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• 1. [Article] Native freshwater wetland plant associations of northwestern Oregon

  This guide provides keys, descriptions, and stand tables for 122 native freshwater plant associations (14 forest and woodland, 28 shrub, 78 herbaceous, 2 nonvascular) in northwestern Oregon, based on analysis ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native freshwater wetland plant associations of northwestern Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center This guide provides keys, descriptions, and stand tables for 122 native freshwater plant associations (14 forest and woodland, 28 shrub, 78 herbaceous, 2 nonvascular) in northwestern Oregon, based on analysis of data from 1,992 plots distributed throughout the study area. Descriptions are provided for eight other plant associations for which there are no plot data. Data were also not available for 114 additional associations reported from the study area (Kagan et al. 2000). The study area includes the north half of both the Coast Range and Western Cascade ecoregions, and all of the Willamette Valley. Vegetation is classified according to the National Vegetation Classification System, and plant associations are assigned to ecological systems that are currently being developed on a nationwide level. Title: Native freshwater wetland plant associations of northwestern Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center This guide provides keys, descriptions, and stand tables for 122 native freshwater plant associations (14 forest and woodland, 28 shrub, 78 herbaceous, 2 nonvascular) in northwestern Oregon, based on analysis of data from 1,992 plots distributed throughout the study area. Descriptions are provided for eight other plant associations for which there are no plot data. Data were also not available for 114 additional associations reported from the study area (Kagan et al. 2000). The study area includes the north half of both the Coast Range and Western Cascade ecoregions, and all of the Willamette Valley. Vegetation is classified according to the National Vegetation Classification System, and plant associations are assigned to ecological systems that are currently being developed on a nationwide level. Close

• 2. [Article] Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon

  Report by Portland State University's Oregon Biodiversity Information Center (ORBIC), part of the Oregon University System's Institute for Natural Resources

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Report by Portland State University's Oregon Biodiversity Information Center (ORBIC), part of the Oregon University System's Institute for Natural Resources Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Report by Portland State University's Oregon Biodiversity Information Center (ORBIC), part of the Oregon University System's Institute for Natural Resources Close

• 3. [Article] Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon

  In July 2012, we sampled 131 plots in wet meadow habitat at the southern end of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Analysis of the data identified eleven different plant associations: Alopecurus pratensis, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Year: 2013 In July 2012, we sampled 131 plots in wet meadow habitat at the southern end of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Analysis of the data identified eleven different plant associations: Alopecurus pratensis, Carex aquatilis var. aquatilis, Carex nebrascensis, Carex pellita, Carex praegracilis, Carex sheldonii, Distichlis spicata, Juncus balticus, Leymus triticoides, Phalaris arundinacea, and Sparganium eurycarpum. Plant associations spanned a wetland gradient from seasonally moist to seasonally or perennially flooded, but surface water had left most stands at time of sampling. Mean Wetland Indicator Status scores help to place the plant associations within gradients in soil moisture and alkalinity. The Alopecurus pratensis and Phalaris arundinacea associations are dominated by exotic, invasive species and appear to be outcompeting native plant associations. Phases of the Carex praegracilis association appear to be replaced by the Alopecurus pratensis association, while the Carex pellita, Juncus balticus, and Leymus triticoides associations may be replaced by the Phalaris arundinacea association. The Carex aquatilis and Sparganium eurycarpum associations were undersampled and provide only an estimate of composition. Most associations are consistent with what has been included in the National Vegetation Classification. Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Year: 2013 In July 2012, we sampled 131 plots in wet meadow habitat at the southern end of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Analysis of the data identified eleven different plant associations: Alopecurus pratensis, Carex aquatilis var. aquatilis, Carex nebrascensis, Carex pellita, Carex praegracilis, Carex sheldonii, Distichlis spicata, Juncus balticus, Leymus triticoides, Phalaris arundinacea, and Sparganium eurycarpum. Plant associations spanned a wetland gradient from seasonally moist to seasonally or perennially flooded, but surface water had left most stands at time of sampling. Mean Wetland Indicator Status scores help to place the plant associations within gradients in soil moisture and alkalinity. The Alopecurus pratensis and Phalaris arundinacea associations are dominated by exotic, invasive species and appear to be outcompeting native plant associations. Phases of the Carex praegracilis association appear to be replaced by the Alopecurus pratensis association, while the Carex pellita, Juncus balticus, and Leymus triticoides associations may be replaced by the Phalaris arundinacea association. The Carex aquatilis and Sparganium eurycarpum associations were undersampled and provide only an estimate of composition. Most associations are consistent with what has been included in the National Vegetation Classification. Close

• 4. [Article] An interpretation of synecologic relationships in the Billy Meadows area of the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An interpretation of synecologic relationships in the Billy Meadows area of the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest Author: Johnson, Charles G. Title: An interpretation of synecologic relationships in the Billy Meadows area of the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest Author: Johnson, Charles G. Close

• 5. [Article] Forested plant associations of the Olympic National Forest

  A potential vegetation classification system is presented for the Olympic National Forest. It is based on a sample of 1046 Reconnaissance and 408 Intensive plots. The hierarchical classification includes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forested plant associations of the Olympic National Forest Author: Henderson, Jan A., Shaw, David C., Peter, David H., Lesher, Robin D. A potential vegetation classification system is presented for the Olympic National Forest. It is based on a sample of 1046 Reconnaissance and 408 Intensive plots. The hierarchical classification includes sixvegetation series and 64 plant associations. Diagnostickeys are presented to aid in the identification of series and associations. Descriptions are presented for each series and association which are oriented toward the application of this classification for land management objectives. Association descriptions include information about plant species occurrences, including mosses and lichens, mammals, birds, insect pests and diseases. Most descriptions include information on timber productivity and soils. Background information is also presented on the ecology, geology, soils and history of the Olympic Mountains. Key words: vegetation classification, climax vegetation, climax plant communities, plant association, vegetation series, plant community ecology, forest ecology, mosses, lichens, birds, mammals, forest diseases, timber productivity, soil, Olympic Mountains. Title: Forested plant associations of the Olympic National Forest Author: Henderson, Jan A., Shaw, David C., Peter, David H., Lesher, Robin D. A potential vegetation classification system is presented for the Olympic National Forest. It is based on a sample of 1046 Reconnaissance and 408 Intensive plots. The hierarchical classification includes sixvegetation series and 64 plant associations. Diagnostickeys are presented to aid in the identification of series and associations. Descriptions are presented for each series and association which are oriented toward the application of this classification for land management objectives. Association descriptions include information about plant species occurrences, including mosses and lichens, mammals, birds, insect pests and diseases. Most descriptions include information on timber productivity and soils. Background information is also presented on the ecology, geology, soils and history of the Olympic Mountains. Key words: vegetation classification, climax vegetation, climax plant communities, plant association, vegetation series, plant community ecology, forest ecology, mosses, lichens, birds, mammals, forest diseases, timber productivity, soil, Olympic Mountains. Close

• 6. [Article] Tillamook Bay environmental characterization : a scientific and technical summary : Final Report

  This document was prepared under Cooperative Agreement #CE990292–1 with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tillamook Bay environmental characterization : a scientific and technical summary : Final Report This document was prepared under Cooperative Agreement #CE990292–1 with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Title: Tillamook Bay environmental characterization : a scientific and technical summary : Final Report This document was prepared under Cooperative Agreement #CE990292–1 with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Close

• 7. [Article] Biological opinion: Canby Ferry shoreside improvements project, Mountain Road, Clackamas County

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological opinion: Canby Ferry shoreside improvements project, Mountain Road, Clackamas County Author: U.S. Federal Highway Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region Title: Biological opinion: Canby Ferry shoreside improvements project, Mountain Road, Clackamas County Author: U.S. Federal Highway Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region Close

• 8. [Article] Forested plant associations of the Colville National Forest

  A classification of forest vegetation is presented for the Colville National Forest in northeastern Washington State. It is based on potential vegetation with the plant association as the basic unit. The classification ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forested plant associations of the Colville National Forest Author: Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Kelley, Brian F., Smith, Bradley G., Lillybridge, Terry R., Williams, Clinton K. A classification of forest vegetation is presented for the Colville National Forest in northeastern Washington State. It is based on potential vegetation with the plant association as the basic unit. The classification is based on a sample of approximately 229 intensive plots and 282 reconnaisance plots distributed across the forest from 1980 to 1983. The hierarchical classification includes 5 forest tree series and 39 plant associations or community types. Diagnostic keys are presented for each tree series and plant association or community type. Descriptions include information about plant association or community species composition, occurrences, distribution, environment, soils, forest productivity, management implications and relations to other vegetation classifications. Background information is also presented on the ecology, geology, soils, climate, and fire history of the Colville National Forest. Title: Forested plant associations of the Colville National Forest Author: Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Kelley, Brian F., Smith, Bradley G., Lillybridge, Terry R., Williams, Clinton K. A classification of forest vegetation is presented for the Colville National Forest in northeastern Washington State. It is based on potential vegetation with the plant association as the basic unit. The classification is based on a sample of approximately 229 intensive plots and 282 reconnaisance plots distributed across the forest from 1980 to 1983. The hierarchical classification includes 5 forest tree series and 39 plant associations or community types. Diagnostic keys are presented for each tree series and plant association or community type. Descriptions include information about plant association or community species composition, occurrences, distribution, environment, soils, forest productivity, management implications and relations to other vegetation classifications. Background information is also presented on the ecology, geology, soils, climate, and fire history of the Colville National Forest. Close

• 9. [Article] Trask Watershed assessment

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trask Watershed assessment Author: Follansbee, Bruce Title: Trask Watershed assessment Author: Follansbee, Bruce Close

• 10. [Article] Field guide to the forested plant associations of the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest

  A classification of forest vegetation is presented for the Mt. Baker-snoqualmie Forest. It is based on the potential National vegetation and uses the plant association as the basic unit. The classification ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Field guide to the forested plant associations of the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest Author: Henderson, Jan A., Shaw, David C., Peter, David H., Lesher, Robin D. A classification of forest vegetation is presented for the Mt. Baker-snoqualmie Forest. It is based on the potential National vegetation and uses the plant association as the basic unit. The classification is based on 2464 sample plots distributed across the Forest from 1979 to 1990. Of these 1963 were in late successional stands over 150 years old. An additional 633 plots were taken in non-forest communities or undescribed plant associations. The hierarchical classification includes 4 forest series, 19 plant association groups, and 60 plant associations. Diagnostic keys are presented to aid in the identification of vegetation series and plant associations. Descriptions are presented for each series and association. Plant association descriptions include information about plant species occurrences, distribution, environment and soils, potential timber productivity, management considerations, and comparisons with similar plant associations. Key words: vegetation classification, climax plant communities, potential vegetation, plant association, vegetation series, forest ecology, forest environment, Cascade Mountains. Title: Field guide to the forested plant associations of the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest Author: Henderson, Jan A., Shaw, David C., Peter, David H., Lesher, Robin D. A classification of forest vegetation is presented for the Mt. Baker-snoqualmie Forest. It is based on the potential National vegetation and uses the plant association as the basic unit. The classification is based on 2464 sample plots distributed across the Forest from 1979 to 1990. Of these 1963 were in late successional stands over 150 years old. An additional 633 plots were taken in non-forest communities or undescribed plant associations. The hierarchical classification includes 4 forest series, 19 plant association groups, and 60 plant associations. Diagnostic keys are presented to aid in the identification of vegetation series and plant associations. Descriptions are presented for each series and association. Plant association descriptions include information about plant species occurrences, distribution, environment and soils, potential timber productivity, management considerations, and comparisons with similar plant associations. Key words: vegetation classification, climax plant communities, potential vegetation, plant association, vegetation series, forest ecology, forest environment, Cascade Mountains. Close

• 11. [Article] Study on integrating surveys of terrestrial natural resources : the Oregon Demonstration Project

  An interagency project demonstrated the feasibility of integrating Federal surveys of terrestrial natural resources and offers a vision for that integration. At locations selected from forest inventory ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Study on integrating surveys of terrestrial natural resources : the Oregon Demonstration Project Author: House, Carol C., Williams, William, Geissler, Paul H., Goebel, J. Jeffery, Olsen, Anthony R., Schreuder, Hans T., National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (U.S.) An interagency project demonstrated the feasibility of integrating Federal surveys of terrestrial natural resources and offers a vision for that integration. At locations selected from forest inventory and analysis, National forest system Region 6, and national resources inventory surveys in a six-county area in Northern Oregon, experienced teams interpreted and made measurements on aerial photographs and measured on-site a range of soil, vegetation and animal attributes. The project demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a combined FIA/NFS/NRI survey at the substate level and suggests an approach that will preserve the utility of the critical historic information from these surveys. Title: Study on integrating surveys of terrestrial natural resources : the Oregon Demonstration Project Author: House, Carol C., Williams, William, Geissler, Paul H., Goebel, J. Jeffery, Olsen, Anthony R., Schreuder, Hans T., National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (U.S.) An interagency project demonstrated the feasibility of integrating Federal surveys of terrestrial natural resources and offers a vision for that integration. At locations selected from forest inventory and analysis, National forest system Region 6, and national resources inventory surveys in a six-county area in Northern Oregon, experienced teams interpreted and made measurements on aerial photographs and measured on-site a range of soil, vegetation and animal attributes. The project demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a combined FIA/NFS/NRI survey at the substate level and suggests an approach that will preserve the utility of the critical historic information from these surveys. Close

• 12. [Article] Mid-Montane Wetland Plant Associations of the Maiheur, Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mid-Montane Wetland Plant Associations of the Maiheur, Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests Author: United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., Clausnitzer, Rodrick R., Crowe, Elizabeth A. (Elizabeth Ann), 1963- Title: Mid-Montane Wetland Plant Associations of the Maiheur, Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests Author: United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., Clausnitzer, Rodrick R., Crowe, Elizabeth A. (Elizabeth Ann), 1963- Close

• 13. [Article] Plant Association Group and Special Habitat Descriptions Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, Crooked River National Grassland

  This is an unpublished document.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Plant Association Group and Special Habitat Descriptions Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, Crooked River National Grassland Author: Vora, Robin, Grenier, Katie, Schuller, Reid, Simpson, Mike This is an unpublished document. Title: Plant Association Group and Special Habitat Descriptions Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, Crooked River National Grassland Author: Vora, Robin, Grenier, Katie, Schuller, Reid, Simpson, Mike This is an unpublished document. Close

• 14. [Article] Estuary management in the Pacific Northwest

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estuary management in the Pacific Northwest Title: Estuary management in the Pacific Northwest Close

• 15. [Article] Effect of riparian areas on the ecological condition of small, perennial streams in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley : research plan, June 1997

  Little research has been directed toward determining the status and ecological role of riparian areas in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. A research project has been designed to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of riparian areas on the ecological condition of small, perennial streams in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley : research plan, June 1997 Author: Moser, Thomas J., Schuft, Michael J., Wigington, P.J., Herlihy, Alan T., Van Sickle, John, Kaufmann, Phillip R., McAllister, Lynne S. Little research has been directed toward determining the status and ecological role of riparian areas in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. A research project has been designed to contribute to the development and evaluation of alternative future scenarios and to improve the basic understanding of the role of riparian areas on the ecological condition of small, perennial streams in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley. The objectives of the research are: (1) to quantify relationships between riparian attributes at varying spatial scales and stream ecological condition, and (2) to estimate the influence of selected riparian area-agricultural configurations on the indicators of stream ecological condition. To address these objectives, remotely-sensed imagery (aerial photography and thematic mapper satellite imagery) will be used to quantify land cover at multiple spatial scales (i.e., stream reach, stream network, watershed), from which riparian vegetation function, land use stressor, and stream network structure indicators (i.e., potential explanatory variables) are derived for 41 study watersheds. Title: Effect of riparian areas on the ecological condition of small, perennial streams in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley : research plan, June 1997 Author: Moser, Thomas J., Schuft, Michael J., Wigington, P.J., Herlihy, Alan T., Van Sickle, John, Kaufmann, Phillip R., McAllister, Lynne S. Little research has been directed toward determining the status and ecological role of riparian areas in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. A research project has been designed to contribute to the development and evaluation of alternative future scenarios and to improve the basic understanding of the role of riparian areas on the ecological condition of small, perennial streams in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley. The objectives of the research are: (1) to quantify relationships between riparian attributes at varying spatial scales and stream ecological condition, and (2) to estimate the influence of selected riparian area-agricultural configurations on the indicators of stream ecological condition. To address these objectives, remotely-sensed imagery (aerial photography and thematic mapper satellite imagery) will be used to quantify land cover at multiple spatial scales (i.e., stream reach, stream network, watershed), from which riparian vegetation function, land use stressor, and stream network structure indicators (i.e., potential explanatory variables) are derived for 41 study watersheds. Close

• 16. [Article] Tillamook Bay comprehensive conservation and mangement plan : restoring the balance

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tillamook Bay comprehensive conservation and mangement plan : restoring the balance Title: Tillamook Bay comprehensive conservation and mangement plan : restoring the balance Close

• 17. [Article] Coho salmon : life in the watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coho salmon : life in the watershed Author: Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program, Oregon Coastal Watershed Enhancement Project Title: Coho salmon : life in the watershed Author: Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program, Oregon Coastal Watershed Enhancement Project Close

• 18. [Article] High-use destinations in wilderness :|bsocial and biophysical impacts, visitor responses, and management options

  Six high-use destination areas were studied in the Alpine Lakes, Mount Jefferson, and Three Sisters Wildernesses in Washington and Oregon. Exit interviews were conducted with visitors, and recreation impacts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: High-use destinations in wilderness :|bsocial and biophysical impacts, visitor responses, and management options Author: Rocky Mountain Research Station (Ogden, Utah), Cole, David N., Hall, Troy E., Watson, Alan E., Spildie, David R. Six high-use destination areas were studied in the Alpine Lakes, Mount Jefferson, and Three Sisters Wildernesses in Washington and Oregon. Exit interviews were conducted with visitors, and recreation impacts and visitor encounter rates between groups were quantified. Encounter rates were extremely high and impacts were substantial but localized. Visitors were more concerned about high impact levels than high encounter rates. Management implications are explored. Title: High-use destinations in wilderness :|bsocial and biophysical impacts, visitor responses, and management options Author: Rocky Mountain Research Station (Ogden, Utah), Cole, David N., Hall, Troy E., Watson, Alan E., Spildie, David R. Six high-use destination areas were studied in the Alpine Lakes, Mount Jefferson, and Three Sisters Wildernesses in Washington and Oregon. Exit interviews were conducted with visitors, and recreation impacts and visitor encounter rates between groups were quantified. Encounter rates were extremely high and impacts were substantial but localized. Visitors were more concerned about high impact levels than high encounter rates. Management implications are explored. Close

• 19. [Article] Monitoring for Ozone Injury in West Coast (Oregon, Washington, California) Forests in 1998

