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• 1. [Article] Water Quality in the Long Tom River Watershed 1999-2003

  Abstract -- The report contains: introduction, background on the watershed: land use, water use, precipitation, fish and amphibians, study design and methods: training, parameters and sampling frequency, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water Quality in the Long Tom River Watershed 1999-2003 Abstract -- The report contains: introduction, background on the watershed: land use, water use, precipitation, fish and amphibians, study design and methods: training, parameters and sampling frequency, methods, quality assurance and control, results: comparison to state water quality standards, sub-watershed conditions, water quality and land use, and conclusions. Title: Water Quality in the Long Tom River Watershed 1999-2003 Abstract -- The report contains: introduction, background on the watershed: land use, water use, precipitation, fish and amphibians, study design and methods: training, parameters and sampling frequency, methods, quality assurance and control, results: comparison to state water quality standards, sub-watershed conditions, water quality and land use, and conclusions. Close

• 2. [Article] Little Deschutes Subbasin Watershed Assessment

  Abstract -- Many of the impacts to fish and wildlife habitat and water quality in the Little Deschutes River Subbasin are concentrated in the areas of housing, roads, and other human development. Most ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Little Deschutes Subbasin Watershed Assessment Abstract -- Many of the impacts to fish and wildlife habitat and water quality in the Little Deschutes River Subbasin are concentrated in the areas of housing, roads, and other human development. Most of the human population in the subbasin is concentrated around the community centers of La Pine, Gilchrist, Crescent, and Crescent Lake. There is significant dispersed development along the lower reaches of the Little Deschutes River between the communities of Sunriver and La Pine -an area characterized by gentle topography and depressions with forested wetlands, marshes and shallow lakes. Streams in this area, as illustrated by the Little Deschutes River , are low gradient and originate in the high elevation areas in the southwest portion of the watershed where there is higher precipitation. This ownership pattern has significant implications for natural resource management, as lower gradient floodplain areas tend to provide important wetland, fish, and wildlife habitat. Key Findings Fuel Loading: Having homes safe from wildfires is a concern for many residents. Fire suppression has increased the amount of dry wood in the area, creating a ready source for major wildfires. Riparian Areas and Wetlands: Loss of wetland and riparian areas , especially in the lower areas along the Little Deschutes River , has affected a number of resources. Water quality has been affected by the reduced wetlands that act as filters of nitrogen; the loss of streamside trees and other vegetation reduces shade that helps to cool water temperatures. Finally, loss ofwetlands and riparian vegetation has reduced important fish and wildlife habitats. Wildlife: The growth and development have altered wildlife habitats. Loss of wetlands, streamside vegetation, and other changes in the watershed have reduced important wildlife habitat. Roads and development have impacted migrating mule deer, increasing collisions between deer and cars and altering their migration pathways. Fish: There has been a significant loss of native trout and an increase in introduced brook and brown trout in the Little Deschutes River and tributaries. Loss of native trout is from competition with introduced species and changes in aquatic habitat and water temperatures. Water Quality: A major concern about the water in the river is unusually high temperatures in the summer and the abnormal growth of algae. Other studies indicated that there are problems with groundwater loading ofnitrogen. The high water table (with associated wetlands), and porous pumice soils contributes to increased nitrates, a by-product of septic systems and an indicator of human pathogens. Title: Little Deschutes Subbasin Watershed Assessment Abstract -- Many of the impacts to fish and wildlife habitat and water quality in the Little Deschutes River Subbasin are concentrated in the areas of housing, roads, and other human development. Most of the human population in the subbasin is concentrated around the community centers of La Pine, Gilchrist, Crescent, and Crescent Lake. There is significant dispersed development along the lower reaches of the Little Deschutes River between the communities of Sunriver and La Pine -an area characterized by gentle topography and depressions with forested wetlands, marshes and shallow lakes. Streams in this area, as illustrated by the Little Deschutes River , are low gradient and originate in the high elevation areas in the southwest portion of the watershed where there is higher precipitation. This ownership pattern has significant implications for natural resource management, as lower gradient floodplain areas tend to provide important wetland, fish, and wildlife habitat. Key Findings Fuel Loading: Having homes safe from wildfires is a concern for many residents. Fire suppression has increased the amount of dry wood in the area, creating a ready source for major wildfires. Riparian Areas and Wetlands: Loss of wetland and riparian areas , especially in the lower areas along the Little Deschutes River , has affected a number of resources. Water quality has been affected by the reduced wetlands that act as filters of nitrogen; the loss of streamside trees and other vegetation reduces shade that helps to cool water temperatures. Finally, loss ofwetlands and riparian vegetation has reduced important fish and wildlife habitats. Wildlife: The growth and development have altered wildlife habitats. Loss of wetlands, streamside vegetation, and other changes in the watershed have reduced important wildlife habitat. Roads and development have impacted migrating mule deer, increasing collisions between deer and cars and altering their migration pathways. Fish: There has been a significant loss of native trout and an increase in introduced brook and brown trout in the Little Deschutes River and tributaries. Loss of native trout is from competition with introduced species and changes in aquatic habitat and water temperatures. Water Quality: A major concern about the water in the river is unusually high temperatures in the summer and the abnormal growth of algae. Other studies indicated that there are problems with groundwater loading ofnitrogen. The high water table (with associated wetlands), and porous pumice soils contributes to increased nitrates, a by-product of septic systems and an indicator of human pathogens. Close

• 3. [Image] A report on Crater Lake water quality: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, 1988-1989

  	1982-2002; ill, maps; Report title; CA 9000-3-0003 Subagreement 8; Includes appendices: Crater Lake Liminological Studies 1988 and 1989; "Submitted by Robert E. Benton, Superintendent Crater Lake National ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A report on Crater Lake water quality: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, 1988-1989 Author: National Park Service, Crater Lake National Park Year: 1988, 2009 1982-2002; ill, maps; Report title; CA 9000-3-0003 Subagreement 8; Includes appendices: Crater Lake Liminological Studies 1988 and 1989; "Submitted by Robert E. Benton, Superintendent Crater Lake National Park." - T.p.; Includes bibliographical references; Issues lack volume numbering Title: A report on Crater Lake water quality: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, 1988-1989 Author: National Park Service, Crater Lake National Park Year: 1988, 2009 1982-2002; ill, maps; Report title; CA 9000-3-0003 Subagreement 8; Includes appendices: Crater Lake Liminological Studies 1988 and 1989; "Submitted by Robert E. Benton, Superintendent Crater Lake National Park." - T.p.; Includes bibliographical references; Issues lack volume numbering Close

• 4. [Image] An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, Year: 1977, 2009 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978; Includes bibliographical references Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, Year: 1977, 2009 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 5. [Image] Crater Lake limnological studies: final report

  	ill., maps; July 1993."; "Cooperative Park Studies Unit, College of Forestry, Oregon State University."; Includes bibliographical references.; This title is a culmination of the first 10-years of the Crater ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake limnological studies: final report Author: Gary L. Larson; McIntire, David C.; Jacobs, Ruth W; Year: 1993, 2009 ill., maps; July 1993."; "Cooperative Park Studies Unit, College of Forestry, Oregon State University."; Includes bibliographical references.; This title is a culmination of the first 10-years of the Crater Lake limnological studies and a long-term monitoring proposal to investigate new hypotheses. Title: Crater Lake limnological studies: final report Author: Gary L. Larson; McIntire, David C.; Jacobs, Ruth W; Year: 1993, 2009 ill., maps; July 1993."; "Cooperative Park Studies Unit, College of Forestry, Oregon State University."; Includes bibliographical references.; This title is a culmination of the first 10-years of the Crater Lake limnological studies and a long-term monitoring proposal to investigate new hypotheses. Close

• 6. [Image] Evaluation of potential sources of water in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill.; "Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service Department of the Interior." - T.p; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of potential sources of water in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Hampton, E. R. Year: 1967, 2010 ill.; "Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service Department of the Interior." - T.p; Includes bibliographical references Title: Evaluation of potential sources of water in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Hampton, E. R. Year: 1967, 2010 ill.; "Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service Department of the Interior." - T.p; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 7. [Image] Geological limnology of Crater Lake, Oregon

  	ill.; Three folded plates in pocket; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Minnesota, 1961; Bibliography: leaves 168-175
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geological limnology of Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Nelson, C. Hans (Carlton Hans), 1937- Year: 1961, 2008 ill.; Three folded plates in pocket; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Minnesota, 1961; Bibliography: leaves 168-175 Title: Geological limnology of Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Nelson, C. Hans (Carlton Hans), 1937- Year: 1961, 2008 ill.; Three folded plates in pocket; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Minnesota, 1961; Bibliography: leaves 168-175 Close

• 8. [Image] Interim report to Congress: presence or absence of significant thermal features in Crater Lake National Park

  	ill.; "September, 1989."; Includes bibliographical references;
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interim report to Congress: presence or absence of significant thermal features in Crater Lake National Park Author: United States. National Park Service Year: 1989, 2008 ill.; "September, 1989."; Includes bibliographical references; Title: Interim report to Congress: presence or absence of significant thermal features in Crater Lake National Park Author: United States. National Park Service Year: 1989, 2008 ill.; "September, 1989."; Includes bibliographical references; Close

• 9. [Image] Second annual report on the limnology and water quality monitoring program at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: final

  	1982-2002; ill.; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Second annual report on the limnology and water quality monitoring program at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: final Author: United States. Army. Corps of Engineers; in collaboration with National Park Service and Crater Lake National Park Year: 1983, 2008, 2009 1982-2002; ill.; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Title: Second annual report on the limnology and water quality monitoring program at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: final Author: United States. Army. Corps of Engineers; in collaboration with National Park Service and Crater Lake National Park Year: 1983, 2008, 2009 1982-2002; ill.; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Close

