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• 1. [Article] Mosier Valley Groundwater Conservation Action Plan: Concept Paper

  Abstract -- This concept paper attempts to describe a groundwater conservation action plan to reverse the overdraft of groundwater in the Mosier Valley, allowing for sustainable use of the resource, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mosier Valley Groundwater Conservation Action Plan: Concept Paper Abstract -- This concept paper attempts to describe a groundwater conservation action plan to reverse the overdraft of groundwater in the Mosier Valley, allowing for sustainable use of the resource, and conservation of all natural resource values in the Mosier Valley, including homeownership, agriculture, stream flows, and fish and wildlife habitat. Title: Mosier Valley Groundwater Conservation Action Plan: Concept Paper Abstract -- This concept paper attempts to describe a groundwater conservation action plan to reverse the overdraft of groundwater in the Mosier Valley, allowing for sustainable use of the resource, and conservation of all natural resource values in the Mosier Valley, including homeownership, agriculture, stream flows, and fish and wildlife habitat. Close

• 2. [Article] Planning for Sustainability of Groundwater Resources in the Mosier Valley, Wasco County, Oregon

  Abstract -- The document is an executive summary on the Planning for Sustainability of Groundwater Resources in the Mosier Valley, of Wasco County, Oregon.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Planning for Sustainability of Groundwater Resources in the Mosier Valley, Wasco County, Oregon Abstract -- The document is an executive summary on the Planning for Sustainability of Groundwater Resources in the Mosier Valley, of Wasco County, Oregon. Title: Planning for Sustainability of Groundwater Resources in the Mosier Valley, Wasco County, Oregon Abstract -- The document is an executive summary on the Planning for Sustainability of Groundwater Resources in the Mosier Valley, of Wasco County, Oregon. Close

• 3. [Article] Lower Tillamook Bay Watershed Plan and Environmental Assessment

  Abstract -- This document describes a plan to improve water quality and fishery habitat within the Lower Tillamook Bay Watershed while improving the economic sustainability of the dairy and livestock industry. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Tillamook Bay Watershed Plan and Environmental Assessment Abstract -- This document describes a plan to improve water quality and fishery habitat within the Lower Tillamook Bay Watershed while improving the economic sustainability of the dairy and livestock industry. This plan will help the agricultural community meet the requirements under the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act. The financial and technical assistance provided will offer the agricultural community the opportunity to accelerate efforts already underway through the Tillamook Bay National Estuary Study and other state and local programs (Oregon Plan, SB1010 plans, etc.). Proposed is the development and implementation of conservation plans on approximately 60 dairies, 22 heifer replacement operations and 34 other livestock operations. Plans will address resource concerns on farm headquarters, pasture and haylands, riparian areas and wetlands. Title: Lower Tillamook Bay Watershed Plan and Environmental Assessment Abstract -- This document describes a plan to improve water quality and fishery habitat within the Lower Tillamook Bay Watershed while improving the economic sustainability of the dairy and livestock industry. This plan will help the agricultural community meet the requirements under the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act. The financial and technical assistance provided will offer the agricultural community the opportunity to accelerate efforts already underway through the Tillamook Bay National Estuary Study and other state and local programs (Oregon Plan, SB1010 plans, etc.). Proposed is the development and implementation of conservation plans on approximately 60 dairies, 22 heifer replacement operations and 34 other livestock operations. Plans will address resource concerns on farm headquarters, pasture and haylands, riparian areas and wetlands. Close

• 4. [Article] Coho Life Cycle Monitoring in Palouse and Larson Creeks

  Abstract -- The Coho Life Cycle Monitoring project in Palouse and Larson Creeks is a continuation of a long-term monitoring study initiated in 2004 to examne coho salmon survival, production and habitat ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coho Life Cycle Monitoring in Palouse and Larson Creeks Abstract -- The Coho Life Cycle Monitoring project in Palouse and Larson Creeks is a continuation of a long-term monitoring study initiated in 2004 to examne coho salmon survival, production and habitat use in tide gated coastal lowland streams. Tide gates are tidal flood control structures designed to open and close with each tidal cycle to limit tidal influence on upstream agricultural areas. The basic function of tide gates creates a partial barrier to fish passage. Coastal lowland streams are critical for the sustainability of Oregon Coastal coho, but it is unclear how tide gates may affect coho movement, habitat use and survival. Displaced fishers were employed by the Coos Watershed Association with funding from OWEB Grant 208-2098 during fall 2008 through fall 2009 to assist with implementation of the Life Cycle Monitoring project and related sampling efforts in the lowland coastal subbasins. Title: Coho Life Cycle Monitoring in Palouse and Larson Creeks Abstract -- The Coho Life Cycle Monitoring project in Palouse and Larson Creeks is a continuation of a long-term monitoring study initiated in 2004 to examne coho salmon survival, production and habitat use in tide gated coastal lowland streams. Tide gates are tidal flood control structures designed to open and close with each tidal cycle to limit tidal influence on upstream agricultural areas. The basic function of tide gates creates a partial barrier to fish passage. Coastal lowland streams are critical for the sustainability of Oregon Coastal coho, but it is unclear how tide gates may affect coho movement, habitat use and survival. Displaced fishers were employed by the Coos Watershed Association with funding from OWEB Grant 208-2098 during fall 2008 through fall 2009 to assist with implementation of the Life Cycle Monitoring project and related sampling efforts in the lowland coastal subbasins. Close

• 5. [Article] AI - Rearing of Juvenile Salmon in Recovering Wetlands of the Salmon River Estuary

  Abstract -- The Salmon River estuary, on the central Oregon coast, provides an excellent opportunity to study salmonid use of restored tidal marsh. The U.S. Forest Service manages the estuary as part of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AI - Rearing of Juvenile Salmon in Recovering Wetlands of the Salmon River Estuary Abstract -- The Salmon River estuary, on the central Oregon coast, provides an excellent opportunity to study salmonid use of restored tidal marsh. The U.S. Forest Service manages the estuary as part of the Cascade Head Scenic Research Area with the goal to rehabilitate the estuary “to its condition prior to the existing diking and agricultural use.” To achieve this goal, the U.S. Forest Service has completed three dike removal projects at 9-year intervals beginning in 1978. These projects created a patchwork of restored marshes in various stages of recovery, providing a natural laboratory for studying marsh restoration processes and their effects on estuarine rearing salmonids. Our Sea Grant-funded research, which is a cooperative study with researchers from the University of Washington, has four objectives: (1) describe salmon species use of undiked reference and recovering marshes; (2) compare diets of juvenile salmon among reference and diked marshes of different recovery ages; (3) compare availability and distribution of prey organisms consumed by juvenile salmon; and (4) assess geomorphological and ecological indicators (“metrics”) of restored wetlands and relationships to salmon use. This report describes the results of fish distribution and abundance surveys. Results of the other objectives are described in Gray et al. (In Review). Title: AI - Rearing of Juvenile Salmon in Recovering Wetlands of the Salmon River Estuary Abstract -- The Salmon River estuary, on the central Oregon coast, provides an excellent opportunity to study salmonid use of restored tidal marsh. The U.S. Forest Service manages the estuary as part of the Cascade Head Scenic Research Area with the goal to rehabilitate the estuary “to its condition prior to the existing diking and agricultural use.” To achieve this goal, the U.S. Forest Service has completed three dike removal projects at 9-year intervals beginning in 1978. These projects created a patchwork of restored marshes in various stages of recovery, providing a natural laboratory for studying marsh restoration processes and their effects on estuarine rearing salmonids. Our Sea Grant-funded research, which is a cooperative study with researchers from the University of Washington, has four objectives: (1) describe salmon species use of undiked reference and recovering marshes; (2) compare diets of juvenile salmon among reference and diked marshes of different recovery ages; (3) compare availability and distribution of prey organisms consumed by juvenile salmon; and (4) assess geomorphological and ecological indicators (“metrics”) of restored wetlands and relationships to salmon use. This report describes the results of fish distribution and abundance surveys. Results of the other objectives are described in Gray et al. (In Review). Close

• 6. [Image] Soil survey of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill. (some col.), maps (some col.); 13 folded maps tipped in; Also available via Internet as of April 20, 2005; Includes data tables; Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-153) and glossary (p. 1...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil survey of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service Year: 2008 ill. (some col.), maps (some col.); 13 folded maps tipped in; Also available via Internet as of April 20, 2005; Includes data tables; Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-153) and glossary (p. 155-163) Title: Soil survey of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service Year: 2008 ill. (some col.), maps (some col.); 13 folded maps tipped in; Also available via Internet as of April 20, 2005; Includes data tables; Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-153) and glossary (p. 155-163) Close

• 7. [Image] Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1954

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, maps, photographs, agricultural economics and crop yield, some grazing financial information with cost of water usage, tables for ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1954 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1954, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, maps, photographs, agricultural economics and crop yield, some grazing financial information with cost of water usage, tables for irrigation and drainage and water storage and distributions, list of steam gaging stations, weather conditions, list of evaporation stations, quality of irrigation water at pumping plants, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1954-1962; Description is based on: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1954; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1954 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1954, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, maps, photographs, agricultural economics and crop yield, some grazing financial information with cost of water usage, tables for irrigation and drainage and water storage and distributions, list of steam gaging stations, weather conditions, list of evaporation stations, quality of irrigation water at pumping plants, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1954-1962; Description is based on: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1954; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 8. [Image] Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1955

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, maps, photographs, agricultural economics and crop yield, some grazing financial information with cost of water usage, tables for ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1955 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1955, 2008, 2007 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, maps, photographs, agricultural economics and crop yield, some grazing financial information with cost of water usage, tables for irrigation and drainage and water storage and distributions, list of steam gaging stations, weather conditions, list of evaporation stations, quality of irrigation water at pumping plants, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1954-1962; Description is based on: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1954; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1955 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1955, 2008, 2007 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, maps, photographs, agricultural economics and crop yield, some grazing financial information with cost of water usage, tables for irrigation and drainage and water storage and distributions, list of steam gaging stations, weather conditions, list of evaporation stations, quality of irrigation water at pumping plants, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1954-1962; Description is based on: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1954; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 9. [Image] Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1957

  	INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL General Description of the Project Location. The Klamath Project is in the Upper Klamath River Basin, east of the Cascade Range. It is located in Klamath County, Oregon, and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1957 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1957, 2008, 2006 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL General Description of the Project Location. The Klamath Project is in the Upper Klamath River Basin, east of the Cascade Range. It is located in Klamath County, Oregon, and in Modoc and Siskiyou Counties of California. Project headquarters is located at the principal city of Klamath Falls, Oregon, which has a population of about 35>700, including suburbs. Smaller towns on the project in Oregon are Merrill, Malin, and Bonanza. The town of Tulelake, California, was established in 1931 near the center of the Tule Lake Division. Climate. The mean temperature for the wannest month is 630 F. The coldest month has mean temperature of 29? F. Summer nights are cool. The annual rainfall is about 13 inches, of which about 3?-inches fall during the growing season of 90 to 130 days. Topography, soils, and crops. The project area is about ^-,100 feet elevation above sea level. The surface topography is generally smooth and flat for the large areas of lake bottom, and gently sloping on the higher lands. Peat and muck soils are common in the recent lake bottoms. Soils vary from sandy loam to clay on other parts of the project. The principal crops grown are alfalfa, malting and feed barley, potatoes, clover seed, and irrigated pasture and other forage. Stock raising is an important enterprise. Industry and transportation. Farming and lumbering each provide the major portion of the economy of the Basin. Three major railroad lines, one major highway and many secondary highways, and two airlines serve the project area. Plan and purpose. The project serves 211,000 acres. The water supply is provided by two main water courses, Klamath River and Lost River and their tributaries. Besides storing, diverting, and distributing water for irrigation, project facilities have reclaimed by drainage large areas formerly inundated by Lower Klamath and Tule Lakes* Flood waters of Lost River, which terminates in Tule Lake, are diverted to the Klamath River through the Lost River Diversion Channel. This channel is also used to carry irrigation water in the opposite direction in the summertime. Another principal function of the project is water-level control for the Tule Lake and Lower Klamath Lake National Wildlife Refuges. Upper Klamath Lake on the Klamath River is the principal storage reservoir, having an active capacity of 52U,800 acre-feet. It is controlled by Link River Dam constructed, maintained, and operated INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL (Continued) General Description of the Project (Cont.) by The California Oregon Power Company under an agreement with the project whereby irrigation requirements and rights are protected. The Main, Lower Klamath, and Tule Lake Divisions are served from this source, Gerber Reservoir on Miller Creek and Clear Lake Reservoir on Lost River provide flood control for the Tule Lake Division and an irrigation supply for the Langell Valley Division. Their active storage capacities are 9*^300 acre-feet and 513*300 acre-feet, respectively. Federally-financed project works also include the diversion, distribution, and drainage systems for the Main and Tule Lake Divisions; the diversion dam and main canals for the Langell Valley Division; and drainage outlets for the Lower Klamath and Tule Lake Divisions. Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1957 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1957, 2008, 2006 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL General Description of the Project Location. The Klamath Project is in the Upper Klamath River Basin, east of the Cascade Range. It is located in Klamath County, Oregon, and in Modoc and Siskiyou Counties of California. Project headquarters is located at the principal city of Klamath Falls, Oregon, which has a population of about 35>700, including suburbs. Smaller towns on the project in Oregon are Merrill, Malin, and Bonanza. The town of Tulelake, California, was established in 1931 near the center of the Tule Lake Division. Climate. The mean temperature for the wannest month is 630 F. The coldest month has mean temperature of 29? F. Summer nights are cool. The annual rainfall is about 13 inches, of which about 3?-inches fall during the growing season of 90 to 130 days. Topography, soils, and crops. The project area is about ^-,100 feet elevation above sea level. The surface topography is generally smooth and flat for the large areas of lake bottom, and gently sloping on the higher lands. Peat and muck soils are common in the recent lake bottoms. Soils vary from sandy loam to clay on other parts of the project. The principal crops grown are alfalfa, malting and feed barley, potatoes, clover seed, and irrigated pasture and other forage. Stock raising is an important enterprise. Industry and transportation. Farming and lumbering each provide the major portion of the economy of the Basin. Three major railroad lines, one major highway and many secondary highways, and two airlines serve the project area. Plan and purpose. The project serves 211,000 acres. The water supply is provided by two main water courses, Klamath River and Lost River and their tributaries. Besides storing, diverting, and distributing water for irrigation, project facilities have reclaimed by drainage large areas formerly inundated by Lower Klamath and Tule Lakes* Flood waters of Lost River, which terminates in Tule Lake, are diverted to the Klamath River through the Lost River Diversion Channel. This channel is also used to carry irrigation water in the opposite direction in the summertime. Another principal function of the project is water-level control for the Tule Lake and Lower Klamath Lake National Wildlife Refuges. Upper Klamath Lake on the Klamath River is the principal storage reservoir, having an active capacity of 52U,800 acre-feet. It is controlled by Link River Dam constructed, maintained, and operated INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL (Continued) General Description of the Project (Cont.) by The California Oregon Power Company under an agreement with the project whereby irrigation requirements and rights are protected. The Main, Lower Klamath, and Tule Lake Divisions are served from this source, Gerber Reservoir on Miller Creek and Clear Lake Reservoir on Lost River provide flood control for the Tule Lake Division and an irrigation supply for the Langell Valley Division. Their active storage capacities are 9*^300 acre-feet and 513*300 acre-feet, respectively. Federally-financed project works also include the diversion, distribution, and drainage systems for the Main and Tule Lake Divisions; the diversion dam and main canals for the Langell Valley Division; and drainage outlets for the Lower Klamath and Tule Lake Divisions. Close

• 10. [Image] Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1958

  	INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL Genex*al Description of the Project Location. The Klamath Project is in the Upper Klamath River Basin, east of the Cascade Range. It is located in Klamath Comity, Oregon, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1958 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL Genex*al Description of the Project Location. The Klamath Project is in the Upper Klamath River Basin, east of the Cascade Range. It is located in Klamath Comity, Oregon, and in Modoc and Siskiyou Counties of California. Project headquarters is located at the principal city of Klamath Falls, Oregon, which has a population of about 3&>^00, including suburbs. Smaller towns on the project in Oregon are Merrill, Malin, and Bonanza. The town of Tulelake, California, was established in 1931 near the center of the Tule Lake Division. Climate ? The mean temperature for the warmest month is 630 F. The coldest month has raez.n temperature of 29? F. Summer nights are cool. The annual rainfall is about 13 inches, of which about 3^ inches fall during the growing season of 90 to 130 days. Topography, soils, and crops. The project area is about U,100 feet elevation above sea level. The surface topography is generally smooth and flat for the large areas of lake bottom, and gently sloping on the higher lands? Peat and muck soils are common in the recent lake bottoms. Soils vary from sandy loam to clay on other parts of the project. The principal crops grown are alfalfa, malting and feed barley, potatoes, clover seed, and irrigated pasture and other forage. Stock raising is an important enterprise. Industry and transportation. Farming and lumbering each provide the major portion of the economy of the Basin. Three major railroad lines, one major highway and many secondary highways, and two airlines serve the project area. Plan and purpose. In 1958 the project provided irrigation service to 21^,500 acres. The water supply is provided by two main water courses, Klamath River and Lost River and their tributaries. Besides storing, diverting, and distributing water for irrigation, project facilities have reclaimed by drainage large areas formerly inundated by Lower Klamath and Tule Lakes. Flood waters of Lost River, which terminates In Tule Lake, are diverted to the Klamath River through the Lost River Diversion Channel. This channel is also used to carry irrigation water in the opposite direction in the summertime. Another principal function of the project is water-level control for the Tule Lake and Lower Klamath Lake National Wildlife Refuges. DTERODUCTIOH AND GBNKRAL (Continued) General Description of the Project (Cont.) Upper Klamath Lake on the Klamath River is the principal storage reservoir, having an active capacity of 52^,800 acre-feet. It is controlled by Link River Dam constructed, maintained, and operated by The California Oregon Power Company under an agreement with the project whereby irrigation requirements and rights are protected. The Main, Lower Klamath, and Tule Lake Divisions are served from this source. Gerber Reservoir on Miller Creel; and Clear Lake Reservoir on Lost River provide flood control for the Tule Lake Division and an irrigation supply for the Langell Valley Division. Their active storage capacities are 9*b3OO acre-feet and 513*300 acre-feet, respectively. Federally-financed project works also include the diversion, distribution, and drainage systems for the Main and Tule Lake Divisions; the diversion darn and main canals for the Langell Valley Division; and drainage outlets for the Lower Klamath and Tule Lake Divisions? Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1958 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL Genex*al Description of the Project Location. The Klamath Project is in the Upper Klamath River Basin, east of the Cascade Range. It is located in Klamath Comity, Oregon, and in Modoc and Siskiyou Counties of California. Project headquarters is located at the principal city of Klamath Falls, Oregon, which has a population of about 3&>^00, including suburbs. Smaller towns on the project in Oregon are Merrill, Malin, and Bonanza. The town of Tulelake, California, was established in 1931 near the center of the Tule Lake Division. Climate ? The mean temperature for the warmest month is 630 F. The coldest month has raez.n temperature of 29? F. Summer nights are cool. The annual rainfall is about 13 inches, of which about 3^ inches fall during the growing season of 90 to 130 days. Topography, soils, and crops. The project area is about U,100 feet elevation above sea level. The surface topography is generally smooth and flat for the large areas of lake bottom, and gently sloping on the higher lands? Peat and muck soils are common in the recent lake bottoms. Soils vary from sandy loam to clay on other parts of the project. The principal crops grown are alfalfa, malting and feed barley, potatoes, clover seed, and irrigated pasture and other forage. Stock raising is an important enterprise. Industry and transportation. Farming and lumbering each provide the major portion of the economy of the Basin. Three major railroad lines, one major highway and many secondary highways, and two airlines serve the project area. Plan and purpose. In 1958 the project provided irrigation service to 21^,500 acres. The water supply is provided by two main water courses, Klamath River and Lost River and their tributaries. Besides storing, diverting, and distributing water for irrigation, project facilities have reclaimed by drainage large areas formerly inundated by Lower Klamath and Tule Lakes. Flood waters of Lost River, which terminates In Tule Lake, are diverted to the Klamath River through the Lost River Diversion Channel. This channel is also used to carry irrigation water in the opposite direction in the summertime. Another principal function of the project is water-level control for the Tule Lake and Lower Klamath Lake National Wildlife Refuges. DTERODUCTIOH AND GBNKRAL (Continued) General Description of the Project (Cont.) Upper Klamath Lake on the Klamath River is the principal storage reservoir, having an active capacity of 52^,800 acre-feet. It is controlled by Link River Dam constructed, maintained, and operated by The California Oregon Power Company under an agreement with the project whereby irrigation requirements and rights are protected. The Main, Lower Klamath, and Tule Lake Divisions are served from this source. Gerber Reservoir on Miller Creel; and Clear Lake Reservoir on Lost River provide flood control for the Tule Lake Division and an irrigation supply for the Langell Valley Division. Their active storage capacities are 9*b3OO acre-feet and 513*300 acre-feet, respectively. Federally-financed project works also include the diversion, distribution, and drainage systems for the Main and Tule Lake Divisions; the diversion darn and main canals for the Langell Valley Division; and drainage outlets for the Lower Klamath and Tule Lake Divisions? Close

• 11. [Image] Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1962

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, maps, photographs, agricultural economics and crop yield, some grazing financial information with cost of water usage, tables for ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1962 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, maps, photographs, agricultural economics and crop yield, some grazing financial information with cost of water usage, tables for irrigation and drainage and water storage and distributions, list of steam gaging stations, weather conditions, list of evaporation stations, quality of irrigation water at pumping plants, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1954-1962; Description is based on: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1954; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1962 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, maps, photographs, agricultural economics and crop yield, some grazing financial information with cost of water usage, tables for irrigation and drainage and water storage and distributions, list of steam gaging stations, weather conditions, list of evaporation stations, quality of irrigation water at pumping plants, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1954-1962; Description is based on: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1954; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 12. [Image] Current Research Profile for Alaska

  	This is the fifth edition of the Current Research Profile for Alaska, which lists research in the physical, biological, and related social science's conducted during 1977. Research abstracts were obtained ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Current Research Profile for Alaska Author: Information Services , Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center, University of Alaska, Anchorage Year: 1978 This is the fifth edition of the Current Research Profile for Alaska, which lists research in the physical, biological, and related social science's conducted during 1977. Research abstracts were obtained by contacting principal investigators and program managers with Alaskan, out-of-state, and foreign organizations. In addition, questionnaires were sent to investigators listed with the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange and the U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center's OASIS/ENDEX system. All responses received by February 15, 1978 are included. Late responses will be listed in the next edition. Several changes in format and content make this edition the most comprehensive of the series yet to be published. The data have been entered on an IBM 32 Word Processor, which has enabled the compilation and inclusion of four indexes: an investigator index, an affiliation index, a funding source index, and a general key word index. This year's profile gives a broader emphasis to some of the social sciences, particularly those directly related to resource development, such as archaeology, land use planning, and socio-cultural studies. Foreign and privately sponsored research conducted in the state also received more attention this year. The fifth edition includes nearly 1,550 research projects which were completed, continued, or initiated during 1977 by 1,500 principal and co-investigators. The largest number of studies, 29 percent, was performed by personnel of the federal government. Of these, 16 percent were from federal offices within the state,, and 13 percent were from agencies outside the state. Following the federal government, the University of Alaska registered the greatest number of programs, with 27 percent of the investigators being affiliated with one of the university's 14 research units or departments. Personnel from state agencies accounted for 21 percent of the investigators, followed by outside universities, 11 percent, consulting firms and private industry, 11 percent, local government organizations, 1 percent, and foreign, 1 percent. Projects are listed as presented by the investigators. Every effort has been made to avoid duplication, though in some cases different elements of the same program may be listed as separate projects. Investigator affiliation appears l as it was at the time of the contract. Questions concerning individual projects should be referred to the researcher. All other inquiries should be directed to: Information Services Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center 707 A Street Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Telephone: (907) 279-4523 Title: Current Research Profile for Alaska Author: Information Services , Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center, University of Alaska, Anchorage Year: 1978 This is the fifth edition of the Current Research Profile for Alaska, which lists research in the physical, biological, and related social science's conducted during 1977. Research abstracts were obtained by contacting principal investigators and program managers with Alaskan, out-of-state, and foreign organizations. In addition, questionnaires were sent to investigators listed with the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange and the U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center's OASIS/ENDEX system. All responses received by February 15, 1978 are included. Late responses will be listed in the next edition. Several changes in format and content make this edition the most comprehensive of the series yet to be published. The data have been entered on an IBM 32 Word Processor, which has enabled the compilation and inclusion of four indexes: an investigator index, an affiliation index, a funding source index, and a general key word index. This year's profile gives a broader emphasis to some of the social sciences, particularly those directly related to resource development, such as archaeology, land use planning, and socio-cultural studies. Foreign and privately sponsored research conducted in the state also received more attention this year. The fifth edition includes nearly 1,550 research projects which were completed, continued, or initiated during 1977 by 1,500 principal and co-investigators. The largest number of studies, 29 percent, was performed by personnel of the federal government. Of these, 16 percent were from federal offices within the state,, and 13 percent were from agencies outside the state. Following the federal government, the University of Alaska registered the greatest number of programs, with 27 percent of the investigators being affiliated with one of the university's 14 research units or departments. Personnel from state agencies accounted for 21 percent of the investigators, followed by outside universities, 11 percent, consulting firms and private industry, 11 percent, local government organizations, 1 percent, and foreign, 1 percent. Projects are listed as presented by the investigators. Every effort has been made to avoid duplication, though in some cases different elements of the same program may be listed as separate projects. Investigator affiliation appears l as it was at the time of the contract. Questions concerning individual projects should be referred to the researcher. All other inquiries should be directed to: Information Services Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center 707 A Street Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Telephone: (907) 279-4523 Close

• 13. [Image] Future Developments in Waste Heat Utilization

  	On December 16-17, 1974 a workshop on "Future Developments in Waste Heat Utilization" was held at Portland, Oregon under the direction of Oregon State University and sponsored by the Energy-Related General ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Future Developments in Waste Heat Utilization Author: Knudsen, J.G. Year: 1975 On December 16-17, 1974 a workshop on "Future Developments in Waste Heat Utilization" was held at Portland, Oregon under the direction of Oregon State University and sponsored by the Energy-Related General Research Office, Research Directorate, National Science Foundation. During the last few years, numerous research projects aimed at finding beneficial uses for waste heat have been initiated. There was a need to: Summarize current activities in a meeting where all concerned organizations and disciplines are represented. Exchange information on current programs. Obtain the views of the power generating industry. Obtain the views of potential users of waste heat. Make recommendations for future research and development. This workshop was an attempt to respond to these needs. Sixty-two researchers in the field of waste water utilization participated in the workshop. This constituted a national representation from universities, industries and government agencies. This report summarizes the results of the intensive two -day discussion Title: Future Developments in Waste Heat Utilization Author: Knudsen, J.G. Year: 1975 On December 16-17, 1974 a workshop on "Future Developments in Waste Heat Utilization" was held at Portland, Oregon under the direction of Oregon State University and sponsored by the Energy-Related General Research Office, Research Directorate, National Science Foundation. During the last few years, numerous research projects aimed at finding beneficial uses for waste heat have been initiated. There was a need to: Summarize current activities in a meeting where all concerned organizations and disciplines are represented. Exchange information on current programs. Obtain the views of the power generating industry. Obtain the views of potential users of waste heat. Make recommendations for future research and development. This workshop was an attempt to respond to these needs. Sixty-two researchers in the field of waste water utilization participated in the workshop. This constituted a national representation from universities, industries and government agencies. This report summarizes the results of the intensive two -day discussion Close

• 14. [Image] Potential of Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources in Northern California. Report No. TR13

  	Economically feasible uses for geothermal heat at temperatures too low for conventional electrical power generation at present are delineated. Several geothermal resource areas in northern California that ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential of Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources in Northern California. Report No. TR13 Author: Hannah, J.L. Year: 1975 Economically feasible uses for geothermal heat at temperatures too low for conventional electrical power generation at present are delineated. Several geothermal resource areas in northern California that have development potential are described, and applications of the heat found in each area are suggested. Plates are included of the following field study areas: the east side of the Sierra-Cascade Range north of Bishop, and the northern Coast Range from San Francisco Bay to Clear Lake. The counties included in the study area are Mo doc, Lassen, Sierra, Plumas, Placer, Alpine, Mono, Mendocino, Lake, and Sonoma. (LBS) Title: Potential of Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources in Northern California. Report No. TR13 Author: Hannah, J.L. Year: 1975 Economically feasible uses for geothermal heat at temperatures too low for conventional electrical power generation at present are delineated. Several geothermal resource areas in northern California that have development potential are described, and applications of the heat found in each area are suggested. Plates are included of the following field study areas: the east side of the Sierra-Cascade Range north of Bishop, and the northern Coast Range from San Francisco Bay to Clear Lake. The counties included in the study area are Mo doc, Lassen, Sierra, Plumas, Placer, Alpine, Mono, Mendocino, Lake, and Sonoma. (LBS) Close

• 15. [Image] Guide to Demonstrations of Energy Conservation, Solar Energy and Other New Technologies: Energy Extension Service

  	This guide was compiled by the Energy Extension Service (EES) for use by State EES planners. It is intended to facilitate viewing of solar, conservation, and other energy technologies at work. The demonstrations ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Guide to Demonstrations of Energy Conservation, Solar Energy and Other New Technologies: Energy Extension Service Author: Ignatius, N. Year: 1977 This guide was compiled by the Energy Extension Service (EES) for use by State EES planners. It is intended to facilitate viewing of solar, conservation, and other energy technologies at work. The demonstrations listed in this Guide have generally been limited to those most applicable to individual homeowners, small businesses, schools, and farms. In a few states, however, municipal systems have also been included. Many of these projects have received Federal funding. The majority of projects demonstrate some form of solar energy. In addition to solar heating and cooling for homes and commercial buildings, a number of examples of farm applications such as solar crop drying are listed, as well as demonstrations of wind energy, biomass, photovoltaics, etc. Since all successful solar heating and cooling systems incorporate sensible energy-conserving design, each solar heating and/or cooling project is at the same time an energy-conservation project. When these conservation designs are of special interest or inventiveness, this has been noted. In a few cases, projects demonstrate only conservation measures, such as the construction of buildings underground Title: Guide to Demonstrations of Energy Conservation, Solar Energy and Other New Technologies: Energy Extension Service Author: Ignatius, N. Year: 1977 This guide was compiled by the Energy Extension Service (EES) for use by State EES planners. It is intended to facilitate viewing of solar, conservation, and other energy technologies at work. The demonstrations listed in this Guide have generally been limited to those most applicable to individual homeowners, small businesses, schools, and farms. In a few states, however, municipal systems have also been included. Many of these projects have received Federal funding. The majority of projects demonstrate some form of solar energy. In addition to solar heating and cooling for homes and commercial buildings, a number of examples of farm applications such as solar crop drying are listed, as well as demonstrations of wind energy, biomass, photovoltaics, etc. Since all successful solar heating and cooling systems incorporate sensible energy-conserving design, each solar heating and/or cooling project is at the same time an energy-conservation project. When these conservation designs are of special interest or inventiveness, this has been noted. In a few cases, projects demonstrate only conservation measures, such as the construction of buildings underground Close

• 16. [Image] COAL: Energy Bridge of the Future

  	This booklet has two purposes: the first is to describe the nation's coal industry and how it can help reduce America's dependence on imported energy supplies during the transition from petroleum to new ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: COAL: Energy Bridge of the Future Author: Exxon Corporation Year: 1977 This booklet has two purposes: the first is to describe the nation's coal industry and how it can help reduce America's dependence on imported energy supplies during the transition from petroleum to new kinds of energy for the future. The second purpose is to describe Exxon's activities in the coal industry and to show how the company is, in a responsible manner, helping to develop this important energy source Title: COAL: Energy Bridge of the Future Author: Exxon Corporation Year: 1977 This booklet has two purposes: the first is to describe the nation's coal industry and how it can help reduce America's dependence on imported energy supplies during the transition from petroleum to new kinds of energy for the future. The second purpose is to describe Exxon's activities in the coal industry and to show how the company is, in a responsible manner, helping to develop this important energy source Close

• 17. [Image] Fizer Dairy Geothermal Heating, a Proposal for the United States Department of Agriculture. 2002 Farm Bill Initiative: The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program

  	This template has been prepared as a Guide to allow Users to see the type of information required to receive grant funding from the USDA Section 9006 program. This template Uses fictitious names, dollar ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fizer Dairy Geothermal Heating, a Proposal for the United States Department of Agriculture. 2002 Farm Bill Initiative: The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program Author: Idaho National Laboratory and Geo-Heat Center Year: 2006 This template has been prepared as a Guide to allow Users to see the type of information required to receive grant funding from the USDA Section 9006 program. This template Uses fictitious names, dollar values and project descriptions. It was prepared as an example of what a complete proposal submitted to the USDA under the Renewable Energy Systems Guidelines might look like. This template was not prepared by and has not been approved or scored by the USDA Title: Fizer Dairy Geothermal Heating, a Proposal for the United States Department of Agriculture. 2002 Farm Bill Initiative: The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program Author: Idaho National Laboratory and Geo-Heat Center Year: 2006 This template has been prepared as a Guide to allow Users to see the type of information required to receive grant funding from the USDA Section 9006 program. This template Uses fictitious names, dollar values and project descriptions. It was prepared as an example of what a complete proposal submitted to the USDA under the Renewable Energy Systems Guidelines might look like. This template was not prepared by and has not been approved or scored by the USDA Close

• 18. [Image] Hart Dairy Heating and Cooling Energy Efficiency Improvement, a Proposal for the United States Department of Agriculture. 2002 Farm Bill Initiative: The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program

  	This project, entitled Hart Dairy Heating and Cooling Energy Efficiency Improvement, seeks to decrease some of the Hart Dairy's high-energy costs by using ground source heat pump technology on the farm ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hart Dairy Heating and Cooling Energy Efficiency Improvement, a Proposal for the United States Department of Agriculture. 2002 Farm Bill Initiative: The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program Author: Idaho National Laboratory and Geo-Heat Center Year: 2006 This project, entitled Hart Dairy Heating and Cooling Energy Efficiency Improvement, seeks to decrease some of the Hart Dairy's high-energy costs by using ground source heat pump technology on the farm located in southeast Idaho about 3 miles from the town of Shelley (population 3,813) in Bingham County, Idaho. The project is for the purchase of a renewable energy system and geothermal components necessary to supply hot water for our dairy operations Title: Hart Dairy Heating and Cooling Energy Efficiency Improvement, a Proposal for the United States Department of Agriculture. 2002 Farm Bill Initiative: The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program Author: Idaho National Laboratory and Geo-Heat Center Year: 2006 This project, entitled Hart Dairy Heating and Cooling Energy Efficiency Improvement, seeks to decrease some of the Hart Dairy's high-energy costs by using ground source heat pump technology on the farm located in southeast Idaho about 3 miles from the town of Shelley (population 3,813) in Bingham County, Idaho. The project is for the purchase of a renewable energy system and geothermal components necessary to supply hot water for our dairy operations Close

• 19. [Image] The Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy for the Great Basin Development Association, Inc.

  	The economic development authorities of Humboldt, Lander, Eureka and White Pine counties joined forces with the respective elected officials of those same counties and formed a regional economic Development ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy for the Great Basin Development Association, Inc. Author: Great Basin Development Association, Inc. Year: 2000 The economic development authorities of Humboldt, Lander, Eureka and White Pine counties joined forces with the respective elected officials of those same counties and formed a regional economic Development district called the Great Basin Development Association, Inc. This Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy ("CEDS") is a Research tool that will allow member counties to access Development on a regional basis Title: The Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy for the Great Basin Development Association, Inc. Author: Great Basin Development Association, Inc. Year: 2000 The economic development authorities of Humboldt, Lander, Eureka and White Pine counties joined forces with the respective elected officials of those same counties and formed a regional economic Development district called the Great Basin Development Association, Inc. This Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy ("CEDS") is a Research tool that will allow member counties to access Development on a regional basis Close

• 20. [Image] USDA's 2002 Ethanol Cost-of-Production Survey

  	In 2003, the U.S. Department of Agriculture surveyed 21 dry-mill ethanol plants to estimate their 2002 production costs, including both variable (feed stock and plant operation) and capital expenses. These ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: USDA's 2002 Ethanol Cost-of-Production Survey Author: Shapouri, H. Year: 2005 In 2003, the U.S. Department of Agriculture surveyed 21 dry-mill ethanol plants to estimate their 2002 production costs, including both variable (feed stock and plant operation) and capital expenses. These plants produced about 550 million gallons of ethanol in 2002. Net feedstock costs for the surveyed plants ranged from 39 to 68 cents per gallon in 2002. For cash operating expenses, the average energy expenditure was 17.29 cents per gallon. Labor costs ranged from 3 lo 11 cents per gallon, maintenance costs from 1 lo 7 cents, and administrative costs from 1 to 18 cents. For capital expenditures, new plant construction costs from $1.05 to $3.00 per gallon of ethanol. Average investment to expand existing ethanol production capacity was 50 cents per gallon; hence, expansion tends to cost less than new capacity. Comparison with a 1998 survey of ethanol producers showed that total operating costs in 2002 had changed very little from 1998. It also showed that the average cost of building new plants had dropped, possibly due to designs that emphasize economies of scale Title: USDA's 2002 Ethanol Cost-of-Production Survey Author: Shapouri, H. Year: 2005 In 2003, the U.S. Department of Agriculture surveyed 21 dry-mill ethanol plants to estimate their 2002 production costs, including both variable (feed stock and plant operation) and capital expenses. These plants produced about 550 million gallons of ethanol in 2002. Net feedstock costs for the surveyed plants ranged from 39 to 68 cents per gallon in 2002. For cash operating expenses, the average energy expenditure was 17.29 cents per gallon. Labor costs ranged from 3 lo 11 cents per gallon, maintenance costs from 1 lo 7 cents, and administrative costs from 1 to 18 cents. For capital expenditures, new plant construction costs from $1.05 to $3.00 per gallon of ethanol. Average investment to expand existing ethanol production capacity was 50 cents per gallon; hence, expansion tends to cost less than new capacity. Comparison with a 1998 survey of ethanol producers showed that total operating costs in 2002 had changed very little from 1998. It also showed that the average cost of building new plants had dropped, possibly due to designs that emphasize economies of scale Close

• 21. [Image] A Model for the Commercial Culture of Macrobrachium Rosenbergii (de Man) in Geothermal Water

  	Fresh water prawns of the genus Macrobrachium have a world-wide tropical, sub-tropical distribution. M. rosenbergii (de Man), native to the tropical western Pacific and southeast Asia, is the largest, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Model for the Commercial Culture of Macrobrachium Rosenbergii (de Man) in Geothermal Water Author: Thompson, D.S. Fresh water prawns of the genus Macrobrachium have a world-wide tropical, sub-tropical distribution. M. rosenbergii (de Man), native to the tropical western Pacific and southeast Asia, is the largest, fastest growing prawn of the genus and most important to aquaculturists. Research on the prawn began in 1959 by scientists with the Food and Agriculture Organization in Malaysia. Since then Hawaii has become a center for research and prawns can now be grown in Hawaii to commercial size in a seven-month period Title: A Model for the Commercial Culture of Macrobrachium Rosenbergii (de Man) in Geothermal Water Author: Thompson, D.S. Fresh water prawns of the genus Macrobrachium have a world-wide tropical, sub-tropical distribution. M. rosenbergii (de Man), native to the tropical western Pacific and southeast Asia, is the largest, fastest growing prawn of the genus and most important to aquaculturists. Research on the prawn began in 1959 by scientists with the Food and Agriculture Organization in Malaysia. Since then Hawaii has become a center for research and prawns can now be grown in Hawaii to commercial size in a seven-month period Close

• 22. [Image] Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history, 1946

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes organization of Klamath District with official correspondence and description of the Klamath project, an organization chart, fiscal year financials, photographs, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history, 1946 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1946, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes organization of Klamath District with official correspondence and description of the Klamath project, an organization chart, fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, charts and tables of crop and livestock yields and water storage and distribution, etc.; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years for 1946-1948; Description is based on: Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual History for 1946; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history, 1946 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1946, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes organization of Klamath District with official correspondence and description of the Klamath project, an organization chart, fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, charts and tables of crop and livestock yields and water storage and distribution, etc.; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years for 1946-1948; Description is based on: Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual History for 1946; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 23. [Image] Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history, 1947

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes organization of Klamath District with official correspondence and description of the Klamath project, an organization chart, fiscal year financials, photographs, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history, 1947 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1947, 2008, 2004 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes organization of Klamath District with official correspondence and description of the Klamath project, an organization chart, fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, charts and tables of crop and livestock yields and water storage and distribution, etc.; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years for 1946-1948; Description is based on: Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual History for 1946; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history, 1947 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1947, 2008, 2004 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes organization of Klamath District with official correspondence and description of the Klamath project, an organization chart, fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, charts and tables of crop and livestock yields and water storage and distribution, etc.; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years for 1946-1948; Description is based on: Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual History for 1946; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 24. [Image] Klamath Project annual history, 1949

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, crop and livestock yields, irrigation and drainage and irrigation pumping plant operations, WPA camp maintenance, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Project annual history, 1949 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1949, 2008 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, crop and livestock yields, irrigation and drainage and irrigation pumping plant operations, WPA camp maintenance, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1949 - 1952; Description is based on: Klamath Project annual history for 1949; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Klamath Project annual history, 1949 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1949, 2008 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, crop and livestock yields, irrigation and drainage and irrigation pumping plant operations, WPA camp maintenance, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1949 - 1952; Description is based on: Klamath Project annual history for 1949; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 25. [Image] Klamath Project annual history, 1950

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, crop and livestock yields, irrigation and drainage and irrigation pumping plant operations, WPA camp maintenance, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Project annual history, 1950 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1950, 2008, 2007 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, crop and livestock yields, irrigation and drainage and irrigation pumping plant operations, WPA camp maintenance, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1949 - 1952; Description is based on: Klamath Project annual history for 1949; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Klamath Project annual history, 1950 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1950, 2008, 2007 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, crop and livestock yields, irrigation and drainage and irrigation pumping plant operations, WPA camp maintenance, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1949 - 1952; Description is based on: Klamath Project annual history for 1949; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 26. [Image] Klamath Project annual history, 1951

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, crop and livestock yields, irrigation and drainage and irrigation pumping plant operations, WPA camp maintenance, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Project annual history, 1951 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1951, 2008, 2007 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, crop and livestock yields, irrigation and drainage and irrigation pumping plant operations, WPA camp maintenance, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1949 - 1952; Description is based on: Klamath Project annual history for 1949; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Klamath Project annual history, 1951 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1951, 2008, 2007 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, photographs, maps, crop and livestock yields, irrigation and drainage and irrigation pumping plant operations, WPA camp maintenance, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1949 - 1952; Description is based on: Klamath Project annual history for 1949; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 27. [Image] Klamath Project annual history, 1952

  	Klamath Project (United States); Water use -- Klamath River Watershed (Oregon and California); Water resources development -- Klamath River Watershed (Oregon and California); Irrigation --Klamath River ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Project annual history, 1952 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1952, 2008, 2007 Klamath Project (United States); Water use -- Klamath River Watershed (Oregon and California); Water resources development -- Klamath River Watershed (Oregon and California); Irrigation --Klamath River Watershed (Oregon and California); Klamath River (Oregon and California); Klamath River Watershed (Oregon and California) -- History Title: Klamath Project annual history, 1952 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1952, 2008, 2007 Klamath Project (United States); Water use -- Klamath River Watershed (Oregon and California); Water resources development -- Klamath River Watershed (Oregon and California); Irrigation --Klamath River Watershed (Oregon and California); Klamath River (Oregon and California); Klamath River Watershed (Oregon and California) -- History Close

• 28. [Image] Project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1964

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes financial documents, organization chart, photographs, maps, water quality reports, and agricultural economics; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1964 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1964, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes financial documents, organization chart, photographs, maps, water quality reports, and agricultural economics; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years for 1963-; Some issues are missing.; Description is based on: Project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1963; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1964 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1964, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes financial documents, organization chart, photographs, maps, water quality reports, and agricultural economics; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years for 1963-; Some issues are missing.; Description is based on: Project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1963; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 29. [Image] Region II Klamath Project annual history, 1945

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, photographs, crop and livestock yields, water storage and distribution, hydrography report, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Region II Klamath Project annual history, 1945 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1945, 2008 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, photographs, crop and livestock yields, water storage and distribution, hydrography report, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1944 – 1945; Description is based on: Region II Klamath Project annual history 1944. Contains three parts and three table of contents.; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Region II Klamath Project annual history, 1945 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1945, 2008 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, photographs, crop and livestock yields, water storage and distribution, hydrography report, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1944 – 1945; Description is based on: Region II Klamath Project annual history 1944. Contains three parts and three table of contents.; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project Annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 30. [Image] Utilization of geothermal energy for methane production for J. A. Albertson Land and Cattle Company

  	To utilize the geothermal energy in the area of its 30,000-head cattle feedlot, J.A. Albertson Land and Cattle Co. is considering the development of an integrated geothermal/bioconversion system that would ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Utilization of geothermal energy for methane production for J. A. Albertson Land and Cattle Company Author: Bissell, R.R. Year: 1980 To utilize the geothermal energy in the area of its 30,000-head cattle feedlot, J.A. Albertson Land and Cattle Co. is considering the development of an integrated geothermal/bioconversion system that would use the cattle manure as a feedstock for an anaerobic-digestion plant to produce methane plus a digester-residue cattle-feed supplement. The feedlot lies within a high-temperature gradient and heat-flow area associated with the Western Snake River basin in Malheur Co., Oregon. The three digesters designed for the process will operate mesophilically (at 98/sup 0/F) with a 20-day retention time. To make up the digesters' heat losses, the geothermal water source will need to be about 135/sup 0/F and have a flow rate of 120-240 gpm, depending on the size ultimately selected for the facility. If the digester residue replaces alfalfa hay in the cattle's current rations, its value will amount to $1.15 million/yr. Burning the methane in engine/generator sets would produce 985-1970 kW of electric power that could be either sold or used as a day-to-day substitute for the geothermal heat. An economic analysis of the system is presented; DOE/ET/27230-T2 Title: Utilization of geothermal energy for methane production for J. A. Albertson Land and Cattle Company Author: Bissell, R.R. Year: 1980 To utilize the geothermal energy in the area of its 30,000-head cattle feedlot, J.A. Albertson Land and Cattle Co. is considering the development of an integrated geothermal/bioconversion system that would use the cattle manure as a feedstock for an anaerobic-digestion plant to produce methane plus a digester-residue cattle-feed supplement. The feedlot lies within a high-temperature gradient and heat-flow area associated with the Western Snake River basin in Malheur Co., Oregon. The three digesters designed for the process will operate mesophilically (at 98/sup 0/F) with a 20-day retention time. To make up the digesters' heat losses, the geothermal water source will need to be about 135/sup 0/F and have a flow rate of 120-240 gpm, depending on the size ultimately selected for the facility. If the digester residue replaces alfalfa hay in the cattle's current rations, its value will amount to $1.15 million/yr. Burning the methane in engine/generator sets would produce 985-1970 kW of electric power that could be either sold or used as a day-to-day substitute for the geothermal heat. An economic analysis of the system is presented; DOE/ET/27230-T2 Close

• 31. [Image] Alternate Energy Sources for Hawaii

  	Hawaii has no short-term substitute for seaborne petroleum, although a number of renewable natural energy resources show enough potential to justify a state policy and state funding for their development. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Alternate Energy Sources for Hawaii Author: Committee on Alternate Energy Sources for Hawaii Year: 1975 Hawaii has no short-term substitute for seaborne petroleum, although a number of renewable natural energy resources show enough potential to justify a state policy and state funding for their development. Of significant potential importance are bioconversion of Bagasse, wind, geothermal energy, solar collectors, ocean thermal energy conversion, and liquefaction and gasification of coal. Development of these sources will be influenced by environmental tradeoffs, available investment capital, and changes in demand for electricity. Task force recommendations include state funding of at least $1,000,000 for projects in all counties, with coordination at the state level to include continuing systems and tax studies and an annual review. Specific data on separate energy sources and conclusions of individual task forces are included. (151 references) (DCK) Title: Alternate Energy Sources for Hawaii Author: Committee on Alternate Energy Sources for Hawaii Year: 1975 Hawaii has no short-term substitute for seaborne petroleum, although a number of renewable natural energy resources show enough potential to justify a state policy and state funding for their development. Of significant potential importance are bioconversion of Bagasse, wind, geothermal energy, solar collectors, ocean thermal energy conversion, and liquefaction and gasification of coal. Development of these sources will be influenced by environmental tradeoffs, available investment capital, and changes in demand for electricity. Task force recommendations include state funding of at least $1,000,000 for projects in all counties, with coordination at the state level to include continuing systems and tax studies and an annual review. Specific data on separate energy sources and conclusions of individual task forces are included. (151 references) (DCK) Close

