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• 1. [Article] Cranberries (south coastal Oregon)

  Published July 1997. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://ex...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cranberries (south coastal Oregon) Author: Strik, B., Hart, J., Righetti, T., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Poole, Art Published July 1997. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Cranberries (south coastal Oregon) Author: Strik, B., Hart, J., Righetti, T., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Poole, Art Published July 1997. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 2. [Article] Monitoring of Soil Moisture: Methods, Improving Wine Quality and Extent of Wetting

  Interim Progress Report to the Wine Advisory Board, Agricultural Research Foundation, and Participating Growers

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring of Soil Moisture: Methods, Improving Wine Quality and Extent of Wetting Author: Rojas, Wilson, Selker, John, Candolfi-Vasconcelos, M. Carmo Interim Progress Report to the Wine Advisory Board, Agricultural Research Foundation, and Participating Growers Title: Monitoring of Soil Moisture: Methods, Improving Wine Quality and Extent of Wetting Author: Rojas, Wilson, Selker, John, Candolfi-Vasconcelos, M. Carmo Interim Progress Report to the Wine Advisory Board, Agricultural Research Foundation, and Participating Growers Close

• 3. [Article] A genetic linkage map of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) and the mapping of Ag (4) conferring resistance to the aphid Amphorophora agathonica

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A genetic linkage map of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) and the mapping of Ag (4) conferring resistance to the aphid Amphorophora agathonica Author: Finn, Chad E., Lee, Jungmin, VanBuren, Robert, Bassil, Nahla V., Bryant, Douglas W., Gilmore, Barbara S., Dossett, Michael, Mockler, Todd C., Vining, Kelly J., Bushakra, Jill M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/122 Title: A genetic linkage map of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) and the mapping of Ag (4) conferring resistance to the aphid Amphorophora agathonica Author: Finn, Chad E., Lee, Jungmin, VanBuren, Robert, Bassil, Nahla V., Bryant, Douglas W., Gilmore, Barbara S., Dossett, Michael, Mockler, Todd C., Vining, Kelly J., Bushakra, Jill M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/122 Close

• 4. [Article] Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Their Management in the Treasure Valley of the Pacific Northwest

  Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman and thrips-transmitted Iris yellow spot virus are the most significant pest complex affecting onion production in the Treasure Valley of eastern Oregon and southwestern ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Their Management in the Treasure Valley of the Pacific Northwest Author: Reitz, Stuart R. Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman and thrips-transmitted Iris yellow spot virus are the most significant pest complex affecting onion production in the Treasure Valley of eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho. Thrips feeding damage and virus infection significantly reduce onion bulb size and economic returns for this high value crop. The high concentration of onion fields in the Treasure Valley and the long, hot, dry growing season present a number of challenges for managing onion thrips and Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV). Insecticides are the primary tool that growers have to manage this pest complex. With the long growing season, growers need to exercise good insecticide resistance management programs to maintain the effectiveness of currently available insecticides. To do this, growers need to rotate among available products and use as few applications as practical. A challenge for researchers is to determine not only which insecticides are effective but also to determine when during the season different products may be most effectively used. Techniques for analyzing field trial data are discussed, including comparing changes in pest populations before and after various insecticide applications are made. These comparisons can be made through the use of linear estimates and contrasts as part of analyses of variance, and they can aid in determining efficacy of different treatments by accounting for pre-application populations. These techniques will help researchers in developing sound sequence of insecticide applications for onion thrips management. Title: Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Their Management in the Treasure Valley of the Pacific Northwest Author: Reitz, Stuart R. Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman and thrips-transmitted Iris yellow spot virus are the most significant pest complex affecting onion production in the Treasure Valley of eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho. Thrips feeding damage and virus infection significantly reduce onion bulb size and economic returns for this high value crop. The high concentration of onion fields in the Treasure Valley and the long, hot, dry growing season present a number of challenges for managing onion thrips and Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV). Insecticides are the primary tool that growers have to manage this pest complex. With the long growing season, growers need to exercise good insecticide resistance management programs to maintain the effectiveness of currently available insecticides. To do this, growers need to rotate among available products and use as few applications as practical. A challenge for researchers is to determine not only which insecticides are effective but also to determine when during the season different products may be most effectively used. Techniques for analyzing field trial data are discussed, including comparing changes in pest populations before and after various insecticide applications are made. These comparisons can be made through the use of linear estimates and contrasts as part of analyses of variance, and they can aid in determining efficacy of different treatments by accounting for pre-application populations. These techniques will help researchers in developing sound sequence of insecticide applications for onion thrips management. Close

• 5. [Article] Aquaculture Certification and the Seafood Trade

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aquaculture Certification and the Seafood Trade Author: Lee, Daniel Abstract only. Title: Aquaculture Certification and the Seafood Trade Author: Lee, Daniel Abstract only. Close

• 6. [Article] Experimental analysis of subsurface heating and irrigation on the temperature and water content of soils

  Multiple use of waste heat from power plants may become an important consideration in the development, siting, and certification of these plants. A multiple use system of components that can beneficially ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Experimental analysis of subsurface heating and irrigation on the temperature and water content of soils Author: Sepaskhah, Ali Reza Multiple use of waste heat from power plants may become an important consideration in the development, siting, and certification of these plants. A multiple use system of components that can beneficially utilize waste heat may include home heating and cooling, greenhouses, animal enclosures, open basins for single cell protein production and fish farming, and open field soil warming. A subsurface irrigation-soil warming system utilizing waste heat was analyzed in this study. Thermal power plant condenser cooling water pumped through buried porous pipes was considered as a heat and water source for soil heating and subsurface irrigation. Energy is transferred from the heat source to the surrounding soil, warming it above its natural temperature. In addition, water seeping from the porous pipe prevents drying around the heat source and supplies the plant roots throughout the soil profile while avoiding the large evaporation losses at the soil surface associated with surface irrigation methods. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory to study this system. Soil was packed in containers 48 cm deep, 40 cm wide, and 4 cm thick. A heat source consisting of a copper covered electrical resistance wire was placed against one side of the box at a depth of 32 cm. A water source consisting of a porous tube was placed 2 cm above the heat source. The contained soil slab thus represented a subsurface soil warming and irrigation system with heat and water sources at depths of 32 and 30 cm respectively and a 77 cm spacing. A series of experiments was conducted with heat source temperatures of 29, 36, and 44 C, and surface heat load cycles with maxima of 0, 13, 52, and 117 watts. These experiments were repeated for Quincy, Cloquato, and Chehalis soils. The box filled with soil was saturated with water and then drained. Experiments were initiated by energizing the heat source. Temperature distributions throughout the soil profile and rates of energy dissipation were measured. Water application rates required to maintain a constant soil water content were obtained. In each experiment, water was applied at such a rate that the water content at a point near the heat source, monitored with a gamma ray attenuation system, remained constant. Apparent thermal conductivities of Quincy, Cloquato, and Chehalis soils as a function of water content were measured at 25 and 45 C by the heat probe method. The soil apparent thermal conductivity was also computed from a theoretical model based on its mineral composition, porosity, water content, and the thermal conductivity of the individual components. This model takes into account the vapor flow contribution to the apparent thermal conductivity in wet soils. Its magnitude depends on the available air-filled pore space, total porosity, and the free energy of the retained water. Predicted and experimental values of thermal conductivities showed good agreement. Soil temperature distributions were calculated using theoretical models presented in the literature. Predicted and measured isotherms showed good agreement. Energy dissipation rates as a function of soil thermal conductivity, temperature differences between heat source and soil surface, and depth and spacing of heat source were obtained. They were in agreement with those calculated from theoretical considerations. The total land area required to dissipate the waste energy from a 1000 MWe power plant operating with 34 percent efficiency was calculated for each of the three soils used in the experiments. It was found that 2841, 3714, and 4390 hectare would be required for Quincy, Cloquato, and Chehalis soils respectively. Quincy soil would require the smallest land area for this purpose because of its higher thermal conductivity. Economical and technical considerations for the installation of subsurface heating and irrigation systems require flat land close to the electrical power plant. Large areas of flat land are not always present. Subsurface irrigation replenished water lost by surface evaporation. Water use rates were obtained as a function of temperature differences between heat source and soil surface, soil type, and a range of surface heat loads. The water application rates ranged from 1.50 mm/day for Chehalis soil with a heat source temperature of 29 C in combination with the lowest surface heat load to 6.0 mm/day for Quincy soil with a heat source temperature of 44 C in combination with the highest surface heat load. These rates were adequate to prevent drying around the heat sources and supply the water needs of an actively growing crop. The effective use of this system depends on the development of suitable tubing to conduct and discharge water which could be used without clogging of the pores through which water seeps into the ground. The proposed soil warming and irrigation system does not appear to be an attractive alternative power plant cooling system. The system holds promise however as an economically attractive management system for the production of high value crops. Title: Experimental analysis of subsurface heating and irrigation on the temperature and water content of soils Author: Sepaskhah, Ali Reza Multiple use of waste heat from power plants may become an important consideration in the development, siting, and certification of these plants. A multiple use system of components that can beneficially utilize waste heat may include home heating and cooling, greenhouses, animal enclosures, open basins for single cell protein production and fish farming, and open field soil warming. A subsurface irrigation-soil warming system utilizing waste heat was analyzed in this study. Thermal power plant condenser cooling water pumped through buried porous pipes was considered as a heat and water source for soil heating and subsurface irrigation. Energy is transferred from the heat source to the surrounding soil, warming it above its natural temperature. In addition, water seeping from the porous pipe prevents drying around the heat source and supplies the plant roots throughout the soil profile while avoiding the large evaporation losses at the soil surface associated with surface irrigation methods. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory to study this system. Soil was packed in containers 48 cm deep, 40 cm wide, and 4 cm thick. A heat source consisting of a copper covered electrical resistance wire was placed against one side of the box at a depth of 32 cm. A water source consisting of a porous tube was placed 2 cm above the heat source. The contained soil slab thus represented a subsurface soil warming and irrigation system with heat and water sources at depths of 32 and 30 cm respectively and a 77 cm spacing. A series of experiments was conducted with heat source temperatures of 29, 36, and 44 C, and surface heat load cycles with maxima of 0, 13, 52, and 117 watts. These experiments were repeated for Quincy, Cloquato, and Chehalis soils. The box filled with soil was saturated with water and then drained. Experiments were initiated by energizing the heat source. Temperature distributions throughout the soil profile and rates of energy dissipation were measured. Water application rates required to maintain a constant soil water content were obtained. In each experiment, water was applied at such a rate that the water content at a point near the heat source, monitored with a gamma ray attenuation system, remained constant. Apparent thermal conductivities of Quincy, Cloquato, and Chehalis soils as a function of water content were measured at 25 and 45 C by the heat probe method. The soil apparent thermal conductivity was also computed from a theoretical model based on its mineral composition, porosity, water content, and the thermal conductivity of the individual components. This model takes into account the vapor flow contribution to the apparent thermal conductivity in wet soils. Its magnitude depends on the available air-filled pore space, total porosity, and the free energy of the retained water. Predicted and experimental values of thermal conductivities showed good agreement. Soil temperature distributions were calculated using theoretical models presented in the literature. Predicted and measured isotherms showed good agreement. Energy dissipation rates as a function of soil thermal conductivity, temperature differences between heat source and soil surface, and depth and spacing of heat source were obtained. They were in agreement with those calculated from theoretical considerations. The total land area required to dissipate the waste energy from a 1000 MWe power plant operating with 34 percent efficiency was calculated for each of the three soils used in the experiments. It was found that 2841, 3714, and 4390 hectare would be required for Quincy, Cloquato, and Chehalis soils respectively. Quincy soil would require the smallest land area for this purpose because of its higher thermal conductivity. Economical and technical considerations for the installation of subsurface heating and irrigation systems require flat land close to the electrical power plant. Large areas of flat land are not always present. Subsurface irrigation replenished water lost by surface evaporation. Water use rates were obtained as a function of temperature differences between heat source and soil surface, soil type, and a range of surface heat loads. The water application rates ranged from 1.50 mm/day for Chehalis soil with a heat source temperature of 29 C in combination with the lowest surface heat load to 6.0 mm/day for Quincy soil with a heat source temperature of 44 C in combination with the highest surface heat load. These rates were adequate to prevent drying around the heat sources and supply the water needs of an actively growing crop. The effective use of this system depends on the development of suitable tubing to conduct and discharge water which could be used without clogging of the pores through which water seeps into the ground. The proposed soil warming and irrigation system does not appear to be an attractive alternative power plant cooling system. The system holds promise however as an economically attractive management system for the production of high value crops. Close

• 7. [Image] Project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1964

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes financial documents, organization chart, photographs, maps, water quality reports, and agricultural economics; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1964 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1964, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes financial documents, organization chart, photographs, maps, water quality reports, and agricultural economics; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years for 1963-; Some issues are missing.; Description is based on: Project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1963; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1964 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1964, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes financial documents, organization chart, photographs, maps, water quality reports, and agricultural economics; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years for 1963-; Some issues are missing.; Description is based on: Project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1963; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 8. [Article] Predicting nitrate concentrations in leachate resulting from land application of wastewater onto various crop systems including poplars

  Land application of industrial wastewater with high levels of nitrogen requires adequate management practices to prevent groundwater pollution by nitrates. In this study a predictive computerized model ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predicting nitrate concentrations in leachate resulting from land application of wastewater onto various crop systems including poplars Author: Motte, Marie Quitterie Land application of industrial wastewater with high levels of nitrogen requires adequate management practices to prevent groundwater pollution by nitrates. In this study a predictive computerized model was developed for nitrate leachate concentrations resulting from land application of wastewater onto crop systems including poplars. The study included a literature review, development of a computer program that could serve this purpose, and a field investigation to test the validity of the computed predictions. The literature review focused on poplar water and nitrogen uptakes, and suggested that mature poplars could uptake up to 400 lb of nitrogen /acre/year and 2 3 million gallons of water per acre per year. The computer model, based on 10-day water and nutrient balances, takes into account a number of parameters such as wastewater quality, evapotranspiration and precipitation data, irrigation volumes, soil water holding capacities, fertilization, crop nutrient uptakes and crop coefficients. This study involves a number of assumptions selected to give conservative (i.e., worst case approach) model predictions. Attempts to validate the model were conducted through soil and groundwater sampling along with precipitation data collection in four distinct fields in Brooks, Oregon, from October 1996 to April 1997. The variations in nitrogen soil profiles from October to April helped determine the amount of nitrogen leaving the soil, and groundwater samples from 5 feet deep wells gave nitrate concentrations in groundwater below the root zone. A sensitivity analysis of the program demonstrated how important nitrogen and water uptakes values were to the model predictions. An increase of 1% in nitrogen uptake or of 0.4% in crop coefficients generated 1% decrease in nitrogen concentration of the leachate. These results are important to consider when adopting highly uncertain literature values for crop uptakes -especially with poplars. The field validation of the model showed promising results in terms of estimating average yearly leachate concentrations in nitrogen resulting from land application of wastewater, but also suggested that more groundwater wells were needed to obtain a statistically significant validation of the model. These preliminary field results indicate that the model can provide an indication of groundwater nitrogen concentration trends but needs to further verified to be used confidently as a predictive tool. Title: Predicting nitrate concentrations in leachate resulting from land application of wastewater onto various crop systems including poplars Author: Motte, Marie Quitterie Land application of industrial wastewater with high levels of nitrogen requires adequate management practices to prevent groundwater pollution by nitrates. In this study a predictive computerized model was developed for nitrate leachate concentrations resulting from land application of wastewater onto crop systems including poplars. The study included a literature review, development of a computer program that could serve this purpose, and a field investigation to test the validity of the computed predictions. The literature review focused on poplar water and nitrogen uptakes, and suggested that mature poplars could uptake up to 400 lb of nitrogen /acre/year and 2 3 million gallons of water per acre per year. The computer model, based on 10-day water and nutrient balances, takes into account a number of parameters such as wastewater quality, evapotranspiration and precipitation data, irrigation volumes, soil water holding capacities, fertilization, crop nutrient uptakes and crop coefficients. This study involves a number of assumptions selected to give conservative (i.e., worst case approach) model predictions. Attempts to validate the model were conducted through soil and groundwater sampling along with precipitation data collection in four distinct fields in Brooks, Oregon, from October 1996 to April 1997. The variations in nitrogen soil profiles from October to April helped determine the amount of nitrogen leaving the soil, and groundwater samples from 5 feet deep wells gave nitrate concentrations in groundwater below the root zone. A sensitivity analysis of the program demonstrated how important nitrogen and water uptakes values were to the model predictions. An increase of 1% in nitrogen uptake or of 0.4% in crop coefficients generated 1% decrease in nitrogen concentration of the leachate. These results are important to consider when adopting highly uncertain literature values for crop uptakes -especially with poplars. The field validation of the model showed promising results in terms of estimating average yearly leachate concentrations in nitrogen resulting from land application of wastewater, but also suggested that more groundwater wells were needed to obtain a statistically significant validation of the model. These preliminary field results indicate that the model can provide an indication of groundwater nitrogen concentration trends but needs to further verified to be used confidently as a predictive tool. Close

• 9. [Image] Energy pricing and irrigated agriculture in the Upper Klamath Basin

  	Title from Web page (viewed on October 12, 2004).; "July 2004." ; Includes bibliographical references.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Energy pricing and irrigated agriculture in the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Jaeger, William K. (William Kenneth) Year: 2004, 2008, 2005 Title from Web page (viewed on October 12, 2004).; "July 2004." ; Includes bibliographical references. Title: Energy pricing and irrigated agriculture in the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Jaeger, William K. (William Kenneth) Year: 2004, 2008, 2005 Title from Web page (viewed on October 12, 2004).; "July 2004." ; Includes bibliographical references. Close

• 10. [Image] Klamath River basin : reclamation met its water bank obligations, but information provided to water bank stakeholders could be improved

  	"March 2005." ; "GAO-05-283."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath River basin : reclamation met its water bank obligations, but information provided to water bank stakeholders could be improved Author: United States. Government Accountability Office Year: 2005 "March 2005." ; "GAO-05-283." Title: Klamath River basin : reclamation met its water bank obligations, but information provided to water bank stakeholders could be improved Author: United States. Government Accountability Office Year: 2005 "March 2005." ; "GAO-05-283." Close

• 11. [Image] Draft resource management plan/environmental impact statement for the Upper Klamath Basin

  	"March 1994."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Draft resource management plan/environmental impact statement for the Upper Klamath Basin Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 "March 1994." Title: Draft resource management plan/environmental impact statement for the Upper Klamath Basin Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 "March 1994." Close

• 12. [Image] Water allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001 : an assessment of natural resource, economic, social, and institutional issues with a focus on the Upper Klamath Basin

  	"Reprinted May 2003."; Includes bibliographical references; Also available at http://eesc.oregonstate.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/sr/sr1037/sr1037.html
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001 : an assessment of natural resource, economic, social, and institutional issues with a focus on the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Braunworth, William S. Year: 2003, 2004 "Reprinted May 2003."; Includes bibliographical references; Also available at http://eesc.oregonstate.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/sr/sr1037/sr1037.html Title: Water allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001 : an assessment of natural resource, economic, social, and institutional issues with a focus on the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Braunworth, William S. Year: 2003, 2004 "Reprinted May 2003."; Includes bibliographical references; Also available at http://eesc.oregonstate.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/sr/sr1037/sr1037.html Close

• 13. [Article] Calibration of crop water use with the Penman equation under United Arab Emirates conditions

  Water shortage is one of the biggest problems facing agricultural development in the United Arab Emirates, because of the extremely arid climate and the large amount of irrigation water that is used for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Calibration of crop water use with the Penman equation under United Arab Emirates conditions Author: Mohammed, Fareed H. A. N. Water shortage is one of the biggest problems facing agricultural development in the United Arab Emirates, because of the extremely arid climate and the large amount of irrigation water that is used for crops. Prediction of crop water requirements is essential to solve water management problems in this country. Two versions of the Penman equation, FAO and Wright, were used to estimate reference crop evapotranspiration from meteorological data for three regions in the U. A. E.; Northern, Central, and Eastern. Lysimeter measurements at the Northern region were provided for five crops; tomato for one season; cabbage, cucumber, and squash each for two seasons; and watermelon for three seasons. Crop evapotranspiration was estimated for these crops and related to measured crop evapotranspiration. It was found that there is great variation in measured crop evapotranspiration between seasons for individual crops, due to technical problems with the lysimeter. Combined seasons were used to calibrate the Penman equation, and the results indicated that the calibration improved the estimated crop evapotranspiration. Calibration coefficients for individual crops and for individual methods were calculated. Reference crop evapotranspiration (Etr) value for the three regions were correlated. A high correlation of estimated Etr among the three regions was found. Coefficients were developed to predict Etr at the Central and Eastern regions from the Etr at the Northern region. Title: Calibration of crop water use with the Penman equation under United Arab Emirates conditions Author: Mohammed, Fareed H. A. N. Water shortage is one of the biggest problems facing agricultural development in the United Arab Emirates, because of the extremely arid climate and the large amount of irrigation water that is used for crops. Prediction of crop water requirements is essential to solve water management problems in this country. Two versions of the Penman equation, FAO and Wright, were used to estimate reference crop evapotranspiration from meteorological data for three regions in the U. A. E.; Northern, Central, and Eastern. Lysimeter measurements at the Northern region were provided for five crops; tomato for one season; cabbage, cucumber, and squash each for two seasons; and watermelon for three seasons. Crop evapotranspiration was estimated for these crops and related to measured crop evapotranspiration. It was found that there is great variation in measured crop evapotranspiration between seasons for individual crops, due to technical problems with the lysimeter. Combined seasons were used to calibrate the Penman equation, and the results indicated that the calibration improved the estimated crop evapotranspiration. Calibration coefficients for individual crops and for individual methods were calculated. Reference crop evapotranspiration (Etr) value for the three regions were correlated. A high correlation of estimated Etr among the three regions was found. Coefficients were developed to predict Etr at the Central and Eastern regions from the Etr at the Northern region. Close

• 14. [Article] The effect of precipitation variation on soil moisture, soil nitrogen, nitrogen response and winter wheat yields in eastern Oregon

  The semi-arid regions of the Pacific Northwest are characterized by a high degree of annual temperature and precipitation variation. As a result of this climatic variation, dryland nitrogen fertilizer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of precipitation variation on soil moisture, soil nitrogen, nitrogen response and winter wheat yields in eastern Oregon Author: Glenn, D. M. (David Michael) The semi-arid regions of the Pacific Northwest are characterized by a high degree of annual temperature and precipitation variation. As a result of this climatic variation, dryland nitrogen fertilizer trials on fallow- ,wheat rotations typically demonstrate a variable response. Wheat growers in the area must not only cope with this climatic variation and its sundry effects upon their livelihood, they must also make decisions regarding the future level of anticipated climatic variation. The specific objectives were to: 1) develop a climatically responsive yield potential prediction model for soft white winter wheat from historical data at the Sherman Branch Experiment Station (Moro, OR); 2) modify this model for use on commercial fields; 3) field simulate five fallow-crop precipitation patterns characteristic of the variation found in the Sherman county area of eastern Oregon in order to test the yield potential model: 4) examine the effects of precipitation variation on nitrogen fertilizer responses, moisture storage and depletion and nitrogen mineralization; and 5) establish a quantitative relationship between precipitation/ soil moisture and nitrate accumulation in both the fallow and crop seasons. Two interacting regression models were developed to estimate grain yield levels in the 250-350 mm precipitation zone of eastern Oregon. The first model estimates yield potential from monthly precipitation and temperature values. The second model estimates the percent grain reduction due to delayed crop emergence. The grain yield model was adapted to commercial fields using a Productivity Index factor (PI). The PI is a measure of the productivity of other locations in relation to the Sherman Branch Experiment Station, using water-use-efficiency (WUE) as the basis of comparison. The field simulation of five fallow-crop precipitation patterns demonstrated that the maximum grain yield response occurred at 40 kg N (soil + fertilizer)/metric ton. The grain yield model demonstrated a 15% level of accuracy on a commercial field basis in both field trials and a survey of past production levels (1972-1980). It was hypothesized that the distribution of precipitation in the fallow and crop periods had an effect on both the amount and distribution of stored soil moisture. The field simulation demonstrated that more soil moisture was stored at the 90-240 cm depths by the patterns with more fallow season precipitation when measured in March of the crop year. Soil moisture storage and storage efficiencies fluctuated throughout the fallow and crop periods. At the cessation of the winter precipitation season in both the fallow and crop periods (March), the storage efficiency was highest when low levels of precipitation occurred. At this point in time, the mean crop period storage efficiency was 10% below the mean fallow period storage efficiency (34 and 44%, respectively) in both simulation studies. Soil moisture, temperature and immobilization requirements of crop residues interact to affect the net amount of nitrogen mineralization. The mineralization model proposed by Stanford and Smith (1972) was tested under field conditions. When the nitrogen immobilization requirement of the crop residues was included, the actual and predicted values were in agreement at the close of the 1978 fallow period. A nitrogen deficit was predicted at the 0-30 cm depth at the close of the 1980 fallow; however, the actual levels indicated a net accumulation of nitrate-nitrogen. Crop season mineralization, inferred from Mitscherlick and a-value extrapolations, in 1979 demonstrated that there was a decreasing amount of net mineralization during the crop season with increasing amounts of both fallow and crop season precipitation. Crop season mineralization in 1980 indicated that there was no net accumulation of nitrogen, rather a tie-up of 14 kg N/ha. This result reflects both the unsatisfied immobilization requirement predicted for the 1979 fallow season and crop season denitrification. Title: The effect of precipitation variation on soil moisture, soil nitrogen, nitrogen response and winter wheat yields in eastern Oregon Author: Glenn, D. M. (David Michael) The semi-arid regions of the Pacific Northwest are characterized by a high degree of annual temperature and precipitation variation. As a result of this climatic variation, dryland nitrogen fertilizer trials on fallow- ,wheat rotations typically demonstrate a variable response. Wheat growers in the area must not only cope with this climatic variation and its sundry effects upon their livelihood, they must also make decisions regarding the future level of anticipated climatic variation. The specific objectives were to: 1) develop a climatically responsive yield potential prediction model for soft white winter wheat from historical data at the Sherman Branch Experiment Station (Moro, OR); 2) modify this model for use on commercial fields; 3) field simulate five fallow-crop precipitation patterns characteristic of the variation found in the Sherman county area of eastern Oregon in order to test the yield potential model: 4) examine the effects of precipitation variation on nitrogen fertilizer responses, moisture storage and depletion and nitrogen mineralization; and 5) establish a quantitative relationship between precipitation/ soil moisture and nitrate accumulation in both the fallow and crop seasons. Two interacting regression models were developed to estimate grain yield levels in the 250-350 mm precipitation zone of eastern Oregon. The first model estimates yield potential from monthly precipitation and temperature values. The second model estimates the percent grain reduction due to delayed crop emergence. The grain yield model was adapted to commercial fields using a Productivity Index factor (PI). The PI is a measure of the productivity of other locations in relation to the Sherman Branch Experiment Station, using water-use-efficiency (WUE) as the basis of comparison. The field simulation of five fallow-crop precipitation patterns demonstrated that the maximum grain yield response occurred at 40 kg N (soil + fertilizer)/metric ton. The grain yield model demonstrated a 15% level of accuracy on a commercial field basis in both field trials and a survey of past production levels (1972-1980). It was hypothesized that the distribution of precipitation in the fallow and crop periods had an effect on both the amount and distribution of stored soil moisture. The field simulation demonstrated that more soil moisture was stored at the 90-240 cm depths by the patterns with more fallow season precipitation when measured in March of the crop year. Soil moisture storage and storage efficiencies fluctuated throughout the fallow and crop periods. At the cessation of the winter precipitation season in both the fallow and crop periods (March), the storage efficiency was highest when low levels of precipitation occurred. At this point in time, the mean crop period storage efficiency was 10% below the mean fallow period storage efficiency (34 and 44%, respectively) in both simulation studies. Soil moisture, temperature and immobilization requirements of crop residues interact to affect the net amount of nitrogen mineralization. The mineralization model proposed by Stanford and Smith (1972) was tested under field conditions. When the nitrogen immobilization requirement of the crop residues was included, the actual and predicted values were in agreement at the close of the 1978 fallow period. A nitrogen deficit was predicted at the 0-30 cm depth at the close of the 1980 fallow; however, the actual levels indicated a net accumulation of nitrate-nitrogen. Crop season mineralization, inferred from Mitscherlick and a-value extrapolations, in 1979 demonstrated that there was a decreasing amount of net mineralization during the crop season with increasing amounts of both fallow and crop season precipitation. Crop season mineralization in 1980 indicated that there was no net accumulation of nitrogen, rather a tie-up of 14 kg N/ha. This result reflects both the unsatisfied immobilization requirement predicted for the 1979 fallow season and crop season denitrification. Close

• 15. [Article] Lime Fertilizer Interactions Affecting Vegetable Crop Production

  p.109-119 from the 34th Annual Northwest Conference at Portland, Oregon. July 12-14, 1983.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lime Fertilizer Interactions Affecting Vegetable Crop Production Author: Hemphill, Delbert D., Jackson, T. L. (Thomas Lloyd), 1922- p.109-119 from the 34th Annual Northwest Conference at Portland, Oregon. July 12-14, 1983. Title: Lime Fertilizer Interactions Affecting Vegetable Crop Production Author: Hemphill, Delbert D., Jackson, T. L. (Thomas Lloyd), 1922- p.109-119 from the 34th Annual Northwest Conference at Portland, Oregon. July 12-14, 1983. Close

• 16. [Article] Air-quality and Climatic Consequences of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation

  Bioenergy is expected to play an increasingly significant role in the global energy budget. In addition to the use of liquid energy forms such as ethanol and biodiesel, electricity generation using processed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Air-quality and Climatic Consequences of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation Author: Porter, William Christian Year: 2013 Bioenergy is expected to play an increasingly significant role in the global energy budget. In addition to the use of liquid energy forms such as ethanol and biodiesel, electricity generation using processed energy crops as a partial or full coal alternative is expected to increase, requiring large-scale conversions of land for the cultivation of bioenergy feedstocks such as cane, grasses, or short rotation coppice. With land-use change identified as a major contributor to changes in the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), many of which are known contributors to the pollutants ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), careful review of crop emission profiles and local atmospheric chemistry will be necessary to mitigate any unintended air-quality consequences. In this work, the atmospheric consequences of bioenergy crop replacement are examined using both the high-resolution regional chemical transport model WRF/Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry) and the global climate model CESM (Community Earth System Model). Regional sensitivities to several representative crop types are analyzed, and the impacts of each crop on air quality and climate are compared. Overall, the high emitting crops (eucalyptus and giant reed) were found to produce climate and human health costs totaling up to 40% of the value of CO2 emissions prevented, while the related costs of the lowest-emitting crop (switchgrass) were negligible. Title: Air-quality and Climatic Consequences of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation Author: Porter, William Christian Year: 2013 Bioenergy is expected to play an increasingly significant role in the global energy budget. In addition to the use of liquid energy forms such as ethanol and biodiesel, electricity generation using processed energy crops as a partial or full coal alternative is expected to increase, requiring large-scale conversions of land for the cultivation of bioenergy feedstocks such as cane, grasses, or short rotation coppice. With land-use change identified as a major contributor to changes in the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), many of which are known contributors to the pollutants ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), careful review of crop emission profiles and local atmospheric chemistry will be necessary to mitigate any unintended air-quality consequences. In this work, the atmospheric consequences of bioenergy crop replacement are examined using both the high-resolution regional chemical transport model WRF/Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry) and the global climate model CESM (Community Earth System Model). Regional sensitivities to several representative crop types are analyzed, and the impacts of each crop on air quality and climate are compared. Overall, the high emitting crops (eucalyptus and giant reed) were found to produce climate and human health costs totaling up to 40% of the value of CO2 emissions prevented, while the related costs of the lowest-emitting crop (switchgrass) were negligible. Close

• 17. [Article] Reducing the Negative Human-Health Impacts of Bioenergy Crop Emissions through Region-Specific Crop Selection

  An expected global increase in bioenergy-crop cultivation as an alternative to fossil fuels will have consequences on both global climate and local air quality through changes in biogenic emissions of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reducing the Negative Human-Health Impacts of Bioenergy Crop Emissions through Region-Specific Crop Selection Author: Porter, William Christian, Rosenstiel, Todd N., Guenther, Alex, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Barsanti, Kelley Year: 2015 An expected global increase in bioenergy-crop cultivation as an alternative to fossil fuels will have consequences on both global climate and local air quality through changes in biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). While greenhouse gas emissions may be reduced through the substitution of next-generation bioenergy crops such as eucalyptus, giant reed, and switchgrass for fossil fuels, the choice of species has important ramifications for human health, potentially reducing the benefits of conversion due to increases in ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels as a result of large changes in biogenic emissions. Using the Community Earth System Model we simulate the conversion of marginal and underutilized croplands worldwide to bioenergy crops under varying future anthropogenic emissions scenarios. A conservative global replacement using high VOCemitting crop profiles leads to modeled population-weighted O3 increases of 5–27 ppb in India, 1–9 ppb in China, and 1–6 ppb in the United States, with peak PM2.5 increases of up to 2 μg m−3 . We present a metric for the regional evaluation of candidate bioenergy crops, as well as results for the application of this metric to four representative emissions profiles using four replacement scales (10–100% maximum estimated available land). Finally, we assess the total health and climate impacts of biogenic emissions, finding that the negative consequences of using high-emitting crops could exceed 50% of the positive benefits of reduced fossil fuel emissions in value. Title: Reducing the Negative Human-Health Impacts of Bioenergy Crop Emissions through Region-Specific Crop Selection Author: Porter, William Christian, Rosenstiel, Todd N., Guenther, Alex, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Barsanti, Kelley Year: 2015 An expected global increase in bioenergy-crop cultivation as an alternative to fossil fuels will have consequences on both global climate and local air quality through changes in biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). While greenhouse gas emissions may be reduced through the substitution of next-generation bioenergy crops such as eucalyptus, giant reed, and switchgrass for fossil fuels, the choice of species has important ramifications for human health, potentially reducing the benefits of conversion due to increases in ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels as a result of large changes in biogenic emissions. Using the Community Earth System Model we simulate the conversion of marginal and underutilized croplands worldwide to bioenergy crops under varying future anthropogenic emissions scenarios. A conservative global replacement using high VOCemitting crop profiles leads to modeled population-weighted O3 increases of 5–27 ppb in India, 1–9 ppb in China, and 1–6 ppb in the United States, with peak PM2.5 increases of up to 2 μg m−3 . We present a metric for the regional evaluation of candidate bioenergy crops, as well as results for the application of this metric to four representative emissions profiles using four replacement scales (10–100% maximum estimated available land). Finally, we assess the total health and climate impacts of biogenic emissions, finding that the negative consequences of using high-emitting crops could exceed 50% of the positive benefits of reduced fossil fuel emissions in value. Close

• 18. [Article] Impacts of crop level and vine vigor on vine balance and fruit composition in Oregon Pinot noir

  Vineyard management strategies, including vineyard floor management and crop level management, can be used to influence vine vigor and fruit composition. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the impact ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of crop level and vine vigor on vine balance and fruit composition in Oregon Pinot noir Author: Vance, Amanda J. Vineyard management strategies, including vineyard floor management and crop level management, can be used to influence vine vigor and fruit composition. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of these practices on Pinot Noir in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Managing crop levels is common in cool climate vineyard production though it is a costly practice. With economic pressures, the premium winegrape industry is questioning whether they can reduce production costs and increase yields without compromising quality. A crop thinning trial was conducted in 2010 and 2011 to address these concerns and to better understand the role of vine balance on fruit composition. Crop levels were moderately (35% crop removed) or severely (65% crop removed) thinned at pre-bloom, fruit set, lag phase, or véraison and compared to full crop treatments. In both years, crop thinning reduced yields but had no effect on berry weight or cluster size. In 2010, poor fruit set reduced overall yields, and thinning treatments resulted in very few differences in vine growth, cluster architecture or fruit composition, including total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN), anthocyanins, phenolics and tannins. In 2011, yields were much higher due to high fruit set and larger cluster size. No differences were found in vine growth (leaf areas or pruning weights) or fruit YAN, but thinned vines had higher TSS and pH and lower TA than full crop vines at harvest. Fruit thinned at lag phase and véraison had higher TSS and lower TA than fruit thinned pre-bloom. Intensity of thinning had a stronger influence on anthocyanin and tannin concentration than timing, while phenolics were not impacted by either factor. Ravaz index values (fruit yield/pruning weight) below 2.25 and leaf area to yield ratios of 2.25 to 3.25 m²/kg improved fruit composition in 2011 as did later season thinning, though data from the remaining years of this study will provide more insight into appropriate crop load metrics for cool climate Pinot Noir. A second study was implemented in 2011 to determine the impact of crop thinning in vines with different levels of vegetative vigor caused by three vineyard floor management techniques: permanent grass (Festuca rubra spp. rubra) cover (grass), alternating grass cover and tillage (grass & tilled), and tillage of every alleyway (tilled). Crop was thinned at the BB stage of berry development (EL stage 73) to one cluster per shoot (half crop) or not thinned (full crop); all cluster wings were removed at the time of thinning. Tillage treatments had been in place four years prior to the start of the study and competition for nitrogen in grass caused reduced early season vine growth, leaf chlorophyll and canopy size at both bloom and véraison while crop thinning increased canopy size at véraison. Yields were altered by tillage and crop thinning treatments, as grass had fewer clusters per shoot and berries per cluster, and crop thinning reduced yields to 64.7% of full crop across all tillage treatments. At harvest, grass had the lowest TA while TSS and pH were not affected by tillage. Crop thinning increased TSS but did not impact pH or TA. Anthocyanins were affected by both tillage and thinning and were found to be related to vine yield, YAN, leaf N, and leaf area index. Tannins were highest in grass but were not affected by crop thinning, and phenolics were not changed by either factor. Few interactions between tillage and crop thinning were found, but as variables such as yield per vine were impacted by both treatment factors, monitoring long term effects of crop Title: Impacts of crop level and vine vigor on vine balance and fruit composition in Oregon Pinot noir Author: Vance, Amanda J. Vineyard management strategies, including vineyard floor management and crop level management, can be used to influence vine vigor and fruit composition. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of these practices on Pinot Noir in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Managing crop levels is common in cool climate vineyard production though it is a costly practice. With economic pressures, the premium winegrape industry is questioning whether they can reduce production costs and increase yields without compromising quality. A crop thinning trial was conducted in 2010 and 2011 to address these concerns and to better understand the role of vine balance on fruit composition. Crop levels were moderately (35% crop removed) or severely (65% crop removed) thinned at pre-bloom, fruit set, lag phase, or véraison and compared to full crop treatments. In both years, crop thinning reduced yields but had no effect on berry weight or cluster size. In 2010, poor fruit set reduced overall yields, and thinning treatments resulted in very few differences in vine growth, cluster architecture or fruit composition, including total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN), anthocyanins, phenolics and tannins. In 2011, yields were much higher due to high fruit set and larger cluster size. No differences were found in vine growth (leaf areas or pruning weights) or fruit YAN, but thinned vines had higher TSS and pH and lower TA than full crop vines at harvest. Fruit thinned at lag phase and véraison had higher TSS and lower TA than fruit thinned pre-bloom. Intensity of thinning had a stronger influence on anthocyanin and tannin concentration than timing, while phenolics were not impacted by either factor. Ravaz index values (fruit yield/pruning weight) below 2.25 and leaf area to yield ratios of 2.25 to 3.25 m²/kg improved fruit composition in 2011 as did later season thinning, though data from the remaining years of this study will provide more insight into appropriate crop load metrics for cool climate Pinot Noir. A second study was implemented in 2011 to determine the impact of crop thinning in vines with different levels of vegetative vigor caused by three vineyard floor management techniques: permanent grass (Festuca rubra spp. rubra) cover (grass), alternating grass cover and tillage (grass & tilled), and tillage of every alleyway (tilled). Crop was thinned at the BB stage of berry development (EL stage 73) to one cluster per shoot (half crop) or not thinned (full crop); all cluster wings were removed at the time of thinning. Tillage treatments had been in place four years prior to the start of the study and competition for nitrogen in grass caused reduced early season vine growth, leaf chlorophyll and canopy size at both bloom and véraison while crop thinning increased canopy size at véraison. Yields were altered by tillage and crop thinning treatments, as grass had fewer clusters per shoot and berries per cluster, and crop thinning reduced yields to 64.7% of full crop across all tillage treatments. At harvest, grass had the lowest TA while TSS and pH were not affected by tillage. Crop thinning increased TSS but did not impact pH or TA. Anthocyanins were affected by both tillage and thinning and were found to be related to vine yield, YAN, leaf N, and leaf area index. Tannins were highest in grass but were not affected by crop thinning, and phenolics were not changed by either factor. Few interactions between tillage and crop thinning were found, but as variables such as yield per vine were impacted by both treatment factors, monitoring long term effects of crop Close

• 19. [Article] Cover crop effects on root rot of sweet corn and soil properties

  Root rot of sweet corn in western Oregon and Washington is a significant disease that can reduce yield of intolerant cultivars of processed sweet corn by fifty percent. Root rot is caused by a complex ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cover crop effects on root rot of sweet corn and soil properties Author: Miyazoe, Mikio Root rot of sweet corn in western Oregon and Washington is a significant disease that can reduce yield of intolerant cultivars of processed sweet corn by fifty percent. Root rot is caused by a complex of soilborne organisms, including Drechslera sp., Phoma terrestris, and Pythium arrhenomanes. Processors have adopted tolerant cultivars but farmers continue to seek cultural management strategies that reduce inoculum potential. High rate manure and compost amendments (16.8 - 56.0 Mg ha⁻¹) suppress root rot of corn through general suppression but this practice is not agronomically viable. General suppression is typically associated with high rates of organic amendment and high microbial (FDA) activity. Processed vegetable farmers currently grow winter cover crops to improve soil and water quality and are interested in identifying cover crops that suppress root rot of corn and increase yield. High biomass cover crops can yield up to 12 Mg ha⁻¹ dry matter; this rate of organic amendment may or may not be sufficient to generate general suppression. However, specific cover crops, such as species and cultivars of crucifers and oats, have been shown to more suppressive than other cover crop species and cultivars against specific soilborne diseases. Oat is grown as a winter cover crop in the Willamette Valley and contains avenecin, a chemical that has been shown to have activity against pathogen propagules. In addition, in previous work in containers oat cover crops suppressed root rot of sweet corn. However, there is a concern that oat cover crops immobilize N and reduce corn yield. The objectives of this research were to 1) identify high biomass cover crops with agronomic potential for western Oregon processed vegetable cropping systems, 2) evaluate the impact of high biomass cover crops on root rot severity and yield of sweet corn, 3) determine whether there is a correlation between dry matter, soil microbial activity and root rot severity and 4) determine whether cover crops immobilize nitrogen and reduce corn yield. Research station field trials were conducted in 2003-04, 2004-05 and 2005-06 at the Oregon State University vegetable research farm in Corvallis, Oregon and an on-farm experiment was conducted in 2004-05 at Kenagy Family Farm in Albany, Oregon. Oat 'Saia' winter-killed in 2005-06 and mustard mix 'Caliente' winter-killed every winter except 2004-05, when winter temperatures never dropped below -7 °C. Rape 'Dwarf Essex', mustard 'Braco', and arugula are reliably winter-hardy. All mustard cover crop species are susceptible to white mold caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causal agent of white mold of snap bean. Oat (Avena sativa) is susceptible to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), an important pathogen of grass seed crops. Mustard cover crops could contaminate cruciferous seed crops. All of the cover crop species evaluated demonstrated some potential to suppress root rot of corn. Oat 'Saia' was the most consistently suppressive; it suppressed root rot in 4 of 6 experiments. Sudangrass was suppressive in the only year it was evaluated as well as in container experiments in previous work. In general, cover crops increased or had no impact on shoot and root dry matter in greenhouse bioassays. There was only one significant cover crop treatment effect on yield; in 2006, the oat treatment increased yield by 11.6% compared to the fallow. Overall, cover crop aboveground dry matter (DM) ranged from 4.2 Mg ha⁻¹ (summer R 2003) to 12.2 Mg ha⁻¹ (winter O 2004). Overall, there was a significant relationship between cover crop DM and radicle rot severity in greenhouse bioassay but not in field experiment. Cover crop treatments consistently increased soil microbial activity. Overall, there was a significant negative correlation between microbial activity and root rot severity in greenhouse bioassays early after cover crop incorporation, but the correlation weakened over time and ultimately was lost by about 80 days after incorporation. The C:N of oat and rape residues was 51 and 21, respectively. Soil nitrogen was immobilized by both the oat and rape cover crops, but oat immobilized more N than rape. Corn grown in the oat treatment soils had lower SPAD values, but it is not clear whether foliar N was sufficiently low to reduce yield potential. There was no consistent trend in above- or below-ground corn dry matter after oat incorporation over the three years. In 2006, the oat treatment had no significant effect on corn DM but increased yield by 11.1%. More work is required to better understand the impact of oat cover crop N immobilization on corn N status and yield. Oat 'Saia' has the potential to suppress root rot of sweet corn and maintain or increase corn productivity. However, this oat cultivar is not reliably winter-hardy and is susceptible to BYDV. Future research should screen Avena species and/or cultivars for improved winter hardiness, BYDV resistance, and root rot suppressive potential. Title: Cover crop effects on root rot of sweet corn and soil properties Author: Miyazoe, Mikio Root rot of sweet corn in western Oregon and Washington is a significant disease that can reduce yield of intolerant cultivars of processed sweet corn by fifty percent. Root rot is caused by a complex of soilborne organisms, including Drechslera sp., Phoma terrestris, and Pythium arrhenomanes. Processors have adopted tolerant cultivars but farmers continue to seek cultural management strategies that reduce inoculum potential. High rate manure and compost amendments (16.8 - 56.0 Mg ha⁻¹) suppress root rot of corn through general suppression but this practice is not agronomically viable. General suppression is typically associated with high rates of organic amendment and high microbial (FDA) activity. Processed vegetable farmers currently grow winter cover crops to improve soil and water quality and are interested in identifying cover crops that suppress root rot of corn and increase yield. High biomass cover crops can yield up to 12 Mg ha⁻¹ dry matter; this rate of organic amendment may or may not be sufficient to generate general suppression. However, specific cover crops, such as species and cultivars of crucifers and oats, have been shown to more suppressive than other cover crop species and cultivars against specific soilborne diseases. Oat is grown as a winter cover crop in the Willamette Valley and contains avenecin, a chemical that has been shown to have activity against pathogen propagules. In addition, in previous work in containers oat cover crops suppressed root rot of sweet corn. However, there is a concern that oat cover crops immobilize N and reduce corn yield. The objectives of this research were to 1) identify high biomass cover crops with agronomic potential for western Oregon processed vegetable cropping systems, 2) evaluate the impact of high biomass cover crops on root rot severity and yield of sweet corn, 3) determine whether there is a correlation between dry matter, soil microbial activity and root rot severity and 4) determine whether cover crops immobilize nitrogen and reduce corn yield. Research station field trials were conducted in 2003-04, 2004-05 and 2005-06 at the Oregon State University vegetable research farm in Corvallis, Oregon and an on-farm experiment was conducted in 2004-05 at Kenagy Family Farm in Albany, Oregon. Oat 'Saia' winter-killed in 2005-06 and mustard mix 'Caliente' winter-killed every winter except 2004-05, when winter temperatures never dropped below -7 °C. Rape 'Dwarf Essex', mustard 'Braco', and arugula are reliably winter-hardy. All mustard cover crop species are susceptible to white mold caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causal agent of white mold of snap bean. Oat (Avena sativa) is susceptible to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), an important pathogen of grass seed crops. Mustard cover crops could contaminate cruciferous seed crops. All of the cover crop species evaluated demonstrated some potential to suppress root rot of corn. Oat 'Saia' was the most consistently suppressive; it suppressed root rot in 4 of 6 experiments. Sudangrass was suppressive in the only year it was evaluated as well as in container experiments in previous work. In general, cover crops increased or had no impact on shoot and root dry matter in greenhouse bioassays. There was only one significant cover crop treatment effect on yield; in 2006, the oat treatment increased yield by 11.6% compared to the fallow. Overall, cover crop aboveground dry matter (DM) ranged from 4.2 Mg ha⁻¹ (summer R 2003) to 12.2 Mg ha⁻¹ (winter O 2004). Overall, there was a significant relationship between cover crop DM and radicle rot severity in greenhouse bioassay but not in field experiment. Cover crop treatments consistently increased soil microbial activity. Overall, there was a significant negative correlation between microbial activity and root rot severity in greenhouse bioassays early after cover crop incorporation, but the correlation weakened over time and ultimately was lost by about 80 days after incorporation. The C:N of oat and rape residues was 51 and 21, respectively. Soil nitrogen was immobilized by both the oat and rape cover crops, but oat immobilized more N than rape. Corn grown in the oat treatment soils had lower SPAD values, but it is not clear whether foliar N was sufficiently low to reduce yield potential. There was no consistent trend in above- or below-ground corn dry matter after oat incorporation over the three years. In 2006, the oat treatment had no significant effect on corn DM but increased yield by 11.1%. More work is required to better understand the impact of oat cover crop N immobilization on corn N status and yield. Oat 'Saia' has the potential to suppress root rot of sweet corn and maintain or increase corn productivity. However, this oat cultivar is not reliably winter-hardy and is susceptible to BYDV. Future research should screen Avena species and/or cultivars for improved winter hardiness, BYDV resistance, and root rot suppressive potential. Close