• 10. [Image] Soil survey of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill. (some col.), maps (some col.); 13 folded maps tipped in; Also available via Internet as of April 20, 2005; Includes data tables; Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-153) and glossary (p. 1...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil survey of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service Year: 2008 ill. (some col.), maps (some col.); 13 folded maps tipped in; Also available via Internet as of April 20, 2005; Includes data tables; Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-153) and glossary (p. 155-163) Title: Soil survey of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service Year: 2008 ill. (some col.), maps (some col.); 13 folded maps tipped in; Also available via Internet as of April 20, 2005; Includes data tables; Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-153) and glossary (p. 155-163) Close

• 11. [Image] Drilling fluid/formation interaction at simulated in situ geothermal conditions. Final report

  	Interaction of drilling fluids with a geothermal reservoir formation can result in significant permeability impairment and therefore reduced well productivity. This interaction is studied under simulated ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drilling fluid/formation interaction at simulated in situ geothermal conditions. Final report Author: Enniss, D.O Year: 1980 Interaction of drilling fluids with a geothermal reservoir formation can result in significant permeability impairment and therefore reduced well productivity. This interaction is studied under simulated in situ geothermal conditions of overburden stress, pore fluid pressure, temperature, and pore fluid chemistry. Permeability impairment of an East Mesa KGRA reservoir material is evaluated as a function of stagnation time, drilling fluid, and temperature. Results indicate that all of these parameters contribute significantly to the magnitude and the reversibility of the impairment. Title: Drilling fluid/formation interaction at simulated in situ geothermal conditions. Final report Author: Enniss, D.O Year: 1980 Interaction of drilling fluids with a geothermal reservoir formation can result in significant permeability impairment and therefore reduced well productivity. This interaction is studied under simulated in situ geothermal conditions of overburden stress, pore fluid pressure, temperature, and pore fluid chemistry. Permeability impairment of an East Mesa KGRA reservoir material is evaluated as a function of stagnation time, drilling fluid, and temperature. Results indicate that all of these parameters contribute significantly to the magnitude and the reversibility of the impairment. Close

• 12. [Image] Growth response of whitebark pine to climate in the Pacific Northwest

  	ill.; Thesis (M.S.)--Saint Joseph's University, 2003; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-78)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth response of whitebark pine to climate in the Pacific Northwest Author: Daneshgar, Pedram Patrick Year: 2003, 2010 ill.; Thesis (M.S.)--Saint Joseph's University, 2003; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-78) Title: Growth response of whitebark pine to climate in the Pacific Northwest Author: Daneshgar, Pedram Patrick Year: 2003, 2010 ill.; Thesis (M.S.)--Saint Joseph's University, 2003; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-78) Close

• 13. [Image] Visibility in Oregon's wilderness and national park lands

  	ill., photos; Cover title; "September, 1985."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Visibility in Oregon's wilderness and national park lands Author: Oregon. Air Quality Division Year: 1985, 2010 ill., photos; Cover title; "September, 1985."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51) Title: Visibility in Oregon's wilderness and national park lands Author: Oregon. Air Quality Division Year: 1985, 2010 ill., photos; Cover title; "September, 1985."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51) Close

• 14. [Image] Control of Hydrogen Sulfide Emission from Geothermal Power Plants, Annual Status Report, June 1, 1975 - May 31, 1976

  	A process for controlling H/sub 2/S emissions at geothermal power plants was evaluated in laboratory scale equipment and by process engineering analysis. The process is based on scrubbing geothermal steam ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Control of Hydrogen Sulfide Emission from Geothermal Power Plants, Annual Status Report, June 1, 1975 - May 31, 1976 Author: Harvey, W.W. Year: 1976 A process for controlling H/sub 2/S emissions at geothermal power plants was evaluated in laboratory scale equipment and by process engineering analysis. The process is based on scrubbing geothermal steam with a metal salt solution to selectively remove and precipitate the contained H/sub 2/S. The metal sulfide is roasted or oxygen/acid leached to regenerate the metal salt, and sulfur is rejected from the system as elemental sulfur or as sulfate. Up to 95 percent removal of H/sub 2/S from simulated geothermal steams was obtained in a 2'' diameter scrubbing column packed with 3 feet of 5/8'' Flexirings by use of a recirculating slurry of copper sulfate/copper sulfide. Information is included on the chemistry, thermodynamics, kinetics and process control aspects of the process, scrubber system design, operation, and corrosion, and design proposals and cost estimates for a H/sub 2/S removal system. (LCL) Title: Control of Hydrogen Sulfide Emission from Geothermal Power Plants, Annual Status Report, June 1, 1975 - May 31, 1976 Author: Harvey, W.W. Year: 1976 A process for controlling H/sub 2/S emissions at geothermal power plants was evaluated in laboratory scale equipment and by process engineering analysis. The process is based on scrubbing geothermal steam with a metal salt solution to selectively remove and precipitate the contained H/sub 2/S. The metal sulfide is roasted or oxygen/acid leached to regenerate the metal salt, and sulfur is rejected from the system as elemental sulfur or as sulfate. Up to 95 percent removal of H/sub 2/S from simulated geothermal steams was obtained in a 2'' diameter scrubbing column packed with 3 feet of 5/8'' Flexirings by use of a recirculating slurry of copper sulfate/copper sulfide. Information is included on the chemistry, thermodynamics, kinetics and process control aspects of the process, scrubber system design, operation, and corrosion, and design proposals and cost estimates for a H/sub 2/S removal system. (LCL) Close

• 15. [Image] Hydrology of Crater, East and Davis Lakes, Oregon

  	ill.; "With a section on chemistry of the lakes by A.S. Van Denburgh;" "Studies of water-budget balance in volcanic terranes for three lakes without surface outlets;" Includes bibliographical references ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrology of Crater, East and Davis Lakes, Oregon Author: Phillips, Kenneth N., b. 1897 Year: 1968, 2008 ill.; "With a section on chemistry of the lakes by A.S. Van Denburgh;" "Studies of water-budget balance in volcanic terranes for three lakes without surface outlets;" Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-45) and index Title: Hydrology of Crater, East and Davis Lakes, Oregon Author: Phillips, Kenneth N., b. 1897 Year: 1968, 2008 ill.; "With a section on chemistry of the lakes by A.S. Van Denburgh;" "Studies of water-budget balance in volcanic terranes for three lakes without surface outlets;" Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-45) and index Close

• 16. [Image] Water-resources appraisal of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill., maps; Includes bibliographical references;
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water-resources appraisal of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Frank, F. J. Year: 1969, 2008 ill., maps; Includes bibliographical references; Title: Water-resources appraisal of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Frank, F. J. Year: 1969, 2008 ill., maps; Includes bibliographical references; Close

• 17. [Image] Fire-insect-disease relationships of a lodgepole pine ecosystem in south-central Oregon

  	ill.; "July 1985."; "Final report on National Science Foundation Grant DEB-8109813"-- Cover; Includes offprints of several project-related publications by the authors; Includes bibliographical referen...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fire-insect-disease relationships of a lodgepole pine ecosystem in south-central Oregon Author: Gara, Robert I. Year: 1985, 2008 ill.; "July 1985."; "Final report on National Science Foundation Grant DEB-8109813"-- Cover; Includes offprints of several project-related publications by the authors; Includes bibliographical references Title: Fire-insect-disease relationships of a lodgepole pine ecosystem in south-central Oregon Author: Gara, Robert I. Year: 1985, 2008 ill.; "July 1985."; "Final report on National Science Foundation Grant DEB-8109813"-- Cover; Includes offprints of several project-related publications by the authors; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 18. [Image] Water supply of Crater Lake, Oregon

  	Accompanied with tables, pictures, field notes, National Park Service publications, references and correspondence; Typescript and holograph
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water supply of Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Harding, S. T.; (Sidney Twitchell); 1883-1969 Year: 1953, 2008 Accompanied with tables, pictures, field notes, National Park Service publications, references and correspondence; Typescript and holograph Title: Water supply of Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Harding, S. T.; (Sidney Twitchell); 1883-1969 Year: 1953, 2008 Accompanied with tables, pictures, field notes, National Park Service publications, references and correspondence; Typescript and holograph Close

• 19. [Image] Multicomponent chemical equilibrium modeling of the fluids and U-TH geochrnology of authigenic mineralization in geothermal systems

  	ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Presented to the Department of Geological Sciences and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multicomponent chemical equilibrium modeling of the fluids and U-TH geochrnology of authigenic mineralization in geothermal systems Author: Hull, Carter Dean Year: 1990, 2009 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Presented to the Department of Geological Sciences and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy; Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1990; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-164) Title: Multicomponent chemical equilibrium modeling of the fluids and U-TH geochrnology of authigenic mineralization in geothermal systems Author: Hull, Carter Dean Year: 1990, 2009 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Presented to the Department of Geological Sciences and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy; Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1990; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-164) Close

• 20. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Arkansas

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Arkansas Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Arkansas Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 21. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Alabama

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Alabama Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Alabama Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 22. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Connecticut

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Connecticut Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Connecticut Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 23. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Delaware

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Delaware Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Delaware Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 24. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Georgia

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Georgia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Georgia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 25. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Florida

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Florida Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Florida Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 26. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Illinois

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Illinois Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Illinois Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 27. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Indiana

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Indiana Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Indiana Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 28. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Iowa

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Iowa Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Iowa Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 29. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Kansas

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Kansas Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Kansas Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 30. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Kentucky

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Kentucky Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Kentucky Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 31. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Louisiana

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Louisiana Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Louisiana Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 32. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Maine

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Maine Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Maine Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 33. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Maryland-District of Columbia

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Maryland-District of Columbia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Maryland-District of Columbia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 34. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Massachusetts

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Massachusetts Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Massachusetts Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 35. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Michigan

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Michigan Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Michigan Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 36. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Minnesota

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Minnesota Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Minnesota Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 37. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Mississippi

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Mississippi Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Mississippi Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 38. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Missouri

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Missouri Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Missouri Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 39. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Nebraska

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Nebraska Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Nebraska Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 40. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Hampshire

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Hampshire Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Hampshire Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 41. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Jersey

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Jersey Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Jersey Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 42. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New York

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New York Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New York Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 43. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 North Carolina

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 North Carolina Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 North Carolina Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 44. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Ohio

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Ohio Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Ohio Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 45. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Oklahoma