• 32. [Image] Report of pine beetle survey of Klamath Indian Reservation and included private lands, Oregon: seasons of 1942 and 1943

  	Cover title
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report of pine beetle survey of Klamath Indian Reservation and included private lands, Oregon: seasons of 1942 and 1943 Author: Hall, Ralph C. Year: 1944, 2010 Cover title Title: Report of pine beetle survey of Klamath Indian Reservation and included private lands, Oregon: seasons of 1942 and 1943 Author: Hall, Ralph C. Year: 1944, 2010 Cover title Close

• 33. [Image] Visibility in Oregon's wilderness and national park lands

  	ill., photos; Cover title; "September, 1985."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Visibility in Oregon's wilderness and national park lands Author: Oregon. Air Quality Division Year: 1985, 2010 ill., photos; Cover title; "September, 1985."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51) Title: Visibility in Oregon's wilderness and national park lands Author: Oregon. Air Quality Division Year: 1985, 2010 ill., photos; Cover title; "September, 1985."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51) Close

• 34. [Image] Geothermal District Heating System Feasibility Analysis: Thermopolis, Wyoming

  	Thermopolis, Wyoming is located in the Bighorn Basin region of north central Wyoming. The service population of the Thermopolis-East Thermopolis area is about 4,400 people. Historically, the regional economy ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal District Heating System Feasibility Analysis: Thermopolis, Wyoming Author: Goering, S.W. Year: 1982 Thermopolis, Wyoming is located in the Bighorn Basin region of north central Wyoming. The service population of the Thermopolis-East Thermopolis area is about 4,400 people. Historically, the regional economy has been closely tied to the utilization of its natural resources; agriculture, mining, and oil exploration and production have all been regional economic factors. Hot water utilization dates back to the initial decades of the twentieth century both in the use of private wells and through the development of Hot Springs State Park. Currently there is a new interest in exploring how to best develop the hot water resource for use in a district heating system. The purpose of this study is to determine the technical and economic feasibility of constructing and operating a district heating system to serve the residential, commercial, and public sectors in Thermopolis Title: Geothermal District Heating System Feasibility Analysis: Thermopolis, Wyoming Author: Goering, S.W. Year: 1982 Thermopolis, Wyoming is located in the Bighorn Basin region of north central Wyoming. The service population of the Thermopolis-East Thermopolis area is about 4,400 people. Historically, the regional economy has been closely tied to the utilization of its natural resources; agriculture, mining, and oil exploration and production have all been regional economic factors. Hot water utilization dates back to the initial decades of the twentieth century both in the use of private wells and through the development of Hot Springs State Park. Currently there is a new interest in exploring how to best develop the hot water resource for use in a district heating system. The purpose of this study is to determine the technical and economic feasibility of constructing and operating a district heating system to serve the residential, commercial, and public sectors in Thermopolis Close

• 35. [Image] Klamath Basin-A Potential Greenhouse Development Site

  	Klamath Basin, with its geothermal potential, is being considered as a possible greenhouse development site. Inquiries have been initiated about the availability of geothermal resources and their costs ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Basin-A Potential Greenhouse Development Site Author: Agricultural Experiment Station Year: 1977 Klamath Basin, with its geothermal potential, is being considered as a possible greenhouse development site. Inquiries have been initiated about the availability of geothermal resources and their costs and about the basin's climate, fresh water supply, labor supply, market and transportation. Each of these inquiries, as it affects the development of a greenhouse industry in the Klamath Basin, is addressed in this report Title: Klamath Basin-A Potential Greenhouse Development Site Author: Agricultural Experiment Station Year: 1977 Klamath Basin, with its geothermal potential, is being considered as a possible greenhouse development site. Inquiries have been initiated about the availability of geothermal resources and their costs and about the basin's climate, fresh water supply, labor supply, market and transportation. Each of these inquiries, as it affects the development of a greenhouse industry in the Klamath Basin, is addressed in this report Close

• 36. [Image] Beneficial Uses of Geothermal Energy Description and Preliminary Results for Phase 1 of the Raft River Irrigation Experiment

  	The first phase of an experiment using geothermal water for irrigation is described and preliminary results are discussed. The water was from a moderate temperature well, having salinity of about 2000 ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beneficial Uses of Geothermal Energy Description and Preliminary Results for Phase 1 of the Raft River Irrigation Experiment Author: Schmitt, R.C. Year: 1977 The first phase of an experiment using geothermal water for irrigation is described and preliminary results are discussed. The water was from a moderate temperature well, having salinity of about 2000 ppM, and is considered characteristic of the types of geothermal fluids that will be obtained from the young volcanic/young sediment formations of the northern intermountain west. The activity was completed at a location adjacent to ERDA's Raft River Geothermal Project in southern Idaho. About 12.5 acres, of which part had no previous cultivation, were subdivided by crops and irrigation practices for investigation with the geothermal water and a control comparison water from the relatively pure Raft River. Flood and sprinkler application techniques were used and wheat, barley, oats, grasses, alfalfa, potatoes, and garden vegetables were successfully grown. An accompanying experiment evaluated the behavior of an established alfalfa crop located nearby, when most of the irrigation water was geothermal. The experiment addressed heavy metal uptake in plants, plant fluoride retention and damage, plant tolerances to salts, soil alterations and other behavior as a result of the geothermal fluids, all of which were largely believed to eliminate geothermal water from contention for crop growing utilization. Not all analyses and results are complete in this reporting, but first results indicate no apparent difference between the geothermal watered crops and those obtained using the fresh water control. Extensive chemical analyses, neutron activation analyses, and other evaluations of crop samples are discussed, and some of the findings are presented. Although evaluation of crop yields was not an objective, extrapolations from samples indicate that yield results were comparable to those commonly found in the area, and the yield varied little between water sources. (JGB) Title: Beneficial Uses of Geothermal Energy Description and Preliminary Results for Phase 1 of the Raft River Irrigation Experiment Author: Schmitt, R.C. Year: 1977 The first phase of an experiment using geothermal water for irrigation is described and preliminary results are discussed. The water was from a moderate temperature well, having salinity of about 2000 ppM, and is considered characteristic of the types of geothermal fluids that will be obtained from the young volcanic/young sediment formations of the northern intermountain west. The activity was completed at a location adjacent to ERDA's Raft River Geothermal Project in southern Idaho. About 12.5 acres, of which part had no previous cultivation, were subdivided by crops and irrigation practices for investigation with the geothermal water and a control comparison water from the relatively pure Raft River. Flood and sprinkler application techniques were used and wheat, barley, oats, grasses, alfalfa, potatoes, and garden vegetables were successfully grown. An accompanying experiment evaluated the behavior of an established alfalfa crop located nearby, when most of the irrigation water was geothermal. The experiment addressed heavy metal uptake in plants, plant fluoride retention and damage, plant tolerances to salts, soil alterations and other behavior as a result of the geothermal fluids, all of which were largely believed to eliminate geothermal water from contention for crop growing utilization. Not all analyses and results are complete in this reporting, but first results indicate no apparent difference between the geothermal watered crops and those obtained using the fresh water control. Extensive chemical analyses, neutron activation analyses, and other evaluations of crop samples are discussed, and some of the findings are presented. Although evaluation of crop yields was not an objective, extrapolations from samples indicate that yield results were comparable to those commonly found in the area, and the yield varied little between water sources. (JGB) Close

• 37. [Image] Catfish Farming - A New Farm Crop

  	A government manual on catfish farming. Topics include pond construction, water supply and quality, analysis of catfish species, catfish hatcheries, feeding, identification and solutions to problems, harvesting, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Catfish Farming - A New Farm Crop Author: United States Department of Agriculture Year: 1969 A government manual on catfish farming. Topics include pond construction, water supply and quality, analysis of catfish species, catfish hatcheries, feeding, identification and solutions to problems, harvesting, and catfish economics Title: Catfish Farming - A New Farm Crop Author: United States Department of Agriculture Year: 1969 A government manual on catfish farming. Topics include pond construction, water supply and quality, analysis of catfish species, catfish hatcheries, feeding, identification and solutions to problems, harvesting, and catfish economics Close

• 38. [Image] The battle against bark beetles in Crater Lake National Park, 1925-34

  	ill., map; "June 1990."; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The battle against bark beetles in Crater Lake National Park, 1925-34 Author: Wickman, Boyd E. Year: 1990, 2008 ill., map; "June 1990."; Includes bibliographical references Title: The battle against bark beetles in Crater Lake National Park, 1925-34 Author: Wickman, Boyd E. Year: 1990, 2008 ill., map; "June 1990."; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 39. [Image] Ascendancy of the Mazamas : environment, identity and mountain climbing in Oregon, 1870-1930

  	ill. ; Typescript; Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1999; Includes vita and abstract; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 385-401)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ascendancy of the Mazamas : environment, identity and mountain climbing in Oregon, 1870-1930 Author: Weiselberg, Erik L., 1970- Year: 1999, 2008 ill. ; Typescript; Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1999; Includes vita and abstract; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 385-401) Title: Ascendancy of the Mazamas : environment, identity and mountain climbing in Oregon, 1870-1930 Author: Weiselberg, Erik L., 1970- Year: 1999, 2008 ill. ; Typescript; Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1999; Includes vita and abstract; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 385-401) Close

• 40. [Image] Agribusiness Geothermal Energy Utilization Potential of Klamath and Western Snake River Basins, Oregon. Final Report

  	Resource assessment and methods of direct utilization for existing and prospective food processing plants have been determined in two geothermal resource areas in Oregon. Ore-Ida Foods, Inc. and Amalgamated ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agribusiness Geothermal Energy Utilization Potential of Klamath and Western Snake River Basins, Oregon. Final Report Author: Lienau, P.J. Year: 1978 Resource assessment and methods of direct utilization for existing and prospective food processing plants have been determined in two geothermal resource areas in Oregon. Ore-Ida Foods, Inc. and Amalgamated Sugar Company in the Snake River Basin; Western Polymer Corporation (potato starch extraction) and three prospective industries--vegetable dehydration, alfalfa drying and greenhouses--in the Klamath Basin have been analyzed for direct utilization of geothermal fluids. Existing geologic knowledge has been integrated to indicate locations, depth, quality, and estimated productivity of the geothermal reservoirs. Energy-economic needs and balances, along with cost and energy savings associated with field development, delivery systems, in-plant applications and fluid disposal have been calculated for interested industrial representatives Title: Agribusiness Geothermal Energy Utilization Potential of Klamath and Western Snake River Basins, Oregon. Final Report Author: Lienau, P.J. Year: 1978 Resource assessment and methods of direct utilization for existing and prospective food processing plants have been determined in two geothermal resource areas in Oregon. Ore-Ida Foods, Inc. and Amalgamated Sugar Company in the Snake River Basin; Western Polymer Corporation (potato starch extraction) and three prospective industries--vegetable dehydration, alfalfa drying and greenhouses--in the Klamath Basin have been analyzed for direct utilization of geothermal fluids. Existing geologic knowledge has been integrated to indicate locations, depth, quality, and estimated productivity of the geothermal reservoirs. Energy-economic needs and balances, along with cost and energy savings associated with field development, delivery systems, in-plant applications and fluid disposal have been calculated for interested industrial representatives Close

• 41. [Image] Agribusiness Geothermal Energy Utilization Potential of Klamath and Western Snake River Basins, Oregon. Final Report

  	Resource assessment and methods of direct utilization for existing and prospective food processing plants have been determined in two geothermal resource areas in Oregon. Ore-Ida Foods, Inc. and Amalgamated ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agribusiness Geothermal Energy Utilization Potential of Klamath and Western Snake River Basins, Oregon. Final Report Author: Lienau, P.J. Year: 1978 Resource assessment and methods of direct utilization for existing and prospective food processing plants have been determined in two geothermal resource areas in Oregon. Ore-Ida Foods, Inc. and Amalgamated Sugar Company in the Snake River Basin; Western Polymer Corporation (potato starch extraction) and three prospective industries--vegetable dehydration, alfalfa drying and greenhoUses--in the Klamath Basin have been analyzed for direct utilization of geothermal fluids. Existing geologic knowledge has been integrated to indicate locations, depth, quality, and estimated productivity of the geothermal reservoirs. Energy-economic needs and balances, along with cost and energy savings associated with field development, delivery systems, in-plant applications and fluid disposal have been calculated for interested industrial representatives Title: Agribusiness Geothermal Energy Utilization Potential of Klamath and Western Snake River Basins, Oregon. Final Report Author: Lienau, P.J. Year: 1978 Resource assessment and methods of direct utilization for existing and prospective food processing plants have been determined in two geothermal resource areas in Oregon. Ore-Ida Foods, Inc. and Amalgamated Sugar Company in the Snake River Basin; Western Polymer Corporation (potato starch extraction) and three prospective industries--vegetable dehydration, alfalfa drying and greenhoUses--in the Klamath Basin have been analyzed for direct utilization of geothermal fluids. Existing geologic knowledge has been integrated to indicate locations, depth, quality, and estimated productivity of the geothermal reservoirs. Energy-economic needs and balances, along with cost and energy savings associated with field development, delivery systems, in-plant applications and fluid disposal have been calculated for interested industrial representatives Close

• 42. [Image] Thermal Waters of Utah

  	Some of the areas of hot water, such as Hoosevelt, Pavant-Black Rock, and Cove Fort-Sulphurdale, probably have a potential to produce electricity. But the many areas of warm and hot water whose temperatures ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thermal Waters of Utah Author: Goode, H.D. Year: 1978 Some of the areas of hot water, such as Hoosevelt, Pavant-Black Rock, and Cove Fort-Sulphurdale, probably have a potential to produce electricity. But the many areas of warm and hot water whose temperatures are too low to produce electricity may still have their waters utilized for space heating, as is planned for Monroe, for greenhouses, and for the processing of farm produce. In this report are tables that give records of about 1500 thermal springs and wells: 65 yield hot water, more than 400 yield warm water, and more than 1000 yield slightly warm water. The records include location, ownership, temperature, yield, depth (of wells), geologic unit, and some chemical analyses Title: Thermal Waters of Utah Author: Goode, H.D. Year: 1978 Some of the areas of hot water, such as Hoosevelt, Pavant-Black Rock, and Cove Fort-Sulphurdale, probably have a potential to produce electricity. But the many areas of warm and hot water whose temperatures are too low to produce electricity may still have their waters utilized for space heating, as is planned for Monroe, for greenhouses, and for the processing of farm produce. In this report are tables that give records of about 1500 thermal springs and wells: 65 yield hot water, more than 400 yield warm water, and more than 1000 yield slightly warm water. The records include location, ownership, temperature, yield, depth (of wells), geologic unit, and some chemical analyses Close

• 43. [Image] Idaho Geothermal Report, Fairfield, Idaho, Site Specific Development Analysis

  	The Office of Energy contracted Energy Services Inc. of Idaho Falls, Idaho to make a brief and limited evaluation of the geothermal resource potential of the Fairfield, Idaho area
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Idaho Geothermal Report, Fairfield, Idaho, Site Specific Development Analysis Author: McClain, D.W. Year: 1979 The Office of Energy contracted Energy Services Inc. of Idaho Falls, Idaho to make a brief and limited evaluation of the geothermal resource potential of the Fairfield, Idaho area Title: Idaho Geothermal Report, Fairfield, Idaho, Site Specific Development Analysis Author: McClain, D.W. Year: 1979 The Office of Energy contracted Energy Services Inc. of Idaho Falls, Idaho to make a brief and limited evaluation of the geothermal resource potential of the Fairfield, Idaho area Close

• 44. [Image] Idaho Geothermal Commercialization Planning, Semi-Annual Progress Report, January 1, 1979 - June 30, 1979

  	This report is a summary of the task accomplished during the first six months of the cooperative agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and the Idaho Office of Energy. The report concentrates ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Idaho Geothermal Commercialization Planning, Semi-Annual Progress Report, January 1, 1979 - June 30, 1979 Author: McClain, D.W. Year: 1979 This report is a summary of the task accomplished during the first six months of the cooperative agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and the Idaho Office of Energy. The report concentrates on geothermal resource data, regional and local development plans, energy, and economic factors and institutional factors Title: Idaho Geothermal Commercialization Planning, Semi-Annual Progress Report, January 1, 1979 - June 30, 1979 Author: McClain, D.W. Year: 1979 This report is a summary of the task accomplished during the first six months of the cooperative agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and the Idaho Office of Energy. The report concentrates on geothermal resource data, regional and local development plans, energy, and economic factors and institutional factors Close

• 45. [Image] Geothermal Resource Assessment, Kern River Canyon and Lake Isabella Area, Northeastern Kern County, California

  	A preliminary investigation was performed in northeastern Kern County in order to assess the low temperature geothermal resources. The objective was to develop an accurate inventory of the low temperature ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Resource Assessment, Kern River Canyon and Lake Isabella Area, Northeastern Kern County, California Author: International Engineering Company, Incorporated Year: 1984 A preliminary investigation was performed in northeastern Kern County in order to assess the low temperature geothermal resources. The objective was to develop an accurate inventory of the low temperature resources and to identify alternatives for the direct use of these resources. Emphasis was placed on six areas exhibiting thermal manifestations in the Lake Isabella area and Kern River Canyon. Other reports in this study will identify applications and examine legislative, social, economic, technical and environmental barriers to the development of these resources. This report addresses Task 1 and includes: identification of the areas, preliminary analyses of each resource, interviews with resource owners, an update on information of the springs and a preliminary evaluation of the exploitation potential Title: Geothermal Resource Assessment, Kern River Canyon and Lake Isabella Area, Northeastern Kern County, California Author: International Engineering Company, Incorporated Year: 1984 A preliminary investigation was performed in northeastern Kern County in order to assess the low temperature geothermal resources. The objective was to develop an accurate inventory of the low temperature resources and to identify alternatives for the direct use of these resources. Emphasis was placed on six areas exhibiting thermal manifestations in the Lake Isabella area and Kern River Canyon. Other reports in this study will identify applications and examine legislative, social, economic, technical and environmental barriers to the development of these resources. This report addresses Task 1 and includes: identification of the areas, preliminary analyses of each resource, interviews with resource owners, an update on information of the springs and a preliminary evaluation of the exploitation potential Close

• 46. [Image] HGP- A Wellhead Generator Feasibility Project

  	For decades the United States has been relying heavily on coal, oil, and gas - which are becoming scarce and more costly. In addition, the use of these fossil fuels has produced undesirable environmental ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: HGP- A Wellhead Generator Feasibility Project Author: U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) For decades the United States has been relying heavily on coal, oil, and gas - which are becoming scarce and more costly. In addition, the use of these fossil fuels has produced undesirable environmental effects that have proved difficult and expensive to control. It is very fortunate that the United States has an alternate energy resource available-that of geothermal energy. Although geothermal energy is already contributing to U.S. energy supplies at various locations, its development must be accelerated if it is to assist in any significant fashion in meeting the urgent and mounting energy needs Title: HGP- A Wellhead Generator Feasibility Project Author: U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) For decades the United States has been relying heavily on coal, oil, and gas - which are becoming scarce and more costly. In addition, the use of these fossil fuels has produced undesirable environmental effects that have proved difficult and expensive to control. It is very fortunate that the United States has an alternate energy resource available-that of geothermal energy. Although geothermal energy is already contributing to U.S. energy supplies at various locations, its development must be accelerated if it is to assist in any significant fashion in meeting the urgent and mounting energy needs Close

• 47. [Image] Proceedings of the Citizens' Forum on Potential Future Energy Sources

  	Energy is the sustenance of our civilization. It is the basic driving force in the maintenance of our well-being - nutrition, health, shelter, transportation, communication, recreation, agriculture, and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proceedings of the Citizens' Forum on Potential Future Energy Sources Author: Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Year: 1974 Energy is the sustenance of our civilization. It is the basic driving force in the maintenance of our well-being - nutrition, health, shelter, transportation, communication, recreation, agriculture, and industry. Most of the energy used by man comes from fossil fuels and is used in the form of natural gas, gasoline and diesel fuel, coal, and electricity. The conventional sources of energy - petroleum, natural gas, coal and hydroelectric - are in finite supply and depletion seems imminent. This is especially true of those forms of energy which have the properties for specific uses, such as gasoline for the internal combustion engine of the automobile. Only when it became difficult to get all the gasoline we wanted did we begin to think in terms of a limited supply Title: Proceedings of the Citizens' Forum on Potential Future Energy Sources Author: Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Year: 1974 Energy is the sustenance of our civilization. It is the basic driving force in the maintenance of our well-being - nutrition, health, shelter, transportation, communication, recreation, agriculture, and industry. Most of the energy used by man comes from fossil fuels and is used in the form of natural gas, gasoline and diesel fuel, coal, and electricity. The conventional sources of energy - petroleum, natural gas, coal and hydroelectric - are in finite supply and depletion seems imminent. This is especially true of those forms of energy which have the properties for specific uses, such as gasoline for the internal combustion engine of the automobile. Only when it became difficult to get all the gasoline we wanted did we begin to think in terms of a limited supply Close

• 48. [Image] Non-Electric Applications of Geothermal Energy in Six Alaskan Towns. Final Report, October 1976--November 1977

  	The potential for direct (non-electric) utilization of local-gradient geothermal energy in six Alaskan towns is summarized. A major objective of this study was to stimulate development and Use of the geothermal ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Non-Electric Applications of Geothermal Energy in Six Alaskan Towns. Final Report, October 1976--November 1977 Author: Farquhar, J. Year: 1977 The potential for direct (non-electric) utilization of local-gradient geothermal energy in six Alaskan towns is summarized. A major objective of this study was to stimulate development and Use of the geothermal resource provided by the earth's average thermal gradient, as opposed to the few anomalies that are typically chosen for geothermal development. Hence, six towns for study were selected as being representative of remote Alaskan conditions, rather than for their proximity to known geothermal resources. The moderate-temperature heat available almost everywhere at depths of two to four kilometers into the earth's mantle could satisfy a major portion of the nation's heating requirements--but the cost must be reduced. It is concluded that a geothermal demonstration in Nome would probably be successful and would promote this objective Title: Non-Electric Applications of Geothermal Energy in Six Alaskan Towns. Final Report, October 1976--November 1977 Author: Farquhar, J. Year: 1977 The potential for direct (non-electric) utilization of local-gradient geothermal energy in six Alaskan towns is summarized. A major objective of this study was to stimulate development and Use of the geothermal resource provided by the earth's average thermal gradient, as opposed to the few anomalies that are typically chosen for geothermal development. Hence, six towns for study were selected as being representative of remote Alaskan conditions, rather than for their proximity to known geothermal resources. The moderate-temperature heat available almost everywhere at depths of two to four kilometers into the earth's mantle could satisfy a major portion of the nation's heating requirements--but the cost must be reduced. It is concluded that a geothermal demonstration in Nome would probably be successful and would promote this objective Close

• 49. [Image] 1981 Comprehensive Plan of the City of Walla Walla, WA

  	The purpose of the Comprehensive Plan is to provide the City of Walla Walla with an official public document which encourages orderly development of residential, commercial, industrial, and public properties ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 1981 Comprehensive Plan of the City of Walla Walla, WA Author: City of Walla Walla Planning Commission Year: 1981 The purpose of the Comprehensive Plan is to provide the City of Walla Walla with an official public document which encourages orderly development of residential, commercial, industrial, and public properties and discourages incompatible land uses. The Plan is not an ordinance. It is only a guide for decisions. As such, it is an ever-changing document within which the overall balance and harmony of the different elements of the community are brought together over the years Title: 1981 Comprehensive Plan of the City of Walla Walla, WA Author: City of Walla Walla Planning Commission Year: 1981 The purpose of the Comprehensive Plan is to provide the City of Walla Walla with an official public document which encourages orderly development of residential, commercial, industrial, and public properties and discourages incompatible land uses. The Plan is not an ordinance. It is only a guide for decisions. As such, it is an ever-changing document within which the overall balance and harmony of the different elements of the community are brought together over the years Close

• 50. [Image] Geothermal Environmental Impact Assessment: Subsurface Environmental Assessment for Four Geothermal Systems

  	Geothermal systems are described for Imperial Valley and The Geysers, California; Klamath Falls, Oregon; and the Rio Grande Rift Zone, New Mexico; including information on location, area, depth, temperature, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Environmental Impact Assessment: Subsurface Environmental Assessment for Four Geothermal Systems Author: Geonomics, Inc. Year: 1978 Geothermal systems are described for Imperial Valley and The Geysers, California; Klamath Falls, Oregon; and the Rio Grande Rift Zone, New Mexico; including information on location, area, depth, temperature, fluid phase and composition, resource base and status of development. The subsurface environmental assessment evaluates potential groundwater degradation, seismicity and subsidence. A general discussion on geothermal systems, pollution potential, chemical characteristics of geothermal fluids and environmental effects of geothermal water pollutants is presented as background material. For the Imperial Valley, all publicly available water quality and location data for geothermal and nongeothermal wells in and near the East Mesa, Salton Sea, Heber, Brawley, Dunes and Glamis KGRAs have been compiled and plotted. The geothermal fluids which will be reinjected range in salinity from a few thousand to more than a quarter million ppm. Although Imperial Valley is a major agricultural center, groundwater use in and near most of these KGRAs is minimal. Extensive seismicity and subsidence monitoring networks have been established in this area of high natural seismicity and subsidence. The vapor-dominated geysers geothermal field is the largest electricity producer in the world. Groundwater in this mountainous region flows with poor hydraulic continuity in fractured rock. Ground and surface water quality is generally good, but high boron concentrations in hot springs and geothermal effluents is of significant concern; however, spent condensate is reinjected. High microearthquake activity is noted around the geothermal reservoir and potential subsidence effects are considered minimal. In Klamath Falls, geothermal fluids up to 113 C (235 F) are used for space heating, mostly through downhole heat exchangers with only minor, relatively benign, geothermal fluid being produced at the surface. Seismicity is low and is not expected to increase. Subsidence is not recognized. Of all geothermal occurrences in the Rio Grande Rift, the Valles Caldera is currently of primary interest. injection of geothermal effluent from hydrothermal production Wells should remove any hydrologic hazard due to some potentially noxious constituents. Waters circulating in the LASL Hot Dry Rock experiment are potable. Seismic effects are expected to be minimal. Subsidence effects could develop Title: Geothermal Environmental Impact Assessment: Subsurface Environmental Assessment for Four Geothermal Systems Author: Geonomics, Inc. Year: 1978 Geothermal systems are described for Imperial Valley and The Geysers, California; Klamath Falls, Oregon; and the Rio Grande Rift Zone, New Mexico; including information on location, area, depth, temperature, fluid phase and composition, resource base and status of development. The subsurface environmental assessment evaluates potential groundwater degradation, seismicity and subsidence. A general discussion on geothermal systems, pollution potential, chemical characteristics of geothermal fluids and environmental effects of geothermal water pollutants is presented as background material. For the Imperial Valley, all publicly available water quality and location data for geothermal and nongeothermal wells in and near the East Mesa, Salton Sea, Heber, Brawley, Dunes and Glamis KGRAs have been compiled and plotted. The geothermal fluids which will be reinjected range in salinity from a few thousand to more than a quarter million ppm. Although Imperial Valley is a major agricultural center, groundwater use in and near most of these KGRAs is minimal. Extensive seismicity and subsidence monitoring networks have been established in this area of high natural seismicity and subsidence. The vapor-dominated geysers geothermal field is the largest electricity producer in the world. Groundwater in this mountainous region flows with poor hydraulic continuity in fractured rock. Ground and surface water quality is generally good, but high boron concentrations in hot springs and geothermal effluents is of significant concern; however, spent condensate is reinjected. High microearthquake activity is noted around the geothermal reservoir and potential subsidence effects are considered minimal. In Klamath Falls, geothermal fluids up to 113 C (235 F) are used for space heating, mostly through downhole heat exchangers with only minor, relatively benign, geothermal fluid being produced at the surface. Seismicity is low and is not expected to increase. Subsidence is not recognized. Of all geothermal occurrences in the Rio Grande Rift, the Valles Caldera is currently of primary interest. injection of geothermal effluent from hydrothermal production Wells should remove any hydrologic hazard due to some potentially noxious constituents. Waters circulating in the LASL Hot Dry Rock experiment are potable. Seismic effects are expected to be minimal. Subsidence effects could develop Close

• 51. [Image] Agribusiness Geothermal Energy Utilization Potential of Klamath and Western Snake River Basins, Oregon. Final Report

  	Resource assessment and methods of direct utilization for existing and prospective food processing plants have been determined in two geothermal resource areas in Oregon. Ore-Ida Foods, Inc. and Amalgamated ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agribusiness Geothermal Energy Utilization Potential of Klamath and Western Snake River Basins, Oregon. Final Report Author: Lienau, P.J. Year: 1978 Resource assessment and methods of direct utilization for existing and prospective food processing plants have been determined in two geothermal resource areas in Oregon. Ore-Ida Foods, Inc. and Amalgamated Sugar Company in the Snake River Basin; Western Polymer Corporation (potato starch extraction) and three prospective industries--vegetable dehydration, alfalfa drying and greenhouses--in the Klamath Basin have been analyzed for direct utilization of geothermal fluids. Existing geologic knowledge has been integrated to indicate locations, depth, quality, and estimated productivity of the geothermal reservoirs. Energy-economic needs and balances, along with cost and energy savings associated with field development, delivery systems, in-plant applications and fluid disposal have been calculated for interested industrial representatives Title: Agribusiness Geothermal Energy Utilization Potential of Klamath and Western Snake River Basins, Oregon. Final Report Author: Lienau, P.J. Year: 1978 Resource assessment and methods of direct utilization for existing and prospective food processing plants have been determined in two geothermal resource areas in Oregon. Ore-Ida Foods, Inc. and Amalgamated Sugar Company in the Snake River Basin; Western Polymer Corporation (potato starch extraction) and three prospective industries--vegetable dehydration, alfalfa drying and greenhouses--in the Klamath Basin have been analyzed for direct utilization of geothermal fluids. Existing geologic knowledge has been integrated to indicate locations, depth, quality, and estimated productivity of the geothermal reservoirs. Energy-economic needs and balances, along with cost and energy savings associated with field development, delivery systems, in-plant applications and fluid disposal have been calculated for interested industrial representatives Close

• 52. [Image] Agribusiness Geothermal Energy Utilization Potential of Klamath and Western Snake River Basins, Oregon. Final Report

  	Resource assessment and methods of direct utilization for existing and prospective food processing plants have been determined in two geothermal resource areas in Oregon. Ore-Ida Foods, Inc. and Amalgamated ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agribusiness Geothermal Energy Utilization Potential of Klamath and Western Snake River Basins, Oregon. Final Report Author: Lienau, P.J. Year: 1978 Resource assessment and methods of direct utilization for existing and prospective food processing plants have been determined in two geothermal resource areas in Oregon. Ore-Ida Foods, Inc. and Amalgamated Sugar Company in the Snake River Basin; Western Polymer Corporation (potato starch extraction) and three prospective industries--vegetable dehydration, alfalfa drying and greenhouses--in the Klamath Basin have been analyzed for direct utilization of geothermal fluids. Existing geologic knowledge has been integrated to indicate locations, depth, quality, and estimated productivity of the geothermal reservoirs. Energy-economic needs and balances, along with cost and energy savings associated with field development, delivery systems, in-plant applications and fluid disposal have been calculated for interested industrial representatives Title: Agribusiness Geothermal Energy Utilization Potential of Klamath and Western Snake River Basins, Oregon. Final Report Author: Lienau, P.J. Year: 1978 Resource assessment and methods of direct utilization for existing and prospective food processing plants have been determined in two geothermal resource areas in Oregon. Ore-Ida Foods, Inc. and Amalgamated Sugar Company in the Snake River Basin; Western Polymer Corporation (potato starch extraction) and three prospective industries--vegetable dehydration, alfalfa drying and greenhouses--in the Klamath Basin have been analyzed for direct utilization of geothermal fluids. Existing geologic knowledge has been integrated to indicate locations, depth, quality, and estimated productivity of the geothermal reservoirs. Energy-economic needs and balances, along with cost and energy savings associated with field development, delivery systems, in-plant applications and fluid disposal have been calculated for interested industrial representatives Close

• 53. [Image] Engineering and Economic Analysis for the Utilization of Geothermal Fluids in a Cane Sugar Processing Plant. Final Report

  	The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of geothermal resource utilization at the Puna Sugar Company cane sugar processing plant, located in Keaau, Hawaii. A proposed well site area ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Engineering and Economic Analysis for the Utilization of Geothermal Fluids in a Cane Sugar Processing Plant. Final Report Author: Humme, J.T. Year: 1979 The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of geothermal resource utilization at the Puna Sugar Company cane sugar processing plant, located in Keaau, Hawaii. A proposed well site area was selected based on data from surface exploratory surveys. The liquid dominated well flow enters a binary thermal arrangement, which results in an acceptable quality steam for process use. Hydrogen sulfide in the well gases is incinerated, leaving sulfur dioxide in the waste gases. The sulfur dioxide in turn is recovered and Used in the cane juice processing at the sugar factory. The clean geothermal steam from the binary system can be used directly for process requirements. It replaces steam generated by the firing of the waste fibrous product from cane sugar processing. The waste product, called bagasse, has a number of alternative uses, but an evaluation clearly indicated it should continue to be employed for steam generation. This steam, no longer required for process demands, can be directed to increased electric power generation. Revenues gained by the sale of this power to the utility, in addition to other savings developed through the utilization of geothermal energy, can offset the costs associated with hydrothermal utilization Title: Engineering and Economic Analysis for the Utilization of Geothermal Fluids in a Cane Sugar Processing Plant. Final Report Author: Humme, J.T. Year: 1979 The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of geothermal resource utilization at the Puna Sugar Company cane sugar processing plant, located in Keaau, Hawaii. A proposed well site area was selected based on data from surface exploratory surveys. The liquid dominated well flow enters a binary thermal arrangement, which results in an acceptable quality steam for process use. Hydrogen sulfide in the well gases is incinerated, leaving sulfur dioxide in the waste gases. The sulfur dioxide in turn is recovered and Used in the cane juice processing at the sugar factory. The clean geothermal steam from the binary system can be used directly for process requirements. It replaces steam generated by the firing of the waste fibrous product from cane sugar processing. The waste product, called bagasse, has a number of alternative uses, but an evaluation clearly indicated it should continue to be employed for steam generation. This steam, no longer required for process demands, can be directed to increased electric power generation. Revenues gained by the sale of this power to the utility, in addition to other savings developed through the utilization of geothermal energy, can offset the costs associated with hydrothermal utilization Close

• 54. [Image] Power & the People: Issue Backgrounder: BPA Irrigation Programs

  	Many of the region's irrigated farms are experiencing production costs which have been increasing faster than farm commodity prices. Farmers are exploring all possible avenues to cut their operating expenses. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Power & the People: Issue Backgrounder: BPA Irrigation Programs Author: Bonneville Power Administration Year: 1984 Many of the region's irrigated farms are experiencing production costs which have been increasing faster than farm commodity prices. Farmers are exploring all possible avenues to cut their operating expenses. They have turned to BPA for ways to cut their electricity bills Title: Power & the People: Issue Backgrounder: BPA Irrigation Programs Author: Bonneville Power Administration Year: 1984 Many of the region's irrigated farms are experiencing production costs which have been increasing faster than farm commodity prices. Farmers are exploring all possible avenues to cut their operating expenses. They have turned to BPA for ways to cut their electricity bills Close

• 55. [Image] Conceptual Study for Total Utilization of an Intermediate Temperature Geothermal Resource

  	A multi-use, integrated project plan has been developed for the combined electrical and direct utilization of an intermediate temperature geothermal resource. This concept addresses an integrated project ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conceptual Study for Total Utilization of an Intermediate Temperature Geothermal Resource Author: Swink, D.G. Year: 1976 A multi-use, integrated project plan has been developed for the combined electrical and direct utilization of an intermediate temperature geothermal resource. This concept addresses an integrated project plan with industrial participation, which could make a significant contribution to the national plan for energy independence, by creating new and realistic energy choices for the immediate future Title: Conceptual Study for Total Utilization of an Intermediate Temperature Geothermal Resource Author: Swink, D.G. Year: 1976 A multi-use, integrated project plan has been developed for the combined electrical and direct utilization of an intermediate temperature geothermal resource. This concept addresses an integrated project plan with industrial participation, which could make a significant contribution to the national plan for energy independence, by creating new and realistic energy choices for the immediate future Close

• 56. [Image] State of the Art Waste Heat Utilization for Agriculture and Aquaculture

  	A state-of-the-art assessment of research, demonstration, and commercial projects that involve the use of power plant condenser cooling water for agricultural and aquacultural purposes was conducted. Information ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: State of the Art Waste Heat Utilization for Agriculture and Aquaculture Author: Hubert, W.A. A state-of-the-art assessment of research, demonstration, and commercial projects that involve the use of power plant condenser cooling water for agricultural and aquacultural purposes was conducted. Information was obtained from published literature, site visits, and communications with knowledgeable individuals. Thermal effluent uses were discussed for controlled environment greenhouses, biological recycling of nutrients from livestock manures, soil heating and irrigation, environmental control for livestock housing, grain drying, food processing, as well as the culture of numerous aquatic organisms. A large number of research and feasibility studies have been conducted, but few commercial enterprises are utilizing thermal effluent. Interfacing problems, environmental and legal restrictions, along with insufficient technology, have not allowed widespread commercial application. Specific research needs were discussed Title: State of the Art Waste Heat Utilization for Agriculture and Aquaculture Author: Hubert, W.A. A state-of-the-art assessment of research, demonstration, and commercial projects that involve the use of power plant condenser cooling water for agricultural and aquacultural purposes was conducted. Information was obtained from published literature, site visits, and communications with knowledgeable individuals. Thermal effluent uses were discussed for controlled environment greenhouses, biological recycling of nutrients from livestock manures, soil heating and irrigation, environmental control for livestock housing, grain drying, food processing, as well as the culture of numerous aquatic organisms. A large number of research and feasibility studies have been conducted, but few commercial enterprises are utilizing thermal effluent. Interfacing problems, environmental and legal restrictions, along with insufficient technology, have not allowed widespread commercial application. Specific research needs were discussed Close

• 57. [Image] Ground Water and Energy: Proceedings of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Workshop, Albuquerque, New Mexico, January 29-31, 1980

  	This publication are the findings of the U. S. Geological Survey and U. S. Department of Energy as well as a broad range of other viewpoints and perspectives regarding the ideas behind ground water and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ground Water and Energy: Proceedings of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Workshop, Albuquerque, New Mexico, January 29-31, 1980 Author: Office of Environmental Assessments Year: 1980 This publication are the findings of the U. S. Geological Survey and U. S. Department of Energy as well as a broad range of other viewpoints and perspectives regarding the ideas behind ground water and energy Title: Ground Water and Energy: Proceedings of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Workshop, Albuquerque, New Mexico, January 29-31, 1980 Author: Office of Environmental Assessments Year: 1980 This publication are the findings of the U. S. Geological Survey and U. S. Department of Energy as well as a broad range of other viewpoints and perspectives regarding the ideas behind ground water and energy Close

• 58. [Image] Present Status and Future Prospects for Nonelectrical Uses of Geothermal Resources

  	The purpose of this report is to systematize and disseminate information about the non-electrical applications of geothermal resources. Planning for this report started in October, 1973, at a meeting which ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Present Status and Future Prospects for Nonelectrical Uses of Geothermal Resources Author: Howard, J. H. (ed.) Year: 1975 The purpose of this report is to systematize and disseminate information about the non-electrical applications of geothermal resources. Planning for this report started in October, 1973, at a meeting which led to the organization of a Geothermal Pilot Study for the NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS). Should this report serve as a useful introduction to the uninitiated, and should it be useful in directing an interested observer in a productive way, it will have served its purpose Title: Present Status and Future Prospects for Nonelectrical Uses of Geothermal Resources Author: Howard, J. H. (ed.) Year: 1975 The purpose of this report is to systematize and disseminate information about the non-electrical applications of geothermal resources. Planning for this report started in October, 1973, at a meeting which led to the organization of a Geothermal Pilot Study for the NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS). Should this report serve as a useful introduction to the uninitiated, and should it be useful in directing an interested observer in a productive way, it will have served its purpose Close

• 59. [Image] Animal Briefs

  	The following list of publications is provided to furnish you with some general references on catfish farming. To obtain a free copy, or for information concerning costs, direct your request to the address ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Animal Briefs Author: Agricultural Extension, University of California Year: 1975 The following list of publications is provided to furnish you with some general references on catfish farming. To obtain a free copy, or for information concerning costs, direct your request to the address following each citation Title: Animal Briefs Author: Agricultural Extension, University of California Year: 1975 The following list of publications is provided to furnish you with some general references on catfish farming. To obtain a free copy, or for information concerning costs, direct your request to the address following each citation Close

• 60. [Image] International Course on District Heating, Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Uses of Geothermal Energy

  	Direct utilization of geothermal energy consists of various forms for heating and cooling instead of converting the energy for electric power generation. The major areas of direct utilization are (1) swimming, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: International Course on District Heating, Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Uses of Geothermal Energy Author: Lund, J. Year: 2002 Direct utilization of geothermal energy consists of various forms for heating and cooling instead of converting the energy for electric power generation. The major areas of direct utilization are (1) swimming, bathing and balneology, (2) space heating and cooling including district heating, (3) agriculture applications, (4) aquaculture applications, (5) industrial processes, and (6) heat pumps. Major direct utilization projects exploiting geothermal energy exist in about 60 countries, and the estimated installed thermal power is 16,200 MWt utilizing over 64,000 kg/s of fluid. The worldwide thermal energy Used is estimated to be alt least 162,000 TJ/yr (45,000 GWh/yr)--saving 11.4 million TOE/yr. The majority of this energy Use is for space heating (37%), and swimming and bathing (22%). In the USA, the installed thermal power is 5,366 MWt, and the Annual energy Use IS 20,300 TJ (5,640 GWh). The majority of the Use (59%) is for the heat pumps (both ground coupled and water source), with bathing and swimming, and fish farming each supplying about 13% Title: International Course on District Heating, Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Uses of Geothermal Energy Author: Lund, J. Year: 2002 Direct utilization of geothermal energy consists of various forms for heating and cooling instead of converting the energy for electric power generation. The major areas of direct utilization are (1) swimming, bathing and balneology, (2) space heating and cooling including district heating, (3) agriculture applications, (4) aquaculture applications, (5) industrial processes, and (6) heat pumps. Major direct utilization projects exploiting geothermal energy exist in about 60 countries, and the estimated installed thermal power is 16,200 MWt utilizing over 64,000 kg/s of fluid. The worldwide thermal energy Used is estimated to be alt least 162,000 TJ/yr (45,000 GWh/yr)--saving 11.4 million TOE/yr. The majority of this energy Use is for space heating (37%), and swimming and bathing (22%). In the USA, the installed thermal power is 5,366 MWt, and the Annual energy Use IS 20,300 TJ (5,640 GWh). The majority of the Use (59%) is for the heat pumps (both ground coupled and water source), with bathing and swimming, and fish farming each supplying about 13% Close

• 61. [Article] ODFW Sage Grouse Core Areas

  Abstract -- Core Area Approach to Habitat Mitigation for Greater Sage-Grouse in Oregon: The goal of these recommendations is to protect essential habitats to meet habitat and population objectives identified ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: ODFW Sage Grouse Core Areas Abstract -- Core Area Approach to Habitat Mitigation for Greater Sage-Grouse in Oregon: The goal of these recommendations is to protect essential habitats to meet habitat and population objectives identified in this Plan. The objective of these recommendations is to avoid, minimize, or mitigate for impacts on sage-grouse habitats from energy development, its associated infrastructure or other industrial/commercial developments. The rapid increase in energy development across the West in recent years has initiated a landscape approach to wildlife conservation, referred to as core areas (Doherty et al. 2011). The landscape approach prioritizes habitats based on measures that assess sage-grouse population and habitat relative abundance, and provides protection for a minimum of 75% of the population. The remaining 25% of the population area would be available for development with some level of stipulations and regulations, but likely at a reduced level. The strength of this approach is that it uses biological information to identify core areas with the objective of protecting the most important breeding areas. It also enables managers, at the landscape scale, to map and analyze the risks and necessary conservation measures for each core area. The limitation of this approach is that it focuses on breeding abundances. For sage-grouse the relative abundance data is drawn from spring lek counts of males. Thus, habitat conservation measures may be biased towards breeding and nesting only. Lek data have limitations as well including: variable sampling effort both spatially and temporally and detection probabilities have not been estimated for ground or aerial counts. Notwithstanding, these are the best data available for mapping sage-grouse distributions. Because the method outlined by Doherty et al. (2011) focuses on breeding habitats and ODFWs lek data is prone to variable sampling, an additional and complementary method was used to approximate seasonal use ranges, referred to as connectivity corridors. Using a home range estimator local and seasonal connectivity corridors were estimated. Thus, it is important to clarify some definitions about the mapping approach in Oregon. This document refers to Doherty's "core areas" (i.e., 25, 50, 75, 100%) as lek density strata. Lek density 25-75% polygons and the intersection of 100% strata and local connectivity polygons collectively define a "core area." Title: ODFW Sage Grouse Core Areas Abstract -- Core Area Approach to Habitat Mitigation for Greater Sage-Grouse in Oregon: The goal of these recommendations is to protect essential habitats to meet habitat and population objectives identified in this Plan. The objective of these recommendations is to avoid, minimize, or mitigate for impacts on sage-grouse habitats from energy development, its associated infrastructure or other industrial/commercial developments. The rapid increase in energy development across the West in recent years has initiated a landscape approach to wildlife conservation, referred to as core areas (Doherty et al. 2011). The landscape approach prioritizes habitats based on measures that assess sage-grouse population and habitat relative abundance, and provides protection for a minimum of 75% of the population. The remaining 25% of the population area would be available for development with some level of stipulations and regulations, but likely at a reduced level. The strength of this approach is that it uses biological information to identify core areas with the objective of protecting the most important breeding areas. It also enables managers, at the landscape scale, to map and analyze the risks and necessary conservation measures for each core area. The limitation of this approach is that it focuses on breeding abundances. For sage-grouse the relative abundance data is drawn from spring lek counts of males. Thus, habitat conservation measures may be biased towards breeding and nesting only. Lek data have limitations as well including: variable sampling effort both spatially and temporally and detection probabilities have not been estimated for ground or aerial counts. Notwithstanding, these are the best data available for mapping sage-grouse distributions. Because the method outlined by Doherty et al. (2011) focuses on breeding habitats and ODFWs lek data is prone to variable sampling, an additional and complementary method was used to approximate seasonal use ranges, referred to as connectivity corridors. Using a home range estimator local and seasonal connectivity corridors were estimated. Thus, it is important to clarify some definitions about the mapping approach in Oregon. This document refers to Doherty's "core areas" (i.e., 25, 50, 75, 100%) as lek density strata. Lek density 25-75% polygons and the intersection of 100% strata and local connectivity polygons collectively define a "core area." Close

• 62. [Image] A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest

  	Abstract Everest, Fred H.; Stouder, Deanna J.; Kakoyannis, Christina; Houston, Laurie; Stankey, George; Kline, Jeffery; Alig, Ralph. 2004. A review of scientific information ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest Year: 2004 Abstract Everest, Fred H.; Stouder, Deanna J.; Kakoyannis, Christina; Houston, Laurie; Stankey, George; Kline, Jeffery; Alig, Ralph. 2004. A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-595. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 128 p. Fresh water is a valuable and essential commodity in the Pacific Northwest States, specifically Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and one provided abundantly by forested watersheds in the region. The maintenance and growth of industrial, municipal, agricultural, and recreational activities in the region are dependent on adequate and sustainable supplies of fresh water from surface and ground-water sources. Future development, especially in the semiarid intermountain area, depends on the conservation and expansion of the region's water resource. This synthesis reviews the state of our knowledge and condition of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Keywords: Water distribution, flow regimes, water demand, conflicts, tools, water use. Title: A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest Year: 2004 Abstract Everest, Fred H.; Stouder, Deanna J.; Kakoyannis, Christina; Houston, Laurie; Stankey, George; Kline, Jeffery; Alig, Ralph. 2004. A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-595. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 128 p. Fresh water is a valuable and essential commodity in the Pacific Northwest States, specifically Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and one provided abundantly by forested watersheds in the region. The maintenance and growth of industrial, municipal, agricultural, and recreational activities in the region are dependent on adequate and sustainable supplies of fresh water from surface and ground-water sources. Future development, especially in the semiarid intermountain area, depends on the conservation and expansion of the region's water resource. This synthesis reviews the state of our knowledge and condition of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Keywords: Water distribution, flow regimes, water demand, conflicts, tools, water use. Close