  In 1998, forest vegetation was monitored for ozone injury on permanent plots in two Sierra Nevada national forests in California, at three locations in Mount Rainier National Park in Washington, and at ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring for Ozone Injury in West Coast (Oregon, Washington, California) Forests in 1998 Author: Rochefort, Regina, Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Andersen, Chris, Smith, Gretchen, Temple, Pat, Campbell, Sally J., Pronos, John In 1998, forest vegetation was monitored for ozone injury on permanent plots in two Sierra Nevada national forests in California, at three locations in Mount Rainier National Park in Washington, and at 68 forest health monitoring (FHM) locations throughout Washington, Oregon, and California. This was the first year that extensive monitoring of forest vegetation for ozone injury was carried out in Oregon, and Washington. Injury was detected on ponderosa and Jeffrey pine in the Sierra Nevada permanent plots and on red elderberry at one FHM location in southwest Washington. No injury was detected at the Mount Rainier sites. The authors also report on results of a trial where red alder, huckleberry, blue elderberry, and chokecherry were exposed to ozone under controlled conditions. Title: Monitoring for Ozone Injury in West Coast (Oregon, Washington, California) Forests in 1998 Author: Rochefort, Regina, Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Andersen, Chris, Smith, Gretchen, Temple, Pat, Campbell, Sally J., Pronos, John In 1998, forest vegetation was monitored for ozone injury on permanent plots in two Sierra Nevada national forests in California, at three locations in Mount Rainier National Park in Washington, and at 68 forest health monitoring (FHM) locations throughout Washington, Oregon, and California. This was the first year that extensive monitoring of forest vegetation for ozone injury was carried out in Oregon, and Washington. Injury was detected on ponderosa and Jeffrey pine in the Sierra Nevada permanent plots and on red elderberry at one FHM location in southwest Washington. No injury was detected at the Mount Rainier sites. The authors also report on results of a trial where red alder, huckleberry, blue elderberry, and chokecherry were exposed to ozone under controlled conditions. Close

• 20. [Article] Small scale photo probability sampling and vegetation classification in southeast Arizona as an ecological base for resource inventory

  Increasing demands on earth resources require the need to know how much resource is present. A new technology, which is developing partially with the support of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Small scale photo probability sampling and vegetation classification in southeast Arizona as an ecological base for resource inventory Author: Johnson, James Russell Increasing demands on earth resources require the need to know how much resource is present. A new technology, which is developing partially with the support of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, will help to inventory and monitor surface resources in a more comprehensive manner than previously possible. Research in southeastern Arizona for the past six years has been developing methodology that would permit the use of space and high altitude imagery for natural vegetation and related resource investigations. This paper reports on three meaningful research contributions in remote sensing of natural vegetation. They are (1) a natural vegetation classification suitable for remote sensing use, (2) a technique for objectively comparing space imagery for relative information content, and (3) a sample scheme for using small scale photography to identify and estimate areas of vegetation types. The natural vegetation classification contains 31 "vegetation types" that were developed for a 3, 200 square mile area. The types are ecologically determined from association tables, and are, therefore, suitable for use in remote sensing applications. This is possible primarily because the types are related to photo identifiable landform variables. The classification is suitable for generalized levels of land use planning, but this was not tested. Three types of space imagery were evaluated for apparent photographic information content. The technique avoided subject-image relationships by concentrating directly on image characteristics. The approach, coined "image groupability", should be a worthwhile contribution to the larger problem of comparative imagery interpretations. An example demonstrates an approach to objective photo stratification based on image groupability results. The third accomplishment involved design and execution of a comparative two stage sampling scheme to estimate kind and extent of vegetation types. The comparison was between two space photos substituted at the first sampling stage. At the second stage (high altitude photography) potential secondary sampling units were categorized by image similarity rather than by the more complicated process of ground subject interpretations. Efficiency gains from space photo stratification were not substantial; however, the sample scheme was effective. Furthermore, clustering, a space photo sampling artifact, saved an estimated 32-35 percent in "working time" expenses when making ground checks by helicopter. Title: Small scale photo probability sampling and vegetation classification in southeast Arizona as an ecological base for resource inventory Author: Johnson, James Russell Increasing demands on earth resources require the need to know how much resource is present. A new technology, which is developing partially with the support of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, will help to inventory and monitor surface resources in a more comprehensive manner than previously possible. Research in southeastern Arizona for the past six years has been developing methodology that would permit the use of space and high altitude imagery for natural vegetation and related resource investigations. This paper reports on three meaningful research contributions in remote sensing of natural vegetation. They are (1) a natural vegetation classification suitable for remote sensing use, (2) a technique for objectively comparing space imagery for relative information content, and (3) a sample scheme for using small scale photography to identify and estimate areas of vegetation types. The natural vegetation classification contains 31 "vegetation types" that were developed for a 3, 200 square mile area. The types are ecologically determined from association tables, and are, therefore, suitable for use in remote sensing applications. This is possible primarily because the types are related to photo identifiable landform variables. The classification is suitable for generalized levels of land use planning, but this was not tested. Three types of space imagery were evaluated for apparent photographic information content. The technique avoided subject-image relationships by concentrating directly on image characteristics. The approach, coined "image groupability", should be a worthwhile contribution to the larger problem of comparative imagery interpretations. An example demonstrates an approach to objective photo stratification based on image groupability results. The third accomplishment involved design and execution of a comparative two stage sampling scheme to estimate kind and extent of vegetation types. The comparison was between two space photos substituted at the first sampling stage. At the second stage (high altitude photography) potential secondary sampling units were categorized by image similarity rather than by the more complicated process of ground subject interpretations. Efficiency gains from space photo stratification were not substantial; however, the sample scheme was effective. Furthermore, clustering, a space photo sampling artifact, saved an estimated 32-35 percent in "working time" expenses when making ground checks by helicopter. Close

• 21. [Article] Grand fir series of northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington : successional stages and management guide

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Grand fir series of northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington : successional stages and management guide Author: United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., Clausnitzer, Rodrick R. Title: Grand fir series of northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington : successional stages and management guide Author: United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., Clausnitzer, Rodrick R. Close

• 22. [Article] Assessment of the accuracy of forested classifications within two broad-scale remotely-sensed vegetation databases in eastern Oregon

  An accuracy assessment of two broad-scale vegetation databases for eastern Oregon, both developed from satellite imagery, was performed to assess the usefulness of the databases for forest landscape planning and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessment of the accuracy of forested classifications within two broad-scale remotely-sensed vegetation databases in eastern Oregon Author: Langhoff, Cory A. An accuracy assessment of two broad-scale vegetation databases for eastern Oregon, both developed from satellite imagery, was performed to assess the usefulness of the databases for forest landscape planning and assessment efforts. The two databases were the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) vegetation database and the U.S. Geological Survey National Land Cover Database (USGS NLCD) vegetation database, both created from Landsat TM 25m satellite imagery. The ODF vegetation database contained four attributes: crown closure, forest size, forest species, and forest structure. The USGS vegetation database contained a single attribute: forest species. Due to reference data availability problems, the accuracy assessment could only be performed on USDA Forest Service lands, which, however, covered most of the forested landscape of eastern Oregon. Within the ODF vegetation database the accuracy of classifying tree species was good, however, the accuracy of classifying tree species within the USGS database was better. Only one forest size class, the small sawtimber class, was classified moderately well in the ODF vegetation database and neither of the forest structure classes were classified well. While both vegetation databases provide a good representation of forest species as well as non-forested areas, their usefulness for forest landscape planning and assessment is limited. The USGS vegetation database, with only one attribute associated with each pixel, evidently meets the goals of the developers of the map- to provide a reasonably accurate, broad-scale description of forest conditions. The ODF vegetation database, with four attributes associated with each pixel, provides more detailed information about the landscape, albeit at low accuracy levels in many cases. Title: Assessment of the accuracy of forested classifications within two broad-scale remotely-sensed vegetation databases in eastern Oregon Author: Langhoff, Cory A. An accuracy assessment of two broad-scale vegetation databases for eastern Oregon, both developed from satellite imagery, was performed to assess the usefulness of the databases for forest landscape planning and assessment efforts. The two databases were the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) vegetation database and the U.S. Geological Survey National Land Cover Database (USGS NLCD) vegetation database, both created from Landsat TM 25m satellite imagery. The ODF vegetation database contained four attributes: crown closure, forest size, forest species, and forest structure. The USGS vegetation database contained a single attribute: forest species. Due to reference data availability problems, the accuracy assessment could only be performed on USDA Forest Service lands, which, however, covered most of the forested landscape of eastern Oregon. Within the ODF vegetation database the accuracy of classifying tree species was good, however, the accuracy of classifying tree species within the USGS database was better. Only one forest size class, the small sawtimber class, was classified moderately well in the ODF vegetation database and neither of the forest structure classes were classified well. While both vegetation databases provide a good representation of forest species as well as non-forested areas, their usefulness for forest landscape planning and assessment is limited. The USGS vegetation database, with only one attribute associated with each pixel, evidently meets the goals of the developers of the map- to provide a reasonably accurate, broad-scale description of forest conditions. The ODF vegetation database, with four attributes associated with each pixel, provides more detailed information about the landscape, albeit at low accuracy levels in many cases. Close

• 23. [Article] Quantifying physical habitat in wadeable streams : surface waters

  We describe concepts, rationale, and analytical procedures for characterizing physical habitat in wadeable streams based on raw data generated from methods similar or equal to those of Kaufmann and Robison ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantifying physical habitat in wadeable streams : surface waters Author: Robison, E. George, Seeliger, Curt, Levine, Paul, Peck, David V., Kaufmann, Phillip R. We describe concepts, rationale, and analytical procedures for characterizing physical habitat in wadeable streams based on raw data generated from methods similar or equal to those of Kaufmann and Robison (in PB99-139156). We provide guidance for calculating measures or indices of stream size and gradient, sinuosity, substrate size and stability, habitat complexity and cover, woody debris size and abundance, residual pool dimensions and frequency, riparian vegetation cover and structure, anthropogenic disturbances, and channel-riparian interaction. We evaluated sampling precision of field habitat survey methods employed by EMAP in several hundred streams in Oregon and the Mid-Atlantic region, comparing variance among streams ('signals') with variance between repeat stream visits (measurement 'noise'). The final measure of the utility of a habitat approach is whether it is useful for interpreting controls on biota or impacts of human activity. Title: Quantifying physical habitat in wadeable streams : surface waters Author: Robison, E. George, Seeliger, Curt, Levine, Paul, Peck, David V., Kaufmann, Phillip R. We describe concepts, rationale, and analytical procedures for characterizing physical habitat in wadeable streams based on raw data generated from methods similar or equal to those of Kaufmann and Robison (in PB99-139156). We provide guidance for calculating measures or indices of stream size and gradient, sinuosity, substrate size and stability, habitat complexity and cover, woody debris size and abundance, residual pool dimensions and frequency, riparian vegetation cover and structure, anthropogenic disturbances, and channel-riparian interaction. We evaluated sampling precision of field habitat survey methods employed by EMAP in several hundred streams in Oregon and the Mid-Atlantic region, comparing variance among streams ('signals') with variance between repeat stream visits (measurement 'noise'). The final measure of the utility of a habitat approach is whether it is useful for interpreting controls on biota or impacts of human activity. Close

• 24. [Article] Grazing management for riparian-wetland areas

  This document presents information from various land managers and researchers to guide livestock management in riparian areas using their unique responsiveness to accomplish management objectives. Riparian ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Grazing management for riparian-wetland areas Author: Swanson, Sherman, Kinch, Gene, United States. Forest Service, National Applied Resource Sciences Center (U.S.), Borman, Michael M., Elsbernd, Van, Leonard, Steve (Stephen G.) This document presents information from various land managers and researchers to guide livestock management in riparian areas using their unique responsiveness to accomplish management objectives. Riparian areas, as interfaces between the aquatic and upland components of the ecosystem comprise mosaics of landforms, communities, and environments within the larger landscape. The structure and processes of riparian areas, more than any other ecosystem, are influenced by their connectivity to adjacent ecosystems. An ecosystem perspective provides an ecological basis for evaluating current grazing practices and other land uses, identifying riparian management objectives, and developing future management alternatives. Title: Grazing management for riparian-wetland areas Author: Swanson, Sherman, Kinch, Gene, United States. Forest Service, National Applied Resource Sciences Center (U.S.), Borman, Michael M., Elsbernd, Van, Leonard, Steve (Stephen G.) This document presents information from various land managers and researchers to guide livestock management in riparian areas using their unique responsiveness to accomplish management objectives. Riparian areas, as interfaces between the aquatic and upland components of the ecosystem comprise mosaics of landforms, communities, and environments within the larger landscape. The structure and processes of riparian areas, more than any other ecosystem, are influenced by their connectivity to adjacent ecosystems. An ecosystem perspective provides an ecological basis for evaluating current grazing practices and other land uses, identifying riparian management objectives, and developing future management alternatives. Close

• 25. [Article] Reconnaissance of Noatak National Preserve and Biosphere Reserve as a Potential Site for Inclusion in the Integrated Global Background Monitoring Network

  The report presents results of the initial reconnaissance effort of a pilot study to assess the suitability of Noatak National Preserve (also a designated UNESCO/MAB International Biosphere Reserve) as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reconnaissance of Noatak National Preserve and Biosphere Reserve as a Potential Site for Inclusion in the Integrated Global Background Monitoring Network Author: Wiersma, G. Bruce, McKee, Arthur, Slaughter, Charles, Hilgert, Jerry, Halpern, Charlie The report presents results of the initial reconnaissance effort of a pilot study to assess the suitability of Noatak National Preserve (also a designated UNESCO/MAB International Biosphere Reserve) as a site for an Integrated Global Background Monitoring site. Sites currently established as part of the pilot network are Olympic National Park, Washington, USA, and Torres del Paine National Park, Chile. Objectives of the global network are: to establish reference levels for pollutants that already exhibit global contamination; establish baseline measurements of ecosystem parameters that permit comparison of more impacted areas; and serve as an early warning system for detecting increases in hazardous pollutants and changes in ecosystem processes. Because of its remote and pristine nature, Noatak National Preserve appeared to be an excellent candidate for inclusion in such a baseline network. Title: Reconnaissance of Noatak National Preserve and Biosphere Reserve as a Potential Site for Inclusion in the Integrated Global Background Monitoring Network Author: Wiersma, G. Bruce, McKee, Arthur, Slaughter, Charles, Hilgert, Jerry, Halpern, Charlie The report presents results of the initial reconnaissance effort of a pilot study to assess the suitability of Noatak National Preserve (also a designated UNESCO/MAB International Biosphere Reserve) as a site for an Integrated Global Background Monitoring site. Sites currently established as part of the pilot network are Olympic National Park, Washington, USA, and Torres del Paine National Park, Chile. Objectives of the global network are: to establish reference levels for pollutants that already exhibit global contamination; establish baseline measurements of ecosystem parameters that permit comparison of more impacted areas; and serve as an early warning system for detecting increases in hazardous pollutants and changes in ecosystem processes. Because of its remote and pristine nature, Noatak National Preserve appeared to be an excellent candidate for inclusion in such a baseline network. Close

• 26. [Article] Lower Alsea River watershed analysis

  The Lower Alsea River Watershed Analysis contains information which characterizes the processes and trends for resources of concern, and provides a context relating the function of this lower portion of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Alsea River watershed analysis Author: Siuslaw National Forest, Verbics, Belle, United States. Forest Service, United States. Bureau of Land Management. Marys Peak Resource Area, Delaini, Jack, Bacho, John P., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Tai, Doris The Lower Alsea River Watershed Analysis contains information which characterizes the processes and trends for resources of concern, and provides a context relating the function of this lower portion of the watershed to the Alsea River Basin as a whole. Critical problem areas both inside and outside federal lands are highlighted, though the focus is on the uplands, with limited projection on the estuary, lowlands, private lands, and state facilities. By analyzing limiting factors and understanding likely rates of recovery, the analysis helps to strategize and prioritize activities both spatially and by project type. This first iteration provides useful information about resource conditions for USFS, BLM, and other agency managers as well as watershed councils and private individuals. Title: Lower Alsea River watershed analysis Author: Siuslaw National Forest, Verbics, Belle, United States. Forest Service, United States. Bureau of Land Management. Marys Peak Resource Area, Delaini, Jack, Bacho, John P., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Tai, Doris The Lower Alsea River Watershed Analysis contains information which characterizes the processes and trends for resources of concern, and provides a context relating the function of this lower portion of the watershed to the Alsea River Basin as a whole. Critical problem areas both inside and outside federal lands are highlighted, though the focus is on the uplands, with limited projection on the estuary, lowlands, private lands, and state facilities. By analyzing limiting factors and understanding likely rates of recovery, the analysis helps to strategize and prioritize activities both spatially and by project type. This first iteration provides useful information about resource conditions for USFS, BLM, and other agency managers as well as watershed councils and private individuals. Close

• 27. [Article] Monitoring design for riparian forests in the Pacific Northwest : research plan

  The goal of this project is to recommend a broadly-acceptale efficient and effective methodology for characterizing streamside riparian attributes in forested settings at the site grain for regional monitoring. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring design for riparian forests in the Pacific Northwest : research plan Author: Bollman, Mike, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory., Oregon State University, Stepp, Jennifer, United States. Environmental Protection Agency. ǂb Office of Research and Development, United States. Forest Service, Barker, Jerry R., Bradshaw, Gay, Ringold, Paul L., Cline, Steven Paul, Carson, Ward, Dynamac Corporation, Fiorella, Maria R. The goal of this project is to recommend a broadly-acceptale efficient and effective methodology for characterizing streamside riparian attributes in forested settings at the site grain for regional monitoring. The authors consider monitoring design in the context of three interacting constraints: ecological functions, capabilities of technologies, and user needs. The focus is on fine grained remote methods. Comparison between candidate selected monitoring systems provides for an initial formulation of a monitoring design. A series of evaluations of these initial formulations provides for an initial recommendation. With the state's interest in the status of coastal fishes, and the programmatic interest of EPA's Western Ecology Division, the areas selected for study are in the Oregon coastal province and the Willamette basin. Title: Monitoring design for riparian forests in the Pacific Northwest : research plan Author: Bollman, Mike, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory., Oregon State University, Stepp, Jennifer, United States. Environmental Protection Agency. ǂb Office of Research and Development, United States. Forest Service, Barker, Jerry R., Bradshaw, Gay, Ringold, Paul L., Cline, Steven Paul, Carson, Ward, Dynamac Corporation, Fiorella, Maria R. The goal of this project is to recommend a broadly-acceptale efficient and effective methodology for characterizing streamside riparian attributes in forested settings at the site grain for regional monitoring. The authors consider monitoring design in the context of three interacting constraints: ecological functions, capabilities of technologies, and user needs. The focus is on fine grained remote methods. Comparison between candidate selected monitoring systems provides for an initial formulation of a monitoring design. A series of evaluations of these initial formulations provides for an initial recommendation. With the state's interest in the status of coastal fishes, and the programmatic interest of EPA's Western Ecology Division, the areas selected for study are in the Oregon coastal province and the Willamette basin. Close