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Oklahoma Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Oklahoma Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 46. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Pennsylvania

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Pennsylvania Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Pennsylvania Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 47. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Rhode Island

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Rhode Island Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Rhode Island Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 48. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 South Carolina

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 South Carolina Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 South Carolina Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 49. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Tennessee

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Tennessee Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Tennessee Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 50. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Texas

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Texas Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Texas Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 51. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Vermont

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Vermont Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Vermont Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 52. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Virginia-District of Columbia

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Virginia-District of Columbia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Virginia-District of Columbia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 53. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 West Virginia

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 West Virginia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 West Virginia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 54. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Wisconsin

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Wisconsin Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Wisconsin Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 55. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Alaska

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Alaska Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Alaska Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 56. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Arizona

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Arizona Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Arizona Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 57. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 California

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 California Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 California Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 58. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Colorado

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Colorado Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Colorado Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 59. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 South Dakota

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 South Dakota Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 South Dakota Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 60. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Utah

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Utah Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Utah Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 61. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Washington

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Washington Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Washington Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 62. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Mexico

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Mexico Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Mexico Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 63. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Oregon

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Oregon Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Oregon Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 64. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Hawaii

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Hawaii Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Hawaii Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 65. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Montana

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Montana Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Montana Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 66. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Nevada

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Nevada Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Nevada Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 67. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Wyoming

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Wyoming Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Wyoming Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 68. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 North Dakota

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 North Dakota Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 North Dakota Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 69. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Idaho

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Idaho Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Idaho Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 70. [Image] Geothermal Injection Treatment: Process Chemistry, Field Experiences, And Design Options

  	The successful development of geothermal reservoirs to generate electric power will require the injection disposal of approximately 700,000 gal/h (2.0 x 106 l/h) of heat-depleted brine for every 50,000 ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Injection Treatment: Process Chemistry, Field Experiences, And Design Options Author: Kindle, C. H. Year: 1984 The successful development of geothermal reservoirs to generate electric power will require the injection disposal of approximately 700,000 gal/h (2.0 x 106 l/h) of heat-depleted brine for every 50,000 kW of generating capacity. To maintain injectability, the spent brine must be compatible with the receiving formation. The factors that influence this brine/formation compatibility and tests to quantify them are discussed in this report Title: Geothermal Injection Treatment: Process Chemistry, Field Experiences, And Design Options Author: Kindle, C. H. Year: 1984 The successful development of geothermal reservoirs to generate electric power will require the injection disposal of approximately 700,000 gal/h (2.0 x 106 l/h) of heat-depleted brine for every 50,000 kW of generating capacity. To maintain injectability, the spent brine must be compatible with the receiving formation. The factors that influence this brine/formation compatibility and tests to quantify them are discussed in this report Close

• 71. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 18, December 1996

  	The near-term challenges of the US geothermal industry and its long-range potential are dominant themes in this issue of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Progress Monitor which summarizes calendar-year ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 18, December 1996 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1996 The near-term challenges of the US geothermal industry and its long-range potential are dominant themes in this issue of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Progress Monitor which summarizes calendar-year 1996 events in geothermal development. Competition is seen as an antidote to current problems and a cornerstone of the future. Thus, industry's cost-cutting strategies needed to increase the competitiveness of geothermal energy in world markets are examined. For example, a major challenge facing the US industry today is that the sales contracts of independent producers have reached, or soon will, the critical stage when the prices utilities must pay them drop precipitously, aptly called the cliff. However, Thomas R. Mason, President and CEO of CalEnergy told the DOE 1996 Geothermal Program Review XIV audience that while some of his company's plants have ''gone over the cliff, the world is not coming to an end.'' With the imposition of severe cost-cutting strategies, he said, ''these plants remain profitable... although they have to be run with fewer people and less availability.'' The Technology Development section of the newsletter discusses enhancements to TOUGH2, the general purpose fluid and heat flow simulator and the analysis of drill cores from The Geysers, but the emphasis is on advanced drilling technologies Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 18, December 1996 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1996 The near-term challenges of the US geothermal industry and its long-range potential are dominant themes in this issue of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Progress Monitor which summarizes calendar-year 1996 events in geothermal development. Competition is seen as an antidote to current problems and a cornerstone of the future. Thus, industry's cost-cutting strategies needed to increase the competitiveness of geothermal energy in world markets are examined. For example, a major challenge facing the US industry today is that the sales contracts of independent producers have reached, or soon will, the critical stage when the prices utilities must pay them drop precipitously, aptly called the cliff. However, Thomas R. Mason, President and CEO of CalEnergy told the DOE 1996 Geothermal Program Review XIV audience that while some of his company's plants have ''gone over the cliff, the world is not coming to an end.'' With the imposition of severe cost-cutting strategies, he said, ''these plants remain profitable... although they have to be run with fewer people and less availability.'' The Technology Development section of the newsletter discusses enhancements to TOUGH2, the general purpose fluid and heat flow simulator and the analysis of drill cores from The Geysers, but the emphasis is on advanced drilling technologies Close

• 72. [Image] Study of Silica Scaling from Geothermal Brines, Final Report, November 15, 1974 - April 30, 1977

  	Condensation of silica from brines supersaturate in silicic acid was studied over a range of pH (4.5 to 6.5), temperature (75 to 105/sup 0/C), salinity, and silicic acid concentration (700 to 1200 ppM ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Study of Silica Scaling from Geothermal Brines, Final Report, November 15, 1974 - April 30, 1977 Author: Makrides, A.C. Year: 1978 Condensation of silica from brines supersaturate in silicic acid was studied over a range of pH (4.5 to 6.5), temperature (75 to 105/sup 0/C), salinity, and silicic acid concentration (700 to 1200 ppM as SiO/sub 2/). The experimental technique involved analyses for molybdate-reactive silicic acid as a function of time after a supersaturated solution of Si(OH)/sub 4/ was prepared by mixing aliquots of a stock silicate solution with buffered brine. The isothermal rate of SiO/sub 2/ condensation is a strong function of supersaturation (C/Ce), pH, and salinity. The overall kinetics follow what is expected from the general theory of phase transitions. The kinetic results suggest that growth of nucleated particles is activation controlled, at least initially. The increase of condensation rate with salt content is attributed to a decrease in equilibrium solubility of SiO/sub 2/. In effect, higher salt concentrations increase supersaturation and lead to faster nucleation. Higher nucleation and growth rates are observed at higher pH's. An increase of 1 pH unit increases rates by a factor of about 10. The pH dependence is consistent with the hypothesis that SiO(OH)/sub 3//sup -/ is One of the reacting species. Temperature has little effect on condensation rate at a fixed initial silicic acid concentration. This result suggests that the increase in rate of activated steps brought about by increased temperature is essentially counterbalanced by a decrease in supersaturation (because of higher equilibrium solubility at higher temperatures). The kinetic results yield an activation energy of 17 kcal/mol for addition of silicic acid to a nucleated particle and 45 ergs/cm/sup 2/ for the interfacial energy between precipitated silica and the brine. NaCl, KCl, CaCl/sub 2/ and MgCl/sub 2/ had no specific effect on condensation rate. However, NaF had a large effect on rate; a few ppM (15 to 100) of fluoride ion accelerate condensation substantially Title: Study of Silica Scaling from Geothermal Brines, Final Report, November 15, 1974 - April 30, 1977 Author: Makrides, A.C. Year: 1978 Condensation of silica from brines supersaturate in silicic acid was studied over a range of pH (4.5 to 6.5), temperature (75 to 105/sup 0/C), salinity, and silicic acid concentration (700 to 1200 ppM as SiO/sub 2/). The experimental technique involved analyses for molybdate-reactive silicic acid as a function of time after a supersaturated solution of Si(OH)/sub 4/ was prepared by mixing aliquots of a stock silicate solution with buffered brine. The isothermal rate of SiO/sub 2/ condensation is a strong function of supersaturation (C/Ce), pH, and salinity. The overall kinetics follow what is expected from the general theory of phase transitions. The kinetic results suggest that growth of nucleated particles is activation controlled, at least initially. The increase of condensation rate with salt content is attributed to a decrease in equilibrium solubility of SiO/sub 2/. In effect, higher salt concentrations increase supersaturation and lead to faster nucleation. Higher nucleation and growth rates are observed at higher pH's. An increase of 1 pH unit increases rates by a factor of about 10. The pH dependence is consistent with the hypothesis that SiO(OH)/sub 3//sup -/ is One of the reacting species. Temperature has little effect on condensation rate at a fixed initial silicic acid concentration. This result suggests that the increase in rate of activated steps brought about by increased temperature is essentially counterbalanced by a decrease in supersaturation (because of higher equilibrium solubility at higher temperatures). The kinetic results yield an activation energy of 17 kcal/mol for addition of silicic acid to a nucleated particle and 45 ergs/cm/sup 2/ for the interfacial energy between precipitated silica and the brine. NaCl, KCl, CaCl/sub 2/ and MgCl/sub 2/ had no specific effect on condensation rate. However, NaF had a large effect on rate; a few ppM (15 to 100) of fluoride ion accelerate condensation substantially Close

• 73. [Image] A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest

  	Abstract Everest, Fred H.; Stouder, Deanna J.; Kakoyannis, Christina; Houston, Laurie; Stankey, George; Kline, Jeffery; Alig, Ralph. 2004. A review of scientific information ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest Year: 2004 Abstract Everest, Fred H.; Stouder, Deanna J.; Kakoyannis, Christina; Houston, Laurie; Stankey, George; Kline, Jeffery; Alig, Ralph. 2004. A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-595. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 128 p. Fresh water is a valuable and essential commodity in the Pacific Northwest States, specifically Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and one provided abundantly by forested watersheds in the region. The maintenance and growth of industrial, municipal, agricultural, and recreational activities in the region are dependent on adequate and sustainable supplies of fresh water from surface and ground-water sources. Future development, especially in the semiarid intermountain area, depends on the conservation and expansion of the region's water resource. This synthesis reviews the state of our knowledge and condition of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Keywords: Water distribution, flow regimes, water demand, conflicts, tools, water use. Title: A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest Year: 2004 Abstract Everest, Fred H.; Stouder, Deanna J.; Kakoyannis, Christina; Houston, Laurie; Stankey, George; Kline, Jeffery; Alig, Ralph. 2004. A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-595. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 128 p. Fresh water is a valuable and essential commodity in the Pacific Northwest States, specifically Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and one provided abundantly by forested watersheds in the region. The maintenance and growth of industrial, municipal, agricultural, and recreational activities in the region are dependent on adequate and sustainable supplies of fresh water from surface and ground-water sources. Future development, especially in the semiarid intermountain area, depends on the conservation and expansion of the region's water resource. This synthesis reviews the state of our knowledge and condition of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Keywords: Water distribution, flow regimes, water demand, conflicts, tools, water use. Close