• 20. [Article] Irrigation choices for major West Coast crops : water scarcity and climatic determinants

  Recent climate change forecasts have aroused growing interest in the influence of water scarcity and climate on agricultural production and irrigation practice. However, it is common in the economic literature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Irrigation choices for major West Coast crops : water scarcity and climatic determinants Author: Olen, Beau Recent climate change forecasts have aroused growing interest in the influence of water scarcity and climate on agricultural production and irrigation practice. However, it is common in the economic literature to aggregate disparate crops when modeling irrigation choices. That approach confounds the crop-specific effects of climate and water scarcity that govern such choices. Given the sensitivity of agricultural production to water scarcity and climate, understanding their influence on irrigation choices is a key contribution to policy evaluation. This paper addresses the impact of water scarcity and climate on irrigation choices through estimated models of cropland proportion irrigated (PI), and crop-specific irrigation technology choice (TC) and water application rates (AR). This approach is applied to agricultural production data for major crops (orchard/vineyard, vegetable, wheat, alfalfa, hay, and pasture) on the West Coast (California, Oregon, and Washington). Crop-specific modeling provides information about the distributional impacts of agricultural policy and climate change. This advantage is particularly important for the diverse agricultural landscape of the West Coast, where the distributional impacts of policy can be complex. The most important policy implications that are found involve asset heterogeneity and the distributional impacts of agricultural policy. Several findings provide valuable information about how irrigators would respond and adapt to climate change. The current findings also lead to commonly advocated revisions to federal water subsidy policies. Some key differences between the irrigation choices of higher- and lower-value crops are also identified. Identifying these differences sheds further light on the distributional consequences of agricultural policy. Many findings from this research are crop-specific and will have a high degree of policy relevance to irrigation districts or other agricultural jurisdictions that cultivate some of the West Coast's major crops. Furthermore, the data used in this research has a large degree of variation in water scarcity and climate, making the findings applicable to other Mediterranean climates in the world. It is found that specific crops have a proclivity for certain irrigation technologies that can mitigate particular climatic stressors (i.e., frost damage and heat stress). For example, the results indicate that water pricing policies will tend not to encourage water conservation by technology adoption for many orchards, vineyards, and vegetable farms, thereby imposing pure costs to these producers. In essence, climate heterogeneity limits options available to farmers and reduces the set of production technologies that a farm can use. This finding exemplifies that with climate heterogeneity, the distribution of water policy impacts depends on prior land allocation decisions such as crop choices. Heterogeneity in land quality is also found to have important influences on TC. The effects of temperature on irrigation choices are found to be more profound than the effects of precipitation. Because of the large study region used, the effects of temperature and precipitation on irrigation choices are often found to be quadratic-like. These quadratic-like relationships reveal thresholds where irrigators begin to respond very differently to climate. However, this was not the case for all crops. Thus, it is demonstrated that the effects of climate on irrigation choices are crop-dependent. The results indicate that for several crops, the discontinuance of irrigation water (i.e., water supply or price uncertainty) creates an option value that delays and discourages adoption of water-saving technologies. The discontinuance of irrigation water is also shown to reduce water demand at the farm-level extensive proportion (i.e., PI) and crop-level intensive margin (i.e., AR). Water price is found to impact all three irrigation choices as well. Well depth is found to facilitate adoption of water-saving technologies for several crops. This paper demonstrates that irrigation choices are highly dependent on water scarcity and climate. Institutional arrangements, geographic qualities of the farm, and demographic characteristics of the farmer also exhibit important influences on irrigation choices. By using crop-specific equations, quadratic climate variables, and a study region with large variation in climate conditions, this research resolves many inconsistent findings regarding the determinants of irrigation choices. Furthermore, this study establishes a research agenda for crop-specific analysis of irrigation choices. Some of the estimated results warrant verification with further studies. Future crop-specific irrigation choice studies would benefit from panel micro data with improved land quality variables, and seasonal or monthly climate variables that are better able to identify the effects of climate stress (e.g., heat stress and frost damage) on irrigation choices. Title: Irrigation choices for major West Coast crops : water scarcity and climatic determinants Author: Olen, Beau Recent climate change forecasts have aroused growing interest in the influence of water scarcity and climate on agricultural production and irrigation practice. However, it is common in the economic literature to aggregate disparate crops when modeling irrigation choices. That approach confounds the crop-specific effects of climate and water scarcity that govern such choices. Given the sensitivity of agricultural production to water scarcity and climate, understanding their influence on irrigation choices is a key contribution to policy evaluation. This paper addresses the impact of water scarcity and climate on irrigation choices through estimated models of cropland proportion irrigated (PI), and crop-specific irrigation technology choice (TC) and water application rates (AR). This approach is applied to agricultural production data for major crops (orchard/vineyard, vegetable, wheat, alfalfa, hay, and pasture) on the West Coast (California, Oregon, and Washington). Crop-specific modeling provides information about the distributional impacts of agricultural policy and climate change. This advantage is particularly important for the diverse agricultural landscape of the West Coast, where the distributional impacts of policy can be complex. The most important policy implications that are found involve asset heterogeneity and the distributional impacts of agricultural policy. Several findings provide valuable information about how irrigators would respond and adapt to climate change. The current findings also lead to commonly advocated revisions to federal water subsidy policies. Some key differences between the irrigation choices of higher- and lower-value crops are also identified. Identifying these differences sheds further light on the distributional consequences of agricultural policy. Many findings from this research are crop-specific and will have a high degree of policy relevance to irrigation districts or other agricultural jurisdictions that cultivate some of the West Coast's major crops. Furthermore, the data used in this research has a large degree of variation in water scarcity and climate, making the findings applicable to other Mediterranean climates in the world. It is found that specific crops have a proclivity for certain irrigation technologies that can mitigate particular climatic stressors (i.e., frost damage and heat stress). For example, the results indicate that water pricing policies will tend not to encourage water conservation by technology adoption for many orchards, vineyards, and vegetable farms, thereby imposing pure costs to these producers. In essence, climate heterogeneity limits options available to farmers and reduces the set of production technologies that a farm can use. This finding exemplifies that with climate heterogeneity, the distribution of water policy impacts depends on prior land allocation decisions such as crop choices. Heterogeneity in land quality is also found to have important influences on TC. The effects of temperature on irrigation choices are found to be more profound than the effects of precipitation. Because of the large study region used, the effects of temperature and precipitation on irrigation choices are often found to be quadratic-like. These quadratic-like relationships reveal thresholds where irrigators begin to respond very differently to climate. However, this was not the case for all crops. Thus, it is demonstrated that the effects of climate on irrigation choices are crop-dependent. The results indicate that for several crops, the discontinuance of irrigation water (i.e., water supply or price uncertainty) creates an option value that delays and discourages adoption of water-saving technologies. The discontinuance of irrigation water is also shown to reduce water demand at the farm-level extensive proportion (i.e., PI) and crop-level intensive margin (i.e., AR). Water price is found to impact all three irrigation choices as well. Well depth is found to facilitate adoption of water-saving technologies for several crops. This paper demonstrates that irrigation choices are highly dependent on water scarcity and climate. Institutional arrangements, geographic qualities of the farm, and demographic characteristics of the farmer also exhibit important influences on irrigation choices. By using crop-specific equations, quadratic climate variables, and a study region with large variation in climate conditions, this research resolves many inconsistent findings regarding the determinants of irrigation choices. Furthermore, this study establishes a research agenda for crop-specific analysis of irrigation choices. Some of the estimated results warrant verification with further studies. Future crop-specific irrigation choice studies would benefit from panel micro data with improved land quality variables, and seasonal or monthly climate variables that are better able to identify the effects of climate stress (e.g., heat stress and frost damage) on irrigation choices. Close

• 21. [Article] The effect of precipitation variation and fertilization level on the nutritive value of wheat residue

  Five simulated precipitation patterns characteristic of the Columbia Basin and Plateau region and six fertilization rates were evaluated for their effect on percent crude protein, percent in vitro dry ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of precipitation variation and fertilization level on the nutritive value of wheat residue Author: Carey, Anne C. Five simulated precipitation patterns characteristic of the Columbia Basin and Plateau region and six fertilization rates were evaluated for their effect on percent crude protein, percent in vitro dry matter digestibility, fiber content, and yield of wheat aftermath on a commercial farm in north central Oregon. The higher moisture regimes showed the greatest increase in percent crude protein with increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels. Chaff and straw values were significantly higher for the dry fallow-normal crop precipitation pattern than for normal fallow-dry crop pattern and significantly higher for the wet fallow-normal crop pattern than for normal fallow-wet crop. Percent in vitro dry matter digestibility also increased under the high moisture precipitation patterns and there was a positive relationship between fertilization level and digestibility. The digestibility values for chaff and straw were higher for the dry fallow-normal crop precipitation regime over the normal fallow-dry crop only at the higher fertilization levels. Examination of wet fallow-normal crop vs. normal fallow-wet crop showed increased digestibility for the pattern receiving more moisture in the fallow period, also at only the higher fertilization levels. This study indicated that higher moisture regimes resulted in increased straw and chaff yields. Although not significant for every precipitation pattern, there was indication of a positive relationship between fertilization level and straw and chaff yields. For both straw and chaff yield, no difference was seen when comparing dry fallow-normal crop and normal fallow-dry crop regimes. Testing wet fallow-normal crop vs. normal fallow-wet crop patterns revealed increased chaff yields at higher fertilization levels under the pattern receiving less moisture in the fallow period, but increased straw yields at higher fertilization levels under the pattern receiving more moisture in the fallow period. Percentages of acid detergent fiber, lignin, and cellulose were not significantly affected by precipitation variation or level of fertilization. The fertilization by precipitation pattern interaction was not a significant source of variation, with the exception of percentage crude protein of wheat straw in the first year. Title: The effect of precipitation variation and fertilization level on the nutritive value of wheat residue Author: Carey, Anne C. Five simulated precipitation patterns characteristic of the Columbia Basin and Plateau region and six fertilization rates were evaluated for their effect on percent crude protein, percent in vitro dry matter digestibility, fiber content, and yield of wheat aftermath on a commercial farm in north central Oregon. The higher moisture regimes showed the greatest increase in percent crude protein with increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels. Chaff and straw values were significantly higher for the dry fallow-normal crop precipitation pattern than for normal fallow-dry crop pattern and significantly higher for the wet fallow-normal crop pattern than for normal fallow-wet crop. Percent in vitro dry matter digestibility also increased under the high moisture precipitation patterns and there was a positive relationship between fertilization level and digestibility. The digestibility values for chaff and straw were higher for the dry fallow-normal crop precipitation regime over the normal fallow-dry crop only at the higher fertilization levels. Examination of wet fallow-normal crop vs. normal fallow-wet crop showed increased digestibility for the pattern receiving more moisture in the fallow period, also at only the higher fertilization levels. This study indicated that higher moisture regimes resulted in increased straw and chaff yields. Although not significant for every precipitation pattern, there was indication of a positive relationship between fertilization level and straw and chaff yields. For both straw and chaff yield, no difference was seen when comparing dry fallow-normal crop and normal fallow-dry crop regimes. Testing wet fallow-normal crop vs. normal fallow-wet crop patterns revealed increased chaff yields at higher fertilization levels under the pattern receiving less moisture in the fallow period, but increased straw yields at higher fertilization levels under the pattern receiving more moisture in the fallow period. Percentages of acid detergent fiber, lignin, and cellulose were not significantly affected by precipitation variation or level of fertilization. The fertilization by precipitation pattern interaction was not a significant source of variation, with the exception of percentage crude protein of wheat straw in the first year. Close

• 22. [Article] Weed control in nursery field production

  Published November 2005. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Weed control in nursery field production Author: Altland, James Elmer, 1973-, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published November 2005. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Weed control in nursery field production Author: Altland, James Elmer, 1973-, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published November 2005. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 23. [Article] An ecosystem service approach to inform reactive nitrogen management in the lower Yakima River Basin, Washington

  Spatially explicit ecosystem service valuation (ESV) allows for the identification of the location and magnitude of services provided by natural ecosystems to human activities along with a measure of their ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An ecosystem service approach to inform reactive nitrogen management in the lower Yakima River Basin, Washington Author: Crowell, Morgan Spatially explicit ecosystem service valuation (ESV) allows for the identification of the location and magnitude of services provided by natural ecosystems to human activities along with a measure of their significance based upon economic valuation. While ESV has been used to provide new insight into land use management, few studies have identified the connections between the values of ecosystem services and ecological sensitivity to nitrogen loading despite a growing body of ecosystem service literature. This research combines a GIS-based, value transfer approach to map ecosystem services in the Lower Yakima River Basin (LYRB), Washington, USA, along with estimates of nitrogen loading to identify how nitrogen management may affect ecosystem services in the basin. This analysis combines values of ecosystem services with estimates of nitrogen loading and identifies subwatersheds and specific parcels within a Groundwater Management Area (GWMA) most susceptible to reductions in ecosystem services due to excess nitrogen loading. Based on the benefit transfer analysis, wetlands and forested areas have disproportionately high values of ecosystem services when compared to their land area in the LYRB, while pasture and cultivated crops contribute much less to the total value of ecosystem service flows in proportion to the total area in the LYRB. Across the study area estimated nitrogen loads are strongly driven by the location of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) and cultivated crops. Areas of particularly high nitrogen loading and high ESV may highlight specific areas for achieving immediate success in increasing or maintaining ecosystem services through appropriately focused regulatory mechanisms. The land cover analysis however, completely neglects the values and importance of subsurface processes and groundwater resources in ecosystem service assessment, and therefore an econometric model is applied to estimate willingness to pay (WTP) to maintain safe nitrate levels in private wells. Through the incorporation of WTP estimates for groundwater quality, a more complete economic and ecological perspective on the effects of landscape N loading in the study site is highlighted. The results of these estimates clearly indicate that ecosystem services from groundwater should be considered to have significant value in the LYRB. Further economic valuation data on specific land cover types and the value of groundwater quality, whether from primary studies or meta-analysis, is needed to refine relative measures of ecosystem service values and more confidently describe these values in specific dollar amounts. Additionally, limits in spatial data resolution may contribute to errors in location and magnitude of ecosystem services, and is an area in need of further development. Despite these potential limitations, this analysis highlights a promising direction for combining spatially explicit ecosystem service valuation with nutrient loading data to identify the location and potential magnitude of effects on ecosystem services from management practices. Title: An ecosystem service approach to inform reactive nitrogen management in the lower Yakima River Basin, Washington Author: Crowell, Morgan Spatially explicit ecosystem service valuation (ESV) allows for the identification of the location and magnitude of services provided by natural ecosystems to human activities along with a measure of their significance based upon economic valuation. While ESV has been used to provide new insight into land use management, few studies have identified the connections between the values of ecosystem services and ecological sensitivity to nitrogen loading despite a growing body of ecosystem service literature. This research combines a GIS-based, value transfer approach to map ecosystem services in the Lower Yakima River Basin (LYRB), Washington, USA, along with estimates of nitrogen loading to identify how nitrogen management may affect ecosystem services in the basin. This analysis combines values of ecosystem services with estimates of nitrogen loading and identifies subwatersheds and specific parcels within a Groundwater Management Area (GWMA) most susceptible to reductions in ecosystem services due to excess nitrogen loading. Based on the benefit transfer analysis, wetlands and forested areas have disproportionately high values of ecosystem services when compared to their land area in the LYRB, while pasture and cultivated crops contribute much less to the total value of ecosystem service flows in proportion to the total area in the LYRB. Across the study area estimated nitrogen loads are strongly driven by the location of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) and cultivated crops. Areas of particularly high nitrogen loading and high ESV may highlight specific areas for achieving immediate success in increasing or maintaining ecosystem services through appropriately focused regulatory mechanisms. The land cover analysis however, completely neglects the values and importance of subsurface processes and groundwater resources in ecosystem service assessment, and therefore an econometric model is applied to estimate willingness to pay (WTP) to maintain safe nitrate levels in private wells. Through the incorporation of WTP estimates for groundwater quality, a more complete economic and ecological perspective on the effects of landscape N loading in the study site is highlighted. The results of these estimates clearly indicate that ecosystem services from groundwater should be considered to have significant value in the LYRB. Further economic valuation data on specific land cover types and the value of groundwater quality, whether from primary studies or meta-analysis, is needed to refine relative measures of ecosystem service values and more confidently describe these values in specific dollar amounts. Additionally, limits in spatial data resolution may contribute to errors in location and magnitude of ecosystem services, and is an area in need of further development. Despite these potential limitations, this analysis highlights a promising direction for combining spatially explicit ecosystem service valuation with nutrient loading data to identify the location and potential magnitude of effects on ecosystem services from management practices. Close

• 24. [Article] Establishment of grass seed crops with cereal companion crops

  In conventional cropping systems in the Willamette Valley, slow establishing grass species, such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poapratensis L.) are planted in the spring and seed is not harvested until the following ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Establishment of grass seed crops with cereal companion crops Author: DeHaas, Jeroen A. M. In conventional cropping systems in the Willamette Valley, slow establishing grass species, such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poapratensis L.) are planted in the spring and seed is not harvested until the following year. Due to increasing annual production costs, it is necessary to generate a cash return from each field each production year. This can be achieved by establishing the grass seed crop with a cereal companion crop either in fall or spring. The objective of this study was to identify the suitability of establishing grass seed crops with cereal companion crops in the Willamette Valley. To realize this objective, combinations of companion crop species, seeding rates, planting arrangements and grass species were examined for suitability in a companion cropping system. In addition, competitive effects of the companion crop on undersown grasses were studied. Three field experiments were conducted at two locations in the Willamette Valley over a two-year period (1980-1982). Percent light transmittance was measured in companion crop canopies developed under different seeding rates (67.2 and 100.8 kg/ha) and planting arrangements (parallel with and across grass rows) and in different types of companion crops (winter wheat, spring wheat and spring barley). Soil water potential was determined to investigate moisture patterns due to crop competition. Tiller samples were taken from undersown grasses and from these samples the following growth parameters were determined: tiller number, tiller height, leaf weight and leaf area per tiller, Specific Leaf Weight (SLW), and Leaf Area Index (LAI). Companion crop and grass seed yields were determined to obtain information for the economic feasibility of the companion cropping system. Parallel planting of the grass and companion crops gave higher light transmittance values than cross planting. However, no beneficial effects on grass crop growth parameters were detected. Companion crop seeding rates did not result in different percent light transmittance values, or was there an effect on growth parameters of undersown Kentucky bluegrass and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Soil water potential was higher in Kentucky bluegrass plots established with a companion crop at Gervais than in plots established without a companion crop. Tiller number for Kentucky bluegrass was suppressed by the companion crop for the experiment in Gervais. Tiller number and LAI for Kentucky bluegrass and orchardgrass was lower when established with a companion crop in the fall of 1981 at Hyslop Farm. Tiller height, leaf weight and leaf area per tiller of Kentucky bluegrass was higher when established with a wheat companion crop at Gervais. Leaf weight per tiller and SLW of orchardgrass were suppressed by the wheat companion crop at Hyslop Farm. Differential effects on growth parameters due to different companion crops were not detected. Low companion crop yields did not offset a lower subsequent Bristol Kentucky bluegrass seed yield in Gervais. This resulted in a lower mean annual gross return for the bluegrass seed crop when established with a companion crop. Wheat companion crop yields were approximately 10,000 kg/ha and 6,300 kg/ha when planted with Kentucky bluegrass and orchardgrass, respectively, at Hyslop Farm. Grass seed yields were not obtained for this study due to time constraints. Further investigation is needed to study the effect of companion crop planting arrangements on undersown grasses. The necessity of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization immediately after companion crop harvest for companion cropping systems in the Willamette Valley also need to be further investigated. Title: Establishment of grass seed crops with cereal companion crops Author: DeHaas, Jeroen A. M. In conventional cropping systems in the Willamette Valley, slow establishing grass species, such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poapratensis L.) are planted in the spring and seed is not harvested until the following year. Due to increasing annual production costs, it is necessary to generate a cash return from each field each production year. This can be achieved by establishing the grass seed crop with a cereal companion crop either in fall or spring. The objective of this study was to identify the suitability of establishing grass seed crops with cereal companion crops in the Willamette Valley. To realize this objective, combinations of companion crop species, seeding rates, planting arrangements and grass species were examined for suitability in a companion cropping system. In addition, competitive effects of the companion crop on undersown grasses were studied. Three field experiments were conducted at two locations in the Willamette Valley over a two-year period (1980-1982). Percent light transmittance was measured in companion crop canopies developed under different seeding rates (67.2 and 100.8 kg/ha) and planting arrangements (parallel with and across grass rows) and in different types of companion crops (winter wheat, spring wheat and spring barley). Soil water potential was determined to investigate moisture patterns due to crop competition. Tiller samples were taken from undersown grasses and from these samples the following growth parameters were determined: tiller number, tiller height, leaf weight and leaf area per tiller, Specific Leaf Weight (SLW), and Leaf Area Index (LAI). Companion crop and grass seed yields were determined to obtain information for the economic feasibility of the companion cropping system. Parallel planting of the grass and companion crops gave higher light transmittance values than cross planting. However, no beneficial effects on grass crop growth parameters were detected. Companion crop seeding rates did not result in different percent light transmittance values, or was there an effect on growth parameters of undersown Kentucky bluegrass and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Soil water potential was higher in Kentucky bluegrass plots established with a companion crop at Gervais than in plots established without a companion crop. Tiller number for Kentucky bluegrass was suppressed by the companion crop for the experiment in Gervais. Tiller number and LAI for Kentucky bluegrass and orchardgrass was lower when established with a companion crop in the fall of 1981 at Hyslop Farm. Tiller height, leaf weight and leaf area per tiller of Kentucky bluegrass was higher when established with a wheat companion crop at Gervais. Leaf weight per tiller and SLW of orchardgrass were suppressed by the wheat companion crop at Hyslop Farm. Differential effects on growth parameters due to different companion crops were not detected. Low companion crop yields did not offset a lower subsequent Bristol Kentucky bluegrass seed yield in Gervais. This resulted in a lower mean annual gross return for the bluegrass seed crop when established with a companion crop. Wheat companion crop yields were approximately 10,000 kg/ha and 6,300 kg/ha when planted with Kentucky bluegrass and orchardgrass, respectively, at Hyslop Farm. Grass seed yields were not obtained for this study due to time constraints. Further investigation is needed to study the effect of companion crop planting arrangements on undersown grasses. The necessity of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization immediately after companion crop harvest for companion cropping systems in the Willamette Valley also need to be further investigated. Close

• 25. [Article] Evaluation of four quality factors in a selected winter x spring wheat cross (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host)

  The nature of the genetic variation associated with a cross involving winter and spring wheat parents for four quality factors was evaluated. Yamhill, a soft white winter wheat, and Inia 66, a hard red ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of four quality factors in a selected winter x spring wheat cross (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Schumaker, Karen Sue The nature of the genetic variation associated with a cross involving winter and spring wheat parents for four quality factors was evaluated. Yamhill, a soft white winter wheat, and Inia 66, a hard red spring wheat, were selected as parents for this study. They represented distinctly different phenotypes for the attributes measured. Parents, F₁, F₂ and reciprocal backcrosses were examined for protein and lysine content, kernel hardness, and sedimentation value. Significant differences were observed between the two parents for protein content. The F₁ mean was lower than the low protein parent with the F₂ mean intermediate between the two parents. This latter factor plus a high narrow sense heritability estimate suggest that the genetic variation associated with protein content was largely due to genes which act in an additive manner. Backcrosses to either parent shifted the population toward the mean of the recurrent parent. Transgressive segregation was observed in the F₂ for both low and high protein content suggesting that selection for this trait should be effective in early generations. Parents differed significantly for lysine content with the winter parent, Yamhill displaying lysine values approaching the highest previously reported for wheat. Intermediate F₁ and F₂ population means and a high narrow sense heritability estimate suggest the genes involved function in an additive manner. The backcross progeny to Yamhill had a mean value approaching that of the recurrent parent. No transgressive segregation was observed in the F₂ for lysine content higher than Yamhill. It appears that lysine content in this cross is qualitatively inherited and that selection for improved lysine content above Yamhill appears limited. The genetic variation associated with kernel hardness appears to be largely additive with F₁ and F₂ means intermediate between the two parents and a high narrow sense heritability estimate. Transgressive segregation was observed in the F₂ generation for both soft and hard kernel types. Selection for this trait should be effective in early generations. Significant differences were observed for the parental types for sedimentation value. The F₁ and F₂ means were below the midparent value. No transgressive segregation was observed in the F₂ for either low or high sedimentation value. One backcross to the low sedimentation parent brought the population back to the low parent mean. One backcross to the high sedimentation parent shifted the population toward the recurrent parent but no individuals were recovered that approached the high parent. From this study it appears that selection for high sedimentation value types would be very difficult. Evidence provided in this study supports the concept that winter x spring crosses can provide useable genetic variation for desirable quality factors. Title: Evaluation of four quality factors in a selected winter x spring wheat cross (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Schumaker, Karen Sue The nature of the genetic variation associated with a cross involving winter and spring wheat parents for four quality factors was evaluated. Yamhill, a soft white winter wheat, and Inia 66, a hard red spring wheat, were selected as parents for this study. They represented distinctly different phenotypes for the attributes measured. Parents, F₁, F₂ and reciprocal backcrosses were examined for protein and lysine content, kernel hardness, and sedimentation value. Significant differences were observed between the two parents for protein content. The F₁ mean was lower than the low protein parent with the F₂ mean intermediate between the two parents. This latter factor plus a high narrow sense heritability estimate suggest that the genetic variation associated with protein content was largely due to genes which act in an additive manner. Backcrosses to either parent shifted the population toward the mean of the recurrent parent. Transgressive segregation was observed in the F₂ for both low and high protein content suggesting that selection for this trait should be effective in early generations. Parents differed significantly for lysine content with the winter parent, Yamhill displaying lysine values approaching the highest previously reported for wheat. Intermediate F₁ and F₂ population means and a high narrow sense heritability estimate suggest the genes involved function in an additive manner. The backcross progeny to Yamhill had a mean value approaching that of the recurrent parent. No transgressive segregation was observed in the F₂ for lysine content higher than Yamhill. It appears that lysine content in this cross is qualitatively inherited and that selection for improved lysine content above Yamhill appears limited. The genetic variation associated with kernel hardness appears to be largely additive with F₁ and F₂ means intermediate between the two parents and a high narrow sense heritability estimate. Transgressive segregation was observed in the F₂ generation for both soft and hard kernel types. Selection for this trait should be effective in early generations. Significant differences were observed for the parental types for sedimentation value. The F₁ and F₂ means were below the midparent value. No transgressive segregation was observed in the F₂ for either low or high sedimentation value. One backcross to the low sedimentation parent brought the population back to the low parent mean. One backcross to the high sedimentation parent shifted the population toward the recurrent parent but no individuals were recovered that approached the high parent. From this study it appears that selection for high sedimentation value types would be very difficult. Evidence provided in this study supports the concept that winter x spring crosses can provide useable genetic variation for desirable quality factors. Close

• 26. [Article] Enhancement of the weed competitive ability of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

  Most of the presently grown cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) have poor competitive ability against weeds if compared with traditional cultivars. Therefore, effective weed control is an important but ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enhancement of the weed competitive ability of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars Author: Ranasinghe, Lakshman L. Most of the presently grown cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) have poor competitive ability against weeds if compared with traditional cultivars. Therefore, effective weed control is an important but often costly and difficult management practice in rice crop production. If weed competitive ability of rice cultivars could be improved by changing the plant morphology and some agronomic practices, crop losses and the cost of weed control in rice production would be reduced. Three field experiments were conducted to identify weed competitive morphological traits of rice and to evaluate the effect of delaying starter fertilizer application on weed competition in rice. The nature of rice-barnyardgrass competition varies greatly with rice cultivar morphology. In an addition series experiment, the semi-dwarf, erect leaved, high yielding cultivar BG 350, which possesses much of the plant characteristics required for a high yield was affected much more than the cultivar BG 94-2, which has a tall stature, high leaf area index and good seedling vigor. In the varietal testing experiment, as predicted by the sensitivity analysis, cultivars with rapid height growth, high leaf area growth and plant dry weight increase during seedling stage, height and leaf area at maturity were associated with high competitive ability. The weed competitive ability of tested cultivars varied from relatively high in cultivars PPL and BG 94-2, moderate in BW 267-3 to poor in BG 1611 and BG 350. The delay of starter fertilizer application by 14 days in cultivar BG 350 improved its competitive ability against barnyardgrass (BYG). Under BYG competition, a 14-day delay of starter fertilizer application reduced the percent crop loss by weed competition 6.64 and 22.99% under the normal planting density in the Maha and Yala cultivation seasons, respectively. The crop-weed competition model INTERCOM simulated yield losses for the tested cultivars followed the trends observed in field experiments. However the simulated values were always higher than the observed values. Title: Enhancement of the weed competitive ability of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars Author: Ranasinghe, Lakshman L. Most of the presently grown cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) have poor competitive ability against weeds if compared with traditional cultivars. Therefore, effective weed control is an important but often costly and difficult management practice in rice crop production. If weed competitive ability of rice cultivars could be improved by changing the plant morphology and some agronomic practices, crop losses and the cost of weed control in rice production would be reduced. Three field experiments were conducted to identify weed competitive morphological traits of rice and to evaluate the effect of delaying starter fertilizer application on weed competition in rice. The nature of rice-barnyardgrass competition varies greatly with rice cultivar morphology. In an addition series experiment, the semi-dwarf, erect leaved, high yielding cultivar BG 350, which possesses much of the plant characteristics required for a high yield was affected much more than the cultivar BG 94-2, which has a tall stature, high leaf area index and good seedling vigor. In the varietal testing experiment, as predicted by the sensitivity analysis, cultivars with rapid height growth, high leaf area growth and plant dry weight increase during seedling stage, height and leaf area at maturity were associated with high competitive ability. The weed competitive ability of tested cultivars varied from relatively high in cultivars PPL and BG 94-2, moderate in BW 267-3 to poor in BG 1611 and BG 350. The delay of starter fertilizer application by 14 days in cultivar BG 350 improved its competitive ability against barnyardgrass (BYG). Under BYG competition, a 14-day delay of starter fertilizer application reduced the percent crop loss by weed competition 6.64 and 22.99% under the normal planting density in the Maha and Yala cultivation seasons, respectively. The crop-weed competition model INTERCOM simulated yield losses for the tested cultivars followed the trends observed in field experiments. However the simulated values were always higher than the observed values. Close

• 27. [Article] The agronomic, economic and social effects of the availability of new weed control treatments to small corn farmers in the North Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica

  The North Atlantic zone of Costa Rica is an alluvial plain, whose fairly good soils and warm, extremely wet climate generate serious weed problems in cultivated crops and pastureland. Basic foods - corn, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The agronomic, economic and social effects of the availability of new weed control treatments to small corn farmers in the North Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica Author: McCarty, Thomas Vere The North Atlantic zone of Costa Rica is an alluvial plain, whose fairly good soils and warm, extremely wet climate generate serious weed problems in cultivated crops and pastureland. Basic foods - corn, beans, rice and yuca - are important small farm crops. New land is still being opened for small farming, encouraged by a government-sponsored homesteading program. Research was initiated in 1976 by the International Plant Protection Center, in cooperation with CATIE, to determine whether the weed control practices currently used by small farmers could be improved. Agronomic results indicate that tilling the soil gives no advantage over the farmers present no-tillage methods. Pre-plant treatments with the herbicides glyphosate and paraquat have been shown to save labor in corn crops. There is little evidence that the new treatments raise corn yields. A survey of small farmers was conducted in the region in 1977 and 1978. A random sample of 21 farmers were selected for interviews. The information included a general description of each farm family and the complete farm operation and detailed descriptions of cultural practices in corn and beans crop, with special emphasis on weed control. Social and economic information was also obtained. Small farms in the sample are in various stages of development. The first step is usually to brush out the native timberland and fence off areas for a few cattle to graze. Then parcels are cleared for annual crops, especially corn, which is the most dependable cash crop. The farmer rotates parcels for annual crops, weedy fallow and pasture. He constantly attempts to build up his beef herd. Development of perennial plots is limited by the quantities demanded for home and local use. Nearly half the labor, and half the cash resources, expended in corn production are for weed control. The farmers typically cut the weeds with machete and leave the vegetation as mulch before planting, weed the crop with machete or with very light applications of 2,4-D, and cut the weeds once more with machete before doubling the ears and harvesting. Some temporary local shortages of labor occur in the peak periods, when harvesting for one season overlaps with soil preparation and planting for the next, although general underemployment prevails in the long slack periods. Weed conditions influence greatly the quantities of labor used for weed control. Rottboellia exaltata is the most noxious weed in corn cropping. The quantitative information from the survey was tabulated in partial budgets or detailed accounting sheets of variable costs and revenues, for corn parcels on each sample farm. Analysis of variance and regression models were used to test hypothetical relationships among the variables. These results were then compared with estimated capabilities and costs of the experimental weed control treatments for the corn crop on each sample farm. Reported wage rates and calculated returns to family labor were used to estimate the values of family labor. It was found that a minority of the small corn farmers - those who currently use relatively high quantities of cash resources - might be able to reduce costs with the new treatments, without losing revenue. Their increases in cash income would not always exceed the losses in gainful employment suffered by the farmworkers. For the majority of small farmers in the region - those who raise corn with family labor as the main resource - the new treatments do not appear to offer any economic advantages. The treatments are expensive, they offer little promise for raising yields, and their labor-saving effects do not fall squarely in the peak labor periods. It is suggested, therefore, that recommendation of the new treatments should be subject to the farmers' financial conditions and to their actual objectives in growing corn. The use of soil samples and research in the control of pasture weeds are also suggested for further research by the IPPC. Finally, it is suggested that assistance in the development of extra-local banana markets for small farmers might be of great value. Title: The agronomic, economic and social effects of the availability of new weed control treatments to small corn farmers in the North Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica Author: McCarty, Thomas Vere The North Atlantic zone of Costa Rica is an alluvial plain, whose fairly good soils and warm, extremely wet climate generate serious weed problems in cultivated crops and pastureland. Basic foods - corn, beans, rice and yuca - are important small farm crops. New land is still being opened for small farming, encouraged by a government-sponsored homesteading program. Research was initiated in 1976 by the International Plant Protection Center, in cooperation with CATIE, to determine whether the weed control practices currently used by small farmers could be improved. Agronomic results indicate that tilling the soil gives no advantage over the farmers present no-tillage methods. Pre-plant treatments with the herbicides glyphosate and paraquat have been shown to save labor in corn crops. There is little evidence that the new treatments raise corn yields. A survey of small farmers was conducted in the region in 1977 and 1978. A random sample of 21 farmers were selected for interviews. The information included a general description of each farm family and the complete farm operation and detailed descriptions of cultural practices in corn and beans crop, with special emphasis on weed control. Social and economic information was also obtained. Small farms in the sample are in various stages of development. The first step is usually to brush out the native timberland and fence off areas for a few cattle to graze. Then parcels are cleared for annual crops, especially corn, which is the most dependable cash crop. The farmer rotates parcels for annual crops, weedy fallow and pasture. He constantly attempts to build up his beef herd. Development of perennial plots is limited by the quantities demanded for home and local use. Nearly half the labor, and half the cash resources, expended in corn production are for weed control. The farmers typically cut the weeds with machete and leave the vegetation as mulch before planting, weed the crop with machete or with very light applications of 2,4-D, and cut the weeds once more with machete before doubling the ears and harvesting. Some temporary local shortages of labor occur in the peak periods, when harvesting for one season overlaps with soil preparation and planting for the next, although general underemployment prevails in the long slack periods. Weed conditions influence greatly the quantities of labor used for weed control. Rottboellia exaltata is the most noxious weed in corn cropping. The quantitative information from the survey was tabulated in partial budgets or detailed accounting sheets of variable costs and revenues, for corn parcels on each sample farm. Analysis of variance and regression models were used to test hypothetical relationships among the variables. These results were then compared with estimated capabilities and costs of the experimental weed control treatments for the corn crop on each sample farm. Reported wage rates and calculated returns to family labor were used to estimate the values of family labor. It was found that a minority of the small corn farmers - those who currently use relatively high quantities of cash resources - might be able to reduce costs with the new treatments, without losing revenue. Their increases in cash income would not always exceed the losses in gainful employment suffered by the farmworkers. For the majority of small farmers in the region - those who raise corn with family labor as the main resource - the new treatments do not appear to offer any economic advantages. The treatments are expensive, they offer little promise for raising yields, and their labor-saving effects do not fall squarely in the peak labor periods. It is suggested, therefore, that recommendation of the new treatments should be subject to the farmers' financial conditions and to their actual objectives in growing corn. The use of soil samples and research in the control of pasture weeds are also suggested for further research by the IPPC. Finally, it is suggested that assistance in the development of extra-local banana markets for small farmers might be of great value. Close

• 28. [Article] Effect of seed protein content on plant growth of barley and wheat

  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed protein content on plant growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ). The effects of nitrogen application on chemical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of seed protein content on plant growth of barley and wheat Author: Lopez, Arturo The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed protein content on plant growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ). The effects of nitrogen application on chemical and morphological characteristics of the seed were also studied. Seeds of 'Casbon' winter barley and 'Nugaines' winter wheat with different protein content were obtained by field applications of various amounts of nitrogen at seeding time (fall) and tillering time (spring). The increase in protein content from high nitrogen rates was accompanied by a decrease in seed size and yield. The protein increase occurred primarily in the endosperm. Neither protein content nor size of the embryo was affected by rates of nitrogen application. The effect of seed protein content on plant growth was evaluated in terms of inhibition and respiration, speed of germination and subsequent seedling growth, root and shoot elongation at 15, 20 and 25C, and dry matter production when grown in low and high nitrogen soils in the green house. A positive relationship was found between seed protein content and plant performance. The rates of water absorption and oxygen consumption of germinating barley and wheat seed increased as a result of high protein content. High protein seed had a faster speed of germination and developed into larger seedlings with a higher dry matter content when grown in nitrogen-deficient soil. In nitrogen-enriched soil, seed protein content had little effect on seedling growth. The beneficial effects of seed protein content are more clearly expressed under stress conditions and are more evident when plant growth depends on the nutrients available from the seed. During initiation of germination, temperature influences the expression of the protein effect. After the seedling has formed and is capable of photosynthesis, the nitrogen availability in the soil influences the effect of seed protein content on plant growth. The relationship between seed protein content and plant growth can be an important factor in crop production because the increase in protein can be controlled by field application of nitrogen. However, since the high rates of nitrogen necessary to produce high seed protein levels are not consistent with the optimum nitrogen rates for yield, growers would probably be reluctant to apply such high rates unless some type of incentive were given them to do so. For seed production, it could still be important to strive for high protein levels in spite of some loss in yield if improved performance from high protein seeds proves to be of economic value. The results of this study indicate that producing and planting seeds rich in protein may be an effective method of achieving faster stand establishment of cereal crops. Additional research will determine the effects of high protein on yield. Title: Effect of seed protein content on plant growth of barley and wheat Author: Lopez, Arturo The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed protein content on plant growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ). The effects of nitrogen application on chemical and morphological characteristics of the seed were also studied. Seeds of 'Casbon' winter barley and 'Nugaines' winter wheat with different protein content were obtained by field applications of various amounts of nitrogen at seeding time (fall) and tillering time (spring). The increase in protein content from high nitrogen rates was accompanied by a decrease in seed size and yield. The protein increase occurred primarily in the endosperm. Neither protein content nor size of the embryo was affected by rates of nitrogen application. The effect of seed protein content on plant growth was evaluated in terms of inhibition and respiration, speed of germination and subsequent seedling growth, root and shoot elongation at 15, 20 and 25C, and dry matter production when grown in low and high nitrogen soils in the green house. A positive relationship was found between seed protein content and plant performance. The rates of water absorption and oxygen consumption of germinating barley and wheat seed increased as a result of high protein content. High protein seed had a faster speed of germination and developed into larger seedlings with a higher dry matter content when grown in nitrogen-deficient soil. In nitrogen-enriched soil, seed protein content had little effect on seedling growth. The beneficial effects of seed protein content are more clearly expressed under stress conditions and are more evident when plant growth depends on the nutrients available from the seed. During initiation of germination, temperature influences the expression of the protein effect. After the seedling has formed and is capable of photosynthesis, the nitrogen availability in the soil influences the effect of seed protein content on plant growth. The relationship between seed protein content and plant growth can be an important factor in crop production because the increase in protein can be controlled by field application of nitrogen. However, since the high rates of nitrogen necessary to produce high seed protein levels are not consistent with the optimum nitrogen rates for yield, growers would probably be reluctant to apply such high rates unless some type of incentive were given them to do so. For seed production, it could still be important to strive for high protein levels in spite of some loss in yield if improved performance from high protein seeds proves to be of economic value. The results of this study indicate that producing and planting seeds rich in protein may be an effective method of achieving faster stand establishment of cereal crops. Additional research will determine the effects of high protein on yield. Close

• 29. [Article] Biodiesel in Oregon: an agricultural perspective

  Biodiesel is a renewable, non-toxic, and biodegradable diesel fuel made from agricultural feedstocks. With a vibrant agricultural industry, Oregon is positioned to play an important role in the future ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biodiesel in Oregon: an agricultural perspective Author: Lahmann, Emily Loren Biodiesel is a renewable, non-toxic, and biodegradable diesel fuel made from agricultural feedstocks. With a vibrant agricultural industry, Oregon is positioned to play an important role in the future of this energy source. Limiting factors to widespread biodiesel production include low value of biodiesel feedstock crops, lack of infrastructure, lagging consumer demand, and high production costs. These factors are slowing the growth of the biodiesel industry in Oregon. This project identified opportunities and limitations for a partnership between agriculture and biodiesel in the Willamette Valley and the state of Oregon more broadly. In-depth interviews and a survey of farmer attitudes toward, familiarity with, and experience with biodiesel were conducted. Findings from this survey indicate that a majority of farmers are aware of the role agriculture can play in the future of biodiesel, agree that they have an opportunity to help reduce our nation’s dependence on foreign oil, believe that biodiesel will be an important national market for Oregon agricultural products in the next ten years, and are interested in the ability of biodiesel to provide a profitable crop. The opportunities are obvious; farmers are positively predisposed to biodiesel and wait for openings to become full participants in Oregon’s biodiesel future. Title: Biodiesel in Oregon: an agricultural perspective Author: Lahmann, Emily Loren Biodiesel is a renewable, non-toxic, and biodegradable diesel fuel made from agricultural feedstocks. With a vibrant agricultural industry, Oregon is positioned to play an important role in the future of this energy source. Limiting factors to widespread biodiesel production include low value of biodiesel feedstock crops, lack of infrastructure, lagging consumer demand, and high production costs. These factors are slowing the growth of the biodiesel industry in Oregon. This project identified opportunities and limitations for a partnership between agriculture and biodiesel in the Willamette Valley and the state of Oregon more broadly. In-depth interviews and a survey of farmer attitudes toward, familiarity with, and experience with biodiesel were conducted. Findings from this survey indicate that a majority of farmers are aware of the role agriculture can play in the future of biodiesel, agree that they have an opportunity to help reduce our nation’s dependence on foreign oil, believe that biodiesel will be an important national market for Oregon agricultural products in the next ten years, and are interested in the ability of biodiesel to provide a profitable crop. The opportunities are obvious; farmers are positively predisposed to biodiesel and wait for openings to become full participants in Oregon’s biodiesel future. Close

• 30. [Article] Quantifying the fertilizer value of algal meal : an evaluation of an integrated dairy-anaerobic digester-algae production facility