• 28. [Article] Willow Creek Wildlife Mitigation Project -- Final Environmental Assessment

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willow Creek Wildlife Mitigation Project -- Final Environmental Assessment Title: Willow Creek Wildlife Mitigation Project -- Final Environmental Assessment Close

• 29. [Article] Biological assessment of the effects of national forest land and resource management plans and Bureau of Land Management land use plans on Canada lynx

  This biological assessment (BA) documents the potential effects of existing Forest Service (FS) Land and Resource Management Plans (LRMPs), or 'Forest Plans' and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Land Use ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological assessment of the effects of national forest land and resource management plans and Bureau of Land Management land use plans on Canada lynx Author: Rupe, John, Hickenbottom, J. Randal, Prevedel, David, Halekas, George, Hilliard, Mark, Summerfield, Bob, Aradahl, Jeff, Jackson, Lynn This biological assessment (BA) documents the potential effects of existing Forest Service (FS) Land and Resource Management Plans (LRMPs), or 'Forest Plans' and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Land Use Plans (LUPs) on the Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis), hereafter referred to as the lynx. LRMPs and LUPs are collectively referred to as 'Plans' in this document. In a Federal Register notice on July 8, 1998, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) proposed a distinct population segment of the lynx within 16 states to be listed as threatened (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1998a). This BA evaluates 57 LRMPs and 56 LUPs in 13 of these states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Montana, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Title: Biological assessment of the effects of national forest land and resource management plans and Bureau of Land Management land use plans on Canada lynx Author: Rupe, John, Hickenbottom, J. Randal, Prevedel, David, Halekas, George, Hilliard, Mark, Summerfield, Bob, Aradahl, Jeff, Jackson, Lynn This biological assessment (BA) documents the potential effects of existing Forest Service (FS) Land and Resource Management Plans (LRMPs), or 'Forest Plans' and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Land Use Plans (LUPs) on the Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis), hereafter referred to as the lynx. LRMPs and LUPs are collectively referred to as 'Plans' in this document. In a Federal Register notice on July 8, 1998, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) proposed a distinct population segment of the lynx within 16 states to be listed as threatened (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1998a). This BA evaluates 57 LRMPs and 56 LUPs in 13 of these states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Montana, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Close

• 30. [Article] Vegetation classification of wild turkey habitat in Umpqua National Forest using color aerial photography

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation classification of wild turkey habitat in Umpqua National Forest using color aerial photography Author: Hazell, Bret Jack Title: Vegetation classification of wild turkey habitat in Umpqua National Forest using color aerial photography Author: Hazell, Bret Jack Close

• 31. [Article] Salmon and forests : report on the Nehalem Watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon and forests : report on the Nehalem Watershed Author: Coast Range Association Title: Salmon and forests : report on the Nehalem Watershed Author: Coast Range Association Close

• 32. [Article] Biological Opinion: Formal Section 7 Consultation on the Boulder, Donegam, Rumble/Irish and Upland Road-Related Restoration Projects, the Dumont Creek Instream and Riparian Restoration Project, and Renewal of the North Umpqua Watercraft Operations and Fishing Guide Permits, Umpqua National Forest, Oregon

  The Umpqua National Forest (UNF) submitted June 3, 1999, January 14, 2000, and April 14, 2000 letters requesting consultation for a number of proposed activities that were determined likely to adversely ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological Opinion: Formal Section 7 Consultation on the Boulder, Donegam, Rumble/Irish and Upland Road-Related Restoration Projects, the Dumont Creek Instream and Riparian Restoration Project, and Renewal of the North Umpqua Watercraft Operations and Fishing Guide Permits, Umpqua National Forest, Oregon Author: National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region The Umpqua National Forest (UNF) submitted June 3, 1999, January 14, 2000, and April 14, 2000 letters requesting consultation for a number of proposed activities that were determined likely to adversely affect Oregon Coast (OC) coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Biological assessments (BAs) addressing the potential effects to these species accompanied the letters. The BAs describe the environmental baseline and effects of proposed actions on OC coho salmon and its critical habitat and this biological opinion (Opinion) analyzes the proposed actions described in the BAs. The proposed actions would have short-term adverse effects on OC coho salmon and its habitat, but are expected to provide long-term beneficial effects. The OC coho salmon evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) was listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) on August 10, 1998 (63 FR 42587). Critical habitat for this species was designated on February 16, 2000 (65 FR 7764). The UNF made the effects determinations in the BAs following procedures described in NMFS (1996). This document serves as NMFS's biological opinion for OC coho salmon. The objective of this Opinion is to determine whether the proposed actions are likely to jeopardize the continued existence of OC coho salmon or destroy or adversely modify designated critical habitat for OC coho salmon. This consultation is undertaken pursuant to section 7(a)(2) of the ESA and its implementing regulations, 50 CFR Part 402. Title: Biological Opinion: Formal Section 7 Consultation on the Boulder, Donegam, Rumble/Irish and Upland Road-Related Restoration Projects, the Dumont Creek Instream and Riparian Restoration Project, and Renewal of the North Umpqua Watercraft Operations and Fishing Guide Permits, Umpqua National Forest, Oregon Author: National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region The Umpqua National Forest (UNF) submitted June 3, 1999, January 14, 2000, and April 14, 2000 letters requesting consultation for a number of proposed activities that were determined likely to adversely affect Oregon Coast (OC) coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Biological assessments (BAs) addressing the potential effects to these species accompanied the letters. The BAs describe the environmental baseline and effects of proposed actions on OC coho salmon and its critical habitat and this biological opinion (Opinion) analyzes the proposed actions described in the BAs. The proposed actions would have short-term adverse effects on OC coho salmon and its habitat, but are expected to provide long-term beneficial effects. The OC coho salmon evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) was listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) on August 10, 1998 (63 FR 42587). Critical habitat for this species was designated on February 16, 2000 (65 FR 7764). The UNF made the effects determinations in the BAs following procedures described in NMFS (1996). This document serves as NMFS's biological opinion for OC coho salmon. The objective of this Opinion is to determine whether the proposed actions are likely to jeopardize the continued existence of OC coho salmon or destroy or adversely modify designated critical habitat for OC coho salmon. This consultation is undertaken pursuant to section 7(a)(2) of the ESA and its implementing regulations, 50 CFR Part 402. Close

• 33. [Article] Vegetation characterization of three contrasting riparian areas : Williamette Valley, Oregon

  Much of the native riparian vegetation of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, has been replaced with agricultural crops or invasive non-native plant species. Detailed information about current Willamette Valley ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation characterization of three contrasting riparian areas : Williamette Valley, Oregon Author: McAllister, Lynne S., Dwire, Kathleen A., Griffith, Stephen M. Much of the native riparian vegetation of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, has been replaced with agricultural crops or invasive non-native plant species. Detailed information about current Willamette Valley riparian vegetation is generally lacking. Plant specie composition data are useful in a variety of applications, including condition assessment, environmental monitoring and restoration planning. The objective of this study was to characterize the vegetation of three contrasting riparian sites occurring in the Willamette Valley. W determined plant species composition and abundance at a non-cultivated herbaceous site and a cultivated site, both located along Lake Creek, an intermittent stream, and at a forested site located along the Calapooia River, a perennial stream. All sites were adjacent to intensively-managed perennial ryegrass seed production fields. Crop agriculture strongly encroached on the Lake Creek sites, whereas the Calapooia site had received little encroachment from agricultural coversion. At Lake Creek, we inventoried 32 species at the non-cultivated herbaceous site and 18 species at the cultivated site, most of which were non-native. The cultivated site was dominated by wetland-adapted species in the area closest to the creek where perennial ryegrass was absent. Approximately half of the species at the non-cultivated herbaceous site were facultative upland species, and the site was dominated by introduced pasture grasses. In contrast, the 53 species inventoried at the forested site were mostly native and wetland-adapted. The forested site was dominated by Poplus balsamifera ssp, trichocarap T. & G., Pseudotsuga menziessii (Mirbel) Franco, and Acer macrophyllum Pursh, with extensive shrub and herbaceous strata. Results show a range of vegetative conditions found in riparian areas of the Willamette Valley and reflect the influence of differing hydrologic regimes and agricultural impacts. Title: Vegetation characterization of three contrasting riparian areas : Williamette Valley, Oregon Author: McAllister, Lynne S., Dwire, Kathleen A., Griffith, Stephen M. Much of the native riparian vegetation of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, has been replaced with agricultural crops or invasive non-native plant species. Detailed information about current Willamette Valley riparian vegetation is generally lacking. Plant specie composition data are useful in a variety of applications, including condition assessment, environmental monitoring and restoration planning. The objective of this study was to characterize the vegetation of three contrasting riparian sites occurring in the Willamette Valley. W determined plant species composition and abundance at a non-cultivated herbaceous site and a cultivated site, both located along Lake Creek, an intermittent stream, and at a forested site located along the Calapooia River, a perennial stream. All sites were adjacent to intensively-managed perennial ryegrass seed production fields. Crop agriculture strongly encroached on the Lake Creek sites, whereas the Calapooia site had received little encroachment from agricultural coversion. At Lake Creek, we inventoried 32 species at the non-cultivated herbaceous site and 18 species at the cultivated site, most of which were non-native. The cultivated site was dominated by wetland-adapted species in the area closest to the creek where perennial ryegrass was absent. Approximately half of the species at the non-cultivated herbaceous site were facultative upland species, and the site was dominated by introduced pasture grasses. In contrast, the 53 species inventoried at the forested site were mostly native and wetland-adapted. The forested site was dominated by Poplus balsamifera ssp, trichocarap T. & G., Pseudotsuga menziessii (Mirbel) Franco, and Acer macrophyllum Pursh, with extensive shrub and herbaceous strata. Results show a range of vegetative conditions found in riparian areas of the Willamette Valley and reflect the influence of differing hydrologic regimes and agricultural impacts. Close

• 34. [Article] Yaquina Bay, Oregon geographic response plan (GRP)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yaquina Bay, Oregon geographic response plan (GRP) Title: Yaquina Bay, Oregon geographic response plan (GRP) Close

• 35. [Article] Biological and Conference Opinion : Bureau of Land Management Activities Affecting Oregon Coast Coho Salmon and Oregon Coast Steelhead

  The Coos Bay, Medford, and Roseburg Bureau of Land Management (BLM) District Offices submitted May 25 and June 20, 2000, letters requesting formal consultation for a number of proposed activities that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological and Conference Opinion : Bureau of Land Management Activities Affecting Oregon Coast Coho Salmon and Oregon Coast Steelhead The Coos Bay, Medford, and Roseburg Bureau of Land Management (BLM) District Offices submitted May 25 and June 20, 2000, letters requesting formal consultation for a number of proposed activities that were determined likely to adversely affect Oregon Coast (OC) coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and OC steelhead (O. mykiss). Biological assessments (BA) addressing potential affects to these species accompanied the May 25 and June 20, 2000, letters. The BAs describe the environmental baseline and effects of actions in the Umpqua River basin which may have short-term adverse effects on OC coho salmon and OC steelhead and their habitat, but which are expected to provide long-term beneficial effects. Title: Biological and Conference Opinion : Bureau of Land Management Activities Affecting Oregon Coast Coho Salmon and Oregon Coast Steelhead The Coos Bay, Medford, and Roseburg Bureau of Land Management (BLM) District Offices submitted May 25 and June 20, 2000, letters requesting formal consultation for a number of proposed activities that were determined likely to adversely affect Oregon Coast (OC) coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and OC steelhead (O. mykiss). Biological assessments (BA) addressing potential affects to these species accompanied the May 25 and June 20, 2000, letters. The BAs describe the environmental baseline and effects of actions in the Umpqua River basin which may have short-term adverse effects on OC coho salmon and OC steelhead and their habitat, but which are expected to provide long-term beneficial effects. Close

• 36. [Article] The Nehalem Estuary

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Nehalem Estuary Title: The Nehalem Estuary Close

• 37. [Article] Starkey Project : history facilities, and data collection methods for ungulate research

  In the 1980s, resource managers were increasingly concerned about effects of timber harvest on ungulates in National Forests. Land and resource management plans incorporated restrictions on timber harvest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Starkey Project : history facilities, and data collection methods for ungulate research Author: Thomas, Jack Ward, Johnson, Bruce K., Rowland, Mary M., Noyes, James H., Bryant, Larry D., Wisdom, Michael J. In the 1980s, resource managers were increasingly concerned about effects of timber harvest on ungulates in National Forests. Land and resource management plans incorporated restrictions on timber harvest to maintain cover for Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni V. Bailey) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus Rafinesque), and habitat models were used to predict effectiveness of various habitat components for these ungulates. Many of the assumptions of which these models were based were untested, however. The Starkey Project, in northeastern Oregon, was begun to address some of these issues through manipulative experiments in a landscape representative of inland National Forests in the West. A 25,000-acre (10 125-ha) area was surrounded with game-proof fencing to support studies on elk, mule deer, and cattle (Bos taurus). A newly developed telemetry system, using loran-C (long rangenavigation-C) signals, tracks distribution of the three species in relation to common land management activities and habitat variables. Four primary research projects are under way; animal-unit equivalencies, intensive timber management, effects of roads and traffic, and breeding efficiency of bull elk. Title: Starkey Project : history facilities, and data collection methods for ungulate research Author: Thomas, Jack Ward, Johnson, Bruce K., Rowland, Mary M., Noyes, James H., Bryant, Larry D., Wisdom, Michael J. In the 1980s, resource managers were increasingly concerned about effects of timber harvest on ungulates in National Forests. Land and resource management plans incorporated restrictions on timber harvest to maintain cover for Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni V. Bailey) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus Rafinesque), and habitat models were used to predict effectiveness of various habitat components for these ungulates. Many of the assumptions of which these models were based were untested, however. The Starkey Project, in northeastern Oregon, was begun to address some of these issues through manipulative experiments in a landscape representative of inland National Forests in the West. A 25,000-acre (10 125-ha) area was surrounded with game-proof fencing to support studies on elk, mule deer, and cattle (Bos taurus). A newly developed telemetry system, using loran-C (long rangenavigation-C) signals, tracks distribution of the three species in relation to common land management activities and habitat variables. Four primary research projects are under way; animal-unit equivalencies, intensive timber management, effects of roads and traffic, and breeding efficiency of bull elk. Close

• 38. [Article] Year 2000 Timber Sales - Confederated Tribes on Grand Ronde : Biological Opinion

  The Natural Resources Division (NRD) of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR), in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), proposes the regeneration harvest and commercial thinning ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Year 2000 Timber Sales - Confederated Tribes on Grand Ronde : Biological Opinion The Natural Resources Division (NRD) of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR), in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), proposes the regeneration harvest and commercial thinning of four timber sales on the Reservation of The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR). The CTGR has a 20-year management agreement with the BIA. For the purposes of this consultation the BIA is the action agency. The proposed timber harvest units are in the South Yamhill River subbasin, which supports two species listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) as threatened under the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). Upper Willamette River (UWR) chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were listed as threatened under the ESA on May 24, 1999. Upper Willamette River (UWR) steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were listed as threatened under the ESA on March 25, 1999. Critical habitat for both of these species was designated on February 16, 2000 (effective on March 17, 2000). According to the BA, UWR chinook do not currently reside in the action area and there is no recorded data indicating they were present historically. The nearest known occurrence of UWR chinook is near the confluence of Salt creek and the South Yamhill River, over 40 stream miles from the Reservation. Juvenile UWR steelhead reside within the action area and are known to occur in streams on the reservation. Based on the presence of juveniles, CTGR staff suspect that adult UWR steelhead spawn in streams on the Reservation, although little spawning survey work has been done. Title: Year 2000 Timber Sales - Confederated Tribes on Grand Ronde : Biological Opinion The Natural Resources Division (NRD) of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR), in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), proposes the regeneration harvest and commercial thinning of four timber sales on the Reservation of The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR). The CTGR has a 20-year management agreement with the BIA. For the purposes of this consultation the BIA is the action agency. The proposed timber harvest units are in the South Yamhill River subbasin, which supports two species listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) as threatened under the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). Upper Willamette River (UWR) chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were listed as threatened under the ESA on May 24, 1999. Upper Willamette River (UWR) steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were listed as threatened under the ESA on March 25, 1999. Critical habitat for both of these species was designated on February 16, 2000 (effective on March 17, 2000). According to the BA, UWR chinook do not currently reside in the action area and there is no recorded data indicating they were present historically. The nearest known occurrence of UWR chinook is near the confluence of Salt creek and the South Yamhill River, over 40 stream miles from the Reservation. Juvenile UWR steelhead reside within the action area and are known to occur in streams on the reservation. Based on the presence of juveniles, CTGR staff suspect that adult UWR steelhead spawn in streams on the Reservation, although little spawning survey work has been done. Close

• 39. [Article] Methods for multi-spatial scale characterization riparian corridors

  This paper describes the application of aerial photography and GIS technology to develop flexible and transferable methods for multi-spatial scale characterization and analysis of riparian corridors. Relationships ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Methods for multi-spatial scale characterization riparian corridors Author: Moser, Thomas J., Lindeman, Dale R., Schuft, Michael, Van Sickle, John, Wigington, P.J. This paper describes the application of aerial photography and GIS technology to develop flexible and transferable methods for multi-spatial scale characterization and analysis of riparian corridors. Relationships between structural attributes of riparian corridors and indicators of stream ecological conditions are not well established. As part of a research project focused on assessing riparian-stream systems in agricultural landscapes of Oregon's Willamette Valley, GIS land cover/land use databases were created from 1997 aerial photography and digital orthophotography for 23 predominantly agricultural watersheds, including detailed land cover-land use coverages within 150 m of perennial and intermittent streams. GIS functions were used to partition the stream networks at various lateral-longitudinal scales to quantify land cover/land use and to generate functionally relevant metrics of riparian vegetation, such as its composition, width, and continuity. The methods developed provide considerable flexibility for generating metrics characterizing attributes of riparian corridors and for exploring relationships among these metrics and indicators of stream ecological condition. Title: Methods for multi-spatial scale characterization riparian corridors Author: Moser, Thomas J., Lindeman, Dale R., Schuft, Michael, Van Sickle, John, Wigington, P.J. This paper describes the application of aerial photography and GIS technology to develop flexible and transferable methods for multi-spatial scale characterization and analysis of riparian corridors. Relationships between structural attributes of riparian corridors and indicators of stream ecological conditions are not well established. As part of a research project focused on assessing riparian-stream systems in agricultural landscapes of Oregon's Willamette Valley, GIS land cover/land use databases were created from 1997 aerial photography and digital orthophotography for 23 predominantly agricultural watersheds, including detailed land cover-land use coverages within 150 m of perennial and intermittent streams. GIS functions were used to partition the stream networks at various lateral-longitudinal scales to quantify land cover/land use and to generate functionally relevant metrics of riparian vegetation, such as its composition, width, and continuity. The methods developed provide considerable flexibility for generating metrics characterizing attributes of riparian corridors and for exploring relationships among these metrics and indicators of stream ecological condition. Close