• 74. [Image] Seeking refuge: making space for migratory waterfowl and wetlands along the Pacific Flyway

  	Abstract "Seeking Refuge" examines the history of migratory waterfowl management along the Pacific Flyway, the westernmost of four main migration routes in North America. Drawing on approaches from historical ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seeking refuge: making space for migratory waterfowl and wetlands along the Pacific Flyway Author: Wilson, Robert Michael Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Abstract "Seeking Refuge" examines the history of migratory waterfowl management along the Pacific Flyway, the westernmost of four main migration routes in North America. Drawing on approaches from historical geography and environmental history, this study shows how wildlife officials developed migratory bird refuges in Oregon and California, where over 60 percent of Pacific Flyway waterfowl winter. During the early-twentieth century, reclamation and river diking eliminated most of the wetlands in the birds' wintering range. Bird enthusiasts such as bird watchers and duck hunters successfully lobbied for the creation of wildlife refuges in a few areas along the flyway. These early refuges failed to protect waterfowl habitat and they were severely degraded by reclamation. In the 1930s and 1940s, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and its predecessor, the Bureau of Biological Survey, undertook an ambitious program to resurrect these sanctuaries and to create new ones. Many farmers opposed these refuges out of fear that waterfowl would damage crops. To respond to these concerns and to ensure an adequate food supply for the birds, the FWS raised rice, barley, and other grains. The agency adopted many of the technologies of modern, industrial agriculture including synthetic herbicides and insecticides such as 2, 4-D and DDT. By the 1960s, the refuges had become largely mirrors of the surrounding irrigated farmlands, the main difference being that the FWS raised grain for waterfowl rather than for market. Refuges could not escape the agricultural settings in which they were embedded. As units within the irrigated countryside, Pacific Flyway refuges were often at the mercy of nearby farmers and federal reclamation agencies. Poor water quality and insufficient supplies of water often hampered FWS efforts to manage refuges. In the late-twentieth century, reduced water supply due to diversions to California municipalities and to sustain endangered fish species affected the amount of water reaching refuges. This dissertation has other goals. First, it critiques the anthropocentrism of most historical geography by focusing on how political, cultural, and ecological factors affected wildlife. Second, it contributes to the literature on the state's role in environmental protection by investigating the overlapping, and often contradictory, spaces within which wildlife managers implemented environmental regulations. Title: Seeking refuge: making space for migratory waterfowl and wetlands along the Pacific Flyway Author: Wilson, Robert Michael Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Abstract "Seeking Refuge" examines the history of migratory waterfowl management along the Pacific Flyway, the westernmost of four main migration routes in North America. Drawing on approaches from historical geography and environmental history, this study shows how wildlife officials developed migratory bird refuges in Oregon and California, where over 60 percent of Pacific Flyway waterfowl winter. During the early-twentieth century, reclamation and river diking eliminated most of the wetlands in the birds' wintering range. Bird enthusiasts such as bird watchers and duck hunters successfully lobbied for the creation of wildlife refuges in a few areas along the flyway. These early refuges failed to protect waterfowl habitat and they were severely degraded by reclamation. In the 1930s and 1940s, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and its predecessor, the Bureau of Biological Survey, undertook an ambitious program to resurrect these sanctuaries and to create new ones. Many farmers opposed these refuges out of fear that waterfowl would damage crops. To respond to these concerns and to ensure an adequate food supply for the birds, the FWS raised rice, barley, and other grains. The agency adopted many of the technologies of modern, industrial agriculture including synthetic herbicides and insecticides such as 2, 4-D and DDT. By the 1960s, the refuges had become largely mirrors of the surrounding irrigated farmlands, the main difference being that the FWS raised grain for waterfowl rather than for market. Refuges could not escape the agricultural settings in which they were embedded. As units within the irrigated countryside, Pacific Flyway refuges were often at the mercy of nearby farmers and federal reclamation agencies. Poor water quality and insufficient supplies of water often hampered FWS efforts to manage refuges. In the late-twentieth century, reduced water supply due to diversions to California municipalities and to sustain endangered fish species affected the amount of water reaching refuges. This dissertation has other goals. First, it critiques the anthropocentrism of most historical geography by focusing on how political, cultural, and ecological factors affected wildlife. Second, it contributes to the literature on the state's role in environmental protection by investigating the overlapping, and often contradictory, spaces within which wildlife managers implemented environmental regulations. Close

• 75. [Image] Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database

  	"September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database Author: Marcot, Bruce G. Year: 1997, 2005, 2004 "September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24) Title: Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database Author: Marcot, Bruce G. Year: 1997, 2005, 2004 "September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24) Close

• 76. [Image] Upper Klamath Lake Basin nutrient-loading study: assessment of historic flows in the Williamson and Sprague Rivers

  	"The goal of the project is to quantitatively describe the nature and extent of the ground-water flow systems in the basin."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Klamath Lake Basin nutrient-loading study: assessment of historic flows in the Williamson and Sprague Rivers Author: Risley, John C. Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 "The goal of the project is to quantitatively describe the nature and extent of the ground-water flow systems in the basin." Title: Upper Klamath Lake Basin nutrient-loading study: assessment of historic flows in the Williamson and Sprague Rivers Author: Risley, John C. Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 "The goal of the project is to quantitatively describe the nature and extent of the ground-water flow systems in the basin." Close

• 77. [Image] Effect of water-column pH on sediment-phosphorus release rates in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2001

  	Abstract Sediment-phosphorus release rates as a function of pH were determined in laboratory experiments for sediment and water samples collected from Shoalwater Bay in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, in 2001. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of water-column pH on sediment-phosphorus release rates in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2001 Author: Fisher, Lawrence H. Year: 2004, 2005 Abstract Sediment-phosphorus release rates as a function of pH were determined in laboratory experiments for sediment and water samples collected from Shoalwater Bay in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, in 2001. Areal release rates for a stable sediment/water interface that is representative of the sediment surface area to water column volume ratio (1:3) observed in the lake and volumetric release rates for resuspended sediment events were determined at three different pH values (8.1, 9.2, 10.2). Ambient water column pH (8.1) was maintained by sparging study columns with atmospheric air. Elevation of the water column pH to 9.2 was achieved through the removal of dissolved carbon dioxide by sparging with carbon dioxide-reduced air, partially simulating water chemistry changes that occur during algal photosynthesis. Further elevation of the pH to 10.2 was achieved by the addition of sodium hydroxide, which doubled average alkalinities in the study columns from about 1 to 2 milliequivalents per liter. Upper Klamath Lake sediments collected from the lake bottom and then placed in contact with lake water, either at a stable sediment/water interface or by resus-pension, exhibited an initial capacity to take up soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from the water column rather than release phosphorus to the water column. At a higher pH this initial uptake of phosphorus was slowed, but not stopped. This initial phase was followed by a reversal in which the sediments began to release SRP back into the water column. The release rate of phosphorus 30 to 40 days after suspension of sediments in the columns was 0.5 |ig/L/day (micrograms per liter per day) at pH 8, and 0.9 |ug/L/day at pH 10, indicating that the higher pH increased the rate of phosphorus release by a factor of about two. The highest determined rate of release was approximately 10% (percent) of the rate required to explain the annual internal loading to Upper Klamath Lake from the sediments as calculated from a lake-wide mass balance and observed in total phosphorus data collected at individual locations. Title: Effect of water-column pH on sediment-phosphorus release rates in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2001 Author: Fisher, Lawrence H. Year: 2004, 2005 Abstract Sediment-phosphorus release rates as a function of pH were determined in laboratory experiments for sediment and water samples collected from Shoalwater Bay in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, in 2001. Areal release rates for a stable sediment/water interface that is representative of the sediment surface area to water column volume ratio (1:3) observed in the lake and volumetric release rates for resuspended sediment events were determined at three different pH values (8.1, 9.2, 10.2). Ambient water column pH (8.1) was maintained by sparging study columns with atmospheric air. Elevation of the water column pH to 9.2 was achieved through the removal of dissolved carbon dioxide by sparging with carbon dioxide-reduced air, partially simulating water chemistry changes that occur during algal photosynthesis. Further elevation of the pH to 10.2 was achieved by the addition of sodium hydroxide, which doubled average alkalinities in the study columns from about 1 to 2 milliequivalents per liter. Upper Klamath Lake sediments collected from the lake bottom and then placed in contact with lake water, either at a stable sediment/water interface or by resus-pension, exhibited an initial capacity to take up soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from the water column rather than release phosphorus to the water column. At a higher pH this initial uptake of phosphorus was slowed, but not stopped. This initial phase was followed by a reversal in which the sediments began to release SRP back into the water column. The release rate of phosphorus 30 to 40 days after suspension of sediments in the columns was 0.5 |ig/L/day (micrograms per liter per day) at pH 8, and 0.9 |ug/L/day at pH 10, indicating that the higher pH increased the rate of phosphorus release by a factor of about two. The highest determined rate of release was approximately 10% (percent) of the rate required to explain the annual internal loading to Upper Klamath Lake from the sediments as calculated from a lake-wide mass balance and observed in total phosphorus data collected at individual locations. Close

• 78. [Image] Programmatic environmental assessment for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office Projects, 2000-2010