  Algae have shown great potential as a source for renewable fuels. However, current production schemes have not been able to prove a sustainable energy return on investment due in part to the high costs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantifying the fertilizer value of algal meal : an evaluation of an integrated dairy-anaerobic digester-algae production facility Author: Andrews, Shannon B. Algae have shown great potential as a source for renewable fuels. However, current production schemes have not been able to prove a sustainable energy return on investment due in part to the high costs of nutrient addition and the energy required for drying the biomass. Integrated algae-dairy production systems have been posited as a potential solution for algal production barriers as well as a way to capture environmentally problematic nutrients excreted by animals in concentrated animal feeding operations. As the organic food industry grows, so will the need for organic nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Algal meal, the high protein co-product of algal biodiesel production, could help meet this need. This work has two objectives: 1) to quantify the fertilizer value of algal meal relative to an organic N fertilizer, feather meal, and a conventional standard, urea; 2) to show that utilizing the fertilizer value of algal meal at $800 Mg⁻¹ will allow an integrated dairy-anaerobic digester-algae production facility to be an economically viable manure management system. A laboratory incubation was carried out to characterize carbon (C) and N mineralization of two different algal meal products. The N mineralization rate, C respiration rate, and impact on pH and soluble salts were the same for feather meal and one of the algal meals. A field trial was conducted to assess the overall crop productivity of corn grown with algal meal fertilizer, feather meal, and urea. There was no significant difference in corn ear yield or ear N uptake among any of the algal meal treatment rates (101 kg N ha⁻¹, 146 kg N ha⁻¹, 190 kg N ha⁻¹) and the high rate of feather meal or urea (190 kg N ha⁻¹) application. These results indicate that algal meal is an effective N fertilizer that should be valued relative to feather meal on a price per unit of nutrient basis. Considering environmental benefits and current policy incentives, assigning a fertilizer value of algal meal of $800 Mg⁻¹ for a 7-3-1 product adds enough income to make an integrated dairy-anaerobic digester-algae system an economically viable, sustainable farm-energy production system. Title: Quantifying the fertilizer value of algal meal : an evaluation of an integrated dairy-anaerobic digester-algae production facility Author: Andrews, Shannon B. Algae have shown great potential as a source for renewable fuels. However, current production schemes have not been able to prove a sustainable energy return on investment due in part to the high costs of nutrient addition and the energy required for drying the biomass. Integrated algae-dairy production systems have been posited as a potential solution for algal production barriers as well as a way to capture environmentally problematic nutrients excreted by animals in concentrated animal feeding operations. As the organic food industry grows, so will the need for organic nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Algal meal, the high protein co-product of algal biodiesel production, could help meet this need. This work has two objectives: 1) to quantify the fertilizer value of algal meal relative to an organic N fertilizer, feather meal, and a conventional standard, urea; 2) to show that utilizing the fertilizer value of algal meal at $800 Mg⁻¹ will allow an integrated dairy-anaerobic digester-algae production facility to be an economically viable manure management system. A laboratory incubation was carried out to characterize carbon (C) and N mineralization of two different algal meal products. The N mineralization rate, C respiration rate, and impact on pH and soluble salts were the same for feather meal and one of the algal meals. A field trial was conducted to assess the overall crop productivity of corn grown with algal meal fertilizer, feather meal, and urea. There was no significant difference in corn ear yield or ear N uptake among any of the algal meal treatment rates (101 kg N ha⁻¹, 146 kg N ha⁻¹, 190 kg N ha⁻¹) and the high rate of feather meal or urea (190 kg N ha⁻¹) application. These results indicate that algal meal is an effective N fertilizer that should be valued relative to feather meal on a price per unit of nutrient basis. Considering environmental benefits and current policy incentives, assigning a fertilizer value of algal meal of $800 Mg⁻¹ for a 7-3-1 product adds enough income to make an integrated dairy-anaerobic digester-algae system an economically viable, sustainable farm-energy production system. Close

• 31. [Article] Broadening the horizons of inland fish-farming in the African economy

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Broadening the horizons of inland fish-farming in the African economy Author: Tazoacha, Francis Research Paper Title: Broadening the horizons of inland fish-farming in the African economy Author: Tazoacha, Francis Research Paper Close

• 32. [Article] The influence of air and soil temperatures on the growth and development of Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum, during different growth phases

  Greenhouse-grown, September-harvested Lilium longiflorum cv. 'Nellie white' bulbs were used to determine temperature requirements during 5 pre-bloom and 1 post-bloom phases of development each of 1 month's ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of air and soil temperatures on the growth and development of Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum, during different growth phases Author: Wang, Yin-Tung Greenhouse-grown, September-harvested Lilium longiflorum cv. 'Nellie white' bulbs were used to determine temperature requirements during 5 pre-bloom and 1 post-bloom phases of development each of 1 month's duration. Plantes were subjected to 3 air temperatures(24°day/ 18°C night, 18°/13° and 13°/10°) in combination with soil temperatures at 30°, 24°, and equal to or lower than ambient air temperature during each growth phase and evaluated by growth analysis at the termination of each phase. This study has substantiated that top growth needs high air temperature and daughter scale initiation and filling require high soil temperature. An air and soil temperature of 24°C was required for rapid flowering, leaf unfolding and stem elongation but at the expense of reserves in mother scales. Air temperature approaching 18°/13° during the month prior to anthesis favored maintenance of mother scales. Growth of daughter scales during the pre-bloom period was directly related to soil temperature rather than air temperature with 30° soil temperature being no better than 24°. Soil temperature had no effect on flower bud expansion after buds-visible stage, air temperature being the determining factor thereafter. Growth of the flower bud, leaf unfolding rate or stem elongation were of equal value in monitoring crop growth rate and status. Soil temperatures approaching 24°C. favored scale primordia initiation, regardless of air temperature. Daughter meristem diameter, as well as the rate of scale primordia initiation decreased progressively from daughter bulb appearance toward anthesis of the mother axis. High soil temperatures also reduced daughter bulb apex diameter during early growth phases. Since prevailing air and soil temperatures in the commercial lily growing sites are below those required for maximum growth and development of above- and below-ground organs during the pre-bloom period, it is concluded that air temperatures alone are adequate in monitoring field crop status and predicting ultimate yield potential during this period. Title: The influence of air and soil temperatures on the growth and development of Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum, during different growth phases Author: Wang, Yin-Tung Greenhouse-grown, September-harvested Lilium longiflorum cv. 'Nellie white' bulbs were used to determine temperature requirements during 5 pre-bloom and 1 post-bloom phases of development each of 1 month's duration. Plantes were subjected to 3 air temperatures(24°day/ 18°C night, 18°/13° and 13°/10°) in combination with soil temperatures at 30°, 24°, and equal to or lower than ambient air temperature during each growth phase and evaluated by growth analysis at the termination of each phase. This study has substantiated that top growth needs high air temperature and daughter scale initiation and filling require high soil temperature. An air and soil temperature of 24°C was required for rapid flowering, leaf unfolding and stem elongation but at the expense of reserves in mother scales. Air temperature approaching 18°/13° during the month prior to anthesis favored maintenance of mother scales. Growth of daughter scales during the pre-bloom period was directly related to soil temperature rather than air temperature with 30° soil temperature being no better than 24°. Soil temperature had no effect on flower bud expansion after buds-visible stage, air temperature being the determining factor thereafter. Growth of the flower bud, leaf unfolding rate or stem elongation were of equal value in monitoring crop growth rate and status. Soil temperatures approaching 24°C. favored scale primordia initiation, regardless of air temperature. Daughter meristem diameter, as well as the rate of scale primordia initiation decreased progressively from daughter bulb appearance toward anthesis of the mother axis. High soil temperatures also reduced daughter bulb apex diameter during early growth phases. Since prevailing air and soil temperatures in the commercial lily growing sites are below those required for maximum growth and development of above- and below-ground organs during the pre-bloom period, it is concluded that air temperatures alone are adequate in monitoring field crop status and predicting ultimate yield potential during this period. Close

• 33. [Article] Effect of cereal companion crops on the establishment of red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) for seed production

  Some perennial grass seed crops such as red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) do not produce a profitable seed crop during the first growing season. The present establishment method in Oregon for red fescue seed crops ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of cereal companion crops on the establishment of red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) for seed production Author: Chastain, Thomas G. Some perennial grass seed crops such as red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) do not produce a profitable seed crop during the first growing season. The present establishment method in Oregon for red fescue seed crops generally entails spring planting which does not satisfy vernalization requirements for seed production in the year of planting. This establishment procedure relies on the amortization of establishment costs over the seed producing life of the stand. In Europe, perennial grass seed crops are often established with annual companion crops such as winter rape, flax, peas and cereals. Companion crops provide income in the year of establishment, thereby increasing the profitability of the seed production venture over the life of the stand. However, the companion crop competes with the grass seed crop for light, soil moisture and nutrients which often causes unsatisfactory establishment. The primary objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of establishing red fescue with cereal companion crops in Oregon's Willamette Valley. The second objective was to examine the influence of cereal companion crops, cultivars and row spacings on the growth and environment of red fescue. This was investigated to identify companion cropping methods that would be the least competitive with the establishing seed crop. The third objective was to evaluate the effect of companion cropping on subsequent red fescue seed production and income relationships over a two-year period. Two experiments were initiated in October 1982 and October 1983 at the Oregon State University Hyslop Crop Science Field Laboratory. 'Pennlawn' red fescue was established with two winter wheat cultivars, 'Hill 81' and 'Yamhill1, and two winter barley cultivars, 'Hesk' and 'Scio', as companion crops. Cereal companion crops were drilled in 15-, 30-, 45-, and 60-cm row spacings, perpendicular to red fescue rows. Red fescue was also established without a companion crop as a control. Companion crop tiller height, tillers m⁻² and leaf area tiller⁻¹ were measured to determine their influence on red fescue growth and development during establishment. The effect of cereal companion crops on red fescue environment was investigated by measuring photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) incident on red fescue plants and by determining soil moisture levels. Red fescue tiller height, leaf area, dry matter production, and tillers m⁻² were examined to evaluate the effect of companion crops on red fescue growth. Companion crop grain yields were obtained to calculate additional revenues from establishment with companion crops. First-year red fescue seed yield and yield components were measured to determine the seed production capability of red fescue established with cereal companion crops. Finally, a partial budgeting technique was employed to evaluate the economic feasibility of companion cropping in Oregon. Cereal companion crops markedly reduced PPFD incident on red fescue plants. This greatly decreased red fescue tiller m⁻², dry matter m⁻², individual tiller weight, and increased the height of tillers. Leaf area tiller⁻¹ was generally unaffected by companion crops. Increasing companion crop row spacing resulted in more red fescue tillers m⁻², dry matter m⁻² and reduced etiolation of tillers because of higher PPFD availability. Soil moisture content was not decreased by establishment with cereal companion crops. Although companion crops adversely affected red fescue growth during the establishment year, first-year seed yield was not significantly reduced. Red fescue seed yields ranged from 490 kg ha⁻¹ when planted with Hill 81 wheat to 654 kg ha⁻¹ with Scio barley. The seed yield of red fescue planted without a companion crop was 589 kg ha⁻¹. Establishment with Yamhill wheat in 15-cm rows increased net income over a two-year period by $416 ha⁻¹ over monocultural red fescue. Establishment with Hesk barley proved to be the least successful in terms of income. Establishment with companion crops was shown to be most profitable when cereal market prices were high and red fescue prices low. The results of this research clearly indicate the potential for increased profits by establishment of red fescue seed crops with cereal companion crops. Title: Effect of cereal companion crops on the establishment of red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) for seed production Author: Chastain, Thomas G. Some perennial grass seed crops such as red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) do not produce a profitable seed crop during the first growing season. The present establishment method in Oregon for red fescue seed crops generally entails spring planting which does not satisfy vernalization requirements for seed production in the year of planting. This establishment procedure relies on the amortization of establishment costs over the seed producing life of the stand. In Europe, perennial grass seed crops are often established with annual companion crops such as winter rape, flax, peas and cereals. Companion crops provide income in the year of establishment, thereby increasing the profitability of the seed production venture over the life of the stand. However, the companion crop competes with the grass seed crop for light, soil moisture and nutrients which often causes unsatisfactory establishment. The primary objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of establishing red fescue with cereal companion crops in Oregon's Willamette Valley. The second objective was to examine the influence of cereal companion crops, cultivars and row spacings on the growth and environment of red fescue. This was investigated to identify companion cropping methods that would be the least competitive with the establishing seed crop. The third objective was to evaluate the effect of companion cropping on subsequent red fescue seed production and income relationships over a two-year period. Two experiments were initiated in October 1982 and October 1983 at the Oregon State University Hyslop Crop Science Field Laboratory. 'Pennlawn' red fescue was established with two winter wheat cultivars, 'Hill 81' and 'Yamhill1, and two winter barley cultivars, 'Hesk' and 'Scio', as companion crops. Cereal companion crops were drilled in 15-, 30-, 45-, and 60-cm row spacings, perpendicular to red fescue rows. Red fescue was also established without a companion crop as a control. Companion crop tiller height, tillers m⁻² and leaf area tiller⁻¹ were measured to determine their influence on red fescue growth and development during establishment. The effect of cereal companion crops on red fescue environment was investigated by measuring photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) incident on red fescue plants and by determining soil moisture levels. Red fescue tiller height, leaf area, dry matter production, and tillers m⁻² were examined to evaluate the effect of companion crops on red fescue growth. Companion crop grain yields were obtained to calculate additional revenues from establishment with companion crops. First-year red fescue seed yield and yield components were measured to determine the seed production capability of red fescue established with cereal companion crops. Finally, a partial budgeting technique was employed to evaluate the economic feasibility of companion cropping in Oregon. Cereal companion crops markedly reduced PPFD incident on red fescue plants. This greatly decreased red fescue tiller m⁻², dry matter m⁻², individual tiller weight, and increased the height of tillers. Leaf area tiller⁻¹ was generally unaffected by companion crops. Increasing companion crop row spacing resulted in more red fescue tillers m⁻², dry matter m⁻² and reduced etiolation of tillers because of higher PPFD availability. Soil moisture content was not decreased by establishment with cereal companion crops. Although companion crops adversely affected red fescue growth during the establishment year, first-year seed yield was not significantly reduced. Red fescue seed yields ranged from 490 kg ha⁻¹ when planted with Hill 81 wheat to 654 kg ha⁻¹ with Scio barley. The seed yield of red fescue planted without a companion crop was 589 kg ha⁻¹. Establishment with Yamhill wheat in 15-cm rows increased net income over a two-year period by $416 ha⁻¹ over monocultural red fescue. Establishment with Hesk barley proved to be the least successful in terms of income. Establishment with companion crops was shown to be most profitable when cereal market prices were high and red fescue prices low. The results of this research clearly indicate the potential for increased profits by establishment of red fescue seed crops with cereal companion crops. Close

• 34. [Article] Biological considerations for a new approach to regulating genetically modified crops in the United States

  The debate over GM crops is one of the most controversial issues of recent decades. The debate has many dimensions, including environmental impacts, benefits and risks to human health, intellectual property ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological considerations for a new approach to regulating genetically modified crops in the United States Author: McDonough, Ashley The debate over GM crops is one of the most controversial issues of recent decades. The debate has many dimensions, including environmental impacts, benefits and risks to human health, intellectual property rights, adequacy of biosafety regulations, and fundamental ethical acceptability. The potential benefits of GM crops are numerous, including improved nutritional value, decreased production costs, resistance to pests, and reduced pesticide use. However, there are also substantial and complex health, environmental, and social risks, including effects on gene flow and biodiversity, creation of new toxins or allergens in food, consolidation of seed companies, and restricted access to genetic information and methods. Current US regulations are imposed only on crops produced through recombinant DNA methods, though all of these risks apply to crops modified through conventional biotechnologies as well. I argue that this current regulatory system impedes progress by presenting large obstacles to even low risk GM crops with medical and economic benefits. I suggest that a better approach would be a tiered system that takes into account the specific biological properties of the modified traits, the biology of the crops in which they are produced, and the environments in which they are grown. Title: Biological considerations for a new approach to regulating genetically modified crops in the United States Author: McDonough, Ashley The debate over GM crops is one of the most controversial issues of recent decades. The debate has many dimensions, including environmental impacts, benefits and risks to human health, intellectual property rights, adequacy of biosafety regulations, and fundamental ethical acceptability. The potential benefits of GM crops are numerous, including improved nutritional value, decreased production costs, resistance to pests, and reduced pesticide use. However, there are also substantial and complex health, environmental, and social risks, including effects on gene flow and biodiversity, creation of new toxins or allergens in food, consolidation of seed companies, and restricted access to genetic information and methods. Current US regulations are imposed only on crops produced through recombinant DNA methods, though all of these risks apply to crops modified through conventional biotechnologies as well. I argue that this current regulatory system impedes progress by presenting large obstacles to even low risk GM crops with medical and economic benefits. I suggest that a better approach would be a tiered system that takes into account the specific biological properties of the modified traits, the biology of the crops in which they are produced, and the environments in which they are grown. Close

• 35. [Article] The effect of soil acidity and lime placement on root growth and yield of winter wheat and alfalfa

  The application of lime to an acid Nekia soil significantly increased the yield of winter wheat and alfalfa in a field experiment. Crop yields maximized when the lime was partially mixed into the surface four ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of soil acidity and lime placement on root growth and yield of winter wheat and alfalfa Author: Kauffman, Marvin Dean The application of lime to an acid Nekia soil significantly increased the yield of winter wheat and alfalfa in a field experiment. Crop yields maximized when the lime was partially mixed into the surface four inches of the soil. Thorough mixing of the lime into the surface six inches of soil did not increase crop yields over partial mixing of lime, and on some plots the yields were reduced by the more thorough mixing treatment. The reduction in yield on the thoroughly mixed plots occurred with the lower rates of lime application. Deterioration of soil structure due to rototilling was also a factor in the reduction of yield in the plots where the lime was thoroughly mixed. The yields of wheat decreased over a three-year period following the application of one ton of lime per acre. It was felt that part of this decrease in yield was caused by a more thorough mixing of the lime into the soil with annual seedbed preparation on the partially mixed plots, and by a decrease of Ca and increase of Al in the soil solution as the quantity of free lime in the soil decreased. The importance of the soil solution pH and Al and Ca concentrations in the soil solution is also demonstrated by the fact that the R 2 values for the relationship between the soil test pH and wheat yields, were highest for the 1 N KC1 pH values the first two years, and highest for the water pH value the third year. Third-year wheat yields were also decreased by an infestation of the root fungus, Ophiobolus Graninus, with the adverse effect on the yield decreasing as the lime rates increased. High levels of soil acidity adversely affected the survival of the alfalfa seedlings and the rhizobia which inoculate the alfalfa. The concentration of nitrogen in the plants and the quantity of nitrogen harvested in the plants, increased as the rate of lime applied increased. The wheat and alfalfa roots which grew in the unlimed soil exhibited Al-toxicity symptoms. The Al-toxic roots were thicker than the healthy roots, and there was very little lateral root development on the Al-affected roots. The application of the intermediate and high rates of lime to the acid Nekia soil eliminated the Al-toxicity symptoms and promoted the growth of fine fibrous root systems. The distribution of the alfalfa roots in the samples taken from the field experiment, corresponded with the distribution of the lime in the soil. The field experimental data showed that the yields of wheat and alfalfa were closely correlated to the weight of the root samples. Growth chamber experiments using winter wheat as an indicator crop and acid Nekia and Dayton soils were also conducted. Maximum yields of dry matter were harvested when 30 per cent of the total soil volume was limed, and the dry matter yield decreased as the low rate of lime was mixed into larger volumes of soil. The wheat roots grew in the limed portion of soil, whereas root growth was restricted in the unlimed soil. Plant analysis data showed that the concentrations of plant nutrients were similar for all lime treatments. Plant water potential data indicated that water stress induced by Al-toxicity of wheat roots contributed to the lower yields of wheat grown in soil receiving zero and one ton of lime per acre. Title: The effect of soil acidity and lime placement on root growth and yield of winter wheat and alfalfa Author: Kauffman, Marvin Dean The application of lime to an acid Nekia soil significantly increased the yield of winter wheat and alfalfa in a field experiment. Crop yields maximized when the lime was partially mixed into the surface four inches of the soil. Thorough mixing of the lime into the surface six inches of soil did not increase crop yields over partial mixing of lime, and on some plots the yields were reduced by the more thorough mixing treatment. The reduction in yield on the thoroughly mixed plots occurred with the lower rates of lime application. Deterioration of soil structure due to rototilling was also a factor in the reduction of yield in the plots where the lime was thoroughly mixed. The yields of wheat decreased over a three-year period following the application of one ton of lime per acre. It was felt that part of this decrease in yield was caused by a more thorough mixing of the lime into the soil with annual seedbed preparation on the partially mixed plots, and by a decrease of Ca and increase of Al in the soil solution as the quantity of free lime in the soil decreased. The importance of the soil solution pH and Al and Ca concentrations in the soil solution is also demonstrated by the fact that the R 2 values for the relationship between the soil test pH and wheat yields, were highest for the 1 N KC1 pH values the first two years, and highest for the water pH value the third year. Third-year wheat yields were also decreased by an infestation of the root fungus, Ophiobolus Graninus, with the adverse effect on the yield decreasing as the lime rates increased. High levels of soil acidity adversely affected the survival of the alfalfa seedlings and the rhizobia which inoculate the alfalfa. The concentration of nitrogen in the plants and the quantity of nitrogen harvested in the plants, increased as the rate of lime applied increased. The wheat and alfalfa roots which grew in the unlimed soil exhibited Al-toxicity symptoms. The Al-toxic roots were thicker than the healthy roots, and there was very little lateral root development on the Al-affected roots. The application of the intermediate and high rates of lime to the acid Nekia soil eliminated the Al-toxicity symptoms and promoted the growth of fine fibrous root systems. The distribution of the alfalfa roots in the samples taken from the field experiment, corresponded with the distribution of the lime in the soil. The field experimental data showed that the yields of wheat and alfalfa were closely correlated to the weight of the root samples. Growth chamber experiments using winter wheat as an indicator crop and acid Nekia and Dayton soils were also conducted. Maximum yields of dry matter were harvested when 30 per cent of the total soil volume was limed, and the dry matter yield decreased as the low rate of lime was mixed into larger volumes of soil. The wheat roots grew in the limed portion of soil, whereas root growth was restricted in the unlimed soil. Plant analysis data showed that the concentrations of plant nutrients were similar for all lime treatments. Plant water potential data indicated that water stress induced by Al-toxicity of wheat roots contributed to the lower yields of wheat grown in soil receiving zero and one ton of lime per acre. Close

• 36. [Article] Chilling as a factor in crop location with particular reference to deciduous orchards in California

  Several empirical formulas that may be used to estimate available chilling are presented in this study. Many climatic parameters were considered in the derivation of these formulas. One equation employing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chilling as a factor in crop location with particular reference to deciduous orchards in California Author: Aron, Robert Henry Several empirical formulas that may be used to estimate available chilling are presented in this study. Many climatic parameters were considered in the derivation of these formulas. One equation employing only maximum and minimum temperatures had a coefficients of correlation (R) and R² values of .978 and .957, respectively. This equation was used in estimating the availability of chilling at 273 stations throughout California. Using these estimates and considering such factors as altitude and marine influences, the availability of chilling throughout California was mapped. Factors that influence the effectiveness of the chilling received such as low and high temperatures, high light intensity, shade, fog, cloud cover, topography and wind were analyzed. Which temperatures are most effective in satisfying the plant's chilling requirement, the amount required by different varieties, the effects and consequences of inadequate chilling, and treatments which may ameliorate the effects of inadequate chilling were considered. Hormonal and physical and anatomical plant response changes occurring during rest were discussed. Title: Chilling as a factor in crop location with particular reference to deciduous orchards in California Author: Aron, Robert Henry Several empirical formulas that may be used to estimate available chilling are presented in this study. Many climatic parameters were considered in the derivation of these formulas. One equation employing only maximum and minimum temperatures had a coefficients of correlation (R) and R² values of .978 and .957, respectively. This equation was used in estimating the availability of chilling at 273 stations throughout California. Using these estimates and considering such factors as altitude and marine influences, the availability of chilling throughout California was mapped. Factors that influence the effectiveness of the chilling received such as low and high temperatures, high light intensity, shade, fog, cloud cover, topography and wind were analyzed. Which temperatures are most effective in satisfying the plant's chilling requirement, the amount required by different varieties, the effects and consequences of inadequate chilling, and treatments which may ameliorate the effects of inadequate chilling were considered. Hormonal and physical and anatomical plant response changes occurring during rest were discussed. Close

• 37. [Article] Foliar interception and uptake of ³⁶Cl by crops

  Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine interception, absorption, and translocation values for foliar applied ³⁶Cl. Foliar interception and uptake of contaminated irrigation water by crops is a ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Foliar interception and uptake of ³⁶Cl by crops Author: Bytwerk, David Paul Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine interception, absorption, and translocation values for foliar applied ³⁶Cl. Foliar interception and uptake of contaminated irrigation water by crops is a major pathway for the transport of radionuclides to human beings in scenarios relevant to the waste disposal community. Performance assessments of many repositories that predict doses to people from long- term geological disposal of radioactive waste are equipped to consider foliar interception and uptake by crops on an element and crop specific basis in their predictions, but crop and element specific data does not exist in the literature to justify the choice of parameter values in these models. ³⁶Cl is among the isotopes for which there is a lack of data and has recently been predicted to be among the largest contributors to dose at the time of peak dose from many repositories. Reported here are ³⁶Cl foliar interception, absorption, and translocation parameters for three crops: a root vegetable -radishes, a fruit - beans, and a grain - wheat. Title: Foliar interception and uptake of ³⁶Cl by crops Author: Bytwerk, David Paul Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine interception, absorption, and translocation values for foliar applied ³⁶Cl. Foliar interception and uptake of contaminated irrigation water by crops is a major pathway for the transport of radionuclides to human beings in scenarios relevant to the waste disposal community. Performance assessments of many repositories that predict doses to people from long- term geological disposal of radioactive waste are equipped to consider foliar interception and uptake by crops on an element and crop specific basis in their predictions, but crop and element specific data does not exist in the literature to justify the choice of parameter values in these models. ³⁶Cl is among the isotopes for which there is a lack of data and has recently been predicted to be among the largest contributors to dose at the time of peak dose from many repositories. Reported here are ³⁶Cl foliar interception, absorption, and translocation parameters for three crops: a root vegetable -radishes, a fruit - beans, and a grain - wheat. Close

• 38. [Article] Improving nitrogen management with cover crops in organic broccoli production

  Legume cover crops can serve as important sources of nitrogen (N) in sustainable agriculture and can be economically beneficial when fertilizer inputs are reduced without a yield reduction. Synchronizing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Improving nitrogen management with cover crops in organic broccoli production Author: Garrett, Amy (Amy Michelle) Legume cover crops can serve as important sources of nitrogen (N) in sustainable agriculture and can be economically beneficial when fertilizer inputs are reduced without a yield reduction. Synchronizing N mineralization from organic materials with the needs of the subsequent crop is a challenge for organic growers. Predicting plant available nitrogen from cover crop residue enables N fertilizer inputs to be adjusted for optimum economic yield and reduced environmental risk. An experiment was conducted near Corvallis, OR in 2006 through 2008 to evaluate cover crop and N effects in organic broccoli production in western Oregon. The specific objectives of this experiment were to: 1) evaluate biomass production and N accumulation from selected cover crop treatments; 2) compare the effects of selected cover crops grown as sole crops and as mixtures on broccoli yield, yield components, and net economic benefit; 3) estimate the quantity of feather meal N replaced by cover crops 4) estimate plant available nitrogen from cover crop residue in an organic broccoli production system; 5) evaluate soil NO₃₋N and petiole NO₃₋N as predictors of broccoli yield; and 6) evaluate models derived from laboratory incubation of cover crop residue to predict apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) from cover crop residue in the field. The cover crop treatments included common vetch (Vicia sativa), phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia), 'Monida' oats (Avena sativa L.), phacelia plus common vetch, and 'Monida' oats plus common vetch. A fallow treatment was used as the control. Prior to incorporation, cover crop samples were collected from each block and frozen for later use in laboratory aerobic incubations. After the cover crops were flail-mowed and incorporated, four N rates (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha⁻¹) were randomized within each cover crop treatment in a split plot design. All cover crop treatments produced much less biomass and accumulated less N in 2008 than in 2007. Planting vetch with oats or phacelia increased biomass production and N accumulation compared to sole crops in 2007 but not in 2008. Common vetch as a sole crop or in a mixture increased broccoli yield with 0 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ applied compared to fallow. Legume cover crop mixtures with 100 kg N ha⁻¹ produced similar net economic returns for organic compared to fallow treatments with 300 kg N ha⁻¹. Nitrogen fertilizer input can be reduced by at least 100 kg N ha⁻¹ if common vetch is in the mixture and produces more than 5000 kg ha⁻¹ of biomass (130-180 kg N ha⁻¹). Vetch as a sole crop produced higher levels of soil NO₃₋N than the fallow treatments up to 80 days after soil incorporation in 2007. Oats and phacelia as sole crops, however, reduced soil NO₃₋N compared to fallow for up to 68 days after incorporation. Vetch mixtures with oats or phacelia produced intermediate levels of soil NO₃₋N between vetch as a sole crop and the fallow. Treatment effects were similar in 2008, but differences were less due to reduced cover crop biomass compared to 2007. Broccoli petiole nitrate levels were not affected by cover crop treatment in 2007, and there was no correlation with yield. In 2008, the oat cover crop treatment reduced broccoli petiole nitrate levels compared to the fallow. Petiole nitrate levels were strongly correlated with broccoli yield, with highest yields associated with petiole NO₃₋ N greater than 10,000 ppm. In the aerobic incubations with cover crop mixtures, a quadratic model described the relationship of percent N in the mixture to the apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) at both 4 and 10 weeks. The highest ANR (about 40 percent) was similar for both extraction days. Net mineralization occurred when the percent N of the cover crop mixture was 1.5-1.8 percent. There was a strong correlation in 2007 between the ANR predicted by the incubation-derived model and the ANR in the soil and in the aboveground broccoli biomass. The model over predicted the ANR in the field soil, however the model more accurately predicted ANR in the broccoli biomass. The incubation model correctly predicted negative ANR values for the oat and phacelia cover-crop treatments. In 2008, the laboratory-predicted ANR and the field soil ANR were correlated (r²=.45), and the laboratory model over predicted the field ANR. The incubation model gave a poor prediction of broccoli biomass ANR. Title: Improving nitrogen management with cover crops in organic broccoli production Author: Garrett, Amy (Amy Michelle) Legume cover crops can serve as important sources of nitrogen (N) in sustainable agriculture and can be economically beneficial when fertilizer inputs are reduced without a yield reduction. Synchronizing N mineralization from organic materials with the needs of the subsequent crop is a challenge for organic growers. Predicting plant available nitrogen from cover crop residue enables N fertilizer inputs to be adjusted for optimum economic yield and reduced environmental risk. An experiment was conducted near Corvallis, OR in 2006 through 2008 to evaluate cover crop and N effects in organic broccoli production in western Oregon. The specific objectives of this experiment were to: 1) evaluate biomass production and N accumulation from selected cover crop treatments; 2) compare the effects of selected cover crops grown as sole crops and as mixtures on broccoli yield, yield components, and net economic benefit; 3) estimate the quantity of feather meal N replaced by cover crops 4) estimate plant available nitrogen from cover crop residue in an organic broccoli production system; 5) evaluate soil NO₃₋N and petiole NO₃₋N as predictors of broccoli yield; and 6) evaluate models derived from laboratory incubation of cover crop residue to predict apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) from cover crop residue in the field. The cover crop treatments included common vetch (Vicia sativa), phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia), 'Monida' oats (Avena sativa L.), phacelia plus common vetch, and 'Monida' oats plus common vetch. A fallow treatment was used as the control. Prior to incorporation, cover crop samples were collected from each block and frozen for later use in laboratory aerobic incubations. After the cover crops were flail-mowed and incorporated, four N rates (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha⁻¹) were randomized within each cover crop treatment in a split plot design. All cover crop treatments produced much less biomass and accumulated less N in 2008 than in 2007. Planting vetch with oats or phacelia increased biomass production and N accumulation compared to sole crops in 2007 but not in 2008. Common vetch as a sole crop or in a mixture increased broccoli yield with 0 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ applied compared to fallow. Legume cover crop mixtures with 100 kg N ha⁻¹ produced similar net economic returns for organic compared to fallow treatments with 300 kg N ha⁻¹. Nitrogen fertilizer input can be reduced by at least 100 kg N ha⁻¹ if common vetch is in the mixture and produces more than 5000 kg ha⁻¹ of biomass (130-180 kg N ha⁻¹). Vetch as a sole crop produced higher levels of soil NO₃₋N than the fallow treatments up to 80 days after soil incorporation in 2007. Oats and phacelia as sole crops, however, reduced soil NO₃₋N compared to fallow for up to 68 days after incorporation. Vetch mixtures with oats or phacelia produced intermediate levels of soil NO₃₋N between vetch as a sole crop and the fallow. Treatment effects were similar in 2008, but differences were less due to reduced cover crop biomass compared to 2007. Broccoli petiole nitrate levels were not affected by cover crop treatment in 2007, and there was no correlation with yield. In 2008, the oat cover crop treatment reduced broccoli petiole nitrate levels compared to the fallow. Petiole nitrate levels were strongly correlated with broccoli yield, with highest yields associated with petiole NO₃₋ N greater than 10,000 ppm. In the aerobic incubations with cover crop mixtures, a quadratic model described the relationship of percent N in the mixture to the apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) at both 4 and 10 weeks. The highest ANR (about 40 percent) was similar for both extraction days. Net mineralization occurred when the percent N of the cover crop mixture was 1.5-1.8 percent. There was a strong correlation in 2007 between the ANR predicted by the incubation-derived model and the ANR in the soil and in the aboveground broccoli biomass. The model over predicted the ANR in the field soil, however the model more accurately predicted ANR in the broccoli biomass. The incubation model correctly predicted negative ANR values for the oat and phacelia cover-crop treatments. In 2008, the laboratory-predicted ANR and the field soil ANR were correlated (r²=.45), and the laboratory model over predicted the field ANR. The incubation model gave a poor prediction of broccoli biomass ANR. Close

• 39. [Article] A production function analysis of water resource productivity in Pacific Northwest agriculture

  The competition or rivalry for the use of water resources among economic sectors of the Pacific Northwest and among geographical regions of the western United States has intensified in recent years. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A production function analysis of water resource productivity in Pacific Northwest agriculture Author: Holloway, Milton L. The competition or rivalry for the use of water resources among economic sectors of the Pacific Northwest and among geographical regions of the western United States has intensified in recent years. This rivalry and the long run prospects for water shortages have increased the demand for research concerning the productivity of this resource in alternative uses. This demand exists because the distribution and use of water resources require investment which typically comes from both public and private sources. Private and public planning groups seek answers to questions regarding future water resource development alternatives. Agriculture has historically been a major user of water in the Pacific Northwest. A substantial portion of total investment in water resource development has also been, in agriculture. As a result water use planners and decision making bodies are necessarily interested in water use in agriculture. The success of water resource planning requires answers to questions regarding the value of the productivity of water in all its major uses, including various aspects of water use in agriculture. Different aspects of water use in agriculture which are important to decision makers include (1) the value productivity of various kinds or types of water resource investments, (2) the value productivity of water in various kinds of agricultural production in different geographical areas, and (3) the returns to private and public investment in agricultural water resources. This study was directed to providing answers to these questions. Pacific Northwest agriculture was studied from this viewpoint. Agricultural water resources were classified as irrigation, drainage, and water related Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP) practices. These are the major classifications of water resources in which investments are made in the Pacific Northwest. Production function analysis was selected as a method of investigation. Production functions were estimated for five areas or subregions in the Pacific Northwest. These areas are composed of counties with similar patterns of production. The Agricultural Census was the primary data surce, supplemented by related U.S. Department of Agriculture publications, and various state publications, Ordinary least-squares regression (OLS) techniques were employed to derive the initial estimates of the parameters of the production function models. Tests for detecting interdependence within the independent variable set of the models revealed a considerable degree of instability in the OLS parameter estimates. This condition makes the OLS solutions (and various derivations) particularly vulnerable to change from measurement error, poor model specification, and equation form. A prior information model was selected to explicitly include available prior knowledge in the estimation process. The model selected allows (1) tests of comparability of the two information sources (prior and sample), (2) over-all contribution of prior information to the new solution set, and (3) derivation of percentage contribution of the two information sources to individual parameter estimates. The results of the study indicate that no reliable estimates of value of production from drainage and ACP were possible from the sample information. Returns to irrigation were considered lower than expected in two of the farming areas and higher than expected in another. Estimated returns were high in the area which produces primarily field crops (about nine dollars per acre foot). The area has a small level of current irrigation development. Indications are that irrigation development is probably beyond the optimum level in the area where most large, projects have been developed in the past (less than four dollars per acre foot). Future development would be most profitable (assuming equal development cost) in the dryland field crop area. Estimated returns to other factor inputs indicate (1) low returns to labor in two areas, (2) generally high returns to current operating expenditures, and (3) low returns to machinery capital. Returns to cropland were about as expected in two areas (five to seven percent) but low in two other areas (about two percent). Indications are that labor mobility should be increased in the area and that future land development should be in the livestock-field crop and the field crop areas rather than the coastal area or the west-central valley areas (primarily the Willamette Valley). Title: A production function analysis of water resource productivity in Pacific Northwest agriculture Author: Holloway, Milton L. The competition or rivalry for the use of water resources among economic sectors of the Pacific Northwest and among geographical regions of the western United States has intensified in recent years. This rivalry and the long run prospects for water shortages have increased the demand for research concerning the productivity of this resource in alternative uses. This demand exists because the distribution and use of water resources require investment which typically comes from both public and private sources. Private and public planning groups seek answers to questions regarding future water resource development alternatives. Agriculture has historically been a major user of water in the Pacific Northwest. A substantial portion of total investment in water resource development has also been, in agriculture. As a result water use planners and decision making bodies are necessarily interested in water use in agriculture. The success of water resource planning requires answers to questions regarding the value of the productivity of water in all its major uses, including various aspects of water use in agriculture. Different aspects of water use in agriculture which are important to decision makers include (1) the value productivity of various kinds or types of water resource investments, (2) the value productivity of water in various kinds of agricultural production in different geographical areas, and (3) the returns to private and public investment in agricultural water resources. This study was directed to providing answers to these questions. Pacific Northwest agriculture was studied from this viewpoint. Agricultural water resources were classified as irrigation, drainage, and water related Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP) practices. These are the major classifications of water resources in which investments are made in the Pacific Northwest. Production function analysis was selected as a method of investigation. Production functions were estimated for five areas or subregions in the Pacific Northwest. These areas are composed of counties with similar patterns of production. The Agricultural Census was the primary data surce, supplemented by related U.S. Department of Agriculture publications, and various state publications, Ordinary least-squares regression (OLS) techniques were employed to derive the initial estimates of the parameters of the production function models. Tests for detecting interdependence within the independent variable set of the models revealed a considerable degree of instability in the OLS parameter estimates. This condition makes the OLS solutions (and various derivations) particularly vulnerable to change from measurement error, poor model specification, and equation form. A prior information model was selected to explicitly include available prior knowledge in the estimation process. The model selected allows (1) tests of comparability of the two information sources (prior and sample), (2) over-all contribution of prior information to the new solution set, and (3) derivation of percentage contribution of the two information sources to individual parameter estimates. The results of the study indicate that no reliable estimates of value of production from drainage and ACP were possible from the sample information. Returns to irrigation were considered lower than expected in two of the farming areas and higher than expected in another. Estimated returns were high in the area which produces primarily field crops (about nine dollars per acre foot). The area has a small level of current irrigation development. Indications are that irrigation development is probably beyond the optimum level in the area where most large, projects have been developed in the past (less than four dollars per acre foot). Future development would be most profitable (assuming equal development cost) in the dryland field crop area. Estimated returns to other factor inputs indicate (1) low returns to labor in two areas, (2) generally high returns to current operating expenditures, and (3) low returns to machinery capital. Returns to cropland were about as expected in two areas (five to seven percent) but low in two other areas (about two percent). Indications are that labor mobility should be increased in the area and that future land development should be in the livestock-field crop and the field crop areas rather than the coastal area or the west-central valley areas (primarily the Willamette Valley). Close

• 40. [Article] A production function analysis of water resource productivity in Pacific Northwest agriculture

  The competition or rivalry for the use of water resources among economic sectors of the Pacific Northwest and among geographical regions of the western United States has intensified in recent years. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A production function analysis of water resource productivity in Pacific Northwest agriculture Author: Holloway, Milton L. The competition or rivalry for the use of water resources among economic sectors of the Pacific Northwest and among geographical regions of the western United States has intensified in recent years. This rivalry and the long run prospects for water shortages have increased the demand for research concerning the productivity of this resource in alternative uses. This demand exists because the distribution and use of water resources require investment which typically comes from both public and private sources. Private and public planning groups seek answers to questions regarding future water resource development alternatives. Agriculture has historically been a major user of water in the Pacific Northwest. A substantial portion of total investment in water resource development has also been in agriculture. As a result water use planners and decision making bodies are necessarily interested in water use in agriculture. The success of water resource planning requires answers to questions regarding the value of the productivity of water in all its major uses, including various aspects of water use in agriculture. Different aspects of water use in agriculture which are important to decision makers include (1) the value productivity of various kinds or types of water resource investments, (2) the value productivity of water in various kinds of agricultural production in different geographical areas, and (3) the returns to private and public investment in agricultural water resources. This study was directed to providing answers to these questions. Pacific Northwest agriculture was studied from this viewpoint. Agricultural water resources were classified as irrigation, drainage, and water related Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP) practices. These are the major classifications of water resources in which investments are made in the Pacific Northwest. Production function analysis was selected as a method of investigation. Production functions were estimated for five areas or subregions in the Pacific Northwest. These areas are composed of counties with similar patterns of production. The Agricultural Census was the primary data source, supplemented by related. U. S. Department of Agriculture publications, and various state publications. Ordinary least-squares regression (OLS) techniques were employed to derive the initial estimates of the parameters of the production function models. Tests for detecting interdependence within the independent variable set of the models revealed a considerable degree of instability in the OLS parameter estimates. This condition makes the OLS solutions (and various derivations) particularly vulnerable to change from measurement error, poor model specification, and equation form. A prior information model was selected to explicitly include available prior knowledge in the estimation process. The model selected allows (1) tests of comparability of the two information sources (prior and sample), (2) over-all contribution of prior information to the new solution set, and (3) derivation of percentage contribution of the two information sources to individual parameter estimates. The results of the study indicate that no reliable estimates of value of production from drainage and ACP were possible from the sample information. Returns to irrigation were considered lower than expected in two of the farming areas and higher than expected in another. Estimated returns were high in the area which produces primarily field crops (about nine dollars per acre foot). The area has a small level of current irrigation development. Indications are that irrigation development is probably beyond the optimum level in the area where most large projects have been developed in the past (less than four dollars per acre foot). Future development would be most profitable (assuming equal development cost) in the dryland field crop area. Estimated returns to other factor inputs indicate (1) low returns to labor in two areas, (2) generally high returns to current operating expenditures, and (3) low returns to machinery capital. Returns to cropland were about as expected in two areas (five to seven percent) but low in two other areas (about two percent). Indications are that labor mobility should be increased in the area and that future land development should be in the livestock-field crop and the field crop areas rather than the coastal area or the west-central valley areas (primarily the Willamette Valley). Title: A production function analysis of water resource productivity in Pacific Northwest agriculture Author: Holloway, Milton L. The competition or rivalry for the use of water resources among economic sectors of the Pacific Northwest and among geographical regions of the western United States has intensified in recent years. This rivalry and the long run prospects for water shortages have increased the demand for research concerning the productivity of this resource in alternative uses. This demand exists because the distribution and use of water resources require investment which typically comes from both public and private sources. Private and public planning groups seek answers to questions regarding future water resource development alternatives. Agriculture has historically been a major user of water in the Pacific Northwest. A substantial portion of total investment in water resource development has also been in agriculture. As a result water use planners and decision making bodies are necessarily interested in water use in agriculture. The success of water resource planning requires answers to questions regarding the value of the productivity of water in all its major uses, including various aspects of water use in agriculture. Different aspects of water use in agriculture which are important to decision makers include (1) the value productivity of various kinds or types of water resource investments, (2) the value productivity of water in various kinds of agricultural production in different geographical areas, and (3) the returns to private and public investment in agricultural water resources. This study was directed to providing answers to these questions. Pacific Northwest agriculture was studied from this viewpoint. Agricultural water resources were classified as irrigation, drainage, and water related Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP) practices. These are the major classifications of water resources in which investments are made in the Pacific Northwest. Production function analysis was selected as a method of investigation. Production functions were estimated for five areas or subregions in the Pacific Northwest. These areas are composed of counties with similar patterns of production. The Agricultural Census was the primary data source, supplemented by related. U. S. Department of Agriculture publications, and various state publications. Ordinary least-squares regression (OLS) techniques were employed to derive the initial estimates of the parameters of the production function models. Tests for detecting interdependence within the independent variable set of the models revealed a considerable degree of instability in the OLS parameter estimates. This condition makes the OLS solutions (and various derivations) particularly vulnerable to change from measurement error, poor model specification, and equation form. A prior information model was selected to explicitly include available prior knowledge in the estimation process. The model selected allows (1) tests of comparability of the two information sources (prior and sample), (2) over-all contribution of prior information to the new solution set, and (3) derivation of percentage contribution of the two information sources to individual parameter estimates. The results of the study indicate that no reliable estimates of value of production from drainage and ACP were possible from the sample information. Returns to irrigation were considered lower than expected in two of the farming areas and higher than expected in another. Estimated returns were high in the area which produces primarily field crops (about nine dollars per acre foot). The area has a small level of current irrigation development. Indications are that irrigation development is probably beyond the optimum level in the area where most large projects have been developed in the past (less than four dollars per acre foot). Future development would be most profitable (assuming equal development cost) in the dryland field crop area. Estimated returns to other factor inputs indicate (1) low returns to labor in two areas, (2) generally high returns to current operating expenditures, and (3) low returns to machinery capital. Returns to cropland were about as expected in two areas (five to seven percent) but low in two other areas (about two percent). Indications are that labor mobility should be increased in the area and that future land development should be in the livestock-field crop and the field crop areas rather than the coastal area or the west-central valley areas (primarily the Willamette Valley). Close

• 41. [Article] Influence of different nitrogen and moisture levels on the expression of grain yield and protein content in selected wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) and barley (Hordeum vulagre, L. em Lam.) cultivars