• 63. [Image] Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement

  	The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement Year: 1999, 2004 The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should refer to the Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement and attached appendices. The genesis of this study is the National Marine Fisheries Service's 1995 Biological Opinion for the Reinitiation of Consultation on 1994-1998 Operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System and Juvenile Transportation Program in 1995 and Future Years (95 Biological Opinion). While the focus of this study is the relationship between the four dams on the lower Snake River and their effects on juvenile fish traveling toward the ocean, the implications of the study are broader. The Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement includes the best available information on the biological effectiveness, engineering, economic effects, and other environmental effects associated with the four specific alternatives. It does not, however, include a recommendation or identify a preferred alternative. This will give the public and other agencies an opportunity to review and understand this information and provide input before a preferred alternative is selected. At the same time, this will allow the region to consider the Habitat, Hatcheries, Harvest, and Hydropower Working Paper on salmon recovery by the Federal Caucus. Information from this process will be fully examined to determine how it may influence decisions on actions for the lower Snake River. Title: Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement Year: 1999, 2004 The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should refer to the Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement and attached appendices. The genesis of this study is the National Marine Fisheries Service's 1995 Biological Opinion for the Reinitiation of Consultation on 1994-1998 Operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System and Juvenile Transportation Program in 1995 and Future Years (95 Biological Opinion). While the focus of this study is the relationship between the four dams on the lower Snake River and their effects on juvenile fish traveling toward the ocean, the implications of the study are broader. The Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement includes the best available information on the biological effectiveness, engineering, economic effects, and other environmental effects associated with the four specific alternatives. It does not, however, include a recommendation or identify a preferred alternative. This will give the public and other agencies an opportunity to review and understand this information and provide input before a preferred alternative is selected. At the same time, this will allow the region to consider the Habitat, Hatcheries, Harvest, and Hydropower Working Paper on salmon recovery by the Federal Caucus. Information from this process will be fully examined to determine how it may influence decisions on actions for the lower Snake River. Close

• 64. [Image] The Third Klamath Basin Watershed Restoration and Research Conference

  	Cover title; "March 1999."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Third Klamath Basin Watershed Restoration and Research Conference Year: 1999, 2004 Cover title; "March 1999." Title: The Third Klamath Basin Watershed Restoration and Research Conference Year: 1999, 2004 Cover title; "March 1999." Close

• 65. [Image] Seeking refuge: making space for migratory waterfowl and wetlands along the Pacific Flyway

  	Abstract "Seeking Refuge" examines the history of migratory waterfowl management along the Pacific Flyway, the westernmost of four main migration routes in North America. Drawing on approaches from historical ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seeking refuge: making space for migratory waterfowl and wetlands along the Pacific Flyway Author: Wilson, Robert Michael Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Abstract "Seeking Refuge" examines the history of migratory waterfowl management along the Pacific Flyway, the westernmost of four main migration routes in North America. Drawing on approaches from historical geography and environmental history, this study shows how wildlife officials developed migratory bird refuges in Oregon and California, where over 60 percent of Pacific Flyway waterfowl winter. During the early-twentieth century, reclamation and river diking eliminated most of the wetlands in the birds' wintering range. Bird enthusiasts such as bird watchers and duck hunters successfully lobbied for the creation of wildlife refuges in a few areas along the flyway. These early refuges failed to protect waterfowl habitat and they were severely degraded by reclamation. In the 1930s and 1940s, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and its predecessor, the Bureau of Biological Survey, undertook an ambitious program to resurrect these sanctuaries and to create new ones. Many farmers opposed these refuges out of fear that waterfowl would damage crops. To respond to these concerns and to ensure an adequate food supply for the birds, the FWS raised rice, barley, and other grains. The agency adopted many of the technologies of modern, industrial agriculture including synthetic herbicides and insecticides such as 2, 4-D and DDT. By the 1960s, the refuges had become largely mirrors of the surrounding irrigated farmlands, the main difference being that the FWS raised grain for waterfowl rather than for market. Refuges could not escape the agricultural settings in which they were embedded. As units within the irrigated countryside, Pacific Flyway refuges were often at the mercy of nearby farmers and federal reclamation agencies. Poor water quality and insufficient supplies of water often hampered FWS efforts to manage refuges. In the late-twentieth century, reduced water supply due to diversions to California municipalities and to sustain endangered fish species affected the amount of water reaching refuges. This dissertation has other goals. First, it critiques the anthropocentrism of most historical geography by focusing on how political, cultural, and ecological factors affected wildlife. Second, it contributes to the literature on the state's role in environmental protection by investigating the overlapping, and often contradictory, spaces within which wildlife managers implemented environmental regulations. Title: Seeking refuge: making space for migratory waterfowl and wetlands along the Pacific Flyway Author: Wilson, Robert Michael Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Abstract "Seeking Refuge" examines the history of migratory waterfowl management along the Pacific Flyway, the westernmost of four main migration routes in North America. Drawing on approaches from historical geography and environmental history, this study shows how wildlife officials developed migratory bird refuges in Oregon and California, where over 60 percent of Pacific Flyway waterfowl winter. During the early-twentieth century, reclamation and river diking eliminated most of the wetlands in the birds' wintering range. Bird enthusiasts such as bird watchers and duck hunters successfully lobbied for the creation of wildlife refuges in a few areas along the flyway. These early refuges failed to protect waterfowl habitat and they were severely degraded by reclamation. In the 1930s and 1940s, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and its predecessor, the Bureau of Biological Survey, undertook an ambitious program to resurrect these sanctuaries and to create new ones. Many farmers opposed these refuges out of fear that waterfowl would damage crops. To respond to these concerns and to ensure an adequate food supply for the birds, the FWS raised rice, barley, and other grains. The agency adopted many of the technologies of modern, industrial agriculture including synthetic herbicides and insecticides such as 2, 4-D and DDT. By the 1960s, the refuges had become largely mirrors of the surrounding irrigated farmlands, the main difference being that the FWS raised grain for waterfowl rather than for market. Refuges could not escape the agricultural settings in which they were embedded. As units within the irrigated countryside, Pacific Flyway refuges were often at the mercy of nearby farmers and federal reclamation agencies. Poor water quality and insufficient supplies of water often hampered FWS efforts to manage refuges. In the late-twentieth century, reduced water supply due to diversions to California municipalities and to sustain endangered fish species affected the amount of water reaching refuges. This dissertation has other goals. First, it critiques the anthropocentrism of most historical geography by focusing on how political, cultural, and ecological factors affected wildlife. Second, it contributes to the literature on the state's role in environmental protection by investigating the overlapping, and often contradictory, spaces within which wildlife managers implemented environmental regulations. Close

• 66. [Image] A strategy for achieving healthy watersheds in Oregon

  	"January 2001."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A strategy for achieving healthy watersheds in Oregon Author: Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 2001, 2004 "January 2001." Title: A strategy for achieving healthy watersheds in Oregon Author: Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 2001, 2004 "January 2001." Close

• 67. [Image] The Endangered Species Act and its impact on agricultural producers: hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research of the Committee on Agriculture, House of representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, July 26, 2004, Greely, CO.

  	CONTENTS Lucas, Hon. Frank, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oklahoma, opening statement .................................................................................... 1 Musgrave, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Endangered Species Act and its impact on agricultural producers: hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research of the Committee on Agriculture, House of representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, July 26, 2004, Greely, CO. Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research. Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS Lucas, Hon. Frank, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oklahoma, opening statement .................................................................................... 1 Musgrave, Hon. Marilyn N., a Representative in Congress from the State of Colorado, opening statement........................................................................... 2 Witnesses Foutz, Alan, president, Colorado Farm Bureau, Centennial, CO ........................ 10 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 38 George, Russell, executive director, Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Denver, CO............................................................................................. 4 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 29 Palmer, William, executive director, Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, Brighton, CO ........................................................................................................ 16 Prepared statement.......................................................................................... 60 Sims, James T., executive director, Western Business Roundtable, Golden, CO.......................................................................................................................... 13 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 43 Stetson, Jean, co-chairman, Endangered Species Committee, Colorado Cattlemen, Craig, CO..................................................................................................... 7 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 36 Submitted Material Weege, Merle, secretary, Ginseng Board of Wisconsin, statement...................... 65 Title: The Endangered Species Act and its impact on agricultural producers: hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research of the Committee on Agriculture, House of representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, July 26, 2004, Greely, CO. Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research. Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS Lucas, Hon. Frank, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oklahoma, opening statement .................................................................................... 1 Musgrave, Hon. Marilyn N., a Representative in Congress from the State of Colorado, opening statement........................................................................... 2 Witnesses Foutz, Alan, president, Colorado Farm Bureau, Centennial, CO ........................ 10 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 38 George, Russell, executive director, Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Denver, CO............................................................................................. 4 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 29 Palmer, William, executive director, Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, Brighton, CO ........................................................................................................ 16 Prepared statement.......................................................................................... 60 Sims, James T., executive director, Western Business Roundtable, Golden, CO.......................................................................................................................... 13 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 43 Stetson, Jean, co-chairman, Endangered Species Committee, Colorado Cattlemen, Craig, CO..................................................................................................... 7 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 36 Submitted Material Weege, Merle, secretary, Ginseng Board of Wisconsin, statement...................... 65 Close

• 68. [Image] Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database

  	"September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database Author: Marcot, Bruce G. Year: 1997, 2005, 2004 "September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24) Title: Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database Author: Marcot, Bruce G. Year: 1997, 2005, 2004 "September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24) Close

• 69. [Image] Summary of the analysis of the management situation: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan

  	"December 1990"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary of the analysis of the management situation: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office. Year: 1990, 2005, 2004 "December 1990" Title: Summary of the analysis of the management situation: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office. Year: 1990, 2005, 2004 "December 1990" Close

• 70. [Image] Upper Klamath Lake Basin nutrient-loading study: assessment of historic flows in the Williamson and Sprague Rivers

  	"The goal of the project is to quantitatively describe the nature and extent of the ground-water flow systems in the basin."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Klamath Lake Basin nutrient-loading study: assessment of historic flows in the Williamson and Sprague Rivers Author: Risley, John C. Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 "The goal of the project is to quantitatively describe the nature and extent of the ground-water flow systems in the basin." Title: Upper Klamath Lake Basin nutrient-loading study: assessment of historic flows in the Williamson and Sprague Rivers Author: Risley, John C. Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 "The goal of the project is to quantitatively describe the nature and extent of the ground-water flow systems in the basin." Close

• 71. [Image] Effect of water-column pH on sediment-phosphorus release rates in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2001

  	Abstract Sediment-phosphorus release rates as a function of pH were determined in laboratory experiments for sediment and water samples collected from Shoalwater Bay in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, in 2001. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of water-column pH on sediment-phosphorus release rates in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2001 Author: Fisher, Lawrence H. Year: 2004, 2005 Abstract Sediment-phosphorus release rates as a function of pH were determined in laboratory experiments for sediment and water samples collected from Shoalwater Bay in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, in 2001. Areal release rates for a stable sediment/water interface that is representative of the sediment surface area to water column volume ratio (1:3) observed in the lake and volumetric release rates for resuspended sediment events were determined at three different pH values (8.1, 9.2, 10.2). Ambient water column pH (8.1) was maintained by sparging study columns with atmospheric air. Elevation of the water column pH to 9.2 was achieved through the removal of dissolved carbon dioxide by sparging with carbon dioxide-reduced air, partially simulating water chemistry changes that occur during algal photosynthesis. Further elevation of the pH to 10.2 was achieved by the addition of sodium hydroxide, which doubled average alkalinities in the study columns from about 1 to 2 milliequivalents per liter. Upper Klamath Lake sediments collected from the lake bottom and then placed in contact with lake water, either at a stable sediment/water interface or by resus-pension, exhibited an initial capacity to take up soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from the water column rather than release phosphorus to the water column. At a higher pH this initial uptake of phosphorus was slowed, but not stopped. This initial phase was followed by a reversal in which the sediments began to release SRP back into the water column. The release rate of phosphorus 30 to 40 days after suspension of sediments in the columns was 0.5 |ig/L/day (micrograms per liter per day) at pH 8, and 0.9 |ug/L/day at pH 10, indicating that the higher pH increased the rate of phosphorus release by a factor of about two. The highest determined rate of release was approximately 10% (percent) of the rate required to explain the annual internal loading to Upper Klamath Lake from the sediments as calculated from a lake-wide mass balance and observed in total phosphorus data collected at individual locations. Title: Effect of water-column pH on sediment-phosphorus release rates in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2001 Author: Fisher, Lawrence H. Year: 2004, 2005 Abstract Sediment-phosphorus release rates as a function of pH were determined in laboratory experiments for sediment and water samples collected from Shoalwater Bay in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, in 2001. Areal release rates for a stable sediment/water interface that is representative of the sediment surface area to water column volume ratio (1:3) observed in the lake and volumetric release rates for resuspended sediment events were determined at three different pH values (8.1, 9.2, 10.2). Ambient water column pH (8.1) was maintained by sparging study columns with atmospheric air. Elevation of the water column pH to 9.2 was achieved through the removal of dissolved carbon dioxide by sparging with carbon dioxide-reduced air, partially simulating water chemistry changes that occur during algal photosynthesis. Further elevation of the pH to 10.2 was achieved by the addition of sodium hydroxide, which doubled average alkalinities in the study columns from about 1 to 2 milliequivalents per liter. Upper Klamath Lake sediments collected from the lake bottom and then placed in contact with lake water, either at a stable sediment/water interface or by resus-pension, exhibited an initial capacity to take up soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from the water column rather than release phosphorus to the water column. At a higher pH this initial uptake of phosphorus was slowed, but not stopped. This initial phase was followed by a reversal in which the sediments began to release SRP back into the water column. The release rate of phosphorus 30 to 40 days after suspension of sediments in the columns was 0.5 |ig/L/day (micrograms per liter per day) at pH 8, and 0.9 |ug/L/day at pH 10, indicating that the higher pH increased the rate of phosphorus release by a factor of about two. The highest determined rate of release was approximately 10% (percent) of the rate required to explain the annual internal loading to Upper Klamath Lake from the sediments as calculated from a lake-wide mass balance and observed in total phosphorus data collected at individual locations. Close

• 72. [Image] Programmatic environmental assessment for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office Projects, 2000-2010

  	Programmatic Environmental Assessment Summary This Environmental Assessment (EA) provides compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for restoration actions undertaken by the US Fish ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Programmatic environmental assessment for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office Projects, 2000-2010 Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office. Year: 2000, 2005, 2004 Programmatic Environmental Assessment Summary This Environmental Assessment (EA) provides compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for restoration actions undertaken by the US Fish & Wildlife Service's Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office (ERO) in Klamath Falls, Oregon. These restoration activities are needed due to the large-scale loss of wetland and riparian habitat and degraded water quality. The purpose of these restoration efforts is the improvement of conditions of the watershed with specific regard to habitat and water quality, resulting in, among other benefits, improved conditions for the endangered fish species (bull trout and Lost River and shortnose sucker) populations of the basin. The geographic scope of this EA is defined as the upper Klamath River basin, including the entire watershed from Irongate Dam upstream to the headwaters. This EA is intended to provide NEPA compliance for restoration projects conducted between the years 2000 and 2010. The ERO was established in 1993 to sponsor and assist with a variety of restoration activities in the Klamath Basin. The ERO funds and provides technical assistance to restoration projects involving private landholders, concerned groups, and other state, federal, and tribal agencies. Four alternatives are presented in this EA. The proposed alternative (Alternative 1) consists of a comprehensive program of ecosystem restoration, promoting projects in both riparian areas and in upland habitats. This would continue the current program in effect since 1994. NEPA compliance would primarily be carried out via a single, programmatic document saving time and funds. The Fish & Wildlife Service proposes to fund and administer the following projects types: Riparian Projects: (fencing for livestock management; native plant establishment & diversification; non-native plant removal/control; erosion control; contour re-establishment; impoundment removal; wildlife habitat improvements) Wetland Projects: (fencing; wetland restoration and enhancement; wildlife habitat improvements) Upland or Road Projects: (road abandonment, decommissioning, & obliteration; road drainage improvements and storm proofing, re-establishment of historic contours; silvicultural treatments; native plant establishment/diversification; non-native plant removal/control; fencing; landslide treatments; culvert/stream crossing upgrades; erosion control; wildlife habitat improvements). In-stream Projects: (habitat complexity and diversity improvements; hydrologic regime improvements; coarse woody debris supplementation; natural or artificial barrier removal, modification &/or creation; fish screens installation). Alternative 2 would concentrate restoration efforts only on riparian, instream, and wetland areas. Road projects would be conducted only within the riparian corridor, as defined. NEPA compliance would also be conducted programmatically. Alternative 3 would cease all restoration activities conducted and funded by the ERO in the Klamath Basin. This alternative would serve as a benchmark against which the effects of the restoration alternatives discussed above can be compared. Alternative 4, the "No Action" alternative, would continue current management policies with regard to NEPA compliance, providing compliance on a project by project basis requiring independent analysis for each project. The affected environment of the region is described in detail. The environment has been changed significantly since the 1890's due to logging, agriculture and urban development. An extensive system of dams, canals, and drainage structures has resulted in the conversion of approximately 80% of pre-settlement wetlands to agricultural uses. Riparian corridors have been similarly impacted, and upland forests regions have been affected by logging, road construction and other factors. These changes have contributed to problems with the water quality in the region, contributing to the listing of several fish species as threatened or endangered; loss of habitat has affected a large number of other species as well. The environmental effects of each alternative is analyzed. Some short term negative impacts could occur as a result of the projects authorized by both Alternative 1 and Alternative 2, but these would be strongly offset by the expected beneficial results to water quality and habitat conditions. Alternative 1 would be expected to have a greater overall effect on the environment than Alternative 2, since many of the underlying factors with which restoration efforts are concerned originate in upland conditions (i.e. sedimentation and hydrologic functionality). Alternative 3 would result in conditions remaining much as they are currently, although other programs and organizations are making efforts at restoration activities. The environmental impacts of individual projects anticipated under Alternative 4 would be generally the same as for similar projects under Alternative 1. The primary difference between the two alternatives would be the higher efficiency and improved cumulative analysis resulting from a programmatic approach as proposed in Alternative 1. Public participation in the NEPA process has been, and will continue to be, solicited and welcomed. Compliance with state and federal laws and regulations such as the Clean Water Act, National Historic Preservation Act, and the Endangered Species Act, as well as guidelines for contaminant surveys, will be carried out as detailed. While these projects are expected to play an important role in the restoration of the region, none of these alternatives are expected to have a significant impact when compared with the loss of wetland, riparian and upland habitats over the past century, impacts which do occur would be of a cumulatively beneficial nature. Other restoration efforts are being carried out in the area by other governmental and private groups, and it is expected that these combined efforts will achieve important beneficial results for the ecosystem. Title: Programmatic environmental assessment for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office Projects, 2000-2010 Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office. Year: 2000, 2005, 2004 Programmatic Environmental Assessment Summary This Environmental Assessment (EA) provides compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for restoration actions undertaken by the US Fish & Wildlife Service's Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office (ERO) in Klamath Falls, Oregon. These restoration activities are needed due to the large-scale loss of wetland and riparian habitat and degraded water quality. The purpose of these restoration efforts is the improvement of conditions of the watershed with specific regard to habitat and water quality, resulting in, among other benefits, improved conditions for the endangered fish species (bull trout and Lost River and shortnose sucker) populations of the basin. The geographic scope of this EA is defined as the upper Klamath River basin, including the entire watershed from Irongate Dam upstream to the headwaters. This EA is intended to provide NEPA compliance for restoration projects conducted between the years 2000 and 2010. The ERO was established in 1993 to sponsor and assist with a variety of restoration activities in the Klamath Basin. The ERO funds and provides technical assistance to restoration projects involving private landholders, concerned groups, and other state, federal, and tribal agencies. Four alternatives are presented in this EA. The proposed alternative (Alternative 1) consists of a comprehensive program of ecosystem restoration, promoting projects in both riparian areas and in upland habitats. This would continue the current program in effect since 1994. NEPA compliance would primarily be carried out via a single, programmatic document saving time and funds. The Fish & Wildlife Service proposes to fund and administer the following projects types: Riparian Projects: (fencing for livestock management; native plant establishment & diversification; non-native plant removal/control; erosion control; contour re-establishment; impoundment removal; wildlife habitat improvements) Wetland Projects: (fencing; wetland restoration and enhancement; wildlife habitat improvements) Upland or Road Projects: (road abandonment, decommissioning, & obliteration; road drainage improvements and storm proofing, re-establishment of historic contours; silvicultural treatments; native plant establishment/diversification; non-native plant removal/control; fencing; landslide treatments; culvert/stream crossing upgrades; erosion control; wildlife habitat improvements). In-stream Projects: (habitat complexity and diversity improvements; hydrologic regime improvements; coarse woody debris supplementation; natural or artificial barrier removal, modification &/or creation; fish screens installation). Alternative 2 would concentrate restoration efforts only on riparian, instream, and wetland areas. Road projects would be conducted only within the riparian corridor, as defined. NEPA compliance would also be conducted programmatically. Alternative 3 would cease all restoration activities conducted and funded by the ERO in the Klamath Basin. This alternative would serve as a benchmark against which the effects of the restoration alternatives discussed above can be compared. Alternative 4, the "No Action" alternative, would continue current management policies with regard to NEPA compliance, providing compliance on a project by project basis requiring independent analysis for each project. The affected environment of the region is described in detail. The environment has been changed significantly since the 1890's due to logging, agriculture and urban development. An extensive system of dams, canals, and drainage structures has resulted in the conversion of approximately 80% of pre-settlement wetlands to agricultural uses. Riparian corridors have been similarly impacted, and upland forests regions have been affected by logging, road construction and other factors. These changes have contributed to problems with the water quality in the region, contributing to the listing of several fish species as threatened or endangered; loss of habitat has affected a large number of other species as well. The environmental effects of each alternative is analyzed. Some short term negative impacts could occur as a result of the projects authorized by both Alternative 1 and Alternative 2, but these would be strongly offset by the expected beneficial results to water quality and habitat conditions. Alternative 1 would be expected to have a greater overall effect on the environment than Alternative 2, since many of the underlying factors with which restoration efforts are concerned originate in upland conditions (i.e. sedimentation and hydrologic functionality). Alternative 3 would result in conditions remaining much as they are currently, although other programs and organizations are making efforts at restoration activities. The environmental impacts of individual projects anticipated under Alternative 4 would be generally the same as for similar projects under Alternative 1. The primary difference between the two alternatives would be the higher efficiency and improved cumulative analysis resulting from a programmatic approach as proposed in Alternative 1. Public participation in the NEPA process has been, and will continue to be, solicited and welcomed. Compliance with state and federal laws and regulations such as the Clean Water Act, National Historic Preservation Act, and the Endangered Species Act, as well as guidelines for contaminant surveys, will be carried out as detailed. While these projects are expected to play an important role in the restoration of the region, none of these alternatives are expected to have a significant impact when compared with the loss of wetland, riparian and upland habitats over the past century, impacts which do occur would be of a cumulatively beneficial nature. Other restoration efforts are being carried out in the area by other governmental and private groups, and it is expected that these combined efforts will achieve important beneficial results for the ecosystem. Close

• 73. [Image] Crisis to consensus : restoration planning for the Upper Klamath Basin

  	Executive Summary This report presents the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group's (Working Group) recommendations for the development and implementation of a restoration plan for the Upper Klamath Basin. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crisis to consensus : restoration planning for the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Upper Klamath Basin Working Group Year: 2002, 2005, 2004 Executive Summary This report presents the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group's (Working Group) recommendations for the development and implementation of a restoration plan for the Upper Klamath Basin. In 1996, the 104th Congress of the United States chartered the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group (Public Law 104-333 - the Oregon Resources Conservation Act) to develop a plan for the Upper Basin that focuses on enhancing ecosystem restoration, improving economic stability, and minimizing impacts associated with drought on all resources and stakeholders. The Working Group is comprised of over 30 individuals appointed by the Governor of Oregon, representing federal, state, and local governments and agencies; the Klamath Tribes; conservation organizations; farmers and ranchers; and industry and local businesses. The objective of the Working Group is to develop and oversee a restorative course of action that allows for mutually beneficial gains for stakeholders wherein everybody in the Upper Basin can achieve positive, affirming results together, and where no one is left economically, culturally, or spiritually disadvantaged. Chapter 1 of this report presents a brief summary of the history of the Working Group and the conditions leading to the development of this effort. Chapter 2 describes the facilitated "interim planning process" the Working Group engaged in between April 2001 and July 2002. Chapter 3 presents the results of the interim planning process including key recommendations regarding Working Group decision-making and operating rules, technical data needs, future cost and time frame of the restoration planning process, and similar planning decisions. Chapter 4 describes the next steps and actions the Working Group is prepared to take to lead the restoration planning process. The Working Group's goals and objectives will be achieved through the Working Group's continued commitment to public outreach, collaborative problem solving, and implementation of real world solutions. Desired outcomes from implementation of the restoration plan include, but are not limited to, the following: improved water quality through the implementation of accepted Best Management Practices; restoration of wetlands and riparian habitat; enhancement of natural and structural water storage; improvements to irrigation efficiency and water conservation; economic growth and diversity through activities such as value added natural resource products and ecotourism; and enhancement of wildlife Tribal Trust resources. Title: Crisis to consensus : restoration planning for the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Upper Klamath Basin Working Group Year: 2002, 2005, 2004 Executive Summary This report presents the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group's (Working Group) recommendations for the development and implementation of a restoration plan for the Upper Klamath Basin. In 1996, the 104th Congress of the United States chartered the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group (Public Law 104-333 - the Oregon Resources Conservation Act) to develop a plan for the Upper Basin that focuses on enhancing ecosystem restoration, improving economic stability, and minimizing impacts associated with drought on all resources and stakeholders. The Working Group is comprised of over 30 individuals appointed by the Governor of Oregon, representing federal, state, and local governments and agencies; the Klamath Tribes; conservation organizations; farmers and ranchers; and industry and local businesses. The objective of the Working Group is to develop and oversee a restorative course of action that allows for mutually beneficial gains for stakeholders wherein everybody in the Upper Basin can achieve positive, affirming results together, and where no one is left economically, culturally, or spiritually disadvantaged. Chapter 1 of this report presents a brief summary of the history of the Working Group and the conditions leading to the development of this effort. Chapter 2 describes the facilitated "interim planning process" the Working Group engaged in between April 2001 and July 2002. Chapter 3 presents the results of the interim planning process including key recommendations regarding Working Group decision-making and operating rules, technical data needs, future cost and time frame of the restoration planning process, and similar planning decisions. Chapter 4 describes the next steps and actions the Working Group is prepared to take to lead the restoration planning process. The Working Group's goals and objectives will be achieved through the Working Group's continued commitment to public outreach, collaborative problem solving, and implementation of real world solutions. Desired outcomes from implementation of the restoration plan include, but are not limited to, the following: improved water quality through the implementation of accepted Best Management Practices; restoration of wetlands and riparian habitat; enhancement of natural and structural water storage; improvements to irrigation efficiency and water conservation; economic growth and diversity through activities such as value added natural resource products and ecotourism; and enhancement of wildlife Tribal Trust resources. Close

• 74. [Image] An examination of the Klamath Basin crisis : restructuring the discourse within an identity-based framework

  	Thesis (B.A.) -- Whitman College, 2002; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An examination of the Klamath Basin crisis : restructuring the discourse within an identity-based framework Author: Dornsife, Alison M. Year: 2002, 2005, 2004 Thesis (B.A.) -- Whitman College, 2002; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83) Title: An examination of the Klamath Basin crisis : restructuring the discourse within an identity-based framework Author: Dornsife, Alison M. Year: 2002, 2005, 2004 Thesis (B.A.) -- Whitman College, 2002; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83) Close

• 75. [Image] Irrigation system maintenance, groundwater quality, and improved production

  	"April 2004"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 3).
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Irrigation system maintenance, groundwater quality, and improved production Author: Selker, John S. Year: 2004, 2005 "April 2004"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 3). Title: Irrigation system maintenance, groundwater quality, and improved production Author: Selker, John S. Year: 2004, 2005 "April 2004"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 3). Close

• 76. [Image] Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999

  	SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999 Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 2001, 2005, 2004 SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in the spring and 1.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. These values were well within the range of values in the literature for sites with similar sediment characteristics: primarily silty with at least a moderate amount of organic content. Over most of the lake there appears to be relatively little variation in SOD 14the interquartile range in values was 0.4 g/m2/day in the spring and 0.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. A significant exception was apparent in Ball Bay, where SOD in the late summer was greater than 10.2 g/m2/day. In the absence of primary production, an SOD of this magnitude could deplete the water column of oxygen in a few days. This measurement provided evidence that localized areas of very high SOD occur episodically in the bays, perhaps associated with large algal mats being trapped by the lake circulation patterns. A statistical test for a spring to late summer difference in the median values of SOD confirmed that SOD in the late summer (median value 1.7 g/m2/day) was significantly higher than in the spring (median value 1.2 g/m2/day). The difference was primarily due to seasonal changes in temperature; when SOD values were corrected to 20°C, there was no seasonal difference in the median values. There was no correlation between SOD20 and the sediment characteristics measured in this study: percent fines, organic carbon, and residue lost on ignition. Title: Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999 Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 2001, 2005, 2004 SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in the spring and 1.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. These values were well within the range of values in the literature for sites with similar sediment characteristics: primarily silty with at least a moderate amount of organic content. Over most of the lake there appears to be relatively little variation in SOD 14the interquartile range in values was 0.4 g/m2/day in the spring and 0.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. A significant exception was apparent in Ball Bay, where SOD in the late summer was greater than 10.2 g/m2/day. In the absence of primary production, an SOD of this magnitude could deplete the water column of oxygen in a few days. This measurement provided evidence that localized areas of very high SOD occur episodically in the bays, perhaps associated with large algal mats being trapped by the lake circulation patterns. A statistical test for a spring to late summer difference in the median values of SOD confirmed that SOD in the late summer (median value 1.7 g/m2/day) was significantly higher than in the spring (median value 1.2 g/m2/day). The difference was primarily due to seasonal changes in temperature; when SOD values were corrected to 20°C, there was no seasonal difference in the median values. There was no correlation between SOD20 and the sediment characteristics measured in this study: percent fines, organic carbon, and residue lost on ignition. Close

• 77. [Image] Irrigation in Klamath County : cooperative irrigation investigation with the Office of Experiment Stations, United States Department of Agriculture

  	CONTENTS. Page Introduction 2620 5 Climatic conditions 2620 6 Units of measurement 2620 7 Losses by seepage and evaporation 2620 7 Duty of water 26208-10 Evaporation 2620 12 Soil and water analyses ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Irrigation in Klamath County : cooperative irrigation investigation with the Office of Experiment Stations, United States Department of Agriculture Author: Kent, F.L. (Fred LeRoy) Year: 1905, 2005 CONTENTS. Page Introduction 2620 5 Climatic conditions 2620 6 Units of measurement 2620 7 Losses by seepage and evaporation 2620 7 Duty of water 26208-10 Evaporation 2620 12 Soil and water analyses 262014-15 Data relative to alfalfa growing 2620 15 Summary 2620 16 ILLUSTRATIONS. I. Wing dam at intake of Ankeny canal 269 4 II. Checked field of M. E. Robinson 2620 10 III. Headgate, Ankeny canal 2620 11 Title: Irrigation in Klamath County : cooperative irrigation investigation with the Office of Experiment Stations, United States Department of Agriculture Author: Kent, F.L. (Fred LeRoy) Year: 1905, 2005 CONTENTS. Page Introduction 2620 5 Climatic conditions 2620 6 Units of measurement 2620 7 Losses by seepage and evaporation 2620 7 Duty of water 26208-10 Evaporation 2620 12 Soil and water analyses 262014-15 Data relative to alfalfa growing 2620 15 Summary 2620 16 ILLUSTRATIONS. I. Wing dam at intake of Ankeny canal 269 4 II. Checked field of M. E. Robinson 2620 10 III. Headgate, Ankeny canal 2620 11 Close