  	Programmatic Environmental Assessment Summary This Environmental Assessment (EA) provides compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for restoration actions undertaken by the US Fish ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Programmatic environmental assessment for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office Projects, 2000-2010 Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office. Year: 2000, 2005, 2004 Programmatic Environmental Assessment Summary This Environmental Assessment (EA) provides compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for restoration actions undertaken by the US Fish & Wildlife Service's Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office (ERO) in Klamath Falls, Oregon. These restoration activities are needed due to the large-scale loss of wetland and riparian habitat and degraded water quality. The purpose of these restoration efforts is the improvement of conditions of the watershed with specific regard to habitat and water quality, resulting in, among other benefits, improved conditions for the endangered fish species (bull trout and Lost River and shortnose sucker) populations of the basin. The geographic scope of this EA is defined as the upper Klamath River basin, including the entire watershed from Irongate Dam upstream to the headwaters. This EA is intended to provide NEPA compliance for restoration projects conducted between the years 2000 and 2010. The ERO was established in 1993 to sponsor and assist with a variety of restoration activities in the Klamath Basin. The ERO funds and provides technical assistance to restoration projects involving private landholders, concerned groups, and other state, federal, and tribal agencies. Four alternatives are presented in this EA. The proposed alternative (Alternative 1) consists of a comprehensive program of ecosystem restoration, promoting projects in both riparian areas and in upland habitats. This would continue the current program in effect since 1994. NEPA compliance would primarily be carried out via a single, programmatic document saving time and funds. The Fish & Wildlife Service proposes to fund and administer the following projects types: Riparian Projects: (fencing for livestock management; native plant establishment & diversification; non-native plant removal/control; erosion control; contour re-establishment; impoundment removal; wildlife habitat improvements) Wetland Projects: (fencing; wetland restoration and enhancement; wildlife habitat improvements) Upland or Road Projects: (road abandonment, decommissioning, & obliteration; road drainage improvements and storm proofing, re-establishment of historic contours; silvicultural treatments; native plant establishment/diversification; non-native plant removal/control; fencing; landslide treatments; culvert/stream crossing upgrades; erosion control; wildlife habitat improvements). In-stream Projects: (habitat complexity and diversity improvements; hydrologic regime improvements; coarse woody debris supplementation; natural or artificial barrier removal, modification &/or creation; fish screens installation). Alternative 2 would concentrate restoration efforts only on riparian, instream, and wetland areas. Road projects would be conducted only within the riparian corridor, as defined. NEPA compliance would also be conducted programmatically. Alternative 3 would cease all restoration activities conducted and funded by the ERO in the Klamath Basin. This alternative would serve as a benchmark against which the effects of the restoration alternatives discussed above can be compared. Alternative 4, the "No Action" alternative, would continue current management policies with regard to NEPA compliance, providing compliance on a project by project basis requiring independent analysis for each project. The affected environment of the region is described in detail. The environment has been changed significantly since the 1890's due to logging, agriculture and urban development. An extensive system of dams, canals, and drainage structures has resulted in the conversion of approximately 80% of pre-settlement wetlands to agricultural uses. Riparian corridors have been similarly impacted, and upland forests regions have been affected by logging, road construction and other factors. These changes have contributed to problems with the water quality in the region, contributing to the listing of several fish species as threatened or endangered; loss of habitat has affected a large number of other species as well. The environmental effects of each alternative is analyzed. Some short term negative impacts could occur as a result of the projects authorized by both Alternative 1 and Alternative 2, but these would be strongly offset by the expected beneficial results to water quality and habitat conditions. Alternative 1 would be expected to have a greater overall effect on the environment than Alternative 2, since many of the underlying factors with which restoration efforts are concerned originate in upland conditions (i.e. sedimentation and hydrologic functionality). Alternative 3 would result in conditions remaining much as they are currently, although other programs and organizations are making efforts at restoration activities. The environmental impacts of individual projects anticipated under Alternative 4 would be generally the same as for similar projects under Alternative 1. The primary difference between the two alternatives would be the higher efficiency and improved cumulative analysis resulting from a programmatic approach as proposed in Alternative 1. Public participation in the NEPA process has been, and will continue to be, solicited and welcomed. Compliance with state and federal laws and regulations such as the Clean Water Act, National Historic Preservation Act, and the Endangered Species Act, as well as guidelines for contaminant surveys, will be carried out as detailed. While these projects are expected to play an important role in the restoration of the region, none of these alternatives are expected to have a significant impact when compared with the loss of wetland, riparian and upland habitats over the past century, impacts which do occur would be of a cumulatively beneficial nature. Other restoration efforts are being carried out in the area by other governmental and private groups, and it is expected that these combined efforts will achieve important beneficial results for the ecosystem. Title: Programmatic environmental assessment for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office Projects, 2000-2010 Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office. Year: 2000, 2005, 2004 Programmatic Environmental Assessment Summary This Environmental Assessment (EA) provides compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for restoration actions undertaken by the US Fish & Wildlife Service's Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office (ERO) in Klamath Falls, Oregon. These restoration activities are needed due to the large-scale loss of wetland and riparian habitat and degraded water quality. The purpose of these restoration efforts is the improvement of conditions of the watershed with specific regard to habitat and water quality, resulting in, among other benefits, improved conditions for the endangered fish species (bull trout and Lost River and shortnose sucker) populations of the basin. The geographic scope of this EA is defined as the upper Klamath River basin, including the entire watershed from Irongate Dam upstream to the headwaters. This EA is intended to provide NEPA compliance for restoration projects conducted between the years 2000 and 2010. The ERO was established in 1993 to sponsor and assist with a variety of restoration activities in the Klamath Basin. The ERO funds and provides technical assistance to restoration projects involving private landholders, concerned groups, and other state, federal, and tribal agencies. Four alternatives are presented in this EA. The proposed alternative (Alternative 1) consists of a comprehensive program of ecosystem restoration, promoting projects in both riparian areas and in upland habitats. This would continue the current program in effect since 1994. NEPA compliance would primarily be carried out via a single, programmatic document saving time and funds. The Fish & Wildlife Service proposes to fund and administer the following projects types: Riparian Projects: (fencing for livestock management; native plant establishment & diversification; non-native plant removal/control; erosion control; contour re-establishment; impoundment removal; wildlife habitat improvements) Wetland Projects: (fencing; wetland restoration and enhancement; wildlife habitat improvements) Upland or Road Projects: (road abandonment, decommissioning, & obliteration; road drainage improvements and storm proofing, re-establishment of historic contours; silvicultural treatments; native plant establishment/diversification; non-native plant removal/control; fencing; landslide treatments; culvert/stream crossing upgrades; erosion control; wildlife habitat improvements). In-stream Projects: (habitat complexity and diversity improvements; hydrologic regime improvements; coarse woody debris supplementation; natural or artificial barrier removal, modification &/or creation; fish screens installation). Alternative 2 would concentrate restoration efforts only on riparian, instream, and wetland areas. Road projects would be conducted only within the riparian corridor, as defined. NEPA compliance would also be conducted programmatically. Alternative 3 would cease all restoration activities conducted and funded by the ERO in the Klamath Basin. This alternative would serve as a benchmark against which the effects of the restoration alternatives discussed above can be compared. Alternative 4, the "No Action" alternative, would continue current management policies with regard to NEPA compliance, providing compliance on a project by project basis requiring independent analysis for each project. The affected environment of the region is described in detail. The environment has been changed significantly since the 1890's due to logging, agriculture and urban development. An extensive system of dams, canals, and drainage structures has resulted in the conversion of approximately 80% of pre-settlement wetlands to agricultural uses. Riparian corridors have been similarly impacted, and upland forests regions have been affected by logging, road construction and other factors. These changes have contributed to problems with the water quality in the region, contributing to the listing of several fish species as threatened or endangered; loss of habitat has affected a large number of other species as well. The environmental effects of each alternative is analyzed. Some short term negative impacts could occur as a result of the projects authorized by both Alternative 1 and Alternative 2, but these would be strongly offset by the expected beneficial results to water quality and habitat conditions. Alternative 1 would be expected to have a greater overall effect on the environment than Alternative 2, since many of the underlying factors with which restoration efforts are concerned originate in upland conditions (i.e. sedimentation and hydrologic functionality). Alternative 3 would result in conditions remaining much as they are currently, although other programs and organizations are making efforts at restoration activities. The environmental impacts of individual projects anticipated under Alternative 4 would be generally the same as for similar projects under Alternative 1. The primary difference between the two alternatives would be the higher efficiency and improved cumulative analysis resulting from a programmatic approach as proposed in Alternative 1. Public participation in the NEPA process has been, and will continue to be, solicited and welcomed. Compliance with state and federal laws and regulations such as the Clean Water Act, National Historic Preservation Act, and the Endangered Species Act, as well as guidelines for contaminant surveys, will be carried out as detailed. While these projects are expected to play an important role in the restoration of the region, none of these alternatives are expected to have a significant impact when compared with the loss of wetland, riparian and upland habitats over the past century, impacts which do occur would be of a cumulatively beneficial nature. Other restoration efforts are being carried out in the area by other governmental and private groups, and it is expected that these combined efforts will achieve important beneficial results for the ecosystem. Close