  This investigation was conducted to provide information regarding 1) the relationship between the nitrogen percentage in the vegetative tissue of wheat and barley at various growth stages with grain protein and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of different nitrogen and moisture levels on the expression of grain yield and protein content in selected wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) and barley (Hordeum vulagre, L. em Lam.) cultivars Author: Gomez-Pando, Luz This investigation was conducted to provide information regarding 1) the relationship between the nitrogen percentage in the vegetative tissue of wheat and barley at various growth stages with grain protein and 2) to evaluate the possible association between grain yield and grain protein as influenced by different cultivars, nitrogen levels and available moisture. Five wheat and four barley cultivars were selected based on their diverse genetic backgrounds and potential differences for the 12 attributes measured. These experimental materials were grown at low and high rainfall sites and under two different nitrogen levels. In wheat a decrease in the percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves was found as the plants developed. The highest values were observed at the boot stage. In contrast, the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves of barley was observed at anthesis. Wheat cultivars which had the greatest genetic potential for grain protein usually had the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves at the boot stage and the lowest percentage in the vegetative tissue at harvest. This was especially true under high rainfall conditions. A similar relationship was found for the barley cultivars. At both experimental sites higher grain yields were accompanied by negative associations with grain protein for wheat. However, for barley no association was found between these two traits at either site or fertility level. Higher grain protein values were found for both wheat and barley at the high rainfall site. Title: Influence of different nitrogen and moisture levels on the expression of grain yield and protein content in selected wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) and barley (Hordeum vulagre, L. em Lam.) cultivars Author: Gomez-Pando, Luz This investigation was conducted to provide information regarding 1) the relationship between the nitrogen percentage in the vegetative tissue of wheat and barley at various growth stages with grain protein and 2) to evaluate the possible association between grain yield and grain protein as influenced by different cultivars, nitrogen levels and available moisture. Five wheat and four barley cultivars were selected based on their diverse genetic backgrounds and potential differences for the 12 attributes measured. These experimental materials were grown at low and high rainfall sites and under two different nitrogen levels. In wheat a decrease in the percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves was found as the plants developed. The highest values were observed at the boot stage. In contrast, the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves of barley was observed at anthesis. Wheat cultivars which had the greatest genetic potential for grain protein usually had the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves at the boot stage and the lowest percentage in the vegetative tissue at harvest. This was especially true under high rainfall conditions. A similar relationship was found for the barley cultivars. At both experimental sites higher grain yields were accompanied by negative associations with grain protein for wheat. However, for barley no association was found between these two traits at either site or fertility level. Higher grain protein values were found for both wheat and barley at the high rainfall site. Close

• 42. [Article] Developing Winter Food Barley for the Pacific Northwest of the US

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://dl.sciencesoci...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Developing Winter Food Barley for the Pacific Northwest of the US Author: Kongraksawech, Teepakorn, Meints, Brigid, Cuesta-Marcos, Alfonso, Hayes, Patrick M., Marshall, Juliet M., Fisk, Scott, Ross, Andrew S., Murphy, Kevin This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/cs Title: Developing Winter Food Barley for the Pacific Northwest of the US Author: Kongraksawech, Teepakorn, Meints, Brigid, Cuesta-Marcos, Alfonso, Hayes, Patrick M., Marshall, Juliet M., Fisk, Scott, Ross, Andrew S., Murphy, Kevin This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/cs Close

• 43. [Article] Yield and quality of cereals for winter silage production

  A field study was conducted in 1978 and 1979 at two locations near Corvallis, Oregon, to determine the silage yield and quality of 13 fallsown cereal varieties at two nitrogen fertilizer levels in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yield and quality of cereals for winter silage production Author: Ben Ali, Mohamed Noureddine A field study was conducted in 1978 and 1979 at two locations near Corvallis, Oregon, to determine the silage yield and quality of 13 fallsown cereal varieties at two nitrogen fertilizer levels in the context of a corn-winter cemal double cropping production system. Data on the yield, crude protein (CP) content, acid and neutral detergent fiber (ADF and NDF) contents were collected on Adair, Casbon and FB 73130 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties, Amity, Cayuse and Grey winter oats (Avena Sativa L.), Abruzi and Kung rye (Secale cereale L.), S-72, Sel N-91 and VT 75-229 Triticale (Triticum X Secale) and Stephens and Yamhill wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) varieties. The statistical analysis of the data gave the following results. Dry matter yields ranged on the average from a high of 8327 kg/ha to a low of 4631 ka/ha. Abruzi rye generally yielded the most dry matter. It was followed by Sel N-91 and VT 75-229 Triticales, Kung rye, S-72 Triticale and the wheat varieties. The barley and oats varieties were generally the lowest producers. Crude protein content was within the range of 6,5 to 10.1 percent of the dry matter. It was on the average highest for FB 73130 barley followed by Casbon barley, Stephens wheat, Adair barley, Yamhill wheat and the Triticale varieties. Acid detergent fiber ranged from 30.8 to 46.4 percent of dry matter. The oats varieties had the lowest ADF values, followed by Stephens and Yamhill wheats, FB 73130 and Adair barleys and VT 75-229 Triticale. The average neutral detergent fiber content for the 13 cereal varieties varied from a low of 50.3 to a high of 69.4 percent of D.M. The oats varieties were generally lowest followed by Stephens and Yamhill wheats, FB 73130 barley, VT 75-229 Triticale, Adair barley and Sel N-91 and S-72 Triticales. Covariance analysis indicated that a strong linear relationship existed between the yield and the quality components of the cereal varieties. When CP, ADF and NDF contents were adjusted for the same yield, it was found that the nitrogen fertilizer effect was no longer significant for either ADF or NDF. Title: Yield and quality of cereals for winter silage production Author: Ben Ali, Mohamed Noureddine A field study was conducted in 1978 and 1979 at two locations near Corvallis, Oregon, to determine the silage yield and quality of 13 fallsown cereal varieties at two nitrogen fertilizer levels in the context of a corn-winter cemal double cropping production system. Data on the yield, crude protein (CP) content, acid and neutral detergent fiber (ADF and NDF) contents were collected on Adair, Casbon and FB 73130 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties, Amity, Cayuse and Grey winter oats (Avena Sativa L.), Abruzi and Kung rye (Secale cereale L.), S-72, Sel N-91 and VT 75-229 Triticale (Triticum X Secale) and Stephens and Yamhill wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) varieties. The statistical analysis of the data gave the following results. Dry matter yields ranged on the average from a high of 8327 kg/ha to a low of 4631 ka/ha. Abruzi rye generally yielded the most dry matter. It was followed by Sel N-91 and VT 75-229 Triticales, Kung rye, S-72 Triticale and the wheat varieties. The barley and oats varieties were generally the lowest producers. Crude protein content was within the range of 6,5 to 10.1 percent of the dry matter. It was on the average highest for FB 73130 barley followed by Casbon barley, Stephens wheat, Adair barley, Yamhill wheat and the Triticale varieties. Acid detergent fiber ranged from 30.8 to 46.4 percent of dry matter. The oats varieties had the lowest ADF values, followed by Stephens and Yamhill wheats, FB 73130 and Adair barleys and VT 75-229 Triticale. The average neutral detergent fiber content for the 13 cereal varieties varied from a low of 50.3 to a high of 69.4 percent of D.M. The oats varieties were generally lowest followed by Stephens and Yamhill wheats, FB 73130 barley, VT 75-229 Triticale, Adair barley and Sel N-91 and S-72 Triticales. Covariance analysis indicated that a strong linear relationship existed between the yield and the quality components of the cereal varieties. When CP, ADF and NDF contents were adjusted for the same yield, it was found that the nitrogen fertilizer effect was no longer significant for either ADF or NDF. Close

• 44. [Article] Estimating plant-available nitrogen release from cover crops

  Published November 2012. Reviewed October 2016. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating plant-available nitrogen release from cover crops Author: Andrews, N. (Nick), Oregon State University. Extension Service, Sullivan, Dan M. (Dan Matthew), 1954- Published November 2012. Reviewed October 2016. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Estimating plant-available nitrogen release from cover crops Author: Andrews, N. (Nick), Oregon State University. Extension Service, Sullivan, Dan M. (Dan Matthew), 1954- Published November 2012. Reviewed October 2016. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 45. [Article] Economic evaluation of different cropping patterns under irrigated agriculture : a multidisciplinary approach

  The purpose of this study is to determine the socioeconomic factors which influence the profitability and adoption of new cropping patterns, and to recommend suitable measures to enhance the crop diversification program ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic evaluation of different cropping patterns under irrigated agriculture : a multidisciplinary approach Author: Mahrouf, Abdul R. M. The purpose of this study is to determine the socioeconomic factors which influence the profitability and adoption of new cropping patterns, and to recommend suitable measures to enhance the crop diversification program in Mahaweli System B, Sri Lanka. The adoption of new cropping patterns is determined by a number of interrelated and mutually reinforcing factors. Hence, a multidisciplinary approach is used in this study to apprehend the different attributes of the new cropping patterns and farmers' decision making environment. The analytical methods include Marginal Cost-Benefit Analysis, Multivariate Analysis of Variance, Factor Analysis and Logit Probability Model. The results from the different techniques are generally in close agreement and complement each other. Results of the Marginal Cost- Benefit Analysis indicates that an increase in current crop yields and output prices may be necessary to increase the profitability of new cropping patterns to a recommendable level. Analysis of the farmers' beliefs suggests that adopters of the new cropping patterns have more positive beliefs towards the profitability and adoption of new cropping patterns when compared to nonadopters. Factor Analysis shows that there is a wide variation between the adopters and non-adopters, and also across the different locations with respect to farm-level variables. The analysis demonstrated that the information provided by 17 selected farm-level variables may be explained by four factors; namely, management factor, social factor, farm resource factor and farm stability factor. The variables highly loaded with the stability factor (number of years of residence, amount of loan obtained for farming, irrigation condition and percentage of rice produced allocated for consumption) are closely associated with the adoption rate. A logit probability model indicates that availability of farm loans significantly increases the probability of the adoption of new cropping patterns. The study results show that the crop yield, output prices, availability of farm loans and farmer beliefs, are the dominant factors which influence the adoption of new cropping patterns. Title: Economic evaluation of different cropping patterns under irrigated agriculture : a multidisciplinary approach Author: Mahrouf, Abdul R. M. The purpose of this study is to determine the socioeconomic factors which influence the profitability and adoption of new cropping patterns, and to recommend suitable measures to enhance the crop diversification program in Mahaweli System B, Sri Lanka. The adoption of new cropping patterns is determined by a number of interrelated and mutually reinforcing factors. Hence, a multidisciplinary approach is used in this study to apprehend the different attributes of the new cropping patterns and farmers' decision making environment. The analytical methods include Marginal Cost-Benefit Analysis, Multivariate Analysis of Variance, Factor Analysis and Logit Probability Model. The results from the different techniques are generally in close agreement and complement each other. Results of the Marginal Cost- Benefit Analysis indicates that an increase in current crop yields and output prices may be necessary to increase the profitability of new cropping patterns to a recommendable level. Analysis of the farmers' beliefs suggests that adopters of the new cropping patterns have more positive beliefs towards the profitability and adoption of new cropping patterns when compared to nonadopters. Factor Analysis shows that there is a wide variation between the adopters and non-adopters, and also across the different locations with respect to farm-level variables. The analysis demonstrated that the information provided by 17 selected farm-level variables may be explained by four factors; namely, management factor, social factor, farm resource factor and farm stability factor. The variables highly loaded with the stability factor (number of years of residence, amount of loan obtained for farming, irrigation condition and percentage of rice produced allocated for consumption) are closely associated with the adoption rate. A logit probability model indicates that availability of farm loans significantly increases the probability of the adoption of new cropping patterns. The study results show that the crop yield, output prices, availability of farm loans and farmer beliefs, are the dominant factors which influence the adoption of new cropping patterns. Close

• 46. [Article] Effect of several apple rootstocks on growth, yield components and leaf area estimates on "Starkspur Supreme Delicious" trees

  Growth, yield components and leaf area were evaluated on 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple on nine rootstocks: MAC 24, EMLA 7, EMLA 26, OAR 1, MAC 9, 0.3, EMLA 9, M 9, and EMLA 27. Estimates of planting ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of several apple rootstocks on growth, yield components and leaf area estimates on "Starkspur Supreme Delicious" trees Author: Siller-Cepeda, Jorge H. Growth, yield components and leaf area were evaluated on 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple on nine rootstocks: MAC 24, EMLA 7, EMLA 26, OAR 1, MAC 9, 0.3, EMLA 9, M 9, and EMLA 27. Estimates of planting density based on growth, estimates of leaf area based on four independent variables and the relationships among yield components, fruit quality, growth and leaf area were investigated during 1985. Tree height, tree spread and trunk cross sectional area were highest for trees on MAC 24 followed for EMLA 7 while trees on EMLA 26, OAR 1, MAC 9, 0.3, EMLA 9 and M 9 were less in these values in descending order, with the most dwarfing on EMLA 27. Estimates of planting densities indicated higher densities with tree canopy spread than TCSA based on standard trees of the age except on EMLA 27. The densities for trees on MAC 24 and EMLA 7 were estimated 426 and 496 trees/ha. respectively, while for the rootstocks with intermediate size ranged from 700 to 1000 trees/ha. The highest density was for EMLA 27 with 1824 trees/ha. Flower cluster, fruit number, yield and leaf area were highest in the least size controlling rootstocks MAC 24 and EMLA 7, and in general these were a function of tree size. MAC 9 had the highest flowering density, crop density and yield efficiency followed by 0.3, EMLA 26 and EMLA 9. Potential yields based on the estimated planting density were also highest for MAC 9. Fruit on OAR 1 had greatest soluble solids, firmest at harvest, but were the smallest. Fruit on EMLA 7 which had the lowest soluble solids were largest. A negative correlation between flowering density and fruit set among the rootstocks was found. Crop density influenced fruit size and weight. Fruit on EMLA 7, MAC 24 and EMLA 9 were the largest but these trees had the lowest crop density. There was a high correlation of fruit number with yield indicating this was the main component of yield. The leaf-fruit ratio was negatively correlated with flowering density, crop density and yield efficiency and the ratio was lowest on the more efficient rootstocks MAC 9, 0.3 and M 9 while those of MAC 24 and EMLA 7 were highest. No differences were seen among the regression lines of leaf area and 4 independent variables obtained from trees on various rootstocks and within rootstock. Fresh weight was the best estimate of leaf area but because of greater speed and simplicity, branch cross sectional area was chosen to predict leaf area. Total leaf area per tree decreased from the least size controlling rootstocks to the most dwarfing rootstocks. Tree leaf area index ranged from 1.69 in MAC 24 to 0.87 in 0.3, but it did not always increase proportionately to tree size. Orchard leaf area index from estimated planting densities showed low values in all rootstocks but a slight increase with the tree size. This indicated that trees at the estimated densities are not intercepting the maximum quantity of light. Title: Effect of several apple rootstocks on growth, yield components and leaf area estimates on "Starkspur Supreme Delicious" trees Author: Siller-Cepeda, Jorge H. Growth, yield components and leaf area were evaluated on 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple on nine rootstocks: MAC 24, EMLA 7, EMLA 26, OAR 1, MAC 9, 0.3, EMLA 9, M 9, and EMLA 27. Estimates of planting density based on growth, estimates of leaf area based on four independent variables and the relationships among yield components, fruit quality, growth and leaf area were investigated during 1985. Tree height, tree spread and trunk cross sectional area were highest for trees on MAC 24 followed for EMLA 7 while trees on EMLA 26, OAR 1, MAC 9, 0.3, EMLA 9 and M 9 were less in these values in descending order, with the most dwarfing on EMLA 27. Estimates of planting densities indicated higher densities with tree canopy spread than TCSA based on standard trees of the age except on EMLA 27. The densities for trees on MAC 24 and EMLA 7 were estimated 426 and 496 trees/ha. respectively, while for the rootstocks with intermediate size ranged from 700 to 1000 trees/ha. The highest density was for EMLA 27 with 1824 trees/ha. Flower cluster, fruit number, yield and leaf area were highest in the least size controlling rootstocks MAC 24 and EMLA 7, and in general these were a function of tree size. MAC 9 had the highest flowering density, crop density and yield efficiency followed by 0.3, EMLA 26 and EMLA 9. Potential yields based on the estimated planting density were also highest for MAC 9. Fruit on OAR 1 had greatest soluble solids, firmest at harvest, but were the smallest. Fruit on EMLA 7 which had the lowest soluble solids were largest. A negative correlation between flowering density and fruit set among the rootstocks was found. Crop density influenced fruit size and weight. Fruit on EMLA 7, MAC 24 and EMLA 9 were the largest but these trees had the lowest crop density. There was a high correlation of fruit number with yield indicating this was the main component of yield. The leaf-fruit ratio was negatively correlated with flowering density, crop density and yield efficiency and the ratio was lowest on the more efficient rootstocks MAC 9, 0.3 and M 9 while those of MAC 24 and EMLA 7 were highest. No differences were seen among the regression lines of leaf area and 4 independent variables obtained from trees on various rootstocks and within rootstock. Fresh weight was the best estimate of leaf area but because of greater speed and simplicity, branch cross sectional area was chosen to predict leaf area. Total leaf area per tree decreased from the least size controlling rootstocks to the most dwarfing rootstocks. Tree leaf area index ranged from 1.69 in MAC 24 to 0.87 in 0.3, but it did not always increase proportionately to tree size. Orchard leaf area index from estimated planting densities showed low values in all rootstocks but a slight increase with the tree size. This indicated that trees at the estimated densities are not intercepting the maximum quantity of light. Close

• 47. [Article] Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) to metribuzin and ethyl metribuzin

  Downy brome (Bromus tectorum. L.), a serious grass weed in eastern Oregon can be partially controlled in wheat by metribuzin [4-amino-6-tertbutyl- 3-(methylthio)-as triazin -5(4H)-one]. However, cultivars ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) to metribuzin and ethyl metribuzin Author: Munir, Muhammad Downy brome (Bromus tectorum. L.), a serious grass weed in eastern Oregon can be partially controlled in wheat by metribuzin [4-amino-6-tertbutyl- 3-(methylthio)-as triazin -5(4H)-one]. However, cultivars of many crops Lave been reported to differ in their level of tolerance to metribuzin. This lack of tolerance has led to the investigation of other compounds, such as the ethylthio analog of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyI-3-(ethylthio)-as-triazin- 5(4H)-on], for selective control of downy brome in wheat. Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments on wheat, growing in soil or nutrient solution showed that: 1) GR50 values for Stephens, Hill 81, Yanahill, and Malcolm in soil were 0.41, 0.23, 0.25, and 0.44 kg/ha, respectively, for metribuzin and 1.89, 1.29, 1.37, and 1.97 kg/ha, respectively, for ethyl metribuzin; 2) GR50 values for these cultivars in nutrient solution were 3.26, 1.17, 1.32, and 3.87 uM, respectively, for metribuzin and 12.69, 7.20, 7.19, and 13.41 uM, respectively, for ethyl metribuzin; 3) Uptake of both herbicides.; by wheat was through the roots; 4) Cultivars did not show any differences in herbicide absorption from the nutrient solution. Therefore, differences in varietal tolerance may be are due to biochemical or physiological reasons, but are not due to differences in herbicide uptake. Increased growth at lower concentrations of these herbicides was observed in all cultivars studied. Metribuzin was five times more active than ethyl metribuzin. Both of these herbicides can be applied as an early postemergence treatment at the 3 leaf stage of wheat for effective control of downy brome. Yield components of the four cultivars were measured in response to metribuzin and ethyl metribuzin at two ecologically different sites. The susceptible cultivars (Hill 81 and Yamhill) showed greater injury in the lighter soils with high pH and lower organic matter content. Visual estimates of crop injury were generally higher than the actual reduction in final yield. Crop injury ratings up to 25% generally did not show a significant reduction in final grain yield. A positive correlation between protein content and concentration of these herbicides was noted. A study on the joint action of these two herbicides in the field and greenhouse showed that the combination of the two, increased the control of downy brome at lower rates. Their combined action was studied by using Colby's method and isobole method of Tammes. The reaction was calculated as additive. Downy brome was 8, 5, 5, and 9 times more sensitive to metribuzin and 6, 4, 4, and 6, times more sensitive to ethyl metribuzin than were the cultivars Stephens, Hill 81, Yamhill, and Malcolm, respectively. The use of these two herbicides to control downy brome in the cultivars Hill 81 and Yamhill should be avoided unless careful attention is given to soil properties and environmental conditions. Title: Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) to metribuzin and ethyl metribuzin Author: Munir, Muhammad Downy brome (Bromus tectorum. L.), a serious grass weed in eastern Oregon can be partially controlled in wheat by metribuzin [4-amino-6-tertbutyl- 3-(methylthio)-as triazin -5(4H)-one]. However, cultivars of many crops Lave been reported to differ in their level of tolerance to metribuzin. This lack of tolerance has led to the investigation of other compounds, such as the ethylthio analog of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyI-3-(ethylthio)-as-triazin- 5(4H)-on], for selective control of downy brome in wheat. Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments on wheat, growing in soil or nutrient solution showed that: 1) GR50 values for Stephens, Hill 81, Yanahill, and Malcolm in soil were 0.41, 0.23, 0.25, and 0.44 kg/ha, respectively, for metribuzin and 1.89, 1.29, 1.37, and 1.97 kg/ha, respectively, for ethyl metribuzin; 2) GR50 values for these cultivars in nutrient solution were 3.26, 1.17, 1.32, and 3.87 uM, respectively, for metribuzin and 12.69, 7.20, 7.19, and 13.41 uM, respectively, for ethyl metribuzin; 3) Uptake of both herbicides.; by wheat was through the roots; 4) Cultivars did not show any differences in herbicide absorption from the nutrient solution. Therefore, differences in varietal tolerance may be are due to biochemical or physiological reasons, but are not due to differences in herbicide uptake. Increased growth at lower concentrations of these herbicides was observed in all cultivars studied. Metribuzin was five times more active than ethyl metribuzin. Both of these herbicides can be applied as an early postemergence treatment at the 3 leaf stage of wheat for effective control of downy brome. Yield components of the four cultivars were measured in response to metribuzin and ethyl metribuzin at two ecologically different sites. The susceptible cultivars (Hill 81 and Yamhill) showed greater injury in the lighter soils with high pH and lower organic matter content. Visual estimates of crop injury were generally higher than the actual reduction in final yield. Crop injury ratings up to 25% generally did not show a significant reduction in final grain yield. A positive correlation between protein content and concentration of these herbicides was noted. A study on the joint action of these two herbicides in the field and greenhouse showed that the combination of the two, increased the control of downy brome at lower rates. Their combined action was studied by using Colby's method and isobole method of Tammes. The reaction was calculated as additive. Downy brome was 8, 5, 5, and 9 times more sensitive to metribuzin and 6, 4, 4, and 6, times more sensitive to ethyl metribuzin than were the cultivars Stephens, Hill 81, Yamhill, and Malcolm, respectively. The use of these two herbicides to control downy brome in the cultivars Hill 81 and Yamhill should be avoided unless careful attention is given to soil properties and environmental conditions. Close

• 48. [Article] Performance of Leucaena, sorghum or cowpea and resource sharing in an agrisilviculture system in semi-arid India

  In an agrisilviculture system, trees and crops compete for above and below ground resources. This study aimed at quantifying the effect of shoot pruning and root barriers around pollarded trees on the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance of Leucaena, sorghum or cowpea and resource sharing in an agrisilviculture system in semi-arid India Author: Osman, Mohammed, 1960- In an agrisilviculture system, trees and crops compete for above and below ground resources. This study aimed at quantifying the effect of shoot pruning and root barriers around pollarded trees on the production of crop and tree components with and without application of fertilizer to the crop. Sorghum (1991 & 1992) and cowpea (1993 & 1994) were grown as intercrops with Lezicaena trees on a shallow red soil (alfisol) under rain fed conditions at Hyderabad, India. Crops grown with pruned trees had higher leaf area index and dry matter than did those with unpruned trees. The grain yield of sorghum was 76% and 39% of the pure crop yield (1553 kg ha⁻¹) with pruned and unpruned trees with no root barriers. The corresponding values for cowpea were 49% and 26% of the pure crop yield (1075 kg ha⁻¹). Intercropped sorghum and cowpea responded to fertilizer application more strongly than their respective pure crops, suggesting a need for fertilizer application in an agrisilvi-system. impact of root bamers was not significant on either crop. The study suggested that competition for light was stronger than for soil water. Straw and grain yield of sorghum, and dry matter yield of cowpea were found to be roughly proportional to the amount of light intercepted by the crop at harvest. Pruning of trees twice during the cropping season reduced tree diameter growth and branch and foliage yield compared to no pruning. Unpruned trees yielded 5643 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of branches and foliage compared to 2028 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ by pruned trees. Pruning eliminated litter fall and nutrient input to the soil nutrient pool because pruned material was utilized as fodder. Unpruned trees contributed 103 kg of nitrogen and 6.4 kg of phosphorus per hectare annually to the soil nutrient pool through litter fall. During the cropping season, soil water content was higher near the surface in tree plots compared to pure crop plots. Tree transpiration declined only after more than half of the leaf area was removed. Pruning of roots to a depth of 60 cm caused no decline in transpiration suggesting trees can draw water equally well from deeper or shallow soil layers. The study highlighted the competitive interaction between trees and crops. The agrisilvi-system produced about 50% more biomass with unpruned trees than with pure crop or pure tree. Based on cash value (fodder yield equivalent) it would require 1.55 times as much land if trees and crops were grown separately compared to agrisilvi-system with unpruned trees. Soil nitrogen economy and stability of fodder and fuelwood production can be achieved with pollarded-unpruned leucaena trees in an agrisilvi-system but grain crop yields are severely depressed. Thus, there was little advantage of the agrisilvi-system over pure cropping for meeting the present and increasing demand of food production. For this agrisilvi-system to be adopted by subsistence farmers in India further refinements must be developed so that crop yields are maintained. Title: Performance of Leucaena, sorghum or cowpea and resource sharing in an agrisilviculture system in semi-arid India Author: Osman, Mohammed, 1960- In an agrisilviculture system, trees and crops compete for above and below ground resources. This study aimed at quantifying the effect of shoot pruning and root barriers around pollarded trees on the production of crop and tree components with and without application of fertilizer to the crop. Sorghum (1991 & 1992) and cowpea (1993 & 1994) were grown as intercrops with Lezicaena trees on a shallow red soil (alfisol) under rain fed conditions at Hyderabad, India. Crops grown with pruned trees had higher leaf area index and dry matter than did those with unpruned trees. The grain yield of sorghum was 76% and 39% of the pure crop yield (1553 kg ha⁻¹) with pruned and unpruned trees with no root barriers. The corresponding values for cowpea were 49% and 26% of the pure crop yield (1075 kg ha⁻¹). Intercropped sorghum and cowpea responded to fertilizer application more strongly than their respective pure crops, suggesting a need for fertilizer application in an agrisilvi-system. impact of root bamers was not significant on either crop. The study suggested that competition for light was stronger than for soil water. Straw and grain yield of sorghum, and dry matter yield of cowpea were found to be roughly proportional to the amount of light intercepted by the crop at harvest. Pruning of trees twice during the cropping season reduced tree diameter growth and branch and foliage yield compared to no pruning. Unpruned trees yielded 5643 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of branches and foliage compared to 2028 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ by pruned trees. Pruning eliminated litter fall and nutrient input to the soil nutrient pool because pruned material was utilized as fodder. Unpruned trees contributed 103 kg of nitrogen and 6.4 kg of phosphorus per hectare annually to the soil nutrient pool through litter fall. During the cropping season, soil water content was higher near the surface in tree plots compared to pure crop plots. Tree transpiration declined only after more than half of the leaf area was removed. Pruning of roots to a depth of 60 cm caused no decline in transpiration suggesting trees can draw water equally well from deeper or shallow soil layers. The study highlighted the competitive interaction between trees and crops. The agrisilvi-system produced about 50% more biomass with unpruned trees than with pure crop or pure tree. Based on cash value (fodder yield equivalent) it would require 1.55 times as much land if trees and crops were grown separately compared to agrisilvi-system with unpruned trees. Soil nitrogen economy and stability of fodder and fuelwood production can be achieved with pollarded-unpruned leucaena trees in an agrisilvi-system but grain crop yields are severely depressed. Thus, there was little advantage of the agrisilvi-system over pure cropping for meeting the present and increasing demand of food production. For this agrisilvi-system to be adopted by subsistence farmers in India further refinements must be developed so that crop yields are maintained. Close

• 49. [Article] Observations on the purchase, inspection, and preparation of vegetables for group feeding at certain army air bases

  Since vegetables are of such importance in the nutrition of human beings, it is natural that they should play a large part in Army feeding. They are high in food value. The different kinds vary widely ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Observations on the purchase, inspection, and preparation of vegetables for group feeding at certain army air bases Author: McIntyre, Ethel Mae Since vegetables are of such importance in the nutrition of human beings, it is natural that they should play a large part in Army feeding. They are high in food value. The different kinds vary widely in their energy values; some-- like potatoes--are high in carbohydrates, others--like lettuce and cucumbers-- are low. Fresh or canned they are high in minerals and vitamins, low in protein and fat, and are valuable for bulk and palatability. When purchasing fresh produce it was necessary to know something of quality, appearance, and texture. Quality is made up of many characteristics-- some external, internal, chemical, and physical. Appearance is concerned with shape, color, freedom from blemishes and dirt. Texture contrasts hard or soft, smooth or granular, stringy and fibrous or free from fiber, crisp or flabby, wilted or tough. The flavor of vegetables is due to several constituents: sugar, organic acids, mineral salts, and aromatic compounds. A combination of these gives flavors that make vegetables palatable and attractive. The nutritive value of a given vegetable depends on the part of the plant to be used, as well, as the variety, climate, soil in which it is grown, conditions of storage, and preparation. The leaf, stem, flower, seed, and fruit are all edible parts. When purchasing vegetables for the Army it was well to know that the initial price was by no means the ultimate cost as there was a wide margin between the cost as purchased and edible-portion cost. Waste in preparation, storage, and losses in the cooking of highly perishable produce would cost six cents per pound as purchased and thirty cents per pound edible portion. The condition of the vegetables when delivered has a great influence on the probable yield. When purchasing canned vegetables, grades were used as purchasing guides. Samples of each grade of produce were requested for testing to find out if the product was satisfactory. The highest grade was not purchased for general use; Grade B or Standard was acceptable for the Army mess. Fresh and frozen vegetables were used largely in Army camps and fields in the United States. Canned and dehydrated products were to be used in combat areas overseas because they were easy to prepare, there was little or no waste, and the nutritive value was fairly well retained. The problem of storage was not difficult, and shipping space was saved when dehydrated food was shipped because of its lightness and lack of bulk. The Army food purchasing officer needed to be familiar with the local vegetable supply and market center facilities. A knowledge of standardizing, grading, packaging, sorting, and transporting produce was necessary in order to purchase food economically and intelligently. Because of uncertainty of crops due to curtailed planting and harvesting occasioned by labor shortages, it was difficult for producers and distributors to cooperate at all times. The Quartermaster's office arranged with local marketing centers for information on prices, substitutions, and quantities of local produce available, several days in advance, so that suitable substitutions could be made on menus if sufficient fresh vegetables were not obtainable. Inspection of all food on delivery was required, and if low grade or unsatisfactory produce was discovered it was returned to the dealers or an adjustment requested. This was done to determine whether or not supplies met the contract requirements for quality and conditions specified by the Army. Title: Observations on the purchase, inspection, and preparation of vegetables for group feeding at certain army air bases Author: McIntyre, Ethel Mae Since vegetables are of such importance in the nutrition of human beings, it is natural that they should play a large part in Army feeding. They are high in food value. The different kinds vary widely in their energy values; some-- like potatoes--are high in carbohydrates, others--like lettuce and cucumbers-- are low. Fresh or canned they are high in minerals and vitamins, low in protein and fat, and are valuable for bulk and palatability. When purchasing fresh produce it was necessary to know something of quality, appearance, and texture. Quality is made up of many characteristics-- some external, internal, chemical, and physical. Appearance is concerned with shape, color, freedom from blemishes and dirt. Texture contrasts hard or soft, smooth or granular, stringy and fibrous or free from fiber, crisp or flabby, wilted or tough. The flavor of vegetables is due to several constituents: sugar, organic acids, mineral salts, and aromatic compounds. A combination of these gives flavors that make vegetables palatable and attractive. The nutritive value of a given vegetable depends on the part of the plant to be used, as well, as the variety, climate, soil in which it is grown, conditions of storage, and preparation. The leaf, stem, flower, seed, and fruit are all edible parts. When purchasing vegetables for the Army it was well to know that the initial price was by no means the ultimate cost as there was a wide margin between the cost as purchased and edible-portion cost. Waste in preparation, storage, and losses in the cooking of highly perishable produce would cost six cents per pound as purchased and thirty cents per pound edible portion. The condition of the vegetables when delivered has a great influence on the probable yield. When purchasing canned vegetables, grades were used as purchasing guides. Samples of each grade of produce were requested for testing to find out if the product was satisfactory. The highest grade was not purchased for general use; Grade B or Standard was acceptable for the Army mess. Fresh and frozen vegetables were used largely in Army camps and fields in the United States. Canned and dehydrated products were to be used in combat areas overseas because they were easy to prepare, there was little or no waste, and the nutritive value was fairly well retained. The problem of storage was not difficult, and shipping space was saved when dehydrated food was shipped because of its lightness and lack of bulk. The Army food purchasing officer needed to be familiar with the local vegetable supply and market center facilities. A knowledge of standardizing, grading, packaging, sorting, and transporting produce was necessary in order to purchase food economically and intelligently. Because of uncertainty of crops due to curtailed planting and harvesting occasioned by labor shortages, it was difficult for producers and distributors to cooperate at all times. The Quartermaster's office arranged with local marketing centers for information on prices, substitutions, and quantities of local produce available, several days in advance, so that suitable substitutions could be made on menus if sufficient fresh vegetables were not obtainable. Inspection of all food on delivery was required, and if low grade or unsatisfactory produce was discovered it was returned to the dealers or an adjustment requested. This was done to determine whether or not supplies met the contract requirements for quality and conditions specified by the Army. Close

• 50. [Article] Feasibility of developing bread wheat cultivars with acceptable protein content for non-traditional areas

  The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the possibility of developing high yielding wheat cultivars whose flour would result in acceptable loaf volumes for non-traditional bread wheat growing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Feasibility of developing bread wheat cultivars with acceptable protein content for non-traditional areas Author: Lorenzo, Ariel The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the possibility of developing high yielding wheat cultivars whose flour would result in acceptable loaf volumes for non-traditional bread wheat growing areas. Spring wheat germplasm employed included high protein hexaploid derivatives from Triticum dicoccoides, and selections from Argentina with good bread milling and baking properties. Winter wheat materials were from the Oregon State University International Winter x Spring Wheat Improvement Program. Elevated protein content was found not to be a prerequisite in obtaining high loaf volumes. Electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE) of the high molecular weight glutenin subunits, and the sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation (SDSS) test proved to be reliable indicators of protein quality. High molecular weight glutenin banding patterns were independent of environmental factors. Bands 5-10 contributed by the D genome, with either bands 1 or 2* from the A genome and bands 7-8 or 17-18 coded by the B genome, appeared to be the most critical in influencing high loaf volume. For the experimental material used, SDSS values were found to be dependent upon variations in protein content. Five grams wholemeal flour samples with 2% SDS, 10 ml/I of 9.6% lactate solution and a reading time of 30 minutes provided the best combination to discriminate between lines with high or low loaf volume. Grain yield was found to be negatively associated with grain protein content in the spring wheat material. In crosses with Argentine lines, high protein "dicoccoides" derivatives, did not contribute major genes for protein content. Grain hardness was found to be a qualitatively inherited trait, and not associated with grain protein content or loaf volume. No single criterion proved of value in improving protein content and grain yield simultaneously, other than delaying selection until later generations. Strong negative associations between harvest index and grain protein content were observed for the winter wheat germplasm. Biological yield and kernel weight were the best selection criteria to improve grain protein without sacrificing grain yield. Early season applications of nitrate nitrogen resulted in a simultaneous increase in protein content and grain yield. Title: Feasibility of developing bread wheat cultivars with acceptable protein content for non-traditional areas Author: Lorenzo, Ariel The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the possibility of developing high yielding wheat cultivars whose flour would result in acceptable loaf volumes for non-traditional bread wheat growing areas. Spring wheat germplasm employed included high protein hexaploid derivatives from Triticum dicoccoides, and selections from Argentina with good bread milling and baking properties. Winter wheat materials were from the Oregon State University International Winter x Spring Wheat Improvement Program. Elevated protein content was found not to be a prerequisite in obtaining high loaf volumes. Electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE) of the high molecular weight glutenin subunits, and the sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation (SDSS) test proved to be reliable indicators of protein quality. High molecular weight glutenin banding patterns were independent of environmental factors. Bands 5-10 contributed by the D genome, with either bands 1 or 2* from the A genome and bands 7-8 or 17-18 coded by the B genome, appeared to be the most critical in influencing high loaf volume. For the experimental material used, SDSS values were found to be dependent upon variations in protein content. Five grams wholemeal flour samples with 2% SDS, 10 ml/I of 9.6% lactate solution and a reading time of 30 minutes provided the best combination to discriminate between lines with high or low loaf volume. Grain yield was found to be negatively associated with grain protein content in the spring wheat material. In crosses with Argentine lines, high protein "dicoccoides" derivatives, did not contribute major genes for protein content. Grain hardness was found to be a qualitatively inherited trait, and not associated with grain protein content or loaf volume. No single criterion proved of value in improving protein content and grain yield simultaneously, other than delaying selection until later generations. Strong negative associations between harvest index and grain protein content were observed for the winter wheat germplasm. Biological yield and kernel weight were the best selection criteria to improve grain protein without sacrificing grain yield. Early season applications of nitrate nitrogen resulted in a simultaneous increase in protein content and grain yield. Close

• 51. [Article] Apoplastic distribution of atrazine and glyphosate in intact sunflower leaves

  Apoplastic distribution patterns of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)- 6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)- glycine], the naturally occurring apoplastic leaf solutes, and the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Apoplastic distribution of atrazine and glyphosate in intact sunflower leaves Author: Jachetta, John Joseph Apoplastic distribution patterns of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)- 6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)- glycine], the naturally occurring apoplastic leaf solutes, and the apoplastic dye PTS (trisodium 3-hydroxy-5,8,10-pyrenetrisulfonate) were compared. Aliquots of sap were expressed from intact sunflower leaves in a pressure chamber over intervals of 0.2 to 0.4 bars. Three distinct fractions were detected in the expressed sap volume; these were tentatively identified as a petiole-midrib fraction, a minor vein-cell wall fraction, and a third fraction comprised of a decreasing minor vein-cell wall fraction and an increasing fraction of membrane-filtered cell sap. Atrazine and the naturally occurring apoplastic solutes were in a slightly higher concentration in the petiole-midrib fraction than in the minor vein-cell wall fraction. The concentration of apoplastic solutes in the third fraction was decreased with each increment of pressure to a value close to deionized water. The concentration of atrazine in the third fraction was the same as the second fraction, indicating that the plasmalemma was not a significant barrier to atrazine movement. The apoplastic distribution of PTS and glyphosate were very similar to each other, showing a marked accumulation in the minor vein-cell wall fraction. Both compounds were diluted with each successive pressure increment to a low value in the third fraction, indicating a resistance to movement into or out of the symplast. The total concentration of atrazine in the apoplast was much lower than glyphosate. Both compounds were in similar concentrations in the symplast. The apparent octanol:water partitioning coefficient for atrazine and glyphosate was determined. These values were comparable to the quotients of the symplastic and apoplastic concentrations for both atrazine and glyphosate. It was suggested that the polar nature and high water solubility of glyphosate were responsible for its slower rate of penetration into the symplast and resulting accumulation in the apoplast. These results support the intermediate permeability hypothesis; that compounds which display the apoplastic transport pattern are freely mobile between the apoplast and symplast. Compounds which are not weak acids and exhibit the symplastic transport pattern penetrate the. symplast slowly, but once absorbed, are retained for long-distance transport. Title: Apoplastic distribution of atrazine and glyphosate in intact sunflower leaves Author: Jachetta, John Joseph Apoplastic distribution patterns of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)- 6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)- glycine], the naturally occurring apoplastic leaf solutes, and the apoplastic dye PTS (trisodium 3-hydroxy-5,8,10-pyrenetrisulfonate) were compared. Aliquots of sap were expressed from intact sunflower leaves in a pressure chamber over intervals of 0.2 to 0.4 bars. Three distinct fractions were detected in the expressed sap volume; these were tentatively identified as a petiole-midrib fraction, a minor vein-cell wall fraction, and a third fraction comprised of a decreasing minor vein-cell wall fraction and an increasing fraction of membrane-filtered cell sap. Atrazine and the naturally occurring apoplastic solutes were in a slightly higher concentration in the petiole-midrib fraction than in the minor vein-cell wall fraction. The concentration of apoplastic solutes in the third fraction was decreased with each increment of pressure to a value close to deionized water. The concentration of atrazine in the third fraction was the same as the second fraction, indicating that the plasmalemma was not a significant barrier to atrazine movement. The apoplastic distribution of PTS and glyphosate were very similar to each other, showing a marked accumulation in the minor vein-cell wall fraction. Both compounds were diluted with each successive pressure increment to a low value in the third fraction, indicating a resistance to movement into or out of the symplast. The total concentration of atrazine in the apoplast was much lower than glyphosate. Both compounds were in similar concentrations in the symplast. The apparent octanol:water partitioning coefficient for atrazine and glyphosate was determined. These values were comparable to the quotients of the symplastic and apoplastic concentrations for both atrazine and glyphosate. It was suggested that the polar nature and high water solubility of glyphosate were responsible for its slower rate of penetration into the symplast and resulting accumulation in the apoplast. These results support the intermediate permeability hypothesis; that compounds which display the apoplastic transport pattern are freely mobile between the apoplast and symplast. Compounds which are not weak acids and exhibit the symplastic transport pattern penetrate the. symplast slowly, but once absorbed, are retained for long-distance transport. Close

• 52. [Article] Reservoir Water Re-allocation and Community Welfare

  Financial support from the QUT Business School and the FRDC (Project 2008 ⁄ 306) is gratefully acknowledged.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reservoir Water Re-allocation and Community Welfare Author: Wilson, Clevo, Kularatne, Mohottala G, Robinson, Tom, Pascoe, Sean Financial support from the QUT Business School and the FRDC (Project 2008 ⁄ 306) is gratefully acknowledged. Title: Reservoir Water Re-allocation and Community Welfare Author: Wilson, Clevo, Kularatne, Mohottala G, Robinson, Tom, Pascoe, Sean Financial support from the QUT Business School and the FRDC (Project 2008 ⁄ 306) is gratefully acknowledged. Close

• 53. [Article] Performance of cultivars, hybrids and composites of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) grown at three locations

  The objective of this study was to compare three genetically different groups of winter wheat for their grain yield. Experimental material consisted of parental lines grown in pure stands, hybrids, and 1:1 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance of cultivars, hybrids and composites of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) grown at three locations Author: Verges, Ruben P. The objective of this study was to compare three genetically different groups of winter wheat for their grain yield. Experimental material consisted of parental lines grown in pure stands, hybrids, and 1:1 mixtures of the parental combinations. Three sites were employed to evaluate possible interactions between the different groups across locations. Phenotypic correlations among selected agronomic traits and grain yield within each group along with the expression of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in the hybrids were studied. Results of this investigation support the general conclusion reached by other investigators that hybrids and composites are not consistently superior to the best conventional cultivars of wheat for grain yield. However, at the Moro site, with the greater environmental stresses, some hybrids and composites appeared to yield more than the parental lines grown in pure stands. At Pendleton, the best environment for yield expression, the hybrids and conventional cultivars did not differ for grain yield. At this location, the best hybrids and one composite did significantly outyield the commercial cultivars Stephens, Malcolm and Hill, but not four advanced parental selections when grown in pure stands. Low to moderate values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis for grain yield were found. The degree of expression being affected by the specific growing site. Plant height and the number of kernels per spike showed relatively higher values for heterosis and heterobeltiosis over locations when compared to the other traits. Phenotypic correlations suggested that a breeding program to develop hybrid wheat should combine high number of kernels per spike with high kernel weight. The positive correlation between grain yield and plant height indicated that increases in grain yield could be obtained by increasing plant height if lodging did not present a problem. Title: Performance of cultivars, hybrids and composites of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) grown at three locations Author: Verges, Ruben P. The objective of this study was to compare three genetically different groups of winter wheat for their grain yield. Experimental material consisted of parental lines grown in pure stands, hybrids, and 1:1 mixtures of the parental combinations. Three sites were employed to evaluate possible interactions between the different groups across locations. Phenotypic correlations among selected agronomic traits and grain yield within each group along with the expression of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in the hybrids were studied. Results of this investigation support the general conclusion reached by other investigators that hybrids and composites are not consistently superior to the best conventional cultivars of wheat for grain yield. However, at the Moro site, with the greater environmental stresses, some hybrids and composites appeared to yield more than the parental lines grown in pure stands. At Pendleton, the best environment for yield expression, the hybrids and conventional cultivars did not differ for grain yield. At this location, the best hybrids and one composite did significantly outyield the commercial cultivars Stephens, Malcolm and Hill, but not four advanced parental selections when grown in pure stands. Low to moderate values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis for grain yield were found. The degree of expression being affected by the specific growing site. Plant height and the number of kernels per spike showed relatively higher values for heterosis and heterobeltiosis over locations when compared to the other traits. Phenotypic correlations suggested that a breeding program to develop hybrid wheat should combine high number of kernels per spike with high kernel weight. The positive correlation between grain yield and plant height indicated that increases in grain yield could be obtained by increasing plant height if lodging did not present a problem. Close

• 54. [Article] Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates

  This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates Author: Seyfarth, Leonard H. This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those of good students, and later improve academic performance? The investigator drew a sample of 237 volunteers of both sexes from a large general psychology class in a land grant university to provide data. A modified two-group pretest-posttest control group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1966) was utilized. Early in the term, groups of students were administered a three-part questionnaire. Part One, the values pretest, consisted of Rokeach's Value Survey, form E (1976, 1973). Part Two was the high or low level of value self-confrontation treatment. High treatment students (a) saw themselves as good students, and (b) compared their own values with those of previously measured good students in the course. Low treatment students (a) saw themselves as unlike high school students, and (b) compared their own values with good-student values misleadingly labelled as those of high school students. Hence, the two treatments differed only in the mind-set of the students toward the source of the comparison values. Part Three consisted of the immediate values posttest and demographic questions. The academic performance measures were the most recent GPA, and regular midterm and final examinations. The analysis was based on two values which historically had best discriminated between good and mediocre students, being self-controlled (important for good students), and pleasure (less important for good students). Analysis consisted of (a) median test using chi square on the posttest value rankings, and (b) one-way analyses of variance on midterm and final examination scores. For high treatment students, the predicted increase in the importance of being self-controlled occurred, but the predicted decline in the importance of pleasure did not. The predicted improvement in academic performance occurred on the final examination, but not on the midterm. Findings tended to support Rokeach's (1973) concentric, cognitive consistency theory of value and behavior change, and have implications for a more firmly grounded model of values education. Title: Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates Author: Seyfarth, Leonard H. This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those of good students, and later improve academic performance? The investigator drew a sample of 237 volunteers of both sexes from a large general psychology class in a land grant university to provide data. A modified two-group pretest-posttest control group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1966) was utilized. Early in the term, groups of students were administered a three-part questionnaire. Part One, the values pretest, consisted of Rokeach's Value Survey, form E (1976, 1973). Part Two was the high or low level of value self-confrontation treatment. High treatment students (a) saw themselves as good students, and (b) compared their own values with those of previously measured good students in the course. Low treatment students (a) saw themselves as unlike high school students, and (b) compared their own values with good-student values misleadingly labelled as those of high school students. Hence, the two treatments differed only in the mind-set of the students toward the source of the comparison values. Part Three consisted of the immediate values posttest and demographic questions. The academic performance measures were the most recent GPA, and regular midterm and final examinations. The analysis was based on two values which historically had best discriminated between good and mediocre students, being self-controlled (important for good students), and pleasure (less important for good students). Analysis consisted of (a) median test using chi square on the posttest value rankings, and (b) one-way analyses of variance on midterm and final examination scores. For high treatment students, the predicted increase in the importance of being self-controlled occurred, but the predicted decline in the importance of pleasure did not. The predicted improvement in academic performance occurred on the final examination, but not on the midterm. Findings tended to support Rokeach's (1973) concentric, cognitive consistency theory of value and behavior change, and have implications for a more firmly grounded model of values education. Close