• 40. [Article] Airborne videography as a classification and validation technique for Landsat TM-based vegetation mapping

  The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife's (ODFW) Ecological Analysis Center (EAC) is in the process of creating, from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, a vegetation map of Oregon that will meet ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Airborne videography as a classification and validation technique for Landsat TM-based vegetation mapping Author: Barrett, Charley, 1965- The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife's (ODFW) Ecological Analysis Center (EAC) is in the process of creating, from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, a vegetation map of Oregon that will meet the latest standards set by the National Gap Analysis Program. Since field verification is often expensive and by nature intensive, ODFW wanted to determine the feasibility of using airborne videography to help classify and validate their Oregon vegetation map. In 1993, ODFW sampled approximately 4% of Oregon with airborne videography by flying north-south transects at 30-km intervals to be used for these purposes. This research was designed to examine how and to what extent airborne videography can be used for assessing the accuracy of classified satellite imagery in vegetation mapping. An accuracy assessment strategy incorporating the ODFW airborne videography was developed and tested on a pilot study area consisting of the Luckiamute and Rickreall watersheds in western Oregon. Airborne videography was found to have more potential as a classification aid than as an accuracy assessment tool. Its limited usefulness in accuracy assessment results primarily from the necessity to field verify any interpretation made of the videography before it can be successfully incorporated into an accuracy. assessment methodology. Additionally, the difficulty of obtaining a sufficient sample for all vegetation classes and the relatively poor spatial and spectral resolution of current airborne video systems impede its use in accuracy assessment. A field verification process combining global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies with a laptop computer is outlined as a more efficient and accurate alternative to using the ODFW airborne videography for accuracy assessment of the Oregon vegetation map. Title: Airborne videography as a classification and validation technique for Landsat TM-based vegetation mapping Author: Barrett, Charley, 1965- The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife's (ODFW) Ecological Analysis Center (EAC) is in the process of creating, from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, a vegetation map of Oregon that will meet the latest standards set by the National Gap Analysis Program. Since field verification is often expensive and by nature intensive, ODFW wanted to determine the feasibility of using airborne videography to help classify and validate their Oregon vegetation map. In 1993, ODFW sampled approximately 4% of Oregon with airborne videography by flying north-south transects at 30-km intervals to be used for these purposes. This research was designed to examine how and to what extent airborne videography can be used for assessing the accuracy of classified satellite imagery in vegetation mapping. An accuracy assessment strategy incorporating the ODFW airborne videography was developed and tested on a pilot study area consisting of the Luckiamute and Rickreall watersheds in western Oregon. Airborne videography was found to have more potential as a classification aid than as an accuracy assessment tool. Its limited usefulness in accuracy assessment results primarily from the necessity to field verify any interpretation made of the videography before it can be successfully incorporated into an accuracy. assessment methodology. Additionally, the difficulty of obtaining a sufficient sample for all vegetation classes and the relatively poor spatial and spectral resolution of current airborne video systems impede its use in accuracy assessment. A field verification process combining global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies with a laptop computer is outlined as a more efficient and accurate alternative to using the ODFW airborne videography for accuracy assessment of the Oregon vegetation map. Close

• 41. [Article] The conceptual development and use of ecoregion classifications

  This thesis explores the genesis of the ecoregion concept, examines the conceptual development of ecoregion classification systems, investigates applications of ecoregion classification systems for a broad ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The conceptual development and use of ecoregion classifications Author: Brewer, Isaac This thesis explores the genesis of the ecoregion concept, examines the conceptual development of ecoregion classification systems, investigates applications of ecoregion classification systems for a broad range of purposes, and discusses the prospects for the further evolution of this concept. An ecoregion is an area that exhibits patterns of homogeneity in specified criteria such as soils, vegetation, climate, geology, physiography, land use, and hydrology. Ecoregions provide a unifying spatial framework for environmental research, assessment, management, and monitoring and are appropriate tools at continental, national, and state plarming levels. Recent years have seen marked interest in the development, use, and application of ecoregion classifications. A literature review provides a thorough look at the geographer's concept of regions and regionalization, and identifies ecoregion classifications in use today, including Bailey's, the EPA's, and others' frameworks in the context of their specialized perspectives, purposes, and differences. The contemporary uses, applications, and trends of ecoregion classifications are also discussed. Conclusions are made regarding the proliferation of ecoregions to meet diverse information needs, trends in expanded use, and concerns about the information value of ecoregion classification frameworks. This analysis has shown that ecoregions have been used effectively for a wide array of applications, including broad-based holistic resource analysis, development of biological criteria for water quality standards, evaluation of protected area representativeness, wetland mitigation, and calibration of remote sensing data. Over 40% of all ecoregion uses between 1976 and 1998 were for water quality management; however, recent trends indicate ecoregions are being used for more holistic assessment of terrestrial, aquatic, abiotic, and biotic resources with increasing interagency collaboration. Ecoregion theory has developed rapidly within the past thirty years, and this thesis identifies the current utility of ecoregion classifications in the international arena. Title: The conceptual development and use of ecoregion classifications Author: Brewer, Isaac This thesis explores the genesis of the ecoregion concept, examines the conceptual development of ecoregion classification systems, investigates applications of ecoregion classification systems for a broad range of purposes, and discusses the prospects for the further evolution of this concept. An ecoregion is an area that exhibits patterns of homogeneity in specified criteria such as soils, vegetation, climate, geology, physiography, land use, and hydrology. Ecoregions provide a unifying spatial framework for environmental research, assessment, management, and monitoring and are appropriate tools at continental, national, and state plarming levels. Recent years have seen marked interest in the development, use, and application of ecoregion classifications. A literature review provides a thorough look at the geographer's concept of regions and regionalization, and identifies ecoregion classifications in use today, including Bailey's, the EPA's, and others' frameworks in the context of their specialized perspectives, purposes, and differences. The contemporary uses, applications, and trends of ecoregion classifications are also discussed. Conclusions are made regarding the proliferation of ecoregions to meet diverse information needs, trends in expanded use, and concerns about the information value of ecoregion classification frameworks. This analysis has shown that ecoregions have been used effectively for a wide array of applications, including broad-based holistic resource analysis, development of biological criteria for water quality standards, evaluation of protected area representativeness, wetland mitigation, and calibration of remote sensing data. Over 40% of all ecoregion uses between 1976 and 1998 were for water quality management; however, recent trends indicate ecoregions are being used for more holistic assessment of terrestrial, aquatic, abiotic, and biotic resources with increasing interagency collaboration. Ecoregion theory has developed rapidly within the past thirty years, and this thesis identifies the current utility of ecoregion classifications in the international arena. Close

• 42. [Image] Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill., maps (1 col.); Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1980; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Seyer, Susan C. Year: 1979, 2009 ill., maps (1 col.); Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1980; Includes bibliographical references Title: Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Seyer, Susan C. Year: 1979, 2009 ill., maps (1 col.); Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1980; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 43. [Article] South Fork Alsea watershed analysis

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: South Fork Alsea watershed analysis Title: South Fork Alsea watershed analysis Close

• 44. [Article] Summary of information on aquatic biota and their habitats in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, through 1995

  This report reviews and summarizes available information on aquatic biological communities in the Willamette Basin through 1995. Specifically, the report describes (1) the distribution, abndance, and trends ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary of information on aquatic biota and their habitats in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, through 1995 Author: National Water-Quality Assessment Program (U.S.), Altman, Bob, Henson, Colleen M., Waite, Ian R., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Geological Survey (U.S.) This report reviews and summarizes available information on aquatic biological communities in the Willamette Basin through 1995. Specifically, the report describes (1) the distribution, abndance, and trends of three taxonomic groups--algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish--and, to a lesser degree, other selected semi-aquatic taxa (i.e., taxa frequenting but not living wholly in water), including amphibians and reptiles, birds, and mammals, (2) the types of aquatic and riparian habitat that support and influence aquatic communities and their biotic constituents, (3) the natural and human-associated impacts on that habitat and associated biological communities, amd (4) the levels of enviroinmental contaminants to which biological communities and specific biota are exposed. The information in this report is intended to aid in the identification of data gaps relative to taxa and geographic areas, and to stimulate collaboration and increase coordination in present and future ecological research in the Willamette Basin. Title: Summary of information on aquatic biota and their habitats in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, through 1995 Author: National Water-Quality Assessment Program (U.S.), Altman, Bob, Henson, Colleen M., Waite, Ian R., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Geological Survey (U.S.) This report reviews and summarizes available information on aquatic biological communities in the Willamette Basin through 1995. Specifically, the report describes (1) the distribution, abndance, and trends of three taxonomic groups--algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish--and, to a lesser degree, other selected semi-aquatic taxa (i.e., taxa frequenting but not living wholly in water), including amphibians and reptiles, birds, and mammals, (2) the types of aquatic and riparian habitat that support and influence aquatic communities and their biotic constituents, (3) the natural and human-associated impacts on that habitat and associated biological communities, amd (4) the levels of enviroinmental contaminants to which biological communities and specific biota are exposed. The information in this report is intended to aid in the identification of data gaps relative to taxa and geographic areas, and to stimulate collaboration and increase coordination in present and future ecological research in the Willamette Basin. Close

• 45. [Article] Sauvie Island north unit wetlands project : biological opinion

  The objective of this Biological Opinion (BO) is to determine whether the action to restore emergent vegetation to wetlands on Sauvie Island is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of Upper Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sauvie Island north unit wetlands project : biological opinion The objective of this Biological Opinion (BO) is to determine whether the action to restore emergent vegetation to wetlands on Sauvie Island is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of Upper Willamette River chinook salmon and Lower Columbia river chinook salmon or destroy, or adversely modify proposed critical habitat. Title: Sauvie Island north unit wetlands project : biological opinion The objective of this Biological Opinion (BO) is to determine whether the action to restore emergent vegetation to wetlands on Sauvie Island is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of Upper Willamette River chinook salmon and Lower Columbia river chinook salmon or destroy, or adversely modify proposed critical habitat. Close

• 46. [Article] Classification of oak vegetation in the Willamette Valley

  A plant community classification was developed describing the comprehensive variation of oak vegetation currently occupying the Willamette Valley Ecoregion of western Oregon. Multivariate statistical analyses ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Classification of oak vegetation in the Willamette Valley Author: Fitzpatrick, Greg, Kertis, Jane, Alverson, Ed, Buechling, Arne A plant community classification was developed describing the comprehensive variation of oak vegetation currently occupying the Willamette Valley Ecoregion of western Oregon. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to classify field collected floristic and habitat data. Field sampling targeted minimally managed, homogenous vegetation stands with a significant oak component occupying at least 0.5 ha. Potential habitat locations were identified from local expert knowledge, data from The Nature Conservancy’s previous conservation planning efforts, and an interpretation of high resolution NAIP imagery. Potential oak habitats were digitized in a GIS and a random selection of sites stratifying significant environmental gradients was generated in order capture the range of oak habitat variability. Precise sample plot locations were predetermined and established at digitized stand centroids. Field sampling was based on relevé plot data collection methods and included ocular estimates of species cover. A total of 350 stands of oak vegetation were sampled over two field seasons. Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) was used as an exploratory tool to identify potential patterns in species cover data and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used to delimit final plant community types. Nine vegetation classes were described from ordinations including seven forest / woodland types and two savannas Title: Classification of oak vegetation in the Willamette Valley Author: Fitzpatrick, Greg, Kertis, Jane, Alverson, Ed, Buechling, Arne A plant community classification was developed describing the comprehensive variation of oak vegetation currently occupying the Willamette Valley Ecoregion of western Oregon. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to classify field collected floristic and habitat data. Field sampling targeted minimally managed, homogenous vegetation stands with a significant oak component occupying at least 0.5 ha. Potential habitat locations were identified from local expert knowledge, data from The Nature Conservancy’s previous conservation planning efforts, and an interpretation of high resolution NAIP imagery. Potential oak habitats were digitized in a GIS and a random selection of sites stratifying significant environmental gradients was generated in order capture the range of oak habitat variability. Precise sample plot locations were predetermined and established at digitized stand centroids. Field sampling was based on relevé plot data collection methods and included ocular estimates of species cover. A total of 350 stands of oak vegetation were sampled over two field seasons. Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) was used as an exploratory tool to identify potential patterns in species cover data and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used to delimit final plant community types. Nine vegetation classes were described from ordinations including seven forest / woodland types and two savannas Close

• 47. [Article] Water quality effects of hyporheic processing

  "PB2000-107420."

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water quality effects of hyporheic processing Author: Wigington, P.J., Landers, Dixon, Fernald, Alexander "PB2000-107420." Title: Water quality effects of hyporheic processing Author: Wigington, P.J., Landers, Dixon, Fernald, Alexander "PB2000-107420." Close

• 48. [Article] Trask River watershed analysis : final report, August 2003

  Recommendations are provided in this watershed analysis to identify actions and management decisions on the part of BLM that might improve watershed health in the Trask River watershed.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trask River watershed analysis : final report, August 2003 Author: E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Sullivan, Timothy J., Snyder, Kai U., Oregon. Dept. of Forestry, Raymond, Richard B., Gilbert, Erin H., United States. Bureau of Land Management, Moore, Deian L. Recommendations are provided in this watershed analysis to identify actions and management decisions on the part of BLM that might improve watershed health in the Trask River watershed. Title: Trask River watershed analysis : final report, August 2003 Author: E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Sullivan, Timothy J., Snyder, Kai U., Oregon. Dept. of Forestry, Raymond, Richard B., Gilbert, Erin H., United States. Bureau of Land Management, Moore, Deian L. Recommendations are provided in this watershed analysis to identify actions and management decisions on the part of BLM that might improve watershed health in the Trask River watershed. Close

• 49. [Article] Ecological functions of off-channel habitat, Willamette River, Oregon : final research plan

  Off-channel features such as alcoves and side channels can have important ecological functions for large rivers such as the Willamette River. Some species and age classes of fish may select these features ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological functions of off-channel habitat, Willamette River, Oregon : final research plan Author: Sharps, D., Cline, S.P., Landers, Dixon, Andrus, Charles W., Erway, M.L. Off-channel features such as alcoves and side channels can have important ecological functions for large rivers such as the Willamette River. Some species and age classes of fish may select these features instead of the main channel to feed, avoid predation by other fish, escape fast water, or seek out cool water in the summer. Other organisms such as amphibians, mussels, and birds may also be attracted to alcoves and side channels because of unique physical and water quality characteristics. This proposal describes research to evaluate the functions of alcoves and side channels in a large river ecosystem, determine factors that currently affect their ecological functions, and identify future management actions that could be taken to improve these functions. In addition, the authors intend to relate the processes occurring within alcoves and side channels to processes occurring in the main channel, in adjacent ground water, and the riparian vegetative community. Title: Ecological functions of off-channel habitat, Willamette River, Oregon : final research plan Author: Sharps, D., Cline, S.P., Landers, Dixon, Andrus, Charles W., Erway, M.L. Off-channel features such as alcoves and side channels can have important ecological functions for large rivers such as the Willamette River. Some species and age classes of fish may select these features instead of the main channel to feed, avoid predation by other fish, escape fast water, or seek out cool water in the summer. Other organisms such as amphibians, mussels, and birds may also be attracted to alcoves and side channels because of unique physical and water quality characteristics. This proposal describes research to evaluate the functions of alcoves and side channels in a large river ecosystem, determine factors that currently affect their ecological functions, and identify future management actions that could be taken to improve these functions. In addition, the authors intend to relate the processes occurring within alcoves and side channels to processes occurring in the main channel, in adjacent ground water, and the riparian vegetative community. Close

• 50. [Article] Umatilla River Basin Anadromous Fish Habitat Enhancement Project -- 1992 annual report

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Umatilla River Basin Anadromous Fish Habitat Enhancement Project -- 1992 annual report Author: Scheeler, Carl A., Shaw, R. Todd Title: Umatilla River Basin Anadromous Fish Habitat Enhancement Project -- 1992 annual report Author: Scheeler, Carl A., Shaw, R. Todd Close

• 51. [Article] Coastal steelhead trout : life in the watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal steelhead trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Coastal steelhead trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 52. [Article] Lake classification in the glacially influenced landscape of the north Cascade mountains, Washington, USA

  Factors affecting physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of lakes were investigated through the development of a lake-classification system for 162 lakes in North Cascades National Park Service ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lake classification in the glacially influenced landscape of the north Cascade mountains, Washington, USA Author: Lomnicky, Gregg A. Factors affecting physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of lakes were investigated through the development of a lake-classification system for 162 lakes in North Cascades National Park Service Complex. A conceptual view of lake development and its relationship to the expression of lake and watershed characteristics was derived. Water quality and biological assemblages of these primarily glacially formed high-mountain oligotrophic lakes were influenced by elevation, lake morphology, and certain watershed characteristics: aspect, vegetation, soils, hydrology, and degree of glacial influence. Lakes continually evolve relative to changes in their watershed environments. A watershed-based, three-level hierarchical classification was created to include 1) lake position relative to the hydrologic crest of the North Cascade Mountain Range, 2) vegetation zone (alpine, subalpine, low elevation forest, high elevation forest), and 3) basin origin. Hydrologic crest position differentiated broad-scale climatic differences in precipitation and air temperature. Vegetation zones reflected the localized geology (soil maturation) and climate (precipitation, aspect). Morphogenetic class identified differences in lake morphology, landscape position, and potential for persistence, and were unequally distributed across vegetation zones with forest zones most diverse. Time of ice-out increased from low-forest lakes to alpine lakes; eastslope lakes iced-out earlier. Epilimnetic temperature was warmest in low-forest lakes and coolest in alpine lakes. Classification did not clearly order lakes relative to chemical characteristics, though westslope low-forest lakes differed significantly from other lake classes and were most productive. Little seasonal or annual variation for most chemical characteristics were found. However, chemical differences did mirror environmental and physical differences between lakes. High phosphorus levels separated glacially influenced lakes. Total Kjeldahl-N and total phosphorus concentrations decreased with increasing lake depth. For a given flushing ratio, Kjeldahl-N decreased from low-forest to alpine zones. Depth and vegetation class ordered the diversity and composition of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Nutrients, conductivity, pH, alkalinity, and cations were correlated with phytoplankton and zooplankton assemblages. Non-native trout presence was associated with large, deep [greater than or equal to] 3 m) lakes. Title: Lake classification in the glacially influenced landscape of the north Cascade mountains, Washington, USA Author: Lomnicky, Gregg A. Factors affecting physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of lakes were investigated through the development of a lake-classification system for 162 lakes in North Cascades National Park Service Complex. A conceptual view of lake development and its relationship to the expression of lake and watershed characteristics was derived. Water quality and biological assemblages of these primarily glacially formed high-mountain oligotrophic lakes were influenced by elevation, lake morphology, and certain watershed characteristics: aspect, vegetation, soils, hydrology, and degree of glacial influence. Lakes continually evolve relative to changes in their watershed environments. A watershed-based, three-level hierarchical classification was created to include 1) lake position relative to the hydrologic crest of the North Cascade Mountain Range, 2) vegetation zone (alpine, subalpine, low elevation forest, high elevation forest), and 3) basin origin. Hydrologic crest position differentiated broad-scale climatic differences in precipitation and air temperature. Vegetation zones reflected the localized geology (soil maturation) and climate (precipitation, aspect). Morphogenetic class identified differences in lake morphology, landscape position, and potential for persistence, and were unequally distributed across vegetation zones with forest zones most diverse. Time of ice-out increased from low-forest lakes to alpine lakes; eastslope lakes iced-out earlier. Epilimnetic temperature was warmest in low-forest lakes and coolest in alpine lakes. Classification did not clearly order lakes relative to chemical characteristics, though westslope low-forest lakes differed significantly from other lake classes and were most productive. Little seasonal or annual variation for most chemical characteristics were found. However, chemical differences did mirror environmental and physical differences between lakes. High phosphorus levels separated glacially influenced lakes. Total Kjeldahl-N and total phosphorus concentrations decreased with increasing lake depth. For a given flushing ratio, Kjeldahl-N decreased from low-forest to alpine zones. Depth and vegetation class ordered the diversity and composition of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Nutrients, conductivity, pH, alkalinity, and cations were correlated with phytoplankton and zooplankton assemblages. Non-native trout presence was associated with large, deep [greater than or equal to] 3 m) lakes. Close