• 78. [Image] The Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds

  	KCAMATH FALLS. QREEON THE OREGON PLAN FOR SALMON AND WATERSHEDS The purpose of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds ( the " Oregon Plan") as stated in the Plan and reaffirmed in this Executive Order ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds Author: Oregon. Office of the Governor Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 KCAMATH FALLS. QREEON THE OREGON PLAN FOR SALMON AND WATERSHEDS The purpose of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds ( the " Oregon Plan") as stated in the Plan and reaffirmed in this Executive Order is to restore Oregon's wild salmon and trout populations and fisheries to sustainable and productive levels that will provide substantial environmental, cultural, and economic benefits and to improve water quality. The Oregon Plan is a long- term, ongoing effort that began as a focused set of actions by state, local, tribal and private organizations and individuals in October of 1995. The Oregon Plan first addressed coho salmon on the Oregon Coast, was then broadened to include steelhead trout on the coast and in the Lower Columbia River, and is now expanding to all at- risk wild salmonids throughout the state. The Oregon Plan addresses all factors for decline of these species, including watershed conditions arid fisheries, to the extent those factors can be affected by the state. The Oregon Plan was endorsed and funded by the Oregon Legislature in 1997 through Oregon Senate Bill 924 ( 1 997 Or. Laws, ch. 7) and House Bill 3700 ( 1 997 Or. Laws, ch.' 8). The Oregon Plan is described in two principal documents: " The Oregon Plan," dated March 1997, and " The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds, Supplement I - steelhbad," dated January 1998. As used in this Executive Order, + the Oregon Plan also incorporates the Healthy Streams Partnership ( Oregon Senate Bill 101 0, 1 993- Or. Laws, ch. 263). The Oregon Plan is a cooperative effort of state, local, federal, tribal and private organizations and individuals. Although the Oregon Plan contains a strong foundation of protective regulations -- continuing existing regulatory programs and speeding the implementation of others - an essential principle of the Plan is the need to move beyond prohibitions and to encourage efforts to improve conditions for salmon through non- regulatory means. Many of the most significant contributions to the Oregon Plan are private and quasi- governmental efforts to protect and . restore salmon on working landscapes, including efforts by watershed councils. Salmon and trout restoration requires action and sacrifice across the entire economic and geographic spectrum of Oregon. The commercial and sport fishing industries in Oregon have been heavily affected by complete or partial closures of fisheries. The forest industry operates under the Oregon Forest Practices Act, and has contributed substantially to salmon recovery through habitat restoration projects on private lands and by funding a large pan of the state recovery efforts. The agriculture and mining industries are also taking actions that will protect and restore salmon and trout habitat and improve water quality ( including financial support of restoration efforts by the mining industry). Urban areas are developing water conservation programs, spending funds for wastewater treatment improvements to reduce point source pollution, reducing non- point source pollution and reducing activities that degrade riparian areas. All citizens of Oregon share responsibility for declining populations of wild salmon and trout, and it is important that there be both a broad commitment to reversing these historic trends and a sense that the burdens of restoration are being shared by all of society. It is also important that there be independent scientific oversight of the Oregon Plan. This oversight is being provided by the Independent Mutidisciplinary Science Team ( IMST), established under Oregon Senate Bill 924 ( 1 997 Or. Laws, ch. 7). ~ d'ditional legislative oversight for the Oregon Plan is being provided by the Joint Legislative Committee on . Salmon and Stream Enhancement ( the " Joint Committee!'). Under the federal Endangered Species Act ( ESA) the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service . . ( F& WS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS) are responsible for identifying species that are threatened or endangered, and for developing programs to conserve and recover lhose species. F& WS and NMFS have now listed salmonids under the ESA on the entire Oregon Coast, the lower Columbia River ( including most of the Portland metropolitan area). the la math River basin, and in the upper Columbia and Snake River basins. More listings are expected within the next year. To date, the F& WS and NMFS generally have not had the resources to develop and implement effective recovery plans for fisheries. In addition, in many areas a large proportion of the habitat that list'ed'salmonids depend on is located on private lands, where the regulatory tools under the ESA are relatively ' ill- defined and indirect. Finally, federal agencies alone, even if they take an active regulatory approach. to recovery, will not restore listed salmonids. The federal ESA may work to prohibit certain actions, but there is simply too much habitat on private lands for restoration to succeed without pro- active involvement and incentives for individuals, groups, and local governments to take affirmative actions to restore habitat on working landscapes. In April, 1997 the State of Oregon and NMFS entered into a Memorandum of Agreement ( MOA) under which the State agreed to continue existing measures under the March 1997 Oregon Plan and to take certain additional actions to protect and restbre coho salmon on the Oregon Coast. On May 6, 1997, NMFS determined that the Oregon Coast Evolutionarily Significant Unit ( ESU) of coho salmon did not warrant listing as a threatened or endangered species under the ESA. On June 2, 1998, the US. District Court for Oregon ordered NMFS to reconsider its decision without taking into account any parts of the Oregon Plan or MOA that are not " current enforceable measures." The U. S. District Court for Oregon also held that the MOA was speculative, due to the fact that it provided for termination by either party on thirty days notice, and that therefore the MOA could not be considered by NMFS ' in its listing decision. Under court order, NMFS reconsidered its decision without taking into account the application in the future of the harvest and hatchery measures contained in the Oregon Plan, or the habitat improvement programs being undertaken under the Oregon Plan, or the commitments made by the State of Oregon in the MOA for improvement of applicable habitat measures. Accordingly, NMFS listed Oregon Coast .. . coho as threatened undefthe ESA on or about October 2, 1998. - The MOA provided for the State of Oregon to take actions necessary to ensfie that - Oregon Coast coho did not warrant listing as a threatened or endangered species under the federal ESA. Now that Oregon Coast coho are listed as a threatened species as a- result of the U. S. District Court's order, the central purpose of the MOA has been eliminated. Due to the uncertainties created by the District Court's decision and the increasing extent of salmonids listed or proposed for listing under the federal ESA, it is important that the status of the State of Oregon's substantive commitments under the MOA and the purpose of the Oregon Plan be clarified. Through this Executive Order, the State of Oregon reaffirms its intent to play the leading role in protecting and restoring Oregon Coast coho and other salmonids. through the implementation of the Oregon Plan. This Executive Order provides the framework and direction for state agencies to implement ( to the extent of their authorities) the Oregon Plan in a timely and effective manner. This Executive Order also provides a framework for extending the state's efforts beyond a focus on Oregon Coast coho, to watersheds and fisheries statewide. Consistent with the principle of adaptive management, this Order applies the experience gained to date in implementing the Oregon Plan to provide additional detailed direction to state agencies. Finally, this Executive Order establishes a public involvement process to prioritize continuing efforts under the Oregon Plan. NOW THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED AND DIRECTED: ( 1) Overall Direction ( a) Agencies of the State of Oregon will, consistent with their authorities, fully implement the state agency efforts described in the Oregon Plan and in this Executive Order. ( b) The overall objective for state agencies under the Oregon Plan and this Executive Order is to protect and restore salmonids and to improve water quality. ( c) The Governor will, in cooperation with the Joint Committee, IMST, affected state agencies, watershed councils, and other affected local entities and persons develop and implement, a process to set biological and habitat goals and objectives to protect and restore salmonids on a basin or regional basis as soon as practicable. Once these goals and objectives are established, they will be used by state agencies . . . to evaluate their regulatory and non- regulatory programs and measures relating to the protection and re'storation of salmonids. Through this on- going evaluation, state agencies will determine any changes to their programs or measures that may be necessary to meet the biological and habitat goals and objectives. In the interim, the following objectives in subsections ( d) and ( e) shall apply to agencies' implem'entation of the OregGn Plan and this Executive Order. . . ( d) Actions that state agencies take, fund and/ or authorize that are primarily for a purpose other than restoration of salmonids or the habitat they depend upon will, considering the anticipated duration and geographic scope of the actions: ( A) to the maximum extent practicable minimize and mitigate adverse effects of the actions on salmoni. ds or the habitat they depend on; and ( 8) not appreciably reduce the likelihood of the survival and recovery of salmonids in the wild. ( e) State agencies will take, fund and/ or authorize actions that are primarily for the purpose of restoring salmonids or the habitat they depend upon, including actions implementing the Oregon Plan, with the goal of producing a conservation benefit that ( if taken together with comparable and related actions by all persons and entities within the range of the species) is likely to result in sustainable population levels of salmonids in the foreseeable future, and in population levels of salmonids that provide substantial environmental, cultural and economic benefits to Oregonians in the long term. ( f) With the broadening of the Oregon Plan,' prioritizing all agency actions according to coho core areas is no longer appropriate. Each state agency participating in the Oregon Plan, in consultation with ODFW and other partners involved in the implementation of the Plan and through a public involvement process, will modify their existing work programs in the Oregon Plan to prioritize agency measures to protect and restore salmonids in a timely and effective manner. The work programs will continue to identify key specific outcomes, refine and improve designations of priority areas, and establish completion dates. These modifications will be submitted to the , Governor, the Joint Committee, and to the appropriate boards and commissions as soon as possible, but in no event later than June 1, 1999. Progress reports on action plans will be submitted to the Governor, the Joint Committee, and to the appropriate boards and commissions on an annual basis. In prioritizing their efforts,' state agencies shall consider how to maximize conservation -, benefits for salmonids and the habitat they depend on within limited resources and - . whether their- actions are likely to increase populations of salmonids in the foreseeable future. I p ( g) State agencies will work cooperatively with landowners, local entities and other persons taking actions to protect or restore salmonids. ( h) As the Oregon Plan grows in geographic scope and . in intensity of activity,' there is a growing need to streamline and prioritize state agency activity at the . regional level. One proposal has been to organize state natural resource agency field operations along hydrologic units. Therefore, state agencies will consider this proposal and, through the collective efforts of state agency directors, develop an organization plan that focuses state agency field effort on the activities and areas of highest priority under the Oregon Plan. ( i) State. agencies will continue to encourage and work with agencies of the U. S. government to implement the federal measures described in the Oregon Plan.. In addition, the state agencies will work with the federal government to develop additional means of protecting and restoring salmonids. Where appropriate, state agencies will request that federal agencies obtain incidental take permits under Section 7 of the federal ESA for state actions that ace funded or authorized by a , federal agency. ( j) State agencies will help support efforts to evaluate watershed conditions, and to develop'specific strategic plans to provide for flood management, water quality improvement, and salmonid restoration in basins around the state, including the Willamette basin through the Willamette Restoration Initiative. ( k) The IMST will continue to provide oversight to ensure the use of the best scientific information available as the basis for implementation of and for adaptive changes to the Oregon Plan. State agencies will ensure that the IMST receives data and other information reasonably required for its functions in a timely manner. The Governor's Natural Resources Office ( GNRO) has requested that the IMST's initial priority be review of the freshwater habitat needs of coho and the relationship between population levels, escapement levels, and habitat characteristics. The GNRO also will continue to request that the IMST annually review monitoring results and identify where the Oregon Plan warrants change for scientific or technical reasons and make recommend& ions to the appropriate agency on those adjustments that appear necessary. Agencies will report their responses to any recommendations by . . the IMST to the Governor and to the Joint Committee. Any other changes identified by the IMST as necessary to achieve properly functioning riparian and aquatic habitat conditions required to, protect and restore salmonids will be forwarded to the appropriate governmental entity for its consideration of the adoption of new, changed, or supplemental measures as rapidly as possible while providing for public involvement: Each state agency, by June 1, 1999, will ratify a monitoring team charter through an interagency memorandum. A draft of the charter is contained in the 1998 Oregon Plan Annual Report. ( I) Monitoring is a key element of the Oregon Plan. Each state agency will actively support the monitoring strategy described in the Oregon Plan. Each affected agency will participate on the monitoring team to coordinate activities and integrate analyses. Each agency will implement . an appropriate monitoring program to assess the effectiveness of their programs and measures in meeting the objectives set forth in the Oregon Planon an annual basis. In addition, agencies with regulatory programs that are included in the Oregon Plan will determine levels of compliance with regulatory standards and identify and act on opportunities to improve compliance levels: ( m) If information gathered regarding the effectiveness of measures in the Oregon Plan shows that existing strategies within state control are not achie, ving expected improvements and objectives, the agency( ies1 responsible for those measures will seek appropriate changes in their regulations, policies, programs, r-measures and other areas of the Oregon Plan, as required to protect and restore coho and other sal'monids. Such modification or supplementation will be done as rapidly as possible, consistent with public involvement. ( n) Agencies are using geographically- referenced data in their efforts under the Oregon Plan, and will be using Geographic Information Systems ( GIs) in the analysis of these , data. In doing so, the State GIs Plan, developed by the Oregon Geographic lnformation Council ( OGIC) ( see Executive Order 96- 40) will be followed, with specific adherence to the Plan guidance on data documentation, coordination and data sharing. The agency with primary responsibility for gathering and updating the specific data will be responsible for meeting the requirements of the Plan, and to ensure coordination- with OGIC, the State Service Center for GIs and other' cooperating agencies. In addition, state agencies will cooperate with the Governor's Watershed Enhancement Board ( GWEB), Soil and. Water Conservation Districts ( SWCDs), local waters$ ed councils, landowners and others in making these essential data available. ( 0) Geographically- based strategies to assess and achieve habitat needs and adequate escapement levels will be used, and the state agencies will continue with the development of standardized watershed assessment protocols, including a -- cumulative effects assessment. State agencies will also continue with the development of habitat restoration guides to evaluate and direct habitat restoration efforts. ( 2) Continuation and Expansion of Existing Efforts. Without limiting the generality of section ( l)( a) of this Executive Order, the following subsections of this Executive Order describe some of the many efforts in the Oregon Plan where the initial phase of work has been completed, and where efforts will be continued. ( a) The Oregon Fish & Wildlife Commission ( OFWC), the Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife ( ODFW), and the Pacific Fishery Management Council ( PFMC) are managing ocean and terminal fisheries according to the measures set forth in the Oregon Plan ( ODFW I- A. l and Ill- A. l). These measures set a maximum mortality rate ( resulting from other fisheries) for any of four disaggregated stocks of coho of fifteen percent ( 1 5%) under poor ocean conditions. In 1997, the mortality rate. from harvest is estimated to have been between nine and eleven percent ( 9- 1 1 %). ODFW and OFWC will continue these measures in state waters, and will actively support continued implementation of the ocean harvest measures by the PFMC ( Amendment 13 to the Council's salmon management plan) until and unless a different management regime agreeable to NMFS is adopted. ( b) The OFWC and ODFW will ensure that the fish hatchery measures set forth in the Oregon Plan are continued by the OFWC and ODFW. ODFW is marking all hatchery coho on the Oregon Coast. This marking will allow increased certainty in estimating hatchery stray rates beginning in 1999. Available data on hatchery stray rates for coho and steelhead are being provided to NMFS on an annual basis. The number of hatchery coho released is estimated to have been 1.7 million in 1998 - substantially below the level called for in the Oregon Plan. This number will be reduced to 1.2 million in 1999. In addition, ODFW has, and will continue to provide. annual reports regarding: ( i) the number of juvenile hatchery coho that are released by brood year, locations and dates of release, life stage, and broodstock origin; ( ii) the number of adult coho taken for broodstock for each hatchery, the location and date of collection, and the origin ( hatchery or natural); ( iii) the number of hatchery coho . . estimated to have spawned in natural habitat by basin; ( iv) the estimated percentage of hatchery coho% the total natural spawning population; and ( v) the mortality of naturally- spawning coho resulting from each fishery. NMFS may provide comments about hatchery prograk affecting coho to ODFW, with any concerns to be resolved between NMFS and ODFW. - - ( c) ln addition to recent modifications to hatchery practices and programs, a new vision is needed for how Oregon will utilize hatcheries in the best and most effective manner. Therefore, the ODFW and the OFWC shall engage in a process to create a strategic plan for fish hatcheries in Oregon over the next decade ( including state and federally- funded hatcheries, private hatcheries, and the STEP program). The essential elements of this process are as follows: ( i) Impartial analysis - conduct an impartial analysis of the scientific bases, and the social and economic effects of Oregon hatchery programs utilizing existing analyses and review where feasible, but conducting new analyses if necessary; ( ii) Review the Wild Fish Management Policy ( WFMP) - because the future plan for hatcheries in Oregon is dependent on implementation of the WFMP, ODFW shall conduct a science and stakeholder review to determine if this significant policy should be revised and shall make any revision by July 2000; ( iii) Frame alternative strategies -- convene a group of stockholders to . frame alternative strategies, including outcomes and descriptions, of how hatcheries will be used in Oregon over the next decade ( these strategies will address the use of hatcheries for wild fish population recovery including supplementation, research and monitoring, public education, and sport and commercial fishing opportunities); ( iv) Public review and selection of a strategy -- the OFWC shall, after public review and ' ;-'-!&%; f$'. i comment, adopt a strategic plan to guide development of future hatchery programs, incorporating the strategy developed and adopted in accordance with subpart ( iii) of this paragraph. ( d) Criteria and guidelines directing the design of projects that may affect fish passage have been established in a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU) between the Oregon Department of Transportation ( ODOT), ODFW, the Oregon Department of Forestry ( ODF), the Oregon Department of Agriculture ( ODA), the Division of State Lands ( DSL) and the Federal Highway Administration. These guidelines apply to the design, construction and consultations of projects affecting fish passage. Under the MOU, projects requiring regulatory approvals that follow these criteria and guidelines are expedited. Oregon agencies will continue to provide technical assistance to ensure that the criteria and guidelines are applied appropriately in restoration projects, as well as any other projects that may affect fish passage through road crossings and similar structures. ODFW will work with state agencies, local governments, and watershed councils to ensure that Oregon's standards for fish passage set forth in Exhibit A to the MOU are understood and are implemented. - ( e) Fish presence, stream habitat, road and culvert surveys have been conducted for roads within ODOT jurisdiction and county roads in coastal basins, the Lower Columbia basin, the Willamette basin, and the Grande Ronbe/ lmnaha basins. Among the results of these surveys is the finding that culvert barriers to fish passage affect a substantial quantity of salmonid habitat. For example, surveys of county and state highways in western Oregon found over 1,200 culverts that are barriers to passage. As a result, ODOT is placing additional priority on restoring fish access. For 1998, ODOT repaired or replaced 35 culverts restoring access to 101 miles of salmonid habitat. For 1999, the Oregon Transportation Commission will be asked to fund approximately $ 4.0 million for culvert modification. ODOT and the Commission will continue to examine means to speed restoration of fish passage and to coordinate priorities with ODFW. ( f) Draft watershed assessment protocols have been developed and are being field tested. Beginning in 1999, SWCDs, watershed councils and others will be able to use the protocols as the basis for action plans to identify and prioritize opportunities to protect and restore salmonids. Watershed action plans have already been completed in a number of basins including the Rogue, Coos, Coquille and Grande Ronde. State agencies will work to support these watershed assessments and plans to the maximum extent practicable. Where watershed action plans have been developed under the protocols, GWEB will ensure that projects funded through the Watershed Improvement Grant Fund are consistent with watershed action plans, and other state agencies will work with SWCDs and watershed councils to ensure that activities they authorize, fund or undertake are consistent with watershed action plans to the maximum extent practicable. ( g) The State of Oregon has developed interim aquatic habitat restoration and enhancement guidelines for 1998. State agencies involved with restoration activities ( ODFW, ODF, DSL, ODA, DEQ, and GWEB) will continue to develop and refine the interim guidelines for final publication in April 1999. The guidelines will be applied in restoration activities funded or authorized by state agencies. The purpose of ' the guidelines will be to define aquatic restoration and to identify and encourage aquatic habitat restoration techniques to restore salmonids. . . ( h) ODA and O ~ hFave each entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with the Oregon Department'of Environmental Quality relating to the development of . Total Maximum Daily Loads ( TMDLs) and Water Quality Management Area Plans ( WQMAPs). O Dw~ ill adopt. a nd implement WQMAPs ( through the Healthy Streams Partnership) and ODF , will review the adequacy of forest practices rules to meet water quality standards. ODF and ODA will evaluate the effectiveness of these measures in achieving water quality standards on a regular basis and implement any changes required to meet the standards. ( i) Agencies are implementing a coordinated monitoring program, as described in the Oregon Plan. This program includes technical support and standardized protocols for watershed councils, stream habitat surveys, forest practice effectiveness monitoring, water withdrawal monitoring, ambient water quality monitoring, and biotic index studies, as well as fish presence surveys and salmonid abundance and survival monitoring in selected subbasins. State agencies are also' working to coordinate monitoring efforts by state, federal, and local entities, including watershed councils. State agencies will work actively to ensure that the monitoring measures' in the Oregon Plan are continued. - .. ( j) GWEB has put into place new processes for identifying and coordinating the delivery of financial and technical assistance to individuals, agencies, watershed councils and soil and water conservation districts as they implement watershed ' restoration projects to improve water quality and restore aquatic resources. Over $ 25 ' million has been distributed for watershed restoration projects in the last ten years. During the present ( 1 997- 99 biennium) GWEB has awarded over $ 1 2 million dollars in f- state and federal funds for technical'assistance and watershed restoration activities to implement the Oregon Plan. GWEB and state agencies will continue to seek financial resources to be allocated by GWEB for watershed restoration activities at the local and. statewide levels. ( k) State agencies will continue to encourage, support and work to provide incentives for local, tribal, and private . efforts to implement the Oregon Plan. In addition, state agencies will continue to provide financial assistance to local entities for projects to protect and restore salmonids to the extent consistent with their budgetary and legal authorities, and consistent with their work programs in the Oregon Plan. To the. maximum extent practicable, state agencies will also provide technical assistance and planning tools to provide local conservation groups to assist in and target watershed restoration efforts. These efforts ( during 1996 and 1997) are reported in " The Oregon. Plan for Salmon and Watersheds: Watershed Restoration Inventory, 1998." ~ u s c afe w of the important efforts that have been completed include: ( A) Eighty- two watershed councils have joined with forty- five Soil and Water Conservation Districts as well as private and public landowners to implement on- the- ground projects' to protect and restore salmonids. During 1996 and 1997, a reported $ 27.4 million was spent on 1,234 watershed restoration projects on non-federal lands. Both the amount spent and the number of projects represent significant increases ( of over 300 percent) over prior years. In 1996- 97, watershed councils, SWCDs and other organizations and individuals completed: ( i) 138 stream fencing projects, involving at least 301 miles of streambank; ( ii) 196 riparian area planting projects, involving at least 11 1 miles of streams; and ( iii) 458 instream habitat improvement projects. . . . ( B) Private and state forest landowners are implementing key efforts under the Oregon Plan, including the road risk and remediation program ( ODF- 1 and 2). Under this effort in 1996 and 1997, close to 4,000 miles of roads'have been surveyed to identify risks that the roads may pose to salmonid habitat. As the risks are identified, they are then prioritized for remediation following an established. protocol. Already, 52 miles of forest roads have been closed, 843 miles of road repair and reconstruction projects to - protect salmonid habitat have been completed, and an additional 14 miles of roads have been decommissioned or relocated.. In addition, 530 culverts have been replaced, upgraded or installed for fish passage purposes, improving access to a reported 146 stream miles. ( C) Organizations working in Tillamook County have developed the I ." J aw#~ t Tillamook County Performance Partnership. The Partnership is implementing the \*. Tillamook Bay National Estuary Program by addressing water quality, fisheries, floodplain management and economic development in the county. Among the actions that the Partnership has already accomplished are: ( i) the closure of seven miles of degraded forest roads and the rehabilitation of 469 miles of roads to meet current standards, at a cost of $ 1 8 million; ( ii) the fencing of 53 miles of streambank, and the construction of three cattle bridges and 100 alternative cattle watering sites, at a cost of $ 214,000; and ( iii) the completion of 24 instream restoration projects and 34 barbs protecting 4,200 feet of streambank, at a cost of $ 1.3 million dollars. ( D) The Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde Community of Oregon have completed a forest management plan that establishes standards for the protection of aquatic resources that are comparable to those found in the Aquatic Conservation Strategy ' of the Northwest Forest Plan. . % ( E) A combination of funding from the Oregon Wildlife Heritage Foundation and the National Fish and Wildlife Heritage Foundation ( private, non- profit organizations) is provi, ding support for seven biologists to design restoration projects. These projects are prioritized based on stream surveys, and are carried out with the voluntary participation and support of landowners. A ten- year monitoring plan has been funded- and implemented to determine project effectiveness: ( F) The Oregon Cattlemen's Association has implemented its WESt Program that is designed to help landowners better understand their watersheds and stream functions through assessments and monitoring. h he WESt Program brings landowners together along stream reaches, and offers a series of workshops, conducted on a site specific basis, free of charge. The workshops include riparian ecology, setting goals and objectives, Proper Functioning Condition ( PFC), data. collection and monitoring. Over 25 workshops have been held, with attendance ranging from 5 to 30 landowners per workshop. The WESt Program is sponsored by the Oregon Cattlemen's Association, DEQ, Oregon State University, and GWEB. ( G) Within the Tillamook State Forest road network 1,902 culverts have been replaced or added to'improve road drainage and to disconnect storm water runoff from roads reducing stream sediment impacts. Additionally, some of these culverts also improved fish passage at stream crossings. In this process, ODF has also replaced six culverts with bridges improving fish passage to approximately four miles of stream. The Tillamook State Foresl in conjunction with many partners, such F-as the Association of Northwest Steelheaders, G W EB, Simpson Timber Company, Tillamook County, the FishAmerica Foundation, Hardrock Construction Company, the Oregon Wildlife Heritage Foundation, the F& WS, the Oregon Youth Conservation Corps, Columbia Helicopters and Terra Helicopters, has also recently completed instream placement of over 400 rootwads, trees and boulders at a cost of $ 300,000 for habitat enhancement. ( 3) Key Agency Efforts. Continuation and completion of the following state agency efforts is critical to the success of the Oregon Plan. State agencies will make continuation or completion ( as appropriate) of the following efforts a high priority. ( a) The State of Oregon and the US. Department of Agriculture have entered into a Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program ( CREP). This cost- share program, one of the first of its kind, . will be used to reduce the impacts of agricultural practices through water quality. add habitat improvement. The objectives of the CREP are to: ( i) provide incentives'for farmers and ranchers to establish riparian buffers; ( ii) protect - . and restore at least 4,000 miles of stream habitat by providing up to 95,000 acres of riparian buffeis; ( i4) restore up to 5,000 acres of wetlands that will benefit salmonids; and ( iv) provide a mechanism for farmers and ranchers to comply with Oregon's ,- Senate Bill 101 0 ( 1 993 Or. Laws, ch. 263). ( b) ODF will work with non- industrial forest landowners to'administer the Stewardship Incentive Program and the Forest Resources Trust programs to protect and restore riparian and wetland areas that benefit salmonids. ( c) The Oregon Board of Forestry will determine, with the assistance of an advisory committee, to what extent changes to forest practices are needed to meet state water quality standards and to protect and restore salmonids. A substantial body of information regarding the effectiveness of current practices is being . developed. This information includes: ( i) the IMST report regarding . the role of forest practices and forest habitat in protecting and restoring salmonids; and ( ii) a series of - monitoring projects that include the Storms of 1996 study, a riparian areas study, a stream temperature study, and a road drainage study. Using this information, as well as other available scientific information including scientific information from NMFS, the advisory committee will make recommendations to the Board at both site and watershed scales on threats to salmonid habitat relating to sediment, water temperature, freshwater habitat needs, roads and fish passage. Based on the advisory committee's recommendations and other scientific information, the Board will make every effort to make its determinations by June 1999. The Board may . . determine that the most effective means of achieving any necessary changes to . - d;.~ .;* i;. z . I:@;.. %- .~ + k forest practices is through regulatory changes, statutory changes or through other programs . including programs to create incentives for forest landowners. In the event that the Board determines that legislative changes. are necessary to carry out its determinations, the Board will transmit any recommendations for such changes to the . Governor and to the Joint Committee at the earliest possible date. ( d) Consistent with administrative rule, and statutory and constitutional mandates for the management of state forests, ODF State Forest management plans will include an aquatic conservation strategy that has a high likelihood of protecting and restoring properly functioning aquatic habitat for salmonids on state forest lands. ( e) ODF will present to NMFS a Habitat Conservation Plan ( HCP) under Section 10 of the federal ESA that includes the Clatsop and Tillamook State Forests. ODF has already completed scierkific review and has public review underway for this draft HCP. The scientific and public review comments will be considered by ODF in . . completing the draft HCP. The draft HCP will be presented to NMFS by June 1999. An HCP for the ~ jliotSt tate Forest was approved by the US. Fish & Wildlife Service in 1995. In October af 1997, ODF and DSL forwarded the Elliott State Forest HCP to NMFS with the request that it be reviewed to determine whether it has a high likelihood of protecting and restoring properly functioning aquatic habitat conditions on state forest lands necessary to protect and restore salmonids. Based on discussions surrounding the NMFS review, ODF and DSL will determine what revisions, if any, are required to the Elliott HCP and/ or Forest Management Plan to ensure a high likelihood of protecting and restoring properly functioning aquatic habitat for salmonids. ( f) Before the OFWC adopts and implements fishery regulations that may result in taking of coho, ODFW will provide NMFS with'all available scientific information and analyses pertinent to the proposed regulation where the harvest measures are not under the jurisdiction of the PFMC, including results of the Oregon Plan monitoring and evaluation program. This information, together with the proposed regulation and supporting analysis, will be provided at least two weeks prior to the OFWC's action, to give NMFS time to review and comment on the proposed regulations. ( g) ODFW will evaluate the effects of predation on salmonids, and . will . work with . affected federal agencies to determine whether changes to programs and law relating to predation are warranted in order to protect and restore salmonids. P ( h) Under Oregon Senate Bill 101 0 ( 1 993 Or. Laws, ch. 2631, ODA will adopt Agricultural Water Qualify Management Area Plans ( AWQMAPs) for Tier I and Tier ll watersheds by the end of 2002. The AWQMAPs will be designed and implemented to meet load allocations for agriculture needed to achieve state water quality . . standards. In addition, ODA will work with ODFW, DEQ, GWEB, SWCDs, federal . agencies and watershed councils to determine to what extent additional measures related to achieving properly functioning riparian and aquatic habitat on agricultural lands are needed to protect and restore salmonids, giving attention first to priority areas identified in. the Oregon Plan. In the event ODA is unable to reach a consensus regarding such measures, ODA will ask the IMST to review areas of substantive ' scientific disagreement and to'make recommendations to ODA regarding how they should be resolved. In the event that legislative changes are needed to implement such measures, ODA will transmit any recommendations for such changes to. the Governor and to the Joint Committee at the earliest possible date. In addition, any measures identified as rieeded by ODA will be implemented at the earliest practicable time. * . ( i) ODFW will expedite its applications for instream water rights and OWRD will process such applications promptly where flow deficits are identified as adversely affecting salmonids, and where such rights. are not already in place. The Oregon - water Resources Department ( OWRD) and the Oregon Water Resources Commission ( OWRC) will- also seek to facilitate flow restoration targeted to streams identified by OWRD and ODFW as posing the most critical low- flow barriers to salmonids. In addition, where necessary, OWRD will continue to work with the Oregon State Police to provide enforcement of water use. Where illegal water uses are identified, OWRD will ensure outcomes consistent with maintenance and restoration of flows. ( j) The Oregon Environmental Quality commission ( EQC). and DEQ will evaluate and will make every effort to utilize their authorities to continue to provide additional protection to . priority areas ( as determined under section 1 ( f) of this Executive Order), including in- stream flow protection under state law, and antidegradation policy under . the federal Clean Water Act ( including Outstanding Resource Waters designations . and high quality waters designations). . ( k) DSL has proposed to adopt changes to its Essential Salmonid Habitat rules that will provide additional protection for spawning and rearing areas of anadromous salmonids. In addition, ODFW and DSL will consult with the OWRC to determine where it is necessary to administratively close priority areas ( including ' work under General Authorizations) to fill and removal activities in order to protect salmonids. . . DSL, ODFW, ODF and ODA also will work together to identify means of regulating the . uy- w :.-:: st. removal of organic material ( such as large woody debris) from streams where such removal would adversely affect salmonids and would not be contrary to other agency mandates. ( I) DSL will seek the advice of the IMST regarding whether gravel removal affects gravel and/ or sediment budgets in a manner that adversely affects salmonids. ( m) The Department of Land Conservation and ~ e v e l o p r n e n t ' ( ~ ~ acn~ d ) th, e Land Conservation- and Development Commission ( LCDC) will evaluate and, to the extent feasible, speed implementation of existing Goal 5 requirements for riparian corridors. ( n) DLCD, DEQ, ODF, ODA, ODFW, and DSL and their respective boards and commissions will evaluate and implement programs to protect and restore riparian vegetation for the purposes of achieving statewide water quality standards and . . protecting and restoring a aquatic habitat for salmonids. ' ( 0) DLCD, with, the assistance of DSL and ODFW, and in consultation with coastal cities and counties, shall review the requirements of Statewide Planning Goal i 6 as they pertain to estuarine resources important to the restoration of salmonids, and shall, report its findings to LCDC for its consideration. ( p) The Oregon State Police will work to facilitate the existing cooperative relationship with the NMFS Office of ~ a Ewnfo rcement, as well as tomaintain cooperation with other enforcement entities, in order to enhance law enforcement, public awareness and voluntary compliance related to harvest, habitat and other issues addressed in the Oregon Plan. ( q) The Oregon Parks and Recreation Department will continue to work to p. rovide information and education to the public on salmon and steelhead needs through park programs and interpretive aids. ( r) The Oregon Marine Board will work to ensure fish friendly boating and to develop boating facilities that protect salmonids. ( s) State natural resource agencies will continue, to the extent feasible, to support watershed councils by providing technical assistance to develop watershed assessments, restoration plans and to develop watershed priorities to benefit 7- salmonids. In addition, state natural resource agencies will work'on a larger . .:.... watershed scale to develop basin- wide restoration priorities. ( 4) Future Modifications; Public Involvement for the Oregon Plan Generally. The GNRO will solicit public co'mments and input from participants in the Oregon Plan regarding whether there are refinements or changes to the Plan and/ or the organizational framework for implementing the Plan that are necessary or desirable based on the experience gained over the past three years, or resulting from the widespread listings and proposed listings of salmon and trout under the federal ESA. Based on this public involvement, the GNRO will provide a report and recommendations to the Governor and the Joint Committee regarding whether modifications are necessary to the Oregon Plan in order to protect and restore coho and other salmonids. ( 5) Definitions. For purioses'of this Executive Order: . . ( aj The " Oregon Plan" means the Oregon Coastal Salmon Recovery lnitiative, dated March 1991, and the Steelhead. Supplement, dated January 1998. " Oregon Plan," as used in this Order, is intended to be consistent with the definition of the' Oregon Coastal Salmon Recovery lnitiative in Oregon Senate Bill 924 ( 1997 Or. Laws, .- cti. 7), and to include the Healthy Streams Partnership ( 1 993 Or. Laws, ch. 263). -. - ( b) " Protect" has the meaning given in section ( l)( d) of this Executive Order. ( c) " Restore" has the meaning'given in section ( l)( e) of this Executive Order. Restore necessarily includes actions to manage salmonids to provide for adequate escapement levels, and actions to increase the quantity and improve the quality of properly functioning habitat upon which salmonids depend. ( d) " Coho" means native wild coho salmon found in rivers and lakes along the Oregon Coast. ( el " Salmonids" means native wild salmon, char and trout in the State of Oregon. ( 6) Effective Date; Relation to Federal ESA. This Executive Order will take effect on the date that it is filed with the Secretary of State. The State of Oregon will continue to work with NMFS to determine the appropriate relationship between the Oregon Plan and NMFS's efforts under the federal ESA. Done at Salem, Oregon, this $ day of & ~ 4 y , 1999. ha26 . ~ it& er, M. D. Suz adnd .~. ow& end DEPUTY SECR~ ARYOF - STATE Title: The Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds Author: Oregon. Office of the Governor Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 KCAMATH FALLS. QREEON THE OREGON PLAN FOR SALMON AND WATERSHEDS The purpose of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds ( the " Oregon Plan") as stated in the Plan and reaffirmed in this Executive Order is to restore Oregon's wild salmon and trout populations and fisheries to sustainable and productive levels that will provide substantial environmental, cultural, and economic benefits and to improve water quality. The Oregon Plan is a long- term, ongoing effort that began as a focused set of actions by state, local, tribal and private organizations and individuals in October of 1995. The Oregon Plan first addressed coho salmon on the Oregon Coast, was then broadened to include steelhead trout on the coast and in the Lower Columbia River, and is now expanding to all at- risk wild salmonids throughout the state. The Oregon Plan addresses all factors for decline of these species, including watershed conditions arid fisheries, to the extent those factors can be affected by the state. The Oregon Plan was endorsed and funded by the Oregon Legislature in 1997 through Oregon Senate Bill 924 ( 1 997 Or. Laws, ch. 7) and House Bill 3700 ( 1 997 Or. Laws, ch.' 8). The Oregon Plan is described in two principal documents: " The Oregon Plan," dated March 1997, and " The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds, Supplement I - steelhbad," dated January 1998. As used in this Executive Order, + the Oregon Plan also incorporates the Healthy Streams Partnership ( Oregon Senate Bill 101 0, 1 993- Or. Laws, ch. 263). The Oregon Plan is a cooperative effort of state, local, federal, tribal and private organizations and individuals. Although the Oregon Plan contains a strong foundation of protective regulations -- continuing existing regulatory programs and speeding the implementation of others - an essential principle of the Plan is the need to move beyond prohibitions and to encourage efforts to improve conditions for salmon through non- regulatory means. Many of the most significant contributions to the Oregon Plan are private and quasi- governmental efforts to protect and . restore salmon on working landscapes, including efforts by watershed councils. Salmon and trout restoration requires action and sacrifice across the entire economic and geographic spectrum of Oregon. The commercial and sport fishing industries in Oregon have been heavily affected by complete or partial closures of fisheries. The forest industry operates under the Oregon Forest Practices Act, and has contributed substantially to salmon recovery through habitat restoration projects on private lands and by funding a large pan of the state recovery efforts. The agriculture and mining industries are also taking actions that will protect and restore salmon and trout habitat and improve water quality ( including financial support of restoration efforts by the mining industry). Urban areas are developing water conservation programs, spending funds for wastewater treatment improvements to reduce point source pollution, reducing non- point source pollution and reducing activities that degrade riparian areas. All citizens of Oregon share responsibility for declining populations of wild salmon and trout, and it is important that there be both a broad commitment to reversing these historic trends and a sense that the burdens of restoration are being shared by all of society. It is also important that there be independent scientific oversight of the Oregon Plan. This oversight is being provided by the Independent Mutidisciplinary Science Team ( IMST), established under Oregon Senate Bill 924 ( 1 997 Or. Laws, ch. 7). ~ d'ditional legislative oversight for the Oregon Plan is being provided by the Joint Legislative Committee on . Salmon and Stream Enhancement ( the " Joint Committee!'). Under the federal Endangered Species Act ( ESA) the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service . . ( F& WS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS) are responsible for identifying species that are threatened or endangered, and for developing programs to conserve and recover lhose species. F& WS and NMFS have now listed salmonids under the ESA on the entire Oregon Coast, the lower Columbia River ( including most of the Portland metropolitan area). the la math River basin, and in the upper Columbia and Snake River basins. More listings are expected within the next year. To date, the F& WS and NMFS generally have not had the resources to develop and implement effective recovery plans for fisheries. In addition, in many areas a large proportion of the habitat that list'ed'salmonids depend on is located on private lands, where the regulatory tools under the ESA are relatively ' ill- defined and indirect. Finally, federal agencies alone, even if they take an active regulatory approach. to recovery, will not restore listed salmonids. The federal ESA may work to prohibit certain actions, but there is simply too much habitat on private lands for restoration to succeed without pro- active involvement and incentives for individuals, groups, and local governments to take affirmative actions to restore habitat on working landscapes. In April, 1997 the State of Oregon and NMFS entered into a Memorandum of Agreement ( MOA) under which the State agreed to continue existing measures under the March 1997 Oregon Plan and to take certain additional actions to protect and restbre coho salmon on the Oregon Coast. On May 6, 1997, NMFS determined that the Oregon Coast Evolutionarily Significant Unit ( ESU) of coho salmon did not warrant listing as a threatened or endangered species under the ESA. On June 2, 1998, the US. District Court for Oregon ordered NMFS to reconsider its decision without taking into account any parts of the Oregon Plan or MOA that are not " current enforceable measures." The U. S. District Court for Oregon also held that the MOA was speculative, due to the fact that it provided for termination by either party on thirty days notice, and that therefore the MOA could not be considered by NMFS ' in its listing decision. Under court order, NMFS reconsidered its decision without taking into account the application in the future of the harvest and hatchery measures contained in the Oregon Plan, or the habitat improvement programs being undertaken under the Oregon Plan, or the commitments made by the State of Oregon in the MOA for improvement of applicable habitat measures. Accordingly, NMFS listed Oregon Coast .. . coho as threatened undefthe ESA on or about October 2, 1998. - The MOA provided for the State of Oregon to take actions necessary to ensfie that - Oregon Coast coho did not warrant listing as a threatened or endangered species under the federal ESA. Now that Oregon Coast coho are listed as a threatened species as a- result of the U. S. District Court's order, the central purpose of the MOA has been eliminated. Due to the uncertainties created by the District Court's decision and the increasing extent of salmonids listed or proposed for listing under the federal ESA, it is important that the status of the State of Oregon's substantive commitments under the MOA and the purpose of the Oregon Plan be clarified. Through this Executive Order, the State of Oregon reaffirms its intent to play the leading role in protecting and restoring Oregon Coast coho and other salmonids. through the implementation of the Oregon Plan. This Executive Order provides the framework and direction for state agencies to implement ( to the extent of their authorities) the Oregon Plan in a timely and effective manner. This Executive Order also provides a framework for extending the state's efforts beyond a focus on Oregon Coast coho, to watersheds and fisheries statewide. Consistent with the principle of adaptive management, this Order applies the experience gained to date in implementing the Oregon Plan to provide additional detailed direction to state agencies. Finally, this Executive Order establishes a public involvement process to prioritize continuing efforts under the Oregon Plan. NOW THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED AND DIRECTED: ( 1) Overall Direction ( a) Agencies of the State of Oregon will, consistent with their authorities, fully implement the state agency efforts described in the Oregon Plan and in this Executive Order. ( b) The overall objective for state agencies under the Oregon Plan and this Executive Order is to protect and restore salmonids and to improve water quality. ( c) The Governor will, in cooperation with the Joint Committee, IMST, affected state agencies, watershed councils, and other affected local entities and persons develop and implement, a process to set biological and habitat goals and objectives to protect and restore salmonids on a basin or regional basis as soon as practicable. Once these goals and objectives are established, they will be used by state agencies . . . to evaluate their regulatory and non- regulatory programs and measures relating to the protection and re'storation of salmonids. Through this on- going evaluation, state agencies will determine any changes to their programs or measures that may be necessary to meet the biological and habitat goals and objectives. In the interim, the following objectives in subsections ( d) and ( e) shall apply to agencies' implem'entation of the OregGn Plan and this Executive Order. . . ( d) Actions that state agencies take, fund and/ or authorize that are primarily for a purpose other than restoration of salmonids or the habitat they depend upon will, considering the anticipated duration and geographic scope of the actions: ( A) to the maximum extent practicable minimize and mitigate adverse effects of the actions on salmoni. ds or the habitat they depend on; and ( 8) not appreciably reduce the likelihood of the survival and recovery of salmonids in the wild. ( e) State agencies will take, fund and/ or authorize actions that are primarily for the purpose of restoring salmonids or the habitat they depend upon, including actions implementing the Oregon Plan, with the goal of producing a conservation benefit that ( if taken together with comparable and related actions by all persons and entities within the range of the species) is likely to result in sustainable population levels of salmonids in the foreseeable future, and in population levels of salmonids that provide substantial environmental, cultural and economic benefits to Oregonians in the long term. ( f) With the broadening of the Oregon Plan,' prioritizing all agency actions according to coho core areas is no longer appropriate. Each state agency participating in the Oregon Plan, in consultation with ODFW and other partners involved in the implementation of the Plan and through a public involvement process, will modify their existing work programs in the Oregon Plan to prioritize agency measures to protect and restore salmonids in a timely and effective manner. The work programs will continue to identify key specific outcomes, refine and improve designations of priority areas, and establish completion dates. These modifications will be submitted to the , Governor, the Joint Committee, and to the appropriate boards and commissions as soon as possible, but in no event later than June 1, 1999. Progress reports on action plans will be submitted to the Governor, the Joint Committee, and to the appropriate boards and commissions on an annual basis. In prioritizing their efforts,' state agencies shall consider how to maximize conservation -, benefits for salmonids and the habitat they depend on within limited resources and - . whether their- actions are likely to increase populations of salmonids in the foreseeable future. I p ( g) State agencies will work cooperatively with landowners, local entities and other persons taking actions to protect or restore salmonids. ( h) As the Oregon Plan grows in geographic scope and . in intensity of activity,' there is a growing need to streamline and prioritize state agency activity at the . regional level. One proposal has been to organize state natural resource agency field operations along hydrologic units. Therefore, state agencies will consider this proposal and, through the collective efforts of state agency directors, develop an organization plan that focuses state agency field effort on the activities and areas of highest priority under the Oregon Plan. ( i) State. agencies will continue to encourage and work with agencies of the U. S. government to implement the federal measures described in the Oregon Plan.. In addition, the state agencies will work with the federal government to develop additional means of protecting and restoring salmonids. Where appropriate, state agencies will request that federal agencies obtain incidental take permits under Section 7 of the federal ESA for state actions that ace funded or authorized by a , federal agency. ( j) State agencies will help support efforts to evaluate watershed conditions, and to develop'specific strategic plans to provide for flood management, water quality improvement, and salmonid restoration in basins around the state, including the Willamette basin through the Willamette Restoration Initiative. ( k) The IMST will continue to provide oversight to ensure the use of the best scientific information available as the basis for implementation of and for adaptive changes to the Oregon Plan. State agencies will ensure that the IMST receives data and other information reasonably required for its functions in a timely manner. The Governor's Natural Resources Office ( GNRO) has requested that the IMST's initial priority be review of the freshwater habitat needs of coho and the relationship between population levels, escapement levels, and habitat characteristics. The GNRO also will continue to request that the IMST annually review monitoring results and identify where the Oregon Plan warrants change for scientific or technical reasons and make recommend& ions to the appropriate agency on those adjustments that appear necessary. Agencies will report their responses to any recommendations by . . the IMST to the Governor and to the Joint Committee. Any other changes identified by the IMST as necessary to achieve properly functioning riparian and aquatic habitat conditions required to, protect and restore salmonids will be forwarded to the appropriate governmental entity for its consideration of the adoption of new, changed, or supplemental measures as rapidly as possible while providing for public involvement: Each state agency, by June 1, 1999, will ratify a monitoring team charter through an interagency memorandum. A draft of the charter is contained in the 1998 Oregon Plan Annual Report. ( I) Monitoring is a key element of the Oregon Plan. Each state agency will actively support the monitoring strategy described in the Oregon Plan. Each affected agency will participate on the monitoring team to coordinate activities and integrate analyses. Each agency will implement . an appropriate monitoring program to assess the effectiveness of their programs and measures in meeting the objectives set forth in the Oregon Planon an annual basis. In addition, agencies with regulatory programs that are included in the Oregon Plan will determine levels of compliance with regulatory standards and identify and act on opportunities to improve compliance levels: ( m) If information gathered regarding the effectiveness of measures in the Oregon Plan shows that existing strategies within state control are not achie, ving expected improvements and objectives, the agency( ies1 responsible for those measures will seek appropriate changes in their regulations, policies, programs, r-measures and other areas of the Oregon Plan, as required to protect and restore coho and other sal'monids. Such modification or supplementation will be done as rapidly as possible, consistent with public involvement. ( n) Agencies are using geographically- referenced data in their efforts under the Oregon Plan, and will be using Geographic Information Systems ( GIs) in the analysis of these , data. In doing so, the State GIs Plan, developed by the Oregon Geographic lnformation Council ( OGIC) ( see Executive Order 96- 40) will be followed, with specific adherence to the Plan guidance on data documentation, coordination and data sharing. The agency with primary responsibility for gathering and updating the specific data will be responsible for meeting the requirements of the Plan, and to ensure coordination- with OGIC, the State Service Center for GIs and other' cooperating agencies. In addition, state agencies will cooperate with the Governor's Watershed Enhancement Board ( GWEB), Soil and. Water Conservation Districts ( SWCDs), local waters$ ed councils, landowners and others in making these essential data available. ( 0) Geographically- based strategies to assess and achieve habitat needs and adequate escapement levels will be used, and the state agencies will continue with the development of standardized watershed assessment protocols, including a -- cumulative effects assessment. State agencies will also continue with the development of habitat restoration guides to evaluate and direct habitat restoration efforts. ( 2) Continuation and Expansion of Existing Efforts. Without limiting the generality of section ( l)( a) of this Executive Order, the following subsections of this Executive Order describe some of the many efforts in the Oregon Plan where the initial phase of work has been completed, and where efforts will be continued. ( a) The Oregon Fish & Wildlife Commission ( OFWC), the Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife ( ODFW), and the Pacific Fishery Management Council ( PFMC) are managing ocean and terminal fisheries according to the measures set forth in the Oregon Plan ( ODFW I- A. l and Ill- A. l). These measures set a maximum mortality rate ( resulting from other fisheries) for any of four disaggregated stocks of coho of fifteen percent ( 1 5%) under poor ocean conditions. In 1997, the mortality rate. from harvest is estimated to have been between nine and eleven percent ( 9- 1 1 %). ODFW and OFWC will continue these measures in state waters, and will actively support continued implementation of the ocean harvest measures by the PFMC ( Amendment 13 to the Council's salmon management plan) until and unless a different management regime agreeable to NMFS is adopted. ( b) The OFWC and ODFW will ensure that the fish hatchery measures set forth in the Oregon Plan are continued by the OFWC and ODFW. ODFW is marking all hatchery coho on the Oregon Coast. This marking will allow increased certainty in estimating hatchery stray rates beginning in 1999. Available data on hatchery stray rates for coho and steelhead are being provided to NMFS on an annual basis. The number of hatchery coho released is estimated to have been 1.7 million in 1998 - substantially below the level called for in the Oregon Plan. This number will be reduced to 1.2 million in 1999. In addition, ODFW has, and will continue to provide. annual reports regarding: ( i) the number of juvenile hatchery coho that are released by brood year, locations and dates of release, life stage, and broodstock origin; ( ii) the number of adult coho taken for broodstock for each hatchery, the location and date of collection, and the origin ( hatchery or natural); ( iii) the number of hatchery coho . . estimated to have spawned in natural habitat by basin; ( iv) the estimated percentage of hatchery coho% the total natural spawning population; and ( v) the mortality of naturally- spawning coho resulting from each fishery. NMFS may provide comments about hatchery prograk affecting coho to ODFW, with any concerns to be resolved between NMFS and ODFW. - - ( c) ln addition to recent modifications to hatchery practices and programs, a new vision is needed for how Oregon will utilize hatcheries in the best and most effective manner. Therefore, the ODFW and the OFWC shall engage in a process to create a strategic plan for fish hatcheries in Oregon over the next decade ( including state and federally- funded hatcheries, private hatcheries, and the STEP program). The essential elements of this process are as follows: ( i) Impartial analysis - conduct an impartial analysis of the scientific bases, and the social and economic effects of Oregon hatchery programs utilizing existing analyses and review where feasible, but conducting new analyses if necessary; ( ii) Review the Wild Fish Management Policy ( WFMP) - because the future plan for hatcheries in Oregon is dependent on implementation of the WFMP, ODFW shall conduct a science and stakeholder review to determine if this significant policy should be revised and shall make any revision by July 2000; ( iii) Frame alternative strategies -- convene a group of stockholders to . frame alternative strategies, including outcomes and descriptions, of how hatcheries will be used in Oregon over the next decade ( these strategies will address the use of hatcheries for wild fish population recovery including supplementation, research and monitoring, public education, and sport and commercial fishing opportunities); ( iv) Public review and selection of a strategy -- the OFWC shall, after public review and ' ;-'-!&%; f$'. i comment, adopt a strategic plan to guide development of future hatchery programs, incorporating the strategy developed and adopted in accordance with subpart ( iii) of this paragraph. ( d) Criteria and guidelines directing the design of projects that may affect fish passage have been established in a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU) between the Oregon Department of Transportation ( ODOT), ODFW, the Oregon Department of Forestry ( ODF), the Oregon Department of Agriculture ( ODA), the Division of State Lands ( DSL) and the Federal Highway Administration. These guidelines apply to the design, construction and consultations of projects affecting fish passage. Under the MOU, projects requiring regulatory approvals that follow these criteria and guidelines are expedited. Oregon agencies will continue to provide technical assistance to ensure that the criteria and guidelines are applied appropriately in restoration projects, as well as any other projects that may affect fish passage through road crossings and similar structures. ODFW will work with state agencies, local governments, and watershed councils to ensure that Oregon's standards for fish passage set forth in Exhibit A to the MOU are understood and are implemented. - ( e) Fish presence, stream habitat, road and culvert surveys have been conducted for roads within ODOT jurisdiction and county roads in coastal basins, the Lower Columbia basin, the Willamette basin, and the Grande Ronbe/ lmnaha basins. Among the results of these surveys is the finding that culvert barriers to fish passage affect a substantial quantity of salmonid habitat. For example, surveys of county and state highways in western Oregon found over 1,200 culverts that are barriers to passage. As a result, ODOT is placing additional priority on restoring fish access. For 1998, ODOT repaired or replaced 35 culverts restoring access to 101 miles of salmonid habitat. For 1999, the Oregon Transportation Commission will be asked to fund approximately $ 4.0 million for culvert modification. ODOT and the Commission will continue to examine means to speed restoration of fish passage and to coordinate priorities with ODFW. ( f) Draft watershed assessment protocols have been developed and are being field tested. Beginning in 1999, SWCDs, watershed councils and others will be able to use the protocols as the basis for action plans to identify and prioritize opportunities to protect and restore salmonids. Watershed action plans have already been completed in a number of basins including the Rogue, Coos, Coquille and Grande Ronde. State agencies will work to support these watershed assessments and plans to the maximum extent practicable. Where watershed action plans have been developed under the protocols, GWEB will ensure that projects funded through the Watershed Improvement Grant Fund are consistent with watershed action plans, and other state agencies will work with SWCDs and watershed councils to ensure that activities they authorize, fund or undertake are consistent with watershed action plans to the maximum extent practicable. ( g) The State of Oregon has developed interim aquatic habitat restoration and enhancement guidelines for 1998. State agencies involved with restoration activities ( ODFW, ODF, DSL, ODA, DEQ, and GWEB) will continue to develop and refine the interim guidelines for final publication in April 1999. The guidelines will be applied in restoration activities funded or authorized by state agencies. The purpose of ' the guidelines will be to define aquatic restoration and to identify and encourage aquatic habitat restoration techniques to restore salmonids. . . ( h) ODA and O ~ hFave each entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with the Oregon Department'of Environmental Quality relating to the development of . Total Maximum Daily Loads ( TMDLs) and Water Quality Management Area Plans ( WQMAPs). O Dw~ ill adopt. a nd implement WQMAPs ( through the Healthy Streams Partnership) and ODF , will review the adequacy of forest practices rules to meet water quality standards. ODF and ODA will evaluate the effectiveness of these measures in achieving water quality standards on a regular basis and implement any changes required to meet the standards. ( i) Agencies are implementing a coordinated monitoring program, as described in the Oregon Plan. This program includes technical support and standardized protocols for watershed councils, stream habitat surveys, forest practice effectiveness monitoring, water withdrawal monitoring, ambient water quality monitoring, and biotic index studies, as well as fish presence surveys and salmonid abundance and survival monitoring in selected subbasins. State agencies are also' working to coordinate monitoring efforts by state, federal, and local entities, including watershed councils. State agencies will work actively to ensure that the monitoring measures' in the Oregon Plan are continued. - .. ( j) GWEB has put into place new processes for identifying and coordinating the delivery of financial and technical assistance to individuals, agencies, watershed councils and soil and water conservation districts as they implement watershed ' restoration projects to improve water quality and restore aquatic resources. Over $ 25 ' million has been distributed for watershed restoration projects in the last ten years. During the present ( 1 997- 99 biennium) GWEB has awarded over $ 1 2 million dollars in f- state and federal funds for technical'assistance and watershed restoration activities to implement the Oregon Plan. GWEB and state agencies will continue to seek financial resources to be allocated by GWEB for watershed restoration activities at the local and. statewide levels. ( k) State agencies will continue to encourage, support and work to provide incentives for local, tribal, and private . efforts to implement the Oregon Plan. In addition, state agencies will continue to provide financial assistance to local entities for projects to protect and restore salmonids to the extent consistent with their budgetary and legal authorities, and consistent with their work programs in the Oregon Plan. To the. maximum extent practicable, state agencies will also provide technical assistance and planning tools to provide local conservation groups to assist in and target watershed restoration efforts. These efforts ( during 1996 and 1997) are reported in " The Oregon. Plan for Salmon and Watersheds: Watershed Restoration Inventory, 1998." ~ u s c afe w of the important efforts that have been completed include: ( A) Eighty- two watershed councils have joined with forty- five Soil and Water Conservation Districts as well as private and public landowners to implement on- the- ground projects' to protect and restore salmonids. During 1996 and 1997, a reported $ 27.4 million was spent on 1,234 watershed restoration projects on non-federal lands. Both the amount spent and the number of projects represent significant increases ( of over 300 percent) over prior years. In 1996- 97, watershed councils, SWCDs and other organizations and individuals completed: ( i) 138 stream fencing projects, involving at least 301 miles of streambank; ( ii) 196 riparian area planting projects, involving at least 11 1 miles of streams; and ( iii) 458 instream habitat improvement projects. . . . ( B) Private and state forest landowners are implementing key efforts under the Oregon Plan, including the road risk and remediation program ( ODF- 1 and 2). Under this effort in 1996 and 1997, close to 4,000 miles of roads'have been surveyed to identify risks that the roads may pose to salmonid habitat. As the risks are identified, they are then prioritized for remediation following an established. protocol. Already, 52 miles of forest roads have been closed, 843 miles of road repair and reconstruction projects to - protect salmonid habitat have been completed, and an additional 14 miles of roads have been decommissioned or relocated.. In addition, 530 culverts have been replaced, upgraded or installed for fish passage purposes, improving access to a reported 146 stream miles. ( C) Organizations working in Tillamook County have developed the I ." J aw#~ t Tillamook County Performance Partnership. The Partnership is implementing the \*. Tillamook Bay National Estuary Program by addressing water quality, fisheries, floodplain management and economic development in the county. Among the actions that the Partnership has already accomplished are: ( i) the closure of seven miles of degraded forest roads and the rehabilitation of 469 miles of roads to meet current standards, at a cost of $ 1 8 million; ( ii) the fencing of 53 miles of streambank, and the construction of three cattle bridges and 100 alternative cattle watering sites, at a cost of $ 214,000; and ( iii) the completion of 24 instream restoration projects and 34 barbs protecting 4,200 feet of streambank, at a cost of $ 1.3 million dollars. ( D) The Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde Community of Oregon have completed a forest management plan that establishes standards for the protection of aquatic resources that are comparable to those found in the Aquatic Conservation Strategy ' of the Northwest Forest Plan. . % ( E) A combination of funding from the Oregon Wildlife Heritage Foundation and the National Fish and Wildlife Heritage Foundation ( private, non- profit organizations) is provi, ding support for seven biologists to design restoration projects. These projects are prioritized based on stream surveys, and are carried out with the voluntary participation and support of landowners. A ten- year monitoring plan has been funded- and implemented to determine project effectiveness: ( F) The Oregon Cattlemen's Association has implemented its WESt Program that is designed to help landowners better understand their watersheds and stream functions through assessments and monitoring. h he WESt Program brings landowners together along stream reaches, and offers a series of workshops, conducted on a site specific basis, free of charge. The workshops include riparian ecology, setting goals and objectives, Proper Functioning Condition ( PFC), data. collection and monitoring. Over 25 workshops have been held, with attendance ranging from 5 to 30 landowners per workshop. The WESt Program is sponsored by the Oregon Cattlemen's Association, DEQ, Oregon State University, and GWEB. ( G) Within the Tillamook State Forest road network 1,902 culverts have been replaced or added to'improve road drainage and to disconnect storm water runoff from roads reducing stream sediment impacts. Additionally, some of these culverts also improved fish passage at stream crossings. In this process, ODF has also replaced six culverts with bridges improving fish passage to approximately four miles of stream. The Tillamook State Foresl in conjunction with many partners, such F-as the Association of Northwest Steelheaders, G W EB, Simpson Timber Company, Tillamook County, the FishAmerica Foundation, Hardrock Construction Company, the Oregon Wildlife Heritage Foundation, the F& WS, the Oregon Youth Conservation Corps, Columbia Helicopters and Terra Helicopters, has also recently completed instream placement of over 400 rootwads, trees and boulders at a cost of $ 300,000 for habitat enhancement. ( 3) Key Agency Efforts. Continuation and completion of the following state agency efforts is critical to the success of the Oregon Plan. State agencies will make continuation or completion ( as appropriate) of the following efforts a high priority. ( a) The State of Oregon and the US. Department of Agriculture have entered into a Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program ( CREP). This cost- share program, one of the first of its kind, . will be used to reduce the impacts of agricultural practices through water quality. add habitat improvement. The objectives of the CREP are to: ( i) provide incentives'for farmers and ranchers to establish riparian buffers; ( ii) protect - . and restore at least 4,000 miles of stream habitat by providing up to 95,000 acres of riparian buffeis; ( i4) restore up to 5,000 acres of wetlands that will benefit salmonids; and ( iv) provide a mechanism for farmers and ranchers to comply with Oregon's ,- Senate Bill 101 0 ( 1 993 Or. Laws, ch. 263). ( b) ODF will work with non- industrial forest landowners to'administer the Stewardship Incentive Program and the Forest Resources Trust programs to protect and restore riparian and wetland areas that benefit salmonids. ( c) The Oregon Board of Forestry will determine, with the assistance of an advisory committee, to what extent changes to forest practices are needed to meet state water quality standards and to protect and restore salmonids. A substantial body of information regarding the effectiveness of current practices is being . developed. This information includes: ( i) the IMST report regarding . the role of forest practices and forest habitat in protecting and restoring salmonids; and ( ii) a series of - monitoring projects that include the Storms of 1996 study, a riparian areas study, a stream temperature study, and a road drainage study. Using this information, as well as other available scientific information including scientific information from NMFS, the advisory committee will make recommendations to the Board at both site and watershed scales on threats to salmonid habitat relating to sediment, water temperature, freshwater habitat needs, roads and fish passage. Based on the advisory committee's recommendations and other scientific information, the Board will make every effort to make its determinations by June 1999. The Board may . . determine that the most effective means of achieving any necessary changes to . - d;.~ .;* i;. z . I:@;.. %- .~ + k forest practices is through regulatory changes, statutory changes or through other programs . including programs to create incentives for forest landowners. In the event that the Board determines that legislative changes. are necessary to carry out its determinations, the Board will transmit any recommendations for such changes to the . Governor and to the Joint Committee at the earliest possible date. ( d) Consistent with administrative rule, and statutory and constitutional mandates for the management of state forests, ODF State Forest management plans will include an aquatic conservation strategy that has a high likelihood of protecting and restoring properly functioning aquatic habitat for salmonids on state forest lands. ( e) ODF will present to NMFS a Habitat Conservation Plan ( HCP) under Section 10 of the federal ESA that includes the Clatsop and Tillamook State Forests. ODF has already completed scierkific review and has public review underway for this draft HCP. The scientific and public review comments will be considered by ODF in . . completing the draft HCP. The draft HCP will be presented to NMFS by June 1999. An HCP for the ~ jliotSt tate Forest was approved by the US. Fish & Wildlife Service in 1995. In October af 1997, ODF and DSL forwarded the Elliott State Forest HCP to NMFS with the request that it be reviewed to determine whether it has a high likelihood of protecting and restoring properly functioning aquatic habitat conditions on state forest lands necessary to protect and restore salmonids. Based on discussions surrounding the NMFS review, ODF and DSL will determine what revisions, if any, are required to the Elliott HCP and/ or Forest Management Plan to ensure a high likelihood of protecting and restoring properly functioning aquatic habitat for salmonids. ( f) Before the OFWC adopts and implements fishery regulations that may result in taking of coho, ODFW will provide NMFS with'all available scientific information and analyses pertinent to the proposed regulation where the harvest measures are not under the jurisdiction of the PFMC, including results of the Oregon Plan monitoring and evaluation program. This information, together with the proposed regulation and supporting analysis, will be provided at least two weeks prior to the OFWC's action, to give NMFS time to review and comment on the proposed regulations. ( g) ODFW will evaluate the effects of predation on salmonids, and . will . work with . affected federal agencies to determine whether changes to programs and law relating to predation are warranted in order to protect and restore salmonids. P ( h) Under Oregon Senate Bill 101 0 ( 1 993 Or. Laws, ch. 2631, ODA will adopt Agricultural Water Qualify Management Area Plans ( AWQMAPs) for Tier I and Tier ll watersheds by the end of 2002. The AWQMAPs will be designed and implemented to meet load allocations for agriculture needed to achieve state water quality . . standards. In addition, ODA will work with ODFW, DEQ, GWEB, SWCDs, federal . agencies and watershed councils to determine to what extent additional measures related to achieving properly functioning riparian and aquatic habitat on agricultural lands are needed to protect and restore salmonids, giving attention first to priority areas identified in. the Oregon Plan. In the event ODA is unable to reach a consensus regarding such measures, ODA will ask the IMST to review areas of substantive ' scientific disagreement and to'make recommendations to ODA regarding how they should be resolved. In the event that legislative changes are needed to implement such measures, ODA will transmit any recommendations for such changes to. the Governor and to the Joint Committee at the earliest possible date. In addition, any measures identified as rieeded by ODA will be implemented at the earliest practicable time. * . ( i) ODFW will expedite its applications for instream water rights and OWRD will process such applications promptly where flow deficits are identified as adversely affecting salmonids, and where such rights. are not already in place. The Oregon - water Resources Department ( OWRD) and the Oregon Water Resources Commission ( OWRC) will- also seek to facilitate flow restoration targeted to streams identified by OWRD and ODFW as posing the most critical low- flow barriers to salmonids. In addition, where necessary, OWRD will continue to work with the Oregon State Police to provide enforcement of water use. Where illegal water uses are identified, OWRD will ensure outcomes consistent with maintenance and restoration of flows. ( j) The Oregon Environmental Quality commission ( EQC). and DEQ will evaluate and will make every effort to utilize their authorities to continue to provide additional protection to . priority areas ( as determined under section 1 ( f) of this Executive Order), including in- stream flow protection under state law, and antidegradation policy under . the federal Clean Water Act ( including Outstanding Resource Waters designations . and high quality waters designations). . ( k) DSL has proposed to adopt changes to its Essential Salmonid Habitat rules that will provide additional protection for spawning and rearing areas of anadromous salmonids. In addition, ODFW and DSL will consult with the OWRC to determine where it is necessary to administratively close priority areas ( including ' work under General Authorizations) to fill and removal activities in order to protect salmonids. . . DSL, ODFW, ODF and ODA also will work together to identify means of regulating the . uy- w :.-:: st. removal of organic material ( such as large woody debris) from streams where such removal would adversely affect salmonids and would not be contrary to other agency mandates. ( I) DSL will seek the advice of the IMST regarding whether gravel removal affects gravel and/ or sediment budgets in a manner that adversely affects salmonids. ( m) The Department of Land Conservation and ~ e v e l o p r n e n t ' ( ~ ~ acn~ d ) th, e Land Conservation- and Development Commission ( LCDC) will evaluate and, to the extent feasible, speed implementation of existing Goal 5 requirements for riparian corridors. ( n) DLCD, DEQ, ODF, ODA, ODFW, and DSL and their respective boards and commissions will evaluate and implement programs to protect and restore riparian vegetation for the purposes of achieving statewide water quality standards and . . protecting and restoring a aquatic habitat for salmonids. ' ( 0) DLCD, with, the assistance of DSL and ODFW, and in consultation with coastal cities and counties, shall review the requirements of Statewide Planning Goal i 6 as they pertain to estuarine resources important to the restoration of salmonids, and shall, report its findings to LCDC for its consideration. ( p) The Oregon State Police will work to facilitate the existing cooperative relationship with the NMFS Office of ~ a Ewnfo rcement, as well as tomaintain cooperation with other enforcement entities, in order to enhance law enforcement, public awareness and voluntary compliance related to harvest, habitat and other issues addressed in the Oregon Plan. ( q) The Oregon Parks and Recreation Department will continue to work to p. rovide information and education to the public on salmon and steelhead needs through park programs and interpretive aids. ( r) The Oregon Marine Board will work to ensure fish friendly boating and to develop boating facilities that protect salmonids. ( s) State natural resource agencies will continue, to the extent feasible, to support watershed councils by providing technical assistance to develop watershed assessments, restoration plans and to develop watershed priorities to benefit 7- salmonids. In addition, state natural resource agencies will work'on a larger . .:.... watershed scale to develop basin- wide restoration priorities. ( 4) Future Modifications; Public Involvement for the Oregon Plan Generally. The GNRO will solicit public co'mments and input from participants in the Oregon Plan regarding whether there are refinements or changes to the Plan and/ or the organizational framework for implementing the Plan that are necessary or desirable based on the experience gained over the past three years, or resulting from the widespread listings and proposed listings of salmon and trout under the federal ESA. Based on this public involvement, the GNRO will provide a report and recommendations to the Governor and the Joint Committee regarding whether modifications are necessary to the Oregon Plan in order to protect and restore coho and other salmonids. ( 5) Definitions. For purioses'of this Executive Order: . . ( aj The " Oregon Plan" means the Oregon Coastal Salmon Recovery lnitiative, dated March 1991, and the Steelhead. Supplement, dated January 1998. " Oregon Plan," as used in this Order, is intended to be consistent with the definition of the' Oregon Coastal Salmon Recovery lnitiative in Oregon Senate Bill 924 ( 1997 Or. Laws, .- cti. 7), and to include the Healthy Streams Partnership ( 1 993 Or. Laws, ch. 263). -. - ( b) " Protect" has the meaning given in section ( l)( d) of this Executive Order. ( c) " Restore" has the meaning'given in section ( l)( e) of this Executive Order. Restore necessarily includes actions to manage salmonids to provide for adequate escapement levels, and actions to increase the quantity and improve the quality of properly functioning habitat upon which salmonids depend. ( d) " Coho" means native wild coho salmon found in rivers and lakes along the Oregon Coast. ( el " Salmonids" means native wild salmon, char and trout in the State of Oregon. ( 6) Effective Date; Relation to Federal ESA. This Executive Order will take effect on the date that it is filed with the Secretary of State. The State of Oregon will continue to work with NMFS to determine the appropriate relationship between the Oregon Plan and NMFS's efforts under the federal ESA. Done at Salem, Oregon, this $ day of & ~ 4 y , 1999. ha26 . ~ it& er, M. D. Suz adnd .~. ow& end DEPUTY SECR~ ARYOF - STATE Close