• 55. [Article] Two Studies Addressing Practical Needs of Wheat Farmers, Processors, and Breeders : Changes in Falling Number and Alpha-amylase During Grain Storage, and Improved Predictions of Wheat-flour Dough Properties

  Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally traded staple food crop. The diverse and pleasing nature of wheat-derived products is a result of the complex interactions of the polymeric components from the wheat ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Two Studies Addressing Practical Needs of Wheat Farmers, Processors, and Breeders : Changes in Falling Number and Alpha-amylase During Grain Storage, and Improved Predictions of Wheat-flour Dough Properties Author: Adams, Mike R. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally traded staple food crop. The diverse and pleasing nature of wheat-derived products is a result of the complex interactions of the polymeric components from the wheat endosperm. Changes in the functionality of these polymeric components, as a result of changes in growing conditions or different genetics, impacts market price and end-product quality and directly affects farmers and processors. Wheat is of particular economic importance to the U.S. Pacific Northwest and, specifically, to the state of Oregon. Providing quality wheat for export is paramount to the survival of the Oregon wheat industry. This dissertation focuses on wheat quality from the perspective of serving the practical needs of farmers, processors, and wheat breeders. The first study, split into two portions, concerns pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) and grain storage. PHS increases alpha amylase (αA) activity in wheat, which, in excess, reduces wheat end-product quality. Falling Number (FN) is the primary test used by industry to gauge PHS damage in wheats. Direct measurement of αA activity is the fundamental frame of reference. The objective of these studies was to determine if FN and αA activity of wheat samples changed during storage and if changes were a function of storage time, storage temperature, and degree of PHS damage. Samples from three Idaho locations were used. These captured a wide range of PHS degree, and therefore, wide ranges of FN values and αA activities. Samples were subdivided and stored at -20°C, +20°C, and +40°C. Low FN values and high αA activities were observed in soft wheats from locations that had rain events prior to harvest. Overall, FN and αA activity had the curvilinear relationship expected from the literature, indicating the validity of the sample set with regard to the FN/αA relationship. Changes in FN and αA activity were observed over a 90 day period of grain storage. FN differed between growing environments, wheat varieties, and storage temperatures. αA activity also differed between growing environments and wheat varieties, but not between storage temperatures. Highest rates of increase in FN were observed in hard wheats with high initial (day 0) FN values. Lowest rates of increase in FN were observed in soft wheats with low day 0 FN values. This contrasted with the changes that occurred in αA activity. Decreases in αA activity over storage time were most prevalent in soft wheats, particularly sprouted soft wheats (i.e. those with day 0 αA activities > 0.1 Ceralpha Units: CU). There were small decreases in αA activity in hard wheats but the distinction between high and low αA activity samples was not as evident as in the soft wheats because the vast majority of hard wheat samples tested had αA activities < 0.1 CU. Decreases in αA activity were in general not associated with corresponding increases in FN values over grain storage time. Increases in FN values occurred at a higher rates as storage temperature increased, particularly in hard wheats with high day 0 FN. Grain storage was successful as a way to raise FN values to > 300 s in very few cases. Storage was not effective in decreasing αA activity from > 0.1 CU to < 0.1 CU. Increases in FN over storage time for the hard wheats significantly differed between locations. However, decreases in αA activities over storage time for the hard wheats were not significantly different between locations. This again highlights a lack of correspondence between increased FN and decreased αA activity, suggesting that these two factors are somewhat decoupled when looking at changes in stored grain. Temperature-induced gluten crosslinking was explored as possible explanation for drastic increases in unsprouted hard wheat FN observed in samples from one location. Total polymeric protein (TPP) content was assessed at the end of the study for unsprouted hard wheats stored at +40°C and -20°C as well as sprouted hard wheats from stored at -20°C. TPP content was assessed as % large unextractable polymeric proteins (%LUPP) and % total unextractable polymeric proteins (%TUPP) using size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (HPSEC). TPP content was not significantly different between storage temperatures for wheat varieties from the same location. %TUPP, but not % LUPP, was significantly lower in wheat varieties affected by PHS. Changes in FN at high storage temperature were not likely due to increased protein crosslinking. The second study aimed to validate the use of a rapid method for predicting dough strength at early generations in hard wheat breeding programs. Early generation quality screening improves breeding program efficiency. Hard wheats are used to make leavened bread products. The gluten proteins, particularly high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), form large, ramifying networks called the glutenin macropolymer (GMP). High GMP content is associated with increased dough strength and bread quality. Genetic differences in HMW-GS, and by inference, GMP, are responsible for differing dough properties between varieties. The Mixograph is used to measure dough mixing properties and predict end-product quality in breeding programs. GMP can also be measured as total polymeric protein (TPP) via HPSEC. The Solvent Retention Capacity (SRC) test has been proposed to predict hard wheat quality, specifically lactic acid SRC (LASRC). The objectives of this research were to provide preliminary information on the usefulness of using LASRC, on its own, to predict dough mixing properties, specifically as applied to early generation screening in a wheat breeding program, and to assess the relationship between LASRC and TPP. Wheat samples were categorized by flour protein concentration (FPC). Mixograph analysis was used as the baseline for dough properties and was analyzed both by eye and by the proprietary Mixsmart software. TPP content was assessed as %LUPP and %%TUPP. As a result of redundancy between the two TPP measures, only %LUPP was used for statistical analysis. Dough mixing parameters were slightly better correlated with LASRC than %LUPP. Correlations between LASRC, %LUPP, and dough mixing parameters were different between FPC categories, particularly in low FPC samples. A strict cutoff of 115% LASRC effectively screened out the bottom 10% of low quality hard wheats but retained a nearly equal amount of low quality hard wheats that would have been screened out by mixograph analysis. LASRC and %LUPP are not likely to be effective predictors of dough properties, but may have some value to screen for hard wheat quality in the early generations of a wheat breeding cycle. Title: Two Studies Addressing Practical Needs of Wheat Farmers, Processors, and Breeders : Changes in Falling Number and Alpha-amylase During Grain Storage, and Improved Predictions of Wheat-flour Dough Properties Author: Adams, Mike R. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally traded staple food crop. The diverse and pleasing nature of wheat-derived products is a result of the complex interactions of the polymeric components from the wheat endosperm. Changes in the functionality of these polymeric components, as a result of changes in growing conditions or different genetics, impacts market price and end-product quality and directly affects farmers and processors. Wheat is of particular economic importance to the U.S. Pacific Northwest and, specifically, to the state of Oregon. Providing quality wheat for export is paramount to the survival of the Oregon wheat industry. This dissertation focuses on wheat quality from the perspective of serving the practical needs of farmers, processors, and wheat breeders. The first study, split into two portions, concerns pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) and grain storage. PHS increases alpha amylase (αA) activity in wheat, which, in excess, reduces wheat end-product quality. Falling Number (FN) is the primary test used by industry to gauge PHS damage in wheats. Direct measurement of αA activity is the fundamental frame of reference. The objective of these studies was to determine if FN and αA activity of wheat samples changed during storage and if changes were a function of storage time, storage temperature, and degree of PHS damage. Samples from three Idaho locations were used. These captured a wide range of PHS degree, and therefore, wide ranges of FN values and αA activities. Samples were subdivided and stored at -20°C, +20°C, and +40°C. Low FN values and high αA activities were observed in soft wheats from locations that had rain events prior to harvest. Overall, FN and αA activity had the curvilinear relationship expected from the literature, indicating the validity of the sample set with regard to the FN/αA relationship. Changes in FN and αA activity were observed over a 90 day period of grain storage. FN differed between growing environments, wheat varieties, and storage temperatures. αA activity also differed between growing environments and wheat varieties, but not between storage temperatures. Highest rates of increase in FN were observed in hard wheats with high initial (day 0) FN values. Lowest rates of increase in FN were observed in soft wheats with low day 0 FN values. This contrasted with the changes that occurred in αA activity. Decreases in αA activity over storage time were most prevalent in soft wheats, particularly sprouted soft wheats (i.e. those with day 0 αA activities > 0.1 Ceralpha Units: CU). There were small decreases in αA activity in hard wheats but the distinction between high and low αA activity samples was not as evident as in the soft wheats because the vast majority of hard wheat samples tested had αA activities < 0.1 CU. Decreases in αA activity were in general not associated with corresponding increases in FN values over grain storage time. Increases in FN values occurred at a higher rates as storage temperature increased, particularly in hard wheats with high day 0 FN. Grain storage was successful as a way to raise FN values to > 300 s in very few cases. Storage was not effective in decreasing αA activity from > 0.1 CU to < 0.1 CU. Increases in FN over storage time for the hard wheats significantly differed between locations. However, decreases in αA activities over storage time for the hard wheats were not significantly different between locations. This again highlights a lack of correspondence between increased FN and decreased αA activity, suggesting that these two factors are somewhat decoupled when looking at changes in stored grain. Temperature-induced gluten crosslinking was explored as possible explanation for drastic increases in unsprouted hard wheat FN observed in samples from one location. Total polymeric protein (TPP) content was assessed at the end of the study for unsprouted hard wheats stored at +40°C and -20°C as well as sprouted hard wheats from stored at -20°C. TPP content was assessed as % large unextractable polymeric proteins (%LUPP) and % total unextractable polymeric proteins (%TUPP) using size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (HPSEC). TPP content was not significantly different between storage temperatures for wheat varieties from the same location. %TUPP, but not % LUPP, was significantly lower in wheat varieties affected by PHS. Changes in FN at high storage temperature were not likely due to increased protein crosslinking. The second study aimed to validate the use of a rapid method for predicting dough strength at early generations in hard wheat breeding programs. Early generation quality screening improves breeding program efficiency. Hard wheats are used to make leavened bread products. The gluten proteins, particularly high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), form large, ramifying networks called the glutenin macropolymer (GMP). High GMP content is associated with increased dough strength and bread quality. Genetic differences in HMW-GS, and by inference, GMP, are responsible for differing dough properties between varieties. The Mixograph is used to measure dough mixing properties and predict end-product quality in breeding programs. GMP can also be measured as total polymeric protein (TPP) via HPSEC. The Solvent Retention Capacity (SRC) test has been proposed to predict hard wheat quality, specifically lactic acid SRC (LASRC). The objectives of this research were to provide preliminary information on the usefulness of using LASRC, on its own, to predict dough mixing properties, specifically as applied to early generation screening in a wheat breeding program, and to assess the relationship between LASRC and TPP. Wheat samples were categorized by flour protein concentration (FPC). Mixograph analysis was used as the baseline for dough properties and was analyzed both by eye and by the proprietary Mixsmart software. TPP content was assessed as %LUPP and %%TUPP. As a result of redundancy between the two TPP measures, only %LUPP was used for statistical analysis. Dough mixing parameters were slightly better correlated with LASRC than %LUPP. Correlations between LASRC, %LUPP, and dough mixing parameters were different between FPC categories, particularly in low FPC samples. A strict cutoff of 115% LASRC effectively screened out the bottom 10% of low quality hard wheats but retained a nearly equal amount of low quality hard wheats that would have been screened out by mixograph analysis. LASRC and %LUPP are not likely to be effective predictors of dough properties, but may have some value to screen for hard wheat quality in the early generations of a wheat breeding cycle. Close

• 56. [Article] Natural outcrossing in spaced planted F₂ populations and solid seeded advanced generations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)

  This study was conducted to investigate the possible contamination of foreign pollen at different stages of a wheat breeding program. These included spaced planted F₂ segregating populations, replicated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Natural outcrossing in spaced planted F₂ populations and solid seeded advanced generations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) Author: Boinnet, Jerry K. K. This study was conducted to investigate the possible contamination of foreign pollen at different stages of a wheat breeding program. These included spaced planted F₂ segregating populations, replicated yield trials and seed multiplication. The experimental wheat materials consisted of four different F₂ populations, four cultivars and two experimental lines. Two genetic marker lines, Blue Hyslop and Blue Norco were used to determine the amount of possible outcrossing. The pollen of these marker lines carry genetic factors for blue aleurone color, thus the extent of outcrossing (wherever outcrossing had occurred in the experimental populations) could be immediately observed and determined during the same crop season. The mean percent outcrossing recorded was less than 1% in spaced planted F₂ populations, different replicated yield trials and seed multiplication conditions. The highest percentage of outcrossing of 5.6% was observed for a single plant in a spaced planted F₂ population. Under yield trial conditions, the highest percentage of outcrossing of 0.6% was recorded for the cultivar Hill 81 whereas the lowest value of 0.1% was recorded for experimental line SPN/AU/YMH. Under seed multiplication conditions, a sample taken at 0.5 m away from blue aleurone pollen source in low density planting had a mean outcrossing value of 0.5% for the cultivar Jackmar. Pollen load of marker lines relative to that of all entries in low seeding rate was high, consequently, the low seeding rate had higher levels of outcrossing than the high seeding rate. No significant effect on outcrossing was observed for Seeding rate x Entry interaction. However, effects of entry and sampling distance on outcrossing were significant. As sampling distance increased from the blue aleurone pollen source, the level of outcrossing decreased. Low positive correlation of 0.12 and 0.14 existed between outcrossing and plant height and tillers per linear meter respectively. Correlation of 0.70 was found between natural outcrossing and wind velocity. Results of this study suggest that outcrossing can occur in all stages of a breeding program. The results also indicate that an isolation distance of 2 m established for multiplication of registered and certified seed in the certification program of Oregon State University might not be adequate especially for such cuitivars as Jackmar and Hill 81. Furthermore, the level of outcrossing detected was high enough to distort and perhaps alter the genetic identity and integrity of the breeding material. A similar problem will exist if care is not exercised when growing valuable wheat germplasm in various collection centers. Title: Natural outcrossing in spaced planted F₂ populations and solid seeded advanced generations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) Author: Boinnet, Jerry K. K. This study was conducted to investigate the possible contamination of foreign pollen at different stages of a wheat breeding program. These included spaced planted F₂ segregating populations, replicated yield trials and seed multiplication. The experimental wheat materials consisted of four different F₂ populations, four cultivars and two experimental lines. Two genetic marker lines, Blue Hyslop and Blue Norco were used to determine the amount of possible outcrossing. The pollen of these marker lines carry genetic factors for blue aleurone color, thus the extent of outcrossing (wherever outcrossing had occurred in the experimental populations) could be immediately observed and determined during the same crop season. The mean percent outcrossing recorded was less than 1% in spaced planted F₂ populations, different replicated yield trials and seed multiplication conditions. The highest percentage of outcrossing of 5.6% was observed for a single plant in a spaced planted F₂ population. Under yield trial conditions, the highest percentage of outcrossing of 0.6% was recorded for the cultivar Hill 81 whereas the lowest value of 0.1% was recorded for experimental line SPN/AU/YMH. Under seed multiplication conditions, a sample taken at 0.5 m away from blue aleurone pollen source in low density planting had a mean outcrossing value of 0.5% for the cultivar Jackmar. Pollen load of marker lines relative to that of all entries in low seeding rate was high, consequently, the low seeding rate had higher levels of outcrossing than the high seeding rate. No significant effect on outcrossing was observed for Seeding rate x Entry interaction. However, effects of entry and sampling distance on outcrossing were significant. As sampling distance increased from the blue aleurone pollen source, the level of outcrossing decreased. Low positive correlation of 0.12 and 0.14 existed between outcrossing and plant height and tillers per linear meter respectively. Correlation of 0.70 was found between natural outcrossing and wind velocity. Results of this study suggest that outcrossing can occur in all stages of a breeding program. The results also indicate that an isolation distance of 2 m established for multiplication of registered and certified seed in the certification program of Oregon State University might not be adequate especially for such cuitivars as Jackmar and Hill 81. Furthermore, the level of outcrossing detected was high enough to distort and perhaps alter the genetic identity and integrity of the breeding material. A similar problem will exist if care is not exercised when growing valuable wheat germplasm in various collection centers. Close

• 57. [Article] Effect of lot size on lot uniformity in Lolium spp. seed

  Studies were conducted to determine the uniformity of three commercial seed lots of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) and the effects of lot size on lot uniformity. Individual bag-samples were taken from each seed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of lot size on lot uniformity in Lolium spp. seed Author: Cook, Ronald Lawrence Studies were conducted to determine the uniformity of three commercial seed lots of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) and the effects of lot size on lot uniformity. Individual bag-samples were taken from each seed lot. Factors considered were percentage purity, annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, weed, other crop, inert matter, and germination. Number of rattail fescue (Festuca myuros) seeds and number of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) seeds in a purity sample were counted, and number of noxious weed seeds were also totaled. Uniformity in 30,000 kilogram lots was measured by an H-test, heterogeneity value, state seed law labeling tolerance tables, and by a Chi-square test for homogeneity of a binomial distribution on each sub-lot. Subdivisionsof each seed lot were examined for uniformity by use of an analysis of variance test. The analysis used within sublot variance of lot size approximately 1,500 kilograms as an acceptable level of variation and used an analysis of variance test to examine variance among sub-lots of approximate size 1,500, 3,000, 6,000, and 12,000 kilograms. The greatest potential for violation in labeling and nonuniformity in ryegrass seed lots was found in percentage perennial ryegrass and annual ryegrass factors calculated by formula from fluorescence. Changing seed lot size had no effect on lot uniformity. Reducing the lot size below the current 24,947 kilogram limit did not significantly reduce the number of violations in labeling. Fewer violations were found in high purity seed lots than in low purity seed lots. Title: Effect of lot size on lot uniformity in Lolium spp. seed Author: Cook, Ronald Lawrence Studies were conducted to determine the uniformity of three commercial seed lots of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) and the effects of lot size on lot uniformity. Individual bag-samples were taken from each seed lot. Factors considered were percentage purity, annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, weed, other crop, inert matter, and germination. Number of rattail fescue (Festuca myuros) seeds and number of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) seeds in a purity sample were counted, and number of noxious weed seeds were also totaled. Uniformity in 30,000 kilogram lots was measured by an H-test, heterogeneity value, state seed law labeling tolerance tables, and by a Chi-square test for homogeneity of a binomial distribution on each sub-lot. Subdivisionsof each seed lot were examined for uniformity by use of an analysis of variance test. The analysis used within sublot variance of lot size approximately 1,500 kilograms as an acceptable level of variation and used an analysis of variance test to examine variance among sub-lots of approximate size 1,500, 3,000, 6,000, and 12,000 kilograms. The greatest potential for violation in labeling and nonuniformity in ryegrass seed lots was found in percentage perennial ryegrass and annual ryegrass factors calculated by formula from fluorescence. Changing seed lot size had no effect on lot uniformity. Reducing the lot size below the current 24,947 kilogram limit did not significantly reduce the number of violations in labeling. Fewer violations were found in high purity seed lots than in low purity seed lots. Close

• 58. [Article] Sexual harassment proclivity of men : relationship to values

  The sexual harassment of women by men is a social phenomenon that exists in academia as well as business and industry. It has only recently been recognized as a significant social problem. The purpose ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sexual harassment proclivity of men : relationship to values Author: Olsen, Eric R. The sexual harassment of women by men is a social phenomenon that exists in academia as well as business and industry. It has only recently been recognized as a significant social problem. The purpose of this study was to determine if men who have a high proclivity toward sexual harassment differ in their ranking of personal values from men who have a low proclivity toward sexual harassment. The rationale behind the study was if there is a relationship between personal values and sexual harassment proclivity then values education and exploration may provide an intervention method to reduce sexual harassment. The sample consisted of 100 randomly selected undergraduate male students at Oregon State University. Seventy four percent of the respondents completed two surveys: the Likelihood of Sexually Harassing Scale (LSH) (Pryor, 1987) and the Rokeach Value Survey (1973). The LSH was used to identify two groups of men: those with a high proclivity toward sexual harassment and those with a low proclivity toward sexual harassment. The two groups ranking of values were then compared to determine if a significant difference existed. Data were analyzed using chi-square to test for significant differences between the two groups ranking of values and also test the significance of the phi coefficient to determine if a relationship existed between score on LSH and ranking of values. Results of the study indicated that there is a significant difference between men with a high proclivity and men with a low proclivity toward sexual harassment in their ranking on 5 of 36 values. The low proclivity group ranked equality, honest, loyal, and salvation significantly higher than the high proclivity group. The high proclivity group ranked a comfortable life significantly higher than the low proclivity group. The values ranked significantly higher by the low proclivity group are social values that denote respect for and cooperation with others. The value ranked significantly higher by the high proclivity group is a personal value that denotes a materialistic and self indulgent orientation. Values education or exploration programs that focus on equality, honesty and loyalty may help to reduce sexually harassing behavior. Title: Sexual harassment proclivity of men : relationship to values Author: Olsen, Eric R. The sexual harassment of women by men is a social phenomenon that exists in academia as well as business and industry. It has only recently been recognized as a significant social problem. The purpose of this study was to determine if men who have a high proclivity toward sexual harassment differ in their ranking of personal values from men who have a low proclivity toward sexual harassment. The rationale behind the study was if there is a relationship between personal values and sexual harassment proclivity then values education and exploration may provide an intervention method to reduce sexual harassment. The sample consisted of 100 randomly selected undergraduate male students at Oregon State University. Seventy four percent of the respondents completed two surveys: the Likelihood of Sexually Harassing Scale (LSH) (Pryor, 1987) and the Rokeach Value Survey (1973). The LSH was used to identify two groups of men: those with a high proclivity toward sexual harassment and those with a low proclivity toward sexual harassment. The two groups ranking of values were then compared to determine if a significant difference existed. Data were analyzed using chi-square to test for significant differences between the two groups ranking of values and also test the significance of the phi coefficient to determine if a relationship existed between score on LSH and ranking of values. Results of the study indicated that there is a significant difference between men with a high proclivity and men with a low proclivity toward sexual harassment in their ranking on 5 of 36 values. The low proclivity group ranked equality, honest, loyal, and salvation significantly higher than the high proclivity group. The high proclivity group ranked a comfortable life significantly higher than the low proclivity group. The values ranked significantly higher by the low proclivity group are social values that denote respect for and cooperation with others. The value ranked significantly higher by the high proclivity group is a personal value that denotes a materialistic and self indulgent orientation. Values education or exploration programs that focus on equality, honesty and loyalty may help to reduce sexually harassing behavior. Close

• 59. [Article] Agricultural Classification of Multi-Temporal MODIS Imagery in Northwest Argentina Using Kansas Crop Phenologies

  Subtropical deforestation in Latin America is thought to be driven by demand for agricultural land, particularly to grow soybeans. However, existing remote sensing methods that can differentiate crop types ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agricultural Classification of Multi-Temporal MODIS Imagery in Northwest Argentina Using Kansas Crop Phenologies Author: Keifer, Jarrett Alexander Year: 2014 Subtropical deforestation in Latin America is thought to be driven by demand for agricultural land, particularly to grow soybeans. However, existing remote sensing methods that can differentiate crop types to verify this hypothesis require high spatial or spectral resolution data, or extensive ground truth information to develop training sites, none of which are freely available for much of the world. I developed a new method of crop classification based on the phenological signatures of crops extracted from multi-temporal MODIS vegetation indices. I tested and refined this method using the USDA Cropland Data Layer from Kansas, USA as a reference. I then applied the method to classify crop types for a study site in Pellegrini, Santiago Del Estero, Argentina. The results show that this method is unable to effectively separate summer crops in Pellegrini, but can differentiate summer crops and non-summer crops. Unmet assumptions about agricultural practices are primarily responsible for the ineffective summer crop classification, underlining the need for researchers to have a complete understanding of ground conditions when designing a remote sensing analysis. Title: Agricultural Classification of Multi-Temporal MODIS Imagery in Northwest Argentina Using Kansas Crop Phenologies Author: Keifer, Jarrett Alexander Year: 2014 Subtropical deforestation in Latin America is thought to be driven by demand for agricultural land, particularly to grow soybeans. However, existing remote sensing methods that can differentiate crop types to verify this hypothesis require high spatial or spectral resolution data, or extensive ground truth information to develop training sites, none of which are freely available for much of the world. I developed a new method of crop classification based on the phenological signatures of crops extracted from multi-temporal MODIS vegetation indices. I tested and refined this method using the USDA Cropland Data Layer from Kansas, USA as a reference. I then applied the method to classify crop types for a study site in Pellegrini, Santiago Del Estero, Argentina. The results show that this method is unable to effectively separate summer crops in Pellegrini, but can differentiate summer crops and non-summer crops. Unmet assumptions about agricultural practices are primarily responsible for the ineffective summer crop classification, underlining the need for researchers to have a complete understanding of ground conditions when designing a remote sensing analysis. Close

• 60. [Article] Measuring costs of sequestering carbon in forest stands with different management regimes in western Oregon

  This project was a part of larger work that compared major factors controlling patterns of carbon dynamics in two regions of the globe, the Pacific Northwest, USA and northwestern Russia. It was funded ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measuring costs of sequestering carbon in forest stands with different management regimes in western Oregon Author: Zyrina, Olga A. This project was a part of larger work that compared major factors controlling patterns of carbon dynamics in two regions of the globe, the Pacific Northwest, USA and northwestern Russia. It was funded through the NASA foundation (grant # NAG5- 6242). Human economic activity is causing the release of pollutants such as carbon dioxide. The increased concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere is thought to cause greenhouse effect, in other words - the warming of the earth and lower atmosphere. Different methods are proposed to reduce concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. Some involve development of more clean technologies. Some involve reductions in the use of fossil fuels. Another possibility is to store carbon (C) as live biomass. Plants use C for growth and development. Using forests to sequester C is one strategy for mitigating effects of GHG emissions. There are many methods in forestry to grow trees and produce wood products. Some of them include clearcutting, thinning, fertilizing, burning, and partial cutting. This project had three purposes. First, was to investigate the effect of a wide variety of silvicultural treatments on C storage and the economic value of harvested forest products. We measured economic value as soil expectation value. Second, was to use Data Envelopment Analysis to determine the efficient set of treatments, which make up the Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) in terms of C and economic value. Third, was to use the PPF to measure the marginal cost of carbon storage in moving from high SEV and relatively low C storage to lower SEV and relatively high C storage. C storage and timber harvest were simulated using the STANDCARB model for forest types common in north-western Oregon with two tree species, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Fifty silvicultural regimes were investigated. They included clearcutting with rotations of 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, and 150. Each of the six rotation ages had eight combinations of silvicultural treatments consisting of artificial and natural regeneration, growth enhancement (GE) and thinning. Two partial cutting regimes: group selection and single-tree selection were also used in the analysis. C storage was calculated for every output year of each model run as a sum of live, dead, and stable C. C storage for each silvicultural regime was measured as the average over five full rotations from the steady state portion of the run. The analysis showed that average C increases with rotation age from 335.99 MgC/ha with 50-year rotation with natural regeneration and thinning to 826.36 MgCIha with 150-year rotation with artificial regeneration and GE. The use of artificial regeneration compared to natural regeneration gave a 20-30 MgC/ha improvement for all regimes. The total harvest from thinning and clearcutting over the rotation period averaged for several runs varied from 505.34 m3/ha (with 50-year rotation no treatment) to 1782.24 m3/ha (with 150-year rotation with GE and thinning) The use of artificial compared to natural regeneration gave a 20-50 m3/ha increase in harvest for all regimes. SEV is the present value of net revenues from perpetually growing tree crops following the specified regime. It measures the economic value of each regime. Generally, SEV has a negative correlation with rotation length. Using a 3.5 percent real discount rate, the maximum SEV ($7904.3/hectare) was obtained from 50-year rotation with artificial regeneration, GE and thinning In contrast, SEV for 130-year rotation with artificial regeneration was only $446.68/hectare. Using Data Envelopment Analysis (OnFront software) we found that 8 of the 50 regimes investigated were efficient in their ability to store C and produce economic value. The efficient regimes included 50, 110, 130 and 150-year rotations with artificial regeneration, GE and thinning; 110, 130 and 150-year rotations with natural regeneration, GE and thinning, and the 150-year rotation with natural regeneration and GE. When regimes with GE were excluded, we found 7 efficient regimes: 50 and 150-year rotations with artificial regeneration and thinning, 50, 110, 130 and 150-year rotations with natural regeneration and thinning, and the 150-year rotation with natural regeneration. The marginal cost of C storage is the SEV lost per unit of C due to change in silvicultural regimes that results in increase of average C stored. Marginal cost analysis indicated that marginal cost values were similar for regimes with GE and without. As C storage increased, the marginal cost generally increased. The increase in C storage from 428 MgC/ha to 589 MgC/ha implied a marginal cost of $13.28IMgC. In case of increasing C storage from 683 MgC/ha to 802.7 MgC/ha, the marginal cost would increase to $32.79JMgC. Title: Measuring costs of sequestering carbon in forest stands with different management regimes in western Oregon Author: Zyrina, Olga A. This project was a part of larger work that compared major factors controlling patterns of carbon dynamics in two regions of the globe, the Pacific Northwest, USA and northwestern Russia. It was funded through the NASA foundation (grant # NAG5- 6242). Human economic activity is causing the release of pollutants such as carbon dioxide. The increased concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere is thought to cause greenhouse effect, in other words - the warming of the earth and lower atmosphere. Different methods are proposed to reduce concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. Some involve development of more clean technologies. Some involve reductions in the use of fossil fuels. Another possibility is to store carbon (C) as live biomass. Plants use C for growth and development. Using forests to sequester C is one strategy for mitigating effects of GHG emissions. There are many methods in forestry to grow trees and produce wood products. Some of them include clearcutting, thinning, fertilizing, burning, and partial cutting. This project had three purposes. First, was to investigate the effect of a wide variety of silvicultural treatments on C storage and the economic value of harvested forest products. We measured economic value as soil expectation value. Second, was to use Data Envelopment Analysis to determine the efficient set of treatments, which make up the Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) in terms of C and economic value. Third, was to use the PPF to measure the marginal cost of carbon storage in moving from high SEV and relatively low C storage to lower SEV and relatively high C storage. C storage and timber harvest were simulated using the STANDCARB model for forest types common in north-western Oregon with two tree species, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Fifty silvicultural regimes were investigated. They included clearcutting with rotations of 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, and 150. Each of the six rotation ages had eight combinations of silvicultural treatments consisting of artificial and natural regeneration, growth enhancement (GE) and thinning. Two partial cutting regimes: group selection and single-tree selection were also used in the analysis. C storage was calculated for every output year of each model run as a sum of live, dead, and stable C. C storage for each silvicultural regime was measured as the average over five full rotations from the steady state portion of the run. The analysis showed that average C increases with rotation age from 335.99 MgC/ha with 50-year rotation with natural regeneration and thinning to 826.36 MgCIha with 150-year rotation with artificial regeneration and GE. The use of artificial regeneration compared to natural regeneration gave a 20-30 MgC/ha improvement for all regimes. The total harvest from thinning and clearcutting over the rotation period averaged for several runs varied from 505.34 m3/ha (with 50-year rotation no treatment) to 1782.24 m3/ha (with 150-year rotation with GE and thinning) The use of artificial compared to natural regeneration gave a 20-50 m3/ha increase in harvest for all regimes. SEV is the present value of net revenues from perpetually growing tree crops following the specified regime. It measures the economic value of each regime. Generally, SEV has a negative correlation with rotation length. Using a 3.5 percent real discount rate, the maximum SEV ($7904.3/hectare) was obtained from 50-year rotation with artificial regeneration, GE and thinning In contrast, SEV for 130-year rotation with artificial regeneration was only $446.68/hectare. Using Data Envelopment Analysis (OnFront software) we found that 8 of the 50 regimes investigated were efficient in their ability to store C and produce economic value. The efficient regimes included 50, 110, 130 and 150-year rotations with artificial regeneration, GE and thinning; 110, 130 and 150-year rotations with natural regeneration, GE and thinning, and the 150-year rotation with natural regeneration and GE. When regimes with GE were excluded, we found 7 efficient regimes: 50 and 150-year rotations with artificial regeneration and thinning, 50, 110, 130 and 150-year rotations with natural regeneration and thinning, and the 150-year rotation with natural regeneration. The marginal cost of C storage is the SEV lost per unit of C due to change in silvicultural regimes that results in increase of average C stored. Marginal cost analysis indicated that marginal cost values were similar for regimes with GE and without. As C storage increased, the marginal cost generally increased. The increase in C storage from 428 MgC/ha to 589 MgC/ha implied a marginal cost of $13.28IMgC. In case of increasing C storage from 683 MgC/ha to 802.7 MgC/ha, the marginal cost would increase to $32.79JMgC. Close

• 61. [Article] Comparing vegetation and soils of remnant and restored prairie wetlands in the northern Willamette Valley

  Native prairies of the Willamette Valley are considered among the rarest of Oregon's ecosystems (Clark and Wilson, 2001). As a result of agriculture conversion, urban development and cessation of native ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparing vegetation and soils of remnant and restored prairie wetlands in the northern Willamette Valley Author: Taylor, Sara M. Native prairies of the Willamette Valley are considered among the rarest of Oregon's ecosystems (Clark and Wilson, 2001). As a result of agriculture conversion, urban development and cessation of native burning, Willamette Valley prairies have become highly fragmented and invaded by non-native species, leaving little room for native plant diversity. Even though wetland prairie conservation and restoration has been a priority for many government agencies there is a need for research on what restoration techniques and management are necessary for increasing native species richness and abundance in remnant and restored wet prairie sites. In this research project, two studies were conducted. In the first study, data were collected on species presence and abundance from three 100m² randomized plots within three remnant wet prairies (Green Mountain, Gotter Prairie South, Knez) and three restored wet prairies (Hutchinson, Gotter Prairie North, Lovejoy) to answer the following research question, 'Are there differences between remnant and restored prairie plant communities with respect to the diversity and abundance of native species?' Analysis of variance and multivariate ordination techniques were used to assess the ecological differences between uncultivated, minimally-managed remnant wet prairies and newly-restored, highly managed wet prairies. Data on soils collected from agricultural sites (Westbrook, Zurcher, Gotter Prairie Ag), as well as the remnant and restored wet prairies mentioned above, were also used to compare soil quality and processes with the remnant and restored wetlands. Restored wet prairie had 23% higher native species cover than remnant prairie (p-value=0.089, N=6). Remnant and restored sites did not differ in native species richness (p-value=0.949, N=6). The relatively high per cent cover of native species at restored sites, (significant at the 10% level), suggests that land managers have successfully restored agricultural properties with an abundance of native species. The lack of significant difference in native species richness between remnant and restored sites also suggests that land managers have also been able to restore native plant diversity into former agricultural properties equivalent to some of the best intact remnant prairies within the Northern Willamette Valley in a short period of time (8 years or less). However, a non-metric scaling (NMS) ordination of the species matrix separated the remnant sites from the restored sites, suggesting that community composition distinguishes restored sites from remnants. The NMS results, which include environmental data in the analysis, also suggest that there is a positive correlation of percent soil moisture and percent soil organic matter associated with the remnant prairies and a positive correlation of management practices such as yearly chemical use, mowing, and clean crops, associated with the restored prairies. The location of Gotter Prairie North restoration within the ordination, between the remnant and restored sites, suggests an intermediate plant composition and soil quality. This could be attributed to intensive weed suppression and soil organic matter build up over time (8 years) in comparison to younger restored sites (3 and 4 years). Indicator species analysis identified many species with high indicator values (IVs) in the remnant prairies; Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Carex densa and Phalaris arundinacea being the highest. The use of fire as a management tool produced only one species with a high IV (Camassia quamash). In the second study, three seeding treatments (Grass first, Grass and Forb together, Forb first) were compared within a 4 hectare experimental wet prairie unit to answer the research question „Which of the three seeding treatments used leads to the highest native species abundance and species richness?‟ Results from an analysis of variance indicated significant differences between treatments in native species richness for 2009 and 2010 (p-values=0.002 & 0.004 respectively) at the 5% level and native species abundance in 2010 only (p-value=0.099) at the 10% level. The Grass and Forb and Forb first treatments were highest in native species richness for 2009 and 2010, whereas the Grass and Forb and Grass first treatments were highest in native species abundance in 2010. A NMS ordination suggests that Juncus tenuis is one of the dominant species, in all seeding treatments, after one year of growth. Title: Comparing vegetation and soils of remnant and restored prairie wetlands in the northern Willamette Valley Author: Taylor, Sara M. Native prairies of the Willamette Valley are considered among the rarest of Oregon's ecosystems (Clark and Wilson, 2001). As a result of agriculture conversion, urban development and cessation of native burning, Willamette Valley prairies have become highly fragmented and invaded by non-native species, leaving little room for native plant diversity. Even though wetland prairie conservation and restoration has been a priority for many government agencies there is a need for research on what restoration techniques and management are necessary for increasing native species richness and abundance in remnant and restored wet prairie sites. In this research project, two studies were conducted. In the first study, data were collected on species presence and abundance from three 100m² randomized plots within three remnant wet prairies (Green Mountain, Gotter Prairie South, Knez) and three restored wet prairies (Hutchinson, Gotter Prairie North, Lovejoy) to answer the following research question, 'Are there differences between remnant and restored prairie plant communities with respect to the diversity and abundance of native species?' Analysis of variance and multivariate ordination techniques were used to assess the ecological differences between uncultivated, minimally-managed remnant wet prairies and newly-restored, highly managed wet prairies. Data on soils collected from agricultural sites (Westbrook, Zurcher, Gotter Prairie Ag), as well as the remnant and restored wet prairies mentioned above, were also used to compare soil quality and processes with the remnant and restored wetlands. Restored wet prairie had 23% higher native species cover than remnant prairie (p-value=0.089, N=6). Remnant and restored sites did not differ in native species richness (p-value=0.949, N=6). The relatively high per cent cover of native species at restored sites, (significant at the 10% level), suggests that land managers have successfully restored agricultural properties with an abundance of native species. The lack of significant difference in native species richness between remnant and restored sites also suggests that land managers have also been able to restore native plant diversity into former agricultural properties equivalent to some of the best intact remnant prairies within the Northern Willamette Valley in a short period of time (8 years or less). However, a non-metric scaling (NMS) ordination of the species matrix separated the remnant sites from the restored sites, suggesting that community composition distinguishes restored sites from remnants. The NMS results, which include environmental data in the analysis, also suggest that there is a positive correlation of percent soil moisture and percent soil organic matter associated with the remnant prairies and a positive correlation of management practices such as yearly chemical use, mowing, and clean crops, associated with the restored prairies. The location of Gotter Prairie North restoration within the ordination, between the remnant and restored sites, suggests an intermediate plant composition and soil quality. This could be attributed to intensive weed suppression and soil organic matter build up over time (8 years) in comparison to younger restored sites (3 and 4 years). Indicator species analysis identified many species with high indicator values (IVs) in the remnant prairies; Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Carex densa and Phalaris arundinacea being the highest. The use of fire as a management tool produced only one species with a high IV (Camassia quamash). In the second study, three seeding treatments (Grass first, Grass and Forb together, Forb first) were compared within a 4 hectare experimental wet prairie unit to answer the research question „Which of the three seeding treatments used leads to the highest native species abundance and species richness?‟ Results from an analysis of variance indicated significant differences between treatments in native species richness for 2009 and 2010 (p-values=0.002 & 0.004 respectively) at the 5% level and native species abundance in 2010 only (p-value=0.099) at the 10% level. The Grass and Forb and Forb first treatments were highest in native species richness for 2009 and 2010, whereas the Grass and Forb and Grass first treatments were highest in native species abundance in 2010. A NMS ordination suggests that Juncus tenuis is one of the dominant species, in all seeding treatments, after one year of growth. Close

• 62. [Article] Reducing energy inputs in Oregon vegetable production to enhance economic and environmental sustainability: A final report submitted to the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission, 2009

  Energy input comparisons between tillage systems; evaluation of the value of legumes as part of a cover crop mixture used in strip-till sweet corn production; evaluation of the nitrogen contribution of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reducing energy inputs in Oregon vegetable production to enhance economic and environmental sustainability: A final report submitted to the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission, 2009 Author: Luna, John M. Energy input comparisons between tillage systems; evaluation of the value of legumes as part of a cover crop mixture used in strip-till sweet corn production; evaluation of the nitrogen contribution of legume-based cover crops to organic vegetable production. Title: Reducing energy inputs in Oregon vegetable production to enhance economic and environmental sustainability: A final report submitted to the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission, 2009 Author: Luna, John M. Energy input comparisons between tillage systems; evaluation of the value of legumes as part of a cover crop mixture used in strip-till sweet corn production; evaluation of the nitrogen contribution of legume-based cover crops to organic vegetable production. Close

• 63. [Article] Comparative wintering ecology of two subspecies of sandhill crane : informing conservation planning in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta region of California

