" failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (c) Highest school grade completed. There was a steady decrease in the failure rate of male enrollees as school grade completed increased. (d) Head of household employment. Single male enrollees living in homes in which the head of household worked part time succeeded at over twice the rate of those living in homes with the head of household working full time. This group also succeeded at a higher rate than those from homes in which the head of household was not working at all. 3. Factors affecting success or failure of female enrollees were: (a) Language spoken in the home. Enrollees speaking Spanish in the home succeeded at a substantially higher rate than those speaking English. (b) Social assistance. Single female enrollees whose families accepted cash welfare payments succeeded at a lower rate than those whose families did not accept welfare. (c) Stated lifetime occupational goal. Single female enrollees stating a skilled lifetime occupational goal succeeded at a higher rate than those stating other lifetime goals. Those stating no lifetime goal or a professional goal failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (d) Family living group. Single female enrollees living with their mothers only succeeded at less than one-half the rate of those living with both parents. (e) Reason for leaving school. Female enrollees who left school for disciplinary reasons failed at a very high rate. (f) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old female enrollees tended not to succeed at as high a rate as 17, 18, 19, and 20 year-olds. 4. Accurate prediction of both success and failure was not possible for male enrollees and married or divorced females, 5. It was possible to correctly predict success and failure in the program of single female enrollees approximately 75 percent of the time by employing five socio-economic factors. 6. An equation was developed for predicting success or failure of single female enrollees. The following factors were employed in this prediction: (a) language spoken in home, (b) family living group, (c) reason for leaving school, (d) welfare, (e) lifetime occupational goal. Close

• 96. [Article] The relationship between the housing environment and the child's behavior: strategies for adapting to multi-family housing