• 53. [Article] Chapter 1NNWC.mht

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chapter 1NNWC.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Title: Chapter 1NNWC.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Close

• 54. [Article] Chapter 2 Habitat Protection & E.mht

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chapter 2 Habitat Protection & E.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Title: Chapter 2 Habitat Protection & E.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Close

• 55. [Article] Chapter 3 Water Quality Improvem.mht

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chapter 3 Water Quality Improvem.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Title: Chapter 3 Water Quality Improvem.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Close

• 56. [Article] Chapter 4 Public Education and Involvement.mht

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chapter 4 Public Education and Involvement.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Title: Chapter 4 Public Education and Involvement.mht Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council Close

• 57. [Article] Studies of plant establishment limitations in wetlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Studies of plant establishment limitations in wetlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station Title: Studies of plant establishment limitations in wetlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station Close

• 58. [Article] Watershed restoration, jobs-in-the-woods, and community assistance : Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan

  There are many parallels between the 1978 legislation to expand Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan, which together with the Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative formed the 1993 Pacific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Watershed restoration, jobs-in-the-woods, and community assistance : Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan Author: DeForest, Christopher E., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.) There are many parallels between the 1978 legislation to expand Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan, which together with the Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative formed the 1993 Pacific Northwest Initiative. In both situations, the Federal Government sought to promote retraining for displaced workers, to undertake watershed assessment and restoration work, and to assist communities with economic planning, grants, and transitions. Both of these efforts point out the inherent conflicts between the economic and ecological objectives of watershed restoration. No one wants to have to choose between reducing sediment an reducing unemployment in coastal forests. Title: Watershed restoration, jobs-in-the-woods, and community assistance : Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan Author: DeForest, Christopher E., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.) There are many parallels between the 1978 legislation to expand Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan, which together with the Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative formed the 1993 Pacific Northwest Initiative. In both situations, the Federal Government sought to promote retraining for displaced workers, to undertake watershed assessment and restoration work, and to assist communities with economic planning, grants, and transitions. Both of these efforts point out the inherent conflicts between the economic and ecological objectives of watershed restoration. No one wants to have to choose between reducing sediment an reducing unemployment in coastal forests. Close

• 59. [Article] Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon

  Jess Wenick and Chad Karges of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR) provided guidance, logistical support, and funding to The Wetlands Conservancy (TWC) for this project. Esther Lev of TWC coordinated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Jess Wenick and Chad Karges of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR) provided guidance, logistical support, and funding to The Wetlands Conservancy (TWC) for this project. Esther Lev of TWC coordinated the project and provided guidance as a member of the Ecology Woring Group (EWG). Vegetation sampling was done by Bruce Newhouse, Richard Brainerd, Jess Wenick, and Barry Smith. Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Jess Wenick and Chad Karges of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR) provided guidance, logistical support, and funding to The Wetlands Conservancy (TWC) for this project. Esther Lev of TWC coordinated the project and provided guidance as a member of the Ecology Woring Group (EWG). Vegetation sampling was done by Bruce Newhouse, Richard Brainerd, Jess Wenick, and Barry Smith. Close

• 60. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 61. [Article] Chinook salmon : life in the watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chinook salmon : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Chinook salmon : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 62. [Article] Coastal cutthroat trout : life in the watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal cutthroat trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Coastal cutthroat trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 63. [Article] Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop

  Oregon's perspectives, differences, and objectives as they pertain to monitoring biodiversity. Presented at the Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop on May 18, 2006.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Oregon's perspectives, differences, and objectives as they pertain to monitoring biodiversity. Presented at the Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop on May 18, 2006. Title: Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Oregon's perspectives, differences, and objectives as they pertain to monitoring biodiversity. Presented at the Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop on May 18, 2006. Close

• 64. [Article] An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  The identification and mapping of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, has been effectively completed through the utilization of LANDSAT digital data and NASA U-2 color infrared ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, 1951- The identification and mapping of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, has been effectively completed through the utilization of LANDSAT digital data and NASA U-2 color infrared aerial photography. Classification of LANDSAT data for surface cover type identification and mapping was accomplished through use of the Interactive Digital Image Manipulation System (IDIMS) which provided enormous classification flexibility due to the interactive capability of IDIMS and its color video display. LANDSAT data extraction techniques employed in this research include the generation of grayscales; density slice; spectral reflectance plots versus pixel frequency and LANDSAT bands for low sun angle and medium to high sun angle LANDSAT digital tape dates; spectral relationship plots; and control clustering of training set selection. The use of these techniques produced training statistics which show "good" class discrimination for study area classification. A covariance matrix, weighted divergence, and distance between clusters were generated for each of the 59 training classes to determine if any of the classes were statistically related and should be combined. Slope angle, slope aspect, and surface cover type variation, and to a lesser degree, crown size and crown density are the main environmental factors which account for spectral reflectance variation of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park. Through an understanding of the influence of environmental factors in the reflectance value of surface cover types, one can evaluate the quality of training statistics and the location of training areas in order to reduce mis-classification or non-classification possibilities. A regression analysis, analysis of variance, T-values, F-values, and beta values were used to determine the relative degree that certain environmental factors influence the spectral reflectance of surface cover types producing a change in the mean reflectance of surface cover types per LANDSAT band. LANDSAT classification accuracy levels for 12 major surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park range from 84 to 98 percent. Accuracy levels are inversely related to the level of detail sought and obtained. LANDSAT's primary advantages over NASA U-2 color infrared aerial photography for surface cover type identification and mapping include: repetitive coverage; computer compatibility of data without photographic digitizing; multi-spectral scanner capability; and the further extension of wavelengths into the near infrared. The NASA U-2 aerial photography's primary advantages (over LANDSAT) for surface cover type identification and mapping include: increased scale; greater resolution; and stereoscopic viewing. Stereoscopic viewing was accomplished through use of an Old Delft Scanning stereoscope which provided 1.5 to 4.5 magnification. "Ground truth" is the link between LANDSAT data, aerial photography, and actual ground conditions. "Ground truth" should measure and/or observe surface cover types and parameters which are capable of influencing the spectral reflectance as detected by LANDSAT. Geologic activity, soil conditions, vegetation, and climate have in the past and do in the present influence the spectral reflectance of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, 1951- The identification and mapping of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, has been effectively completed through the utilization of LANDSAT digital data and NASA U-2 color infrared aerial photography. Classification of LANDSAT data for surface cover type identification and mapping was accomplished through use of the Interactive Digital Image Manipulation System (IDIMS) which provided enormous classification flexibility due to the interactive capability of IDIMS and its color video display. LANDSAT data extraction techniques employed in this research include the generation of grayscales; density slice; spectral reflectance plots versus pixel frequency and LANDSAT bands for low sun angle and medium to high sun angle LANDSAT digital tape dates; spectral relationship plots; and control clustering of training set selection. The use of these techniques produced training statistics which show "good" class discrimination for study area classification. A covariance matrix, weighted divergence, and distance between clusters were generated for each of the 59 training classes to determine if any of the classes were statistically related and should be combined. Slope angle, slope aspect, and surface cover type variation, and to a lesser degree, crown size and crown density are the main environmental factors which account for spectral reflectance variation of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park. Through an understanding of the influence of environmental factors in the reflectance value of surface cover types, one can evaluate the quality of training statistics and the location of training areas in order to reduce mis-classification or non-classification possibilities. A regression analysis, analysis of variance, T-values, F-values, and beta values were used to determine the relative degree that certain environmental factors influence the spectral reflectance of surface cover types producing a change in the mean reflectance of surface cover types per LANDSAT band. LANDSAT classification accuracy levels for 12 major surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park range from 84 to 98 percent. Accuracy levels are inversely related to the level of detail sought and obtained. LANDSAT's primary advantages over NASA U-2 color infrared aerial photography for surface cover type identification and mapping include: repetitive coverage; computer compatibility of data without photographic digitizing; multi-spectral scanner capability; and the further extension of wavelengths into the near infrared. The NASA U-2 aerial photography's primary advantages (over LANDSAT) for surface cover type identification and mapping include: increased scale; greater resolution; and stereoscopic viewing. Stereoscopic viewing was accomplished through use of an Old Delft Scanning stereoscope which provided 1.5 to 4.5 magnification. "Ground truth" is the link between LANDSAT data, aerial photography, and actual ground conditions. "Ground truth" should measure and/or observe surface cover types and parameters which are capable of influencing the spectral reflectance as detected by LANDSAT. Geologic activity, soil conditions, vegetation, and climate have in the past and do in the present influence the spectral reflectance of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Close

• 65. [Article] Recommended NWI revisions and GIS layer development for tidal wetlands of the Yaquina and Alsea River Estuaries

  This project report provides a GIS map to accompany the 1999 tidal wetland prioritization in these estuaries. updates information on major changes at 1999 study sites, and recommends revisions to the NWI ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recommended NWI revisions and GIS layer development for tidal wetlands of the Yaquina and Alsea River Estuaries Author: Brophy, Laura This project report provides a GIS map to accompany the 1999 tidal wetland prioritization in these estuaries. updates information on major changes at 1999 study sites, and recommends revisions to the NWI wetland classification for tidal wetlands. Study included emergent, scrub-shrub and forested tidal wetlands but excluded other tidal wetland habitat classes. Title: Recommended NWI revisions and GIS layer development for tidal wetlands of the Yaquina and Alsea River Estuaries Author: Brophy, Laura This project report provides a GIS map to accompany the 1999 tidal wetland prioritization in these estuaries. updates information on major changes at 1999 study sites, and recommends revisions to the NWI wetland classification for tidal wetlands. Study included emergent, scrub-shrub and forested tidal wetlands but excluded other tidal wetland habitat classes. Close

• 66. [Article] Meadow classification in the Willamette National Forest and conifer encroachment patterns in the Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex, Western Cascade Range, Oregon

  This study delineates and characterizes the distribution of montane meadows in the Willamette National Forest, identifies encroachment patterns in relation to topographic features and proximity to trees ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Meadow classification in the Willamette National Forest and conifer encroachment patterns in the Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex, Western Cascade Range, Oregon Author: Dailey, Michele Meadows This study delineates and characterizes the distribution of montane meadows in the Willamette National Forest, identifies encroachment patterns in relation to topographic features and proximity to trees in the Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex, and examines tree species and age distributions in relation to distance from forest edges or isolated tree clusters in the West Middle Prairie meadow. The Willamette National Forest covers approximately 6780 km² and intersects two main physiographic provinces comprised of the Cascade Crest Montane Forests and Subalpine/Alpine regions to the east, and the Western Cascades Montane, Lowland, and Valley regions to the west. Tree species commonly found in the study area include firs, cedar, pine, larch, spruce, and hemlock. Non-forested openings, including meadows, are distributed throughout the study area. Matched Filtering analysis was applied to Landsat ETM+ imagery acquired in September 2002 and combined with ancillary data that delineates stand replacing fire and harvest disturbances that occurred between 1972 and 2004 to create a vegetation classification of the Willamette National Forest that identifies meadows. The meadow classification was then combined with data depicting topographic position, slope, aspect, and elevation. Chi-squared statistics were applied to determine if meadows were significantly concentrated in areas characterized by these physical factors. In the western extent of the Willamette National Forest, meadows are concentrated on steep, south and east facing ridges between 1000 and 2000m in elevation. In the eastern extent of the Willamette National Forest, meadows are concentrated in valleys between 500 and 1000 meters in elevation and occur on both gentle and steep, east and south facing slopes. The vegetation classification provides a consistent and comprehensive dataset of meadow distribution in the Willamette National Forest. The Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex is contained by the Chucksney Mountain roadless area and comprised of approximately 8 distinct meadows located 27 kilometers northeast of Oakridge in the Willamette National Forest. The meadows occur on mostly south and east facing steep slopes near the ridgeline, and host varied dry and mesic plant communities. Herbaceous cover for three snapshots in time was classified using aerial photographs taken in 1947, 1972, and 2005 to determine conifer encroachment into the meadows. Chi-squared statistics were applied to determine if encroachment patterns were associated with slope, aspect, or proximity to tree cover. Encroachment occurred significantly closer to existing trees in all meadows suggesting the ameliorating effects of forest create conditions favorable for seedling establishment. Encroachment was also significant on steep, south and east facing slopes in some meadows, but also on gentle, west facing slopes in other meadows indicating a complex interaction of land use history, physical, and biological factors. The encroachment history analysis provides the preliminary framework for a model that can be used to identify meadows at risk for invasion. The West Middle Prairie of the Chucksney-Grasshopper complex, also known as Meadow 4, is a 21 hectare meadow characterized by a dry meadow community at the northern boundary, a mesic forest-meadow mosaic towards the southern boundary, and a rock garden at the western boundary. This meadow underwent mechanical tree removal in 1964 and a prescribed burn in 1996 to thwart conifer invasion. Four transects intersecting burned and unburned areas at the forest edge and through isolated tree clusters were sampled to determine the distribution of tree species and ages relative to their position in the transect. Data imply Pinus contorta invasion was promoted by the 1996 burns and that seedling establishment has occurred progressively from forest edges as well as simultaneously in a band along the forest edge. These findings suggest the prescribed burn was not adequate to control invasion and such management methods should be reviewed in the context of on-going research into alternate eradication measures. This research also supports other work that suggests initial seedling establishment accelerates subsequent seedling establishment and that eradication of early invaders is important for efficient management. This study can inform meadow habitat maintenance and restoration in three ways: it provides and inventory of meadows in the Willamette National Forest, a framework for a tool to predict which meadows are at risk for invasion and therefore are potential targets for action, and finally a report on past maintenance efforts and observation of invasion patterns at a fine scale. Title: Meadow classification in the Willamette National Forest and conifer encroachment patterns in the Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex, Western Cascade Range, Oregon Author: Dailey, Michele Meadows This study delineates and characterizes the distribution of montane meadows in the Willamette National Forest, identifies encroachment patterns in relation to topographic features and proximity to trees in the Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex, and examines tree species and age distributions in relation to distance from forest edges or isolated tree clusters in the West Middle Prairie meadow. The Willamette National Forest covers approximately 6780 km² and intersects two main physiographic provinces comprised of the Cascade Crest Montane Forests and Subalpine/Alpine regions to the east, and the Western Cascades Montane, Lowland, and Valley regions to the west. Tree species commonly found in the study area include firs, cedar, pine, larch, spruce, and hemlock. Non-forested openings, including meadows, are distributed throughout the study area. Matched Filtering analysis was applied to Landsat ETM+ imagery acquired in September 2002 and combined with ancillary data that delineates stand replacing fire and harvest disturbances that occurred between 1972 and 2004 to create a vegetation classification of the Willamette National Forest that identifies meadows. The meadow classification was then combined with data depicting topographic position, slope, aspect, and elevation. Chi-squared statistics were applied to determine if meadows were significantly concentrated in areas characterized by these physical factors. In the western extent of the Willamette National Forest, meadows are concentrated on steep, south and east facing ridges between 1000 and 2000m in elevation. In the eastern extent of the Willamette National Forest, meadows are concentrated in valleys between 500 and 1000 meters in elevation and occur on both gentle and steep, east and south facing slopes. The vegetation classification provides a consistent and comprehensive dataset of meadow distribution in the Willamette National Forest. The Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex is contained by the Chucksney Mountain roadless area and comprised of approximately 8 distinct meadows located 27 kilometers northeast of Oakridge in the Willamette National Forest. The meadows occur on mostly south and east facing steep slopes near the ridgeline, and host varied dry and mesic plant communities. Herbaceous cover for three snapshots in time was classified using aerial photographs taken in 1947, 1972, and 2005 to determine conifer encroachment into the meadows. Chi-squared statistics were applied to determine if encroachment patterns were associated with slope, aspect, or proximity to tree cover. Encroachment occurred significantly closer to existing trees in all meadows suggesting the ameliorating effects of forest create conditions favorable for seedling establishment. Encroachment was also significant on steep, south and east facing slopes in some meadows, but also on gentle, west facing slopes in other meadows indicating a complex interaction of land use history, physical, and biological factors. The encroachment history analysis provides the preliminary framework for a model that can be used to identify meadows at risk for invasion. The West Middle Prairie of the Chucksney-Grasshopper complex, also known as Meadow 4, is a 21 hectare meadow characterized by a dry meadow community at the northern boundary, a mesic forest-meadow mosaic towards the southern boundary, and a rock garden at the western boundary. This meadow underwent mechanical tree removal in 1964 and a prescribed burn in 1996 to thwart conifer invasion. Four transects intersecting burned and unburned areas at the forest edge and through isolated tree clusters were sampled to determine the distribution of tree species and ages relative to their position in the transect. Data imply Pinus contorta invasion was promoted by the 1996 burns and that seedling establishment has occurred progressively from forest edges as well as simultaneously in a band along the forest edge. These findings suggest the prescribed burn was not adequate to control invasion and such management methods should be reviewed in the context of on-going research into alternate eradication measures. This research also supports other work that suggests initial seedling establishment accelerates subsequent seedling establishment and that eradication of early invaders is important for efficient management. This study can inform meadow habitat maintenance and restoration in three ways: it provides and inventory of meadows in the Willamette National Forest, a framework for a tool to predict which meadows are at risk for invasion and therefore are potential targets for action, and finally a report on past maintenance efforts and observation of invasion patterns at a fine scale. Close