  California's Central Valley agricultural landscapes provide several important wintering regions for Pacific Flyway sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) populations; however, the value of those regions is being ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative wintering ecology of two subspecies of sandhill crane : informing conservation planning in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta region of California Author: Ivey, Gary L. California's Central Valley agricultural landscapes provide several important wintering regions for Pacific Flyway sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) populations; however, the value of those regions is being compromised by urban expansion, other developments, and conversions to incompatible crop types. Greater (G. c. tabida) and lesser sandhill cranes (G. c. canadensis) both have special conservation status in California; the greater is listed as threatened and the lesser as a bird species of conservation concern by the state. However, basic information about their wintering ecology has been lacking to design biologically sound conservation strategies to maintain their wintering habitats. My study of sandhill cranes focused on one major Central Valley wintering region, the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (Delta). I compared daily movements and winter site fidelity between the two sandhill crane subspecies, evaluated the timing of crane arrival and departure from the region, assessed foraging habitat choices, measured abundance and distribution in the Delta, documented the characteristics of roost sites, and developed habitat conservation models and decision tools for managers to facilitate habitat conservation and management. Both crane subspecies showed strong fidelity to my Delta study area. Foraging flights from roost sites were shorter for greaters than lesser (1.2 ± 0.4 km vs. 3.1 ± 0.1 km, respectively) and consequently, mean size of 95% fixed kernel winter home ranges was an order of magnitude smaller for greaters (1.9 ± 0.4 km² vs.21.9 ± 1.9 km², respectively). The strong site fidelity of greaters to roost complexes within landscapes in the Delta indicates that conservation planning targeted at maintaining and managing for adequate food resources around traditional roost sites can be effective for meeting sandhill crane habitat needs, while the scale of conservation differs by subspecies. I recommend that conservation planning actions consider all habitats within 5 km of a crane roost as a sandhill crane conservation "ecosystem unit." This radius encompasses 95% and 69% of the flights from roosts to foraging location (commuting flights) made by greaters and lessers, respectively. For lessers, a conservation radius of 10 km would encompass 90% of the commuting flights. Management, mitigation, acquisition, easement, planning, and farm subsidy programs intended to benefit cranes will be most effective when applied at these scales. Within these radii, conservation and management of wintering habitats should include creating both new roost and feeding areas to ensure high chances of successful use. Sandhill cranes used major crops and habitat types available in the landscapes surrounding their roost sites and focused most of their foraging in grain crops. They generally avoided dry corn stubble, selected dry rice stubble early in the season, and rarely used dry wild rice stubble. Tilled fields were also usually avoided but were occasionally used shortly after tillage. Mulched corn ranked high in comparison to other corn treatments while mulched rice use was used similarly to dry rice stubble. Both subspecies often highly favored cropland habitats when they were initially flooded. Cranes were attracted to new plantings of pasture and winter wheat. One important difference between the subspecies was that lessers used alfalfa which was generally avoided by greaters. Dry corn stubble was avoided while dry rice stubble was favored early in winter. If wildlife managers want to encourage winter field use by cranes they could provide incentives for favorable practices such as production of grain crops, reduction or delaying tillage and flooding of grain fields, provision of irrigations to some crop types, and increasing the practice of mulching of corn stubble. Of the 69 crane night roosts I identified, 35 were flooded cropland sites and 34 were wetland sites. I found that both larger individual roost sites and larger complexes of roost sites supported larger peak numbers of cranes. Water depth used by roosting cranes averaged 10 cm (range 3-21 cm, mode 7 cm) and was similar between subspecies. Roosting cranes avoided sites that were regularly hunted or had high densities (i.e., > 1 blind/5 ha) of hunting blinds. Roost site design and management should consider providing and maintaining large roost complexes (100 - 1000 ha) ideally in close proximity (< 5 km) to other roost sites, with large individual sites (> 5 ha) of mostly level topography, dominated by shallow water (5-10 cm depths). The fact that cranes readily use undisturbed flooded cropland sites makes this a viable option for creation of roost habitat. Because hunting disturbance can limit crane use of roost sites I suggest these two uses should not be considered compatible. However, if the management objective of an area includes waterfowl hunting, limiting hunting at low blind densities (i.e., < 1 blind/60 ha) and restricting hunting to early morning may be viable options for creating a crane-compatible waterfowl hunt program. Radio-marked sandhill cranes arrived in the Delta beginning 3 October, most arrived in mid-October, and the last radio-marked sandhill crane arrived on 10 December. Departure dates ranged from 15 January to 13 March. Mean arrival and departure dates were similar between subspecies. From mid-December through early-February in 2007-2008, the Delta population ranged from 20,000 to 27,000 sandhill cranes. Abundance varied at the main roost sites during winter, likely because sandhill cranes responded to changes in water and foraging habitat conditions. Sandhill cranes used an area of approximately 1,500 km² for foraging. Estimated peak abundance in the Delta was more than half the total number counted on recent Pacific Flyway midwinter surveys, indicating the Delta region is a key area for efforts in conservation and recovery of wintering sandhill cranes in California. Based on arrival dates, flooding of sandhill crane roost sites should be staggered with some sites flooded in early September and most sites flooded by early October. Maintaining flooding of at least some roost sites through mid-March would provide essential roosting habitat until most birds have departed the Delta region on spring migration. Not all 5-km radius ecosystem units are equal in their value to greater sandhill cranes, and the relative foraging value of a particular parcel within an ecosystem unit depends on the numbers of cranes using the focal roost site, the habitat choices they make, and the probability that they will fly to a particular parcel. Additionally, some ecosystem units overlap, and in these overlap zones, the probability of crane use is higher, because of additive effects. To provide a tool to allow managers to further refine management plans, I developed a model which allows more specific focus of crane conservation, mitigation and habitat management, using what my study revealed about greater sandhill cranes. This model considers the abundance of greaters at individual roost sites and the probability that they would fly to a given location. Sites closer to roosts had a higher probability of crane use. I calculated the probability that greaters would fly to a parcel within concentric 1-km intervals as a product of the proportion of commuting flights of individuals that reached that interval, and the proportion of all commuting flights that reached that interval. Within crane ecosystem units, it is important to protect the existing habitat from further loss and optimize foraging conditions for cranes. I provide a decision matrix to assist with plans to enhance existing crane landscapes, create new crane habitat areas or mitigate habitat losses. This matrix provides a framework for decision-making regarding enhancing sandhill crane foraging and roost site habitats. Wildlife managers could employ a variety of tools to conserve and manage crane habitats, including fee title acquisitions, private conservation easements, and specific cropland management actions to maintain crane-compatible conditions and high food values for cranes (possibly including providing unharvested food plots). My study has demonstrated that most cranes use a relatively small landscape surrounding their traditional roost sites and that they favor certain crops and post-harvest crop management practices for foraging. However, we need a better understanding of the actual carrying capacity for cranes in these crane management zones to ensure that managers can maintain these sites for cranes in the future. Title: Comparative wintering ecology of two subspecies of sandhill crane : informing conservation planning in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta region of California Author: Ivey, Gary L. California's Central Valley agricultural landscapes provide several important wintering regions for Pacific Flyway sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) populations; however, the value of those regions is being compromised by urban expansion, other developments, and conversions to incompatible crop types. Greater (G. c. tabida) and lesser sandhill cranes (G. c. canadensis) both have special conservation status in California; the greater is listed as threatened and the lesser as a bird species of conservation concern by the state. However, basic information about their wintering ecology has been lacking to design biologically sound conservation strategies to maintain their wintering habitats. My study of sandhill cranes focused on one major Central Valley wintering region, the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (Delta). I compared daily movements and winter site fidelity between the two sandhill crane subspecies, evaluated the timing of crane arrival and departure from the region, assessed foraging habitat choices, measured abundance and distribution in the Delta, documented the characteristics of roost sites, and developed habitat conservation models and decision tools for managers to facilitate habitat conservation and management. Both crane subspecies showed strong fidelity to my Delta study area. Foraging flights from roost sites were shorter for greaters than lesser (1.2 ± 0.4 km vs. 3.1 ± 0.1 km, respectively) and consequently, mean size of 95% fixed kernel winter home ranges was an order of magnitude smaller for greaters (1.9 ± 0.4 km² vs.21.9 ± 1.9 km², respectively). The strong site fidelity of greaters to roost complexes within landscapes in the Delta indicates that conservation planning targeted at maintaining and managing for adequate food resources around traditional roost sites can be effective for meeting sandhill crane habitat needs, while the scale of conservation differs by subspecies. I recommend that conservation planning actions consider all habitats within 5 km of a crane roost as a sandhill crane conservation "ecosystem unit." This radius encompasses 95% and 69% of the flights from roosts to foraging location (commuting flights) made by greaters and lessers, respectively. For lessers, a conservation radius of 10 km would encompass 90% of the commuting flights. Management, mitigation, acquisition, easement, planning, and farm subsidy programs intended to benefit cranes will be most effective when applied at these scales. Within these radii, conservation and management of wintering habitats should include creating both new roost and feeding areas to ensure high chances of successful use. Sandhill cranes used major crops and habitat types available in the landscapes surrounding their roost sites and focused most of their foraging in grain crops. They generally avoided dry corn stubble, selected dry rice stubble early in the season, and rarely used dry wild rice stubble. Tilled fields were also usually avoided but were occasionally used shortly after tillage. Mulched corn ranked high in comparison to other corn treatments while mulched rice use was used similarly to dry rice stubble. Both subspecies often highly favored cropland habitats when they were initially flooded. Cranes were attracted to new plantings of pasture and winter wheat. One important difference between the subspecies was that lessers used alfalfa which was generally avoided by greaters. Dry corn stubble was avoided while dry rice stubble was favored early in winter. If wildlife managers want to encourage winter field use by cranes they could provide incentives for favorable practices such as production of grain crops, reduction or delaying tillage and flooding of grain fields, provision of irrigations to some crop types, and increasing the practice of mulching of corn stubble. Of the 69 crane night roosts I identified, 35 were flooded cropland sites and 34 were wetland sites. I found that both larger individual roost sites and larger complexes of roost sites supported larger peak numbers of cranes. Water depth used by roosting cranes averaged 10 cm (range 3-21 cm, mode 7 cm) and was similar between subspecies. Roosting cranes avoided sites that were regularly hunted or had high densities (i.e., > 1 blind/5 ha) of hunting blinds. Roost site design and management should consider providing and maintaining large roost complexes (100 - 1000 ha) ideally in close proximity (< 5 km) to other roost sites, with large individual sites (> 5 ha) of mostly level topography, dominated by shallow water (5-10 cm depths). The fact that cranes readily use undisturbed flooded cropland sites makes this a viable option for creation of roost habitat. Because hunting disturbance can limit crane use of roost sites I suggest these two uses should not be considered compatible. However, if the management objective of an area includes waterfowl hunting, limiting hunting at low blind densities (i.e., < 1 blind/60 ha) and restricting hunting to early morning may be viable options for creating a crane-compatible waterfowl hunt program. Radio-marked sandhill cranes arrived in the Delta beginning 3 October, most arrived in mid-October, and the last radio-marked sandhill crane arrived on 10 December. Departure dates ranged from 15 January to 13 March. Mean arrival and departure dates were similar between subspecies. From mid-December through early-February in 2007-2008, the Delta population ranged from 20,000 to 27,000 sandhill cranes. Abundance varied at the main roost sites during winter, likely because sandhill cranes responded to changes in water and foraging habitat conditions. Sandhill cranes used an area of approximately 1,500 km² for foraging. Estimated peak abundance in the Delta was more than half the total number counted on recent Pacific Flyway midwinter surveys, indicating the Delta region is a key area for efforts in conservation and recovery of wintering sandhill cranes in California. Based on arrival dates, flooding of sandhill crane roost sites should be staggered with some sites flooded in early September and most sites flooded by early October. Maintaining flooding of at least some roost sites through mid-March would provide essential roosting habitat until most birds have departed the Delta region on spring migration. Not all 5-km radius ecosystem units are equal in their value to greater sandhill cranes, and the relative foraging value of a particular parcel within an ecosystem unit depends on the numbers of cranes using the focal roost site, the habitat choices they make, and the probability that they will fly to a particular parcel. Additionally, some ecosystem units overlap, and in these overlap zones, the probability of crane use is higher, because of additive effects. To provide a tool to allow managers to further refine management plans, I developed a model which allows more specific focus of crane conservation, mitigation and habitat management, using what my study revealed about greater sandhill cranes. This model considers the abundance of greaters at individual roost sites and the probability that they would fly to a given location. Sites closer to roosts had a higher probability of crane use. I calculated the probability that greaters would fly to a parcel within concentric 1-km intervals as a product of the proportion of commuting flights of individuals that reached that interval, and the proportion of all commuting flights that reached that interval. Within crane ecosystem units, it is important to protect the existing habitat from further loss and optimize foraging conditions for cranes. I provide a decision matrix to assist with plans to enhance existing crane landscapes, create new crane habitat areas or mitigate habitat losses. This matrix provides a framework for decision-making regarding enhancing sandhill crane foraging and roost site habitats. Wildlife managers could employ a variety of tools to conserve and manage crane habitats, including fee title acquisitions, private conservation easements, and specific cropland management actions to maintain crane-compatible conditions and high food values for cranes (possibly including providing unharvested food plots). My study has demonstrated that most cranes use a relatively small landscape surrounding their traditional roost sites and that they favor certain crops and post-harvest crop management practices for foraging. However, we need a better understanding of the actual carrying capacity for cranes in these crane management zones to ensure that managers can maintain these sites for cranes in the future. Close

• 64. [Article] Impacts of high biomass cover crop management on soil factors and corn root rot and productivity: Report to the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission, 2006

  Objective: to evaluate the impacts of N availability, microbial activity, and root health on corn productivity and yield in high biomass cover crop systems

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of high biomass cover crop management on soil factors and corn root rot and productivity: Report to the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission, 2006 Author: Stone, Alex, Miyazoe, Mikio Objective: to evaluate the impacts of N availability, microbial activity, and root health on corn productivity and yield in high biomass cover crop systems Title: Impacts of high biomass cover crop management on soil factors and corn root rot and productivity: Report to the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission, 2006 Author: Stone, Alex, Miyazoe, Mikio Objective: to evaluate the impacts of N availability, microbial activity, and root health on corn productivity and yield in high biomass cover crop systems Close

• 65. [Article] "AmaRosa," a Red Skinned, Red Fleshed Fingerling with High Phytonutrient Value

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Potato Association of America and published by Springer. It can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/1099-209x/. To the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "AmaRosa," a Red Skinned, Red Fleshed Fingerling with High Phytonutrient Value Author: Novy, Richard, Stark, Jeff, Feibert, Eric, Vales, Isabel, Whitworth, Jonathan, Navarre, Roy, Quick, Richard, Pavek, Mark, Brown, Charles R., Miller, J. Creighton, Jr., Yilma, Solomon, Hane, Dan, Culp, Darrin, Holm, David, James, Steven, Charlton, Brian, Shock, Clinton, Knowles, Richard This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Potato Association of America and published by Springer. It can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/1099-209x/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: "AmaRosa," a Red Skinned, Red Fleshed Fingerling with High Phytonutrient Value Author: Novy, Richard, Stark, Jeff, Feibert, Eric, Vales, Isabel, Whitworth, Jonathan, Navarre, Roy, Quick, Richard, Pavek, Mark, Brown, Charles R., Miller, J. Creighton, Jr., Yilma, Solomon, Hane, Dan, Culp, Darrin, Holm, David, James, Steven, Charlton, Brian, Shock, Clinton, Knowles, Richard This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Potato Association of America and published by Springer. It can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/1099-209x/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 66. [Article] Development of a 10,000 Locus Genetic Map of the Sunflower Genome Based on Multiple Crosses

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Genetics Society of America and can be found at: http://www.g3journal.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a 10,000 Locus Genetic Map of the Sunflower Genome Based on Multiple Crosses Author: Brunick, Robert L., Bowers, John E., Burke, John M., Knapp, Steven J., Rieseberg, Loren H., Bachlava, Eleni This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Genetics Society of America and can be found at: http://www.g3journal.org/. Title: Development of a 10,000 Locus Genetic Map of the Sunflower Genome Based on Multiple Crosses Author: Brunick, Robert L., Bowers, John E., Burke, John M., Knapp, Steven J., Rieseberg, Loren H., Bachlava, Eleni This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Genetics Society of America and can be found at: http://www.g3journal.org/. Close

• 67. [Image] Value of cultivated crop in rotation

  	Value of cultivated crop in rotation. Half this field in corn and half in spring outs previously - Yamhill County
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Value of cultivated crop in rotation Value of cultivated crop in rotation. Half this field in corn and half in spring outs previously - Yamhill County Title: Value of cultivated crop in rotation Value of cultivated crop in rotation. Half this field in corn and half in spring outs previously - Yamhill County Close

• 68. [Article] Heritability estimates and associations for protein content and grain yield involving four winter wheat crosses (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host)

  Four agronomically and genetically diverse winter wheat parents were utilized as the experimental organisms. Atlas 66 and NB 68513 were selected as cultivars with a high and stable protein content when grown ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heritability estimates and associations for protein content and grain yield involving four winter wheat crosses (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Solen, Polat Four agronomically and genetically diverse winter wheat parents were utilized as the experimental organisms. Atlas 66 and NB 68513 were selected as cultivars with a high and stable protein content when grown under different environmental condidtions. They are intermediate for grain yield when grown in the Pacific Northwest. Yamhill and Hyslop represented low protein, high yielding cultivars adapted to the Pacific Northwest. Data were obtained from crosses between the two high protein cultivars and the two low protein cultivars based on the performance of the parents and the F₁ and F₂ generations. These experimental populations were grown in 1971 at the Pendleton Experiment Station and the Central Oregon Experimental site at Madras, Oregon. Measurements were made on an individual plant basis for protein content, grain yield, 50 kernel weight, kernels per spike, tillers per plant and plant height. Differences among and within crosses were determined by the analysis of variance. Information concerning the nature of inheritance was obtained by comparing the F₁ and F₂ means in relation to performance of the parents; the frequency distribution of the generations for protein content; and by determining broad and narrow sense heritability estimates for the six characters studied. The existence of possible phenotypic associations among the six characters studied was determined by using correlation coefficients. In order to evaluate the possible direct and indirect effects of grain yield and the components of yield on protein content, path coefficient analyses were employed. Significant differences were observed among and within crosses at both the Pendleton and Madras sites for most characters measured. The F₁ and F₂ mean values were found to be near the mid-parent of the two parents in all four crosses for plant height, 50 kernel weight and kernels per spike. There were several exceptions depending on the particular cross and specific character. Protein content mean values were also intermediate between the two parents for the F₁ and F₂ generations. In crosses involving Hyslop, the mean values tended to be near the highest parent. Little or no transgressive segregation was noted in the F₂ generation. Evidence of non additive gene action was noted both for grain yield and tiller number in the F₁ and F₂ generations with the mean values exceeding the highest parent in all crosses for grain yield at the Pendleton site. Tillers per plant at Pendleton and both tillers per plant and grain yield at Madras also showed some degree of hybrid vigor, but the magnitude depended on the particular cross. The high broad and narrow sense heritability estimates obtained both at Pendleton and Madras for all traits suggested that there was a large amount of genetic variation present for the characters studied. The narrow sense estimates further suggested that a high percentage of the total genetic variation was due to genes which function in an additive manner. Significant negative correlations were noted between protein content and grain yield including some of the components of yield. In evaluating the direct and indirect effects with path coefficient analysis, these negative associations resulted from the large negative indirect effects of 50 kernel weight and kernels per spike on protein content via grain yield at the Madras site. At the Pendleton site, where moisture became a limiting factor, the negative association resulted largely as the indirect effect of 50 kernel weight on protein content through grain yield. The large environmental influence on protein content was particularly striking at the Pendleton site. With the spring application of nitrogen, a delay in maturity for Hyslop and Yamhill was noted and with the subsequent loss of moisture, shriveled grain resulted and hence a higher protein content with lower grain yield. This resulted in the grain protein of Hyslop and Yamhill being higher than that of Atlas 66 and NB 68513. The results of this study suggest that it may be necessary to compromise in attempting to develop high protein lines with maximum yield. However, it should be possible to increase the protein content two to three percent and still maintain the yielding ability of Hyslop and Yamhill. Title: Heritability estimates and associations for protein content and grain yield involving four winter wheat crosses (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Solen, Polat Four agronomically and genetically diverse winter wheat parents were utilized as the experimental organisms. Atlas 66 and NB 68513 were selected as cultivars with a high and stable protein content when grown under different environmental condidtions. They are intermediate for grain yield when grown in the Pacific Northwest. Yamhill and Hyslop represented low protein, high yielding cultivars adapted to the Pacific Northwest. Data were obtained from crosses between the two high protein cultivars and the two low protein cultivars based on the performance of the parents and the F₁ and F₂ generations. These experimental populations were grown in 1971 at the Pendleton Experiment Station and the Central Oregon Experimental site at Madras, Oregon. Measurements were made on an individual plant basis for protein content, grain yield, 50 kernel weight, kernels per spike, tillers per plant and plant height. Differences among and within crosses were determined by the analysis of variance. Information concerning the nature of inheritance was obtained by comparing the F₁ and F₂ means in relation to performance of the parents; the frequency distribution of the generations for protein content; and by determining broad and narrow sense heritability estimates for the six characters studied. The existence of possible phenotypic associations among the six characters studied was determined by using correlation coefficients. In order to evaluate the possible direct and indirect effects of grain yield and the components of yield on protein content, path coefficient analyses were employed. Significant differences were observed among and within crosses at both the Pendleton and Madras sites for most characters measured. The F₁ and F₂ mean values were found to be near the mid-parent of the two parents in all four crosses for plant height, 50 kernel weight and kernels per spike. There were several exceptions depending on the particular cross and specific character. Protein content mean values were also intermediate between the two parents for the F₁ and F₂ generations. In crosses involving Hyslop, the mean values tended to be near the highest parent. Little or no transgressive segregation was noted in the F₂ generation. Evidence of non additive gene action was noted both for grain yield and tiller number in the F₁ and F₂ generations with the mean values exceeding the highest parent in all crosses for grain yield at the Pendleton site. Tillers per plant at Pendleton and both tillers per plant and grain yield at Madras also showed some degree of hybrid vigor, but the magnitude depended on the particular cross. The high broad and narrow sense heritability estimates obtained both at Pendleton and Madras for all traits suggested that there was a large amount of genetic variation present for the characters studied. The narrow sense estimates further suggested that a high percentage of the total genetic variation was due to genes which function in an additive manner. Significant negative correlations were noted between protein content and grain yield including some of the components of yield. In evaluating the direct and indirect effects with path coefficient analysis, these negative associations resulted from the large negative indirect effects of 50 kernel weight and kernels per spike on protein content via grain yield at the Madras site. At the Pendleton site, where moisture became a limiting factor, the negative association resulted largely as the indirect effect of 50 kernel weight on protein content through grain yield. The large environmental influence on protein content was particularly striking at the Pendleton site. With the spring application of nitrogen, a delay in maturity for Hyslop and Yamhill was noted and with the subsequent loss of moisture, shriveled grain resulted and hence a higher protein content with lower grain yield. This resulted in the grain protein of Hyslop and Yamhill being higher than that of Atlas 66 and NB 68513. The results of this study suggest that it may be necessary to compromise in attempting to develop high protein lines with maximum yield. However, it should be possible to increase the protein content two to three percent and still maintain the yielding ability of Hyslop and Yamhill. Close

• 69. [Article] Effects of Cover Crop Management on Vine Development and Fruit Quality of Pinot noir - Year 1 Report

  Item has been restricted to administrators only at the request of the author.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Cover Crop Management on Vine Development and Fruit Quality of Pinot noir - Year 1 Report Author: Skinkis, Patty, Fredrikson, Levi Item has been restricted to administrators only at the request of the author. Title: Effects of Cover Crop Management on Vine Development and Fruit Quality of Pinot noir - Year 1 Report Author: Skinkis, Patty, Fredrikson, Levi Item has been restricted to administrators only at the request of the author. Close

• 70. [Article] Evaluation of Rhizobium strains with three Mediterranean forage legumes for biological nitrogen fixation

  Centuries of continuous grain cropping in northern Africa have reduced N levels in soils to a degree such that agricultural production is now largely dependent upon nitrogen fertilizer. Through the identification ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of Rhizobium strains with three Mediterranean forage legumes for biological nitrogen fixation Author: Streeter, Donald J. Centuries of continuous grain cropping in northern Africa have reduced N levels in soils to a degree such that agricultural production is now largely dependent upon nitrogen fertilizer. Through the identification of highly effective legume and Rhizobium strain combinations, the production of protein-rich livestock forage and green manure can be substantially increased. Three common Mediterranean legumes, Lupinus albus, Medicago truncatula, and Trifolium alexandrium were chosen to be tested with various strains of Rhizobium. Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate these forage legumes with commercially available Rhizobium inoculum, nodule isolates collected in Tunisia, and nodule isolates from other sources. Strain effectiveness was determined following 6 weeks of growth in plant tubes containing nutrient agar or modified Leonard jars containing nutrient solution. Each symbiotic system was evaluated for shoot, root, and nodule dry weight, nodule number, nodule acetylene reduction activity, and total plant N. For L. albus, four single strains, 96A5, 96A19, 96B15, and 96B23, and one commercially available multiple strain 'H', produced acetylene reduction activity from 100 to 190 u moles ethylene evolved.h⁻¹.g⁻¹ dw of nodules. Plant dry weights and total plant N values were comparable to the +N treatment. All five strains were therefore recommended for further evaluation under field conditions. Two single strains for M. truncatula, 102D6 and 102B11, produced acetylene reduction values from 800 to 900 u moles ethylene evolved. h⁻¹.g⁻¹ dw of nodules (1.5-5.1 umoles.h⁻¹.plant⁻¹). Plant dry weights and total plant N values were higher than the +N treatment. Both strains were recommended for further evaluation under field conditions. Strains WCI-1 and 162X95 for T. alexandrium produced acetylene reduction activity from 900 to 1000 u moles ethylene evolved.h⁻¹.g⁻¹ dw of nodules (1.9-11.4 umoles.h⁻¹.plant⁻¹). Plant dry weights were 50%, and total plant N 80%, of the +N treatment. Both strains were recommended for further evaluation under field conditions. Further evaluation of these strains in field trials is recommended. These trials should be performed in the area of eventual use or with soil and climatic conditions typical of the production area. Title: Evaluation of Rhizobium strains with three Mediterranean forage legumes for biological nitrogen fixation Author: Streeter, Donald J. Centuries of continuous grain cropping in northern Africa have reduced N levels in soils to a degree such that agricultural production is now largely dependent upon nitrogen fertilizer. Through the identification of highly effective legume and Rhizobium strain combinations, the production of protein-rich livestock forage and green manure can be substantially increased. Three common Mediterranean legumes, Lupinus albus, Medicago truncatula, and Trifolium alexandrium were chosen to be tested with various strains of Rhizobium. Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate these forage legumes with commercially available Rhizobium inoculum, nodule isolates collected in Tunisia, and nodule isolates from other sources. Strain effectiveness was determined following 6 weeks of growth in plant tubes containing nutrient agar or modified Leonard jars containing nutrient solution. Each symbiotic system was evaluated for shoot, root, and nodule dry weight, nodule number, nodule acetylene reduction activity, and total plant N. For L. albus, four single strains, 96A5, 96A19, 96B15, and 96B23, and one commercially available multiple strain 'H', produced acetylene reduction activity from 100 to 190 u moles ethylene evolved.h⁻¹.g⁻¹ dw of nodules. Plant dry weights and total plant N values were comparable to the +N treatment. All five strains were therefore recommended for further evaluation under field conditions. Two single strains for M. truncatula, 102D6 and 102B11, produced acetylene reduction values from 800 to 900 u moles ethylene evolved. h⁻¹.g⁻¹ dw of nodules (1.5-5.1 umoles.h⁻¹.plant⁻¹). Plant dry weights and total plant N values were higher than the +N treatment. Both strains were recommended for further evaluation under field conditions. Strains WCI-1 and 162X95 for T. alexandrium produced acetylene reduction activity from 900 to 1000 u moles ethylene evolved.h⁻¹.g⁻¹ dw of nodules (1.9-11.4 umoles.h⁻¹.plant⁻¹). Plant dry weights were 50%, and total plant N 80%, of the +N treatment. Both strains were recommended for further evaluation under field conditions. Further evaluation of these strains in field trials is recommended. These trials should be performed in the area of eventual use or with soil and climatic conditions typical of the production area. Close

• 71. [Article] High-context and low-context cultures: value system variations for American and Japanese university students and their resultant communication patterns

  This exploratory investigation focused on the validity of the concepts of high-context and low-context as a meaningful and powerful construct for examining cultural differences. Specifically, American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: High-context and low-context cultures: value system variations for American and Japanese university students and their resultant communication patterns Author: Yamaguchi, Shinobu Yume This exploratory investigation focused on the validity of the concepts of high-context and low-context as a meaningful and powerful construct for examining cultural differences. Specifically, American and Japanese value differences and communication patterns were examined. The study tested the hypotheses that Japanese students would rank high-context group orientation values higher than American students, and American students would rank low-context individual values higher than Japanese students. Other value differences and similarities were explored. The data were collected from American university students and Japanese university students. Subjects were drawn from Oregon State University for American students, and from Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo for Japanese students. Statistical analysis of rank order data showed Japanese university students ranked highly on group orientation values, supporting the first hypothesis, while American university students ranked highly on individual orientation values, supporting the second hypothesis. The general results of this exploratory study were interpreted as supporting Hall's concepts of high-context and low-context cultural differences. Title: High-context and low-context cultures: value system variations for American and Japanese university students and their resultant communication patterns Author: Yamaguchi, Shinobu Yume This exploratory investigation focused on the validity of the concepts of high-context and low-context as a meaningful and powerful construct for examining cultural differences. Specifically, American and Japanese value differences and communication patterns were examined. The study tested the hypotheses that Japanese students would rank high-context group orientation values higher than American students, and American students would rank low-context individual values higher than Japanese students. Other value differences and similarities were explored. The data were collected from American university students and Japanese university students. Subjects were drawn from Oregon State University for American students, and from Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo for Japanese students. Statistical analysis of rank order data showed Japanese university students ranked highly on group orientation values, supporting the first hypothesis, while American university students ranked highly on individual orientation values, supporting the second hypothesis. The general results of this exploratory study were interpreted as supporting Hall's concepts of high-context and low-context cultural differences. Close

• 72. [Article] Ethical Considerations of Transgenic Biotechnology as a Tool to Address Global Food Insecurity: Implementation and Regulation in Developing Countries

  Transgenic biotechnology holds enormous potential as a tool to address global food insecurity. Transgenic food crops have been shown to increase food availability and food system security by incorporating ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ethical Considerations of Transgenic Biotechnology as a Tool to Address Global Food Insecurity: Implementation and Regulation in Developing Countries Author: Stepper, Shelby Ann Transgenic biotechnology holds enormous potential as a tool to address global food insecurity. Transgenic food crops have been shown to increase food availability and food system security by incorporating disease, pesticide and drought resistance. Production costs of transgenic crops are lower due to the reduced need for costly pesticides and manual tillage, leaving more disposable income for farmers to buy food. Biofortified and nutritionally enriched transgenic crops may be able to reduce vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies. Despite the many promising applications of transgenic food crops in developing countries, many governments have raised major objections to the utilization of transgenic food production and have resisted transgenic crop adoption. The majority of these objections appear to be rooted in societal values, economics related to trade, and ethical principles, not biophysical science. My analysis of the current regulatory system suggests that ethical considerations regarding transgenic food crops are best addressed as part of local regulations rather than incorporated in global trade restrictions. I argue that while there is no silver bullet for solving world hunger, the utilization and responsible regulation of biotechnology could meaningfully contribute its reduction. Title: Ethical Considerations of Transgenic Biotechnology as a Tool to Address Global Food Insecurity: Implementation and Regulation in Developing Countries Author: Stepper, Shelby Ann Transgenic biotechnology holds enormous potential as a tool to address global food insecurity. Transgenic food crops have been shown to increase food availability and food system security by incorporating disease, pesticide and drought resistance. Production costs of transgenic crops are lower due to the reduced need for costly pesticides and manual tillage, leaving more disposable income for farmers to buy food. Biofortified and nutritionally enriched transgenic crops may be able to reduce vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies. Despite the many promising applications of transgenic food crops in developing countries, many governments have raised major objections to the utilization of transgenic food production and have resisted transgenic crop adoption. The majority of these objections appear to be rooted in societal values, economics related to trade, and ethical principles, not biophysical science. My analysis of the current regulatory system suggests that ethical considerations regarding transgenic food crops are best addressed as part of local regulations rather than incorporated in global trade restrictions. I argue that while there is no silver bullet for solving world hunger, the utilization and responsible regulation of biotechnology could meaningfully contribute its reduction. Close

• 73. [Article] Ethanol and High-Value Terpene Co-Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Cymbopogon martinii

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ethanol and High-Value Terpene Co-Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Cymbopogon martinii Author: Sykes, Robert, Joyce, Blake L., et al., Zheljazkov, Valtcho D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Ethanol and High-Value Terpene Co-Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Cymbopogon martinii Author: Sykes, Robert, Joyce, Blake L., et al., Zheljazkov, Valtcho D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 74. [Article] Evaporation synergy in a bi-textured soil system

  Evaporation synergy is the phenomenon in which two porous medium textures that share a common vertical boundary experience a higher cumulative evaporation than either homogeneous texture can produce. Studies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaporation synergy in a bi-textured soil system Author: Fisher, Arthur J. Evaporation synergy is the phenomenon in which two porous medium textures that share a common vertical boundary experience a higher cumulative evaporation than either homogeneous texture can produce. Studies that have been conducted to date address this phenomenon in relatively fine and coarse sands but not in finer textured soils where viscous forces play a major role. The purpose of this study was to determine which of the 66 combinations of soil textures would exhibit evaporation synergy and develop a conceptual model of the conditions necessary for synergy. The numerical modeler HYDRUS was used to investigate all soil texture combinations and generate evaporation rates and cumulative evaporation amounts for each system. In addition, two combinations of soils were selected as laboratory experiments based on the HYDRUS predictions: one that exhibited synergy (Loamy Sand & Silt Loam) and one that did not (Loamy Sand & Sandy Clay). The laboratory data supported the HYDRUS predictions for evaporation synergy and non-synergy. The conditions necessary for evaporation synergy were developed from the numerical and physical models’ predictions and results. The two textures must experience different air-entry values to create lateral and vertical pressure gradients, the fine must possess a high enough hydraulic conductivity to allow water to move to its surface before it reaches its own air-entry value and possess the capillarity to maintain liquid film flow to its surface, and the viscous forces within the coarse must be low enough for water to be pulled from itself to the fine. It was also determined that the evaporation rate of a bi-texture decreases as a series of constant-rate steps until the fine enters S2 evaporation and is associated with a stepwise recession of the drying front in the coarse media. The duration of each step appears to be associated with the lateral distance from which water can be extracted within the coarse media. Title: Evaporation synergy in a bi-textured soil system Author: Fisher, Arthur J. Evaporation synergy is the phenomenon in which two porous medium textures that share a common vertical boundary experience a higher cumulative evaporation than either homogeneous texture can produce. Studies that have been conducted to date address this phenomenon in relatively fine and coarse sands but not in finer textured soils where viscous forces play a major role. The purpose of this study was to determine which of the 66 combinations of soil textures would exhibit evaporation synergy and develop a conceptual model of the conditions necessary for synergy. The numerical modeler HYDRUS was used to investigate all soil texture combinations and generate evaporation rates and cumulative evaporation amounts for each system. In addition, two combinations of soils were selected as laboratory experiments based on the HYDRUS predictions: one that exhibited synergy (Loamy Sand & Silt Loam) and one that did not (Loamy Sand & Sandy Clay). The laboratory data supported the HYDRUS predictions for evaporation synergy and non-synergy. The conditions necessary for evaporation synergy were developed from the numerical and physical models’ predictions and results. The two textures must experience different air-entry values to create lateral and vertical pressure gradients, the fine must possess a high enough hydraulic conductivity to allow water to move to its surface before it reaches its own air-entry value and possess the capillarity to maintain liquid film flow to its surface, and the viscous forces within the coarse must be low enough for water to be pulled from itself to the fine. It was also determined that the evaporation rate of a bi-texture decreases as a series of constant-rate steps until the fine enters S2 evaporation and is associated with a stepwise recession of the drying front in the coarse media. The duration of each step appears to be associated with the lateral distance from which water can be extracted within the coarse media. Close

• 75. [Article] Geostatistical applications to salinity mapping and simulated reclamation

  Geostatistical methods were used to find efficient and accurate means for salinity assessment using regionalized random variables and limited sampling. The random variables selected, sodium absorption ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geostatistical applications to salinity mapping and simulated reclamation Author: Al-Taher, Mohamad A. Geostatistical methods were used to find efficient and accurate means for salinity assessment using regionalized random variables and limited sampling. The random variables selected, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC), and clay content were measured on samples taken over an area of fifteen square miles. Ordinary kriging and co-kriging were used as linear estimators. They were compared on the basis of average kriging variance and sum of squares for error between observed and estimated values. The results indicate a significant improvement in the average kriging variance and sum of squares by using co-kriging estimators. EC was used to estimate SAR because of the high correlation between them. This was not true for clay content. A saving of two-thirds of the cost and time was achieved by using electrical conductivity as an auxiliary variable to estimate sodium absorption ratio. The nonlinear estimator, disjunctive kriging, was an improvement over co-kriging in terms of the variances. More information at the estimation site is a more important consideration than when the estimator is linear. Disjunctive kriging was used to produce an estimate of the conditional probability that the value at an unsampled location is greater than an arbitrary cutoff level. This feature of disjunctive kriging aids salinity assessment and reclamation management. A solute transport model was used to show how saptially variable initial conditions influenced the amount of water required to reclaim a saline soil at each sampling point in a simulated leaching of the area. Title: Geostatistical applications to salinity mapping and simulated reclamation Author: Al-Taher, Mohamad A. Geostatistical methods were used to find efficient and accurate means for salinity assessment using regionalized random variables and limited sampling. The random variables selected, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC), and clay content were measured on samples taken over an area of fifteen square miles. Ordinary kriging and co-kriging were used as linear estimators. They were compared on the basis of average kriging variance and sum of squares for error between observed and estimated values. The results indicate a significant improvement in the average kriging variance and sum of squares by using co-kriging estimators. EC was used to estimate SAR because of the high correlation between them. This was not true for clay content. A saving of two-thirds of the cost and time was achieved by using electrical conductivity as an auxiliary variable to estimate sodium absorption ratio. The nonlinear estimator, disjunctive kriging, was an improvement over co-kriging in terms of the variances. More information at the estimation site is a more important consideration than when the estimator is linear. Disjunctive kriging was used to produce an estimate of the conditional probability that the value at an unsampled location is greater than an arbitrary cutoff level. This feature of disjunctive kriging aids salinity assessment and reclamation management. A solute transport model was used to show how saptially variable initial conditions influenced the amount of water required to reclaim a saline soil at each sampling point in a simulated leaching of the area. Close

• 76. [Article] Determinants of the Spatial Distribution of Peri-Urban to Rural Agriculture in the United States

  Two issues are focal to the subject of the spatial distribution of crops in peri-urban zones. The first deals with developments in the fields of transportation, other technology, urbanization, and other ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determinants of the Spatial Distribution of Peri-Urban to Rural Agriculture in the United States Author: Abdel-Karim, Ibrahim Amin Year: 1987 Two issues are focal to the subject of the spatial distribution of crops in peri-urban zones. The first deals with developments in the fields of transportation, other technology, urbanization, and other factors which are not only prevalent in developed world economies, but which also are thought to force the cultivation of freshly consumed agricultural commodities away from the immediate vicinity of the market center. The second issue pertains to indirectly consumed crops, which are thought to shun proximity to the market center, where land rents per unit area are characteristically high, even when conditions for productions are ideal. Traditional models have shown a zonal pattern of crop distribution in peri-urban areas. The present study sets forth two hypotheses, one pertaining to the spatial distribution of freshly consumed crops, and the other pertaining to the spatial distribution of indirectly consumed crops. It was hypothesized in the present study that freshly consumed crops will continue to be cultivated in the near vicinity of the market center due to characteristics of the crops and the urban market. It was further hypothesized that indirectly consumed crops will continue to be cultivated in the near vicinity of the market center by virtue of greater intensity of production that may be obtained through the use of the environment of designated places. In the case of both crops, the cited factors, as well as others, offset the disadvantages of higher land rent per unit area common to areas close to the market center. These offsetting factors permit agriculture to compete successfully for land in the peri-urban zone. To test these hypotheses, variables were selected to measure the influence that urbanization, transportation, other technologies, the market, the environment, and land use regulations have on agricultural siting patterns in the peri-urban zones of the "Wheat Region" of the central United States. These variables were expressed as equations and were subjected to multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. The present findings tended to support the research hypotheses. On the basis of these findings, the present research offers a revised model of agricultural cropping patterns, one that reflects the sectoral, rather than the zonal, pattern of crop distribution in peri-urban zones. In the revised model, the mixing of different crops at various locations around the market is feasible, and low-priced grains may compete successfully for high-rent locations in the near vicinity of the urban market. The findings also show that the production of perishable crops in the iIl'.mediate vicinity of the urban market is here to stay, largely due to access to varied means of transportation as well as characteristics of the crops themselves. Furthermore, the findings show that environmental conditions influence the locating of grain production, although economic considerations were seen to supersede them, particularly at high-rent sites. Title: Determinants of the Spatial Distribution of Peri-Urban to Rural Agriculture in the United States Author: Abdel-Karim, Ibrahim Amin Year: 1987 Two issues are focal to the subject of the spatial distribution of crops in peri-urban zones. The first deals with developments in the fields of transportation, other technology, urbanization, and other factors which are not only prevalent in developed world economies, but which also are thought to force the cultivation of freshly consumed agricultural commodities away from the immediate vicinity of the market center. The second issue pertains to indirectly consumed crops, which are thought to shun proximity to the market center, where land rents per unit area are characteristically high, even when conditions for productions are ideal. Traditional models have shown a zonal pattern of crop distribution in peri-urban areas. The present study sets forth two hypotheses, one pertaining to the spatial distribution of freshly consumed crops, and the other pertaining to the spatial distribution of indirectly consumed crops. It was hypothesized in the present study that freshly consumed crops will continue to be cultivated in the near vicinity of the market center due to characteristics of the crops and the urban market. It was further hypothesized that indirectly consumed crops will continue to be cultivated in the near vicinity of the market center by virtue of greater intensity of production that may be obtained through the use of the environment of designated places. In the case of both crops, the cited factors, as well as others, offset the disadvantages of higher land rent per unit area common to areas close to the market center. These offsetting factors permit agriculture to compete successfully for land in the peri-urban zone. To test these hypotheses, variables were selected to measure the influence that urbanization, transportation, other technologies, the market, the environment, and land use regulations have on agricultural siting patterns in the peri-urban zones of the "Wheat Region" of the central United States. These variables were expressed as equations and were subjected to multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. The present findings tended to support the research hypotheses. On the basis of these findings, the present research offers a revised model of agricultural cropping patterns, one that reflects the sectoral, rather than the zonal, pattern of crop distribution in peri-urban zones. In the revised model, the mixing of different crops at various locations around the market is feasible, and low-priced grains may compete successfully for high-rent locations in the near vicinity of the urban market. The findings also show that the production of perishable crops in the iIl'.mediate vicinity of the urban market is here to stay, largely due to access to varied means of transportation as well as characteristics of the crops themselves. Furthermore, the findings show that environmental conditions influence the locating of grain production, although economic considerations were seen to supersede them, particularly at high-rent sites. Close

• 77. [Article] Interaction of crop plant population with weed competition in corn (Zea mays L.), bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and onion (Allium cepa L.) at differing stages of development

  Yield reductions due to competition of weeds with crop plants can be extremely important. Early weed competition can be as important in reducing crop yield as weed competition for the entire season. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interaction of crop plant population with weed competition in corn (Zea mays L.), bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and onion (Allium cepa L.) at differing stages of development Author: Williams, Clarence Frank Yield reductions due to competition of weeds with crop plants can be extremely important. Early weed competition can be as important in reducing crop yield as weed competition for the entire season. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the weed control achieved by narrow row-cropping patterns, (2) to measure the competitive effect achieved with narrow row-cropping patterns, with low photosynthetic capacity crop plants or with high photosynthetic capacity plants, in competition with high photosynthetic capacity weeds, (3) to determine at what time weed control becomes important and (4) to determine if the time at which competition begins could be determined by change in weight, sugar content, and/or nitrogen content of the commercial crop. Also, two greenhouse studies were made to evaluate the differential uptake of nitrogen by two competiting species, corn (Zea mays L.) and pigweed (Amaranthus rectroflexus L.), and to evaluate the effect of competition for soil and light between two broadleaf species, snap beans and pigweed. Yields of bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and onion (Allium cepa L.) were all decreased significantly by the presence of weed competition throughout the entire growing season. Reduction in total area occupied by an individual crop plant resulted in decreased effects on vegetative and reproductive parts due to weed competition and increased the effect of crop plant-to-plant competition. Early weed control was important in all crops. In 1969, yield reductions in corn and beans allowed, to compete with weeds for a period of five to six weeks after crop emergence were equal to those from plots with weed competition for the entire season. In 1970, corn required two weeks of cultivation after emergence and snap beans required three weeks of cultivation after emergence to decrease losses due to weed competition. Weed weight yields were significantly reduced in snap beans at the 5 x 5 inch spacing when compared to the 15 x 5 and 35 x 5 inch spacings. As measured by leaf fresh weight, competition was determined to begin between snap beans and redroot pigweed at 36 to 44 days after crop emergence at crop plant spacings of 35 x 5 and 15 x 5 inches. Significant weed competition did not develop after 51 days at crop plant spacings of 5 x 5 inches. Competition between corn and redroot developed 41 days after emergence for all plant spacings. This study indicated the time at which competition between crop and weeds could be determined by leaf fresh weight measurements or by measuring the leaf area of the crop plants. At a fertilizer rate of 77-101-64 pounds of N-P-K per acre, corn made greater gains in total green weight than did pigweed in the greenhouse. However, with the further addition of 300 pounds of ammonium nitrate per acre, pigweed continued to make gains while corn growth was unaffected. At all fertility rates, pigweed had higher levels of total leaf nitrogen than corn. When snap beans had emerged and become established before the emergence of pigweed, the total green and dry weight of pigweed was significantly reduced if growing in full competition or in competition for soil factors only. Title: Interaction of crop plant population with weed competition in corn (Zea mays L.), bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and onion (Allium cepa L.) at differing stages of development Author: Williams, Clarence Frank Yield reductions due to competition of weeds with crop plants can be extremely important. Early weed competition can be as important in reducing crop yield as weed competition for the entire season. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the weed control achieved by narrow row-cropping patterns, (2) to measure the competitive effect achieved with narrow row-cropping patterns, with low photosynthetic capacity crop plants or with high photosynthetic capacity plants, in competition with high photosynthetic capacity weeds, (3) to determine at what time weed control becomes important and (4) to determine if the time at which competition begins could be determined by change in weight, sugar content, and/or nitrogen content of the commercial crop. Also, two greenhouse studies were made to evaluate the differential uptake of nitrogen by two competiting species, corn (Zea mays L.) and pigweed (Amaranthus rectroflexus L.), and to evaluate the effect of competition for soil and light between two broadleaf species, snap beans and pigweed. Yields of bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and onion (Allium cepa L.) were all decreased significantly by the presence of weed competition throughout the entire growing season. Reduction in total area occupied by an individual crop plant resulted in decreased effects on vegetative and reproductive parts due to weed competition and increased the effect of crop plant-to-plant competition. Early weed control was important in all crops. In 1969, yield reductions in corn and beans allowed, to compete with weeds for a period of five to six weeks after crop emergence were equal to those from plots with weed competition for the entire season. In 1970, corn required two weeks of cultivation after emergence and snap beans required three weeks of cultivation after emergence to decrease losses due to weed competition. Weed weight yields were significantly reduced in snap beans at the 5 x 5 inch spacing when compared to the 15 x 5 and 35 x 5 inch spacings. As measured by leaf fresh weight, competition was determined to begin between snap beans and redroot pigweed at 36 to 44 days after crop emergence at crop plant spacings of 35 x 5 and 15 x 5 inches. Significant weed competition did not develop after 51 days at crop plant spacings of 5 x 5 inches. Competition between corn and redroot developed 41 days after emergence for all plant spacings. This study indicated the time at which competition between crop and weeds could be determined by leaf fresh weight measurements or by measuring the leaf area of the crop plants. At a fertilizer rate of 77-101-64 pounds of N-P-K per acre, corn made greater gains in total green weight than did pigweed in the greenhouse. However, with the further addition of 300 pounds of ammonium nitrate per acre, pigweed continued to make gains while corn growth was unaffected. At all fertility rates, pigweed had higher levels of total leaf nitrogen than corn. When snap beans had emerged and become established before the emergence of pigweed, the total green and dry weight of pigweed was significantly reduced if growing in full competition or in competition for soil factors only. Close

• 78. [Article] Estimation of genetic-parameters in the Oregon State University Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) breeding population

  Heritability in the narrow sense and in the broad sense, variance components and correlation coefficients are important genetic parameters in a breeding program. The estimates of these parameters can provide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimation of genetic-parameters in the Oregon State University Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) breeding population Author: Yao, Qiang Heritability in the narrow sense and in the broad sense, variance components and correlation coefficients are important genetic parameters in a breeding program. The estimates of these parameters can provide important information for a breeder in the selection of parents, the most efficient design for evaluation of seedlings and advanced selections and the choice of selection strategy to improve many target traits simultaneously. In addition, histograms showing the distributions of the traits in offspring may provide additional information about parent combinations for the improvement of target traits. The Oregon State University hazelnut breeding program is developing improved varieties for the kernel market. Estimates of genetic parameters for most traits of interest are not available. Seventy seven trees representing 41 genotypes and 35 progenies were used to investigate midparent values and progeny means for 17 traits, including 13 kernel and nut traits, and 4 phenological traits, for three years. Estimates for heritability in the narrow sense are all high, ranging from 0.56 for amount of kernel fiber, and 0.58 for date of opening of female flowers to 0.87 for percent kernel, 0.88 for nut compression index and 0.89 for nut depth. Therefore, progeny means can be predicted from mid-parent values and response to selection is expected to be rapid for the improvement of all traits. The analysis of variance components revealed that genotypic variance accounted for most of the phenotypic variance. Although significant, the genotype X year interaction only accounted for a very small part of the phenotypic variance. It suggested one year's evaluation of genotypes for all traits should be sufficient except for nut weight, kernel weight, number of nuts per cluster, fiber amount, nut maturity, time of catkin elongation, and time of opening of female flowers. Genetic and phenotypic correlation coeficients were large and positive for nut size traits (nut length, width, depth, nut weight and kernel weight). Phenological traits (date of opening of female flowers, time of catkin elongation and time of leafing out) were also highly and positively correlated. But most other traits were uncorrelated with each other. Therefore, selection of parents with round nuts of medium size, high % kernel, easily-blanched kernels, and early nut maturity is expected to rapidly improve the population for all of these traits. Histograms show that all traits have continuous variation. Transgressive segregation is very common. For all traits except blanching ability, parent combinations may be based on midparent values. For the improvement of blanching ability, both parents should blanch easily. Because existing statistical packages do not allow easy calculation of genetic correlation coefficients for tree fruit and nut crops, the use of a spreadsheet to quickly estimate genetic correlation coefficients is demonstrated. Title: Estimation of genetic-parameters in the Oregon State University Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) breeding population Author: Yao, Qiang Heritability in the narrow sense and in the broad sense, variance components and correlation coefficients are important genetic parameters in a breeding program. The estimates of these parameters can provide important information for a breeder in the selection of parents, the most efficient design for evaluation of seedlings and advanced selections and the choice of selection strategy to improve many target traits simultaneously. In addition, histograms showing the distributions of the traits in offspring may provide additional information about parent combinations for the improvement of target traits. The Oregon State University hazelnut breeding program is developing improved varieties for the kernel market. Estimates of genetic parameters for most traits of interest are not available. Seventy seven trees representing 41 genotypes and 35 progenies were used to investigate midparent values and progeny means for 17 traits, including 13 kernel and nut traits, and 4 phenological traits, for three years. Estimates for heritability in the narrow sense are all high, ranging from 0.56 for amount of kernel fiber, and 0.58 for date of opening of female flowers to 0.87 for percent kernel, 0.88 for nut compression index and 0.89 for nut depth. Therefore, progeny means can be predicted from mid-parent values and response to selection is expected to be rapid for the improvement of all traits. The analysis of variance components revealed that genotypic variance accounted for most of the phenotypic variance. Although significant, the genotype X year interaction only accounted for a very small part of the phenotypic variance. It suggested one year's evaluation of genotypes for all traits should be sufficient except for nut weight, kernel weight, number of nuts per cluster, fiber amount, nut maturity, time of catkin elongation, and time of opening of female flowers. Genetic and phenotypic correlation coeficients were large and positive for nut size traits (nut length, width, depth, nut weight and kernel weight). Phenological traits (date of opening of female flowers, time of catkin elongation and time of leafing out) were also highly and positively correlated. But most other traits were uncorrelated with each other. Therefore, selection of parents with round nuts of medium size, high % kernel, easily-blanched kernels, and early nut maturity is expected to rapidly improve the population for all of these traits. Histograms show that all traits have continuous variation. Transgressive segregation is very common. For all traits except blanching ability, parent combinations may be based on midparent values. For the improvement of blanching ability, both parents should blanch easily. Because existing statistical packages do not allow easy calculation of genetic correlation coefficients for tree fruit and nut crops, the use of a spreadsheet to quickly estimate genetic correlation coefficients is demonstrated. Close