  This study is an inquiry into some of the effects of the housing environment on the behavior of children. The city can be seen as a structure which facilitates communication and interaction because of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship between the housing environment and the child's behavior: strategies for adapting to multi-family housing Author: Filipovitch, Anthony J. Year: 1975 This study is an inquiry into some of the effects of the housing environment on the behavior of children. The city can be seen as a structure which facilitates communication and interaction because of the large number of intersecting individual pathways which the city represents. Young children, however, have little experience of this city: for the most part, their microcosm extends only a few blocks from home. Cities are a function of density and large numbers of people, and these two characteristics are also descriptive of multi-family structures. In the child's microcosm, multi-family dwellings could be considered as the type of communication-facilitating structure which is analogous to the city. The housing environment was examined along its physical dimension (housing environment as a piece of territory), socio-spatial dimension (social characteristics which are descriptive of the territory), and social dimensions (characteristics which are not tied to a specific spatial location). Children's behaviors were examined in terms of strategies for adapting to sensory load produced by the housing environment. Three procedures were used to obtain data: observation of the children, at home and at a day-care center; interviews of both the child and a parent; and a test constructed by J.A. Desor to measure tolerance for social density. The subjects were 32 4- and 5-year-old children enrolled in the day-care center at Portland State University. Protocols of behavior episodes collected in field observation were coded by two coders, and inter-coder reliability was computed. The coefficient for a completely naive coder was 0.76; for a coder familiar with the concept of 'behavior episodes,' the coefficient was 0.86. Convergent validity of the behavioral measures was evaluated using a multitrait-multimethod matrix. ~nile the measures show high face validity, convergent validity was not established for similar measures drawn from the home and school environments. The exception to this was the measures of play-group size, which showed a consistent pattern of convergence. The matrix of correlations of measures which were descriptive of the housing environment showed a fairly clear clustering of the measures along the expected dimensions. A t Test showed that there were significant differences between single-family and multi-family homes. In analyzing the hypotheses, it was found that children living in buildings with more peers show a greater acceptance of social density than children living in buildings with fewer peers. This strategy expressed itself in behavior also, for children living in buildings with more peers also played with more people. The relationship was cross situational, suggesting that this strategy is a 'functional unity,' or a consistent pattern of the child's personality. It was also found that the number of people in the neighborhood was related to the extent to which the child rejected offers for interaction. However, since there were no significant differences in number of people in the neighborhood between single-family and multi-family dwellings, this relationship does not distinguish between apartment and single-family dwellers. It was also found that, if length of time in the present housing unit is controlled, there is a negative relationship between the number of people in the housing environment and the duration of play activity. No differences were found in the amount of solitary play or the number of settings used. Title: The relationship between the housing environment and the child's behavior: strategies for adapting to multi-family housing Author: Filipovitch, Anthony J. Year: 1975 This study is an inquiry into some of the effects of the housing environment on the behavior of children. The city can be seen as a structure which facilitates communication and interaction because of the large number of intersecting individual pathways which the city represents. Young children, however, have little experience of this city: for the most part, their microcosm extends only a few blocks from home. Cities are a function of density and large numbers of people, and these two characteristics are also descriptive of multi-family structures. In the child's microcosm, multi-family dwellings could be considered as the type of communication-facilitating structure which is analogous to the city. The housing environment was examined along its physical dimension (housing environment as a piece of territory), socio-spatial dimension (social characteristics which are descriptive of the territory), and social dimensions (characteristics which are not tied to a specific spatial location). Children's behaviors were examined in terms of strategies for adapting to sensory load produced by the housing environment. Three procedures were used to obtain data: observation of the children, at home and at a day-care center; interviews of both the child and a parent; and a test constructed by J.A. Desor to measure tolerance for social density. The subjects were 32 4- and 5-year-old children enrolled in the day-care center at Portland State University. Protocols of behavior episodes collected in field observation were coded by two coders, and inter-coder reliability was computed. The coefficient for a completely naive coder was 0.76; for a coder familiar with the concept of 'behavior episodes,' the coefficient was 0.86. Convergent validity of the behavioral measures was evaluated using a multitrait-multimethod matrix. ~nile the measures show high face validity, convergent validity was not established for similar measures drawn from the home and school environments. The exception to this was the measures of play-group size, which showed a consistent pattern of convergence. The matrix of correlations of measures which were descriptive of the housing environment showed a fairly clear clustering of the measures along the expected dimensions. A t Test showed that there were significant differences between single-family and multi-family homes. In analyzing the hypotheses, it was found that children living in buildings with more peers show a greater acceptance of social density than children living in buildings with fewer peers. This strategy expressed itself in behavior also, for children living in buildings with more peers also played with more people. The relationship was cross situational, suggesting that this strategy is a 'functional unity,' or a consistent pattern of the child's personality. It was also found that the number of people in the neighborhood was related to the extent to which the child rejected offers for interaction. However, since there were no significant differences in number of people in the neighborhood between single-family and multi-family dwellings, this relationship does not distinguish between apartment and single-family dwellers. It was also found that, if length of time in the present housing unit is controlled, there is a negative relationship between the number of people in the housing environment and the duration of play activity. No differences were found in the amount of solitary play or the number of settings used. Close

• 97. [Article] Family Psychoeducation in Clinical High Risk and First- Episode Psychosis

  Seventy percent of those who will have an episode of psychosis will have done so by age 25. Data from clinical trials of intervention during the clinical high risk period of psychosis have determined that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Family Psychoeducation in Clinical High Risk and First- Episode Psychosis Author: McFarlane, William R., Lynch, Sarah, Melton, Ryan P. Year: 2012 Seventy percent of those who will have an episode of psychosis will have done so by age 25. Data from clinical trials of intervention during the clinical high risk period of psychosis have determined that the mean age is in mid-adolescence, 16-18 years of age. For those reasons, early intervention inherently involves adolescents, and by extension their parents and other family members and supports. Regarding the type of intervention, it is relevant that the current empirically-derived standard of treatment for schizophrenia, as concluded by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research survey of the treatment outcome literature, includes family psychoeducation, supported employment, assertive community treatment and antipsychotic medication,; i.e., a combination of psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions. Combinations of all four of these treatments, as in Family-aided Assertive Community Treatment (FACT), achieve very low rates of relapse, substantial reductions of symptoms and remarkable functional outcomes, particularly in the domain of competitive employment. Furthermore, a large comparative study of outcomes in community settings found that psychoeducational multifamily groups were more effective than single-family psychoeducation specifically in the first episode and in high-risk-for relapse cases, suggesting that particular psychosocial treatments may be especially effective in early phases of illness. Title: Family Psychoeducation in Clinical High Risk and First- Episode Psychosis Author: McFarlane, William R., Lynch, Sarah, Melton, Ryan P. Year: 2012 Seventy percent of those who will have an episode of psychosis will have done so by age 25. Data from clinical trials of intervention during the clinical high risk period of psychosis have determined that the mean age is in mid-adolescence, 16-18 years of age. For those reasons, early intervention inherently involves adolescents, and by extension their parents and other family members and supports. Regarding the type of intervention, it is relevant that the current empirically-derived standard of treatment for schizophrenia, as concluded by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research survey of the treatment outcome literature, includes family psychoeducation, supported employment, assertive community treatment and antipsychotic medication,; i.e., a combination of psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions. Combinations of all four of these treatments, as in Family-aided Assertive Community Treatment (FACT), achieve very low rates of relapse, substantial reductions of symptoms and remarkable functional outcomes, particularly in the domain of competitive employment. Furthermore, a large comparative study of outcomes in community settings found that psychoeducational multifamily groups were more effective than single-family psychoeducation specifically in the first episode and in high-risk-for relapse cases, suggesting that particular psychosocial treatments may be especially effective in early phases of illness. Close