• 79. [Image] Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno

  	A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Technical Service Center Year: 2005, 2004 A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural flows for the same period at the outfall of Upper Klamath Lake, which forms the head of the Link River at Klamath Falls, Oregon. Flow past the Link River gage is tributary to the Klamath River above Lower Klamath Lake. These natural flows were determined using standard and accepted methods. Records used in developing this analysis were derived from stream-gaging records and from climatic records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also obtained from published maps and reports, and file documents of the Klamath Area Office. Currently, received comments are being addressed and evaluation of elements related to these comments is in progress. The objective of this report is to provide a representative estimate of the monthly natural flow of the Upper Klamath River. Such an estimate is of the natural flow that would typically have occurred without the water-resources developments in the Upper Klamath Basin. A water-budget assessment was used in the determination of the natural flows. The assessment includes results from an evaluation of present-day irrigation depletions, and losses from reclaimed marshland, that have changed the natural inflow to, and resulting natural outfall from, Upper Klamath Lake. Also evaluated were losses to the natural inflow that would have been incurred due to pre-development marshland and evaporation associated with Upper Klamath Lake. The natural outfall from the lake comprised the natural flow of the Link River at Klamath Falls and also the consequent natural inflow to Lower Klamath Lake. Therefore, a similar evaluation was also completed for Lower Klamath Lake to estimate the natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno. The water-budget assessment was designed to simulate each lake as a natural water body within a stream-connected two-lake system. Much of the assessment was completed using Excel. Title: Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Technical Service Center Year: 2005, 2004 A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural flows for the same period at the outfall of Upper Klamath Lake, which forms the head of the Link River at Klamath Falls, Oregon. Flow past the Link River gage is tributary to the Klamath River above Lower Klamath Lake. These natural flows were determined using standard and accepted methods. Records used in developing this analysis were derived from stream-gaging records and from climatic records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also obtained from published maps and reports, and file documents of the Klamath Area Office. Currently, received comments are being addressed and evaluation of elements related to these comments is in progress. The objective of this report is to provide a representative estimate of the monthly natural flow of the Upper Klamath River. Such an estimate is of the natural flow that would typically have occurred without the water-resources developments in the Upper Klamath Basin. A water-budget assessment was used in the determination of the natural flows. The assessment includes results from an evaluation of present-day irrigation depletions, and losses from reclaimed marshland, that have changed the natural inflow to, and resulting natural outfall from, Upper Klamath Lake. Also evaluated were losses to the natural inflow that would have been incurred due to pre-development marshland and evaporation associated with Upper Klamath Lake. The natural outfall from the lake comprised the natural flow of the Link River at Klamath Falls and also the consequent natural inflow to Lower Klamath Lake. Therefore, a similar evaluation was also completed for Lower Klamath Lake to estimate the natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno. The water-budget assessment was designed to simulate each lake as a natural water body within a stream-connected two-lake system. Much of the assessment was completed using Excel. Close

• 80. [Image] Williamson River delta restoration project : environmental assessment

  	"May 2000"; From cover: Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture/Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2316 South 6th Street, Suite C, Klamath Falls, Oregon 97601. In Partnership with The Nature Conservancy, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Williamson River delta restoration project : environmental assessment Year: 2000, 2005 "May 2000"; From cover: Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture/Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2316 South 6th Street, Suite C, Klamath Falls, Oregon 97601. In Partnership with The Nature Conservancy, 821 SE 14th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97214 and US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Tribes, PacifiCorp, Cell Tech International; Includes bibliographic references (p. 60-66) Title: Williamson River delta restoration project : environmental assessment Year: 2000, 2005 "May 2000"; From cover: Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture/Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2316 South 6th Street, Suite C, Klamath Falls, Oregon 97601. In Partnership with The Nature Conservancy, 821 SE 14th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97214 and US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Tribes, PacifiCorp, Cell Tech International; Includes bibliographic references (p. 60-66) Close

• 81. [Image] Molecular evolution and ecology of Klamath Basin suckers. Part B - Evidence for a lethal homozyhous genotpe at the Ankyrin(g) locus in Klamath Basin suckers (Catostomidae)

  	One chapter of a seven chapter annual report from 1999 examining ecological issues regarding the shortnose and Lost River sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake and Williamson River.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Molecular evolution and ecology of Klamath Basin suckers. Part B - Evidence for a lethal homozyhous genotpe at the Ankyrin(g) locus in Klamath Basin suckers (Catostomidae) Author: Oregon Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Year: 2000, 2005 One chapter of a seven chapter annual report from 1999 examining ecological issues regarding the shortnose and Lost River sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake and Williamson River. Title: Molecular evolution and ecology of Klamath Basin suckers. Part B - Evidence for a lethal homozyhous genotpe at the Ankyrin(g) locus in Klamath Basin suckers (Catostomidae) Author: Oregon Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Year: 2000, 2005 One chapter of a seven chapter annual report from 1999 examining ecological issues regarding the shortnose and Lost River sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake and Williamson River. Close

• 82. [Image] Public notice opening public lands to entry and announcing availability of water therefor : Public notice no. 45, October 8, 1947, Klamath Project Oregon-California, Part 2 - Tule Lake Division

  	UNITED STATES DEPAXTMENT OF. THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Washington, D. C. Public Notice No. I45 October 8, 1947 KLAMATH PROJECT, OREMN - CALIFORNIA PAXT 2- TLILE LAKE DIVISION PUBLIC NOTICE ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Public notice opening public lands to entry and announcing availability of water therefor : Public notice no. 45, October 8, 1947, Klamath Project Oregon-California, Part 2 - Tule Lake Division Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1947, 2005, 2004 UNITED STATES DEPAXTMENT OF. THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Washington, D. C. Public Notice No. I45 October 8, 1947 KLAMATH PROJECT, OREMN - CALIFORNIA PAXT 2- TLILE LAKE DIVISION PUBLIC NOTICE OPENING PUBLIC LANDS TO ENTRY AND ANNOUNCING AVAILABILITY OF WATER THRWOR 1. Public land for vhich water i s available and for + ich entry may be made.-- In pursuance of the Act of June 17, 1902 ( 32 Stat. 388) and acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto, it i s hereby announced that water w i l l be available beginning with the i r r i ~ a t i o ns eason of 1948, end thereafter, and that application may be made in accordance with t h i s notice, beeinnine a t 2: 00 p. m., October 22, 1947, for entry on public lands i n Part 2- file Lake Division of the KlamAth Project,, Oregon - California, as shown on approved farm unit plats on f i l e in the Office of the District Manaaer. Bureau of Reclamation. Klamath Falls. Oregon. and in the District Land Office a t Sacramento, ~ a l i r o r k a . These lands are dkcribed as fofiows:- . Mount Diablo Meridian. California Section 1 36 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 11 12 1 11 11 - Farm - Unit A B C D E F G H J A B C D E F K L A B Description Township 46 North. Ranp( e 5 % st Lots 1, 8 & ~"$ IE& ( T. C7 N., R. 5 E.) Lo* 10 Lots 2, 7 & 9 i ~ t ~ & Lots 3, 6 & SEN& Lots 12 and 15 Lot 18 ~ 4 SWk ~ 4 % E& E& Lots 4 & 5 Lots 13 & 14 ~ o1t & NNE~ Lot 2 & SE& NW~ Lot 3 Lot 20 swl. Srwt Lot 22 E!& '& a h t s 6 & 7 Lots 16 & 17 Lots 4 & 5 Lot 6 Lot 19 ww4 @ NWt Total Irri-gable Acres 86.7 81.9 84.6 84.2 72.9 73.8 71.4 72.0 n. 4 73.5 73.4 84.0 86.6 * 77.3 75.5' n. 8 68.8 75.2 Order of Selection Section 11 u 11 ll 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 35 35 34 35 34 35 35 36 36 6 6 7 6 7 7 7 - Farm - Unit C D E J A B C D E F G H A B C D i3 B C A B C A B D Total Irri- Description gable Acres Township 46 North. Rawe 5 East( contd. 1 L c t s 6 & 7 Lots 7 & 8 Lot 9 Township 427eh. Range 5 East Lots 12 & 13 Lots 11 & 14 Lot 9 $ 94 Lot 10 Lot 3 w& i Lots 4, 8 & 9 Township 46 North. Range 6 East Lcts 15, 16 & 18 Lots 6, 10, 17, 20 & 21 Lots 15, 16, Lots 22 & 23 Lots 7, 11, 17, 18, SZ$ NI+~ Lots 8, 12 & NE$ SW& Lots 9, U & sE$& Order of - Sslection 2. & nit of acreaKe for which entry may be made or water secured.-? he area of public land constituting each farm unit represents the acreage which, in the opinion of the Secretary of the Interior, may be reasonably reouired for the support of a family upon such land, and i s fixed a t the amount shown upon the farm unit plats referrcd to above. 3. Preference rinhts of veterans. Nature of reference.-- Pursuant to the provisions of the A- ct of September 27, 1944 ( 58 Stat. ai47>- dyt?;;; Acts of June 25, 1946 ( Public Law 440, 79th Congress, 2nd ~ e s s i o n ) , and May 31, 1947 ( Public Law 82, 80th Congress, 1st session), for a period of 90 days from the opening of these lands to entry, or u n t i l January 20, 1948, the lands described i n paragraph 1 above w i l l be opened t o entry to persons who a t the time of milking application f a l l within one of the following classes: ( 1) Persons, including persons under 21 years of age, who have served i n the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard of the United States for a period of a t l e a s t 90 days a t any time on o r a f t e r September 16, 1940, and prior to the termination of the present war, and are honorably discharged therefrom. ( 2) Persons, including persons under 21 years of age, who have served i n said Amy, Nairy, Marine Corps or Coast Guard during such period, regardless of l e n ~ t ho f service, and are discharged on account of wounds received or disability incurred during such period i n the line of duty, or, subsequent t o a regular discharge, are furnished hospitalization or awarded compensation by the government on account of such wounds or disability. ( 3) Ihe spouse of any person i n e i t h e r of the above classes ( 1) and ( 2), provided such spouse has the consent of such person to exercise his o r her preference right under said Act. ( L) The surviving spouse of any person i n either of the above classes ( 1) and ( 2), or i n the case of the death or marriage of such spouse, the minor child or children of such person by a guardian duly appointed and o f f i c i a l l y accredited a t the Department of the Interior, ( 5) The surviving spouse of m p person whose death has resulted from wunds received or disability incurred i n l i n e of duty while s e r v i n ~ i n said Army, Navy, Marine Corps or Coast , Tuard during the aboveaentioned period, or i n the case of the death or mrriage of such spouse, the oinor child or children of such person by a guardian duly appointed and o f f i c i a l l y accreEited a t tile Department of the Interior. Provided, however, that persons claiming such preferences must be qualified t o make entry under the homestead laws and also possess the qualifications as t o industw, experience, character, capital, and physical fitness required of a l l entrymen and entrywomen under t h i s notice. b. Definition of honorable discharge.- An honorable discharge within the meaning of the Act of Septenber 27, 1964, as amended, shall mean: ( 1) Separation of the veteran from the service by means of an honorable discharge or a discharge under honorable conditions. ( 2) Transfer of the veteran with honorable service from such service to a reserve or r e t i r e d s t a t u s prior to the termination of the war, or ( 3) Ending of the period of such veteran's war service by reason of the temination of the war, even though the veteran remains i n the military or naval service of the United States. c. Submission of proof of veterans' status.- All applicants for farm units who claim veterans* preference must attach to t h e i r applications a photostatic, c e r t i f i e d , or authenticated copy of an o f f i c i a l document of the respective branch of the service involved which clearly indicates an honorable discharge or transfer to a reserve o r retired status or which constitutes eddence of other facts on which the claim for preference i's based. Where the preference i s claimed by the surviving spouse, or on behalf of the minor child or children, of a deceased veteran, proof of such relationship, of his military service, and of his death must be attached to the application. Where the preference i s claimed by the spouse of a livinz veteran, proof of such relationship, the written consent of such veteran, and proof of his military service as re, mired above must be attached to the application. 4. Qualifications required by the Reclamation Law.-- Pursuant to the provisions of subsection C, section I+. of the Act of December 5. 1924 ( L3 Stat. 702. 43 U. S. C. 433). the follow in^ are established as minimrun nualifications which, in'the opinion of the iocal examjning koe. rd, are necessary to insure the success of entrymen or entrywomen on reclamation farm units included under t h i s notice. Appli-cants must meet these qualifications, as determined by the exanAninc boerd, i n order to he considered for entry. Failure to meet them i n any single respect will be sufficient cause for rejection of an application. No credit wi'll be given : or qualifications i n excess of the minimum reouired. The minimum qualifications are as follows: l a. Character and industry.- The applicant must be possessed of honesty, temperate habits, t h r i f t , industry, seriousness of purpose, record of good moral conduct, an8 a bona f i d e i n t e n t t o engage in farming as an occupation. As part of each application, the applicant shall furnlsh three separate signed statements regarding the character and industry of the applicant. These statements may be prepared and signed by an ordained sinister, any commanding officer under whom the applicant served, a teacher or administrative o f f i c i a l of any recognized high school o r college, present or previous employer or any comparable individual or o f f i c i a l , not a relative, who i s personally acquainted with the applicant. The individuals signing these statements may be those l i s t e d in para-graph 17 of the farm application blank, referred to i n paragraph 6 of t h i s notice. \ b. Health.-- The applicant must be i n such physical condition as w i l l enable him t o engage i n n o m l farm labor. Any person who i s physically handicapped or afflicted with any condition which makes such a b i l i t y questionable must attach to his application the detailed statement of an examining physician which defines the limitation upon such a b i l i t y and i t s causes. c. Farm experienn. ( 1) Fam experience shall be of such a n a t ~ r ea s in the judgment of the examining board w i l l qualify the applicant to undertake the development and operation of an irrigated farm by modern methods. The applicmt must have had a minimum of twa years' full- time farm experience a f t e r attain-ing the age of 15 years. ' Iko years of study i n agricultural courses i n an accredited agricultural college or tw years of responsible technical work in agriculture, i f deemed by the examining board to be work which would contlribute toward successful farm operation, may be substituted for one year of full- time experience; pmvided that no more thnn one year's experience may be credited from such sources. . A farm youth having atteined the age of 15, who actually resided and wrked on a farm h i l e attending school, majr credit such part- time experience as equal to 50 percent of full- time experience. A l l fam experience must have been obtained since October 1, 1932. No advantage w i l l accrue from farming ex-perienae on irrigated land. ( 2) Applicants must furnish three separate statements each signed either by a Vocational Agricultural teacher, County Agent, Farmers Home Administration County Supervisor, A. A. A. County Chairman, an officer of any local farm organization, or by some other responsible person who has personal knowled~ e of the applicant's farm experience or has verified it to h i s satisfaction certifying t o the farm experience claimed i n paragraph 7 of the farm application blank. Forms to be used by these references accompany each farm application blank. ( 3) Women applicants must describe fully the farm a c t i v i t i e s i n which they have participated and the relation of any agricultural courses they have taken to farm operation and management. d. Capital.-- Each applicant must possess at least $ 2,000, consisting of cash or assets readily convertible into cash, such as United jtates Savings Bonds, or assets useful i n the operation of a fann, such as livestock, farm machinery and equipent. In addition, each applicant shall furnish, i n the space pmvided i n paragraph 11 of the farm application blank, a financial statement l i s t i n g all of h i s assets and all of h i s l i a b i l i t i e s , showing a net worth of a t l e a s t 92,000. " Possession of the minimum net Worth rewrement of at least $ 2,000 must be corroborated hy a statement of an o f f i c i a l of a bank, or other responsible and reputable private or public credit agency. This corroborative statement may be a separate attachment, or may be inserted at the bottom of page 3 of the farm application blank. e. liestilction re~ ardinp: l andsopresently owned on any Federal reclamation projects.- In addition, i n order to qualify for entry on project lands, applicants must not hold or own, within any Federal reclamation project, irrigable land for h i c h construction charges payable t o the United States have not been fully paid. Proofs of conformity with t h i s renuirement need not he furnished, but a check of proj-ect lands w i l l be made to determine e l i g i b i l i t y of applicants before, awards of farm units are nade. 5. Principal qualifications required by homestead laws.- Tne homestead laws reouire that an entrynan or entxyvmman: a. Must be a citizen of the United States or have declared an intention to become a citizen of the United Stntes. , . + b. Must not have exhausted the ri& t to make hoxestead entry on plblic land. c. Must not own more than 160 acres of land i n the TJnited States. d. Entrywomen who are married must be heads of families; t h i s requirement of the homestead law was not affected by the Act of September 27, 19WI. ( 58 Stat. 747), as amended. Nntrgmen and unmarried entrywomen must be 21 years of age or the head of a family, except that such minimum age reauirement is not applicable t o entrymen or unmarried entrywomen who have served in the Army, Navy, Marine Corps or Coast Guard of the United States for a period of a t l e a s t 90 days a t any time on or a f t e r September 16, 1940, and prior to the termination of the present war and are honorably discharged. Any applicant who i s renuired t o be the head of a family must submit proof of such status with his or her application. Complete information concerning qualifications for homesteading may be obtained from District Land. Offices or from the Bureau of Land Management, Washington 25, D. C. I 6. .& en. where. and how to amly for a farm unit. a. Application blanks.- Pay person desiring to acauire one of the p b l i c land units described i n t h i s notice must f i l l out the attached farm application blank. Additional application blanks may be obtained from the D i s t r i c t Manager, Bureau of Reclamation, P. 0. Box 312 ( quilding 61, Mmicipal Air-port), Klamath Falls, Oregon; Regional Director, Bureau of Reclamation, P. 0. Yox 25ll, Sacramento 10, California, or the Commissioner, Bureau of Reclamation, Washington 25, D. C. Each question on the farm application blank must be answered completely, with the exception that preference choice of farm units need not be listed i n the space provided on page J. b. Filing of applications and proofs.- An application for a, fann unit l i s t e d in paragraph 1 of t h i s notice must be f i l e d with the District Manager. hreau of Reclamation. P. 0. Box 312, ( Building 61, Municipal Airport), Klamath Falls, Oregon, in persoi or by mail. No advantage will accrue to an appli-- cant who presents h i s or her application i n person. Such an application must be accompanied by: ( I ) Proof of veteran's status i f veteranst nreference i s claimed; see above, paragraph 3 c. ( 2) Three statements as to character and industry; see above, pragraph 4 a. ( 3) statement of examining physician, i n case of disability; see above, praeraph 4 b. ( 4) Three statements corroborating the fanu experience cldm; see above, paragraph 4 c ( 2). ( 5 ) Corroboration of c a p i t a l assets; see above, paragraph 4 d. ( 6) Proof of status a s head of a family I f applicant i s a narried wman veteran, or a non-veteran under the age of 21; see above paragraph 5 d. c. Priority of applications.-- All applications f i l e d f o r the public land fam units l i s t e d i n t h i s notice w i l l be classified for priority purposeseas follows and considered i n the following order: ( 1) First Prioritg- G-.-- All applications fj led prior to 2: 00 p. m., Januarg 20, 1948, 4. which are accompanied by proof sufficient i n the opinion of the board t o establish e l i g i b i l i t y f o r veterans' preference, A l l such applications will be treated as simultaneously filed. ( 2) Second Przorit Grou .-. A11 applications f i l e d prior t o 2: 00 p. m., ~ anuary' 20, 1948, from applicants without veterans: prefzrence o r which are nvt accompanied hy proof sufficient in the ' A opinjon of the board. to establish e l i g i b i l i t y for veterans' preference. A l l such applications w i l l be t ~ e a t e da s simultaneously filed. . ( 3) Final Priority Grou..- All applications f i l e d after 2: 00 p. m., January 20, 1948, whether or not accompanied by proof relative t o veterans' preference. Such applications w i l l be con-sidered in the order i n which they are filed, i f any farm units become available for assignment to appli-cants within t h i s group. d. h l i c a t i o n s cannot be returned.--% ch application subnitted, including substantiating and supporting data, becomes a pert of the pemnent records of the Burem of Reclamation and cannot be returned to the applicant. \ 7. Selection of 2 G f i e d apulicants. a. 7?,, 7minin~ h- o~.-. b examining board of three nemhers has heen approved hy the Commissioner of Reclamation t o consider the fitness of each applicant t o undertake the development and operation of a farm on the Klamath Project. Careful investigations will he made t o verify the statercents and representntions made by .% pplicants in order t o determine t h e i r nualifications as prescribed in t h i s notice. b. Wsis of exami. n& t> s.-- The examinin& hoard will determine the eligibility for the award of a reclamation farm unit under subsection 4C of the Act of December 5, 1924. As stated ahove i n para-graph 4, applicants w i l l be judged on the basis of character, industry, fanning experience, and capital. No applicant w i l l be considered eligible who does not malify i n all respects, or who doe3 not, in the opinion of the board, possess the health and vigor to engage in farm work. Any f a l s i f i c a t i o n or fraudu-lent misrepresentation shall constitute ground for the dismalification of the applicant, the rejection of his application, the cancellation of his award, and/ or the cancellation of his entry. c. Procedure. ( 1) Pre1ivina~~ amination.-- If ah applicant f a i l s to make a prima facie case, that is, i f an ex- mLnation of h i s application discloses that he is not qualified i n respect to the requirements prescribed herein, the application shall be rejected and the applicant notified by the board of such rejection and the reasons therefor, and of h i s right to'appeal in writing to the Regional Director, Region 11, Bureau of Reclamation. Such written appeals must be filed within ten ( 10) days from the receipt of such notice with the District Kanager, Bureau of Reclamation, P. 0. 90x 312 ( Building 61, Municipal Airport), Klamath Falls, Oregon, who will forward them promptly t o the Regional Erector. If an appeal i s decided by the Regional Xrector i n favor of the applicant, the application will be referred to the examining board for inclusion i n the drawing. A l l decision3 on appeals will he based exclusively on information obtained prior t o rejection of the application by the examining board. The Kegional Director's decision on a l l appeals shall be a n a l . ( 2) Selection of a~ plicants.- After the expiration of the anpeal periods fixed by the ahoveaentioned notices, . wd in the absence of any pending appeals, the examining board shall conduct a public drawing from the names of the remaining applicants i n the First Priority Group, as defined i n parapaph 6 c. Qualified applicants need not be present a t the drawing i n order to participate therein. A t o t a l of 88 names ( twice the numher of puhlic land farm units to be awarded) shell be drawn snd numbered consecutively. The applicants whose names are so drawn may be closely investieated by the board to determine the authenticity and r e l i a b i l i t y of the infcnnation and proofs offered by them. This i n v e s t i ~ a t i o nm ay include a personal appearance before the board, i f the hoard determines that t h i s i s necessnry; should any applicant f a i l to com? ly with the hoard's renuest for a personal appearance, such f a i l u r e shall conatitute ground for rejection of his application. Any applicant, whose application is rejected by the board as a result of such investigation, shall he given notice of such rejection, setting forth the reasons therefor and advising the ap licant of his right t o appeal in writing to the Xegional Director. The provisions of paragraph 7 c ( 17 relative t o appeals shall be applicable to any such appeal, except that where any such appeal i s decided by the Regional Director in favor of the applicant such applicant shall retain the number assigned t o him a t the time of the drawing. After the expiration of all appeal periods fixed by notices given as above- provided, and i n - t h e absence of any pending appeals, those applicants whose applications remain unrejected and who hold the W, lowest numbers assigned a t the drawing, exclusive of those numbers assigned to rejected applications, shall be selected by the e x d n i n g board as the successful applicants. The balance of the 88 appli-cants whose applications remain unrejected shall be selected by the board as alternates. The board shall thereupon notify each successful applicant and each alternate of h i s selection and of his respective standing. The board shall thereupon notify a l l other remaining a l i c a n t s t h a t farm units will not becom available to than, except pursuant to subparagraph 7 c. ( 3)( 3bel ow. ( 3) Awarding of farm units. ( a) Upon the completi. on of any action which may become necessary by reason of any notices given, the examining board shall award farm units i n accordance with order of selection numbers assigned such units to the above- mentioned W, successful applicants i n the order in which t h e i r names are drawn without regard to preferences indicated by applicants for specific farm u n i t s o r otherwise. Each applicant to whom a farm unit has been awarded will be notified of t h a t f a c t by the board. Each such applicant shall have no right of entry for any other farm unit. If any such applicants f a i l to make application for homestead entry in conformity with the provisions of paragraph 9 below or t o comply with the other applicable renuircrrmente set out in said paragraph, the farm units awarded to them shall he awarded to alternates i n the order in which t h e i r names were dram and mbjact to the same condi-tions and reouirements as the 01% nal awards. ' he alternate withthe lowest number as assigned under the p= ovisions of paragraph 7 c. $ 1 hall tak( the place of the loweat numbered applicant m n g the f i r s t W* who f a i l s to make application for homestead entry. or disqualifies by failure to comply with the other rerpirmmts s e t forth i n paragraph 9 below; and the alternate with the second lowest number shall take the place of the second lowest numberad applicant who f a i l s t o make application for homestead entry or comply with the other mruiremmtr. Thm same procedure shall continue to apply u n t i l a l l f a n units have been awarded. ( b) The foregoing procedure h a l l continue u n t i l a l l fam units are finally disposed of to unrejected mpplicantr in the First Priority Group whose names have been drawn and whose applica-tions hnve been closely investigatd as provided herein. If units still remain to be awarded a f t e r a l l applications in the Pirst Priority Group have been procerrod, the foregoing procedure shall be applied i n the proceasing of applications in the Second Priority Group. If d t s . till remain t o b e awarded a f t e r all applications in the Second Priorlty Cmup have been processed, the foreg'oing procedure shall be applied in the'processing of applications i n the Pinal Priority Group, except that the board shall consider such applications in the order i n which they are f i l d i n lieu of conducting a drawing with reference thereto. ( 4) DeUmrg of notices.- All notices given to applicants pursuant to the provisions of paraeraph 7 c. and subparagraphs thereunder shall be i n writing and shall be delivered t o the respective applicants personally or sent to them by registered m a i l with return receipt requested. 8. ! Narn- against unlawful settlement.- No parson shall be permitted t o gain or exorcise any right under any settlement or occupation of any of the public lands covered by t h i s notice except under the terms and conditions prescribed by t h i s notice. 9. Payment of charms and filin,? of homestead applications.- After the 44 successful applicants have been selected, they & all be so notified hy the examininl~ board, and with such notice the examining hoard shall enclose a water rental application for the farm unit awarded which must be executed by the applicant and returned to the District Manager, Bureau of Reclamation, P. 0. Box 312 ( Buildiq 61, hnicipal Airport), Klamath Falls, Oregon, within ten ( 10) days from receipt thereof, to& her with the pdyment of the minimum water rental charge as specified i n uaragraph 10 a. hereof. Upon r e c e i ~ to f water rental application and payment of the amount due thereon, the examining board shall furnish each appli-cant a c e r t i f i c a t e statine that his qualifications to enter public lands as renuired by subsection C of Section 4 of the Act of December 5, 1924 ( W Stat. 702) have been uassed upon and approved by the examining board. Such c e r t i f i c a t e mast be attached by the applicant t o h i s homestead application which application must he f i l e d at the District Land Office of the Bureau of Land Management, Sacramento, California. Such homestead application must be f i l e d within t h i r t y ( 30) days from the date of the receipt by the applicant of said certificate. Failure to pay the water rental charge or to make appli-cation for homestead entry within the periods specified herein w l l l render the application subject to rejection, i n which event the examining board w i l l select the next listed alternate. 10. Charges payable by a l l water users,- The Reclamation Law provides that except during a ' ldeveloument ~ eriodl' fixed by the Secretary of the Interior water m y not be delivered for the irrina-tion of- lands- until an org& zation, satisfactory i n form and powers- to the Secretary, has entered into a contract with the United States prodding for the repayment of the project construction costs & ich are allocated to such irrigated lands. Pursuant to Section 2 ( 5 ) and 7 ( b) of the Rsclnmation Project Act, of 1939, ( 53 5tat. 1187), lands described i n paragraph 1 of t h i s plblic notice are hereby designated a developnent unit. The maximu developnent period for the lands so designsted i s fixed a t a period of four gears from and including the f i r s t year in which water i s delivered; provided, that such period may be reduced by supplemental mtice should the Secretary determine that the f u l l four- year period i s not reasonably necessarg. Before the end of tha developent period, a l l lands described i n said para-graph 1, must, therefore, be included within an organization of the type described and such organization must execute a contract cwering the repaynent of the construction costs allocated to such lands. a. Char~ es payable before execution of the r e p s p n t contract. ( 1) The minimum water rental charge f o r the irrigation season of 1948 and thereafter u n t i l further notice shall be three dollars ($ 3.00) per acre for each irrigable acre of land in the f a n unit, whether water i s used or not, which will entitle the entryman to two and one half ( a) acre- feet . of water per irrigable acre. Payment of this charge for the irrigation season of 1948 s h a l l be made at the time of filing water rental applications. ( 2) Additional water dl1 be firnished during the 1948 i r r i ~ a t i o n season and thereafter u n t i l further notice up to a limit of three and one half ( 33) acre- feet per irrieable acre at the rate of f i f t y cents ( 80.50) per acre- foot and a11 further nuantities a t seventy- five cents ( w. 75) per acre-foot. Charges for the additional water are to be paid on or before hcember 1 of the year in which used. No water shall be delivered to the water uemr in mbsequent years u n t i l a l l such charges have been paid in full. ( 3) In the event any applicant does not receive notice of the award of a farm unit u n t i l a f t e r June 15, 1948, payment shall be a minimum charge of three dollars ($ 3.00) per acre, which payment shall apply as a credit on the minimum charge for the following irrieation season. ( h) The foregoing charges are subject t o a l l provisions of the Federal Reclamation Law relative to collections and penalties for delinquencies. The charges w i l l be paid a t the office of the Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls, Oregon. Future charges dll be announced by future order o r public notice. 6. b. Charges payable a f t e r execution of the repayment contract.- Subsequent to the execution of the repayment contract, and i n accordance with the terms thereof, water users will pay an annual charge per acre t o meet operation and maintenance costs and t o repay t o the government that portion of the constmction costs allocated to Part 2, Tule Lake Division. On the date of issue of t h i s puhlic notice, it i s impracticablr to determine ( 1) the t o t a l construction cost of Part 2, Tule Iake Divlsion distributary system; ( 2) the allocation of costs to Part 2, ' We Lake Division of tho Klamath Federal Reclamation Pmject, and ( 3) the ultimate water- service area of the Division. Accorrlingly, no exact statmnent as t o the t o t a l and per acre construction charge t o be made against the lands opened in t h i s puhlic notice i s practicable, When the t o t a l construction charge has been detedned and allocated by the Secretary of the Interior, and a repapent c o n t r q ~ tn egotiated with the irrigation d i s t r i c t , a supplementary notice announcing the t o t a l and per acre charges will be issued. 11. A l l land to be i ~ c l u d e di ~- i- r1ii~ t~ qnn( 1- i= t_~ i~.- 5acwh ater rental appliciltion for land covered by t h i s plblic notice shall be made on Form 7- 39 and the followine clause shall be inserted a5 the bottom of wid form: " 1 agree to the inclusion of my land i n an irrigation d i s t r i c t and I agree'also to p r t i c i p a t e in the organization of ? n i r r i ~ a t i o nd i s t r i c t at the earliest practicable date." 12. Reservation of riphts- of- way for county. state. and Federal highwzys and access roads.- Rights- of- way are reserved for county, s t a t e and Federal highways and access roads to the f ~ r mu nits shown on said plats along section lines and other lines shown in red on the farm plats. 13. Reservation of ri& ts- of- wau for publicdwned utilities.- Kightsdf- way are reserved for covernment- owned telephone, electric transmission, water and sewer lines, and water treating and pump ing plants, as now constructed, a d the secretary of the Interior reserves the r i g h t t o locate such other gwenwent- owned f a c i l i t i e s over and across the farm units above descri! md as hereafter, i n his opinion, may be necessary f o r the proper construction, operation, and maintenance of the said project. 14. Effect of relinquishment.-- In tho event that any entry of public land made hereunder shall be' relinauished ot any time prior to actual residence upon the land by the entrynan for not less than one year, the land so relinquished shall not be subject to entry for a period of 60 days a f t e r the f i l i n g and nctation of the relinnuishment i n " he Cistrict Land Office. Applicfltions conforming to the reqhire-ments of t h i s public notice may be f i l e d for a period of 15 days a f t e r the expiration of said 60- day period. Ach applications w i l l be considered ard processed anrl awards made pursuant to the provisions of paragraphs 7 and 9 of this public notice. 15. Waiver of mineral rights.-- All homestead entries f o r the ahove- described farm units will he subject to the laws of the United States governing mineral land, and all homestead applicarts under this notice must waive the rij< ht t o the mineral content of the land, i f required to do so by tke hrea. 1 of Lwd Ifanagement; otherwise the homestead applications will he rnjected o r the homestead entry or entries canceled. 16. Flood hazard.-- The lands to he entered are reclaimed lands lyiw in the former bed of Tnle Lake and m y be subject t o flooding and invndation during extremely wet nesrs. The Sureau of 2ecla1rstion i s now engaged i n the constmction of additionel works which, when completed, w i l l nrov5. de reasonnble flood protection. Settlers are warned, however, that i n case- of extreme mnoff result in^ in the fl. ood-iny of any of the lands, the government assumes no responsitdlity for dmare to persons or property caused by such flooding. Assistant Secretary of the Interior Title: Public notice opening public lands to entry and announcing availability of water therefor : Public notice no. 45, October 8, 1947, Klamath Project Oregon-California, Part 2 - Tule Lake Division Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1947, 2005, 2004 UNITED STATES DEPAXTMENT OF. THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Washington, D. C. Public Notice No. I45 October 8, 1947 KLAMATH PROJECT, OREMN - CALIFORNIA PAXT 2- TLILE LAKE DIVISION PUBLIC NOTICE OPENING PUBLIC LANDS TO ENTRY AND ANNOUNCING AVAILABILITY OF WATER THRWOR 1. Public land for vhich water i s available and for + ich entry may be made.-- In pursuance of the Act of June 17, 1902 ( 32 Stat. 388) and acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto, it i s hereby announced that water w i l l be available beginning with the i r r i ~ a t i o ns eason of 1948, end thereafter, and that application may be made in accordance with t h i s notice, beeinnine a t 2: 00 p. m., October 22, 1947, for entry on public lands i n Part 2- file Lake Division of the KlamAth Project,, Oregon - California, as shown on approved farm unit plats on f i l e in the Office of the District Manaaer. Bureau of Reclamation. Klamath Falls. Oregon. and in the District Land Office a t Sacramento, ~ a l i r o r k a . These lands are dkcribed as fofiows:- . Mount Diablo Meridian. California Section 1 36 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 11 12 1 11 11 - Farm - Unit A B C D E F G H J A B C D E F K L A B Description Township 46 North. Ranp( e 5 % st Lots 1, 8 & ~"$ IE& ( T. C7 N., R. 5 E.) Lo* 10 Lots 2, 7 & 9 i ~ t ~ & Lots 3, 6 & SEN& Lots 12 and 15 Lot 18 ~ 4 SWk ~ 4 % E& E& Lots 4 & 5 Lots 13 & 14 ~ o1t & NNE~ Lot 2 & SE& NW~ Lot 3 Lot 20 swl. Srwt Lot 22 E!& '& a h t s 6 & 7 Lots 16 & 17 Lots 4 & 5 Lot 6 Lot 19 ww4 @ NWt Total Irri-gable Acres 86.7 81.9 84.6 84.2 72.9 73.8 71.4 72.0 n. 4 73.5 73.4 84.0 86.6 * 77.3 75.5' n. 8 68.8 75.2 Order of Selection Section 11 u 11 ll 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 35 35 34 35 34 35 35 36 36 6 6 7 6 7 7 7 - Farm - Unit C D E J A B C D E F G H A B C D i3 B C A B C A B D Total Irri- Description gable Acres Township 46 North. Rawe 5 East( contd. 1 L c t s 6 & 7 Lots 7 & 8 Lot 9 Township 427eh. Range 5 East Lots 12 & 13 Lots 11 & 14 Lot 9 $ 94 Lot 10 Lot 3 w& i Lots 4, 8 & 9 Township 46 North. Range 6 East Lcts 15, 16 & 18 Lots 6, 10, 17, 20 & 21 Lots 15, 16, Lots 22 & 23 Lots 7, 11, 17, 18, SZ$ NI+~ Lots 8, 12 & NE$ SW& Lots 9, U & sE$& Order of - Sslection 2. & nit of acreaKe for which entry may be made or water secured.-? he area of public land constituting each farm unit represents the acreage which, in the opinion of the Secretary of the Interior, may be reasonably reouired for the support of a family upon such land, and i s fixed a t the amount shown upon the farm unit plats referrcd to above. 3. Preference rinhts of veterans. Nature of reference.-- Pursuant to the provisions of the A- ct of September 27, 1944 ( 58 Stat. ai47>- dyt?;;; Acts of June 25, 1946 ( Public Law 440, 79th Congress, 2nd ~ e s s i o n ) , and May 31, 1947 ( Public Law 82, 80th Congress, 1st session), for a period of 90 days from the opening of these lands to entry, or u n t i l January 20, 1948, the lands described i n paragraph 1 above w i l l be opened t o entry to persons who a t the time of milking application f a l l within one of the following classes: ( 1) Persons, including persons under 21 years of age, who have served i n the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard of the United States for a period of a t l e a s t 90 days a t any time on o r a f t e r September 16, 1940, and prior to the termination of the present war, and are honorably discharged therefrom. ( 2) Persons, including persons under 21 years of age, who have served i n said Amy, Nairy, Marine Corps or Coast Guard during such period, regardless of l e n ~ t ho f service, and are discharged on account of wounds received or disability incurred during such period i n the line of duty, or, subsequent t o a regular discharge, are furnished hospitalization or awarded compensation by the government on account of such wounds or disability. ( 3) Ihe spouse of any person i n e i t h e r of the above classes ( 1) and ( 2), provided such spouse has the consent of such person to exercise his o r her preference right under said Act. ( L) The surviving spouse of any person i n either of the above classes ( 1) and ( 2), or i n the case of the death or marriage of such spouse, the minor child or children of such person by a guardian duly appointed and o f f i c i a l l y accredited a t the Department of the Interior, ( 5) The surviving spouse of m p person whose death has resulted from wunds received or disability incurred i n l i n e of duty while s e r v i n ~ i n said Army, Navy, Marine Corps or Coast , Tuard during the aboveaentioned period, or i n the case of the death or mrriage of such spouse, the oinor child or children of such person by a guardian duly appointed and o f f i c i a l l y accreEited a t tile Department of the Interior. Provided, however, that persons claiming such preferences must be qualified t o make entry under the homestead laws and also possess the qualifications as t o industw, experience, character, capital, and physical fitness required of a l l entrymen and entrywomen under t h i s notice. b. Definition of honorable discharge.- An honorable discharge within the meaning of the Act of Septenber 27, 1964, as amended, shall mean: ( 1) Separation of the veteran from the service by means of an honorable discharge or a discharge under honorable conditions. ( 2) Transfer of the veteran with honorable service from such service to a reserve or r e t i r e d s t a t u s prior to the termination of the war, or ( 3) Ending of the period of such veteran's war service by reason of the temination of the war, even though the veteran remains i n the military or naval service of the United States. c. Submission of proof of veterans' status.- All applicants for farm units who claim veterans* preference must attach to t h e i r applications a photostatic, c e r t i f i e d , or authenticated copy of an o f f i c i a l document of the respective branch of the service involved which clearly indicates an honorable discharge or transfer to a reserve o r retired status or which constitutes eddence of other facts on which the claim for preference i's based. Where the preference i s claimed by the surviving spouse, or on behalf of the minor child or children, of a deceased veteran, proof of such relationship, of his military service, and of his death must be attached to the application. Where the preference i s claimed by the spouse of a livinz veteran, proof of such relationship, the written consent of such veteran, and proof of his military service as re, mired above must be attached to the application. 4. Qualifications required by the Reclamation Law.-- Pursuant to the provisions of subsection C, section I+. of the Act of December 5. 1924 ( L3 Stat. 702. 43 U. S. C. 433). the follow in^ are established as minimrun nualifications which, in'the opinion of the iocal examjning koe. rd, are necessary to insure the success of entrymen or entrywomen on reclamation farm units included under t h i s notice. Appli-cants must meet these qualifications, as determined by the exanAninc boerd, i n order to he considered for entry. Failure to meet them i n any single respect will be sufficient cause for rejection of an application. No credit wi'll be given : or qualifications i n excess of the minimum reouired. The minimum qualifications are as follows: l a. Character and industry.- The applicant must be possessed of honesty, temperate habits, t h r i f t , industry, seriousness of purpose, record of good moral conduct, an8 a bona f i d e i n t e n t t o engage in farming as an occupation. As part of each application, the applicant shall furnlsh three separate signed statements regarding the character and industry of the applicant. These statements may be prepared and signed by an ordained sinister, any commanding officer under whom the applicant served, a teacher or administrative o f f i c i a l of any recognized high school o r college, present or previous employer or any comparable individual or o f f i c i a l , not a relative, who i s personally acquainted with the applicant. The individuals signing these statements may be those l i s t e d in para-graph 17 of the farm application blank, referred to i n paragraph 6 of t h i s notice. \ b. Health.-- The applicant must be i n such physical condition as w i l l enable him t o engage i n n o m l farm labor. Any person who i s physically handicapped or afflicted with any condition which makes such a b i l i t y questionable must attach to his application the detailed statement of an examining physician which defines the limitation upon such a b i l i t y and i t s causes. c. Farm experienn. ( 1) Fam experience shall be of such a n a t ~ r ea s in the judgment of the examining board w i l l qualify the applicant to undertake the development and operation of an irrigated farm by modern methods. The applicmt must have had a minimum of twa years' full- time farm experience a f t e r attain-ing the age of 15 years. ' Iko years of study i n agricultural courses i n an accredited agricultural college or tw years of responsible technical work in agriculture, i f deemed by the examining board to be work which would contlribute toward successful farm operation, may be substituted for one year of full- time experience; pmvided that no more thnn one year's experience may be credited from such sources. . A farm youth having atteined the age of 15, who actually resided and wrked on a farm h i l e attending school, majr credit such part- time experience as equal to 50 percent of full- time experience. A l l fam experience must have been obtained since October 1, 1932. No advantage w i l l accrue from farming ex-perienae on irrigated land. ( 2) Applicants must furnish three separate statements each signed either by a Vocational Agricultural teacher, County Agent, Farmers Home Administration County Supervisor, A. A. A. County Chairman, an officer of any local farm organization, or by some other responsible person who has personal knowled~ e of the applicant's farm experience or has verified it to h i s satisfaction certifying t o the farm experience claimed i n paragraph 7 of the farm application blank. Forms to be used by these references accompany each farm application blank. ( 3) Women applicants must describe fully the farm a c t i v i t i e s i n which they have participated and the relation of any agricultural courses they have taken to farm operation and management. d. Capital.-- Each applicant must possess at least $ 2,000, consisting of cash or assets readily convertible into cash, such as United jtates Savings Bonds, or assets useful i n the operation of a fann, such as livestock, farm machinery and equipent. In addition, each applicant shall furnish, i n the space pmvided i n paragraph 11 of the farm application blank, a financial statement l i s t i n g all of h i s assets and all of h i s l i a b i l i t i e s , showing a net worth of a t l e a s t 92,000. " Possession of the minimum net Worth rewrement of at least $ 2,000 must be corroborated hy a statement of an o f f i c i a l of a bank, or other responsible and reputable private or public credit agency. This corroborative statement may be a separate attachment, or may be inserted at the bottom of page 3 of the farm application blank. e. liestilction re~ ardinp: l andsopresently owned on any Federal reclamation projects.- In addition, i n order to qualify for entry on project lands, applicants must not hold or own, within any Federal reclamation project, irrigable land for h i c h construction charges payable t o the United States have not been fully paid. Proofs of conformity with t h i s renuirement need not he furnished, but a check of proj-ect lands w i l l be made to determine e l i g i b i l i t y of applicants before, awards of farm units are nade. 5. Principal qualifications required by homestead laws.- Tne homestead laws reouire that an entrynan or entxyvmman: a. Must be a citizen of the United States or have declared an intention to become a citizen of the United Stntes. , . + b. Must not have exhausted the ri& t to make hoxestead entry on plblic land. c. Must not own more than 160 acres of land i n the TJnited States. d. Entrywomen who are married must be heads of families; t h i s requirement of the homestead law was not affected by the Act of September 27, 19WI. ( 58 Stat. 747), as amended. Nntrgmen and unmarried entrywomen must be 21 years of age or the head of a family, except that such minimum age reauirement is not applicable t o entrymen or unmarried entrywomen who have served in the Army, Navy, Marine Corps or Coast Guard of the United States for a period of a t l e a s t 90 days a t any time on or a f t e r September 16, 1940, and prior to the termination of the present war and are honorably discharged. Any applicant who i s renuired t o be the head of a family must submit proof of such status with his or her application. Complete information concerning qualifications for homesteading may be obtained from District Land. Offices or from the Bureau of Land Management, Washington 25, D. C. I 6. .& en. where. and how to amly for a farm unit. a. Application blanks.- Pay person desiring to acauire one of the p b l i c land units described i n t h i s notice must f i l l out the attached farm application blank. Additional application blanks may be obtained from the D i s t r i c t Manager, Bureau of Reclamation, P. 0. Box 312 ( quilding 61, Mmicipal Air-port), Klamath Falls, Oregon; Regional Director, Bureau of Reclamation, P. 0. Yox 25ll, Sacramento 10, California, or the Commissioner, Bureau of Reclamation, Washington 25, D. C. Each question on the farm application blank must be answered completely, with the exception that preference choice of farm units need not be listed i n the space provided on page J. b. Filing of applications and proofs.- An application for a, fann unit l i s t e d in paragraph 1 of t h i s notice must be f i l e d with the District Manager. hreau of Reclamation. P. 0. Box 312, ( Building 61, Municipal Airport), Klamath Falls, Oregon, in persoi or by mail. No advantage will accrue to an appli-- cant who presents h i s or her application i n person. Such an application must be accompanied by: ( I ) Proof of veteran's status i f veteranst nreference i s claimed; see above, paragraph 3 c. ( 2) Three statements as to character and industry; see above, pragraph 4 a. ( 3) statement of examining physician, i n case of disability; see above, praeraph 4 b. ( 4) Three statements corroborating the fanu experience cldm; see above, paragraph 4 c ( 2). ( 5 ) Corroboration of c a p i t a l assets; see above, paragraph 4 d. ( 6) Proof of status a s head of a family I f applicant i s a narried wman veteran, or a non-veteran under the age of 21; see above paragraph 5 d. c. Priority of applications.-- All applications f i l e d f o r the public land fam units l i s t e d i n t h i s notice w i l l be classified for priority purposeseas follows and considered i n the following order: ( 1) First Prioritg- G-.-- All applications fj led prior to 2: 00 p. m., Januarg 20, 1948, 4. which are accompanied by proof sufficient i n the opinion of the board t o establish e l i g i b i l i t y f o r veterans' preference, A l l such applications will be treated as simultaneously filed. ( 2) Second Przorit Grou .-. A11 applications f i l e d prior t o 2: 00 p. m., ~ anuary' 20, 1948, from applicants without veterans: prefzrence o r which are nvt accompanied hy proof sufficient in the ' A opinjon of the board. to establish e l i g i b i l i t y for veterans' preference. A l l such applications w i l l be t ~ e a t e da s simultaneously filed. . ( 3) Final Priority Grou..- All applications f i l e d after 2: 00 p. m., January 20, 1948, whether or not accompanied by proof relative t o veterans' preference. Such applications w i l l be con-sidered in the order i n which they are filed, i f any farm units become available for assignment to appli-cants within t h i s group. d. h l i c a t i o n s cannot be returned.--% ch application subnitted, including substantiating and supporting data, becomes a pert of the pemnent records of the Burem of Reclamation and cannot be returned to the applicant. \ 7. Selection of 2 G f i e d apulicants. a. 7?,, 7minin~ h- o~.-. b examining board of three nemhers has heen approved hy the Commissioner of Reclamation t o consider the fitness of each applicant t o undertake the development and operation of a farm on the Klamath Project. Careful investigations will he made t o verify the statercents and representntions made by .% pplicants in order t o determine t h e i r nualifications as prescribed in t h i s notice. b. Wsis of exami. n& t> s.-- The examinin& hoard will determine the eligibility for the award of a reclamation farm unit under subsection 4C of the Act of December 5, 1924. As stated ahove i n para-graph 4, applicants w i l l be judged on the basis of character, industry, fanning experience, and capital. No applicant w i l l be considered eligible who does not malify i n all respects, or who doe3 not, in the opinion of the board, possess the health and vigor to engage in farm work. Any f a l s i f i c a t i o n or fraudu-lent misrepresentation shall constitute ground for the dismalification of the applicant, the rejection of his application, the cancellation of his award, and/ or the cancellation of his entry. c. Procedure. ( 1) Pre1ivina~~ amination.-- If ah applicant f a i l s to make a prima facie case, that is, i f an ex- mLnation of h i s application discloses that he is not qualified i n respect to the requirements prescribed herein, the application shall be rejected and the applicant notified by the board of such rejection and the reasons therefor, and of h i s right to'appeal in writing to the Regional Director, Region 11, Bureau of Reclamation. Such written appeals must be filed within ten ( 10) days from the receipt of such notice with the District Kanager, Bureau of Reclamation, P. 0. 90x 312 ( Building 61, Municipal Airport), Klamath Falls, Oregon, who will forward them promptly t o the Regional Erector. If an appeal i s decided by the Regional Xrector i n favor of the applicant, the application will be referred to the examining board for inclusion i n the drawing. A l l decision3 on appeals will he based exclusively on information obtained prior t o rejection of the application by the examining board. The Kegional Director's decision on a l l appeals shall be a n a l . ( 2) Selection of a~ plicants.- After the expiration of the anpeal periods fixed by the ahoveaentioned notices, . wd in the absence of any pending appeals, the examining board shall conduct a public drawing from the names of the remaining applicants i n the First Priority Group, as defined i n parapaph 6 c. Qualified applicants need not be present a t the drawing i n order to participate therein. A t o t a l of 88 names ( twice the numher of puhlic land farm units to be awarded) shell be drawn snd numbered consecutively. The applicants whose names are so drawn may be closely investieated by the board to determine the authenticity and r e l i a b i l i t y of the infcnnation and proofs offered by them. This i n v e s t i ~ a t i o nm ay include a personal appearance before the board, i f the hoard determines that t h i s i s necessnry; should any applicant f a i l to com? ly with the hoard's renuest for a personal appearance, such f a i l u r e shall conatitute ground for rejection of his application. Any applicant, whose application is rejected by the board as a result of such investigation, shall he given notice of such rejection, setting forth the reasons therefor and advising the ap licant of his right t o appeal in writing to the Xegional Director. The provisions of paragraph 7 c ( 17 relative t o appeals shall be applicable to any such appeal, except that where any such appeal i s decided by the Regional Director in favor of the applicant such applicant shall retain the number assigned t o him a t the time of the drawing. After the expiration of all appeal periods fixed by notices given as above- provided, and i n - t h e absence of any pending appeals, those applicants whose applications remain unrejected and who hold the W, lowest numbers assigned a t the drawing, exclusive of those numbers assigned to rejected applications, shall be selected by the e x d n i n g board as the successful applicants. The balance of the 88 appli-cants whose applications remain unrejected shall be selected by the board as alternates. The board shall thereupon notify each successful applicant and each alternate of h i s selection and of his respective standing. The board shall thereupon notify a l l other remaining a l i c a n t s t h a t farm units will not becom available to than, except pursuant to subparagraph 7 c. ( 3)( 3bel ow. ( 3) Awarding of farm units. ( a) Upon the completi. on of any action which may become necessary by reason of any notices given, the examining board shall award farm units i n accordance with order of selection numbers assigned such units to the above- mentioned W, successful applicants i n the order in which t h e i r names are drawn without regard to preferences indicated by applicants for specific farm u n i t s o r otherwise. Each applicant to whom a farm unit has been awarded will be notified of t h a t f a c t by the board. Each such applicant shall have no right of entry for any other farm unit. If any such applicants f a i l to make application for homestead entry in conformity with the provisions of paragraph 9 below or t o comply with the other applicable renuircrrmente set out in said paragraph, the farm units awarded to them shall he awarded to alternates i n the order in which t h e i r names were dram and mbjact to the same condi-tions and reouirements as the 01% nal awards. ' he alternate withthe lowest number as assigned under the p= ovisions of paragraph 7 c. $ 1 hall tak( the place of the loweat numbered applicant m n g the f i r s t W* who f a i l s to make application for homestead entry. or disqualifies by failure to comply with the other rerpirmmts s e t forth i n paragraph 9 below; and the alternate with the second lowest number shall take the place of the second lowest numberad applicant who f a i l s t o make application for homestead entry or comply with the other mruiremmtr. Thm same procedure shall continue to apply u n t i l a l l f a n units have been awarded. ( b) The foregoing procedure h a l l continue u n t i l a l l fam units are finally disposed of to unrejected mpplicantr in the First Priority Group whose names have been drawn and whose applica-tions hnve been closely investigatd as provided herein. If units still remain to be awarded a f t e r a l l applications in the Pirst Priority Group have been procerrod, the foregoing procedure shall be applied i n the proceasing of applications in the Second Priority Group. If d t s . till remain t o b e awarded a f t e r all applications in the Second Priorlty Cmup have been processed, the foreg'oing procedure shall be applied in the'processing of applications i n the Pinal Priority Group, except that the board shall consider such applications in the order i n which they are f i l d i n lieu of conducting a drawing with reference thereto. ( 4) DeUmrg of notices.- All notices given to applicants pursuant to the provisions of paraeraph 7 c. and subparagraphs thereunder shall be i n writing and shall be delivered t o the respective applicants personally or sent to them by registered m a i l with return receipt requested. 8. ! Narn- against unlawful settlement.- No parson shall be permitted t o gain or exorcise any right under any settlement or occupation of any of the public lands covered by t h i s notice except under the terms and conditions prescribed by t h i s notice. 9. Payment of charms and filin,? of homestead applications.- After the 44 successful applicants have been selected, they & all be so notified hy the examininl~ board, and with such notice the examining hoard shall enclose a water rental application for the farm unit awarded which must be executed by the applicant and returned to the District Manager, Bureau of Reclamation, P. 0. Box 312 ( Buildiq 61, hnicipal Airport), Klamath Falls, Oregon, within ten ( 10) days from receipt thereof, to& her with the pdyment of the minimum water rental charge as specified i n uaragraph 10 a. hereof. Upon r e c e i ~ to f water rental application and payment of the amount due thereon, the examining board shall furnish each appli-cant a c e r t i f i c a t e statine that his qualifications to enter public lands as renuired by subsection C of Section 4 of the Act of December 5, 1924 ( W Stat. 702) have been uassed upon and approved by the examining board. Such c e r t i f i c a t e mast be attached by the applicant t o h i s homestead application which application must he f i l e d at the District Land Office of the Bureau of Land Management, Sacramento, California. Such homestead application must be f i l e d within t h i r t y ( 30) days from the date of the receipt by the applicant of said certificate. Failure to pay the water rental charge or to make appli-cation for homestead entry within the periods specified herein w l l l render the application subject to rejection, i n which event the examining board w i l l select the next listed alternate. 10. Charges payable by a l l water users,- The Reclamation Law provides that except during a ' ldeveloument ~ eriodl' fixed by the Secretary of the Interior water m y not be delivered for the irrina-tion of- lands- until an org& zation, satisfactory i n form and powers- to the Secretary, has entered into a contract with the United States prodding for the repayment of the project construction costs & ich are allocated to such irrigated lands. Pursuant to Section 2 ( 5 ) and 7 ( b) of the Rsclnmation Project Act, of 1939, ( 53 5tat. 1187), lands described i n paragraph 1 of t h i s plblic notice are hereby designated a developnent unit. The maximu developnent period for the lands so designsted i s fixed a t a period of four gears from and including the f i r s t year in which water i s delivered; provided, that such period may be reduced by supplemental mtice should the Secretary determine that the f u l l four- year period i s not reasonably necessarg. Before the end of tha developent period, a l l lands described i n said para-graph 1, must, therefore, be included within an organization of the type described and such organization must execute a contract cwering the repaynent of the construction costs allocated to such lands. a. Char~ es payable before execution of the r e p s p n t contract. ( 1) The minimum water rental charge f o r the irrigation season of 1948 and thereafter u n t i l further notice shall be three dollars ($ 3.00) per acre for each irrigable acre of land in the f a n unit, whether water i s used or not, which will entitle the entryman to two and one half ( a) acre- feet . of water per irrigable acre. Payment of this charge for the irrigation season of 1948 s h a l l be made at the time of filing water rental applications. ( 2) Additional water dl1 be firnished during the 1948 i r r i ~ a t i o n season and thereafter u n t i l further notice up to a limit of three and one half ( 33) acre- feet per irrieable acre at the rate of f i f t y cents ( 80.50) per acre- foot and a11 further nuantities a t seventy- five cents ( w. 75) per acre-foot. Charges for the additional water are to be paid on or before hcember 1 of the year in which used. No water shall be delivered to the water uemr in mbsequent years u n t i l a l l such charges have been paid in full. ( 3) In the event any applicant does not receive notice of the award of a farm unit u n t i l a f t e r June 15, 1948, payment shall be a minimum charge of three dollars ($ 3.00) per acre, which payment shall apply as a credit on the minimum charge for the following irrieation season. ( h) The foregoing charges are subject t o a l l provisions of the Federal Reclamation Law relative to collections and penalties for delinquencies. The charges w i l l be paid a t the office of the Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls, Oregon. Future charges dll be announced by future order o r public notice. 6. b. Charges payable a f t e r execution of the repayment contract.- Subsequent to the execution of the repayment contract, and i n accordance with the terms thereof, water users will pay an annual charge per acre t o meet operation and maintenance costs and t o repay t o the government that portion of the constmction costs allocated to Part 2, Tule Lake Division. On the date of issue of t h i s puhlic notice, it i s impracticablr to determine ( 1) the t o t a l construction cost of Part 2, Tule Iake Divlsion distributary system; ( 2) the allocation of costs to Part 2, ' We Lake Division of tho Klamath Federal Reclamation Pmject, and ( 3) the ultimate water- service area of the Division. Accorrlingly, no exact statmnent as t o the t o t a l and per acre construction charge t o be made against the lands opened in t h i s puhlic notice i s practicable, When the t o t a l construction charge has been detedned and allocated by the Secretary of the Interior, and a repapent c o n t r q ~ tn egotiated with the irrigation d i s t r i c t , a supplementary notice announcing the t o t a l and per acre charges will be issued. 11. A l l land to be i ~ c l u d e di ~- i- r1ii~ t~ qnn( 1- i= t_~ i~.- 5acwh ater rental appliciltion for land covered by t h i s plblic notice shall be made on Form 7- 39 and the followine clause shall be inserted a5 the bottom of wid form: " 1 agree to the inclusion of my land i n an irrigation d i s t r i c t and I agree'also to p r t i c i p a t e in the organization of ? n i r r i ~ a t i o nd i s t r i c t at the earliest practicable date." 12. Reservation of riphts- of- way for county. state. and Federal highwzys and access roads.- Rights- of- way are reserved for county, s t a t e and Federal highways and access roads to the f ~ r mu nits shown on said plats along section lines and other lines shown in red on the farm plats. 13. Reservation of ri& ts- of- wau for publicdwned utilities.- Kightsdf- way are reserved for covernment- owned telephone, electric transmission, water and sewer lines, and water treating and pump ing plants, as now constructed, a d the secretary of the Interior reserves the r i g h t t o locate such other gwenwent- owned f a c i l i t i e s over and across the farm units above descri! md as hereafter, i n his opinion, may be necessary f o r the proper construction, operation, and maintenance of the said project. 14. Effect of relinquishment.-- In tho event that any entry of public land made hereunder shall be' relinauished ot any time prior to actual residence upon the land by the entrynan for not less than one year, the land so relinquished shall not be subject to entry for a period of 60 days a f t e r the f i l i n g and nctation of the relinnuishment i n " he Cistrict Land Office. Applicfltions conforming to the reqhire-ments of t h i s public notice may be f i l e d for a period of 15 days a f t e r the expiration of said 60- day period. Ach applications w i l l be considered ard processed anrl awards made pursuant to the provisions of paragraphs 7 and 9 of this public notice. 15. Waiver of mineral rights.-- All homestead entries f o r the ahove- described farm units will he subject to the laws of the United States governing mineral land, and all homestead applicarts under this notice must waive the rij< ht t o the mineral content of the land, i f required to do so by tke hrea. 1 of Lwd Ifanagement; otherwise the homestead applications will he rnjected o r the homestead entry or entries canceled. 16. Flood hazard.-- The lands to he entered are reclaimed lands lyiw in the former bed of Tnle Lake and m y be subject t o flooding and invndation during extremely wet nesrs. The Sureau of 2ecla1rstion i s now engaged i n the constmction of additionel works which, when completed, w i l l nrov5. de reasonnble flood protection. Settlers are warned, however, that i n case- of extreme mnoff result in^ in the fl. ood-iny of any of the lands, the government assumes no responsitdlity for dmare to persons or property caused by such flooding. Assistant Secretary of the Interior Close