• 79. [Article] Biochemical evaluation of silage corn varieties

  Chemical and biological evaluations were conducted to provide chemical composition and digestibility information, in addition to yield data, for silage corn varieties produced on poorly drained Dayton ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biochemical evaluation of silage corn varieties Author: Anderson, Daniel Craig Chemical and biological evaluations were conducted to provide chemical composition and digestibility information, in addition to yield data, for silage corn varieties produced on poorly drained Dayton soil series. Each variety was subjected to a Kjeldahl nitrogen, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, cell wall, and residual ash test. Subsequently cell contents, cellulose, and hemicellulose were calculated by difference. The objectives of this study were to determine if significant differences in nutrient composition and digestibility existed among silage corn varieties grown under similar cultural conditions, and whether such differences could be detected by the detergent analysis scheme in a non-pasture forage. Finally, a comparison of in vitro (artificial rumen) and summative equation digestibility coefficients would indicate the possibility of using the latter for estimating nutritive value in forage crop experimental work. In addition, grass and legume samples, varying widely in nutritive value, were subjected to detergent analysis to ascertain the systems capabilities for assessing differences in chemical composition between forage types. Statistical analysis of the data for chemical composition of the silage corn varieties showed that no significant differences among varieties existed at the five percent probability level. Biological availability of the nutrients of the silage corn varieties was measured by the in vitro (artificial rumen) technique. No significant differences were noted in the 24-hour trials. However, in the 12-hour trials varieties two and four gave coefficients that were significantly (P < .05) greater than varieties one, five, six, seven, or ten. Calculated correlations of the 12 and 24-hour in vitro (artificial rumen) dry matter digestibility and of coefficients estimated by the summative equation were not highly significant. Relationships of chemical constituent data of grass and legume samples from detergent analysis provided evidence that this feed-stuff fractionation accurately reflects differences in chemical composition between species. Hemicellulose values of the grass were four times as great as those of the alfalfa, but the cellulose content was similar for the two forage types. Comparison of silage corn data with that of the alfalfa gave a relationship analogous to that of the alfalfa-grass. Residual ash values of the grass were ten times larger than those of the alfalfa. However, it was not an important factor limiting nutritive value in either the alfalfa or the silage corn. Alfalfa cell wall level and its digestibility were lower than that of the grass. But cell wall material of the grass was twice the amount contained in the alfalfa, and its digestibility was also higher which reflects its lower degree of lignification. Title: Biochemical evaluation of silage corn varieties Author: Anderson, Daniel Craig Chemical and biological evaluations were conducted to provide chemical composition and digestibility information, in addition to yield data, for silage corn varieties produced on poorly drained Dayton soil series. Each variety was subjected to a Kjeldahl nitrogen, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, cell wall, and residual ash test. Subsequently cell contents, cellulose, and hemicellulose were calculated by difference. The objectives of this study were to determine if significant differences in nutrient composition and digestibility existed among silage corn varieties grown under similar cultural conditions, and whether such differences could be detected by the detergent analysis scheme in a non-pasture forage. Finally, a comparison of in vitro (artificial rumen) and summative equation digestibility coefficients would indicate the possibility of using the latter for estimating nutritive value in forage crop experimental work. In addition, grass and legume samples, varying widely in nutritive value, were subjected to detergent analysis to ascertain the systems capabilities for assessing differences in chemical composition between forage types. Statistical analysis of the data for chemical composition of the silage corn varieties showed that no significant differences among varieties existed at the five percent probability level. Biological availability of the nutrients of the silage corn varieties was measured by the in vitro (artificial rumen) technique. No significant differences were noted in the 24-hour trials. However, in the 12-hour trials varieties two and four gave coefficients that were significantly (P < .05) greater than varieties one, five, six, seven, or ten. Calculated correlations of the 12 and 24-hour in vitro (artificial rumen) dry matter digestibility and of coefficients estimated by the summative equation were not highly significant. Relationships of chemical constituent data of grass and legume samples from detergent analysis provided evidence that this feed-stuff fractionation accurately reflects differences in chemical composition between species. Hemicellulose values of the grass were four times as great as those of the alfalfa, but the cellulose content was similar for the two forage types. Comparison of silage corn data with that of the alfalfa gave a relationship analogous to that of the alfalfa-grass. Residual ash values of the grass were ten times larger than those of the alfalfa. However, it was not an important factor limiting nutritive value in either the alfalfa or the silage corn. Alfalfa cell wall level and its digestibility were lower than that of the grass. But cell wall material of the grass was twice the amount contained in the alfalfa, and its digestibility was also higher which reflects its lower degree of lignification. Close

• 80. [Article] Combining ability and associations of agronomic traits involving three sources of dwarfism in wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell)

  Three genetically different dwarf cultivars of spring wheat were evaluated as potential sources of short stature to use in a wheat improvement program. The study involved a five parent diallel cross which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Combining ability and associations of agronomic traits involving three sources of dwarfism in wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) Author: Maya de Leon, Jose Luis Three genetically different dwarf cultivars of spring wheat were evaluated as potential sources of short stature to use in a wheat improvement program. The study involved a five parent diallel cross which included a semidwarf, a standard height and three dwarf cultivars. The genetic sources of dwarfism included a Norma 10 derivative named Vicam 71, a derived line from Tom Thumb called Tordo, and Olesen dwarf. Experimental material consisted of parental lines, F₁, F₂, and both backcrosses to the parents space planted in a randomized block design. The agronomic characters measured on an individual plant basis were: (1) plant height, (2) days to heading, (3) number of tillers, (4) number of spikelets per spike, (5) head length, (6) days to maturity, (7) grain yield, (8) harvest index, (9) kernel weight, (10) number of kernels per spikelet, (11) rachis internode length, (12) grain filling period and, (13) head grain weight. Estimates of gene action were determined by heterosis, heterobeltiosis, broad and narrow sense heritabilities and combining ability analyses. Associations among traits were estimated by phenotypic, environmental, and genotypic correlations as well as path-coefficient analysis for grain yield and eight of the variables. There were significant differences among the parental lines, their crosses, and generations for all traits measured. Either partial dominance for tallness or no dominance was manifested for those crosses involving the dwarf cultivars Vicam 71 and Olesen. Tordo, when crossed to taller wheats showed dominance for short stature. All three genetic sources of dwarfism and their resulting progenies manifested desirable agronomic characteristics. Vicam 71 was a good parent in terms of grain yield and number of tillers per plant. Tordo was the best source for increasing the number of spikelets per spike, kernel weight and head grain weight. Olesen was a good progenitor for increasing number of kernels per spikelet. All three dwarf cultivars displayed some advantage(s) over the other two and all could be used to breed short statured wheats with a possibility of success. Plant height did not appear to have a direct effect on plant grain yield in any of the 10 crosses. With the exception of number of tillers per plant and grain yield, a major proportion of the phenotypic variability observed for all characters studied was due to genetic factors. A large portion of the total genetic variability associated with days to heading, maturity, height, rachis internode, spikelet number, kernels per spikelet, kernel weight, and harvest index was mainly a result of additive gene action. Both additive and non-additive genetic effects were involved in the expression of grain filling period and head weight. The nonadditive portion of the genetic variance associated with tiller number and grain yield per plant was relatively large when compared with the additive portion. Therefore, selection for increased expression of tillers and yield should be delayed until the F₄ or later generations where a large degree of homozygosity has been obtained. The genetic correlations for individual crosses indicated that only a few of the traits studied were associated in the same manner in most or all the 10 hybridizations. High positive genetic correlations were found between plant grain yield vs tiller number and kernels per spikelet, tiller number vs days to maturity, kernels per spikelet vs head grain weight, plant height vs head weight, and head length vs rachis internode length. High negative genetic correlations were found between kernel weight vs days to maturity, plant height vs harvest index, and days to heading vs grain filling period. Most correlations among agronomic traits were different in value and/or sign from one cross to another suggesting different gene associations in the parental cultivars. Genetic correlations between components of yield showed this type of inconsistency. Therefore, grain yield could be increased by a combined increase of more than one component of yield without compensatory oscillation among them because tiller number, spikelet number, kernels per spikelet and kernel weight were often not correlated between one another and sometimes were positively correlated. Path-coefficients analysis indicated that number of tiller per plant had a high direct effect on grain yield in all crosses. With the exception of two crosses, indirect effects of this trait were negligible. In the latter two crosses tiller number had a high negative indirect effect on plant grain yield via head grain weight. Kernels per spikelet and kernel weight had no direct effects on grain yield but their indirect effects via head weight were positive and significant. Large amounts of additive gene action were observed in the expression of plant height. This trait was also highly negatively correlated with harvest index; therefore, phenotypic selection for restricted plant height would be useful in obtaining lines with high grain to straw ratios. In general, crosses that showed high specific combining ability effects involved parents with low general combining ability. However, there were some exceptions to this rule. Crosses of high x high and high x low general combiners presented high specific combining ability effects, suggesting that some additive gene action may be involved in the superior performance of these combinations. Also the F ₂ generation did not differ from the F₁ in assessing general cornbining ability. A wheat breeder should be aware of those genetic associations between agronomic traits that could be used to select superior cultivars. However, the genetic correlations in this study suggested that each cross represented a different set of gene associations depending upon the parents involved. If some progress is to be made in using the genetic variability available in the crop, the breeder should not try to select exactly the same type of plant from every cross. Every hybridization is potentially a source of better lines if they are well planned and the reasons they were made are remembered during selection. It is very important to realize what are the contributions of each parental line in a cross and what are the most important trait associations present in each parent. Superior rural genetic variability existing in the crop. Title: Combining ability and associations of agronomic traits involving three sources of dwarfism in wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) Author: Maya de Leon, Jose Luis Three genetically different dwarf cultivars of spring wheat were evaluated as potential sources of short stature to use in a wheat improvement program. The study involved a five parent diallel cross which included a semidwarf, a standard height and three dwarf cultivars. The genetic sources of dwarfism included a Norma 10 derivative named Vicam 71, a derived line from Tom Thumb called Tordo, and Olesen dwarf. Experimental material consisted of parental lines, F₁, F₂, and both backcrosses to the parents space planted in a randomized block design. The agronomic characters measured on an individual plant basis were: (1) plant height, (2) days to heading, (3) number of tillers, (4) number of spikelets per spike, (5) head length, (6) days to maturity, (7) grain yield, (8) harvest index, (9) kernel weight, (10) number of kernels per spikelet, (11) rachis internode length, (12) grain filling period and, (13) head grain weight. Estimates of gene action were determined by heterosis, heterobeltiosis, broad and narrow sense heritabilities and combining ability analyses. Associations among traits were estimated by phenotypic, environmental, and genotypic correlations as well as path-coefficient analysis for grain yield and eight of the variables. There were significant differences among the parental lines, their crosses, and generations for all traits measured. Either partial dominance for tallness or no dominance was manifested for those crosses involving the dwarf cultivars Vicam 71 and Olesen. Tordo, when crossed to taller wheats showed dominance for short stature. All three genetic sources of dwarfism and their resulting progenies manifested desirable agronomic characteristics. Vicam 71 was a good parent in terms of grain yield and number of tillers per plant. Tordo was the best source for increasing the number of spikelets per spike, kernel weight and head grain weight. Olesen was a good progenitor for increasing number of kernels per spikelet. All three dwarf cultivars displayed some advantage(s) over the other two and all could be used to breed short statured wheats with a possibility of success. Plant height did not appear to have a direct effect on plant grain yield in any of the 10 crosses. With the exception of number of tillers per plant and grain yield, a major proportion of the phenotypic variability observed for all characters studied was due to genetic factors. A large portion of the total genetic variability associated with days to heading, maturity, height, rachis internode, spikelet number, kernels per spikelet, kernel weight, and harvest index was mainly a result of additive gene action. Both additive and non-additive genetic effects were involved in the expression of grain filling period and head weight. The nonadditive portion of the genetic variance associated with tiller number and grain yield per plant was relatively large when compared with the additive portion. Therefore, selection for increased expression of tillers and yield should be delayed until the F₄ or later generations where a large degree of homozygosity has been obtained. The genetic correlations for individual crosses indicated that only a few of the traits studied were associated in the same manner in most or all the 10 hybridizations. High positive genetic correlations were found between plant grain yield vs tiller number and kernels per spikelet, tiller number vs days to maturity, kernels per spikelet vs head grain weight, plant height vs head weight, and head length vs rachis internode length. High negative genetic correlations were found between kernel weight vs days to maturity, plant height vs harvest index, and days to heading vs grain filling period. Most correlations among agronomic traits were different in value and/or sign from one cross to another suggesting different gene associations in the parental cultivars. Genetic correlations between components of yield showed this type of inconsistency. Therefore, grain yield could be increased by a combined increase of more than one component of yield without compensatory oscillation among them because tiller number, spikelet number, kernels per spikelet and kernel weight were often not correlated between one another and sometimes were positively correlated. Path-coefficients analysis indicated that number of tiller per plant had a high direct effect on grain yield in all crosses. With the exception of two crosses, indirect effects of this trait were negligible. In the latter two crosses tiller number had a high negative indirect effect on plant grain yield via head grain weight. Kernels per spikelet and kernel weight had no direct effects on grain yield but their indirect effects via head weight were positive and significant. Large amounts of additive gene action were observed in the expression of plant height. This trait was also highly negatively correlated with harvest index; therefore, phenotypic selection for restricted plant height would be useful in obtaining lines with high grain to straw ratios. In general, crosses that showed high specific combining ability effects involved parents with low general combining ability. However, there were some exceptions to this rule. Crosses of high x high and high x low general combiners presented high specific combining ability effects, suggesting that some additive gene action may be involved in the superior performance of these combinations. Also the F ₂ generation did not differ from the F₁ in assessing general cornbining ability. A wheat breeder should be aware of those genetic associations between agronomic traits that could be used to select superior cultivars. However, the genetic correlations in this study suggested that each cross represented a different set of gene associations depending upon the parents involved. If some progress is to be made in using the genetic variability available in the crop, the breeder should not try to select exactly the same type of plant from every cross. Every hybridization is potentially a source of better lines if they are well planned and the reasons they were made are remembered during selection. It is very important to realize what are the contributions of each parental line in a cross and what are the most important trait associations present in each parent. Superior rural genetic variability existing in the crop. Close

• 81. [Article] Estimating Wholesale Demand for Live Reef Food Fish in Hong Kong

  Wholesale demand systems for live reef food fish in Hong Kong are analysed using the Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS). Results suggest that price elasticities of demand are inelastic, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating Wholesale Demand for Live Reef Food Fish in Hong Kong Author: Petersen, Elizabeth Wholesale demand systems for live reef food fish in Hong Kong are analysed using the Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS). Results suggest that price elasticities of demand are inelastic, with relatively high-valued species exhibiting greater elasticity than relatively low-valued species. Cross price elasticities are negative suggesting that different live reef fish species are complements. Live reef fish are found to be normal goods, with relatively high-valued species being less expenditure-elastic than relatively low-valued species. SARS is found to shift expenditure away from high-valued species to low-valued species. There is no evidence that Chinese New Year has a significant impact on demand. Title: Estimating Wholesale Demand for Live Reef Food Fish in Hong Kong Author: Petersen, Elizabeth Wholesale demand systems for live reef food fish in Hong Kong are analysed using the Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS). Results suggest that price elasticities of demand are inelastic, with relatively high-valued species exhibiting greater elasticity than relatively low-valued species. Cross price elasticities are negative suggesting that different live reef fish species are complements. Live reef fish are found to be normal goods, with relatively high-valued species being less expenditure-elastic than relatively low-valued species. SARS is found to shift expenditure away from high-valued species to low-valued species. There is no evidence that Chinese New Year has a significant impact on demand. Close

• 82. [Image] Reclamation accomplishments, 1905-1953, Klamath Project, Oregon-California

  	SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Klamath Project is a $13 million Federal investment in water resource development, About 200,000 acres are irrigated and gross crop production (has exceeded $17 million each year ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reclamation accomplishments, 1905-1953, Klamath Project, Oregon-California Author: Strantz, Maurice K. Year: 1953, 2005 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Klamath Project is a $13 million Federal investment in water resource development, About 200,000 acres are irrigated and gross crop production (has exceeded $17 million each year over the past 7 years. The Project encompasses the largest single block of irrigated land in the area and includes nearly half the three-county total irrigated area and one quarter of the cropland. Agriculture and manufacturing directly contribute half the three-county personal income and provide half the jobs. Klamath Project accounts for five-sixths of the gross income from crops, and half the total agricultural production in the three-county area. Personal income from project crops is estimated at $10.6 mil1ion in 1948. Recent crop production on the project supports directly or indirectly about $25 million in local personal income. Federal contribution for irrigation to repay costs without interest to date amounts to about $10.8 million. Annual personal income generated by project in the postwar years equals this assistance Project gross crop production of nearly $300 million over 46 years. Project farm income supports substantial portion of area retail trade and contributes to transportation and other services. Project agriculture in past 10 years increased its support to the economy and has helped offset the declines in the lumber industry. Without the project only about 50,000 irrigated acres would have been developed and the agricultural economy would have produced crops worth only about l/7th as large as at present. Reclamation development tends to maintain a stable prosperous economy in the three-county area. Title: Reclamation accomplishments, 1905-1953, Klamath Project, Oregon-California Author: Strantz, Maurice K. Year: 1953, 2005 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Klamath Project is a $13 million Federal investment in water resource development, About 200,000 acres are irrigated and gross crop production (has exceeded $17 million each year over the past 7 years. The Project encompasses the largest single block of irrigated land in the area and includes nearly half the three-county total irrigated area and one quarter of the cropland. Agriculture and manufacturing directly contribute half the three-county personal income and provide half the jobs. Klamath Project accounts for five-sixths of the gross income from crops, and half the total agricultural production in the three-county area. Personal income from project crops is estimated at $10.6 mil1ion in 1948. Recent crop production on the project supports directly or indirectly about $25 million in local personal income. Federal contribution for irrigation to repay costs without interest to date amounts to about $10.8 million. Annual personal income generated by project in the postwar years equals this assistance Project gross crop production of nearly $300 million over 46 years. Project farm income supports substantial portion of area retail trade and contributes to transportation and other services. Project agriculture in past 10 years increased its support to the economy and has helped offset the declines in the lumber industry. Without the project only about 50,000 irrigated acres would have been developed and the agricultural economy would have produced crops worth only about l/7th as large as at present. Reclamation development tends to maintain a stable prosperous economy in the three-county area. Close

• 83. [Article] Crop and tree response to planting patterns in alley cropping systems

  Growing trees as a green manure crop together with an annual food crop is a new technology for farmers in Oregon. To promote farmer participation and to acquire a broad knowledge of the processes involved ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crop and tree response to planting patterns in alley cropping systems Author: Seiter, Stefan Growing trees as a green manure crop together with an annual food crop is a new technology for farmers in Oregon. To promote farmer participation and to acquire a broad knowledge of the processes involved in species interactions, three feasible alley cropping and two sweet corn monocrop planting patterns were studied in a replicated factorial experiment. Each alley cropping pattern was planted twice, with either red alder (Alnus rubra Bong) or black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). The annual crop component used was sweet corn (Zea mays L.). Sweet com population was the same in all plant arrangements, except one alley cropping pattern. The monocrop control, planted at 63.5 cm row spacing, yielded highest while the lowest com yield was produced in the alley cropping system that involved alternate com and black locust rows. The highest com yield produced among alley cropping patterns surpassed the control planted at 89 cm row spacing. Com yield in planting patterns was dependent on the relative space occupied by each species. A high ratio of tree occupation was negatively correlated with com yield. Greatest pruning biomass was produced in alley cropping systems with highest tree population and greatest percentage of tree space occupation. Compared to black locust, biomass produced by red alder trees was minimal. Within alley cropping patterns of the same tree species, lower crop yield coincided with highest pruning biomass implicating trade-offs between potential soil improving effects and crop yield. Tree biomass was more strongly affected by changes in relative space occupation than com yield. Yield of individual com rows within treatments varied considerably. In alley cropping systems where several com rows were separated by double rows of trees, com rows adjacent to trees yielded significantly more than those neighboring com rows on either side. Com row position had no significant effect in monocrop or patterns where tree and com alternated. Mean yield of individual com plants decreased when both neighboring com rows and neighboring tree row were in close proximity. The approach of using a few planting patterns as experimental treatments did not permit to precisely model the relationships between single proximity factors and yield components. However, the approach permitted identification of factors contributing the most to changes in tree and crop yield and demonstrated basic trends. Title: Crop and tree response to planting patterns in alley cropping systems Author: Seiter, Stefan Growing trees as a green manure crop together with an annual food crop is a new technology for farmers in Oregon. To promote farmer participation and to acquire a broad knowledge of the processes involved in species interactions, three feasible alley cropping and two sweet corn monocrop planting patterns were studied in a replicated factorial experiment. Each alley cropping pattern was planted twice, with either red alder (Alnus rubra Bong) or black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). The annual crop component used was sweet corn (Zea mays L.). Sweet com population was the same in all plant arrangements, except one alley cropping pattern. The monocrop control, planted at 63.5 cm row spacing, yielded highest while the lowest com yield was produced in the alley cropping system that involved alternate com and black locust rows. The highest com yield produced among alley cropping patterns surpassed the control planted at 89 cm row spacing. Com yield in planting patterns was dependent on the relative space occupied by each species. A high ratio of tree occupation was negatively correlated with com yield. Greatest pruning biomass was produced in alley cropping systems with highest tree population and greatest percentage of tree space occupation. Compared to black locust, biomass produced by red alder trees was minimal. Within alley cropping patterns of the same tree species, lower crop yield coincided with highest pruning biomass implicating trade-offs between potential soil improving effects and crop yield. Tree biomass was more strongly affected by changes in relative space occupation than com yield. Yield of individual com rows within treatments varied considerably. In alley cropping systems where several com rows were separated by double rows of trees, com rows adjacent to trees yielded significantly more than those neighboring com rows on either side. Com row position had no significant effect in monocrop or patterns where tree and com alternated. Mean yield of individual com plants decreased when both neighboring com rows and neighboring tree row were in close proximity. The approach of using a few planting patterns as experimental treatments did not permit to precisely model the relationships between single proximity factors and yield components. However, the approach permitted identification of factors contributing the most to changes in tree and crop yield and demonstrated basic trends. Close

• 84. [Article] Evaluation of popcorn cultivars as resistant rotation crops to Columbia root-knot nematode : a systems approach

  This study examined the management situation for the Columbiaroot-knot nematode (Meloidogyne chitwoodi) in potato, using an approach with systems thinking and interactive meetings. The focus of current ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of popcorn cultivars as resistant rotation crops to Columbia root-knot nematode : a systems approach Author: Cardwell, Derek This study examined the management situation for the Columbiaroot-knot nematode (Meloidogyne chitwoodi) in potato, using an approach with systems thinking and interactive meetings. The focus of current research for control of this nematode was evaluated. Control practices include crop rotation, and this study also evaluated popcorn cultivars for their potential as resistant rotation crops. Popcorn cultivars were grown in M. chitwoodi race 1 infested soil at the Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center (HAREC), Hermiston, OR. Soil samples were taken soon after planting (initial) and before harvest (final), and the number of M. chitwoodi juveniles / 250 g dry soil was calculated for each sample. A reproduction index was calculated for the nematode reproduction on each cultivar: R value = initial / final population. Cultivars were categorized as good, poor- and nonhosts depending on their R values. Popcorn cultivars were also tested for their host status in the greenhouse. Plants were inoculated with approximately 5000 M. chitwoodi eggs (initial), and after 55 days, eggs were extracted from the roots (final). In the field and greenhouse tests, field corn (FC) cv Pioneer 3578 was tested as a good host check. Among cultivars tested in both the field and greenhouse, the seven with the lowest R values as % of FC 3578 were: WOC 9508 (4%), W206 (16%), WOX 9512 (23%), Robust 33-77 (30%), Robust 20-70 (38%), and WOC 9504 (42%). Cultivars more susceptible than field corn were (R values as % of FC 3578 - mean of field, greenhouse tests): W 104 (119%) and Robust 90477 (102%). Popcorn cultivars WOC 9531, WOC 9556, WOX 9528, and WOX 9511 were more resistant than field corn but still need to be also tested in the field. Cultivars with R values < 1.0 in field tests can be functional in decreasing or stabilizing nematode populations, thus increasing the effectiveness of prepotato nematicides or winter cover crops. This nematode pest situation was analyzed with use of diagrams showing interacting components of the system. This system includes people, nematodes, and potatoes. Issues and questions emerged as the situation was viewed in a systems manner. Some of these issues and questions were the foci of a Farmer-Scientist Focus Session conducted on June 28th, 1995 in Hermiston, OR. Participants included growers, researchers, and extension educators. The meeting was interactive and facilitated the expression of ideas, perspectives, and concerns of the crop rotation possibilities for controlling M. chitwoodi. The opportunities and challenges using non-host crops in potato rotations were discussed. Growers expressed desire for more agronomic information about currently available poor- and non-host cultivars. They did not emphasize a need for a more diverse selection of resistant cultivars. From the grower's perspective, the main opportunity of resistant crop rotation is the integration of suppressive winter cover crops. The main challenge is the small market size for most non-host crops. Additional interactive meetings are needed to stimulate the creation of new ideas and to refine the vision and direction of research in a cooperative manner. Title: Evaluation of popcorn cultivars as resistant rotation crops to Columbia root-knot nematode : a systems approach Author: Cardwell, Derek This study examined the management situation for the Columbiaroot-knot nematode (Meloidogyne chitwoodi) in potato, using an approach with systems thinking and interactive meetings. The focus of current research for control of this nematode was evaluated. Control practices include crop rotation, and this study also evaluated popcorn cultivars for their potential as resistant rotation crops. Popcorn cultivars were grown in M. chitwoodi race 1 infested soil at the Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center (HAREC), Hermiston, OR. Soil samples were taken soon after planting (initial) and before harvest (final), and the number of M. chitwoodi juveniles / 250 g dry soil was calculated for each sample. A reproduction index was calculated for the nematode reproduction on each cultivar: R value = initial / final population. Cultivars were categorized as good, poor- and nonhosts depending on their R values. Popcorn cultivars were also tested for their host status in the greenhouse. Plants were inoculated with approximately 5000 M. chitwoodi eggs (initial), and after 55 days, eggs were extracted from the roots (final). In the field and greenhouse tests, field corn (FC) cv Pioneer 3578 was tested as a good host check. Among cultivars tested in both the field and greenhouse, the seven with the lowest R values as % of FC 3578 were: WOC 9508 (4%), W206 (16%), WOX 9512 (23%), Robust 33-77 (30%), Robust 20-70 (38%), and WOC 9504 (42%). Cultivars more susceptible than field corn were (R values as % of FC 3578 - mean of field, greenhouse tests): W 104 (119%) and Robust 90477 (102%). Popcorn cultivars WOC 9531, WOC 9556, WOX 9528, and WOX 9511 were more resistant than field corn but still need to be also tested in the field. Cultivars with R values < 1.0 in field tests can be functional in decreasing or stabilizing nematode populations, thus increasing the effectiveness of prepotato nematicides or winter cover crops. This nematode pest situation was analyzed with use of diagrams showing interacting components of the system. This system includes people, nematodes, and potatoes. Issues and questions emerged as the situation was viewed in a systems manner. Some of these issues and questions were the foci of a Farmer-Scientist Focus Session conducted on June 28th, 1995 in Hermiston, OR. Participants included growers, researchers, and extension educators. The meeting was interactive and facilitated the expression of ideas, perspectives, and concerns of the crop rotation possibilities for controlling M. chitwoodi. The opportunities and challenges using non-host crops in potato rotations were discussed. Growers expressed desire for more agronomic information about currently available poor- and non-host cultivars. They did not emphasize a need for a more diverse selection of resistant cultivars. From the grower's perspective, the main opportunity of resistant crop rotation is the integration of suppressive winter cover crops. The main challenge is the small market size for most non-host crops. Additional interactive meetings are needed to stimulate the creation of new ideas and to refine the vision and direction of research in a cooperative manner. Close

• 85. [Article] Estimates of genetic variance and heterosis in F₁ winter x spring barley crosses (Hordeum vulgare, L.)

  Four winter and four spring barley cultivars along with their F₁ hybrids were grown on the Hyslop Agronomy Farm near Corvallis, Oregon, a high rainfall site (over 1000 mm annually) located in the Willamette Valley. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimates of genetic variance and heterosis in F₁ winter x spring barley crosses (Hordeum vulgare, L.) Author: Harrabi, Moncef Mohamed Four winter and four spring barley cultivars along with their F₁ hybrids were grown on the Hyslop Agronomy Farm near Corvallis, Oregon, a high rainfall site (over 1000 mm annually) located in the Willamette Valley. The experiment consisted of four replications. Ten seeds of each F₁ and parents were seeded in a three meter row. Plants were spaced 30 cm between and within the rows. Investigations were made to evaluate the presence of hybrid vigor when hybridizing winter and spring barley. Gene action estimates contributing to yield and its components were obtained. Additional information concerning the inheritance and the association of 12 agronomic traits and yield were also evaluated. The data were analyzed by using the factorial technique, analysis of variance, correlations, path-coefficient, parent-progeny regressions, and by polynomial and multiple regressions. The traits measured were: (1) total yield per plant, (2) kernel weight, (3) tiller number per plant, (4) kernel number per spike, (5) heading date, (6) plant height, (7) flag leaf area, (8) flag leaf width, (9) flag leaf length, (10) culm diameter, (11) head length, and (12) head extrusion. Heterobeltiosis was observed in all of the hybrids except in the cross between Adair and Short Wocus. The absence of hybrid vigor in this cross may be attributed to the fact that these two parents are closely related. Combining ability analysis as well as narrow sense heritability estimates indicated that additive gene action is more predominant in the expression of heading date, plant height, tiller number, head length, culm diameter, flag leaf width and kernel weight. Heterobeltiosis and high SCA estimates were observed in most of the hybrids for yield per plant and kernel number per spike. This implies that most of the genetic variation associated with these two traits resulted from non-additive gene action. The high SCA estimate observed for head extrusion indicates that this trait appeared to be controlled by non-additive gene action. Both additive and nonadditive gene action are important for the expression of flag leaf area and flag leaf length. When the 12 traits were correlated and the r values partitioned into direct and indirect effects it was observed that tiller number, kernel weight and kernel number per spike exerted the highest direct effect on yield. Plant height had a small positive direct effect, but an indirect effect on yield through kernel weight. It was further observed that a negative association exists between tiller number and kernel weight. This indicates that, in this barley population, it would be difficult to select for a plant containing large grain type and short stature, but it may be easy to select short plants with a relatively large number of tillers and high kernel number per spike. Path coefficient analysis indicated further that flag leaf area has a negative direct effect on yield and the remaining six traits have a negligible or no direct effect on yield, indicating that these traits can not be used as selection criteria. More genetic variability for tiller number and kernel number per spike was noted in the winter barley while more genetic variability for kernel weight was found in the spring barley. The results of this study suggest that increases in yield could be achieved by selecting plants with relatively high tiller number and high kernel weight. Selection for a high kernel number per spike can be accomplished by selecting for large culms and longer peduncle. By this procedure the breeder can take advantage of the additive genetic variance associated with tiller number and kernel weight and by the positive correlation that exists between culm size and peduncle length with kernel number per spike. Title: Estimates of genetic variance and heterosis in F₁ winter x spring barley crosses (Hordeum vulgare, L.) Author: Harrabi, Moncef Mohamed Four winter and four spring barley cultivars along with their F₁ hybrids were grown on the Hyslop Agronomy Farm near Corvallis, Oregon, a high rainfall site (over 1000 mm annually) located in the Willamette Valley. The experiment consisted of four replications. Ten seeds of each F₁ and parents were seeded in a three meter row. Plants were spaced 30 cm between and within the rows. Investigations were made to evaluate the presence of hybrid vigor when hybridizing winter and spring barley. Gene action estimates contributing to yield and its components were obtained. Additional information concerning the inheritance and the association of 12 agronomic traits and yield were also evaluated. The data were analyzed by using the factorial technique, analysis of variance, correlations, path-coefficient, parent-progeny regressions, and by polynomial and multiple regressions. The traits measured were: (1) total yield per plant, (2) kernel weight, (3) tiller number per plant, (4) kernel number per spike, (5) heading date, (6) plant height, (7) flag leaf area, (8) flag leaf width, (9) flag leaf length, (10) culm diameter, (11) head length, and (12) head extrusion. Heterobeltiosis was observed in all of the hybrids except in the cross between Adair and Short Wocus. The absence of hybrid vigor in this cross may be attributed to the fact that these two parents are closely related. Combining ability analysis as well as narrow sense heritability estimates indicated that additive gene action is more predominant in the expression of heading date, plant height, tiller number, head length, culm diameter, flag leaf width and kernel weight. Heterobeltiosis and high SCA estimates were observed in most of the hybrids for yield per plant and kernel number per spike. This implies that most of the genetic variation associated with these two traits resulted from non-additive gene action. The high SCA estimate observed for head extrusion indicates that this trait appeared to be controlled by non-additive gene action. Both additive and nonadditive gene action are important for the expression of flag leaf area and flag leaf length. When the 12 traits were correlated and the r values partitioned into direct and indirect effects it was observed that tiller number, kernel weight and kernel number per spike exerted the highest direct effect on yield. Plant height had a small positive direct effect, but an indirect effect on yield through kernel weight. It was further observed that a negative association exists between tiller number and kernel weight. This indicates that, in this barley population, it would be difficult to select for a plant containing large grain type and short stature, but it may be easy to select short plants with a relatively large number of tillers and high kernel number per spike. Path coefficient analysis indicated further that flag leaf area has a negative direct effect on yield and the remaining six traits have a negligible or no direct effect on yield, indicating that these traits can not be used as selection criteria. More genetic variability for tiller number and kernel number per spike was noted in the winter barley while more genetic variability for kernel weight was found in the spring barley. The results of this study suggest that increases in yield could be achieved by selecting plants with relatively high tiller number and high kernel weight. Selection for a high kernel number per spike can be accomplished by selecting for large culms and longer peduncle. By this procedure the breeder can take advantage of the additive genetic variance associated with tiller number and kernel weight and by the positive correlation that exists between culm size and peduncle length with kernel number per spike. Close

• 86. [Article] How to reduce bee poisoning from pesticides

  Published December 2006. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http:/...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How to reduce bee poisoning from pesticides Author: Washington State University. Extension, Barbour, Jim, Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension, Johansen, Erik, Brewer, Linda J., University of Idaho. Extension, Riedl, Helmut., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published December 2006. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: How to reduce bee poisoning from pesticides Author: Washington State University. Extension, Barbour, Jim, Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension, Johansen, Erik, Brewer, Linda J., University of Idaho. Extension, Riedl, Helmut., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published December 2006. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 87. [Article] Phenology and monitoring of the cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.), in brassica root crops

  In Oregon’s northern Willamette Valley, cabbage maggot (CM), Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) often renders Brassica root crops unmarketable. Scheduled insecticides are the only current control. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Phenology and monitoring of the cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.), in brassica root crops Author: Dreves, Amy J. In Oregon’s northern Willamette Valley, cabbage maggot (CM), Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) often renders Brassica root crops unmarketable. Scheduled insecticides are the only current control. Studies were conducted to: 1) describe and characterize spring emergence of CM flies and their seasonal flight activity relative to degree-day (DD) accumulations; 2) measure impact of CM by assessing crop damage; 3) define influence of seasonal planting and harvest dates relative to root damage; 4) identify the occurrence of ovipositional activity in relation to time of season, age of crop, distribution in field; and 5) study relationships among flight activity, oviposition, and crop damage. Commercial rutabaga and turnip fields were studied from 2001 through 2005. Spring emergence from overwintering puparia was monitored using emergence cages. A bimodal spring emergence pattern for CM was observed: approximately 70% of the overwintering population peaked in late March. A second smaller peak was observed at the end of May. The mean DD accumulations at 10, 50, and 95% of spring emergence using a lower and upper developmental threshold of 4.3°C and 30°C beginning January 1 had corresponding DD values of 200 ± 50.2 (8 March), 330 ± 22.2 (4 April) and 762 ± 60.1 (28 May), respectively. Spring flight patterns, monitored with yellow water traps, mirrored the bimodal emergence pattern but with an apparent lag. Rutabaga crops sustained 1.7x higher damage levels than did turnip crops. Damage caused by CM was significantly greater (37-52%) in spring crops planted prior to an accumulated 900 DD, than in summer crops planted after 900 degree-days or in fields planted in the fall after 1500 DD. Maggot damage is abated by planting after the spring flight (> 900 DD) and harvesting before the relative peak of fall flight (< 2600 DD). Fields documented with less than an average of 100 flies collected in a water trap over a crop’s duration in the field, had the lowest sum of percent weekly egg assessments (38.6 ± 6.1; based on 7 weekly egg level assessments), and the least amount of root infestation by CM (< 20% per 60 root samples). Fields with greater than 100 flies per trap over crop duration in the field had the greatest sum frequency of plants with eggs (95.6 ± 6.7), and the most CM root infestation (> 20%). Oviposition significantly increased in fields at 30.9 (± 1.1) days after seeding. Large plants with > 5 leaves, root diameter of > 6 mm, and increased crop canopy were more heavily infested with CM eggs than smaller plants. A strong relationship was seen between the frequency of older plants with eggs (> 9 leaves, >19 mm root size and partially-closed canopy) and crop damage at harvest (r2 = 0.83). Egg incidence was significantly higher (46%) on plants located on the outside periphery of fields than on plants located in the field centers. Spring monitoring of emergence and flight arrival, and density of D. radicum allows useful predictions of oviposition and crop damage. Appropriate oviposition assessment, combined with timely planting and harvesting schedules, and use of egg thresholds to time treatments could greatly reduce maggot populations. Title: Phenology and monitoring of the cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.), in brassica root crops Author: Dreves, Amy J. In Oregon’s northern Willamette Valley, cabbage maggot (CM), Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) often renders Brassica root crops unmarketable. Scheduled insecticides are the only current control. Studies were conducted to: 1) describe and characterize spring emergence of CM flies and their seasonal flight activity relative to degree-day (DD) accumulations; 2) measure impact of CM by assessing crop damage; 3) define influence of seasonal planting and harvest dates relative to root damage; 4) identify the occurrence of ovipositional activity in relation to time of season, age of crop, distribution in field; and 5) study relationships among flight activity, oviposition, and crop damage. Commercial rutabaga and turnip fields were studied from 2001 through 2005. Spring emergence from overwintering puparia was monitored using emergence cages. A bimodal spring emergence pattern for CM was observed: approximately 70% of the overwintering population peaked in late March. A second smaller peak was observed at the end of May. The mean DD accumulations at 10, 50, and 95% of spring emergence using a lower and upper developmental threshold of 4.3°C and 30°C beginning January 1 had corresponding DD values of 200 ± 50.2 (8 March), 330 ± 22.2 (4 April) and 762 ± 60.1 (28 May), respectively. Spring flight patterns, monitored with yellow water traps, mirrored the bimodal emergence pattern but with an apparent lag. Rutabaga crops sustained 1.7x higher damage levels than did turnip crops. Damage caused by CM was significantly greater (37-52%) in spring crops planted prior to an accumulated 900 DD, than in summer crops planted after 900 degree-days or in fields planted in the fall after 1500 DD. Maggot damage is abated by planting after the spring flight (> 900 DD) and harvesting before the relative peak of fall flight (< 2600 DD). Fields documented with less than an average of 100 flies collected in a water trap over a crop’s duration in the field, had the lowest sum of percent weekly egg assessments (38.6 ± 6.1; based on 7 weekly egg level assessments), and the least amount of root infestation by CM (< 20% per 60 root samples). Fields with greater than 100 flies per trap over crop duration in the field had the greatest sum frequency of plants with eggs (95.6 ± 6.7), and the most CM root infestation (> 20%). Oviposition significantly increased in fields at 30.9 (± 1.1) days after seeding. Large plants with > 5 leaves, root diameter of > 6 mm, and increased crop canopy were more heavily infested with CM eggs than smaller plants. A strong relationship was seen between the frequency of older plants with eggs (> 9 leaves, >19 mm root size and partially-closed canopy) and crop damage at harvest (r2 = 0.83). Egg incidence was significantly higher (46%) on plants located on the outside periphery of fields than on plants located in the field centers. Spring monitoring of emergence and flight arrival, and density of D. radicum allows useful predictions of oviposition and crop damage. Appropriate oviposition assessment, combined with timely planting and harvesting schedules, and use of egg thresholds to time treatments could greatly reduce maggot populations. Close

• 88. [Article] Detection and Quantification of Pratylenchus thornei in DNA Extracted from Soil Using Real-Time PCR

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: www.apsnet.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Detection and Quantification of Pratylenchus thornei in DNA Extracted from Soil Using Real-Time PCR Author: Smiley, Richard W., Okubara, Patricia A., Yan, Guiping This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: www.apsnet.org/. Title: Detection and Quantification of Pratylenchus thornei in DNA Extracted from Soil Using Real-Time PCR Author: Smiley, Richard W., Okubara, Patricia A., Yan, Guiping This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: www.apsnet.org/. Close

• 89. [Article] Possible association between grain protein content and yield as influenced by harvest index and biological yield in selected hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crosses

  Grain yield and grain protein are often negatively associated in wheat. When yield increases and grain protein decreases, there can be an adverse effect on the milling and baking quality if the desired ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Possible association between grain protein content and yield as influenced by harvest index and biological yield in selected hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crosses Author: Costa, José María Grain yield and grain protein are often negatively associated in wheat. When yield increases and grain protein decreases, there can be an adverse effect on the milling and baking quality if the desired end product is bread flour. It has been suggested that this inverse association is the result of selecting for a higher harvest index (ratio of grain yield to total biomass), to enhance grain yield. Parents, Fl, F2, and F3 generations of three crosses and reciprocal backcrosses of one cross were space-planted to study the association of grain protein content with grain and biological yields, harvest index, and related traits. Selection P5221, a high protein selection, was a common parent in crosses with three different genotypes. Differences were observed among generations within crosses for biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, grain protein content, grain hardness, and protein yield. The coefficients of variation for the measured traits were low for the three crosses. No associations between grain protein content and grain yield were observed in the populations studied. The largest association detected was between harvest index and grain protein. The r values ranged from -0.39 to -0.46, and rho was not different from -0.50 in two of the crosses. Path coefficient analyses revealed that this association was mostly due to the direct effect of harvest index on grain protein content, with little direct or indirect effect via other plant traits. In the cross P5221/ORCR 8313, biological yield exhibited a moderately large (0.64) direct effect on grain protein content; however this was offset by the negative indirect effect of tiller number. The R2 of the path analyses were relatively small for the three crosses, indicating that most of the variation in grain protein content was not explained by the variables included in the analyses. A possible negative association between grain protein content and harvest index, although moderate, suggests that selection for high yield should not be based on further increases of harvest index because grain protein could decrease. Title: Possible association between grain protein content and yield as influenced by harvest index and biological yield in selected hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crosses Author: Costa, José María Grain yield and grain protein are often negatively associated in wheat. When yield increases and grain protein decreases, there can be an adverse effect on the milling and baking quality if the desired end product is bread flour. It has been suggested that this inverse association is the result of selecting for a higher harvest index (ratio of grain yield to total biomass), to enhance grain yield. Parents, Fl, F2, and F3 generations of three crosses and reciprocal backcrosses of one cross were space-planted to study the association of grain protein content with grain and biological yields, harvest index, and related traits. Selection P5221, a high protein selection, was a common parent in crosses with three different genotypes. Differences were observed among generations within crosses for biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, grain protein content, grain hardness, and protein yield. The coefficients of variation for the measured traits were low for the three crosses. No associations between grain protein content and grain yield were observed in the populations studied. The largest association detected was between harvest index and grain protein. The r values ranged from -0.39 to -0.46, and rho was not different from -0.50 in two of the crosses. Path coefficient analyses revealed that this association was mostly due to the direct effect of harvest index on grain protein content, with little direct or indirect effect via other plant traits. In the cross P5221/ORCR 8313, biological yield exhibited a moderately large (0.64) direct effect on grain protein content; however this was offset by the negative indirect effect of tiller number. The R2 of the path analyses were relatively small for the three crosses, indicating that most of the variation in grain protein content was not explained by the variables included in the analyses. A possible negative association between grain protein content and harvest index, although moderate, suggests that selection for high yield should not be based on further increases of harvest index because grain protein could decrease. Close

• 90. [Article] Cultural management of corn root rot: Report to the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission, 2005