• 67. [Article] Distribution of nearshore macroinvertebrates in lakes of the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA

  Although nearshore macroinvertebrates are integral members of high mountain lentic systems, knowledge of ecological factors influencing their distributions is limited. Factors affecting distributions of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution of nearshore macroinvertebrates in lakes of the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA Author: Hoffman, Robert L. Although nearshore macroinvertebrates are integral members of high mountain lentic systems, knowledge of ecological factors influencing their distributions is limited. Factors affecting distributions of nearshore macroinvertebrates were investigated, including microhabitat use and vertebrate predation, in the oligotrophic lakes of North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington, USA, and the conformity of distribution with a lake classification system was assessed (Lomnicky, unpublished manuscript; Liss et al. 1991). Forty-one lakes were assigned to six classification categories based on vegetation zone (forest, subalpine, alpine), elevation, and position relative to the west or east side of the crest of the Cascade Range. These classification variables represented fundamental characteristics of the terrestrial environment that indirectly reflected geology and climate. This geoclimatic perspective provided a broad, integrative framework for expressing the physical environment of lakes. Habitat conditions and macroinvertebrate distributions in study lakes were studied from 1989 through 1991. Distributions varied according to vegetation zone, elevation, and crest position, and reflected the concordance between habitat conditions and organism life history requirements. Habitat parameters affecting distributions included water temperature, the kinds of substrates in benthic microhabitats, water chemistry, and, to a limited extent, the presence of vertebrate predators. The number of taxa per lake was positively correlated with maximum temperature and negatively correlated with elevation. Forest zone lakes tended to have the highest number of taxa and alpine lakes the lowest. Substrates in nearshore microhabitats varied with vegetation zone. Organic substrates were more predominant than inorganic substrates in forest zone lakes. Organic substrates declined and inorganic substrates increased in the subalpine zone. There were virtually no organic substrates in alpine lakes. Taxa were placed into groups based on substrate preference. Ordinations indicated that the proportion of taxa in inorganic and organic-based substrate preference groups paralleled vegetation zone-substrate relationships. Lake water hardness and pH, as well as the presence of vertebrate predators affected the distribution of several taxa. Gastropods were limited to three forest lakes by their water hardness and pH requirements, and the dytiscid beetle, Potamonectes qriseostriatus appeared to be absent from forest lakes due, in part, to the pH requirements of this taxon. The distribution of three taxa (Taenionema, Ameletus, Desmona) appeared to be affected by the presence of vertebrate predators (salamanders and trout). Discriminant analysis was used to test the reliability of lake classification based on terrestrial characteristics. Discriminant analysis assigned lakes to categories based on similarities in kinds of substrates, substrate preference groups, and taxa. Strong concordance between both methods of lake classification supported the interconnection between terrestrial characteristics and processes and the abiotic and biotic conditions in lakes. Title: Distribution of nearshore macroinvertebrates in lakes of the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA Author: Hoffman, Robert L. Although nearshore macroinvertebrates are integral members of high mountain lentic systems, knowledge of ecological factors influencing their distributions is limited. Factors affecting distributions of nearshore macroinvertebrates were investigated, including microhabitat use and vertebrate predation, in the oligotrophic lakes of North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington, USA, and the conformity of distribution with a lake classification system was assessed (Lomnicky, unpublished manuscript; Liss et al. 1991). Forty-one lakes were assigned to six classification categories based on vegetation zone (forest, subalpine, alpine), elevation, and position relative to the west or east side of the crest of the Cascade Range. These classification variables represented fundamental characteristics of the terrestrial environment that indirectly reflected geology and climate. This geoclimatic perspective provided a broad, integrative framework for expressing the physical environment of lakes. Habitat conditions and macroinvertebrate distributions in study lakes were studied from 1989 through 1991. Distributions varied according to vegetation zone, elevation, and crest position, and reflected the concordance between habitat conditions and organism life history requirements. Habitat parameters affecting distributions included water temperature, the kinds of substrates in benthic microhabitats, water chemistry, and, to a limited extent, the presence of vertebrate predators. The number of taxa per lake was positively correlated with maximum temperature and negatively correlated with elevation. Forest zone lakes tended to have the highest number of taxa and alpine lakes the lowest. Substrates in nearshore microhabitats varied with vegetation zone. Organic substrates were more predominant than inorganic substrates in forest zone lakes. Organic substrates declined and inorganic substrates increased in the subalpine zone. There were virtually no organic substrates in alpine lakes. Taxa were placed into groups based on substrate preference. Ordinations indicated that the proportion of taxa in inorganic and organic-based substrate preference groups paralleled vegetation zone-substrate relationships. Lake water hardness and pH, as well as the presence of vertebrate predators affected the distribution of several taxa. Gastropods were limited to three forest lakes by their water hardness and pH requirements, and the dytiscid beetle, Potamonectes qriseostriatus appeared to be absent from forest lakes due, in part, to the pH requirements of this taxon. The distribution of three taxa (Taenionema, Ameletus, Desmona) appeared to be affected by the presence of vertebrate predators (salamanders and trout). Discriminant analysis was used to test the reliability of lake classification based on terrestrial characteristics. Discriminant analysis assigned lakes to categories based on similarities in kinds of substrates, substrate preference groups, and taxa. Strong concordance between both methods of lake classification supported the interconnection between terrestrial characteristics and processes and the abiotic and biotic conditions in lakes. Close

• 68. [Article] The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Close

• 69. [Article] A guide to placing large wood in streams

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A guide to placing large wood in streams Author: Oregon. Forest Practices Section, Oregon. Habitat Conservation Division Title: A guide to placing large wood in streams Author: Oregon. Forest Practices Section, Oregon. Habitat Conservation Division Close

• 70. [Article] Vegetation-soil relations as a basis for resource management on the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon

  The study was conducted on the Ochoco National Forest in central Oregon. Vegetation-soil relationships were evaluated for the following objectives: 1. Develop a sound ecological foundation on which total ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation-soil relations as a basis for resource management on the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon Author: Hall, Frederick C. The study was conducted on the Ochoco National Forest in central Oregon. Vegetation-soil relationships were evaluated for the following objectives: 1. Develop a sound ecological foundation on which total land management decisions may be based. 2. Evaluate forest succession, stocking, and growth to improve management. 3. Develop accurate range condition and trend guides. The concept of non-random distribution of plant communities in a continuum gradient was used to guide the investigation. This philosophy requires sampling the entire spectrum of vegetation and environmental variability in order to determine plant community groupings for classification purposes. Data were collected on a fifth-acre plot for trees, and on two 100-foot three-quarter-inch loop transects for subordinate vegetation. Forage production was determined on ten 9.6-square foot plots. Soil profiles were described according to standard procedure. Only vegetation free from grazing or logging disturbance was sampled. Vegetation was classified by use of association tables. Mathematical computations included standard errors and correlation analysis. Non-forest associations were: Artemisia rigida/Poa secunda on about six inches of soil, Artemisia arbuscula/Festuca idahoensis on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from acid igneous rock, and Artemisia arbuscula/Agropyron spicatum on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from basic igneous rock. These associations occur as natural openings in the forest zone due to soil properties inimical to tree establishment. Climax pine associations occurred on 12 to 30 inches of sandy, stony soil. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum occurs at lower elevations. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Sitanion hystrix occurs on acid igneous derived soils. Pinus ponderosa/Carex geyeri occurs on basic igneous derived soils. All are grazed by livestock and require open tree stocking for optimum tree growth. The Abies grandis/Calamagrostis rubescens association occupies more land area than all other forest types combined. It has been maintained in open Pinus ponderosa by natural, recurrent ground fires. With fire control, this association gradually moves toward a climax of fir. The Abies grandis/Bromus vulgaris association occurs at upper elevations. Dense forest cover makes it unsuitable for grazing. Management is different than for the Abies/Calamagrostis. Even though the Pinus contorta/Vaccnium scoparurn/Calamagrostis rubescens is successional, it was classified as an associes for management purposes. It pioneers on Abies/Bromus sites following conflagration fires. Four other vegetation associations were briefly described. Numerical variability within associations poses problems for development of range and forest management guides. In most cases, correlation analysis permits refinement of data. Variability is caused by the continuum effect of vegetation and environment. The information derived from this study is discussed for application in management. Mapping recommendations include a basic vegetation map with overlays for timber and range management use. Guides are presented for development of range condition and trend standards, interpretation of trend, and evaluation of management. Forestry guides include suggestions for silviculture, stocking and growth, and timber management. In addition, application in watershed and multiple use is briefly discussed. Title: Vegetation-soil relations as a basis for resource management on the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon Author: Hall, Frederick C. The study was conducted on the Ochoco National Forest in central Oregon. Vegetation-soil relationships were evaluated for the following objectives: 1. Develop a sound ecological foundation on which total land management decisions may be based. 2. Evaluate forest succession, stocking, and growth to improve management. 3. Develop accurate range condition and trend guides. The concept of non-random distribution of plant communities in a continuum gradient was used to guide the investigation. This philosophy requires sampling the entire spectrum of vegetation and environmental variability in order to determine plant community groupings for classification purposes. Data were collected on a fifth-acre plot for trees, and on two 100-foot three-quarter-inch loop transects for subordinate vegetation. Forage production was determined on ten 9.6-square foot plots. Soil profiles were described according to standard procedure. Only vegetation free from grazing or logging disturbance was sampled. Vegetation was classified by use of association tables. Mathematical computations included standard errors and correlation analysis. Non-forest associations were: Artemisia rigida/Poa secunda on about six inches of soil, Artemisia arbuscula/Festuca idahoensis on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from acid igneous rock, and Artemisia arbuscula/Agropyron spicatum on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from basic igneous rock. These associations occur as natural openings in the forest zone due to soil properties inimical to tree establishment. Climax pine associations occurred on 12 to 30 inches of sandy, stony soil. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum occurs at lower elevations. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Sitanion hystrix occurs on acid igneous derived soils. Pinus ponderosa/Carex geyeri occurs on basic igneous derived soils. All are grazed by livestock and require open tree stocking for optimum tree growth. The Abies grandis/Calamagrostis rubescens association occupies more land area than all other forest types combined. It has been maintained in open Pinus ponderosa by natural, recurrent ground fires. With fire control, this association gradually moves toward a climax of fir. The Abies grandis/Bromus vulgaris association occurs at upper elevations. Dense forest cover makes it unsuitable for grazing. Management is different than for the Abies/Calamagrostis. Even though the Pinus contorta/Vaccnium scoparurn/Calamagrostis rubescens is successional, it was classified as an associes for management purposes. It pioneers on Abies/Bromus sites following conflagration fires. Four other vegetation associations were briefly described. Numerical variability within associations poses problems for development of range and forest management guides. In most cases, correlation analysis permits refinement of data. Variability is caused by the continuum effect of vegetation and environment. The information derived from this study is discussed for application in management. Mapping recommendations include a basic vegetation map with overlays for timber and range management use. Guides are presented for development of range condition and trend standards, interpretation of trend, and evaluation of management. Forestry guides include suggestions for silviculture, stocking and growth, and timber management. In addition, application in watershed and multiple use is briefly discussed. Close

• 71. [Article] Vegetation changes in the Willamette River Greenway, Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon, 1972-1981

  The nature and extent of niparian vegetation change from 1972 to 1981 in the Willamette River Greenway in Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon was quantitatively investigated. The study was primarily by aerial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation changes in the Willamette River Greenway, Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon, 1972-1981 Author: Wickramaratne, Siri Nimal The nature and extent of niparian vegetation change from 1972 to 1981 in the Willamette River Greenway in Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon was quantitatively investigated. The study was primarily by aerial imagery analysis and associated field verification. A classification of vegetation and land cover within the study area was developed and employed in imagery interpretation. Vegetation cover within the Greenway based on this classification was mapped at a scale of 1:12,000 using 1981 color infrared and 1976 natural color imagery. Two additional sets of working maps, each consisting of 29 sheets, were prepared from 1972 and 1981 airphoto coverage respectively. Each set portrayed total vegetation cover, agricultural cover, and urban/industrial cover. Comparison of the two sets of maps facilitated completion of a single set of vegetation and land cover change maps depicting loss of vegetation at the expense of gains in agricultural and urban/industrial cover within the Greenway. Area in vegetation, agriculture, and urban/industrial development was measured for 1972 and 1981 for Benton and Linn Counties and change in each category determined. In Benton County a total loss of 436 acres of vegetation within the Greenway was found. This is about 8% of the total Benton County Greenway area of 5,505 acres. In Linri County the total loss was 290 acres which amounts to about 4% of the total Linn County Greenway area of 7,308 acres. Of the total Greenway vegetation lost in both counties, 60% was in Benton County and 40% was in Linn County. No gain in vegetation in the Willainette River Greenway was observed. A net loss of vegetation to agriculture and development was found in each county. Title: Vegetation changes in the Willamette River Greenway, Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon, 1972-1981 Author: Wickramaratne, Siri Nimal The nature and extent of niparian vegetation change from 1972 to 1981 in the Willamette River Greenway in Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon was quantitatively investigated. The study was primarily by aerial imagery analysis and associated field verification. A classification of vegetation and land cover within the study area was developed and employed in imagery interpretation. Vegetation cover within the Greenway based on this classification was mapped at a scale of 1:12,000 using 1981 color infrared and 1976 natural color imagery. Two additional sets of working maps, each consisting of 29 sheets, were prepared from 1972 and 1981 airphoto coverage respectively. Each set portrayed total vegetation cover, agricultural cover, and urban/industrial cover. Comparison of the two sets of maps facilitated completion of a single set of vegetation and land cover change maps depicting loss of vegetation at the expense of gains in agricultural and urban/industrial cover within the Greenway. Area in vegetation, agriculture, and urban/industrial development was measured for 1972 and 1981 for Benton and Linn Counties and change in each category determined. In Benton County a total loss of 436 acres of vegetation within the Greenway was found. This is about 8% of the total Benton County Greenway area of 5,505 acres. In Linri County the total loss was 290 acres which amounts to about 4% of the total Linn County Greenway area of 7,308 acres. Of the total Greenway vegetation lost in both counties, 60% was in Benton County and 40% was in Linn County. No gain in vegetation in the Willainette River Greenway was observed. A net loss of vegetation to agriculture and development was found in each county. Close

• 72. [Article] Numerical classification of range vegetation and statistical analysis of its ecology

  The purpose of the research was to computerize mathematical procedures for the analysis of range vegetation and environmental data. The specific objectives were as follows: 1. to develop and apply computer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Numerical classification of range vegetation and statistical analysis of its ecology Author: Pyott, William Tucker, 1936- The purpose of the research was to computerize mathematical procedures for the analysis of range vegetation and environmental data. The specific objectives were as follows: 1. to develop and apply computer techniques to the classification of vegetation in order to provide a phytosociological framework within which to investigate the ecology of range vegetation, and 2. to adapt computer software for multivariate statistical techniques to the analysis of vegetation-environment relationships. In fulfilling these objectives a synthesis of classical phytosociological principles and methods with techniques of numerical taxonomy was achieved. A Euclidean mathematical model for numerical taxonomy was selected. Hierarchical, polythetic-agglomerative classification procedures, measures of interspecies and interstand relationships, and forms of data (species presence vs. species amount) were compared. Computer programs were written in FORTRAN for classification. Data used were from sagebrush-grass ranges of eastern Oregon as well as from the literature. Classification results were evaluated according to the principles of the Braun-Blanquet system, by the chaining coefficient, and by stepwise discriminant analysis. The latter analysis was also used to determine the degree of correlation of environmental variables with vegetation pattern (from classification). Ward's method, which minimizes the within groups sum of squares (error S. S.), was selected as the classification strategy for both species and stands. Squared Euclidean distance for presence only data was selected as the coefficient of interspecies relationships. It produced the best definition of species groups and had the lowest chaining coefficient. Squared Euclidean distance calculated from standardized vegetation data (such as % foliage cover transformed to zero mean and unit variance by species) gave as good or better results for stand classification as the squared distance calculated from presence only data (depending on the data set). Species were classified first to determine groups of potential differential species (internally cohesive, mutually exclusive species groups). Only these species were retained as the basis of stand classification. In the stepwise discriminant analysis of stand groups, differential species were invariably the first few entered as discriminating variables. Patterns of similarities and differences appeared in the environmental data which were highly similar to patterns in the results of the vegetation classification. In stepwise discriminant analysis of environmental data, site variables and soil physical and chemical variables were equally prominent as the first discriminants entered. The hierarchical nature of the classification procedure makes possible the determination of species groups which identify vegetation units (and thus environments) at different levels of synthesis. Thus the same data base can be used for broad land use planning purposes as well as for intensive management of individual range units. The necessarily large sample sizes make computer aid essential for efficient data analysis. These computer classification procedures take only a few hours (11 hours maximum total elapsed time at a remote console) in contrast with weeks (at best) for error-prone classical phytosociological data manipulation. The substantial time-saving frees the researcher to concentrate on classification results interpretation and application to land use and management problems rather than data manipulation. Title: Numerical classification of range vegetation and statistical analysis of its ecology Author: Pyott, William Tucker, 1936- The purpose of the research was to computerize mathematical procedures for the analysis of range vegetation and environmental data. The specific objectives were as follows: 1. to develop and apply computer techniques to the classification of vegetation in order to provide a phytosociological framework within which to investigate the ecology of range vegetation, and 2. to adapt computer software for multivariate statistical techniques to the analysis of vegetation-environment relationships. In fulfilling these objectives a synthesis of classical phytosociological principles and methods with techniques of numerical taxonomy was achieved. A Euclidean mathematical model for numerical taxonomy was selected. Hierarchical, polythetic-agglomerative classification procedures, measures of interspecies and interstand relationships, and forms of data (species presence vs. species amount) were compared. Computer programs were written in FORTRAN for classification. Data used were from sagebrush-grass ranges of eastern Oregon as well as from the literature. Classification results were evaluated according to the principles of the Braun-Blanquet system, by the chaining coefficient, and by stepwise discriminant analysis. The latter analysis was also used to determine the degree of correlation of environmental variables with vegetation pattern (from classification). Ward's method, which minimizes the within groups sum of squares (error S. S.), was selected as the classification strategy for both species and stands. Squared Euclidean distance for presence only data was selected as the coefficient of interspecies relationships. It produced the best definition of species groups and had the lowest chaining coefficient. Squared Euclidean distance calculated from standardized vegetation data (such as % foliage cover transformed to zero mean and unit variance by species) gave as good or better results for stand classification as the squared distance calculated from presence only data (depending on the data set). Species were classified first to determine groups of potential differential species (internally cohesive, mutually exclusive species groups). Only these species were retained as the basis of stand classification. In the stepwise discriminant analysis of stand groups, differential species were invariably the first few entered as discriminating variables. Patterns of similarities and differences appeared in the environmental data which were highly similar to patterns in the results of the vegetation classification. In stepwise discriminant analysis of environmental data, site variables and soil physical and chemical variables were equally prominent as the first discriminants entered. The hierarchical nature of the classification procedure makes possible the determination of species groups which identify vegetation units (and thus environments) at different levels of synthesis. Thus the same data base can be used for broad land use planning purposes as well as for intensive management of individual range units. The necessarily large sample sizes make computer aid essential for efficient data analysis. These computer classification procedures take only a few hours (11 hours maximum total elapsed time at a remote console) in contrast with weeks (at best) for error-prone classical phytosociological data manipulation. The substantial time-saving frees the researcher to concentrate on classification results interpretation and application to land use and management problems rather than data manipulation. Close