• 83. [Image] Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment

  	"Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment Author: David Evans and Associates, Inc. Year: 2004, 2005 "Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council." Title: Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment Author: David Evans and Associates, Inc. Year: 2004, 2005 "Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council." Close

• 84. [Image] Western water supply : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, to receive testimony regarding water supply issues in the arid West, March 9, 2004

  	CONTENTS STATEMENTS Page American Farm Bureau Federation 26963 Bell, Craig, Executive Director, Western States Water Council 26945 Domenici, Hon. Pete V., U.S. Senator From New Mexico 2691 Gaibler, Floyd, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Western water supply : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, to receive testimony regarding water supply issues in the arid West, March 9, 2004 Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS STATEMENTS Page American Farm Bureau Federation 26963 Bell, Craig, Executive Director, Western States Water Council 26945 Domenici, Hon. Pete V., U.S. Senator From New Mexico 2691 Gaibler, Floyd, Deputy Undersecretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, Department of Agriculture 26932 Grisoli, Brigadier General William T., Commander, Northwestern Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 26918 Hall, Tex G., President, National Congress of American Indians, and Chair man, Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nation 26950 Raley, Bennett, Assistant Secretary, Department of the Interior 2695 Uccellini, Dr. Louis, Director, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 26926 APPENDIX Responses to additional questions 2620 67 Title: Western water supply : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, to receive testimony regarding water supply issues in the arid West, March 9, 2004 Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS STATEMENTS Page American Farm Bureau Federation 26963 Bell, Craig, Executive Director, Western States Water Council 26945 Domenici, Hon. Pete V., U.S. Senator From New Mexico 2691 Gaibler, Floyd, Deputy Undersecretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, Department of Agriculture 26932 Grisoli, Brigadier General William T., Commander, Northwestern Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 26918 Hall, Tex G., President, National Congress of American Indians, and Chair man, Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nation 26950 Raley, Bennett, Assistant Secretary, Department of the Interior 2695 Uccellini, Dr. Louis, Director, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 26926 APPENDIX Responses to additional questions 2620 67 Close

• 85. [Image] Klamath Basin summary of recent federal government activities, March 2003

  	The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin Work Plans and Reports
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Basin summary of recent federal government activities, March 2003 Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 2003, 2005 The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin Work Plans and Reports Title: Klamath Basin summary of recent federal government activities, March 2003 Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 2003, 2005 The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin Work Plans and Reports Close

• 86. [Image] Summary of ongoing and planned work of the Department of the Interior related to the Klamath River Basin, March 2003

  	The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin, Work Plans and Reports
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary of ongoing and planned work of the Department of the Interior related to the Klamath River Basin, March 2003 Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 2003, 2005 The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin, Work Plans and Reports Title: Summary of ongoing and planned work of the Department of the Interior related to the Klamath River Basin, March 2003 Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 2003, 2005 The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin, Work Plans and Reports Close

• 87. [Image] Klamath and Trinity River basins : hearing before the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, on H.R. 4712 ... July 16, 1986

  	Serial no. 99-54 (United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath and Trinity River basins : hearing before the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, on H.R. 4712 ... July 16, 1986 Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment Year: 1986, 2005 Serial no. 99-54 (United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries) Title: Klamath and Trinity River basins : hearing before the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, on H.R. 4712 ... July 16, 1986 Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment Year: 1986, 2005 Serial no. 99-54 (United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries) Close

• 88. [Image] Recent paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

  	Recent Paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake Eilers et al. 2001 ABSTRACT Sediment cores were collected from Upper Klamath Lake in October, 1998 and analyzed for 210Pb, 14C, 15N, N, P, C, Ti, Al, diatoms, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recent paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 2001, 2005 Recent Paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake Eilers et al. 2001 ABSTRACT Sediment cores were collected from Upper Klamath Lake in October, 1998 and analyzed for 210Pb, 14C, 15N, N, P, C, Ti, Al, diatoms, Pediastrum, and cyanobacterial akinetes. These results were used to reconstruct changes in water quality in Upper Klamath Lake over the last 150 years. The results showed that there was substantial mixing of the upper 10 cm of sediment, representing the previous 20 to 30 years. However, below that, 210Pb activity declined monotonically, allowing reasonable dating for the period from about 1850 to 1970. The sediment accumulation rates (SAR) showed a substantial increase in the 20th century. The increase in SAR corresponded with increases in erosional input from the watershed as represented by the increases in sediment concentrations of Ti and Al. The upper 20 cm of sediment (representing the last 150 years) also showed increases in C, N, P, and 15N. The increases in nutrient concentrations may be affected to various degrees by diagenetic reactions within the sediments, although the changes in concentrations also were marked by changes in the N:P ratio and in a qualitative change in the source of N as reflected in increasing S15N. The diatoms showed modest changes, particularly in the upper sediments, with increases in Asterionellaformosa, Stephanodiscus hantzschii, and S. parvus. Pediastrum, a green alga, was well-preserved in the sediments and exhibited a sharp decline in relative abundance in the upper sediments. Total cyanobacteria, as represented by preserved akinetes, exhibited only minor changes in the last 1000 years. However, a taxon which was formerly not present in the lake 150 years ago, Aphanizomenon, has shown major increases in recent decades. Although the mixing in the upper sediments prevents high-resolution temporal analysis of the recent history (e.g. last 30 years) of Upper Klamath Lake, the results demonstrate that major changes in water quality likely have occurred leading to a major modification of the phytoplankton assemblage. The changes in sediment composition are consistent with land use activities during this period that include substantial deforestation, drainage of wetlands, and agricultural activities associated with livestock and irrigated cropland. Title: Recent paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 2001, 2005 Recent Paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake Eilers et al. 2001 ABSTRACT Sediment cores were collected from Upper Klamath Lake in October, 1998 and analyzed for 210Pb, 14C, 15N, N, P, C, Ti, Al, diatoms, Pediastrum, and cyanobacterial akinetes. These results were used to reconstruct changes in water quality in Upper Klamath Lake over the last 150 years. The results showed that there was substantial mixing of the upper 10 cm of sediment, representing the previous 20 to 30 years. However, below that, 210Pb activity declined monotonically, allowing reasonable dating for the period from about 1850 to 1970. The sediment accumulation rates (SAR) showed a substantial increase in the 20th century. The increase in SAR corresponded with increases in erosional input from the watershed as represented by the increases in sediment concentrations of Ti and Al. The upper 20 cm of sediment (representing the last 150 years) also showed increases in C, N, P, and 15N. The increases in nutrient concentrations may be affected to various degrees by diagenetic reactions within the sediments, although the changes in concentrations also were marked by changes in the N:P ratio and in a qualitative change in the source of N as reflected in increasing S15N. The diatoms showed modest changes, particularly in the upper sediments, with increases in Asterionellaformosa, Stephanodiscus hantzschii, and S. parvus. Pediastrum, a green alga, was well-preserved in the sediments and exhibited a sharp decline in relative abundance in the upper sediments. Total cyanobacteria, as represented by preserved akinetes, exhibited only minor changes in the last 1000 years. However, a taxon which was formerly not present in the lake 150 years ago, Aphanizomenon, has shown major increases in recent decades. Although the mixing in the upper sediments prevents high-resolution temporal analysis of the recent history (e.g. last 30 years) of Upper Klamath Lake, the results demonstrate that major changes in water quality likely have occurred leading to a major modification of the phytoplankton assemblage. The changes in sediment composition are consistent with land use activities during this period that include substantial deforestation, drainage of wetlands, and agricultural activities associated with livestock and irrigated cropland. Close

• 89. [Image] Monitoring of Lost River and Shortnose suckers and shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999