  1. Rotbusters Field Survey.  Kokanee and Basin were the only varieties sampled in 2005. There was a significant relationship between radicle rot severity and gross yield for Kokanee but not for Basin.  ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultural management of corn root rot: Report to the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission, 2005 Author: Stone, Alex, Hertel, Michael, Miyazoe, Mikio, Weston, Galen 1. Rotbusters Field Survey.  Kokanee and Basin were the only varieties sampled in 2005. There was a significant relationship between radicle rot severity and gross yield for Kokanee but not for Basin.  In previous years, we have shown that for Jubilee, approximately 3 tons of gross yield are lost in fields of very high root rot potential compared to those of very low root rot potential. We have also shown that Coho and SSJ+ lose about half that, or about 1.5 tons. In 2005, across all fields scouted, approximately 1.5 tons of gross yield in Kokanee were lost when this variety was planted into fields of very high root rot potential relative to planting into fields of very low root rot potential.  Kokanee, Coho and Basin are higher yielding than either Jubilee or SSJ+, regardless of the root rot potential of the soil. 2. Impacts of High Biomass Cover Cropping on Root Rot and Yield of Sweet Corn.  In a research station replicated field trial, no late summer or winter cover crop treatments significantly suppressed root rot or increased yield of sweet corn.  In a pseudo-replicated on-farm trial, all winter cover crop treatments (oats “Saia”, arugula “Nemfix” and mustard mix “Caliente” strongly suppressed nodal root rot of sweet corn but had no significant effect on sweet corn yield.  It is likely that the effects of cover crops on root rot and yield of sweet corn are the combined result of the effects of cover crop management on microbial activity (general suppression), nitrogen mineralization, plant available water, and possibly other soil factors. More work is required to better understand how to best manage high biomass cover crops to improve sweet corn productivity. Title: Cultural management of corn root rot: Report to the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission, 2005 Author: Stone, Alex, Hertel, Michael, Miyazoe, Mikio, Weston, Galen 1. Rotbusters Field Survey.  Kokanee and Basin were the only varieties sampled in 2005. There was a significant relationship between radicle rot severity and gross yield for Kokanee but not for Basin.  In previous years, we have shown that for Jubilee, approximately 3 tons of gross yield are lost in fields of very high root rot potential compared to those of very low root rot potential. We have also shown that Coho and SSJ+ lose about half that, or about 1.5 tons. In 2005, across all fields scouted, approximately 1.5 tons of gross yield in Kokanee were lost when this variety was planted into fields of very high root rot potential relative to planting into fields of very low root rot potential.  Kokanee, Coho and Basin are higher yielding than either Jubilee or SSJ+, regardless of the root rot potential of the soil. 2. Impacts of High Biomass Cover Cropping on Root Rot and Yield of Sweet Corn.  In a research station replicated field trial, no late summer or winter cover crop treatments significantly suppressed root rot or increased yield of sweet corn.  In a pseudo-replicated on-farm trial, all winter cover crop treatments (oats “Saia”, arugula “Nemfix” and mustard mix “Caliente” strongly suppressed nodal root rot of sweet corn but had no significant effect on sweet corn yield.  It is likely that the effects of cover crops on root rot and yield of sweet corn are the combined result of the effects of cover crop management on microbial activity (general suppression), nitrogen mineralization, plant available water, and possibly other soil factors. More work is required to better understand how to best manage high biomass cover crops to improve sweet corn productivity. Close

• 91. [Article] Lodging control and yield enhancement in Morex spring barley with paclobutrazol treatment

  Lodging in cereals can cause significant decreases in yield. It is both a problem in susceptible cereal cultivars with a tall-stemmed, weak-strawed growing habit and in lodging-resistant cereal cultivars ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lodging control and yield enhancement in Morex spring barley with paclobutrazol treatment Author: Morrison, Laura A. Lodging in cereals can cause significant decreases in yield. It is both a problem in susceptible cereal cultivars with a tall-stemmed, weak-strawed growing habit and in lodging-resistant cereal cultivars when they are grown under high-nitrogen, high-moisture regimes. Plant growth regulators (PGR's) are chemical growth retardants that offer a method of lodging control. For the susceptible cultivars that are not amenable to genetic shortening through plant breeding, PGR's accomplish on a seasonal basis what has not been possible through gene manipulation. For cultivars that become susceptible in the high-intensive systems of modern agriculture, PGR's can be integrated into the chemical regime to control the lodging-promoting conditions created by yield-promotion practices. Morex spring barley is a lodging-susceptible cultivar that is tall-stemmed and weak-strawed. This growth habit aggravates the lodging problem when Morex is grown under intensive yield-promoting conditions. In greenhouse and field experiments, chemical control of the Morex lodging tendency was tested with an experimental chemical, Paclobutrazol. Paclobutrazol acts on the endogenous gibberellin hormone system in the plant by inhibiting its synthesis. The chemical's effect on the cereal plant is reported to occur in the internodes which Paclobutrazol shortens by decreasing longitudinal growth and strengthens by increasing transverse growth. Lodging control is realized through height reduction which lessens the torque effect created by the weather conditions that actually cause the event of lodging to occur. Paclobutrazol caused significant shortening of the basal internodes in the greenhouse and field experiments. Uncharacteristic of the expected effect, the PGR did not strengthen the shortened internodes. Specific stem weight and breaking strength values for the treated plants were significantly lower than the corresponding control values. In the field, Paclobutrazol delayed lodging until after the critical lodging period that occurs from approximately 15 days before anthesis to 15 days after anthesis. Lodging control was reflected in yield increases. Treated plots yielded significantly higher than did the control plots. The two high treatments of 800 and 1000 g/ha also yielded significantly higher than did the low treatments of 400 and 600 g/ha. Yield increases in the treated plots can be attributed to improved seed filling given the fact that lodging in the control plots occurred during the period when yield losses are caused by poor seed development. Unfortunately, the data did not give any clear indication of other possible sources of yield enhancement. Beneficial effects of Paclobutrazol on the tillering and inflorescence development that several researchers have reported for the PGR, Chlormequat, were not evident. The experiments showed that Paclobutrazol is effective on Morex spring barley as a chemical lodging control agent and yield enhancer. A clear association of reduced height with lodging control and concomitantly with yield increases was shown by the data. The absence of improved stem strength raised questions concerning the mechanism of Paclobutrazol's effect on the barley species and the possible mechanism of its effect in combination with nitrogen fertility. Title: Lodging control and yield enhancement in Morex spring barley with paclobutrazol treatment Author: Morrison, Laura A. Lodging in cereals can cause significant decreases in yield. It is both a problem in susceptible cereal cultivars with a tall-stemmed, weak-strawed growing habit and in lodging-resistant cereal cultivars when they are grown under high-nitrogen, high-moisture regimes. Plant growth regulators (PGR's) are chemical growth retardants that offer a method of lodging control. For the susceptible cultivars that are not amenable to genetic shortening through plant breeding, PGR's accomplish on a seasonal basis what has not been possible through gene manipulation. For cultivars that become susceptible in the high-intensive systems of modern agriculture, PGR's can be integrated into the chemical regime to control the lodging-promoting conditions created by yield-promotion practices. Morex spring barley is a lodging-susceptible cultivar that is tall-stemmed and weak-strawed. This growth habit aggravates the lodging problem when Morex is grown under intensive yield-promoting conditions. In greenhouse and field experiments, chemical control of the Morex lodging tendency was tested with an experimental chemical, Paclobutrazol. Paclobutrazol acts on the endogenous gibberellin hormone system in the plant by inhibiting its synthesis. The chemical's effect on the cereal plant is reported to occur in the internodes which Paclobutrazol shortens by decreasing longitudinal growth and strengthens by increasing transverse growth. Lodging control is realized through height reduction which lessens the torque effect created by the weather conditions that actually cause the event of lodging to occur. Paclobutrazol caused significant shortening of the basal internodes in the greenhouse and field experiments. Uncharacteristic of the expected effect, the PGR did not strengthen the shortened internodes. Specific stem weight and breaking strength values for the treated plants were significantly lower than the corresponding control values. In the field, Paclobutrazol delayed lodging until after the critical lodging period that occurs from approximately 15 days before anthesis to 15 days after anthesis. Lodging control was reflected in yield increases. Treated plots yielded significantly higher than did the control plots. The two high treatments of 800 and 1000 g/ha also yielded significantly higher than did the low treatments of 400 and 600 g/ha. Yield increases in the treated plots can be attributed to improved seed filling given the fact that lodging in the control plots occurred during the period when yield losses are caused by poor seed development. Unfortunately, the data did not give any clear indication of other possible sources of yield enhancement. Beneficial effects of Paclobutrazol on the tillering and inflorescence development that several researchers have reported for the PGR, Chlormequat, were not evident. The experiments showed that Paclobutrazol is effective on Morex spring barley as a chemical lodging control agent and yield enhancer. A clear association of reduced height with lodging control and concomitantly with yield increases was shown by the data. The absence of improved stem strength raised questions concerning the mechanism of Paclobutrazol's effect on the barley species and the possible mechanism of its effect in combination with nitrogen fertility. Close

• 92. [Article] Grape and Wine Aroma Influenced by Vine Nutrient Status, Vigor and Crop Levels in Oregon Pinot Noir

  Wine volatile composition is one of the most important constitutes of wine quality, and it is greatly influenced by number of factors. The studies herein were conducted to evaluate the grape and wine aroma ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Grape and Wine Aroma Influenced by Vine Nutrient Status, Vigor and Crop Levels in Oregon Pinot Noir Author: Yuan, Fang Wine volatile composition is one of the most important constitutes of wine quality, and it is greatly influenced by number of factors. The studies herein were conducted to evaluate the grape and wine aroma affected by different vine nutrient status, vigor and crop levels of Oregon Pinot noir. In the first study, aroma potentials in early and late maturity Pinot noir grapes were investigated in two consecutive vintages. The grape samples were hydrolyzed under acidic conditions and the released odorants were studied by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Forty-nine main odor-active compounds were detected in the AEDA. The odorants released with high flavor dilution values were 1-hexanal, β-damascenone, guaiacol and vanillin, together with C₆ aldehydes and alcohols, 4-vinylguaiacol, 4-vinylphenol and 1-octen-3-one. The concentrations of aroma-active compounds were further quantitated by SPME-GC-MS and SBSE-GC-MS. Comparing with early harvest grapes, late harvest grapes released more β-damascenone, vanillin, 4-vinylguaiacol and 4-vinylphenol in both years according to both AEDA and quantitation results, suggesting they were important aroma compounds that contribute to the characteristic of mature Pinot noir grapes. The second study evaluated the volatile composition of grape berries subjected to varying levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) supply. Pinot noir grapevines were grown in a pot-in-pot system for three years (beginning when they were 4-years-old) and fertigated with either complete nutrition (Control) or with reduced levels of either N, P, or K supply while holding all other nutrients constant. Nitrogen was varied from 7.50 mM total N supply (Control) to 1.13 mM in five discreet treatments, while P and K supply were each varied in four discreet treatments with the lowest rate of 0 mM during fertigation events. Aroma volatiles in berries were determined in each year using SPME-GC-MS technique. Results showed that reducing N supply resulted in lower concentrations of C₆ compounds and total β-damascenone in berries across all three years. Low N supply had little impact on monoterpenes. Reducing N supply resulted in higher bound form α-terpineol in two of the three years. Compared to P and K, N supply showed a more profound influence on the volatile profiles of the grape berries, indicating the important role of N in the biosynthesis of berry volatile and volatile precursors. The volatile composition of resulting wines from the same study was also investigated. Results showed that reducing N supply increased the total phenolic content in wine across all years. N supply has a profound impact on wine volatiles with the greatest effect on yeast-derived esters and higher alcohols. In general, reducing N supply decreased straight-chain esters and many straight chain alcohols, but increased the branched-chain esters, and phenethyl ester and phenethyl alcohol in wine across all years. The effect of N supply on monoterpenes in wine was not consistent from year to year. Low N wines also had reduced levels of volatile sulfur compounds in 2 of 3 years. Compared to the Control, reducing N and K supply resulted in lower quantities of total β-damascenone across all years. Altering P supply did not have reproducible effects on wine volatiles from year to year. The third study investigated the composition of Pinot noir wines produced from vines with varying vegetative vigor levels and two crop levels over three vintages (2011, 2012, and 2013) in the cool climate viticulture region of western Oregon. Wine was produced from grapes grown with two inter-row floor management treatments (tilled or grass) and two crop levels, including full crop and half crop achieved through cluster thinning. Crop thinning treatments didn’t alter the wine volatile composition. Certain wine volatiles were affected by the vineyard floor management treatments. Wines produced from grapes grown in the Grass treatment (lower vigor) had higher levels of grape-derived compounds such as α-terpineol, β-citronellol, vitispirane and TDN compared to wines produced from the Tilled treatment. Wines from Grass treatment also had higher isoamyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, isoamyl acetate, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl isovalerate, and phenethyl acetate but lower levels of linalool, 1-propanol and 1-octanol. A subproject of this study investigated the carotenoid breakdown and C₁₃-norisoprenoids synthesis in Pinot noir grapes from vines of differing vigor and crop levels (yield). Carotenoid degradation and C₁₃-norisoprenoid synthesis during berry development with different vine balance was monitored from véraison to harvest in year 2013. Our data suggests that vineyard floor management had a greater influence than did cluster thinning on carotenoids composition in grapes. Grape berries from Tilled treatment vines have higher carotenoids and C₁₃-norisoprenoids than the grapes from Grass treatment vines. Multivariance analyses also showed some interactions between the vineyard floor treatments and cluster thinning treatments on the composition of carotenoids and C₁₃-norisoprenoids. Title: Grape and Wine Aroma Influenced by Vine Nutrient Status, Vigor and Crop Levels in Oregon Pinot Noir Author: Yuan, Fang Wine volatile composition is one of the most important constitutes of wine quality, and it is greatly influenced by number of factors. The studies herein were conducted to evaluate the grape and wine aroma affected by different vine nutrient status, vigor and crop levels of Oregon Pinot noir. In the first study, aroma potentials in early and late maturity Pinot noir grapes were investigated in two consecutive vintages. The grape samples were hydrolyzed under acidic conditions and the released odorants were studied by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Forty-nine main odor-active compounds were detected in the AEDA. The odorants released with high flavor dilution values were 1-hexanal, β-damascenone, guaiacol and vanillin, together with C₆ aldehydes and alcohols, 4-vinylguaiacol, 4-vinylphenol and 1-octen-3-one. The concentrations of aroma-active compounds were further quantitated by SPME-GC-MS and SBSE-GC-MS. Comparing with early harvest grapes, late harvest grapes released more β-damascenone, vanillin, 4-vinylguaiacol and 4-vinylphenol in both years according to both AEDA and quantitation results, suggesting they were important aroma compounds that contribute to the characteristic of mature Pinot noir grapes. The second study evaluated the volatile composition of grape berries subjected to varying levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) supply. Pinot noir grapevines were grown in a pot-in-pot system for three years (beginning when they were 4-years-old) and fertigated with either complete nutrition (Control) or with reduced levels of either N, P, or K supply while holding all other nutrients constant. Nitrogen was varied from 7.50 mM total N supply (Control) to 1.13 mM in five discreet treatments, while P and K supply were each varied in four discreet treatments with the lowest rate of 0 mM during fertigation events. Aroma volatiles in berries were determined in each year using SPME-GC-MS technique. Results showed that reducing N supply resulted in lower concentrations of C₆ compounds and total β-damascenone in berries across all three years. Low N supply had little impact on monoterpenes. Reducing N supply resulted in higher bound form α-terpineol in two of the three years. Compared to P and K, N supply showed a more profound influence on the volatile profiles of the grape berries, indicating the important role of N in the biosynthesis of berry volatile and volatile precursors. The volatile composition of resulting wines from the same study was also investigated. Results showed that reducing N supply increased the total phenolic content in wine across all years. N supply has a profound impact on wine volatiles with the greatest effect on yeast-derived esters and higher alcohols. In general, reducing N supply decreased straight-chain esters and many straight chain alcohols, but increased the branched-chain esters, and phenethyl ester and phenethyl alcohol in wine across all years. The effect of N supply on monoterpenes in wine was not consistent from year to year. Low N wines also had reduced levels of volatile sulfur compounds in 2 of 3 years. Compared to the Control, reducing N and K supply resulted in lower quantities of total β-damascenone across all years. Altering P supply did not have reproducible effects on wine volatiles from year to year. The third study investigated the composition of Pinot noir wines produced from vines with varying vegetative vigor levels and two crop levels over three vintages (2011, 2012, and 2013) in the cool climate viticulture region of western Oregon. Wine was produced from grapes grown with two inter-row floor management treatments (tilled or grass) and two crop levels, including full crop and half crop achieved through cluster thinning. Crop thinning treatments didn’t alter the wine volatile composition. Certain wine volatiles were affected by the vineyard floor management treatments. Wines produced from grapes grown in the Grass treatment (lower vigor) had higher levels of grape-derived compounds such as α-terpineol, β-citronellol, vitispirane and TDN compared to wines produced from the Tilled treatment. Wines from Grass treatment also had higher isoamyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, isoamyl acetate, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl isovalerate, and phenethyl acetate but lower levels of linalool, 1-propanol and 1-octanol. A subproject of this study investigated the carotenoid breakdown and C₁₃-norisoprenoids synthesis in Pinot noir grapes from vines of differing vigor and crop levels (yield). Carotenoid degradation and C₁₃-norisoprenoid synthesis during berry development with different vine balance was monitored from véraison to harvest in year 2013. Our data suggests that vineyard floor management had a greater influence than did cluster thinning on carotenoids composition in grapes. Grape berries from Tilled treatment vines have higher carotenoids and C₁₃-norisoprenoids than the grapes from Grass treatment vines. Multivariance analyses also showed some interactions between the vineyard floor treatments and cluster thinning treatments on the composition of carotenoids and C₁₃-norisoprenoids. Close

• 93. [Article] Values and attitudes as measures of intergenerational differences

  The purpose of this study was to identify the values and attitudes of a group of freshman female students and their parents and to determine if value and attitude differences existed between these two ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Values and attitudes as measures of intergenerational differences Author: Penn, John Roger The purpose of this study was to identify the values and attitudes of a group of freshman female students and their parents and to determine if value and attitude differences existed between these two groups. Therefore, of equal importance in the study was the quantification of intergenerational differences. The subjects were 161 freshman females and their parents (160 mothers and 153 fathers). The sample was representative of the O.S.U. freshman female population. The Rokeach Value Survey, Form D and the University-Student Relationships Attitude Survey were the instruments utilized to measure values and attitudes. Demographic data were obtained by means of a brief check list. Twenty-four null hypotheses concerning differences in median rankings of terminal values (end-states of existence) and instrumental values (preferred modes of conduct) were tested using a non-parametric one-way analysis of variance, a non-parametric two-way analysis of variance, and a t-test. It was hypothesized that value and attitude differences existed between the group of students and the group of parents and that value and attitude differences existed between student subgroups defined on the basis of birth order, religion, parents' level of education, family socio-economic level, and home town size. The results of the study showed: 1. Students valued the terminal value a world at peace as the most important end-state of existence closely followed by the value freedom, whereas parents valued family security as the most important end-state of existence followed by wisdom. 2. Those terminal values that were least desirable for the student group were national security and social recognition, whereas parents ranked the values social recognition and pleasure last. 3. Both students and parents valued the instrumental value honest as the most important preferred mode of conduct. 4. The least important instrumental values for both groups were imaginative and obedient. 5. Significant differences in median rankings were found on 11 of the 18 terminal values and nine of the 18 instrumental values in the daughter-mother analysis, on 12 of the 18 terminal values and 12 of the 18 instrumental values in the daughter-father analysis, and on 12 of the 18 terminal values and 13 of the 18 instrumental values in the student group and total parent group analysis. 6. From the subgroup analyses, it was found that the variables of birth order and religious affiliation influenced the students' ordering of terminal values. Further, the interaction effect of the variables birth order and parents' level of education influenced the importance that the students assigned to instrumental values. 7. Both the group of students and the group of parents were in agreement on the attitude items, and each exhibited "liberal" or non-restrictive attitudes concerning University-student relationships. 8. The variables of birth order, religious affiliation, and family socio-economic level influenced student responses on attitude items concerning University-student relationships. The results showed that although significant differences in rankings of values occurred between the group of students and the group of parents, the relative positions of the top nine values in the value hierarchy were highly similar for both groups. Neither students nor parents perceived great value differences between the two groups, and few believed that a generation gap existed. Further, no differences were found on the attitude statements concerning University-student relationships, as both groups exhibited "liberal," non-restrictive attitudes. Thus, the major conclusion of the study was that both the students and the parents possessed similar value systems and that intergenerational differences between the student group and the parent group were relatively small. Explanations concerning the results of the study are offered, and further research recommendations are proposed. Title: Values and attitudes as measures of intergenerational differences Author: Penn, John Roger The purpose of this study was to identify the values and attitudes of a group of freshman female students and their parents and to determine if value and attitude differences existed between these two groups. Therefore, of equal importance in the study was the quantification of intergenerational differences. The subjects were 161 freshman females and their parents (160 mothers and 153 fathers). The sample was representative of the O.S.U. freshman female population. The Rokeach Value Survey, Form D and the University-Student Relationships Attitude Survey were the instruments utilized to measure values and attitudes. Demographic data were obtained by means of a brief check list. Twenty-four null hypotheses concerning differences in median rankings of terminal values (end-states of existence) and instrumental values (preferred modes of conduct) were tested using a non-parametric one-way analysis of variance, a non-parametric two-way analysis of variance, and a t-test. It was hypothesized that value and attitude differences existed between the group of students and the group of parents and that value and attitude differences existed between student subgroups defined on the basis of birth order, religion, parents' level of education, family socio-economic level, and home town size. The results of the study showed: 1. Students valued the terminal value a world at peace as the most important end-state of existence closely followed by the value freedom, whereas parents valued family security as the most important end-state of existence followed by wisdom. 2. Those terminal values that were least desirable for the student group were national security and social recognition, whereas parents ranked the values social recognition and pleasure last. 3. Both students and parents valued the instrumental value honest as the most important preferred mode of conduct. 4. The least important instrumental values for both groups were imaginative and obedient. 5. Significant differences in median rankings were found on 11 of the 18 terminal values and nine of the 18 instrumental values in the daughter-mother analysis, on 12 of the 18 terminal values and 12 of the 18 instrumental values in the daughter-father analysis, and on 12 of the 18 terminal values and 13 of the 18 instrumental values in the student group and total parent group analysis. 6. From the subgroup analyses, it was found that the variables of birth order and religious affiliation influenced the students' ordering of terminal values. Further, the interaction effect of the variables birth order and parents' level of education influenced the importance that the students assigned to instrumental values. 7. Both the group of students and the group of parents were in agreement on the attitude items, and each exhibited "liberal" or non-restrictive attitudes concerning University-student relationships. 8. The variables of birth order, religious affiliation, and family socio-economic level influenced student responses on attitude items concerning University-student relationships. The results showed that although significant differences in rankings of values occurred between the group of students and the group of parents, the relative positions of the top nine values in the value hierarchy were highly similar for both groups. Neither students nor parents perceived great value differences between the two groups, and few believed that a generation gap existed. Further, no differences were found on the attitude statements concerning University-student relationships, as both groups exhibited "liberal," non-restrictive attitudes. Thus, the major conclusion of the study was that both the students and the parents possessed similar value systems and that intergenerational differences between the student group and the parent group were relatively small. Explanations concerning the results of the study are offered, and further research recommendations are proposed. Close

• 94. [Article] Oregon's Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands : agricultural uses, alternative uses, problems and trends

  The wetlands are distinguished from other lands of the Mid-Willamette Valley by excessive soil moisture. The wetlands, as defined for this study, consist of 20 soil series (in 22 soil mapping units) which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands : agricultural uses, alternative uses, problems and trends Author: Tsutsui, Setsuo Harry The wetlands are distinguished from other lands of the Mid-Willamette Valley by excessive soil moisture. The wetlands, as defined for this study, consist of 20 soil series (in 22 soil mapping units) which are classified by the Soil Conservation Service as having excessive wetness as the major factor limiting their uses. The five counties considered in this study, Benton, Linn, Marion, Polk, and Yamhill, have been and continue to be important to the agricultural production of Oregon. In 1977, this region produced 28.4% of the state's value of sales from agricultural Products. In the same year, this five-county area also produced 100% of the nation's ryegrass, crimson clover, and red fescue seeds, and large quantities of other important seeds. Personal interviews were conducted with 141 wetland farmers during the period January through March, 1979. The land farmed by the interviewed farmers amounted to 63,748 acres, which represented 9.8% of the 652,000 acres of wetlands in the Mid-Willamette Valley. Farmer responses obtained from the interviews provided the data base for much of this study. Information Pertaining to farm types and crops were cross tabulated with other variables using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences at Oregon State University. The resulting statistics were evaluated for patterns of distributions and emerging trends in agricultural land uses. Of the surveyed farmers, 73% were full-time operators; the remainder were part-time, semi-retired, or hobby farmers. There were wide variability in farm sizes, 15 to 5,400 acres for full-time farmers, and 5 to 424 acres for part-time farmers. Farms producing grass seeds, row crops, and grain were generally large in size, while farms producing tree fruits, nuts, berries, nursery products, and other specialty crops were generally small. Although the Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands form a valuable part of Oregon's agricultural land base, the production capacity of much of the wetlands can be further upgraded by installation of drainage and irrigation systems. However, the current high costs for these resource converting systems, and the elimination of Federal cost-sharing for farm drainage projects, may make installation of these systems economically infeasible for many farmers. In early 1979, costs for installation of new drainage systems were $300 to $400 per acre. Irrigation systems cost $225 to $450 per acre, with the actual cost depending on the type of irrigation system selected. Farmers' perceptions of factors considered to have adverse effects on their farming operations were examined for two periods: the past five years, 1974 through 1978, and the current agricultural year, 1979. For the five-year period, 64% of the farmers stated that they had experienced what they considered to be serious problems. The two primary groups of problems were those related to reduction of the farmers' net income and farm production. The third group of problems pertained to policy limitations, particularly the acreage limitations to open field burning, and government regulations, restrictions, and interference. During the period 1977 to 1978, 10.6% of the interviewed farmers had made land use changes. The 15 farmers made 19 changes involving 773 acres. There were large net gains in acreage for legumes, and smaller net gains for row crops, peppermint, and strawberries. The largest net acreage loss was for grain. Smaller net losses occurred for grass seed and silage. Farmers who had made land use changes rated 12 of the 19 changes as satisfactory, 3 as unsatisfactory, and 4 as not possible to evaluate until crop is harvested. Most of the wetlands are currently limited to the production of grass seed due to the severe physical limitations. Therefore, open field burning will continue to be an important issue on Oregon's Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands. Title: Oregon's Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands : agricultural uses, alternative uses, problems and trends Author: Tsutsui, Setsuo Harry The wetlands are distinguished from other lands of the Mid-Willamette Valley by excessive soil moisture. The wetlands, as defined for this study, consist of 20 soil series (in 22 soil mapping units) which are classified by the Soil Conservation Service as having excessive wetness as the major factor limiting their uses. The five counties considered in this study, Benton, Linn, Marion, Polk, and Yamhill, have been and continue to be important to the agricultural production of Oregon. In 1977, this region produced 28.4% of the state's value of sales from agricultural Products. In the same year, this five-county area also produced 100% of the nation's ryegrass, crimson clover, and red fescue seeds, and large quantities of other important seeds. Personal interviews were conducted with 141 wetland farmers during the period January through March, 1979. The land farmed by the interviewed farmers amounted to 63,748 acres, which represented 9.8% of the 652,000 acres of wetlands in the Mid-Willamette Valley. Farmer responses obtained from the interviews provided the data base for much of this study. Information Pertaining to farm types and crops were cross tabulated with other variables using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences at Oregon State University. The resulting statistics were evaluated for patterns of distributions and emerging trends in agricultural land uses. Of the surveyed farmers, 73% were full-time operators; the remainder were part-time, semi-retired, or hobby farmers. There were wide variability in farm sizes, 15 to 5,400 acres for full-time farmers, and 5 to 424 acres for part-time farmers. Farms producing grass seeds, row crops, and grain were generally large in size, while farms producing tree fruits, nuts, berries, nursery products, and other specialty crops were generally small. Although the Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands form a valuable part of Oregon's agricultural land base, the production capacity of much of the wetlands can be further upgraded by installation of drainage and irrigation systems. However, the current high costs for these resource converting systems, and the elimination of Federal cost-sharing for farm drainage projects, may make installation of these systems economically infeasible for many farmers. In early 1979, costs for installation of new drainage systems were $300 to $400 per acre. Irrigation systems cost $225 to $450 per acre, with the actual cost depending on the type of irrigation system selected. Farmers' perceptions of factors considered to have adverse effects on their farming operations were examined for two periods: the past five years, 1974 through 1978, and the current agricultural year, 1979. For the five-year period, 64% of the farmers stated that they had experienced what they considered to be serious problems. The two primary groups of problems were those related to reduction of the farmers' net income and farm production. The third group of problems pertained to policy limitations, particularly the acreage limitations to open field burning, and government regulations, restrictions, and interference. During the period 1977 to 1978, 10.6% of the interviewed farmers had made land use changes. The 15 farmers made 19 changes involving 773 acres. There were large net gains in acreage for legumes, and smaller net gains for row crops, peppermint, and strawberries. The largest net acreage loss was for grain. Smaller net losses occurred for grass seed and silage. Farmers who had made land use changes rated 12 of the 19 changes as satisfactory, 3 as unsatisfactory, and 4 as not possible to evaluate until crop is harvested. Most of the wetlands are currently limited to the production of grass seed due to the severe physical limitations. Therefore, open field burning will continue to be an important issue on Oregon's Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands. Close

• 95. [Article] The work values of secondary teachers : a comparative study by teaching assignment

  The focus of this study was on the work values of secondary school teachers. Values have been defined in many ways. The common agreement is that values are standards, beliefs, or principles that do guide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The work values of secondary teachers : a comparative study by teaching assignment Author: Klampe, Charlotte Marie Year: 1983 The focus of this study was on the work values of secondary school teachers. Values have been defined in many ways. The common agreement is that values are standards, beliefs, or principles that do guide and direct a person's behavior. The values a teacher holds will influence a student due to the natural role-modeling effect in the classroom. With the advent of career education and exploration of the world of work, the values held toward work become a timely topic. The discussion of values and value clarification in all aspects of a person's life is one that is becoming very popular in education. Title: The work values of secondary teachers : a comparative study by teaching assignment Author: Klampe, Charlotte Marie Year: 1983 The focus of this study was on the work values of secondary school teachers. Values have been defined in many ways. The common agreement is that values are standards, beliefs, or principles that do guide and direct a person's behavior. The values a teacher holds will influence a student due to the natural role-modeling effect in the classroom. With the advent of career education and exploration of the world of work, the values held toward work become a timely topic. The discussion of values and value clarification in all aspects of a person's life is one that is becoming very popular in education. Close

• 96. [Article] Evaluating grain yield as influenced by biological yield and harvest index in four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) crosses involving near-isogenic lines

  Crosses between four near isogenic lines for height reducing genes Rht₁ and Rht₂ and one agronomically superior dwarf line, including generations through F₃ with reciprocal backcrosses constituted the experimental ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating grain yield as influenced by biological yield and harvest index in four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) crosses involving near-isogenic lines Author: Rahman, Mohammad Moznur Crosses between four near isogenic lines for height reducing genes Rht₁ and Rht₂ and one agronomically superior dwarf line, including generations through F₃ with reciprocal backcrosses constituted the experimental materials. Mean, range and standard deviation values for eleven traits pertaining to the different generations were obtained. Heterosis and inbreeding depression along with broad and narrow sense heritability estimates for the traits provided information regarding nature of gene action. Possible relationship between selected traits were also determined. The amount of genetic diversity between crosses depended upon the number and specific dwarfing genes involved. A limited number of traits were different in crosses involving either Rht₁ or Rht₂ isolines. This may have resulted since 'Yamhill Dwarf also carries the Rht₁ allele. For generations, differences were detected for all eleven traits measured. The cross involving the standard height isoline (rht₁rht₂) and Yamhill Dwarf registered the highest mean values for plant height, grain yield, 300-kernel weight and biological yield; but had the lowest value for harvest index. Increased grain yield was more a function of higher "biological yield" than "harvest index" in all crosses and populations examined. Consistent and positive associations were also found between grain yield and biological yield; however the same was not true for grain yield with harvest index where little or no associations were detected for any of the crosses. Heterosis estimates were high for most traits in rht₁Rht₂/Yamhill Dwarf cross and low in the cross Rht₁rht₂/Yamhill Dwarf. Inconsistent broad and narrow sense heritability estimates were observed in several crosses for most traits measured. The one exception was for 300-kernel weight, being relatively high and consistent in all crosses except Rht₁Rht₂/Yamhill Dwarf. In some instances, negative narrow sense heritability estimates were realized. This was particularly true for the cross between the standard height isoline (rht₁rht₂) and Yamhill Dwarf. Also, depending on the cross and trait measured, larger narrow sense heritability estimates were obtained when compared to the broad sense estimates. This could reflect some sampling error or a large genotype X environmental interaction which was observed. Title: Evaluating grain yield as influenced by biological yield and harvest index in four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) crosses involving near-isogenic lines Author: Rahman, Mohammad Moznur Crosses between four near isogenic lines for height reducing genes Rht₁ and Rht₂ and one agronomically superior dwarf line, including generations through F₃ with reciprocal backcrosses constituted the experimental materials. Mean, range and standard deviation values for eleven traits pertaining to the different generations were obtained. Heterosis and inbreeding depression along with broad and narrow sense heritability estimates for the traits provided information regarding nature of gene action. Possible relationship between selected traits were also determined. The amount of genetic diversity between crosses depended upon the number and specific dwarfing genes involved. A limited number of traits were different in crosses involving either Rht₁ or Rht₂ isolines. This may have resulted since 'Yamhill Dwarf also carries the Rht₁ allele. For generations, differences were detected for all eleven traits measured. The cross involving the standard height isoline (rht₁rht₂) and Yamhill Dwarf registered the highest mean values for plant height, grain yield, 300-kernel weight and biological yield; but had the lowest value for harvest index. Increased grain yield was more a function of higher "biological yield" than "harvest index" in all crosses and populations examined. Consistent and positive associations were also found between grain yield and biological yield; however the same was not true for grain yield with harvest index where little or no associations were detected for any of the crosses. Heterosis estimates were high for most traits in rht₁Rht₂/Yamhill Dwarf cross and low in the cross Rht₁rht₂/Yamhill Dwarf. Inconsistent broad and narrow sense heritability estimates were observed in several crosses for most traits measured. The one exception was for 300-kernel weight, being relatively high and consistent in all crosses except Rht₁Rht₂/Yamhill Dwarf. In some instances, negative narrow sense heritability estimates were realized. This was particularly true for the cross between the standard height isoline (rht₁rht₂) and Yamhill Dwarf. Also, depending on the cross and trait measured, larger narrow sense heritability estimates were obtained when compared to the broad sense estimates. This could reflect some sampling error or a large genotype X environmental interaction which was observed. Close

• 97. [Article] Evaluation of parental performance for grain yield in two populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host)

  Six winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for their breeding value in transmitting superior genetic factors for grain yield to subsequent progeny. The cultivars were selected on the basis of their potential ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of parental performance for grain yield in two populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Alcala de Stefano, Maximino Six winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for their breeding value in transmitting superior genetic factors for grain yield to subsequent progeny. The cultivars were selected on the basis of their potential grain yield and divided into two populations. Population I was comprised of three cultivars which have been in commercial production for several years and are regarded as intermediate for grain yield. Population II was represented by three recently developed cultivars which have superior grain yielding potential. Each of the three parents within each population were crossed in a diallel manner Hence, the parents and subsequent F₁, F₂, and BC progeny made up the experimental populations. These populations were grown at two environmentally diverse sites within the state of Oregon. Morphological characters measured were: (1) tillers per plant; (2) kernels per spike; (3) plant height; (4) weight of 300 kernels; and (5) grain yield. To detect which parental combination had the greatest potential for transmitting superior performance to the subsequent progeny for the components of yield and grain yield, the following parameters were determined for both populations: (1) the amount and nature of the genetic variance associated with each population; (2) average combining ability of each parent within the populations; (3) estimates of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in the F₁ and (4) the possible influence of the genotype-environmental interactions on the parameters measured. Also information concerning the desirability of using top crosses and double crosses rather than single crosses was obtained. In an effort to compare the relative performance between the populations, Pullman Selection 101, which is a good general combining winter wheat cultivar, was used as a tester for both populations. The values obtained in this investigation reflect the properties of the populations studied and should not be interpreted as applying to all wheat populations. Considerable genetic variability was found within both populations for the characters studied. This variability was largely due to genetic factors which were additive. Tillers per plant and grain yield were influenced by both additive and nonadditive genetic variance. The higher yielding parents in Population II were found to be higher in their average combining ability for kernels per spike and grain yield per plant whereas the lower yielding parents in Population I were higher for tiller number, weight of 300 kernels and plant height. Parental combinations identified as being promising, for grain yield in a conventional program, where nearly homozygous lines are desired, were also the same parental combinations which resulted in a maximum expression of heterobeltiosis and would be of most interest in a hybrid program. The desirability of using multiple crosses to maximize the number of favorable factors need further study inctuding additional parents and different combinations plus an evaluation of the performance of such crosses in later generations. In this investigation, the single crosses appeared to be the most promising; however, inbreeding depression due to segregation within top and double crosses influenced the values obtained. Also, the population sizes should be increased to measure the total potential of such crosses. Significant genotype-environmental interactions were observed between locations for plant height and weight of 300 kernels. The estimates obtained for average combining ability, heterosis and heterobeltiosis for the other characters measured also suggested that it will be necessary to identify the most promising hybrid combinations based on the performance of the parents at the specific location. To make the most rapid progress in developing high yielding cultivars in either conventional or hybrid programs, the wheat breeder needs to emphasize crosses between unrelated high yielding cultivars. However, the need to provide superior parental lines which include such factors as disease resistance, should be evaluated. The development of elite germ plasm by geneticists will be mandatory if plant breeders are to continue to improve grain yield. Title: Evaluation of parental performance for grain yield in two populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Alcala de Stefano, Maximino Six winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for their breeding value in transmitting superior genetic factors for grain yield to subsequent progeny. The cultivars were selected on the basis of their potential grain yield and divided into two populations. Population I was comprised of three cultivars which have been in commercial production for several years and are regarded as intermediate for grain yield. Population II was represented by three recently developed cultivars which have superior grain yielding potential. Each of the three parents within each population were crossed in a diallel manner Hence, the parents and subsequent F₁, F₂, and BC progeny made up the experimental populations. These populations were grown at two environmentally diverse sites within the state of Oregon. Morphological characters measured were: (1) tillers per plant; (2) kernels per spike; (3) plant height; (4) weight of 300 kernels; and (5) grain yield. To detect which parental combination had the greatest potential for transmitting superior performance to the subsequent progeny for the components of yield and grain yield, the following parameters were determined for both populations: (1) the amount and nature of the genetic variance associated with each population; (2) average combining ability of each parent within the populations; (3) estimates of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in the F₁ and (4) the possible influence of the genotype-environmental interactions on the parameters measured. Also information concerning the desirability of using top crosses and double crosses rather than single crosses was obtained. In an effort to compare the relative performance between the populations, Pullman Selection 101, which is a good general combining winter wheat cultivar, was used as a tester for both populations. The values obtained in this investigation reflect the properties of the populations studied and should not be interpreted as applying to all wheat populations. Considerable genetic variability was found within both populations for the characters studied. This variability was largely due to genetic factors which were additive. Tillers per plant and grain yield were influenced by both additive and nonadditive genetic variance. The higher yielding parents in Population II were found to be higher in their average combining ability for kernels per spike and grain yield per plant whereas the lower yielding parents in Population I were higher for tiller number, weight of 300 kernels and plant height. Parental combinations identified as being promising, for grain yield in a conventional program, where nearly homozygous lines are desired, were also the same parental combinations which resulted in a maximum expression of heterobeltiosis and would be of most interest in a hybrid program. The desirability of using multiple crosses to maximize the number of favorable factors need further study inctuding additional parents and different combinations plus an evaluation of the performance of such crosses in later generations. In this investigation, the single crosses appeared to be the most promising; however, inbreeding depression due to segregation within top and double crosses influenced the values obtained. Also, the population sizes should be increased to measure the total potential of such crosses. Significant genotype-environmental interactions were observed between locations for plant height and weight of 300 kernels. The estimates obtained for average combining ability, heterosis and heterobeltiosis for the other characters measured also suggested that it will be necessary to identify the most promising hybrid combinations based on the performance of the parents at the specific location. To make the most rapid progress in developing high yielding cultivars in either conventional or hybrid programs, the wheat breeder needs to emphasize crosses between unrelated high yielding cultivars. However, the need to provide superior parental lines which include such factors as disease resistance, should be evaluated. The development of elite germ plasm by geneticists will be mandatory if plant breeders are to continue to improve grain yield. Close

• 98. [Article] Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] consensus linkage map constructed using four RIL mapping populations and newly developed EST-SSRs

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by BioMed Central Ltd. and can be found at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] consensus linkage map constructed using four RIL mapping populations and newly developed EST-SSRs Author: Rajaram, Vengaldas, Supriya, Ambawat, Nepolean, Thirunavukkarasu, Srivastava, Rakesh K., Hash, Charles Thomas, Kumari, Basava Ramana, Narasu, Mangamoori Lakshmi, Vadez, Vincent, Varshney, Rajeev K., Riera-Lizarazu, Oscar, Bhanuprakash, Amindala, Shah, Trushar M., Kumar, Sushil, Senthilvel, Senapathy This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by BioMed Central Ltd. and can be found at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/. Title: Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] consensus linkage map constructed using four RIL mapping populations and newly developed EST-SSRs Author: Rajaram, Vengaldas, Supriya, Ambawat, Nepolean, Thirunavukkarasu, Srivastava, Rakesh K., Hash, Charles Thomas, Kumari, Basava Ramana, Narasu, Mangamoori Lakshmi, Vadez, Vincent, Varshney, Rajeev K., Riera-Lizarazu, Oscar, Bhanuprakash, Amindala, Shah, Trushar M., Kumar, Sushil, Senthilvel, Senapathy This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by BioMed Central Ltd. and can be found at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/. Close

• 99. [Article] Field-Based Estimates of Heritability and Genetic Correlations in Hop

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Field-Based Estimates of Heritability and Genetic Correlations in Hop Author: Townsend, M. Shaun, Henning, John A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://www.crops.org/publications/cs. Title: Field-Based Estimates of Heritability and Genetic Correlations in Hop Author: Townsend, M. Shaun, Henning, John A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://www.crops.org/publications/cs. Close

• 100. [Article] Local resilience, canola cropping, and biodiesel production

  New technology may have negative, as well as positive, effects on a sociocultural system. Biodiesel is growing in popularity as a fuel alternative that addresses global warming and reduces dependency on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Local resilience, canola cropping, and biodiesel production Author: Bates, Christopher Allen New technology may have negative, as well as positive, effects on a sociocultural system. Biodiesel is growing in popularity as a fuel alternative that addresses global warming and reduces dependency on petroleum. The biodiesel innovation fits well into the existing behavioral infrastructure of Linn and Benton Counties, Oregon. The introduction of this technology fuels two community-based biodiesel initiatives: the Corvallis Biodiesel Cooperative (CBC) and the OSU Biodiesel Initiative (OBI). However, the increasing demands for biodiesel increases the demand for vegetable oil. Canola is the most efficient oil producing crop suggested for the southern Willamette Valley of Oregon. Canola cropping fits into the behavioral infrastructure of local grass seed growers' tradition. However, canola cropping presents outcrossing risks to neighboring specialty seed and organic growers. This calls into question the resilience and sustainability of canola cropping. The decisions made about biodiesel production and oilseed cropping will impact the future environment, culture, political autonomy, and sustainability of this local community. The dominant values that serve this community will determine the resilience of culture and identity that is maintained or emerges in the face of social-ecological challenges and technological innovations. The research methodology includes interviews, participant observation, and informational media to triangulate data. These methods serve to inform an integrated framework of holistic, values analysis, social-ecological, and cultural materialism theoretical approaches. The holistic approach provides the behavioral components and the values analysis approach provides the mental components that are integrated into a cultural materialism framework. These components are evaluated by the social-ecological approach. Evaluation of the CBC and OBI suggests that values play a greater role in cultural materialism than previously believed. A new theoretical perspective emerges to explain resilience and causal effects. The social-ecological approach, illustrated by panarchy theory, is also integrated into the cultural materialism approach. The integration of the four theoretical approaches, and the emergence of a new theoretical perspective, provides a means to explain resilience and sustainability for the CBC and OBI. This integrated approach also examines three potential paths of resilience and sustainability for the grass seed, specialty seed, and organic growing traditions. Path A predicts long-term resilience and sustainability for grass seed growers and canola cropping, but collapse for the specialty seed and organic growing traditions. Path B predicts that a proposed regulated canola cropping compromise will only prolong the inevitable collapse of the specialty seed and organic growing traditions. Along both Paths A and B, diversity is lost from the sociocultural system as specialty seed and organic growing traditions decline. Canola cropping increases the potential for energy security, but food security is reduced. Path C suggests how to maintain the current sociocultural system of grass seed, specialty seed, and organic growing traditions and promote long-term resilience and sustainability. Title: Local resilience, canola cropping, and biodiesel production Author: Bates, Christopher Allen New technology may have negative, as well as positive, effects on a sociocultural system. Biodiesel is growing in popularity as a fuel alternative that addresses global warming and reduces dependency on petroleum. The biodiesel innovation fits well into the existing behavioral infrastructure of Linn and Benton Counties, Oregon. The introduction of this technology fuels two community-based biodiesel initiatives: the Corvallis Biodiesel Cooperative (CBC) and the OSU Biodiesel Initiative (OBI). However, the increasing demands for biodiesel increases the demand for vegetable oil. Canola is the most efficient oil producing crop suggested for the southern Willamette Valley of Oregon. Canola cropping fits into the behavioral infrastructure of local grass seed growers' tradition. However, canola cropping presents outcrossing risks to neighboring specialty seed and organic growers. This calls into question the resilience and sustainability of canola cropping. The decisions made about biodiesel production and oilseed cropping will impact the future environment, culture, political autonomy, and sustainability of this local community. The dominant values that serve this community will determine the resilience of culture and identity that is maintained or emerges in the face of social-ecological challenges and technological innovations. The research methodology includes interviews, participant observation, and informational media to triangulate data. These methods serve to inform an integrated framework of holistic, values analysis, social-ecological, and cultural materialism theoretical approaches. The holistic approach provides the behavioral components and the values analysis approach provides the mental components that are integrated into a cultural materialism framework. These components are evaluated by the social-ecological approach. Evaluation of the CBC and OBI suggests that values play a greater role in cultural materialism than previously believed. A new theoretical perspective emerges to explain resilience and causal effects. The social-ecological approach, illustrated by panarchy theory, is also integrated into the cultural materialism approach. The integration of the four theoretical approaches, and the emergence of a new theoretical perspective, provides a means to explain resilience and sustainability for the CBC and OBI. This integrated approach also examines three potential paths of resilience and sustainability for the grass seed, specialty seed, and organic growing traditions. Path A predicts long-term resilience and sustainability for grass seed growers and canola cropping, but collapse for the specialty seed and organic growing traditions. Path B predicts that a proposed regulated canola cropping compromise will only prolong the inevitable collapse of the specialty seed and organic growing traditions. Along both Paths A and B, diversity is lost from the sociocultural system as specialty seed and organic growing traditions decline. Canola cropping increases the potential for energy security, but food security is reduced. Path C suggests how to maintain the current sociocultural system of grass seed, specialty seed, and organic growing traditions and promote long-term resilience and sustainability. Close