• 73. [Article] Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP) Title: Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP) Close

• 74. [Image] An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, Year: 1977, 2009 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978; Includes bibliographical references Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, Year: 1977, 2009 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 75. [Article] Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring

  The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Close

• 76. [Article] Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon

  This report summarizes vegetation data collected in July 2015 in wet meadow and marshy habitats on the Double O Unit of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR). Because vegetation sampled at the Double ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Year: 2016 This report summarizes vegetation data collected in July 2015 in wet meadow and marshy habitats on the Double O Unit of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR). Because vegetation sampled at the Double O was wetter and more alkaline than wet meadows sampled at the south end of the refuge in 2012 and 2013 (Christy 2014), data from the Double O Unit were analyzed and summarized separately. A total of 83 plots were sampled in 2015, and analysis of the data identified 14 plant associations: Alopecurus aequalis - Juncus balticus, Alopecurus pratensis - Potentilla anserina, Carex praegracilis - Juncus balticus, Cicuta douglasii - Carex nebrascensis, Distichlis spicata - Amphiscirpus nevadensis, Distichlis spicata - Nitrophila occidentalis, Eleocharis palustris - Juncus balticus, Eleocharis rostellata, Juncus balticus - Glaux maritima, Hippuris vulgaris - Triglochin maritima, Leymus triticoides - Juncus balticus, Schoenoplectus americanus, Spartina gracilis, and Triglochin maritima. Plant associations spanned a wetland gradient from seasonally moist to seasonally or perennially flooded, but surface water had left most stands at time of sampling. Mean Wetland Indicator Status scores and species composition help to place the plant associations within gradients in soil moisture and alkalinity. Seven of the 14 plant associations are listed in the International Vegetation Classification, and the remaining types are provisional Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Year: 2016 This report summarizes vegetation data collected in July 2015 in wet meadow and marshy habitats on the Double O Unit of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR). Because vegetation sampled at the Double O was wetter and more alkaline than wet meadows sampled at the south end of the refuge in 2012 and 2013 (Christy 2014), data from the Double O Unit were analyzed and summarized separately. A total of 83 plots were sampled in 2015, and analysis of the data identified 14 plant associations: Alopecurus aequalis - Juncus balticus, Alopecurus pratensis - Potentilla anserina, Carex praegracilis - Juncus balticus, Cicuta douglasii - Carex nebrascensis, Distichlis spicata - Amphiscirpus nevadensis, Distichlis spicata - Nitrophila occidentalis, Eleocharis palustris - Juncus balticus, Eleocharis rostellata, Juncus balticus - Glaux maritima, Hippuris vulgaris - Triglochin maritima, Leymus triticoides - Juncus balticus, Schoenoplectus americanus, Spartina gracilis, and Triglochin maritima. Plant associations spanned a wetland gradient from seasonally moist to seasonally or perennially flooded, but surface water had left most stands at time of sampling. Mean Wetland Indicator Status scores and species composition help to place the plant associations within gradients in soil moisture and alkalinity. Seven of the 14 plant associations are listed in the International Vegetation Classification, and the remaining types are provisional Close

• 77. [Article] U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon

  On February 11, 1998, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) requested that a representative of NIOSH conduct a health hazard evaluation (HHE) to evaluate and compare timber marker's (also called Forestry Technicians) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon Author: Esswein, Eric J., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health., Roegner, Kevin C. On February 11, 1998, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) requested that a representative of NIOSH conduct a health hazard evaluation (HHE) to evaluate and compare timber marker's (also called Forestry Technicians) exposures to a new waterborne formulation of tree marking paint developed for use by the U.S. Forestry Service. NIOSH performed several previous investigations to document Forestry Technician's exposures to alkyd enamel tree marking paint traditionally used by the USFS for timber marking operations. On May 18, 1998, two NIOSH industrial hygienists met with USFS employees and management representatives in LaGrande, Oregon, where an opening conference was conducted to discuss details of this investigation which occurred on may 19-21, 1998, at the Little Bear timber sale in the Catherine Creek Wildlife Unit located approximately 25 miles southeast of LaGrande. Title: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon Author: Esswein, Eric J., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health., Roegner, Kevin C. On February 11, 1998, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) requested that a representative of NIOSH conduct a health hazard evaluation (HHE) to evaluate and compare timber marker's (also called Forestry Technicians) exposures to a new waterborne formulation of tree marking paint developed for use by the U.S. Forestry Service. NIOSH performed several previous investigations to document Forestry Technician's exposures to alkyd enamel tree marking paint traditionally used by the USFS for timber marking operations. On May 18, 1998, two NIOSH industrial hygienists met with USFS employees and management representatives in LaGrande, Oregon, where an opening conference was conducted to discuss details of this investigation which occurred on may 19-21, 1998, at the Little Bear timber sale in the Catherine Creek Wildlife Unit located approximately 25 miles southeast of LaGrande. Close

• 78. [Image] Vegetation and fire history of Ponderosa Pine - White Fir forest in Crater Lake National Park

  	ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1975; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation and fire history of Ponderosa Pine - White Fir forest in Crater Lake National Park Author: McNeil, Robert Curlan Year: 1975, 2009, 2010 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1975; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127) Title: Vegetation and fire history of Ponderosa Pine - White Fir forest in Crater Lake National Park Author: McNeil, Robert Curlan Year: 1975, 2009, 2010 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1975; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127) Close

• 79. [Article] Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout

  On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The effective date for the final listing was May 24, 1999, and the ESU is defined as 'all naturally spawned populations of spring-run chinook salmon residing below impassable natural barriers' (64 FR 14308). Critical habitat for this ESU was proposed on March 9, 1998 (63 FR 11482), and this proposed designation is still pending at the time of this Biological Opinion. Upper Willamette River chinook salmon occur within the action area of this consultation. The Upper Willamette River steelhead ESU was listed as threatened under the ESA (64 FR 14517; March 25, 1999) simultaneously with Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, but its range does not include the action area for this consultation 1 , and it is not addressed in this Biological Opinion. The objective of this Biological Opinion is to address the effects of providing a license to operate the McKenzie project, as proposed by FERC, on listed UW chinook salmon and bull trout, and to determine if this federal action by FERC will jeopardize the continued existence of either species. It will also serve as a conference opinion on the effects of the proposed action on proposed UW chinook salmon critical habitat. Until FERC issues a license for the McKenzie project incorporating the reasonable and prudent measures of this Biological Opinion, the existing project has no authorization for take of listed species Title: Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The effective date for the final listing was May 24, 1999, and the ESU is defined as 'all naturally spawned populations of spring-run chinook salmon residing below impassable natural barriers' (64 FR 14308). Critical habitat for this ESU was proposed on March 9, 1998 (63 FR 11482), and this proposed designation is still pending at the time of this Biological Opinion. Upper Willamette River chinook salmon occur within the action area of this consultation. The Upper Willamette River steelhead ESU was listed as threatened under the ESA (64 FR 14517; March 25, 1999) simultaneously with Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, but its range does not include the action area for this consultation 1 , and it is not addressed in this Biological Opinion. The objective of this Biological Opinion is to address the effects of providing a license to operate the McKenzie project, as proposed by FERC, on listed UW chinook salmon and bull trout, and to determine if this federal action by FERC will jeopardize the continued existence of either species. It will also serve as a conference opinion on the effects of the proposed action on proposed UW chinook salmon critical habitat. Until FERC issues a license for the McKenzie project incorporating the reasonable and prudent measures of this Biological Opinion, the existing project has no authorization for take of listed species Close

• 80. [Article] Classification of native vegetation of Oregon

  This classification lists the native plant associations known to occur in Oregon, and includes both successional and climax vegetation types that were an important part of the presettlement landscape of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Classification of native vegetation of Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Titus, Jonathan A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, Kagan, James S., Murray, Michael P. This classification lists the native plant associations known to occur in Oregon, and includes both successional and climax vegetation types that were an important part of the presettlement landscape of Oregon. It serves as an index to the diversity, distribution and relative rarity of the state's native plant associations, and as a guide to their literature. Plant assocations are listed by scientific name, followed by common name and acronym. Listings include the global and state rank of each association, the ecoregion in which it occurs, its status as wetland or upland, and references describing the association. A bibliography lists all cited references. The classification is presented in a spreadsheet format, but can also be imported into a database format. Published and unpublished reports were the primary sources for the classification. Descriptions supported by quantitative data were used whenever possible. Publications from other states or provinces in the Pacific Northwest were used for associations known to occur in, but not described from Oregon. Sampling methods and concepts of species and associations differ greatly among researchers. To accommodate variation occurring in the field, some associations have been lumped. Title: Classification of native vegetation of Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Titus, Jonathan A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, Kagan, James S., Murray, Michael P. This classification lists the native plant associations known to occur in Oregon, and includes both successional and climax vegetation types that were an important part of the presettlement landscape of Oregon. It serves as an index to the diversity, distribution and relative rarity of the state's native plant associations, and as a guide to their literature. Plant assocations are listed by scientific name, followed by common name and acronym. Listings include the global and state rank of each association, the ecoregion in which it occurs, its status as wetland or upland, and references describing the association. A bibliography lists all cited references. The classification is presented in a spreadsheet format, but can also be imported into a database format. Published and unpublished reports were the primary sources for the classification. Descriptions supported by quantitative data were used whenever possible. Publications from other states or provinces in the Pacific Northwest were used for associations known to occur in, but not described from Oregon. Sampling methods and concepts of species and associations differ greatly among researchers. To accommodate variation occurring in the field, some associations have been lumped. Close

• 81. [Article] Documentation of Land Use Plan Conformance and NEPA Adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of Land Use Plan Conformance and NEPA Adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of Land Use Plan Conformance and NEPA Adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 82. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 83. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 84. [Article] Charlotte Creek Quarry Rock Production Project, Oregon Route 38, Douglas County, Oregon : biological opinion

  On November 19, 1998 (OSB1998-0088), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) completed an Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 informal consultation with Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Charlotte Creek Quarry Rock Production Project, Oregon Route 38, Douglas County, Oregon : biological opinion Author: National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region On November 19, 1998 (OSB1998-0088), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) completed an Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 informal consultation with Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) for the Charlotte Creek Quarry Rock Production project. NMFS concurred that the proposed action was not likely to adversely affect Oregon Coast coho salmon (OC coho) or Umpqua cutthroat trout because no in-water work was proposed and a vegetated buffer was to remain between Charlotte Creek and the quarry operations. However, during a production blast at the quarry on February 17, 2000, a substantial amount of rock landed in the creek and covered the riparian area. Since moving the rock would cause additional adverse impacts, the project was stopped until formal consultation could be completed. On June 26, 2000, NMFS received a request for formal consultation from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to address impacts during the removal of the quarry rock from the riparian area and quarry production area, and remediation of the site.The objective of this Opinion is to determine whether the action to remove the quarry rock from the Charlotte Creek Quarry Rock Production site and subsequent site remediation is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the OC coho salmon, or destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Title: Charlotte Creek Quarry Rock Production Project, Oregon Route 38, Douglas County, Oregon : biological opinion Author: National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region On November 19, 1998 (OSB1998-0088), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) completed an Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 informal consultation with Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) for the Charlotte Creek Quarry Rock Production project. NMFS concurred that the proposed action was not likely to adversely affect Oregon Coast coho salmon (OC coho) or Umpqua cutthroat trout because no in-water work was proposed and a vegetated buffer was to remain between Charlotte Creek and the quarry operations. However, during a production blast at the quarry on February 17, 2000, a substantial amount of rock landed in the creek and covered the riparian area. Since moving the rock would cause additional adverse impacts, the project was stopped until formal consultation could be completed. On June 26, 2000, NMFS received a request for formal consultation from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to address impacts during the removal of the quarry rock from the riparian area and quarry production area, and remediation of the site.The objective of this Opinion is to determine whether the action to remove the quarry rock from the Charlotte Creek Quarry Rock Production site and subsequent site remediation is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the OC coho salmon, or destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Close

• 85. [Image] Sphagnum Bog, an ecological inventory and recommendations for management and use

  	ill., maps; June, 1980; Abridgement of Susan C. Seyer's thesis (M.S.--Oregon State University, 1979) under the title: Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon; Includes bibliographical ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sphagnum Bog, an ecological inventory and recommendations for management and use Author: Seyer, Susan C. Year: 1980, 2008 ill., maps; June, 1980; Abridgement of Susan C. Seyer's thesis (M.S.--Oregon State University, 1979) under the title: Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-50) Title: Sphagnum Bog, an ecological inventory and recommendations for management and use Author: Seyer, Susan C. Year: 1980, 2008 ill., maps; June, 1980; Abridgement of Susan C. Seyer's thesis (M.S.--Oregon State University, 1979) under the title: Vegetative ecology of a montane mire, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-50) Close

• 86. [Article] No place for nature: the limits of Oregon's Land Use Program in protecting fish and wildlife habitat in the Willamette Valley

  The purpose of this report is to explore some of the questions raised about Oregon's statewide land use planning program.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: No place for nature: the limits of Oregon's Land Use Program in protecting fish and wildlife habitat in the Willamette Valley Author: Wiley, Pam The purpose of this report is to explore some of the questions raised about Oregon's statewide land use planning program. Title: No place for nature: the limits of Oregon's Land Use Program in protecting fish and wildlife habitat in the Willamette Valley Author: Wiley, Pam The purpose of this report is to explore some of the questions raised about Oregon's statewide land use planning program. Close

• 87. [Article] An analysis technique for testing log grades

  Workable log grading systems are needed as aids to marketing timber and other phases of forest management. How can on system be evaluated and compared with other systems. The question of comparisons arose ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis technique for testing log grades Author: O'Regan, William G., Newport, Carl A. (Carl Allen), 1925- Workable log grading systems are needed as aids to marketing timber and other phases of forest management. How can on system be evaluated and compared with other systems. The question of comparisons arose soon after the Western Pine Section of the Forest Service's National Log Grade Project was established in 1958. The analytical technique described in this report was developed as an objective, statistically sound method of evaluating log-grading systems. It has been used as the major analytical procedure in developing an advanced system for grading ponderosa pine and sugar pine saw logs in trees. Computations were done first on an IBM 701 computer. These operations demonstrated the usefulness of the technique and confirmed some anticipated limitations. Title: An analysis technique for testing log grades Author: O'Regan, William G., Newport, Carl A. (Carl Allen), 1925- Workable log grading systems are needed as aids to marketing timber and other phases of forest management. How can on system be evaluated and compared with other systems. The question of comparisons arose soon after the Western Pine Section of the Forest Service's National Log Grade Project was established in 1958. The analytical technique described in this report was developed as an objective, statistically sound method of evaluating log-grading systems. It has been used as the major analytical procedure in developing an advanced system for grading ponderosa pine and sugar pine saw logs in trees. Computations were done first on an IBM 701 computer. These operations demonstrated the usefulness of the technique and confirmed some anticipated limitations. Close

• 88. [Article] The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Oregon Author: Stout, Heather Title: The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Oregon Author: Stout, Heather Close

• 89. [Article] A comparative study of salt marshes in the Coos Bay Estuary

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparative study of salt marshes in the Coos Bay Estuary Author: Hoffnagle, John Title: A comparative study of salt marshes in the Coos Bay Estuary Author: Hoffnagle, John Close

• 90. [Article] The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Oregon Author: Stout, Heather Title: The natural resources and human utilization of Netarts Bay, Oregon Author: Stout, Heather Close

• 91. [Article] Legislative fellowship final report, 1993

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Legislative fellowship final report, 1993 Author: Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Brennan, Sean, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Legislative fellowship final report, 1993 Author: Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Brennan, Sean, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 92. [Article] Legislative fellowship final report, 1995

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Legislative fellowship final report, 1995 Author: Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Coontz, Julie, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Legislative fellowship final report, 1995 Author: Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Coontz, Julie, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 93. [Article] Legislative fellowship final report, 1989

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Legislative fellowship final report, 1989 Author: Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Husing, Onno, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Legislative fellowship final report, 1989 Author: Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Husing, Onno, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 94. [Article] Legislative Fellowship final report, 1991

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Legislative Fellowship final report, 1991 Author: Brown, Mara Arwyn, Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Legislative Fellowship final report, 1991 Author: Brown, Mara Arwyn, Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 95. [Article] Effects of Construction of an Infiltration Gallery Water Intake (Permit ID No. 00-32) on Cow Creek on Umpqua River Cutthroat Trout and Oregon Coast Coho Salmon : Biological Opinion

  In a January 26, 2000 letter, the Portland District Army Corps of Engineers (COE) requested Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 7 informal consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Construction of an Infiltration Gallery Water Intake (Permit ID No. 00-32) on Cow Creek on Umpqua River Cutthroat Trout and Oregon Coast Coho Salmon : Biological Opinion In a January 26, 2000 letter, the Portland District Army Corps of Engineers (COE) requested Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 7 informal consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) on the proposed issuance of a Clean Water Act Section 404 permit (Permit ID No. 00-32) to allow an instream construction project. The applicant for this permit, the City of Glendale (City) proposes to construct an infiltration gallery-type municipal water intake in Cow Creek, a tributary of the South Umpqua River in Douglas County, Oregon. The new water intake, which would be buried beneath the bed of the creek, would replace an existing screened intake in the creek which has deteriorated and which is thought to have insufficient capacity. The COE has proposed conditions on the permit that would lessen the adverse effects of the proposed actions on aquatic organisms. In the January 26 letter, the COE determined that the Umpqua River (UR) cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), listed as endangered under the ESA, and Oregon Coast (OC) coho salmon (O. kisutch), listed as threatened under the ESA, may occur within the project area, which has been proposed as critical habitat for these species. The COE also determined that these species may be affected by the proposed projects, but that individuals of the species would not be adversely affected. After review of the information provided by the COE and additional investigation, however, the NMFS concluded that more than a negligible likelihood of adverse effect to individuals of the listed species is likely because substantial in-water work is proposed during a period in which individuals of one or both species is likely to occur at and near the site. Based on this information, the COE agreed to modify its effect determination to likely to adversely affect. Title: Effects of Construction of an Infiltration Gallery Water Intake (Permit ID No. 00-32) on Cow Creek on Umpqua River Cutthroat Trout and Oregon Coast Coho Salmon : Biological Opinion In a January 26, 2000 letter, the Portland District Army Corps of Engineers (COE) requested Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 7 informal consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) on the proposed issuance of a Clean Water Act Section 404 permit (Permit ID No. 00-32) to allow an instream construction project. The applicant for this permit, the City of Glendale (City) proposes to construct an infiltration gallery-type municipal water intake in Cow Creek, a tributary of the South Umpqua River in Douglas County, Oregon. The new water intake, which would be buried beneath the bed of the creek, would replace an existing screened intake in the creek which has deteriorated and which is thought to have insufficient capacity. The COE has proposed conditions on the permit that would lessen the adverse effects of the proposed actions on aquatic organisms. In the January 26 letter, the COE determined that the Umpqua River (UR) cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), listed as endangered under the ESA, and Oregon Coast (OC) coho salmon (O. kisutch), listed as threatened under the ESA, may occur within the project area, which has been proposed as critical habitat for these species. The COE also determined that these species may be affected by the proposed projects, but that individuals of the species would not be adversely affected. After review of the information provided by the COE and additional investigation, however, the NMFS concluded that more than a negligible likelihood of adverse effect to individuals of the listed species is likely because substantial in-water work is proposed during a period in which individuals of one or both species is likely to occur at and near the site. Based on this information, the COE agreed to modify its effect determination to likely to adversely affect. Close