• 79. [Image] Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999

  	SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999 Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 2001, 2005, 2004 SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in the spring and 1.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. These values were well within the range of values in the literature for sites with similar sediment characteristics: primarily silty with at least a moderate amount of organic content. Over most of the lake there appears to be relatively little variation in SOD 14the interquartile range in values was 0.4 g/m2/day in the spring and 0.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. A significant exception was apparent in Ball Bay, where SOD in the late summer was greater than 10.2 g/m2/day. In the absence of primary production, an SOD of this magnitude could deplete the water column of oxygen in a few days. This measurement provided evidence that localized areas of very high SOD occur episodically in the bays, perhaps associated with large algal mats being trapped by the lake circulation patterns. A statistical test for a spring to late summer difference in the median values of SOD confirmed that SOD in the late summer (median value 1.7 g/m2/day) was significantly higher than in the spring (median value 1.2 g/m2/day). The difference was primarily due to seasonal changes in temperature; when SOD values were corrected to 20°C, there was no seasonal difference in the median values. There was no correlation between SOD20 and the sediment characteristics measured in this study: percent fines, organic carbon, and residue lost on ignition. Title: Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999 Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 2001, 2005, 2004 SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in the spring and 1.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. These values were well within the range of values in the literature for sites with similar sediment characteristics: primarily silty with at least a moderate amount of organic content. Over most of the lake there appears to be relatively little variation in SOD 14the interquartile range in values was 0.4 g/m2/day in the spring and 0.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. A significant exception was apparent in Ball Bay, where SOD in the late summer was greater than 10.2 g/m2/day. In the absence of primary production, an SOD of this magnitude could deplete the water column of oxygen in a few days. This measurement provided evidence that localized areas of very high SOD occur episodically in the bays, perhaps associated with large algal mats being trapped by the lake circulation patterns. A statistical test for a spring to late summer difference in the median values of SOD confirmed that SOD in the late summer (median value 1.7 g/m2/day) was significantly higher than in the spring (median value 1.2 g/m2/day). The difference was primarily due to seasonal changes in temperature; when SOD values were corrected to 20°C, there was no seasonal difference in the median values. There was no correlation between SOD20 and the sediment characteristics measured in this study: percent fines, organic carbon, and residue lost on ignition. Close

• 80. [Image] Klamath River fish die-off, September 2002 : causative factors of mortality

  	Executive Summary This report provides information describing the biological, hydrological, meteorological, and water quality conditions associated with the die-off of an estimated 34,056 fish in the Klamath ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath River fish die-off, September 2002 : causative factors of mortality Author: Guillen, George Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Executive Summary This report provides information describing the biological, hydrological, meteorological, and water quality conditions associated with the die-off of an estimated 34,056 fish in the Klamath River, California in September 2002. The proximate cause of death was heavy infections of two fish pathogens, Ich and columnaris. However, given that these ubiquitous pathogens are normally found in the Klamath River, additional factors must have played a role for them to have become lethal. It is our conclusion based on multiple lines of evidence that the fish die-off in the lower Klamath River in 2002 was a result of a combination of factors that began with an early peak in the return of a large run of fall Chinook salmon. Low river discharges apparently did not provide suitable attraction flows for migrating adult salmon, resulting in large numbers of fish congregating in the warm waters of the lower River. The high density offish, low discharges, warm water temperatures, and possible extended residence time of salmon created optimal conditions for parasite proliferation and precipitated an epizootic of Ich and columnaris. Based on a review of available literature and historical records, this was the largest known pre-spawning adult salmonid die-off recorded for the Klamath River and possibly the Pacific coast. Title: Klamath River fish die-off, September 2002 : causative factors of mortality Author: Guillen, George Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Executive Summary This report provides information describing the biological, hydrological, meteorological, and water quality conditions associated with the die-off of an estimated 34,056 fish in the Klamath River, California in September 2002. The proximate cause of death was heavy infections of two fish pathogens, Ich and columnaris. However, given that these ubiquitous pathogens are normally found in the Klamath River, additional factors must have played a role for them to have become lethal. It is our conclusion based on multiple lines of evidence that the fish die-off in the lower Klamath River in 2002 was a result of a combination of factors that began with an early peak in the return of a large run of fall Chinook salmon. Low river discharges apparently did not provide suitable attraction flows for migrating adult salmon, resulting in large numbers of fish congregating in the warm waters of the lower River. The high density offish, low discharges, warm water temperatures, and possible extended residence time of salmon created optimal conditions for parasite proliferation and precipitated an epizootic of Ich and columnaris. Based on a review of available literature and historical records, this was the largest known pre-spawning adult salmonid die-off recorded for the Klamath River and possibly the Pacific coast. Close

• 81. [Image] Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno

  	A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Technical Service Center Year: 2005, 2004 A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural flows for the same period at the outfall of Upper Klamath Lake, which forms the head of the Link River at Klamath Falls, Oregon. Flow past the Link River gage is tributary to the Klamath River above Lower Klamath Lake. These natural flows were determined using standard and accepted methods. Records used in developing this analysis were derived from stream-gaging records and from climatic records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also obtained from published maps and reports, and file documents of the Klamath Area Office. Currently, received comments are being addressed and evaluation of elements related to these comments is in progress. The objective of this report is to provide a representative estimate of the monthly natural flow of the Upper Klamath River. Such an estimate is of the natural flow that would typically have occurred without the water-resources developments in the Upper Klamath Basin. A water-budget assessment was used in the determination of the natural flows. The assessment includes results from an evaluation of present-day irrigation depletions, and losses from reclaimed marshland, that have changed the natural inflow to, and resulting natural outfall from, Upper Klamath Lake. Also evaluated were losses to the natural inflow that would have been incurred due to pre-development marshland and evaporation associated with Upper Klamath Lake. The natural outfall from the lake comprised the natural flow of the Link River at Klamath Falls and also the consequent natural inflow to Lower Klamath Lake. Therefore, a similar evaluation was also completed for Lower Klamath Lake to estimate the natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno. The water-budget assessment was designed to simulate each lake as a natural water body within a stream-connected two-lake system. Much of the assessment was completed using Excel. Title: Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Technical Service Center Year: 2005, 2004 A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural flows for the same period at the outfall of Upper Klamath Lake, which forms the head of the Link River at Klamath Falls, Oregon. Flow past the Link River gage is tributary to the Klamath River above Lower Klamath Lake. These natural flows were determined using standard and accepted methods. Records used in developing this analysis were derived from stream-gaging records and from climatic records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also obtained from published maps and reports, and file documents of the Klamath Area Office. Currently, received comments are being addressed and evaluation of elements related to these comments is in progress. The objective of this report is to provide a representative estimate of the monthly natural flow of the Upper Klamath River. Such an estimate is of the natural flow that would typically have occurred without the water-resources developments in the Upper Klamath Basin. A water-budget assessment was used in the determination of the natural flows. The assessment includes results from an evaluation of present-day irrigation depletions, and losses from reclaimed marshland, that have changed the natural inflow to, and resulting natural outfall from, Upper Klamath Lake. Also evaluated were losses to the natural inflow that would have been incurred due to pre-development marshland and evaporation associated with Upper Klamath Lake. The natural outfall from the lake comprised the natural flow of the Link River at Klamath Falls and also the consequent natural inflow to Lower Klamath Lake. Therefore, a similar evaluation was also completed for Lower Klamath Lake to estimate the natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno. The water-budget assessment was designed to simulate each lake as a natural water body within a stream-connected two-lake system. Much of the assessment was completed using Excel. Close

• 82. [Image] Williamson River delta restoration project : environmental assessment

  	"May 2000"; From cover: Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture/Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2316 South 6th Street, Suite C, Klamath Falls, Oregon 97601. In Partnership with The Nature Conservancy, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Williamson River delta restoration project : environmental assessment Year: 2000, 2005 "May 2000"; From cover: Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture/Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2316 South 6th Street, Suite C, Klamath Falls, Oregon 97601. In Partnership with The Nature Conservancy, 821 SE 14th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97214 and US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Tribes, PacifiCorp, Cell Tech International; Includes bibliographic references (p. 60-66) Title: Williamson River delta restoration project : environmental assessment Year: 2000, 2005 "May 2000"; From cover: Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture/Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2316 South 6th Street, Suite C, Klamath Falls, Oregon 97601. In Partnership with The Nature Conservancy, 821 SE 14th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97214 and US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Tribes, PacifiCorp, Cell Tech International; Includes bibliographic references (p. 60-66) Close

• 83. [Image] Molecular evolution and ecology of Klamath Basin suckers. Part A - Use of anonymous nuclear loci as species markers in Klamath basin suckers (Catostomidae)

  	One chapter of a seven chapter annual report from 1999 examining ecological issues regarding the shortnose and Lost River sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake and Williamson River.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Molecular evolution and ecology of Klamath Basin suckers. Part A - Use of anonymous nuclear loci as species markers in Klamath basin suckers (Catostomidae) Author: Oregon Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Year: 2000, 2005 One chapter of a seven chapter annual report from 1999 examining ecological issues regarding the shortnose and Lost River sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake and Williamson River. Title: Molecular evolution and ecology of Klamath Basin suckers. Part A - Use of anonymous nuclear loci as species markers in Klamath basin suckers (Catostomidae) Author: Oregon Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Year: 2000, 2005 One chapter of a seven chapter annual report from 1999 examining ecological issues regarding the shortnose and Lost River sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake and Williamson River. Close

• 84. [Image] Effects of water quality on growth of juvenile shortnose suckers, Chasmistes brevirostris (Catostomidae: Cypriniformes), from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

  	One chapter of a seven chapter annual report from 1999 examining ecological issues regarding the shortnose and Lost River sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake and Williamson River.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of water quality on growth of juvenile shortnose suckers, Chasmistes brevirostris (Catostomidae: Cypriniformes), from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Oregon Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Year: 2000, 2005 One chapter of a seven chapter annual report from 1999 examining ecological issues regarding the shortnose and Lost River sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake and Williamson River. Title: Effects of water quality on growth of juvenile shortnose suckers, Chasmistes brevirostris (Catostomidae: Cypriniformes), from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Oregon Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Year: 2000, 2005 One chapter of a seven chapter annual report from 1999 examining ecological issues regarding the shortnose and Lost River sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake and Williamson River. Close

• 85. [Image] Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment

  	"Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment Author: David Evans and Associates, Inc. Year: 2004, 2005 "Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council." Title: Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment Author: David Evans and Associates, Inc. Year: 2004, 2005 "Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council." Close

• 86. [Image] Western water supply : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, to receive testimony regarding water supply issues in the arid West, March 9, 2004