  	Monitoring of Lost River and Shortnose Suckers at Shoreline Spawning Areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999 Prepared by: Rip S. Shively1 Mark F. Bautista2 Andre E. Kohler2 1 U. S. Geological Survey, Biological ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring of Lost River and Shortnose suckers and shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999 Author: Shively, Rip S.; Bautista, Mark F.; Kohler, Andre E. Year: 1999, 2005 Monitoring of Lost River and Shortnose Suckers at Shoreline Spawning Areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999 Prepared by: Rip S. Shively1 Mark F. Bautista2 Andre E. Kohler2 1 U. S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division Klamath Falls Duty Station 6937 Washburn Way Klamath Falls, OR 97603 2 Johnson Controls World Services Inc. NERC Operation Post Office Box 270308 Fort Collins, CO 80527 Executive Summary In 1999, we sampled Lost River { Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose ( Chasmistes brevirostris) suckers from 5 April to 17 June at five shoreline spawning locations in Upper Klamath Lake ( UKL). Trammel nets were set to encompass identified spawning areas and were fished approximately 1- 1.5 hours before sunset until 3 hours after sunset or until 20 or more fish were captured. A total of 808 Lost River and 19 shortnose suckers were captured from Sucker, Silver Building, Ouxy, and Boulder springs, and Cinder Flats. The majority of Lost River suckers were captured at Cinder Flats ( 35%) and Sucker Springs ( 34%), followed by Ouxy Springs ( 16%), Silver Building Springs ( 12%), and Boulder Springs ( 3%). Males dominated the catch at all sites, but the sex ratios at Cinder Flats and Silver Building Springs were particularly skewed towards males. We recaptured 32 Lost River suckers that had been tagged during previous years sampling efforts. All of these fish, with the exception of two fish tagged at Ball Point in July, were originally tagged during the spawning season at shoreline spawning areas in UKL. This information provides further evidence that distinct stocks of Lost River suckers exist based on spawning location ( i. e., UKL and Williamson River). We also recaptured 23 Lost River suckers that were tagged in 1999 at shoreline spawning areas. Approximately half of these fish were recaptured at different locations than tagged indicating these fish were moving between spawning areas. The size offish captured at shoreline spawning areas decreased as the spawning season progressed, although the decrease in size was not as dramatic as reported in previous years. A limited number of shortnose suckers were captured at shoreline spawning areas in 1999, with a majority sampled after 1 May. Previous data for shortnose suckers at these sites is limited with respect to size, timing of spawning, sex composition, and relative numbers. Continuation of systematic sampling efforts at shoreline spawning areas will provide valuable information on the demographics and life history of Lost River and shortnose suckers utilizing these areas. Acknowledgements We thank Anita Baker, Brooke Bechen, Lani Hickey, and Tonya Wiley for assisting with sampling offish at shoreline spawning areas. Mark Buettner and Brian Peck ( U. S. Bureau of Reclamation) provided support during the early phases of our sampling as well as helpful comments on this report. We also appreciate the cooperation and support of Larry Dunsmoor ( Klamath Tribes) for identifying spawning areas, providing logistical support, and for the thoughtful review of this report. Cassandra Watson and Elizabeth Neuman produced finalized versions of tables and figures within this report and their efforts are greatly appreciated. This research was funded by the U. S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division through the Western Reservoirs Initiative. Introduction Severe water quality problems in Upper Klamath Lake ( UKL) have led to critical fisheries concerns for the region. Historically, UKL was eutrophic but has become hypereutrophic ( Goldman and Home 1983) presumably due to land- use practices within the basin ( USFWS 1993). As a result, the algal community has shifted to a monoculture of the blue- green algae Aphanizomemon flos- aquae and massive blooms of this species have been directly related to poor water quality episodes in UKL. The growth and decomposition of dense algal blooms in the lake frequently cause extreme water quality conditions characterized by high pH ( 9- 10.5), widely variable dissolved oxygen ( anoxic to supersaturated), and high ammonia concentrations (> 0.5 mg/ 1 unionized). In addition to water quality problems associated with A. flos- aquae, it is believed the loss of marsh habitat near the lake, timber harvest, removal of riparian vegetation, livestock grazing, and agricultural practices within the basin has contributed to hypereutrophic conditions. It is likely that these disturbances have altered the UKL ecosystem substantially enough to contribute to the near monoculture of A. flos- aquae. Investigations in 1913 documented the algal community as a diverse mix of blue- green and diatom communities, however, by the 1950' s A. flos- aquae was dominant ( USFWS 1993). The Lost River sucker ( Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose sucker ( Chasmistes brevirostris) are endemic to the Upper Klamath Basin of California and Oregon ( Moyle 1976). Declining population trends for both species were noted as early as the mid- 1960' s, however, the severities of the population declines were not evident until the mid- 1980' s. In 1988 the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed both Lost River and shortnose suckers as endangered. Suspected reasons for their decline included damming of rivers, dredging and draining of marshes, water diversions, hybridization, competition and predation by exotic species, insularization of habitat, and water quality problems associated with timber harvest, removal of riparian vegetation, livestock grazing, and agricultural practices ( USFWS 1993). The U. S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division ( BRD) has been conducting field investigations on Lost River and shortnose suckers in UKL since 1994. The majority of these sampling efforts have focused on catching fish in UKL and the Lower Williamson River. Sampling in the Lower Williamson River focused on developing indices of relative abundance of Lost River and shortnose suckers. In 1999, Oregon State University continued sampling in the Lower Williamson River fishing trammel nets from April to August at four standardized locations. In addition to sampling efforts in the Lower Williamson River, BRD crews conducted periodic sampling at several shoreline spawning areas on the east side of UKL. This sampling was beneficial because it provided information on species composition, size, and sex ratios of suckers utilizing these areas. However, temporal changes in abundance may have been missed because consistent sampling never occurred throughout the entire spawning season ( Perkins et al, In preparation). Recently, there has been increased concern on the effects of water level management in UKL on spawning suckers. Information is needed on the timing, relative abundance, and distribution of sucker spawning in UKL to make informed decisions with respect to management of lake elevation. In 1999, we conducted systematic trammel netting surveys at Sucker, Silver Building, Ouxy, and Boulder springs and Cinder Flats along the east shore of UKL. In addition, we sampled periodically at Barkley Springs and Modoc Point to determine if suckers were utilizing these areas for spawning. This report summarizes data collected in 1999 on shoreline spawning populations of Lost River and shortnose suckers with emphasis on timing, species composition, sex ratios, and relative abundance. Methods We conducted systematic trammel netting surveys at five locations along the east shore of UKL ( Figure 1). We began sampling at Cinder Flats, Sucker, Silver Building, and Ouxy springs in early April with Boulder Springs added to the list of sampling sites on 27 April. In addition to these sites, we periodically sampled at Barkley Springs and Modoc Point ( Table 1). We attempted to sample each site twice per week although certain sites were only sampled once per week when catch rates of suckers were low ( i. e., less than 5 fish per evening). Trammel nets were fished for about 4 hours ( approximately 1- 1.5 hours before sunset until 3 hours after dark) or until we captured 20 or more fish. Nets used at individual sites varied in length from 15- 30 m, were 1.8 m tall with two outer panels ( 30cm bar mesh), an inner panel ( 3.8 cm bar mesh), a foam core float line, and a lead core bottom line. Generally, we set 1- 2 nets starting at the shoreline and extending out to encompass the perimeter of the identified spawning area. Nets were checked at approximately 1 hour intervals and captured fish were cut from the inner mesh panel and placed in a mesh cage and processed within 2 hours. Suckers were identified by species and sex, measured to the nearest mm ( fork length), inspected for tags ( both PIT and Floy tags), and examined for physical afflictions ( e. g., presence oiLernaea spp. and lamprey scars). If a sucker did not have a PIT tag, one was inserted with a hypodermic needle along the ventral surface 1- 2 cm anterior of the pelvic girdle. The catch per unit effort ( CPUE) of adult Lost River suckers was calculated for individual sampling locations for each evening sampled. Because identified spawning areas varied in size we used different length trammel nets to encompass the spawning areas. We did not attempt to standardize CPUE based on length of trammel nets used at each location. Results We sampled shoreline spawning areas from 5 April - 17 June capturing a total of 808 Lost River suckers and 19 shortnose suckers from 5 sites ( Table 1). Lost River and shortnose suckers were captured at Sucker Springs, Silver Building Springs, Ouxy Springs, and Cinder Flats, while only Lost River suckers were captured at Boulder Springs. No suckers were captured at Barkley Springs and Modoc Point ( Table 1). The majority of Lost River suckers were captured at Cinder Flats ( 35%) and Sucker Springs ( 34%; Figure 2). Males dominated the catch at all sites and were generally smaller ( mean length = 538 mm) than females captured ( mean length = 596 mm). In particular, sex ratios ( males to females) were most skewed at Cinder Flats and Silver Building Springs ( Figure 3). Large females (> 650 mm) were captured at most sites, except Boulder Springs, and the size range offish captured over time remained similar with the exception that a fewer large individuals (> 600 mm) were captured in the late sampling period ( 1 May - 17 June) as compared to the early sampling period ( 6- 30 April; Figure 4; Appendix Figure A). The catch of shortnose suckers was limited at all sites sampled. Most ( 12 of 19) of the shortnose suckers were collected at Sucker Springs, with 1- 3 fish captured at Cinder Flats, Ouxy Springs, and Silver Building Springs ( Table 1). We identified 8 males and 8 females during the sampling period and were unable to determine sex for three individuals. The mean size of shortnose suckers was 360 mm ( range 289- 528 mm) similar to data reported by Perkins et al. ( In preparation) from Sucker, Silver Building, and Ouxy springs. We observed the highest CPUE of Lost River suckers at Cinder Flats ( mean CPUE= 12.7/ h) followed by Sucker Springs ( mean CPUE= 6.0/ h), Silver Building Springs ( mean CPUE = 2.8/ h), and Ouxy Springs ( mean CPUE= 2.4/ h) ( Figure 5). On three occasions at Cinder Flats, 20 or more suckers were captured within an hour or less resulting in the termination of sampling for the evening. CPUE was calculated for sampling dates at Boulder Springs ( mean CPUE= 1.4/ h), although comparisons with other sites is not applicable because this site was not initially included in systematic sampling efforts. We did not calculate CPUE for shortnose suckers. We captured a total of 32 Lost River and 2 shortnose suckers that were tagged during previous years sampling efforts. The majority ( 96%) of these fish was originally tagged at shoreline locations ( Table 2), which is consistent with historical recapture data ( Appendix Table A). Two Lost River suckers were originally tagged at Ball Point in UKL in July, after the spawning season. In addition, most Lost River suckers were recaptured before 1 May, including 15 fish that were collected at Sucker Springs during two sampling occasions in March ( Figure 6). We also recaptured a total of 21 Lost River suckers that were tagged in 1999 at shoreline spawning areas. Approximately half of these fish were recaptured at different areas than where they were tagged, indicating that some suckers are moving between spawning areas within the season ( Table 3). Discussion Our sampling indicated the spawning period for Lost River suckers lasted from mid- March through the beginning of June at shoreline spawning areas in 1999. The catch of Lost River suckers was dominated by males at all sites sampled, particularly at Cinder Flats and Silver Building Springs. Perkins et al., ( In preparation) reported skewed sex ratios at shoreline spawning locations following the fish kills that occurred in UKL from 1995- 1997. However, the ratios we observed were considerably higher than those reported by Perkins et al., ( In preparation). At this time we are unable to determine the reason for the sex ratios observed. It is possible that males remain longer at the spawning areas than females making them more vulnerable to capture. Perkins et al., ( In preparation) observed spawning acts and reported that males remained near the actual site where spawning occurs while females move onto the spawning site only when ready to spawn. We captured 23 Lost River suckers twice in 1999 and all but one of these fish were males. However, it is difficult to determine if this percentage is due to males remaining at these sites longer than females or a reflection of the existing sex ratios. Another possible explanation could be the large numbers of males in the catch are from the 1991- 1993 year classes and females from these year classes have yet to be recruited into the adult population. The majority of males captured ( 81%) were between 475 - 574 mm. Age and growth information from Lost River suckers collected during the 1996- 1997 fish kills indicate these fish would be between 5- 9 years old ( USGS, BRD, 10 unpublished data). Perkins et al., ( In preparation) reported that male Lost River suckers migrating up the Williamson River begin to be recruited into the adult population starting at age 4+, while females did not begin to mature until age 7+ . These data were based on examining length frequency distributions and noting when fish from the 1991 year class, which is presumed to be a strong year class, began showing up in trammel net catches. Fish from the 1991 year class would have been age 8+ in 1999. Buettner and Scoppetone ( 1990) examined opercles from Lost River suckers collected during the 1986 fish kill in UKL and reported that individuals matured between 6- 14 years of age with the peak being 9 years. It is possible that in the next few years more females from the 1991- 93 year classes will be recruited into the adult population spawning at shoreline areas. Our data provides additional evidence that distinct stocks of Lost River suckers may exist based on fidelity to spawning area. Of the 32 suckers we recaptured from previous years sampling efforts, all but two were originally tagged at shoreline spawning locations. The two fish that were not originally tagged at shoreline spawning locations were captured at Ball Point in July and were not presumed to be spawning in this location. Perkins et al. ( In preparation) reported that of 316 Lost River and 11 shortnose suckers recaptured at shoreline spawning areas all were originally tagged at shoreline spawning locations. Continuation of systematic sampling at both shoreline spawning areas and the Williamson and Sprague rivers will continue to provide information on potential separation of spawning populations. The majority of recaptured fish were tagged during the first half of our sampling efforts including 13 fish that were recaptured on 25 March while sampling with Larry Dunsmoor of the Klamath Tribes. Historically, the majority of sampling effort at 11 shoreline spawning locations occurred prior to 1 May, which may explain why most recaptures were collected during the early part of our sampling period. In fiiture years, we plan to continue systematic sampling through June to determine if temporal aspects of spawning remain consistent between years. The size offish captured at shoreline spawning areas decreased as the spawning season progressed, particularly near the end of our sampling period, although the decrease was not as dramatic as reported by Perkins et al., ( In preparation). It is possible that individual timing of Lost River sucker spawning is affected by size. Scoppettone et al., ( 1986) observed that smaller, younger cui- ui ( Chasmistes cujus) at Pyramid Lake spawned at the end of the spawning season. We believe further investigation is needed to determine if differences in spawning timing among individuals is due to size or related to stock differences. A limited number of shortnose suckers were captured in 1999. Sampling continued well into June and was sufficient to detect spawning concentrations of shortnose suckers at these sites. Based on previous sampling conducted at shoreline spawning areas, there appears to be a decreasing trend in the number of shortnose suckers captured at these sites ( Perkins, et al., In preparation). Our sampling efforts at shoreline spawning areas on the east side of UKL represents the first time these areas have been systematically sampled during the spawning season. Continuation of systematic sampling at these areas is important to provide information on species composition, timing and duration of spawning, fidelity to spawning areas, sex ratios, size distribution, and relative abundance. How these 12 population characteristics change over time will also provide important insights into the population stability of Lost River and shortnose suckers in UKL. 13 Literature Cited Buettner, M. And G. Scoppettone. 1990. Life history status of catostomids in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. U. S. F. W. S. Completion Report. 108 pp. Goldman, C. R. and A. J. Home. 1983. Limnology. McGraw Hill, New York. Moyle, P. B. 1976. Inland fishes of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Perkins, D. L., G. G. Scoppettone, and M. Buettner. In preparation. Reproductive biology and demographics of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993. Lost River ( Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose ( Chasmistes brevirostris) sucker recovery plan. Portland, Oregon. 108 pp. 14 Table 1. Summary of the shoreline locations sampled in Upper Klamath Lake and the number of Lost River ( LRS) and shortnose ( SNS) suckers captured in 1999. Sampling Dates Sampled Number of days Number of LRS Number of SNS Location ( range) Sampled Captured Captured Barkley Springs 4/ 5- 4/ 27 4 0 0 11 21 0 19 284 2 4 0 0 20 129 3 19 100 2 Sucker Springs 4/ 5- 6/ 17 20 274 13 Total 808 20 Boulder Springs Cinder Flats Modoc Point Ouxy Springs Silver Bldg. Springs 4/ 27- 4/ 6- 4/ 13- 4/ 6- 4/ 5- 6/ 17 6/ 17 4/ 21 6/ 17 6/ 17 15 Table 2. Summary of the number of Lost River suckers recaptured from previous years sampling efforts at shoreline spawning locations in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999. Site Originally Captured Boulder Springs Cinder Flats Ouxy Springs Silver Bldg. Springs Sucker Springs Ball Point Total Boulder Springs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Site Cinder Flats 0 1 0 0 4 2 7 Recaptured Ouxy Springs 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 in 1999 Silver Bldg. Springs 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Sucker Springs 0 0 1 2 19 0 22 16 Table 3. Summary of the number of Lost River suckers recaptured at shoreline locations in Upper Klamath Lake originally tagged in 1999. Site Originally Captured in 1999 Boulder Springs Cinder Flats Ouxy Springs Silver Bldg. Springs Sucker Springs Total Boulder Springs 0 0 0 0 0 0 Site Cinder Flats 0 3 1 3 1 8 Recaptured Ouxy Springs 0 1 0 0 3 4 in 1999 Silver Bldg. Springs 0 0 1 1 0 2 Sucker Springs 0 2 0 1 6 9 17 1. Sucker Springs 2. Silver Building Springs 3. Ouxy Springs 4. Cinder Flats 5. Boulder Springs Figure 1. Map of Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes showing major tributaries and shoreline spawning areas sampled in 1999. 18 o I 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 BOULDER SPRINGS 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 D LRS Male • LRS Female * No Fish Jtt * * * * * * OUXY SPRINGS D LRS Male • LRS Female * No Fish 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 CINDER FLATS D LRS Unknow n _ r i • LRS Male • i_ r\ o remaie ic No Fish EII1IJ n „ * * * * 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 > SILVER BUILDING SPRINGS • LRS Unknow n • LRS Male • LRS Female * No Fish D n n p » * * * * * SUCKER SPRINGS ALL AREAS COMBINED • LRS Unknown D LRS Male • LRS Female • LRS Unknow n • LRS Male • LRS Female / / / / / / Figure 2. Summary of the number and sex of Lost River Suckers ( LRS) captured at shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999 sampling. LRS unknown refers to captured individuals in which sex could not be determined. 19 70% -, 60% 50% 40% - 30% - 20% - 10% 0% CINDER FLATS _ o_ n= 283 9.1 : 1 8C O in io in om CD o i n 70% -, 60% - 50% - 40% - 30% - 20% - 10% - 0% - BOULDER SPRINGS y n 11 7 6 2 n= 21 9.5: 1 • g si n 8 CD omr o in oo § 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% OUXY SPRINGS om CN oi n co o ini o in in SUCKER SPRINGS 70% -, 60% - 50% - 40% - 30% - 20% - 10% - 0% - n= 129 4.1 : 0 • _ o in CD omh omoo n= 273 3.5: 1 U • - - sC O oi n oi nm om o i n 00 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% - 10% 0% SILVER BUILDING SPRINGS 70% 60% - 50% - 40% 30% 20% 10% - 0% 8 CM ALL SITES 8 CO JL 8 8 i n n= 99 8.1 : 1 • H „ - in in in CD h- 00 n= 805 5.3: 1 _ D • Male • Female 8 C N O O O O O O O O O O O i n o m oin i nin oCDi nCDo i n o i nco Fork length Figure 3. Length frequency histogram of male and female Lost River suckers ( LRS) captured at shore-line spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999. The total number of LRS captured in 1999 and ratio of males to females are presented in the upper right hand corner of each graph. 20 E QJ D 160 i 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 A) 1999 LR Length Frequency ( 3/ 18/ 99- 4/ 30/ 99) DMale • Female • male = 457 xM = 541.4 i siaev - jo. y female = 60 xF = 611.9 stdev = 77.2 (—| Qy O ^ D 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 # 4? B) o - I— # $ # C) # # $ # 1999 LR Length Frequency ( 5/ 1/ 99 - 6/ 8/ 99) DMale • Female male = 219 xM = 531.4 5> lUeV — H 1 , , — i remaie = bB xF = 582 8 stdev = 68.1 • y . _ _ # ^ # # # # # # # ^ 1999 SN Length Frequency ( 4/ 30/ 99 - 5/ 30/ 99) 1 U 14 - 12 - 10 s p. A 2 0 - , Dmale • female y y • l i y n male = 8 xM = 363 stdev - 29.7 fpryiolp — ft xF = 357.1 stdev = 35.5 Forklength ( mm) Figure 4. Length frequency for Lost River ( LRS) and shortnose ( SNS) suckers captured at shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999. Graphs represent A) LRS caught from March 19- April 30, 1999, B) LRS caught from May 1- June 8, 1999, and C) SNS caught from April 30- May 30, 1999 ( all SNS sampling days were combined due to limited SNS numbers). Four LRS with unknown gender were not included in the graph, two were caught before May 1st, and two after May 1st. Three SNS with unknown gender were not included in the graph. 21 BOULDER SPRINGS 20 i 18 16 - I 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 O) O) O) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) in CM O) $ § I co o L? 5 LO O) O) O) g> g> g> o r^ •<*• n ^ CN CD CD CD 45 40 - 35 30 25 20 15 10 - 5 0 CINDER FLATS 0 ) 0 ) OO - f - r in in 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) C D C D C D 1 sw 20 18 16- 14- 12 - 10 8 6 4 OUXYSPRNGS Jl 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) OO 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) C N I O C D O) O) O) O) Q < o z: ? z in CD CD 20- 18 - 16 14 - 12 - 10 - 8 6 4 - 2 - 0 - SILVER BUILDING SPRINGS ii , II p l, « u u •———,—— O) O) O) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) in CN O) T- CM CM O) O) O) O) O) O) CO O h » - in O) O) O) ill CD CD CD SUCKER SPRINGS ALL SITES Figure 5. Summary of catch per unit effort ( CPUE) of Lost River suckers at shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999. Note change in scale for the Cinder Flats and the All Sites graphs. 22 BOULDER SPRINGS 14 12 10 8 -| 6 4 2 0 n= 0 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) O) CD CN O) CD CO O T - C\| ^ ^ T- CNJ CO CO CO ^" ^" ^" OUXY SPRINGS 1 C D n= 2 14 1 8 4 2^ 0 oo S ^ ^ SUCKER SPRINGS ^ £ j CNJ in in to n= 22 - U-CD CO O j - CM CO 1 C D 14 12 -\ 10 8 -] 6 4 2 - 0 CINDER FLATS n= 7 LJl 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) T^ Cr^ N ^? ^ T- 14 12 10 - 8 6 4 - 2 0 SILVER BUILDING SPRINGS Tt x- 00 - CN CN in in in n= 1 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) O) CD CN O> CD CO ^ CJ ^ ^ ^ CN co co ^ j- "< t ALL SITES O) O) O) O) O) O) in in in n= 32 I 0 0) in in in Figure 6. Summary of the number of Lost River suckers recaptured at shoreline spawning areas, Upper Klamath Lake, 1999. Recaptured fish were originally tagged betweeen 1988- 1998. 23 Appendix Table A. Summary of recapture data for Lost River Suckers in the Upper Klamath Lake Basin from 1985- 1999. Sampling was generally conducted from March- July of each year, although the emphasis in sampling was during the spawning period. Recapture data includes fish that were tagged with Floy and PIT tags. Site Last Recaptured Site Originally Captured Cinder Flats Ouxy Springs Silver Bldg. Springs Sucker Springs Williamson River Sprague River Upper Lake Middle Lake Total Cinder Flats 1 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 7 Ouxy Springs 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 Silver Bldg. Springs 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 7 Sucker Springs 0 0 6 288 4 0 0 0 298 Williamson River 0 0 0 1 6 3 0 0 10 Sprague River 0 0 0 0 1 13 1 0 15 Upper Lake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Middle Lake 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 Total 1 1 9 300 12 16 3 0 342 Appendix Table B. Summary of recapture data for shortnose suckers in the Upper Klamath Lake Basin from 1985- 1999. Sampling was generally conducted from March- July of each year, although the emphasis in sampling was during the spawning period. Recapture data includes fish that were tagged with Floy and PIT tags. Site Last Recaptured Site Originally Captured Ouxy Springs Silver Bldg. Springs Sucker Springs Williamson River Sprague River Lower Lake Middle Lake Total Ouxy Springs 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Silver Bldg. Springs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sucker Springs 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Williamson River 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 Sprague River 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 5 Lower Lake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Middle Lake 0 0 0 1 2 0 5 8 Upper Lake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Reeder Road Bridge 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Total 2 0 0 7 5 0 6 20 25 5 2iu5 Appendix Figure A. Summary of the size range of Lost River suckers captured at shoreline sampling areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999, by date sampled. Title: Monitoring of Lost River and Shortnose suckers and shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999 Author: Shively, Rip S.; Bautista, Mark F.; Kohler, Andre E. Year: 1999, 2005 Monitoring of Lost River and Shortnose Suckers at Shoreline Spawning Areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999 Prepared by: Rip S. Shively1 Mark F. Bautista2 Andre E. Kohler2 1 U. S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division Klamath Falls Duty Station 6937 Washburn Way Klamath Falls, OR 97603 2 Johnson Controls World Services Inc. NERC Operation Post Office Box 270308 Fort Collins, CO 80527 Executive Summary In 1999, we sampled Lost River { Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose ( Chasmistes brevirostris) suckers from 5 April to 17 June at five shoreline spawning locations in Upper Klamath Lake ( UKL). Trammel nets were set to encompass identified spawning areas and were fished approximately 1- 1.5 hours before sunset until 3 hours after sunset or until 20 or more fish were captured. A total of 808 Lost River and 19 shortnose suckers were captured from Sucker, Silver Building, Ouxy, and Boulder springs, and Cinder Flats. The majority of Lost River suckers were captured at Cinder Flats ( 35%) and Sucker Springs ( 34%), followed by Ouxy Springs ( 16%), Silver Building Springs ( 12%), and Boulder Springs ( 3%). Males dominated the catch at all sites, but the sex ratios at Cinder Flats and Silver Building Springs were particularly skewed towards males. We recaptured 32 Lost River suckers that had been tagged during previous years sampling efforts. All of these fish, with the exception of two fish tagged at Ball Point in July, were originally tagged during the spawning season at shoreline spawning areas in UKL. This information provides further evidence that distinct stocks of Lost River suckers exist based on spawning location ( i. e., UKL and Williamson River). We also recaptured 23 Lost River suckers that were tagged in 1999 at shoreline spawning areas. Approximately half of these fish were recaptured at different locations than tagged indicating these fish were moving between spawning areas. The size offish captured at shoreline spawning areas decreased as the spawning season progressed, although the decrease in size was not as dramatic as reported in previous years. A limited number of shortnose suckers were captured at shoreline spawning areas in 1999, with a majority sampled after 1 May. Previous data for shortnose suckers at these sites is limited with respect to size, timing of spawning, sex composition, and relative numbers. Continuation of systematic sampling efforts at shoreline spawning areas will provide valuable information on the demographics and life history of Lost River and shortnose suckers utilizing these areas. Acknowledgements We thank Anita Baker, Brooke Bechen, Lani Hickey, and Tonya Wiley for assisting with sampling offish at shoreline spawning areas. Mark Buettner and Brian Peck ( U. S. Bureau of Reclamation) provided support during the early phases of our sampling as well as helpful comments on this report. We also appreciate the cooperation and support of Larry Dunsmoor ( Klamath Tribes) for identifying spawning areas, providing logistical support, and for the thoughtful review of this report. Cassandra Watson and Elizabeth Neuman produced finalized versions of tables and figures within this report and their efforts are greatly appreciated. This research was funded by the U. S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division through the Western Reservoirs Initiative. Introduction Severe water quality problems in Upper Klamath Lake ( UKL) have led to critical fisheries concerns for the region. Historically, UKL was eutrophic but has become hypereutrophic ( Goldman and Home 1983) presumably due to land- use practices within the basin ( USFWS 1993). As a result, the algal community has shifted to a monoculture of the blue- green algae Aphanizomemon flos- aquae and massive blooms of this species have been directly related to poor water quality episodes in UKL. The growth and decomposition of dense algal blooms in the lake frequently cause extreme water quality conditions characterized by high pH ( 9- 10.5), widely variable dissolved oxygen ( anoxic to supersaturated), and high ammonia concentrations (> 0.5 mg/ 1 unionized). In addition to water quality problems associated with A. flos- aquae, it is believed the loss of marsh habitat near the lake, timber harvest, removal of riparian vegetation, livestock grazing, and agricultural practices within the basin has contributed to hypereutrophic conditions. It is likely that these disturbances have altered the UKL ecosystem substantially enough to contribute to the near monoculture of A. flos- aquae. Investigations in 1913 documented the algal community as a diverse mix of blue- green and diatom communities, however, by the 1950' s A. flos- aquae was dominant ( USFWS 1993). The Lost River sucker ( Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose sucker ( Chasmistes brevirostris) are endemic to the Upper Klamath Basin of California and Oregon ( Moyle 1976). Declining population trends for both species were noted as early as the mid- 1960' s, however, the severities of the population declines were not evident until the mid- 1980' s. In 1988 the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed both Lost River and shortnose suckers as endangered. Suspected reasons for their decline included damming of rivers, dredging and draining of marshes, water diversions, hybridization, competition and predation by exotic species, insularization of habitat, and water quality problems associated with timber harvest, removal of riparian vegetation, livestock grazing, and agricultural practices ( USFWS 1993). The U. S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division ( BRD) has been conducting field investigations on Lost River and shortnose suckers in UKL since 1994. The majority of these sampling efforts have focused on catching fish in UKL and the Lower Williamson River. Sampling in the Lower Williamson River focused on developing indices of relative abundance of Lost River and shortnose suckers. In 1999, Oregon State University continued sampling in the Lower Williamson River fishing trammel nets from April to August at four standardized locations. In addition to sampling efforts in the Lower Williamson River, BRD crews conducted periodic sampling at several shoreline spawning areas on the east side of UKL. This sampling was beneficial because it provided information on species composition, size, and sex ratios of suckers utilizing these areas. However, temporal changes in abundance may have been missed because consistent sampling never occurred throughout the entire spawning season ( Perkins et al, In preparation). Recently, there has been increased concern on the effects of water level management in UKL on spawning suckers. Information is needed on the timing, relative abundance, and distribution of sucker spawning in UKL to make informed decisions with respect to management of lake elevation. In 1999, we conducted systematic trammel netting surveys at Sucker, Silver Building, Ouxy, and Boulder springs and Cinder Flats along the east shore of UKL. In addition, we sampled periodically at Barkley Springs and Modoc Point to determine if suckers were utilizing these areas for spawning. This report summarizes data collected in 1999 on shoreline spawning populations of Lost River and shortnose suckers with emphasis on timing, species composition, sex ratios, and relative abundance. Methods We conducted systematic trammel netting surveys at five locations along the east shore of UKL ( Figure 1). We began sampling at Cinder Flats, Sucker, Silver Building, and Ouxy springs in early April with Boulder Springs added to the list of sampling sites on 27 April. In addition to these sites, we periodically sampled at Barkley Springs and Modoc Point ( Table 1). We attempted to sample each site twice per week although certain sites were only sampled once per week when catch rates of suckers were low ( i. e., less than 5 fish per evening). Trammel nets were fished for about 4 hours ( approximately 1- 1.5 hours before sunset until 3 hours after dark) or until we captured 20 or more fish. Nets used at individual sites varied in length from 15- 30 m, were 1.8 m tall with two outer panels ( 30cm bar mesh), an inner panel ( 3.8 cm bar mesh), a foam core float line, and a lead core bottom line. Generally, we set 1- 2 nets starting at the shoreline and extending out to encompass the perimeter of the identified spawning area. Nets were checked at approximately 1 hour intervals and captured fish were cut from the inner mesh panel and placed in a mesh cage and processed within 2 hours. Suckers were identified by species and sex, measured to the nearest mm ( fork length), inspected for tags ( both PIT and Floy tags), and examined for physical afflictions ( e. g., presence oiLernaea spp. and lamprey scars). If a sucker did not have a PIT tag, one was inserted with a hypodermic needle along the ventral surface 1- 2 cm anterior of the pelvic girdle. The catch per unit effort ( CPUE) of adult Lost River suckers was calculated for individual sampling locations for each evening sampled. Because identified spawning areas varied in size we used different length trammel nets to encompass the spawning areas. We did not attempt to standardize CPUE based on length of trammel nets used at each location. Results We sampled shoreline spawning areas from 5 April - 17 June capturing a total of 808 Lost River suckers and 19 shortnose suckers from 5 sites ( Table 1). Lost River and shortnose suckers were captured at Sucker Springs, Silver Building Springs, Ouxy Springs, and Cinder Flats, while only Lost River suckers were captured at Boulder Springs. No suckers were captured at Barkley Springs and Modoc Point ( Table 1). The majority of Lost River suckers were captured at Cinder Flats ( 35%) and Sucker Springs ( 34%; Figure 2). Males dominated the catch at all sites and were generally smaller ( mean length = 538 mm) than females captured ( mean length = 596 mm). In particular, sex ratios ( males to females) were most skewed at Cinder Flats and Silver Building Springs ( Figure 3). Large females (> 650 mm) were captured at most sites, except Boulder Springs, and the size range offish captured over time remained similar with the exception that a fewer large individuals (> 600 mm) were captured in the late sampling period ( 1 May - 17 June) as compared to the early sampling period ( 6- 30 April; Figure 4; Appendix Figure A). The catch of shortnose suckers was limited at all sites sampled. Most ( 12 of 19) of the shortnose suckers were collected at Sucker Springs, with 1- 3 fish captured at Cinder Flats, Ouxy Springs, and Silver Building Springs ( Table 1). We identified 8 males and 8 females during the sampling period and were unable to determine sex for three individuals. The mean size of shortnose suckers was 360 mm ( range 289- 528 mm) similar to data reported by Perkins et al. ( In preparation) from Sucker, Silver Building, and Ouxy springs. We observed the highest CPUE of Lost River suckers at Cinder Flats ( mean CPUE= 12.7/ h) followed by Sucker Springs ( mean CPUE= 6.0/ h), Silver Building Springs ( mean CPUE = 2.8/ h), and Ouxy Springs ( mean CPUE= 2.4/ h) ( Figure 5). On three occasions at Cinder Flats, 20 or more suckers were captured within an hour or less resulting in the termination of sampling for the evening. CPUE was calculated for sampling dates at Boulder Springs ( mean CPUE= 1.4/ h), although comparisons with other sites is not applicable because this site was not initially included in systematic sampling efforts. We did not calculate CPUE for shortnose suckers. We captured a total of 32 Lost River and 2 shortnose suckers that were tagged during previous years sampling efforts. The majority ( 96%) of these fish was originally tagged at shoreline locations ( Table 2), which is consistent with historical recapture data ( Appendix Table A). Two Lost River suckers were originally tagged at Ball Point in UKL in July, after the spawning season. In addition, most Lost River suckers were recaptured before 1 May, including 15 fish that were collected at Sucker Springs during two sampling occasions in March ( Figure 6). We also recaptured a total of 21 Lost River suckers that were tagged in 1999 at shoreline spawning areas. Approximately half of these fish were recaptured at different areas than where they were tagged, indicating that some suckers are moving between spawning areas within the season ( Table 3). Discussion Our sampling indicated the spawning period for Lost River suckers lasted from mid- March through the beginning of June at shoreline spawning areas in 1999. The catch of Lost River suckers was dominated by males at all sites sampled, particularly at Cinder Flats and Silver Building Springs. Perkins et al., ( In preparation) reported skewed sex ratios at shoreline spawning locations following the fish kills that occurred in UKL from 1995- 1997. However, the ratios we observed were considerably higher than those reported by Perkins et al., ( In preparation). At this time we are unable to determine the reason for the sex ratios observed. It is possible that males remain longer at the spawning areas than females making them more vulnerable to capture. Perkins et al., ( In preparation) observed spawning acts and reported that males remained near the actual site where spawning occurs while females move onto the spawning site only when ready to spawn. We captured 23 Lost River suckers twice in 1999 and all but one of these fish were males. However, it is difficult to determine if this percentage is due to males remaining at these sites longer than females or a reflection of the existing sex ratios. Another possible explanation could be the large numbers of males in the catch are from the 1991- 1993 year classes and females from these year classes have yet to be recruited into the adult population. The majority of males captured ( 81%) were between 475 - 574 mm. Age and growth information from Lost River suckers collected during the 1996- 1997 fish kills indicate these fish would be between 5- 9 years old ( USGS, BRD, 10 unpublished data). Perkins et al., ( In preparation) reported that male Lost River suckers migrating up the Williamson River begin to be recruited into the adult population starting at age 4+, while females did not begin to mature until age 7+ . These data were based on examining length frequency distributions and noting when fish from the 1991 year class, which is presumed to be a strong year class, began showing up in trammel net catches. Fish from the 1991 year class would have been age 8+ in 1999. Buettner and Scoppetone ( 1990) examined opercles from Lost River suckers collected during the 1986 fish kill in UKL and reported that individuals matured between 6- 14 years of age with the peak being 9 years. It is possible that in the next few years more females from the 1991- 93 year classes will be recruited into the adult population spawning at shoreline areas. Our data provides additional evidence that distinct stocks of Lost River suckers may exist based on fidelity to spawning area. Of the 32 suckers we recaptured from previous years sampling efforts, all but two were originally tagged at shoreline spawning locations. The two fish that were not originally tagged at shoreline spawning locations were captured at Ball Point in July and were not presumed to be spawning in this location. Perkins et al. ( In preparation) reported that of 316 Lost River and 11 shortnose suckers recaptured at shoreline spawning areas all were originally tagged at shoreline spawning locations. Continuation of systematic sampling at both shoreline spawning areas and the Williamson and Sprague rivers will continue to provide information on potential separation of spawning populations. The majority of recaptured fish were tagged during the first half of our sampling efforts including 13 fish that were recaptured on 25 March while sampling with Larry Dunsmoor of the Klamath Tribes. Historically, the majority of sampling effort at 11 shoreline spawning locations occurred prior to 1 May, which may explain why most recaptures were collected during the early part of our sampling period. In fiiture years, we plan to continue systematic sampling through June to determine if temporal aspects of spawning remain consistent between years. The size offish captured at shoreline spawning areas decreased as the spawning season progressed, particularly near the end of our sampling period, although the decrease was not as dramatic as reported by Perkins et al., ( In preparation). It is possible that individual timing of Lost River sucker spawning is affected by size. Scoppettone et al., ( 1986) observed that smaller, younger cui- ui ( Chasmistes cujus) at Pyramid Lake spawned at the end of the spawning season. We believe further investigation is needed to determine if differences in spawning timing among individuals is due to size or related to stock differences. A limited number of shortnose suckers were captured in 1999. Sampling continued well into June and was sufficient to detect spawning concentrations of shortnose suckers at these sites. Based on previous sampling conducted at shoreline spawning areas, there appears to be a decreasing trend in the number of shortnose suckers captured at these sites ( Perkins, et al., In preparation). Our sampling efforts at shoreline spawning areas on the east side of UKL represents the first time these areas have been systematically sampled during the spawning season. Continuation of systematic sampling at these areas is important to provide information on species composition, timing and duration of spawning, fidelity to spawning areas, sex ratios, size distribution, and relative abundance. How these 12 population characteristics change over time will also provide important insights into the population stability of Lost River and shortnose suckers in UKL. 13 Literature Cited Buettner, M. And G. Scoppettone. 1990. Life history status of catostomids in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. U. S. F. W. S. Completion Report. 108 pp. Goldman, C. R. and A. J. Home. 1983. Limnology. McGraw Hill, New York. Moyle, P. B. 1976. Inland fishes of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Perkins, D. L., G. G. Scoppettone, and M. Buettner. In preparation. Reproductive biology and demographics of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993. Lost River ( Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose ( Chasmistes brevirostris) sucker recovery plan. Portland, Oregon. 108 pp. 14 Table 1. Summary of the shoreline locations sampled in Upper Klamath Lake and the number of Lost River ( LRS) and shortnose ( SNS) suckers captured in 1999. Sampling Dates Sampled Number of days Number of LRS Number of SNS Location ( range) Sampled Captured Captured Barkley Springs 4/ 5- 4/ 27 4 0 0 11 21 0 19 284 2 4 0 0 20 129 3 19 100 2 Sucker Springs 4/ 5- 6/ 17 20 274 13 Total 808 20 Boulder Springs Cinder Flats Modoc Point Ouxy Springs Silver Bldg. Springs 4/ 27- 4/ 6- 4/ 13- 4/ 6- 4/ 5- 6/ 17 6/ 17 4/ 21 6/ 17 6/ 17 15 Table 2. Summary of the number of Lost River suckers recaptured from previous years sampling efforts at shoreline spawning locations in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999. Site Originally Captured Boulder Springs Cinder Flats Ouxy Springs Silver Bldg. Springs Sucker Springs Ball Point Total Boulder Springs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Site Cinder Flats 0 1 0 0 4 2 7 Recaptured Ouxy Springs 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 in 1999 Silver Bldg. Springs 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Sucker Springs 0 0 1 2 19 0 22 16 Table 3. Summary of the number of Lost River suckers recaptured at shoreline locations in Upper Klamath Lake originally tagged in 1999. Site Originally Captured in 1999 Boulder Springs Cinder Flats Ouxy Springs Silver Bldg. Springs Sucker Springs Total Boulder Springs 0 0 0 0 0 0 Site Cinder Flats 0 3 1 3 1 8 Recaptured Ouxy Springs 0 1 0 0 3 4 in 1999 Silver Bldg. Springs 0 0 1 1 0 2 Sucker Springs 0 2 0 1 6 9 17 1. Sucker Springs 2. Silver Building Springs 3. Ouxy Springs 4. Cinder Flats 5. Boulder Springs Figure 1. Map of Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes showing major tributaries and shoreline spawning areas sampled in 1999. 18 o I 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 BOULDER SPRINGS 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 D LRS Male • LRS Female * No Fish Jtt * * * * * * OUXY SPRINGS D LRS Male • LRS Female * No Fish 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 CINDER FLATS D LRS Unknow n _ r i • LRS Male • i_ r\ o remaie ic No Fish EII1IJ n „ * * * * 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 > SILVER BUILDING SPRINGS • LRS Unknow n • LRS Male • LRS Female * No Fish D n n p » * * * * * SUCKER SPRINGS ALL AREAS COMBINED • LRS Unknown D LRS Male • LRS Female • LRS Unknow n • LRS Male • LRS Female / / / / / / Figure 2. Summary of the number and sex of Lost River Suckers ( LRS) captured at shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999 sampling. LRS unknown refers to captured individuals in which sex could not be determined. 19 70% -, 60% 50% 40% - 30% - 20% - 10% 0% CINDER FLATS _ o_ n= 283 9.1 : 1 8C O in io in om CD o i n 70% -, 60% - 50% - 40% - 30% - 20% - 10% - 0% - BOULDER SPRINGS y n 11 7 6 2 n= 21 9.5: 1 • g si n 8 CD omr o in oo § 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% OUXY SPRINGS om CN oi n co o ini o in in SUCKER SPRINGS 70% -, 60% - 50% - 40% - 30% - 20% - 10% - 0% - n= 129 4.1 : 0 • _ o in CD omh omoo n= 273 3.5: 1 U • - - sC O oi n oi nm om o i n 00 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% - 10% 0% SILVER BUILDING SPRINGS 70% 60% - 50% - 40% 30% 20% 10% - 0% 8 CM ALL SITES 8 CO JL 8 8 i n n= 99 8.1 : 1 • H „ - in in in CD h- 00 n= 805 5.3: 1 _ D • Male • Female 8 C N O O O O O O O O O O O i n o m oin i nin oCDi nCDo i n o i nco Fork length Figure 3. Length frequency histogram of male and female Lost River suckers ( LRS) captured at shore-line spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999. The total number of LRS captured in 1999 and ratio of males to females are presented in the upper right hand corner of each graph. 20 E QJ D 160 i 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 A) 1999 LR Length Frequency ( 3/ 18/ 99- 4/ 30/ 99) DMale • Female • male = 457 xM = 541.4 i siaev - jo. y female = 60 xF = 611.9 stdev = 77.2 (—| Qy O ^ D 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 # 4? B) o - I— # $ # C) # # $ # 1999 LR Length Frequency ( 5/ 1/ 99 - 6/ 8/ 99) DMale • Female male = 219 xM = 531.4 5> lUeV — H 1 , , — i remaie = bB xF = 582 8 stdev = 68.1 • y . _ _ # ^ # # # # # # # ^ 1999 SN Length Frequency ( 4/ 30/ 99 - 5/ 30/ 99) 1 U 14 - 12 - 10 s p. A 2 0 - , Dmale • female y y • l i y n male = 8 xM = 363 stdev - 29.7 fpryiolp — ft xF = 357.1 stdev = 35.5 Forklength ( mm) Figure 4. Length frequency for Lost River ( LRS) and shortnose ( SNS) suckers captured at shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999. Graphs represent A) LRS caught from March 19- April 30, 1999, B) LRS caught from May 1- June 8, 1999, and C) SNS caught from April 30- May 30, 1999 ( all SNS sampling days were combined due to limited SNS numbers). Four LRS with unknown gender were not included in the graph, two were caught before May 1st, and two after May 1st. Three SNS with unknown gender were not included in the graph. 21 BOULDER SPRINGS 20 i 18 16 - I 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 O) O) O) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) in CM O) $ § I co o L? 5 LO O) O) O) g> g> g> o r^ •<*• n ^ CN CD CD CD 45 40 - 35 30 25 20 15 10 - 5 0 CINDER FLATS 0 ) 0 ) OO - f - r in in 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) C D C D C D 1 sw 20 18 16- 14- 12 - 10 8 6 4 OUXYSPRNGS Jl 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) OO 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) C N I O C D O) O) O) O) Q < o z: ? z in CD CD 20- 18 - 16 14 - 12 - 10 - 8 6 4 - 2 - 0 - SILVER BUILDING SPRINGS ii , II p l, « u u •———,—— O) O) O) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) in CN O) T- CM CM O) O) O) O) O) O) CO O h » - in O) O) O) ill CD CD CD SUCKER SPRINGS ALL SITES Figure 5. Summary of catch per unit effort ( CPUE) of Lost River suckers at shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999. Note change in scale for the Cinder Flats and the All Sites graphs. 22 BOULDER SPRINGS 14 12 10 8 -| 6 4 2 0 n= 0 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) O) CD CN O) CD CO O T - C\| ^ ^ T- CNJ CO CO CO ^" ^" ^" OUXY SPRINGS 1 C D n= 2 14 1 8 4 2^ 0 oo S ^ ^ SUCKER SPRINGS ^ £ j CNJ in in to n= 22 - U-CD CO O j - CM CO 1 C D 14 12 -\ 10 8 -] 6 4 2 - 0 CINDER FLATS n= 7 LJl 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) T^ Cr^ N ^? ^ T- 14 12 10 - 8 6 4 - 2 0 SILVER BUILDING SPRINGS Tt x- 00 - CN CN in in in n= 1 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) O) CD CN O> CD CO ^ CJ ^ ^ ^ CN co co ^ j- "< t ALL SITES O) O) O) O) O) O) in in in n= 32 I 0 0) in in in Figure 6. Summary of the number of Lost River suckers recaptured at shoreline spawning areas, Upper Klamath Lake, 1999. Recaptured fish were originally tagged betweeen 1988- 1998. 23 Appendix Table A. Summary of recapture data for Lost River Suckers in the Upper Klamath Lake Basin from 1985- 1999. Sampling was generally conducted from March- July of each year, although the emphasis in sampling was during the spawning period. Recapture data includes fish that were tagged with Floy and PIT tags. Site Last Recaptured Site Originally Captured Cinder Flats Ouxy Springs Silver Bldg. Springs Sucker Springs Williamson River Sprague River Upper Lake Middle Lake Total Cinder Flats 1 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 7 Ouxy Springs 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 Silver Bldg. Springs 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 7 Sucker Springs 0 0 6 288 4 0 0 0 298 Williamson River 0 0 0 1 6 3 0 0 10 Sprague River 0 0 0 0 1 13 1 0 15 Upper Lake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Middle Lake 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 Total 1 1 9 300 12 16 3 0 342 Appendix Table B. Summary of recapture data for shortnose suckers in the Upper Klamath Lake Basin from 1985- 1999. Sampling was generally conducted from March- July of each year, although the emphasis in sampling was during the spawning period. Recapture data includes fish that were tagged with Floy and PIT tags. Site Last Recaptured Site Originally Captured Ouxy Springs Silver Bldg. Springs Sucker Springs Williamson River Sprague River Lower Lake Middle Lake Total Ouxy Springs 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Silver Bldg. Springs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sucker Springs 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Williamson River 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 Sprague River 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 5 Lower Lake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Middle Lake 0 0 0 1 2 0 5 8 Upper Lake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Reeder Road Bridge 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Total 2 0 0 7 5 0 6 20 25 5 2iu5 Appendix Figure A. Summary of the size range of Lost River suckers captured at shoreline sampling areas in Upper Klamath Lake, 1999, by date sampled. Close

• 90. [Image] Biological assessment of Klamath Project's continuing operations on the endangered Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker

  	BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF KLAMATH PROJECT'S CONTINUING OPERATIONS ON THE ENDANGERED LOST RIVER SUCKER AND SHORTNOSE SUCKER U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Mid-Pacific Region Klamath Basin Area Office Klamath ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological assessment of Klamath Project's continuing operations on the endangered Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 2001, 2005 BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF KLAMATH PROJECT'S CONTINUING OPERATIONS ON THE ENDANGERED LOST RIVER SUCKER AND SHORTNOSE SUCKER U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Mid-Pacific Region Klamath Basin Area Office Klamath Falls, Oregon February 13,2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTION 3 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF HISTORIC OPERATIONS 6 4.0 ENDANGERED SPECIES POTENTIALLY AFFECTED BY THE KLAMATH PROJECT 16 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE 60 6.0 EFFECTS OF KLAMATH PROJECT ON BALD EAGLES 60 7.0 EFFECTS OF KLAMATH PROJECT ENDANGERED SUCKERS 63 8.0 PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT FOR ENDANGERED SUCKERS 82 9.0 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS 84 10.0 DETERMINATION OF EFFECTS 89 11.0 LITERATURE CITED 90 12.0 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 100 13.0 APPENDIX 1 - ESA CONSULTATION REVIEW 101 Title: Biological assessment of Klamath Project's continuing operations on the endangered Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 2001, 2005 BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF KLAMATH PROJECT'S CONTINUING OPERATIONS ON THE ENDANGERED LOST RIVER SUCKER AND SHORTNOSE SUCKER U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Mid-Pacific Region Klamath Basin Area Office Klamath Falls, Oregon February 13,2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTION 3 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF HISTORIC OPERATIONS 6 4.0 ENDANGERED SPECIES POTENTIALLY AFFECTED BY THE KLAMATH PROJECT 16 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE 60 6.0 EFFECTS OF KLAMATH PROJECT ON BALD EAGLES 60 7.0 EFFECTS OF KLAMATH PROJECT ENDANGERED SUCKERS 63 8.0 PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT FOR ENDANGERED SUCKERS 82 9.0 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS 84 10.0 DETERMINATION OF EFFECTS 89 11.0 LITERATURE CITED 90 12.0 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 100 13.0 APPENDIX 1 - ESA CONSULTATION REVIEW 101 Close

• 91. [Image] Ground water hydrology of four proposed project areas in the Klamath Basin, Oregon

  	"OF-01-01"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ground water hydrology of four proposed project areas in the Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept Year: 2001, 2005 "OF-01-01" Title: Ground water hydrology of four proposed project areas in the Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept Year: 2001, 2005 "OF-01-01" Close

• 92. [Image] Water rights in Oregon : an introduction to Oregon's water laws and water rights system

  	CONTENTS THE WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION AND DEPARTMENT 1c "To serve the public by practicing and promoting wise long-term water management. " 1.¨REGON WATER LAWS 22 water management in Oregon 2.°ATER PROTECTIONS ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water rights in Oregon : an introduction to Oregon's water laws and water rights system Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept. Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS THE WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION AND DEPARTMENT 1c "To serve the public by practicing and promoting wise long-term water management. " 1.¨REGON WATER LAWS 22 water management in Oregon 2.°ATER PROTECTIONS AND RESTRICTIONS 262011 managing water appropriations 3.¨BTAINING NEW WATER RIGHTS 185 gaining authorization to use water 4.¨THER WATER RIGHTS 197 authorization for water use 5.­RANSFERRING WATER RIGHTS 1c1 existing rights for new uses 6.SANCELLING WATER RIGHTS 1c5 loss of water rights through non-use 7.SONSERVATION 1c8 encouraging efficient water use 8.xINDING WATER RIGHTS 1d1 determining if you have a water right 9.°ATER DISTRIBUTION AND ENFORCEMENT 1d2 watermasters and field staff protecting rights and resources 10.«EGION OFFICES AND WATERMASTER DISTRICTS 1d4 11.xEES 1d6 APPENDIX A 1d7 other development permits WATER RIGHTS IN OREGON Title: Water rights in Oregon : an introduction to Oregon's water laws and water rights system Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept. Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS THE WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION AND DEPARTMENT 1c "To serve the public by practicing and promoting wise long-term water management. " 1.¨REGON WATER LAWS 22 water management in Oregon 2.°ATER PROTECTIONS AND RESTRICTIONS 262011 managing water appropriations 3.¨BTAINING NEW WATER RIGHTS 185 gaining authorization to use water 4.¨THER WATER RIGHTS 197 authorization for water use 5.­RANSFERRING WATER RIGHTS 1c1 existing rights for new uses 6.SANCELLING WATER RIGHTS 1c5 loss of water rights through non-use 7.SONSERVATION 1c8 encouraging efficient water use 8.xINDING WATER RIGHTS 1d1 determining if you have a water right 9.°ATER DISTRIBUTION AND ENFORCEMENT 1d2 watermasters and field staff protecting rights and resources 10.«EGION OFFICES AND WATERMASTER DISTRICTS 1d4 11.xEES 1d6 APPENDIX A 1d7 other development permits WATER RIGHTS IN OREGON Close

• 93. [Image] Empire building

  	Article on the history and future of the agricultural settlement of the desert regions of the western United States. Includes a black and white photograph of Thousand Springs, Idaho.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Empire building Author: Blanchard, C.J. Year: 1906, 2004 Article on the history and future of the agricultural settlement of the desert regions of the western United States. Includes a black and white photograph of Thousand Springs, Idaho. Title: Empire building Author: Blanchard, C.J. Year: 1906, 2004 Article on the history and future of the agricultural settlement of the desert regions of the western United States. Includes a black and white photograph of Thousand Springs, Idaho. Close

• 94. [Image] Three great factors in Oregon's development

  	An article on the agricultural, industrial and economic development of the state of Oregon in the early 20th century
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Three great factors in Oregon's development Author: Moon, A.W. Year: 1906, 2004 An article on the agricultural, industrial and economic development of the state of Oregon in the early 20th century Title: Three great factors in Oregon's development Author: Moon, A.W. Year: 1906, 2004 An article on the agricultural, industrial and economic development of the state of Oregon in the early 20th century Close

• 95. [Image] Klamath

  	An article summarizing the abundant natural resources of the Klamath region and the plans for irrigation and further settlement of the area
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Author: White, Frank Ira Year: 1906, 2004 An article summarizing the abundant natural resources of the Klamath region and the plans for irrigation and further settlement of the area Title: Klamath Author: White, Frank Ira Year: 1906, 2004 An article summarizing the abundant natural resources of the Klamath region and the plans for irrigation and further settlement of the area Close

• 96. [Image] The South Portal Project : creating a sense of arrival

  	"Holistic planning for Lake Ewauna & the south entry to the City of Klamath Falls"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The South Portal Project : creating a sense of arrival Author: Carpenter Design, Inc. Year: 2005 "Holistic planning for Lake Ewauna & the south entry to the City of Klamath Falls" Title: The South Portal Project : creating a sense of arrival Author: Carpenter Design, Inc. Year: 2005 "Holistic planning for Lake Ewauna & the south entry to the City of Klamath Falls" Close