• 98. [Article] Foliar Nutrient Concentrations Related to Soil Sources Across a Range of Sites in the Northeastern United States

  Understanding the supply of nutrients from various soil sources and the sensitivity of tree species to soil nutrient availability is critical for predicting the effects of declines in base cations due ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Foliar Nutrient Concentrations Related to Soil Sources Across a Range of Sites in the Northeastern United States Author: Lucash, Melissa S., Yanai, Ruth D., Blum, Joel D., Park, B. B. Year: 2011 Understanding the supply of nutrients from various soil sources and the sensitivity of tree species to soil nutrient availability is critical for predicting the effects of declines in base cations due to acid rain and forest harvesting on forest health and productivity. We collected soil samples from 19 sites in the northeastern United States, chemically analyzed them using a sequential extraction procedure, and compared them to the chemical composition of foliage of the dominant tree species. Concentrations of Ca and Mg in foliage were correlated with exchangeable Ca and Mg concentrations in the upper mineral soil; for most tree species they were also correlated to acid-extractable Ca and Mg in the parent material (C horizon). Foliar P was better correlated with soil P in the upper mineral soil than in the C horizon, while foliar AI was insensitive to soil AI concentrations. In five sites in New Hampshire, the Ca/Sr of foliage was consistent with that of the Oie horizon, after taking the reported discrimination of Ca over Sr into account. In sites in New York, without an Oie horizon, the Ca/Sr of foliage was too high to be explained by any of the soil pools. A comparison of Ca/Sr ratios of foliage among species at common sites showed oak (Quercus spp.) to have higher Ca/Sr ratios than sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), birch (Betula spp.), red maple (A. rubrum L.) and beech (Fagus spp.). The interpretation of soil Ca sources from Ca/Sr ratios is complicated at sites where a single horizon does not dominate the source. Title: Foliar Nutrient Concentrations Related to Soil Sources Across a Range of Sites in the Northeastern United States Author: Lucash, Melissa S., Yanai, Ruth D., Blum, Joel D., Park, B. B. Year: 2011 Understanding the supply of nutrients from various soil sources and the sensitivity of tree species to soil nutrient availability is critical for predicting the effects of declines in base cations due to acid rain and forest harvesting on forest health and productivity. We collected soil samples from 19 sites in the northeastern United States, chemically analyzed them using a sequential extraction procedure, and compared them to the chemical composition of foliage of the dominant tree species. Concentrations of Ca and Mg in foliage were correlated with exchangeable Ca and Mg concentrations in the upper mineral soil; for most tree species they were also correlated to acid-extractable Ca and Mg in the parent material (C horizon). Foliar P was better correlated with soil P in the upper mineral soil than in the C horizon, while foliar AI was insensitive to soil AI concentrations. In five sites in New Hampshire, the Ca/Sr of foliage was consistent with that of the Oie horizon, after taking the reported discrimination of Ca over Sr into account. In sites in New York, without an Oie horizon, the Ca/Sr of foliage was too high to be explained by any of the soil pools. A comparison of Ca/Sr ratios of foliage among species at common sites showed oak (Quercus spp.) to have higher Ca/Sr ratios than sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), birch (Betula spp.), red maple (A. rubrum L.) and beech (Fagus spp.). The interpretation of soil Ca sources from Ca/Sr ratios is complicated at sites where a single horizon does not dominate the source. Close