  	CONTENTS STATEMENTS Page American Farm Bureau Federation 26963 Bell, Craig, Executive Director, Western States Water Council 26945 Domenici, Hon. Pete V., U.S. Senator From New Mexico 2691 Gaibler, Floyd, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Western water supply : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, to receive testimony regarding water supply issues in the arid West, March 9, 2004 Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS STATEMENTS Page American Farm Bureau Federation 26963 Bell, Craig, Executive Director, Western States Water Council 26945 Domenici, Hon. Pete V., U.S. Senator From New Mexico 2691 Gaibler, Floyd, Deputy Undersecretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, Department of Agriculture 26932 Grisoli, Brigadier General William T., Commander, Northwestern Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 26918 Hall, Tex G., President, National Congress of American Indians, and Chair man, Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nation 26950 Raley, Bennett, Assistant Secretary, Department of the Interior 2695 Uccellini, Dr. Louis, Director, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 26926 APPENDIX Responses to additional questions 2620 67 Title: Western water supply : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, to receive testimony regarding water supply issues in the arid West, March 9, 2004 Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS STATEMENTS Page American Farm Bureau Federation 26963 Bell, Craig, Executive Director, Western States Water Council 26945 Domenici, Hon. Pete V., U.S. Senator From New Mexico 2691 Gaibler, Floyd, Deputy Undersecretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, Department of Agriculture 26932 Grisoli, Brigadier General William T., Commander, Northwestern Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 26918 Hall, Tex G., President, National Congress of American Indians, and Chair man, Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nation 26950 Raley, Bennett, Assistant Secretary, Department of the Interior 2695 Uccellini, Dr. Louis, Director, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 26926 APPENDIX Responses to additional questions 2620 67 Close

• 87. [Image] Recent paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

  	Recent Paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake Eilers et al. 2001 ABSTRACT Sediment cores were collected from Upper Klamath Lake in October, 1998 and analyzed for 210Pb, 14C, 15N, N, P, C, Ti, Al, diatoms, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recent paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 2001, 2005 Recent Paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake Eilers et al. 2001 ABSTRACT Sediment cores were collected from Upper Klamath Lake in October, 1998 and analyzed for 210Pb, 14C, 15N, N, P, C, Ti, Al, diatoms, Pediastrum, and cyanobacterial akinetes. These results were used to reconstruct changes in water quality in Upper Klamath Lake over the last 150 years. The results showed that there was substantial mixing of the upper 10 cm of sediment, representing the previous 20 to 30 years. However, below that, 210Pb activity declined monotonically, allowing reasonable dating for the period from about 1850 to 1970. The sediment accumulation rates (SAR) showed a substantial increase in the 20th century. The increase in SAR corresponded with increases in erosional input from the watershed as represented by the increases in sediment concentrations of Ti and Al. The upper 20 cm of sediment (representing the last 150 years) also showed increases in C, N, P, and 15N. The increases in nutrient concentrations may be affected to various degrees by diagenetic reactions within the sediments, although the changes in concentrations also were marked by changes in the N:P ratio and in a qualitative change in the source of N as reflected in increasing S15N. The diatoms showed modest changes, particularly in the upper sediments, with increases in Asterionellaformosa, Stephanodiscus hantzschii, and S. parvus. Pediastrum, a green alga, was well-preserved in the sediments and exhibited a sharp decline in relative abundance in the upper sediments. Total cyanobacteria, as represented by preserved akinetes, exhibited only minor changes in the last 1000 years. However, a taxon which was formerly not present in the lake 150 years ago, Aphanizomenon, has shown major increases in recent decades. Although the mixing in the upper sediments prevents high-resolution temporal analysis of the recent history (e.g. last 30 years) of Upper Klamath Lake, the results demonstrate that major changes in water quality likely have occurred leading to a major modification of the phytoplankton assemblage. The changes in sediment composition are consistent with land use activities during this period that include substantial deforestation, drainage of wetlands, and agricultural activities associated with livestock and irrigated cropland. Title: Recent paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 2001, 2005 Recent Paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake Eilers et al. 2001 ABSTRACT Sediment cores were collected from Upper Klamath Lake in October, 1998 and analyzed for 210Pb, 14C, 15N, N, P, C, Ti, Al, diatoms, Pediastrum, and cyanobacterial akinetes. These results were used to reconstruct changes in water quality in Upper Klamath Lake over the last 150 years. The results showed that there was substantial mixing of the upper 10 cm of sediment, representing the previous 20 to 30 years. However, below that, 210Pb activity declined monotonically, allowing reasonable dating for the period from about 1850 to 1970. The sediment accumulation rates (SAR) showed a substantial increase in the 20th century. The increase in SAR corresponded with increases in erosional input from the watershed as represented by the increases in sediment concentrations of Ti and Al. The upper 20 cm of sediment (representing the last 150 years) also showed increases in C, N, P, and 15N. The increases in nutrient concentrations may be affected to various degrees by diagenetic reactions within the sediments, although the changes in concentrations also were marked by changes in the N:P ratio and in a qualitative change in the source of N as reflected in increasing S15N. The diatoms showed modest changes, particularly in the upper sediments, with increases in Asterionellaformosa, Stephanodiscus hantzschii, and S. parvus. Pediastrum, a green alga, was well-preserved in the sediments and exhibited a sharp decline in relative abundance in the upper sediments. Total cyanobacteria, as represented by preserved akinetes, exhibited only minor changes in the last 1000 years. However, a taxon which was formerly not present in the lake 150 years ago, Aphanizomenon, has shown major increases in recent decades. Although the mixing in the upper sediments prevents high-resolution temporal analysis of the recent history (e.g. last 30 years) of Upper Klamath Lake, the results demonstrate that major changes in water quality likely have occurred leading to a major modification of the phytoplankton assemblage. The changes in sediment composition are consistent with land use activities during this period that include substantial deforestation, drainage of wetlands, and agricultural activities associated with livestock and irrigated cropland. Close

• 88. [Image] Ground water hydrology of four proposed project areas in the Klamath Basin, Oregon

  	"OF-01-01"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ground water hydrology of four proposed project areas in the Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept Year: 2001, 2005 "OF-01-01" Title: Ground water hydrology of four proposed project areas in the Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept Year: 2001, 2005 "OF-01-01" Close

• 89. [Image] Weather based technologies for residential irrigation scheduling: technical review report: prepared for Municipal Water District

  	"May 2004"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Weather based technologies for residential irrigation scheduling: technical review report: prepared for Municipal Water District Year: 2004, 2005 "May 2004" Title: Weather based technologies for residential irrigation scheduling: technical review report: prepared for Municipal Water District Year: 2004, 2005 "May 2004" Close

• 90. [Image] Land use and vegetation community changes at Beswick Ranch, Klamath River Canyon, California from 1955 to 2003 : focus on relationship between the irrigation and the vegetation and the land use cover

  	Humans have altered the Klamath River Canyon in many ways. This study focuses on the years from 1955 to 2003. One substantial alteration is the conversion of terraces into irrigated pastures for agriculture ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land use and vegetation community changes at Beswick Ranch, Klamath River Canyon, California from 1955 to 2003 : focus on relationship between the irrigation and the vegetation and the land use cover Author: Bilka, Monika N. Year: 2002, 2005 Humans have altered the Klamath River Canyon in many ways. This study focuses on the years from 1955 to 2003. One substantial alteration is the conversion of terraces into irrigated pastures for agriculture and cattle ranching. This research project explains the relationships between the irrigation network and the vegetation and land use cover patterns that existed in the past and that exist today at Beswick Ranch. Data sources such as aerial photographs, maps, and other historical information are used to create Geographic Information System (GIS) maps and models of the area. Due to time constraints, the final maps and models are not complete at this time. However, the completed models were synthesized with observational data to come to preliminary conclusions. While the ditches of Shovel Creek Pasture have undergone little to no change at all since 1955, ranchers have added ditches to Faye Pasture. Ranch workers have also increased the amount of agricultural land use cover and decreased in tree cover of Faye Pasture. Conversely, ranchers increased the tree cover and non-agricultural land cover, and they have decreased the agricultural cover. The GIS coverages of Shovel Pasture remain in the preliminary stage, and further analyses of the calculated areas of land use cover and ditch lengths are needed to complete this study. In partnership with PacifiCorp and the BLM, this project aims to provide information about the impacts of the current and historical irrigation systems used on the pastures and riparian zones within this reach of the Klamath River Canyon from 1955 to 2003. Even at this stage, the preliminary coverages provide insight into the relationships between irrigation, vegetation communities, and land use cover that have occurred during the study period. Title: Land use and vegetation community changes at Beswick Ranch, Klamath River Canyon, California from 1955 to 2003 : focus on relationship between the irrigation and the vegetation and the land use cover Author: Bilka, Monika N. Year: 2002, 2005 Humans have altered the Klamath River Canyon in many ways. This study focuses on the years from 1955 to 2003. One substantial alteration is the conversion of terraces into irrigated pastures for agriculture and cattle ranching. This research project explains the relationships between the irrigation network and the vegetation and land use cover patterns that existed in the past and that exist today at Beswick Ranch. Data sources such as aerial photographs, maps, and other historical information are used to create Geographic Information System (GIS) maps and models of the area. Due to time constraints, the final maps and models are not complete at this time. However, the completed models were synthesized with observational data to come to preliminary conclusions. While the ditches of Shovel Creek Pasture have undergone little to no change at all since 1955, ranchers have added ditches to Faye Pasture. Ranch workers have also increased the amount of agricultural land use cover and decreased in tree cover of Faye Pasture. Conversely, ranchers increased the tree cover and non-agricultural land cover, and they have decreased the agricultural cover. The GIS coverages of Shovel Pasture remain in the preliminary stage, and further analyses of the calculated areas of land use cover and ditch lengths are needed to complete this study. In partnership with PacifiCorp and the BLM, this project aims to provide information about the impacts of the current and historical irrigation systems used on the pastures and riparian zones within this reach of the Klamath River Canyon from 1955 to 2003. Even at this stage, the preliminary coverages provide insight into the relationships between irrigation, vegetation communities, and land use cover that have occurred during the study period. Close

• 91. [Image] Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 3

  	Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 3 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 3 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Close