• 97. [Image] Public notice opening public lands to entry

  	E R R A T A S H E E T August 6, 19U6 TO ACCOMPANY PUBLIC NOTICE NO. U3 DATED AUGUST 1, 19U6 OPENING PUBLIC LANDS TO ENTRY ON THE KLAMATH IRRIGATION PROJECT, OREGON - CALIFORNIA TULE LAKE DIVISION The following ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Public notice opening public lands to entry Author: United State. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1946, 2004 E R R A T A S H E E T August 6, 19U6 TO ACCOMPANY PUBLIC NOTICE NO. U3 DATED AUGUST 1, 19U6 OPENING PUBLIC LANDS TO ENTRY ON THE KLAMATH IRRIGATION PROJECT, OREGON - CALIFORNIA TULE LAKE DIVISION The following paragraphs are hereby substituted for the corresponding para-graphs 5 ( c) and 5 ( d) as written in the copy of the above Public Notice: Paragraph 5 ( c) The applicant must demonstrate that he possesses a minimum of # 2,000 in unencumbered assets applicable or convertible to the needs of farming in this area. This may be determined by an itemized list of assets and liabilities and must be corroborated by a statement from an official of a bank or other responsible and reputable private or public credit agency. Paragraph $ ( d) The applicant must submit a certificate of medical exami-nation which will contain a statement by an examining physician assuring the applicant's physical ability to operate a farm. Paragraph 9 ( lines k and 5) in the Summary of Requirements and Procedures states, in part: "... which will entitle the entryman to three acre- feet of water per irrigable acre." This should be changed to read: "... which will entitle the entryman to 2g acre- feet of water per irrigable acre." UNITED . STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION WASHINGTON Klamath Irrigation Project, Oregon - California Tule Lake Division PUBLIC NOTICE OPENING PUBLIC LANDS TO ENTRY oo U3 August 1, 191* 6 1. Public land for which water i£ available and for whichi entry may be made.— In pursuance of the act of June 17, 1902 ( 32 Stat. 38b1), and acts amendatory thereof or supplemental thereto, TE" is hereby announced that water will be available in the irrigation season of 191* 7 and thereafter, and beginning September 15>, 19l* 6, entry may be made in accordance with this notice for the following- described public lands under the Tule Lake Division of the Klamath Irrigation Project, Oregan- California, as shown on farm unit plats of Township 1* 7 North, Ranges £ and 6 East and Township 1* 8 North, Range 5 East, Mount Diablo Meridian, California, to wit: Mount Diablo Meridian, California Total Irrigable Acreage 8U. 0 101.2 73o5 73.7 73 » 3 5 76.0 76o2 75.8 66.8 68.3 66.8 68.3 7U. 7 73.8 7U. 1 73o8 127.9 73.8 80.0 137.5 129.6 87.8 9h. B 98.0 109 o 6 7li. O lh. 3 7li. 6 7JU. 3 73.9 7U. 2 73.9 7U. 2 7U. 5 714.2 7U. 67.2 73.3 7U. 9 73.2 7U. 7 100.7 91.3 Township 1* 7 North Range Farm Unit A BA B CDE F G H A B C D EF G HCD E B A A B G H C D E F A B CD E FG * H L A BCD E F * T. 1* 7 N., R. 6 E., M. D. £ East Section 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 7* 13 18* 13 18* 13 18* 13 18* 13 13 13 13 11* H* Hi ll* H* ll* ll* ll* 16 23 23 23 23 23 23 26 27 . M. • . Description Lots 16 &' 17 Lot 20 & W| swi Lot 1 & SEzNEi Lot 2 & SWINEJ Lot 3 & SEzNWz Lot k & SW| NW § EJSWJ WISEJ EgSEz, Lot 1 & SEzNEz Lot 2.& SWJNEJ Lot 3 j& SEJNWJ Lot k & SW} NW| wisWz EJSWJ WtSEf EiSEt Lots 6, 16 & SW^ NWj w^ swj Lots 10 & 2X-* Lots 17, 18 & WiSE| Lots 9 & 12 Lots 12 & 13 Lot 1 & NW^ NEj Lot 10 Lot 2 & SWjNEi Lot 11 Lot 3 & NWjSEj Lot ll* Lot 1* & SWjSEj Lot 1^ EiNWi W4NW} wlswf : v EI- SIVJ EJNEJ ;.; mttl E| SW} l/ feSE'z E| SE| WyNWj Ef NEi W| NEI EiNV/ z WJMWTI-Lots 3, 1* & 6 Lot ^ Lot 20 Lots 18 & 20 1. Farm Unit DCEF B A G A B A E C DE F G H A T. 18 N., R, 5 E., F G L G H J K Section 2k 2k 2k 2k 2k 19* 21 19* 21 25 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 33 28 27 33 M. D. M. 25 26 26 26 • 27 27 27 28 27 31 27 26 33 3h 28 33 33 33 3k 33 3k 3k 3k 3k 3k 3k 3$ 35 Description EJNWJ Lots 9, Lots 7, 10 & NEjSWj- 8 & NWiSEz Lots 5 & SW- jNEi Lot 10 Lot k & Lot 9 Lots 12 Lots 19 Lots 10, Lots 11 Lot, 1 & Lot 2 & Lot 3 & Lot I & E|- SW| W- JSE § Lot 20 Lot 5 Lot 31 Lots 10, NW^ NEJ & 13 • & 20 , 23, 2k, 27 & & 32 SEiNEi SWfNEi S E J M J smriNwJ , 15 & 16 Lots 16 & 17 Lot 7 & E| W- JSEi Ejswi & W?- W1SE| i, NjsEiswi, NWJSEJ NEJSEJ & N- ISEISEI Lots 2 & 3 Total Irrigable Acreage 75.0 73.2 77.5 76.8 91.8 109.0 ' 7a. 2 . 83.9 80.9 78. k TS. k . 78.3 60.8 60.8 77.6 86.3 70.1 73.5 120 111 III 103 105 110 .9 .1 .3 .5 • 5 • J .8 113.8 109 113 113 109 10U 111 .9 .8 ,7 .7 .6 • 0 96.8 99.5 98.8 96.6 M., R. 6 E., M. D. M. 2. Total Farm Unit Section Description Irrigable Acreage sIsE- jNWi 99. k 35 Lots 2, 3 i j i 99 o 6 B 35 | J, 36 Lots 13 & lii 126o8 G 35 Lot U & NEjSEj 36 Lot 20 103 o 9 A 36 Lots 5, 6, 12, 15 & 16 9lu2± The farm unit plats referred to above were approved on the date of this notice and are on file in the Office of the Superintendent, Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls, Oregon, and in the district land office at Sacramento, California, - where they may be examined by any person desiring to make application hereundero 2. Preference rights to honorably discharged veterans of World War II.— Pursuant to the provisions of the Act of September 27, 19hk, and The Act of June 25, 19^ 6 ( Public Law Ul| 0 - 79th~ Congress, 2nd Session), and related legislation,-"- and until 2: 00 p. m., December 15, 19U6, the lands described above will be open to entry only by persons who have served not less than 90 days in the Army or Navy of the United States in World War II and have been honorably separated or discharged therefrom or placed in the regular Army or Naval Reserve; provided, however, that they must be qualified to make'entry under the homestead laws and also possess the qualifications as to industry, experience, character, capital, and physical fitness required of all applicants under this notice. Farm applica-tions received prior to 2: 00 p. m., September 15, 19U6, will be considered as simultaneously filed. Farm applica-tions received after 2: 00 p. m., September 15, 19l; 6, will be filed and considered in the order of their receipt0 3. Limit of acreage for which entry may be made.— The limit of area of public land per entry, representing the acreage which", in the opinion of the SeereTary of the Interior, may be reasonably required for the support of a family upon such land, is fixed at the amounts shown upon the farm unit plats for the respective farm units above listed. k. Applicants must be qualified.— No entry shall be accepted or allowed by the Register of the district land office until the applicant"~ therefor has satisfied the Examining Board appointed for the Klamath Project to consider such matters, that he is possessed of such qualifications ( in addition to the qualifications required under the homestead law) as to industry, experience, character, capital and physical fitness as in the opinion of the Board are necessary to give reasonable assurance of success by the prospective settler. A digest of the qualifications required by the homestead laws is contained in the attachment to this notice. Complete information may be secured from the District Land Office in Sacramento, California, or from the Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D. Co 5. Requirements as_ to Industry, Experience, Character, and Capital.— The following are established as minimum qualification^ Tailure to meet them in. all respects will be sufficient cause to reject an application. No credit will be given for qualifications in excess of the minimum required: ( a) Each applicant must submit as part of his farm application three testimonials concerning his character and covering such points as honesty, temperate habits, thrift, industry, seriousness of purpose, record of good moral conduct in the past and a sincere desire to lead a bona fide farm life. These may be prepared and signed by an ordained minister, including chaplains in the armed service, any commanding officer under whom the applicant served for six months or more, a teacher or administrative official of any recognized high school or college, present or previous employer, or any comparable, responsible individual or official, not a relative, who is personally acquainted with the applicant. These may be the individuals listed in paragraph 17 of the Farm Appli-cation Blank. ( b) The applicant must have had at least two years1 full- time farm experience after the age of 15 and within the last seven years of civilian life; or must have lived and wox~ ked on a farm for five years continuously after reaching the age of 12 and within the last 10 years of civilian life. Time spent in active military service will not be included in the time used in computing farm experience. Two years of study in agricultural courses in an accredited agricultural college or two years of responsible technical work in agriculture which might help fit the applicant for operation of a farm may be credited as one year of farm experience except that. no more than one year of farm experience may be credited from such sources. One year of farm experience must be obtained by actual residence and work on a farm. A farm youth over the age of 15 attending school but actually residing and working on the farm may credit such time as actual farm experience. In support of his claim to meeting this requirement of farm experience, the applicant must supply three written statements signed by the county agent, F. S « AO county supervisor, A0AoA. County Chairman, official of any local farm organization, or comparable individuals, who have personal knowledge of the applicant's farm experience or have verified it to his complete satisfaction, testifying theretoo ( c) The applicant must demonstrate that he possesses a minimum of $ 2,000 in unencumbered assets applicable or convertible to the needs of farming in this area. This may be determined by an itemized listing of assets and liabilities in space provided on the application blank. ( d) The applicant must be in physical condition to operate a farm successfully, including the manual labor involved. If physically handicapped or afflicted with ailments making this condition questionable, a detailed statement by an examining physician should accompany the application. *" Including Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 191* 0, as amended ( 51* Stat. 1178, 1186; % Stat. 769, 776; 50 U. S. C. App. 560- 572)." 3. 6. When and how to file an application for a farm unit.— ( a) A Farm Application Blank is attached to this notice. Additional blanks may be secured from the Superintendent, Klamath Falls, Oregon; the Regional Director, P. 0. Box 2^ 11, Sacramento, California, or the Commissioner, Bureau of Reclamation, Washington 2^, D. C. Full answer must be made to each question on the Farm Application Blank. The applicant may state the particular farm unit desired and may also include alternate choices or the choice may be left open to the examining boarde ( b) If the applicant claims a preference right on account of military service, he shall attach to his appli-cation an affidavit setting forth such military service. The affidavit shall state the applicant's time of service, the unit of which he was a member, the date on which he was honorably discharged, or separated, or transferred to the regular Army or Naval Reserve, and that he did not refuse to wear the uniform of such service or to perform the duties thereof. Providing that they qualify in other respects, women veterans have equal rights and will receive equal consideration in their application for farm unitso ( c) An application for a farm unit listed in this notice, together with the proof to be furnished by veterans, must be filed with the Superintendent, Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls, Oregon, in person, if con-venient, or by mail, or otherwise, prior to 2: 00 p. m., September l£, ± 9h6, if the applicant desires to qualify under the terms of this notice. No advantage will accrue to an applicant presenting his application in person rather than by mail. All applications received prior to 2: 00 p. m., September'l£, 19U6, will be held and treated as simultaneously filed. Applications received after 2: 00 p. m., September l£, 19U6, will be considered only as provided in paragraphs 2 and 12 of this public order. 7. Examining Board.— An Examining Board of five members, including the Superintendent of the Klamath Project who will act as Secretary of the Board, has been approved by the Commissioner of Reclamation to consider the fit-ness of each applicant to undertake the development and operation of a farm on the Klamath Project. Careful investigation shall be made to verify the statements and representations made by the applicants to the end that no misunderstanding may prevail, either regarding the applicant's fitness or his appreciation of the problem before him. Any falsification will automatically cause the application to be discarded from consideration*, 8. Selection of Qualified Applicants.— To determine whether an applicant for a farm unit is eligible under the provisions of subsection " C" of Section k of the Act of December 5, 192k, his application will be reviewed on the basis of whether or not he is qualified as an entryman. Applicants will be judged on the qualifications of character, industry, farming experience and capital and no applicant will be considered eligible who does not qualify in all respects, or who does not, in the opinion of the Examining Board, possess the health and vigor for active farm work. 9. Showing of applicants and selection thereofc— ( a) Where the applicant, in the original application which he files fails to make a prima facie case— that is, where the applicant ( l) does not possess good health; or ( 2) fails to make the necessary showing as to character; or ( 3) fails to make the necessary showing as to industry; or ( U) fails to make the necessary showing as to citizenship, or ( 5) dees not show at least two years' farm experience; or ( 6) does not show at least $ 2-, 000 in unencumbered assets; or ( 7) is disqualified because of having already made homestead entry; or ( 8) is the owner of more than 160 acres of land in the United States; or ( 9) is otherwise disqualified, the application for a farm unit shall be rejected, and the applicant notified thereof by registered mail, with return receipt demanded, and of his right to appeal to the Regional Director of the Bureau of Reclamation within 10 days from . receipt of such notification. All appeals allowed under this Public Notice No. h3 must be filed in the office of the Superin-tendent at Klamath Falls, Oregon, within 10 days from receipt by applicants of rejection notices. The Superinten-dent will forward such appeals promptly to the Regional Director. ( b) After the expiration of the appeal period fixed by the above- mentioned notices, if any are required, to applicants who failed to make prima facie cases, and in the absence of any pending appeals, the Board shall pro-ceed to select the 86 successful applicants ( there being 86 farm units described in paragraph 1 subject to entry) o All applicants in the group filing prior to 2: 00 pom;, September l£, 19U6, and who possess minimum qualifications as outlined in paragraph 5>, will be considered equally. From the names of all qualified applicants in the group considered as simultaneously filed, there shall be drawn 172 names ( twice the number of homesteads to be awarded). These 172 applicants shall be closely investigated, in the order in which selected, and any falsehood or mis-representation shall be grounds for the Board to disqualify the applicant and to pass on to the next in order until the 86 successful applicants have been determined, plus a sufficient number of alternates to replace those in the first group of 86 who fail to complete their transactions. In the event that there are remaining units to be awarded, consideration will be given to Veteran applications, in the order of filing, prior to 2: 00 p. mc, December l£, 19^ 6, as provided in paragraph 2 above. Remaining units, if any, will be awarded, in the order of filing of applications, as provided in paragraph 12 of this order. ( c) Applicants from among the group of 172 selected in paragraph 9( b) above who subsequently are disquali-fied as a result of investigation by the Board shall be sent a notice by registered mail, with return receipt demanded, unless delivered in person, setting forth the reasons thereof and of the right to appeal to the Regional Director within 10 days from receipt of such notice as provided in paragraph 9( a) above, ( d) Immediately following the selection of the 86 successful applicants, the Board shall send a notice by registered mail with return receipt demanded, to each of the ether qualified applicants, advising him of his standing, as alternate or otherwise, and that since the number of qualified applicants exceeds the number of available farms, his application must be held for rejection. In the event that any of the 86 applicants awarded a farm unit fails to fulfill the requirements of paragraph 10 hereof, the Board will select other applicants in the order of their standing on the list of alternates to replace those failing to complete their transactions0 10* Notification of Applicant that he has been selected.— After the expiration of the period or periods fixed by notices to applicants in the conTTngencies named in paragraph 9 above, or any other that may arise, and upon completion of action which may become necessary because of such notices, the Board shall notify each appli-cant selected for a farm, by registered mail with return receipt demanded, unless delivered to him in person, that he has been selected for a farm unito Whenever practicable, and within the time allowance stated on the notice, the Board shall allow the successful applicants to exercise a choice of farms as listed on their application blanks and in the order of their standing in the drawing. However, the Government reserves the right to assign the farms regardless of individual preferences. After a farm has been selected, the Board shall send tne applicant, by r egistered nail with return receipt demanded, unless delivered to him in person, a water rental application for the farm selected, which rvust be executed by the applicant and returned to the Superintendent, Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls, Oregon, within 10 days from receipt, together with payment of the minimum water rental charge, as specified in paragraph 15 hereof. The Secretary of the Examining Board will furnish each such applicant by registered mail, unless delivered to him in person, a certificate' stating that his qualifications to enter public lands, as required by sub- section " C" of Section h of the Act of December 5, 192U ( U3 Stat. 702), have been passed upon and approved by that Board. Such certificate must be attached by the applicant to his homestead application when he files such application at the District Land Office at Sacramento, California. Such homestead application shall be filed within ]£ days from the date of the receipt by the applicant of the said certificate. Failure to pay the water rental charge or to make application for homestead entry within the periods specified herein will render the application subject to rejection. 11. Failure of selected applicant to - complete transaction.— If the applicant to whom a farm has been awarded fails to comply witH" any of the requirements named above, the Board will select the next listed alternate. 12. General entry.— After all applications received prior to 2: 00 p. m., December 15, 19^ 6, have been con-sidered and awards of farm units made to all qualified applicants, any farm units described in paragraph 1 above which remain unentered, shall be subject to entry under this order by any person having the necessary qualifications. If, on September 15, 19U6, prior to 2: 00 p. m., the number of applications filed exceeds the number of available farm units, then the right to make entry for any such farm unit shall be determined in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 9 of this order, the provisions of which shall continue in effect in a s imilar manner in the future if the number of applications at any time exceeds the number of remaining available farm units. 13. Warning against unlawful settlement.~- No person shall be permitted to gain or exercise any right under any settlement or occupation of any of the public lands covered by this order except under the terms and conditions prescribed by this order, provided, however, that this shall not affect any valid existing right obtained by settle-ment or entry while the land was subject thereto. 111. Construction charges,— Section 15 of the Act of May 25, 1926 ( hk Stat. 639) authorizes and directs the Secretary, when announcement is made of the construction charges for this division, to fix and allocate the con-struction cost per acre in accordance with the findings and recommendations of the Board of Survey and Adjustments as shown on page 26 of House Document No. 201, 69th Congress, 1st Session. As recited on page 26 of said Document No. 201, the Board found that the total gross cost of construction charged to the division, as of June 30, 1925, is $ l, 6hO, 9h9; and that this cost should be allocated on the basis of 37,500 acres and not upon 2l±, 2OO as hereto-fore; and that a deduction of'$ 23h, U07 should be made from the cost named. Applying the deduction of $ 23h9hD7 would leave a remainder of $ l, lio6,5> li2 and the Board's report at this point recites: " The net cost would be 31,1* 06,51* 2, and this amount divided by 37,500 acres, would give an average construction cost of $ 37.50 per acre. This per acre cost of $ 37.5 » O does not include any costs for future construction work which will be necessary to complete this division, and this should be particularly noted." The estimate of cost to complete the works for 33,000 acres which are considered irrigable, is $ 1,678,000 or a per acre cost of $ 50.85. This amount added to the per acre cost to June 30, 1925, of $ 37.50 would make e total per acre cost of £ 88.35. A summary of the construction estimate for work after June 30, 1925, is attached to and made a part of this order. If the actual cost of future work is less than the estimate of $ 1,678,000 named above, the construction charge will be proportionately reduced, but the expenditure of $ 1,678,000 will not be exceeded without the water users agreeing to repay all sums in excess » of this amount. In arriving at the per acre rate of $ 88.35, and as shown above, the write- off of $ 23U, UO7 authorized in Section 15 of the Act of May 25, 1926, has been deducted from the total cost, but before this write- off may be actually accomplished, the Secretary of the Interior must require, as set forth in Section h$ of the said Act of May 25, 1926, a contract with a water users1 association or irrigation district whereby such association or irrigation district shall be required to pay the entire charges against all productive lands within the division without regard to default in the payment of charges against any individual tract of land; also as provided in Section U5 of the Act named, there must be executed a contract of the character described, before the ^ 0- year repayment plan as authorized in this Section may be made effective. Since the Tule Lake Division, with the exception of a few tracts, embraces only public land it would not be possible to make such a contract until the lands are opened and entered. Under the circumstances, the division will be operated on a water- rental basis until its agricultural development has advanced sufficiently to permit of a district organization, at which time a so- called joint liability contract will be required and the construction charge will be'announced at $ 88.35 per acre payable over a l± Q- year period. Should the entrymen or water users fail, or refuse, to proceed in the manner required under the Act of May 25, 1926, it will become necessary to issue public notice under the Extension Act of August lii, 191k ( 38 Stat. 686), without regard to the write- off and under a 2G- year- repayment plan. This would result in a per acre charge of $ U9• 70 instead of $ 37.50 for the cost to June 30, 1925, which added to the per acre cost to complete of $ 50.85, would fix the construction charge at $ 100.55 per acre payable in 20 years* 1^° Water- rental charges.— The minimum water- rental charge for the irrigation season of 19ii7 shall be two dollars and eighty cents ($ 2.50) per acre for each irrigable acre of land in the farm unit, whether water is used or not, which will entitle the entryman to 2j acre- feet of water per irrigable acre. Additional water will be furnished during the said irrigation season up to a limit of 3$- acre- feet per irrigable acre at the rate of fifty cents ( 50f) per acre- foot, and all further quantities at seventy- five cents C75#) per acre- foot, payable on December 1, 19U7. Payment of the minimum charge of two dollars and eighty cents ($ 2.80) per acre for the irrigation season of 191+ 7 shall be nade at the time of filing of water- rental applications: provided, that when water- rental application is filed after June 15, 19hl, payment shall be of a minimum charge of two dollars and eighty cents ($ 2.80) per acre, which payment shall apply as a credit on the minimum charge for the follow-ing irrigation season. If payment for water used in addition to the allowance under the minimum charge is not made on or before December 1 as herein provided, there shall be added to the amount unpaid a penalty of one-half of 1 per centum thereof, and there shall be added a like penalty of one- half of 1 per centum on the first day of each month thereafter so long as such default shall continue. No water will be delivered to the • 5. entryman in subsequent years until such charge shall have been paid in full. Future charges will be announced by future order or public notice. 16. Place and manner of payment of water charge,— All water charges must be paid at the office of the Bureau of Reclamation at Klamath Falls, OregonJ by cash or bank draft, cashier's check, certified check, or postal or express money order, payable to Treasurer of the United States, 17o Water- right application under public notice0— Within three months after date of public notice announcing the construction charges for the land described in this order, each entryman, if required to do so by the Secretary of the Interior, shall make a formal water- right application covering his farm unit. Upon failure to do so, the Secretary may, at his option, cancel the entry in question, with all rights acquired thereunder. 18 • All land to be included in irrigation district .— Each water rental application for land covered by this order shall be made"~ onTorm 7- 2b19 and the following clause shall be inserted at the bottom of said form: " I agree to the inclusion of my land in an irrigation district and I agree also to participate in the organization of an irrigation district at the earliest practicable date." 19, Reservation _ of rights _ of way for county highways..— Rights of way are reserved for county highways across the farm units shown on the farm unit plats along all red lines shown on said plats, said rights of way being 30 feet in width on each side of said lines in all cases where lines are drawn in red solid lines and 60 feet in width out of the farm units crossed by lines drawn in red broken lines. Rights of way are reserved for highways across the farm units abutting the northeasterly side of the Central Pacific Railroad Company's right of way, the said highway right of way being a strip of 100 feet in width, parallel to and touching the said railroad right of way. 20. Effect of relinquishment.— In the event that any entry of public land shall be relinquished prior to 2: 00 p. m., December 15, the lands so relinquished shall be subject to entry in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 9 of this notice. In the event that any entry of public land shall be relinquished subsequent to 2: 00 p. m., December l£, and at any time prior to. actual proving up of the land through necessary residence, cultivation and other homestead requirements, the lands so relinquished shall not be subject to entry for a period of 60 days after the filing and notation of the relinquishment in the local land office. During the 10- day period next succeeding the expiration of such 60- day period, any person having the necessary qualifications may file application for said public land. If, on the tenth day of said' 10- day period, prior to 2: 00 p. m., the number of applications filed exceeds the number of available farm units, then the right to make entry for such farm units shall be determined in accordance with the procedure described in paragraph 9 of this notice. 21. Waiver o£ mineral rights .— All homestead entries for any of the above- described farm units will be subject to the laws of the United States governing mineral land and all homestead applicants under this notice must waive the right to the mineral content of the land, if required to do so by the Bureau of Land Management, otherwise the homestead application will be rejected or the homestead entry cancelled. Assistant Secretary SUMARY OF REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES PUBLIC LANDS OPENED TO HOMESTEAD ENTRY KUMATH PROJECT— 19U6 1. Applicant must possess qualifications established by Bureau of Reclamation in addition to those required under homestead law. 2. Lands will be opened to entry at 2: 00 p. m., September 15, 19k6* Veterans of World War II have a preference right for 90 days following the date of opening. Applications received prior to 2: 00 p. m., September 15 > 19U6, shall be considered as simultaneously filed. After September 15, 19U6, applications will be considered in1 the ordef^ of filing. Applications from other than Veterans of World Yfar II may not be considered prior to 2: 00 p. m., December 15, 19U6. 3. Copies of the Public Notice, together with the Farm Application Blank, may be secured from the Superintendent, Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls, Oregon, or from the Commissioner, Bureau of Reclamation, Washington, D. C. Applications for a farm unit must be filed with the Superintendent, Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls, Oregon. U. Homestead law requirements of entrymen. ( a) Must be 21 years of age or head of a family or have been honorably discharged from the armed forces of the United States after a period of at least 90 days1 service during World War II. ( b) Must be a citizen of the United States or have declared intentions to become a citizen. ( c) Must not own more than 160 acres of land in the United States ( certain exceptions are allowed). ( d) Must establish residence within six months after allowance of entry ( extension of six months may be allowed). Residence must be maintained for a period of three years except honorably discharged veterans who served not less than 90 days are entitled to have the term of service, not exceeding two years, deducted from the three years1 residence requirements. ( e) Land must be_ cultivated for a period of at least two years covering one- sixteenth of area second year and one- eighth of area during the third year and until final proof. ( f) Entryman must have habitable house on land when submitting proof. ( g) Proof as to meeting requirements must be submitted within five years from date of entry. 5. Bureau of Reclamation requirements of applicants. ( a) Must possess standards of character, including honesty, temperance, thrift, industry, moral conduct and seriousness of purposes. References submitted must be individuals prepared to certify to character of witness. ( b) Must have had at least two years' full- time farm experience after age of 15 and within the last. seven years of civilian lifej or during last 10 years of civilian life must have lived and worked on a farm contin-uously for five years after reaching the age of 12. Two or more sworn testimonials must be supplied in support of applicant's claim to meeting this requirement. ( c) Must possess a minimum of $ 2,000 in unencumbered assets applicable or convertible to the needs of farming in the area. ( d) Must be in physical condition to operate a farm including manual labor involved. ( e) Affidavits as to character, farm experience, financial resources and physical condition are required of each applicant. 6. An Examining Board approved by the Commissioner of Reclamation, composed of local citizens and includ-ing the Project Superintendent will consider the fitness of each applicant in line with paragraphs h and 5 above. Applicants disqualified by the Board may appeal within 10 days of receipt of notification. 7. All qualified applicants will be given an equal chance in a drawing to select 172 names ( twice the number of homesteads to be awarded). These 172 shall be closely investigated, in the order in which drawn, and any falsehood or misrepresentation shall be grounds for the Board to disqualify the applicant and pass on to the next in order until the 86 successful applicants have been selected, plus a sufficient number of alternates to replace those in the first group of 86 who fall to complete their transactions. 8. The Examining Board shall notify a successful applicant that he has been selected for a farm unit and, within the time allowance stated on the notice, shall allow the successful applicants to exercise a choice of farms in the order of their standing. However, the Government reserves the right to assign the farms regardless of individual preferences. 9. After a farm has been selected, the Examining Board shall send the applicant a water rental application - which must be executed and returned to the Project Superintendent TntLthin 10 days from receipt, together with payment of the minimum water rental charge. The minimum water rental charge for the irrigation season of 19U7 shall be $ 2.80 per acre for each irrigable acre of land in the farm unit, whether water is used or not, which will entitle the entryman to three acre- feet of water per irrigable acre. Additional water will be furnished during the 19U7 season up to a limit of 3 § acre- feet per irrigable acre at the rate of 50 cents per acre- foot, and all further quantities for 75 cents per acre- foot. 10. The Examining Board will furnish each applicant a certificate stating that his qualifications to enter public land have been approved by the Board. Such certificate must be attached by the applicant to his homestead application which must be filed at the District Land Office, Sacramento, California, within 15 days of receipt of the certificate. 11. Failure to pay the water rental charges or to make application for homestead entry within the periods specified will render the application subject to rejection. 12. Construction charges on the lands to be opened total $ 88.35 per acre, payable within UO years, providing a water users1 association or irrigation district is formed. Should the entrymen or water users fail to form such a district or association, charges will be $ 100.55 per acre, payable within 20 years. 2. Title: Public notice opening public lands to entry Author: United State. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1946, 2004 E R R A T A S H E E T August 6, 19U6 TO ACCOMPANY PUBLIC NOTICE NO. U3 DATED AUGUST 1, 19U6 OPENING PUBLIC LANDS TO ENTRY ON THE KLAMATH IRRIGATION PROJECT, OREGON - CALIFORNIA TULE LAKE DIVISION The following paragraphs are hereby substituted for the corresponding para-graphs 5 ( c) and 5 ( d) as written in the copy of the above Public Notice: Paragraph 5 ( c) The applicant must demonstrate that he possesses a minimum of # 2,000 in unencumbered assets applicable or convertible to the needs of farming in this area. This may be determined by an itemized list of assets and liabilities and must be corroborated by a statement from an official of a bank or other responsible and reputable private or public credit agency. Paragraph $ ( d) The applicant must submit a certificate of medical exami-nation which will contain a statement by an examining physician assuring the applicant's physical ability to operate a farm. Paragraph 9 ( lines k and 5) in the Summary of Requirements and Procedures states, in part: "... which will entitle the entryman to three acre- feet of water per irrigable acre." This should be changed to read: "... which will entitle the entryman to 2g acre- feet of water per irrigable acre." UNITED . STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION WASHINGTON Klamath Irrigation Project, Oregon - California Tule Lake Division PUBLIC NOTICE OPENING PUBLIC LANDS TO ENTRY oo U3 August 1, 191* 6 1. Public land for which water i£ available and for whichi entry may be made.— In pursuance of the act of June 17, 1902 ( 32 Stat. 38b1), and acts amendatory thereof or supplemental thereto, TE" is hereby announced that water will be available in the irrigation season of 191* 7 and thereafter, and beginning September 15>, 19l* 6, entry may be made in accordance with this notice for the following- described public lands under the Tule Lake Division of the Klamath Irrigation Project, Oregan- California, as shown on farm unit plats of Township 1* 7 North, Ranges £ and 6 East and Township 1* 8 North, Range 5 East, Mount Diablo Meridian, California, to wit: Mount Diablo Meridian, California Total Irrigable Acreage 8U. 0 101.2 73o5 73.7 73 » 3 5 76.0 76o2 75.8 66.8 68.3 66.8 68.3 7U. 7 73.8 7U. 1 73o8 127.9 73.8 80.0 137.5 129.6 87.8 9h. B 98.0 109 o 6 7li. O lh. 3 7li. 6 7JU. 3 73.9 7U. 2 73.9 7U. 2 7U. 5 714.2 7U. 67.2 73.3 7U. 9 73.2 7U. 7 100.7 91.3 Township 1* 7 North Range Farm Unit A BA B CDE F G H A B C D EF G HCD E B A A B G H C D E F A B CD E FG * H L A BCD E F * T. 1* 7 N., R. 6 E., M. D. £ East Section 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 7* 13 18* 13 18* 13 18* 13 18* 13 13 13 13 11* H* Hi ll* H* ll* ll* ll* 16 23 23 23 23 23 23 26 27 . M. • . Description Lots 16 &' 17 Lot 20 & W| swi Lot 1 & SEzNEi Lot 2 & SWINEJ Lot 3 & SEzNWz Lot k & SW| NW § EJSWJ WISEJ EgSEz, Lot 1 & SEzNEz Lot 2.& SWJNEJ Lot 3 j& SEJNWJ Lot k & SW} NW| wisWz EJSWJ WtSEf EiSEt Lots 6, 16 & SW^ NWj w^ swj Lots 10 & 2X-* Lots 17, 18 & WiSE| Lots 9 & 12 Lots 12 & 13 Lot 1 & NW^ NEj Lot 10 Lot 2 & SWjNEi Lot 11 Lot 3 & NWjSEj Lot ll* Lot 1* & SWjSEj Lot 1^ EiNWi W4NW} wlswf : v EI- SIVJ EJNEJ ;.; mttl E| SW} l/ feSE'z E| SE| WyNWj Ef NEi W| NEI EiNV/ z WJMWTI-Lots 3, 1* & 6 Lot ^ Lot 20 Lots 18 & 20 1. Farm Unit DCEF B A G A B A E C DE F G H A T. 18 N., R, 5 E., F G L G H J K Section 2k 2k 2k 2k 2k 19* 21 19* 21 25 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 33 28 27 33 M. D. M. 25 26 26 26 • 27 27 27 28 27 31 27 26 33 3h 28 33 33 33 3k 33 3k 3k 3k 3k 3k 3k 3$ 35 Description EJNWJ Lots 9, Lots 7, 10 & NEjSWj- 8 & NWiSEz Lots 5 & SW- jNEi Lot 10 Lot k & Lot 9 Lots 12 Lots 19 Lots 10, Lots 11 Lot, 1 & Lot 2 & Lot 3 & Lot I & E|- SW| W- JSE § Lot 20 Lot 5 Lot 31 Lots 10, NW^ NEJ & 13 • & 20 , 23, 2k, 27 & & 32 SEiNEi SWfNEi S E J M J smriNwJ , 15 & 16 Lots 16 & 17 Lot 7 & E| W- JSEi Ejswi & W?- W1SE| i, NjsEiswi, NWJSEJ NEJSEJ & N- ISEISEI Lots 2 & 3 Total Irrigable Acreage 75.0 73.2 77.5 76.8 91.8 109.0 ' 7a. 2 . 83.9 80.9 78. k TS. k . 78.3 60.8 60.8 77.6 86.3 70.1 73.5 120 111 III 103 105 110 .9 .1 .3 .5 • 5 • J .8 113.8 109 113 113 109 10U 111 .9 .8 ,7 .7 .6 • 0 96.8 99.5 98.8 96.6 M., R. 6 E., M. D. M. 2. Total Farm Unit Section Description Irrigable Acreage sIsE- jNWi 99. k 35 Lots 2, 3 i j i 99 o 6 B 35 | J, 36 Lots 13 & lii 126o8 G 35 Lot U & NEjSEj 36 Lot 20 103 o 9 A 36 Lots 5, 6, 12, 15 & 16 9lu2± The farm unit plats referred to above were approved on the date of this notice and are on file in the Office of the Superintendent, Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls, Oregon, and in the district land office at Sacramento, California, - where they may be examined by any person desiring to make application hereundero 2. Preference rights to honorably discharged veterans of World War II.— Pursuant to the provisions of the Act of September 27, 19hk, and The Act of June 25, 19^ 6 ( Public Law Ul| 0 - 79th~ Congress, 2nd Session), and related legislation,-"- and until 2: 00 p. m., December 15, 19U6, the lands described above will be open to entry only by persons who have served not less than 90 days in the Army or Navy of the United States in World War II and have been honorably separated or discharged therefrom or placed in the regular Army or Naval Reserve; provided, however, that they must be qualified to make'entry under the homestead laws and also possess the qualifications as to industry, experience, character, capital, and physical fitness required of all applicants under this notice. Farm applica-tions received prior to 2: 00 p. m., September 15, 19U6, will be considered as simultaneously filed. Farm applica-tions received after 2: 00 p. m., September 15, 19l; 6, will be filed and considered in the order of their receipt0 3. Limit of acreage for which entry may be made.— The limit of area of public land per entry, representing the acreage which", in the opinion of the SeereTary of the Interior, may be reasonably required for the support of a family upon such land, is fixed at the amounts shown upon the farm unit plats for the respective farm units above listed. k. Applicants must be qualified.— No entry shall be accepted or allowed by the Register of the district land office until the applicant"~ therefor has satisfied the Examining Board appointed for the Klamath Project to consider such matters, that he is possessed of such qualifications ( in addition to the qualifications required under the homestead law) as to industry, experience, character, capital and physical fitness as in the opinion of the Board are necessary to give reasonable assurance of success by the prospective settler. A digest of the qualifications required by the homestead laws is contained in the attachment to this notice. Complete information may be secured from the District Land Office in Sacramento, California, or from the Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D. Co 5. Requirements as_ to Industry, Experience, Character, and Capital.— The following are established as minimum qualification^ Tailure to meet them in. all respects will be sufficient cause to reject an application. No credit will be given for qualifications in excess of the minimum required: ( a) Each applicant must submit as part of his farm application three testimonials concerning his character and covering such points as honesty, temperate habits, thrift, industry, seriousness of purpose, record of good moral conduct in the past and a sincere desire to lead a bona fide farm life. These may be prepared and signed by an ordained minister, including chaplains in the armed service, any commanding officer under whom the applicant served for six months or more, a teacher or administrative official of any recognized high school or college, present or previous employer, or any comparable, responsible individual or official, not a relative, who is personally acquainted with the applicant. These may be the individuals listed in paragraph 17 of the Farm Appli-cation Blank. ( b) The applicant must have had at least two years1 full- time farm experience after the age of 15 and within the last seven years of civilian life; or must have lived and wox~ ked on a farm for five years continuously after reaching the age of 12 and within the last 10 years of civilian life. Time spent in active military service will not be included in the time used in computing farm experience. Two years of study in agricultural courses in an accredited agricultural college or two years of responsible technical work in agriculture which might help fit the applicant for operation of a farm may be credited as one year of farm experience except that. no more than one year of farm experience may be credited from such sources. One year of farm experience must be obtained by actual residence and work on a farm. A farm youth over the age of 15 attending school but actually residing and working on the farm may credit such time as actual farm experience. In support of his claim to meeting this requirement of farm experience, the applicant must supply three written statements signed by the county agent, F. S « AO county supervisor, A0AoA. County Chairman, official of any local farm organization, or comparable individuals, who have personal knowledge of the applicant's farm experience or have verified it to his complete satisfaction, testifying theretoo ( c) The applicant must demonstrate that he possesses a minimum of $ 2,000 in unencumbered assets applicable or convertible to the needs of farming in this area. This may be determined by an itemized listing of assets and liabilities in space provided on the application blank. ( d) The applicant must be in physical condition to operate a farm successfully, including the manual labor involved. If physically handicapped or afflicted with ailments making this condition questionable, a detailed statement by an examining physician should accompany the application. *" Including Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 191* 0, as amended ( 51* Stat. 1178, 1186; % Stat. 769, 776; 50 U. S. C. App. 560- 572)." 3. 6. When and how to file an application for a farm unit.— ( a) A Farm Application Blank is attached to this notice. Additional blanks may be secured from the Superintendent, Klamath Falls, Oregon; the Regional Director, P. 0. Box 2^ 11, Sacramento, California, or the Commissioner, Bureau of Reclamation, Washington 2^, D. C. Full answer must be made to each question on the Farm Application Blank. The applicant may state the particular farm unit desired and may also include alternate choices or the choice may be left open to the examining boarde ( b) If the applicant claims a preference right on account of military service, he shall attach to his appli-cation an affidavit setting forth such military service. The affidavit shall state the applicant's time of service, the unit of which he was a member, the date on which he was honorably discharged, or separated, or transferred to the regular Army or Naval Reserve, and that he did not refuse to wear the uniform of such service or to perform the duties thereof. Providing that they qualify in other respects, women veterans have equal rights and will receive equal consideration in their application for farm unitso ( c) An application for a farm unit listed in this notice, together with the proof to be furnished by veterans, must be filed with the Superintendent, Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls, Oregon, in person, if con-venient, or by mail, or otherwise, prior to 2: 00 p. m., September l£, ± 9h6, if the applicant desires to qualify under the terms of this notice. No advantage will accrue to an applicant presenting his application in person rather than by mail. All applications received prior to 2: 00 p. m., September'l£, 19U6, will be held and treated as simultaneously filed. Applications received after 2: 00 p. m., September l£, 19U6, will be considered only as provided in paragraphs 2 and 12 of this public order. 7. Examining Board.— An Examining Board of five members, including the Superintendent of the Klamath Project who will act as Secretary of the Board, has been approved by the Commissioner of Reclamation to consider the fit-ness of each applicant to undertake the development and operation of a farm on the Klamath Project. Careful investigation shall be made to verify the statements and representations made by the applicants to the end that no misunderstanding may prevail, either regarding the applicant's fitness or his appreciation of the problem before him. Any falsification will automatically cause the application to be discarded from consideration*, 8. Selection of Qualified Applicants.— To determine whether an applicant for a farm unit is eligible under the provisions of subsection " C" of Section k of the Act of December 5, 192k, his application will be reviewed on the basis of whether or not he is qualified as an entryman. Applicants will be judged on the qualifications of character, industry, farming experience and capital and no applicant will be considered eligible who does not qualify in all respects, or who does not, in the opinion of the Examining Board, possess the health and vigor for active farm work. 9. Showing of applicants and selection thereofc— ( a) Where the applicant, in the original application which he files fails to make a prima facie case— that is, where the applicant ( l) does not possess good health; or ( 2) fails to make the necessary showing as to character; or ( 3) fails to make the necessary showing as to industry; or ( U) fails to make the necessary showing as to citizenship, or ( 5) dees not show at least two years' farm experience; or ( 6) does not show at least $ 2-, 000 in unencumbered assets; or ( 7) is disqualified because of having already made homestead entry; or ( 8) is the owner of more than 160 acres of land in the United States; or ( 9) is otherwise disqualified, the application for a farm unit shall be rejected, and the applicant notified thereof by registered mail, with return receipt demanded, and of his right to appeal to the Regional Director of the Bureau of Reclamation within 10 days from . receipt of such notification. All appeals allowed under this Public Notice No. h3 must be filed in the office of the Superin-tendent at Klamath Falls, Oregon, within 10 days from receipt by applicants of rejection notices. The Superinten-dent will forward such appeals promptly to the Regional Director. ( b) After the expiration of the appeal period fixed by the above- mentioned notices, if any are required, to applicants who failed to make prima facie cases, and in the absence of any pending appeals, the Board shall pro-ceed to select the 86 successful applicants ( there being 86 farm units described in paragraph 1 subject to entry) o All applicants in the group filing prior to 2: 00 pom;, September l£, 19U6, and who possess minimum qualifications as outlined in paragraph 5>, will be considered equally. From the names of all qualified applicants in the group considered as simultaneously filed, there shall be drawn 172 names ( twice the number of homesteads to be awarded). These 172 applicants shall be closely investigated, in the order in which selected, and any falsehood or mis-representation shall be grounds for the Board to disqualify the applicant and to pass on to the next in order until the 86 successful applicants have been determined, plus a sufficient number of alternates to replace those in the first group of 86 who fail to complete their transactions. In the event that there are remaining units to be awarded, consideration will be given to Veteran applications, in the order of filing, prior to 2: 00 p. mc, December l£, 19^ 6, as provided in paragraph 2 above. Remaining units, if any, will be awarded, in the order of filing of applications, as provided in paragraph 12 of this order. ( c) Applicants from among the group of 172 selected in paragraph 9( b) above who subsequently are disquali-fied as a result of investigation by the Board shall be sent a notice by registered mail, with return receipt demanded, unless delivered in person, setting forth the reasons thereof and of the right to appeal to the Regional Director within 10 days from receipt of such notice as provided in paragraph 9( a) above, ( d) Immediately following the selection of the 86 successful applicants, the Board shall send a notice by registered mail with return receipt demanded, to each of the ether qualified applicants, advising him of his standing, as alternate or otherwise, and that since the number of qualified applicants exceeds the number of available farms, his application must be held for rejection. In the event that any of the 86 applicants awarded a farm unit fails to fulfill the requirements of paragraph 10 hereof, the Board will select other applicants in the order of their standing on the list of alternates to replace those failing to complete their transactions0 10* Notification of Applicant that he has been selected.— After the expiration of the period or periods fixed by notices to applicants in the conTTngencies named in paragraph 9 above, or any other that may arise, and upon completion of action which may become necessary because of such notices, the Board shall notify each appli-cant selected for a farm, by registered mail with return receipt demanded, unless delivered to him in person, that he has been selected for a farm unito Whenever practicable, and within the time allowance stated on the notice, the Board shall allow the successful applicants to exercise a choice of farms as listed on their application blanks and in the order of their standing in the drawing. However, the Government reserves the right to assign the farms regardless of individual preferences. After a farm has been selected, the Board shall send tne applicant, by r egistered nail with return receipt demanded, unless delivered to him in person, a water rental application for the farm selected, which rvust be executed by the applicant and returned to the Superintendent, Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls, Oregon, within 10 days from receipt, together with payment of the minimum water rental charge, as specified in paragraph 15 hereof. The Secretary of the Examining Board will furnish each such applicant by registered mail, unless delivered to him in person, a certificate' stating that his qualifications to enter public lands, as required by sub- section " C" of Section h of the Act of December 5, 192U ( U3 Stat. 702), have been passed upon and approved by that Board. Such certificate must be attached by the applicant to his homestead application when he files such application at the District Land Office at Sacramento, California. Such homestead application shall be filed within ]£ days from the date of the receipt by the applicant of the said certificate. Failure to pay the water rental charge or to make application for homestead entry within the periods specified herein will render the application subject to rejection. 11. Failure of selected applicant to - complete transaction.— If the applicant to whom a farm has been awarded fails to comply witH" any of the requirements named above, the Board will select the next listed alternate. 12. General entry.— After all applications received prior to 2: 00 p. m., December 15, 19^ 6, have been con-sidered and awards of farm units made to all qualified applicants, any farm units described in paragraph 1 above which remain unentered, shall be subject to entry under this order by any person having the necessary qualifications. If, on September 15, 19U6, prior to 2: 00 p. m., the number of applications filed exceeds the number of available farm units, then the right to make entry for any such farm unit shall be determined in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 9 of this order, the provisions of which shall continue in effect in a s imilar manner in the future if the number of applications at any time exceeds the number of remaining available farm units. 13. Warning against unlawful settlement.~- No person shall be permitted to gain or exercise any right under any settlement or occupation of any of the public lands covered by this order except under the terms and conditions prescribed by this order, provided, however, that this shall not affect any valid existing right obtained by settle-ment or entry while the land was subject thereto. 111. Construction charges,— Section 15 of the Act of May 25, 1926 ( hk Stat. 639) authorizes and directs the Secretary, when announcement is made of the construction charges for this division, to fix and allocate the con-struction cost per acre in accordance with the findings and recommendations of the Board of Survey and Adjustments as shown on page 26 of House Document No. 201, 69th Congress, 1st Session. As recited on page 26 of said Document No. 201, the Board found that the total gross cost of construction charged to the division, as of June 30, 1925, is $ l, 6hO, 9h9; and that this cost should be allocated on the basis of 37,500 acres and not upon 2l±, 2OO as hereto-fore; and that a deduction of'$ 23h, U07 should be made from the cost named. Applying the deduction of $ 23h9hD7 would leave a remainder of $ l, lio6,5> li2 and the Board's report at this point recites: " The net cost would be 31,1* 06,51* 2, and this amount divided by 37,500 acres, would give an average construction cost of $ 37.50 per acre. This per acre cost of $ 37.5 » O does not include any costs for future construction work which will be necessary to complete this division, and this should be particularly noted." The estimate of cost to complete the works for 33,000 acres which are considered irrigable, is $ 1,678,000 or a per acre cost of $ 50.85. This amount added to the per acre cost to June 30, 1925, of $ 37.50 would make e total per acre cost of £ 88.35. A summary of the construction estimate for work after June 30, 1925, is attached to and made a part of this order. If the actual cost of future work is less than the estimate of $ 1,678,000 named above, the construction charge will be proportionately reduced, but the expenditure of $ 1,678,000 will not be exceeded without the water users agreeing to repay all sums in excess » of this amount. In arriving at the per acre rate of $ 88.35, and as shown above, the write- off of $ 23U, UO7 authorized in Section 15 of the Act of May 25, 1926, has been deducted from the total cost, but before this write- off may be actually accomplished, the Secretary of the Interior must require, as set forth in Section h$ of the said Act of May 25, 1926, a contract with a water users1 association or irrigation district whereby such association or irrigation district shall be required to pay the entire charges against all productive lands within the division without regard to default in the payment of charges against any individual tract of land; also as provided in Section U5 of the Act named, there must be executed a contract of the character described, before the ^ 0- year repayment plan as authorized in this Section may be made effective. Since the Tule Lake Division, with the exception of a few tracts, embraces only public land it would not be possible to make such a contract until the lands are opened and entered. Under the circumstances, the division will be operated on a water- rental basis until its agricultural development has advanced sufficiently to permit of a district organization, at which time a so- called joint liability contract will be required and the construction charge will be'announced at $ 88.35 per acre payable over a l± Q- year period. Should the entrymen or water users fail, or refuse, to proceed in the manner required under the Act of May 25, 1926, it will become necessary to issue public notice under the Extension Act of August lii, 191k ( 38 Stat. 686), without regard to the write- off and under a 2G- year- repayment plan. This would result in a per acre charge of $ U9• 70 instead of $ 37.50 for the cost to June 30, 1925, which added to the per acre cost to complete of $ 50.85, would fix the construction charge at $ 100.55 per acre payable in 20 years* 1^° Water- rental charges.— The minimum water- rental charge for the irrigation season of 19ii7 shall be two dollars and eighty cents ($ 2.50) per acre for each irrigable acre of land in the farm unit, whether water is used or not, which will entitle the entryman to 2j acre- feet of water per irrigable acre. Additional water will be furnished during the said irrigation season up to a limit of 3$- acre- feet per irrigable acre at the rate of fifty cents ( 50f) per acre- foot, and all further quantities at seventy- five cents C75#) per acre- foot, payable on December 1, 19U7. Payment of the minimum charge of two dollars and eighty cents ($ 2.80) per acre for the irrigation season of 191+ 7 shall be nade at the time of filing of water- rental applications: provided, that when water- rental application is filed after June 15, 19hl, payment shall be of a minimum charge of two dollars and eighty cents ($ 2.80) per acre, which payment shall apply as a credit on the minimum charge for the follow-ing irrigation season. If payment for water used in addition to the allowance under the minimum charge is not made on or before December 1 as herein provided, there shall be added to the amount unpaid a penalty of one-half of 1 per centum thereof, and there shall be added a like penalty of one- half of 1 per centum on the first day of each month thereafter so long as such default shall continue. No water will be delivered to the • 5. entryman in subsequent years until such charge shall have been paid in full. Future charges will be announced by future order or public notice. 16. Place and manner of payment of water charge,— All water charges must be paid at the office of the Bureau of Reclamation at Klamath Falls, OregonJ by cash or bank draft, cashier's check, certified check, or postal or express money order, payable to Treasurer of the United States, 17o Water- right application under public notice0— Within three months after date of public notice announcing the construction charges for the land described in this order, each entryman, if required to do so by the Secretary of the Interior, shall make a formal water- right application covering his farm unit. Upon failure to do so, the Secretary may, at his option, cancel the entry in question, with all rights acquired thereunder. 18 • All land to be included in irrigation district .— Each water rental application for land covered by this order shall be made"~ onTorm 7- 2b19 and the following clause shall be inserted at the bottom of said form: " I agree to the inclusion of my land in an irrigation district and I agree also to participate in the organization of an irrigation district at the earliest practicable date." 19, Reservation _ of rights _ of way for county highways..— Rights of way are reserved for county highways across the farm units shown on the farm unit plats along all red lines shown on said plats, said rights of way being 30 feet in width on each side of said lines in all cases where lines are drawn in red solid lines and 60 feet in width out of the farm units crossed by lines drawn in red broken lines. Rights of way are reserved for highways across the farm units abutting the northeasterly side of the Central Pacific Railroad Company's right of way, the said highway right of way being a strip of 100 feet in width, parallel to and touching the said railroad right of way. 20. Effect of relinquishment.— In the event that any entry of public land shall be relinquished prior to 2: 00 p. m., December 15, the lands so relinquished shall be subject to entry in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 9 of this notice. In the event that any entry of public land shall be relinquished subsequent to 2: 00 p. m., December l£, and at any time prior to. actual proving up of the land through necessary residence, cultivation and other homestead requirements, the lands so relinquished shall not be subject to entry for a period of 60 days after the filing and notation of the relinquishment in the local land office. During the 10- day period next succeeding the expiration of such 60- day period, any person having the necessary qualifications may file application for said public land. If, on the tenth day of said' 10- day period, prior to 2: 00 p. m., the number of applications filed exceeds the number of available farm units, then the right to make entry for such farm units shall be determined in accordance with the procedure described in paragraph 9 of this notice. 21. Waiver o£ mineral rights .— All homestead entries for any of the above- described farm units will be subject to the laws of the United States governing mineral land and all homestead applicants under this notice must waive the right to the mineral content of the land, if required to do so by the Bureau of Land Management, otherwise the homestead application will be rejected or the homestead entry cancelled. Assistant Secretary SUMARY OF REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES PUBLIC LANDS OPENED TO HOMESTEAD ENTRY KUMATH PROJECT— 19U6 1. Applicant must possess qualifications established by Bureau of Reclamation in addition to those required under homestead law. 2. Lands will be opened to entry at 2: 00 p. m., September 15, 19k6* Veterans of World War II have a preference right for 90 days following the date of opening. Applications received prior to 2: 00 p. m., September 15 > 19U6, shall be considered as simultaneously filed. After September 15, 19U6, applications will be considered in1 the ordef^ of filing. Applications from other than Veterans of World Yfar II may not be considered prior to 2: 00 p. m., December 15, 19U6. 3. Copies of the Public Notice, together with the Farm Application Blank, may be secured from the Superintendent, Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls, Oregon, or from the Commissioner, Bureau of Reclamation, Washington, D. C. Applications for a farm unit must be filed with the Superintendent, Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls, Oregon. U. Homestead law requirements of entrymen. ( a) Must be 21 years of age or head of a family or have been honorably discharged from the armed forces of the United States after a period of at least 90 days1 service during World War II. ( b) Must be a citizen of the United States or have declared intentions to become a citizen. ( c) Must not own more than 160 acres of land in the United States ( certain exceptions are allowed). ( d) Must establish residence within six months after allowance of entry ( extension of six months may be allowed). Residence must be maintained for a period of three years except honorably discharged veterans who served not less than 90 days are entitled to have the term of service, not exceeding two years, deducted from the three years1 residence requirements. ( e) Land must be_ cultivated for a period of at least two years covering one- sixteenth of area second year and one- eighth of area during the third year and until final proof. ( f) Entryman must have habitable house on land when submitting proof. ( g) Proof as to meeting requirements must be submitted within five years from date of entry. 5. Bureau of Reclamation requirements of applicants. ( a) Must possess standards of character, including honesty, temperance, thrift, industry, moral conduct and seriousness of purposes. References submitted must be individuals prepared to certify to character of witness. ( b) Must have had at least two years' full- time farm experience after age of 15 and within the last. seven years of civilian lifej or during last 10 years of civilian life must have lived and worked on a farm contin-uously for five years after reaching the age of 12. Two or more sworn testimonials must be supplied in support of applicant's claim to meeting this requirement. ( c) Must possess a minimum of $ 2,000 in unencumbered assets applicable or convertible to the needs of farming in the area. ( d) Must be in physical condition to operate a farm including manual labor involved. ( e) Affidavits as to character, farm experience, financial resources and physical condition are required of each applicant. 6. An Examining Board approved by the Commissioner of Reclamation, composed of local citizens and includ-ing the Project Superintendent will consider the fitness of each applicant in line with paragraphs h and 5 above. Applicants disqualified by the Board may appeal within 10 days of receipt of notification. 7. All qualified applicants will be given an equal chance in a drawing to select 172 names ( twice the number of homesteads to be awarded). These 172 shall be closely investigated, in the order in which drawn, and any falsehood or misrepresentation shall be grounds for the Board to disqualify the applicant and pass on to the next in order until the 86 successful applicants have been selected, plus a sufficient number of alternates to replace those in the first group of 86 who fall to complete their transactions. 8. The Examining Board shall notify a successful applicant that he has been selected for a farm unit and, within the time allowance stated on the notice, shall allow the successful applicants to exercise a choice of farms in the order of their standing. However, the Government reserves the right to assign the farms regardless of individual preferences. 9. After a farm has been selected, the Examining Board shall send the applicant a water rental application - which must be executed and returned to the Project Superintendent TntLthin 10 days from receipt, together with payment of the minimum water rental charge. The minimum water rental charge for the irrigation season of 19U7 shall be $ 2.80 per acre for each irrigable acre of land in the farm unit, whether water is used or not, which will entitle the entryman to three acre- feet of water per irrigable acre. Additional water will be furnished during the 19U7 season up to a limit of 3 § acre- feet per irrigable acre at the rate of 50 cents per acre- foot, and all further quantities for 75 cents per acre- foot. 10. The Examining Board will furnish each applicant a certificate stating that his qualifications to enter public land have been approved by the Board. Such certificate must be attached by the applicant to his homestead application which must be filed at the District Land Office, Sacramento, California, within 15 days of receipt of the certificate. 11. Failure to pay the water rental charges or to make application for homestead entry within the periods specified will render the application subject to rejection. 12. Construction charges on the lands to be opened total $ 88.35 per acre, payable within UO years, providing a water users1 association or irrigation district is formed. Should the entrymen or water users fail to form such a district or association, charges will be $ 100.55 per acre, payable within 20 years. 2. Close

• 98. [Image] Land use and vegetation community changes at Beswick Ranch, Klamath River Canyon, California from 1955 to 2003 : focus on relationship between the irrigation and the vegetation and the land use cover

  	Humans have altered the Klamath River Canyon in many ways. This study focuses on the years from 1955 to 2003. One substantial alteration is the conversion of terraces into irrigated pastures for agriculture ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land use and vegetation community changes at Beswick Ranch, Klamath River Canyon, California from 1955 to 2003 : focus on relationship between the irrigation and the vegetation and the land use cover Author: Bilka, Monika N. Year: 2002, 2005 Humans have altered the Klamath River Canyon in many ways. This study focuses on the years from 1955 to 2003. One substantial alteration is the conversion of terraces into irrigated pastures for agriculture and cattle ranching. This research project explains the relationships between the irrigation network and the vegetation and land use cover patterns that existed in the past and that exist today at Beswick Ranch. Data sources such as aerial photographs, maps, and other historical information are used to create Geographic Information System (GIS) maps and models of the area. Due to time constraints, the final maps and models are not complete at this time. However, the completed models were synthesized with observational data to come to preliminary conclusions. While the ditches of Shovel Creek Pasture have undergone little to no change at all since 1955, ranchers have added ditches to Faye Pasture. Ranch workers have also increased the amount of agricultural land use cover and decreased in tree cover of Faye Pasture. Conversely, ranchers increased the tree cover and non-agricultural land cover, and they have decreased the agricultural cover. The GIS coverages of Shovel Pasture remain in the preliminary stage, and further analyses of the calculated areas of land use cover and ditch lengths are needed to complete this study. In partnership with PacifiCorp and the BLM, this project aims to provide information about the impacts of the current and historical irrigation systems used on the pastures and riparian zones within this reach of the Klamath River Canyon from 1955 to 2003. Even at this stage, the preliminary coverages provide insight into the relationships between irrigation, vegetation communities, and land use cover that have occurred during the study period. Title: Land use and vegetation community changes at Beswick Ranch, Klamath River Canyon, California from 1955 to 2003 : focus on relationship between the irrigation and the vegetation and the land use cover Author: Bilka, Monika N. Year: 2002, 2005 Humans have altered the Klamath River Canyon in many ways. This study focuses on the years from 1955 to 2003. One substantial alteration is the conversion of terraces into irrigated pastures for agriculture and cattle ranching. This research project explains the relationships between the irrigation network and the vegetation and land use cover patterns that existed in the past and that exist today at Beswick Ranch. Data sources such as aerial photographs, maps, and other historical information are used to create Geographic Information System (GIS) maps and models of the area. Due to time constraints, the final maps and models are not complete at this time. However, the completed models were synthesized with observational data to come to preliminary conclusions. While the ditches of Shovel Creek Pasture have undergone little to no change at all since 1955, ranchers have added ditches to Faye Pasture. Ranch workers have also increased the amount of agricultural land use cover and decreased in tree cover of Faye Pasture. Conversely, ranchers increased the tree cover and non-agricultural land cover, and they have decreased the agricultural cover. The GIS coverages of Shovel Pasture remain in the preliminary stage, and further analyses of the calculated areas of land use cover and ditch lengths are needed to complete this study. In partnership with PacifiCorp and the BLM, this project aims to provide information about the impacts of the current and historical irrigation systems used on the pastures and riparian zones within this reach of the Klamath River Canyon from 1955 to 2003. Even at this stage, the preliminary coverages provide insight into the relationships between irrigation, vegetation communities, and land use cover that have occurred during the study period. Close

• 99. [Image] Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 3

  	Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 3 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 3 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Close

• 100. [Image] Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 2

  	Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 2 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005, 2004 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 2 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005, 2004 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Close