• 99. [Article] NWA 8614: The Least Heated Winonaite

  Northwest Africa 8614 is classified as a winonaite on the basis of oxygen isotope ratios, mineralogy, and highly reduced chemistry. Unlike other winonaites, it contains numerous and readily apparent chondrules. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: NWA 8614: The Least Heated Winonaite Author: Farley, Karla, Ruzicka, Alexander M., Armstrong, Katherine Year: 2015 Northwest Africa 8614 is classified as a winonaite on the basis of oxygen isotope ratios, mineralogy, and highly reduced chemistry. Unlike other winonaites, it contains numerous and readily apparent chondrules. Here we discuss various features of NWA 8614 and the possible significance of the meteorite. Petrological and chemical analyses were performed using optical microscopy with a DM2500 Leica petrographic microscope and a Zeiss Sigma VP-FEG scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a high-efficiency energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Oxygen isotopes were analyzed by Karen Ziegler at the University of New Mexico on acid-washed samples to remove terrestrial weathering products. Owing to the abundance of chondrules, NWA 8641 may be one of the least heated winonaites, and therefore may provide clues to the chondritic protolith of the winonaite parent body. Overall textures are similar to those found in type 6 chondrites that escaped significant melting. Despite similar geothermometer temperatures for various mineral pairs, NWA 8614 apparently did not attain Fe-Mg equilibrium between olivine and pyroxene. Like other winonaites, NWA 8614 has olivine compositions that are too magnesian for equilibrium relative to low-Ca pyroxene. Among winonaites as a whole, there is no evidence for a curved trend between Fa and Fs compositions as would be expected for FeO-reduction during metamorphism [Benedix, et al 1998], nor for mineral compositions that correlate with geothermometry temperatures. This argues against a single metamorphic FeO-reduction trend from a common chondritic precursor. Instead, protoliths for different winonaites may have varied slightly in composition. Title: NWA 8614: The Least Heated Winonaite Author: Farley, Karla, Ruzicka, Alexander M., Armstrong, Katherine Year: 2015 Northwest Africa 8614 is classified as a winonaite on the basis of oxygen isotope ratios, mineralogy, and highly reduced chemistry. Unlike other winonaites, it contains numerous and readily apparent chondrules. Here we discuss various features of NWA 8614 and the possible significance of the meteorite. Petrological and chemical analyses were performed using optical microscopy with a DM2500 Leica petrographic microscope and a Zeiss Sigma VP-FEG scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a high-efficiency energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Oxygen isotopes were analyzed by Karen Ziegler at the University of New Mexico on acid-washed samples to remove terrestrial weathering products. Owing to the abundance of chondrules, NWA 8641 may be one of the least heated winonaites, and therefore may provide clues to the chondritic protolith of the winonaite parent body. Overall textures are similar to those found in type 6 chondrites that escaped significant melting. Despite similar geothermometer temperatures for various mineral pairs, NWA 8614 apparently did not attain Fe-Mg equilibrium between olivine and pyroxene. Like other winonaites, NWA 8614 has olivine compositions that are too magnesian for equilibrium relative to low-Ca pyroxene. Among winonaites as a whole, there is no evidence for a curved trend between Fa and Fs compositions as would be expected for FeO-reduction during metamorphism [Benedix, et al 1998], nor for mineral compositions that correlate with geothermometry temperatures. This argues against a single metamorphic FeO-reduction trend from a common chondritic precursor. Instead, protoliths for different winonaites may have varied slightly in composition. Close

• 100. [Article] Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with the Tocochromanol (Vitamin E) Pathway in Barley

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with the Tocochromanol (Vitamin E) Pathway in Barley Author: Cuesta-Marcos, Alfonso, Hayes, Patrick M., Wise, Mitchell, et al., Graebner, Ryan C., Geniza, Matthew, Jaiswal, Pankaj To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with the Tocochromanol (Vitamin E) Pathway in Barley Author: Cuesta-Marcos, Alfonso, Hayes, Patrick M., Wise, Mitchell, et al., Graebner, Ryan C., Geniza, Matthew, Jaiswal, Pankaj To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close