• 92. [Image] Agricultural information on Klamath County irrigation

  	Pamphlet, compiled by the Klamath County Agricultural Agent, describing the history and status of the Klamath Project
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agricultural information on Klamath County irrigation Author: Henderson, C.A. Year: 1930, 2005 Pamphlet, compiled by the Klamath County Agricultural Agent, describing the history and status of the Klamath Project Title: Agricultural information on Klamath County irrigation Author: Henderson, C.A. Year: 1930, 2005 Pamphlet, compiled by the Klamath County Agricultural Agent, describing the history and status of the Klamath Project Close

• 93. [Image] Results of a long-term aquifer at the Ron McVay Irrigation well, Klamath County, Oregon

  	Pages 14-18 blank; "OF - 02 - 004"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Results of a long-term aquifer at the Ron McVay Irrigation well, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Zwart, Michael J. Year: 2002, 2005 Pages 14-18 blank; "OF - 02 - 004" Title: Results of a long-term aquifer at the Ron McVay Irrigation well, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Zwart, Michael J. Year: 2002, 2005 Pages 14-18 blank; "OF - 02 - 004" Close

• 94. [Image] The doctrine of prior appropriation : effects upon water rights in the Upper Klamath Basin

  	Undergraduate student project, Geomatics 466, Boundary Law II
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The doctrine of prior appropriation : effects upon water rights in the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Hellebust, Kane Year: 2004, 2005 Undergraduate student project, Geomatics 466, Boundary Law II Title: The doctrine of prior appropriation : effects upon water rights in the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Hellebust, Kane Year: 2004, 2005 Undergraduate student project, Geomatics 466, Boundary Law II Close

• 95. [Image] Natural flow estimates for streams in the Klamath Basin

  	"Open file report SW 04-001"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Natural flow estimates for streams in the Klamath Basin Author: Cooper, Richard M. Year: 2004, 2005 "Open file report SW 04-001" Title: Natural flow estimates for streams in the Klamath Basin Author: Cooper, Richard M. Year: 2004, 2005 "Open file report SW 04-001" Close

• 96. [Image] Determining surface water availability in Oregon : open file report SW 02-002

  	Determining Surface Water Availability in Oregon By Richard M. Cooper, PE Abstract The Oregon Water Resources Department (Department or OWRD) limits appropriation from Oregon streams to assure new applicants ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determining surface water availability in Oregon : open file report SW 02-002 Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept. Year: 2002, 2005 Determining Surface Water Availability in Oregon By Richard M. Cooper, PE Abstract The Oregon Water Resources Department (Department or OWRD) limits appropriation from Oregon streams to assure new applicants use of surface water a reasonable amount of time and to minimize regulatory conflict. The standards for new appropriation of water are: (1) consumptive use from allocations for out-of-stream uses can total no more than the 80-percent ex-ceedance natural stream flow, and (2) allocations for in-stream flows can be no more than the 50-percent exceedance natural stream flow. OWRD has created and maintains a database of the amount of surface water available for appropriation for most waters in the state. This database is used to evaluate applications for new uses of water. Water availability (WA) is obtained from natural stream flow (QNSF) by subtracting existing storage (ST), out-of-stream consumptive uses (CU) and in-stream demands (IS). WA = QN -ST-CU-IS Ideally, water availability would be calculated for every watershed above a point of diversion or in-stream demand. Practically, the number of watersheds must be limited. The watersheds selected for analysis are called Water Availability Basins (WABs). Stream flow can be highly variable, and it is useful to characterize it in some way, usually by a statistic, e.g., a monthly or annual mean. For water availability, it is important to know how often water is available. The appropriate statistic in this case is exceedance stream flow. This statistic tells us how often to expect a given rate of stream flow to occur. Exceedance stream flows are determined directly from gage records, or for ungaged streams, by estimation through modeling. When determined from gage records, the exceedance flows must be corrected to a common base period, and then, to natural stream flow. When determined through modeling, the exceedance flows are estimated from statistical models that relate watershed characteristics to natural stream flow. The models are derived by multiple linear regression. Storage is water retained in a reservoir. It is debited from water availability when the water is stored. It diminishes availability both upstream and downstream of the point of diversion. Consumptive use is divided into three major categories: irrigation, municipal, and all others e.g., domestic, livestock. These uses are less than 100 percent consumptive. It is assumed the non-consumed part of a diversion is returned to the stream from which it was diverted. Consumptive use from irrigation is from estimates made by the US Geological Survey (Portland). Consumption from other uses is based on the associated water rights. In these cases, consumptive use is obtained by multiplying the maximum diversion rate allowed for the water right by a consumptive use coefficient. Consumptive use diminishes availability both upstream and downstream of the point of diversion. There are two types of in-stream demands: in-stream water rights and scenic waterway flows. In-stream demands diminish availability upstream only. Because they are non-consumptive, they do not diminish stream flow downstream as do consumptive uses. Water availability has been calculated for over 2500 WABs. In general, the calculation of water availability at one WAB cannot be considered in isolation from other WABs in the same stream system. For water to be available at any given upstream point, it must be available at all points of calculation downstream. Title: Determining surface water availability in Oregon : open file report SW 02-002 Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept. Year: 2002, 2005 Determining Surface Water Availability in Oregon By Richard M. Cooper, PE Abstract The Oregon Water Resources Department (Department or OWRD) limits appropriation from Oregon streams to assure new applicants use of surface water a reasonable amount of time and to minimize regulatory conflict. The standards for new appropriation of water are: (1) consumptive use from allocations for out-of-stream uses can total no more than the 80-percent ex-ceedance natural stream flow, and (2) allocations for in-stream flows can be no more than the 50-percent exceedance natural stream flow. OWRD has created and maintains a database of the amount of surface water available for appropriation for most waters in the state. This database is used to evaluate applications for new uses of water. Water availability (WA) is obtained from natural stream flow (QNSF) by subtracting existing storage (ST), out-of-stream consumptive uses (CU) and in-stream demands (IS). WA = QN -ST-CU-IS Ideally, water availability would be calculated for every watershed above a point of diversion or in-stream demand. Practically, the number of watersheds must be limited. The watersheds selected for analysis are called Water Availability Basins (WABs). Stream flow can be highly variable, and it is useful to characterize it in some way, usually by a statistic, e.g., a monthly or annual mean. For water availability, it is important to know how often water is available. The appropriate statistic in this case is exceedance stream flow. This statistic tells us how often to expect a given rate of stream flow to occur. Exceedance stream flows are determined directly from gage records, or for ungaged streams, by estimation through modeling. When determined from gage records, the exceedance flows must be corrected to a common base period, and then, to natural stream flow. When determined through modeling, the exceedance flows are estimated from statistical models that relate watershed characteristics to natural stream flow. The models are derived by multiple linear regression. Storage is water retained in a reservoir. It is debited from water availability when the water is stored. It diminishes availability both upstream and downstream of the point of diversion. Consumptive use is divided into three major categories: irrigation, municipal, and all others e.g., domestic, livestock. These uses are less than 100 percent consumptive. It is assumed the non-consumed part of a diversion is returned to the stream from which it was diverted. Consumptive use from irrigation is from estimates made by the US Geological Survey (Portland). Consumption from other uses is based on the associated water rights. In these cases, consumptive use is obtained by multiplying the maximum diversion rate allowed for the water right by a consumptive use coefficient. Consumptive use diminishes availability both upstream and downstream of the point of diversion. There are two types of in-stream demands: in-stream water rights and scenic waterway flows. In-stream demands diminish availability upstream only. Because they are non-consumptive, they do not diminish stream flow downstream as do consumptive uses. Water availability has been calculated for over 2500 WABs. In general, the calculation of water availability at one WAB cannot be considered in isolation from other WABs in the same stream system. For water to be available at any given upstream point, it must be available at all points of calculation downstream. Close

• 97. [Image] Snow survey and water supply forecast assessment : Klamath Intergovernmental Workgroup, November 3, 2004, Portland, Oregon

  	This document is a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation transferred into a .pdf file format and placed onto the Natural Resources Conservation Service web site
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Snow survey and water supply forecast assessment : Klamath Intergovernmental Workgroup, November 3, 2004, Portland, Oregon Author: Pasteris, Phillip Year: 2004, 2005 This document is a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation transferred into a .pdf file format and placed onto the Natural Resources Conservation Service web site Title: Snow survey and water supply forecast assessment : Klamath Intergovernmental Workgroup, November 3, 2004, Portland, Oregon Author: Pasteris, Phillip Year: 2004, 2005 This document is a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation transferred into a .pdf file format and placed onto the Natural Resources Conservation Service web site Close

• 98. [Image] Evaluation of interim instream flow needs in the Klamath River : Phase I, final report

  	"August 5, 1999"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of interim instream flow needs in the Klamath River : Phase I, final report Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 1999, 2005 "August 5, 1999" Title: Evaluation of interim instream flow needs in the Klamath River : Phase I, final report Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 1999, 2005 "August 5, 1999" Close

• 99. [Image] Operations of the Reclamation Service in California

  	An article written by the first representative of the Reclamation Service after the Reclamation Act of 1902 was passed. This article includes a photo of the author, a map of the Yuma Project and two photos ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Operations of the Reclamation Service in California Author: Lippincott, J.B. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 An article written by the first representative of the Reclamation Service after the Reclamation Act of 1902 was passed. This article includes a photo of the author, a map of the Yuma Project and two photos of the Yuma Project "Boating into camp at Laguna Dam" and "Construction work, Yuma Project" Title: Operations of the Reclamation Service in California Author: Lippincott, J.B. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 An article written by the first representative of the Reclamation Service after the Reclamation Act of 1902 was passed. This article includes a photo of the author, a map of the Yuma Project and two photos of the Yuma Project "Boating into camp at Laguna Dam" and "Construction work, Yuma Project" Close

• 100. [Image] Water quality monitoring : technical guide book

  	"July 1999."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water quality monitoring : technical guide book Author: Oregon. Governor's Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 "July 1999." Title: Water quality monitoring : technical guide book Author: Oregon. Governor's Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 "July 1999." Close