• 96. [Article] Trees, snow and flooding: an investigation of forest canopy effects on snow accumulation and melt at the plot and watershed scales in the Pacific Northwest

  Concerns about the extent to which major Pacific Northwest floods over the last decade might have been exacerbated by logging have heightened the need for a better scientific understanding of the role ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trees, snow and flooding: an investigation of forest canopy effects on snow accumulation and melt at the plot and watershed scales in the Pacific Northwest Author: Storck, Pascal Concerns about the extent to which major Pacific Northwest floods over the last decade might have been exacerbated by logging have heightened the need for a better scientific understanding of the role of forest maturity on snow accumulation and melt. To address this need, a multi-scale field and modeling study of the effects of forest canopies on snow accumulation and melt was conducted. Over a three year period, weighing lysimeters and cut-tree experiments were used to measure the process controlling snow interception and its fate at a site in the Umpqua National Forest, OR (elevation 1200 m). Continuous observations of below-canopy snowpack evolution were made over the same period. Over the study period, approximately 60 percent of annual snowfall was intercepted by the canopy (up to a maximum of 40 mm water equivalent). Approximately 72 percent and 28 percent of the intercepted snow was removed as meltwater drip and large snow masses, respectively. Apparent average sublimation rates from the intercepted snow were less than 1 mm per day and totaled approximately 100 mm per winter season. Title: Trees, snow and flooding: an investigation of forest canopy effects on snow accumulation and melt at the plot and watershed scales in the Pacific Northwest Author: Storck, Pascal Concerns about the extent to which major Pacific Northwest floods over the last decade might have been exacerbated by logging have heightened the need for a better scientific understanding of the role of forest maturity on snow accumulation and melt. To address this need, a multi-scale field and modeling study of the effects of forest canopies on snow accumulation and melt was conducted. Over a three year period, weighing lysimeters and cut-tree experiments were used to measure the process controlling snow interception and its fate at a site in the Umpqua National Forest, OR (elevation 1200 m). Continuous observations of below-canopy snowpack evolution were made over the same period. Over the study period, approximately 60 percent of annual snowfall was intercepted by the canopy (up to a maximum of 40 mm water equivalent). Approximately 72 percent and 28 percent of the intercepted snow was removed as meltwater drip and large snow masses, respectively. Apparent average sublimation rates from the intercepted snow were less than 1 mm per day and totaled approximately 100 mm per winter season. Close

• 97. [Article] FHWA/ODOT Butte Creek Bridge Replacement, Marion County, Oregon : biological opinion

  On June 27, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a biological assessment (BA) and request from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: FHWA/ODOT Butte Creek Bridge Replacement, Marion County, Oregon : biological opinion On June 27, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a biological assessment (BA) and request from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation for a bridge replacement project over Butte Creek along Oregon Highway 211 (Woodburn to Estacada Highway) in Marion County, Oregon. NMFS reviewed the BA and requested additional information. The additional information was received from Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) on August 11, 2000, and a request for extending the in-water work period was received on September 25 and October 2, 2000. The FHWA is partially funding the action and is the lead Federal agency for the consultation. The ODOT has designed the project and will administer the construction contract. ODOT has also prepared the BA. This biological opinion (Opinion) is based on the information presented in the BA and during the consultation process. FHWA/ODOT is proposing to replace the bridge beginning in 2001. Construction would last approximately one year. Butte Creek is a tributary to the Pudding River within the Willamette River basin. The new two-lane bridge will be built along the same alignment as the old bridge, with a detour bridge required to carry traffic during construction. The detour bridge will have a series of pilings driven into the creeks floodplain. Approximately 445 cubic yards of riprap will be used below the two-year flood elevation to stabilize the banks under the bridge. Title: FHWA/ODOT Butte Creek Bridge Replacement, Marion County, Oregon : biological opinion On June 27, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a biological assessment (BA) and request from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation for a bridge replacement project over Butte Creek along Oregon Highway 211 (Woodburn to Estacada Highway) in Marion County, Oregon. NMFS reviewed the BA and requested additional information. The additional information was received from Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) on August 11, 2000, and a request for extending the in-water work period was received on September 25 and October 2, 2000. The FHWA is partially funding the action and is the lead Federal agency for the consultation. The ODOT has designed the project and will administer the construction contract. ODOT has also prepared the BA. This biological opinion (Opinion) is based on the information presented in the BA and during the consultation process. FHWA/ODOT is proposing to replace the bridge beginning in 2001. Construction would last approximately one year. Butte Creek is a tributary to the Pudding River within the Willamette River basin. The new two-lane bridge will be built along the same alignment as the old bridge, with a detour bridge required to carry traffic during construction. The detour bridge will have a series of pilings driven into the creeks floodplain. Approximately 445 cubic yards of riprap will be used below the two-year flood elevation to stabilize the banks under the bridge. Close

• 98. [Article] Proposed regional general permit for stream restoration : programmatic biological opinion

  On April 7, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a request from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (COE) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proposed regional general permit for stream restoration : programmatic biological opinion On April 7, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a request from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (COE) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation for programmatic coverage for a proposed Regional General Permit (RGP) for certain stream restoration activities (habitat restoration using large wood or boulders throughout the State of Oregon) requiring COE approval. The Biological Assessment (BA) provided with the request determined that the proposed activities covered under the RGP would be likely to adversely affect anadromous fish species listed under the ESA (Table 1). Species considered in this Biological Opinion (Opinion) are: Snake River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka); Snake River spring /summer chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Snake River fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Lower Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Snake River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Willamette River steelhead (O. mykiss); Middle Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Columbia River chum salmon (O. keta); Lower Columbia River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Willamette River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Columbia River spring run chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); S. Oregon/N. California Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch); and Oregon Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch). On April 18, 2000, NMFS received a letter from COE providing additional information on proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. On May 12, 2000, NMFS received an e-mail with further proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. Title: Proposed regional general permit for stream restoration : programmatic biological opinion On April 7, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a request from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (COE) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation for programmatic coverage for a proposed Regional General Permit (RGP) for certain stream restoration activities (habitat restoration using large wood or boulders throughout the State of Oregon) requiring COE approval. The Biological Assessment (BA) provided with the request determined that the proposed activities covered under the RGP would be likely to adversely affect anadromous fish species listed under the ESA (Table 1). Species considered in this Biological Opinion (Opinion) are: Snake River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka); Snake River spring /summer chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Snake River fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Lower Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Snake River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Willamette River steelhead (O. mykiss); Middle Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Columbia River chum salmon (O. keta); Lower Columbia River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Willamette River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Columbia River spring run chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); S. Oregon/N. California Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch); and Oregon Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch). On April 18, 2000, NMFS received a letter from COE providing additional information on proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. On May 12, 2000, NMFS received an e-mail with further proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. Close

• 99. [Article] Simulating vegetation shifts and carbon cycling in Yosemite National Park

  The vegetation in Yosemite National Park changed during the 20th century and may change in the 21st century in response to climate change. Vegetation surveys made during the 1930s and the 1990s provide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Simulating vegetation shifts and carbon cycling in Yosemite National Park Author: Conklin, David R. The vegetation in Yosemite National Park changed during the 20th century and may change in the 21st century in response to climate change. Vegetation surveys made during the 1930s and the 1990s provide benchmark records separated by 60 years. This study uses the MC1 dynamic global vegetation model to forecast and hindcast spatially explicit potential vegetation patterns in Yosemite National Park for the 20th and 21st centuries, and uses the vegetation surveys to calibrate the model and assess model performance. The model hindcast for the 20th century was for minor vegetation changes, the most significant being a shift from montane conifer forest to mixed forest in 5% of the Park area. However the vegetation surveys record an increase of montane conifer forest amounting to 15% of the Park area, most coming from subalpine forest. The fact that the 1997 survey is more closely matched by simulation results from earlier in the 20th century than by the simulation results for the late 20th century leads to an interpretation of the “hindcast” as being temporally ahead of the observed vegetation, and of the observed vegetation change as reflecting a transition from earlier climates. In contrast to the minimal change simulated for the 20th century, the simulations for the future show large changes in potential vegetation in the mid and late 21st century, brought about by rising temperatures and by a large increase in wildfire, especially near the end of the century. Results of these simulations at 800 m resolution are compared with results from earlier studies at coarser spatial resolution. The biogeography algorithm used in this study is described in detail. A metric for comparing two time series of annual vegetation maps is developed. Title: Simulating vegetation shifts and carbon cycling in Yosemite National Park Author: Conklin, David R. The vegetation in Yosemite National Park changed during the 20th century and may change in the 21st century in response to climate change. Vegetation surveys made during the 1930s and the 1990s provide benchmark records separated by 60 years. This study uses the MC1 dynamic global vegetation model to forecast and hindcast spatially explicit potential vegetation patterns in Yosemite National Park for the 20th and 21st centuries, and uses the vegetation surveys to calibrate the model and assess model performance. The model hindcast for the 20th century was for minor vegetation changes, the most significant being a shift from montane conifer forest to mixed forest in 5% of the Park area. However the vegetation surveys record an increase of montane conifer forest amounting to 15% of the Park area, most coming from subalpine forest. The fact that the 1997 survey is more closely matched by simulation results from earlier in the 20th century than by the simulation results for the late 20th century leads to an interpretation of the “hindcast” as being temporally ahead of the observed vegetation, and of the observed vegetation change as reflecting a transition from earlier climates. In contrast to the minimal change simulated for the 20th century, the simulations for the future show large changes in potential vegetation in the mid and late 21st century, brought about by rising temperatures and by a large increase in wildfire, especially near the end of the century. Results of these simulations at 800 m resolution are compared with results from earlier studies at coarser spatial resolution. The biogeography algorithm used in this study is described in detail. A metric for comparing two time series of annual vegetation maps is developed. Close

• 100. [Article] Canyon Grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area : How have they changed over time and what is their future trajectory?

  The canyon grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area (HCNRA) are a unique ecosystem within the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Region (PNWBR) with a long history of natural and anthropogenic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Canyon Grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area : How have they changed over time and what is their future trajectory? Author: Pack, Samantha J. The canyon grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area (HCNRA) are a unique ecosystem within the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Region (PNWBR) with a long history of natural and anthropogenic disturbances including fire, invasive species introduction, historical livestock grazing, and cultivation. Even with this history, these canyon grasslands contain some of the last remnants of the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Region. For thousands of years, these grasslands were occupied by the Nez Perce Tribe and have been grazed since the 1700s. In addition to grazing, settlers cultivated many parts of the HCNRA and some of these homesteads can still be seen today. Both historical and current land uses are strongly influenced by the natural topography of these canyon grasslands, with the highest concentration of land use centered on benchlands while steep canyon slopes avoided cultivation and were used less by livestock. The different plant associations of these grasslands are also influenced by the unique topography of the HCNRA due to the relationships between soil moisture and depth and abrupt alterations in aspect, slope, and elevation. Very few studies have examined the plant associations of the canyon grasslands of the HCNRA, even fewer have asked how they have changed over time, and there are no studies looking into their future trajectory by assessing the seed bank. The first study in my thesis (Chapter 2) focused on how canyon grasslands have changed over time using a repeated survey of vegetation from four different plant associations within the Lower Imnaha Subbasin. From the original study conducted in 1981, a total of 19 different plots in four plant associations were chosen to be resampled in 2014. Since the original study was used to classify seral stages within the plant associations, these successional stages were used to determine if the plant communities had transitioned between the seral classes over the 33 year-time-period. In addition, given the importance of topography to these grasslands, elevation, slope, and aspect were evaluated for their relationship to successional changes. Both Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) and Indicator Species Analysis were used to verify the seral stage classifications for each plot in 1981 and 2014. To evaluate how each association had changed between sampling years, Multi-response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) and NMS were used. Most of these plant associations were relatively stable and had, for the most part, remained at the same seral stage or transitioned to a later seral stage. Among the plant associations, slope was the topographical variable that appeared most related to the transitions in seral stages. Steeper slopes either remained at the same seral stage or transitioned to a later one, while gentler slopes (< 20%) tended to shift from later to earlier seral stages. A relatively new introduced annual grass to the region, Ventenata dubia (not present in the 1981 sampling), was found in three of the four plant associations and was most abundant on the benchlands. The results of this resurvey suggest that topography is related to both the distribution of plant associations and which sites will shift in seral stage over time across the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin. The second study of my thesis (Chapter 3) focused on using a seed bank study as one of the many ways to examine the future trajectory of the plant communities in the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin, with a particular focus on the benchlands. The seed bank contains the regenerative pool for plant communities and represents the potential for a community to respond to disturbances. The seed bank from benchland sites in one plant association was evaluated in relation to the standing vegetation, successional stage, and historical cultivation. To my knowledge, this was the first seed bank study for the grasslands of this region. Vegetation cover and soil samples were collected from 8 sites, including two previously cultivated and two reference noncultivated sites. NMS was used to extract the strongest community gradients, which naturally separated out the seral stage classifications of the vegetation. To evaluate differences between the vegetation and the seed bank, between successional stages, and between cultivation histories, MRPP was used. Results from the seed bank study are consistent with many other studies around the world in perennial grasslands showing that the vegetation and seed bank are often dissimilar. Similarities between the vegetation and seed bank were highest in the annual grass dominated stage compared to the early seral stage. The effects of cultivation appear to still be evident in the seed bank, where cultivated sites have significantly more introduced grasses compared to noncultivated sites (p < 0.05). There was an overall greater abundance of introduced annual forb and grass species in the seed bank on these benchland sites, suggesting that they may be native seed limited and could easily shift to invasive species dominance after further disturbance, especially on previously cultivated areas. The results of both of these studies suggest that benchlands and lower sloped sites surrounding them in the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin may less resistant and resilient to disturbance. Priorities for future research and management may also need to focus on the plant communities of benchlands in these unique grasslands. Title: Canyon Grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area : How have they changed over time and what is their future trajectory? Author: Pack, Samantha J. The canyon grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area (HCNRA) are a unique ecosystem within the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Region (PNWBR) with a long history of natural and anthropogenic disturbances including fire, invasive species introduction, historical livestock grazing, and cultivation. Even with this history, these canyon grasslands contain some of the last remnants of the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Region. For thousands of years, these grasslands were occupied by the Nez Perce Tribe and have been grazed since the 1700s. In addition to grazing, settlers cultivated many parts of the HCNRA and some of these homesteads can still be seen today. Both historical and current land uses are strongly influenced by the natural topography of these canyon grasslands, with the highest concentration of land use centered on benchlands while steep canyon slopes avoided cultivation and were used less by livestock. The different plant associations of these grasslands are also influenced by the unique topography of the HCNRA due to the relationships between soil moisture and depth and abrupt alterations in aspect, slope, and elevation. Very few studies have examined the plant associations of the canyon grasslands of the HCNRA, even fewer have asked how they have changed over time, and there are no studies looking into their future trajectory by assessing the seed bank. The first study in my thesis (Chapter 2) focused on how canyon grasslands have changed over time using a repeated survey of vegetation from four different plant associations within the Lower Imnaha Subbasin. From the original study conducted in 1981, a total of 19 different plots in four plant associations were chosen to be resampled in 2014. Since the original study was used to classify seral stages within the plant associations, these successional stages were used to determine if the plant communities had transitioned between the seral classes over the 33 year-time-period. In addition, given the importance of topography to these grasslands, elevation, slope, and aspect were evaluated for their relationship to successional changes. Both Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) and Indicator Species Analysis were used to verify the seral stage classifications for each plot in 1981 and 2014. To evaluate how each association had changed between sampling years, Multi-response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) and NMS were used. Most of these plant associations were relatively stable and had, for the most part, remained at the same seral stage or transitioned to a later seral stage. Among the plant associations, slope was the topographical variable that appeared most related to the transitions in seral stages. Steeper slopes either remained at the same seral stage or transitioned to a later one, while gentler slopes (< 20%) tended to shift from later to earlier seral stages. A relatively new introduced annual grass to the region, Ventenata dubia (not present in the 1981 sampling), was found in three of the four plant associations and was most abundant on the benchlands. The results of this resurvey suggest that topography is related to both the distribution of plant associations and which sites will shift in seral stage over time across the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin. The second study of my thesis (Chapter 3) focused on using a seed bank study as one of the many ways to examine the future trajectory of the plant communities in the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin, with a particular focus on the benchlands. The seed bank contains the regenerative pool for plant communities and represents the potential for a community to respond to disturbances. The seed bank from benchland sites in one plant association was evaluated in relation to the standing vegetation, successional stage, and historical cultivation. To my knowledge, this was the first seed bank study for the grasslands of this region. Vegetation cover and soil samples were collected from 8 sites, including two previously cultivated and two reference noncultivated sites. NMS was used to extract the strongest community gradients, which naturally separated out the seral stage classifications of the vegetation. To evaluate differences between the vegetation and the seed bank, between successional stages, and between cultivation histories, MRPP was used. Results from the seed bank study are consistent with many other studies around the world in perennial grasslands showing that the vegetation and seed bank are often dissimilar. Similarities between the vegetation and seed bank were highest in the annual grass dominated stage compared to the early seral stage. The effects of cultivation appear to still be evident in the seed bank, where cultivated sites have significantly more introduced grasses compared to noncultivated sites (p < 0.05). There was an overall greater abundance of introduced annual forb and grass species in the seed bank on these benchland sites, suggesting that they may be native seed limited and could easily shift to invasive species dominance after further disturbance, especially on previously cultivated areas. The results of both of these studies suggest that benchlands and lower sloped sites surrounding them in the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin may less resistant and resilient to disturbance. Priorities for future research and management may also need to focus on the plant communities of benchlands in these unique grasslands. Close