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• 1. [Article] Biological diversity and third world development : a study of the transformation of an ecological concept into natural resource policy

  This work examined the transformation of the concept of biodiversity into natural resource policies of the U.S. Agency for International Development and the World Bank through 1988. The study identified ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological diversity and third world development : a study of the transformation of an ecological concept into natural resource policy Author: Vincent, Robert Montgomery This work examined the transformation of the concept of biodiversity into natural resource policies of the U.S. Agency for International Development and the World Bank through 1988. The study identified several groups as playing key roles in the transformation process. These were nongovernmental environmental organizations, the scientific community, and the U.S. Congress. As a framework for analysis, a Process Model is presented which depicts the process that transforms a scientific concept into natural resource policy. As a result of this research, modifications to the original Process Model are proposed. Though this study focuses on the scientific concept of biological diversity, it is suggested that the Process Model may be more broadly applied to other resource issues which follow the model's general steps of concept formulation, value identification, legislation development, and policy formulation. Several conclusions are reached from this study. One is that though there was little agreement about the concept of biodiversity within the scientific community, three broad themes evolved. These themes are ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity. Second, NGEO members did not adopt scientific concepts of biodiversity, but rather developed value positions with respect to biodiversity. These positions were presented to lawmakers the result being that biodiversity legislation was narrowly focused and did not fully reflect the three major diversity themes developed within the scientific community. Finally, policies developed by agencies responsible for implementing biodiversity legislation reflected Congressional intent and were equally narrowly focused. One consequence is that only selected major biodiversity themes are dealt with in agency policy, and this is reflected in agency funded programs to conserve biological diversity. Title: Biological diversity and third world development : a study of the transformation of an ecological concept into natural resource policy Author: Vincent, Robert Montgomery This work examined the transformation of the concept of biodiversity into natural resource policies of the U.S. Agency for International Development and the World Bank through 1988. The study identified several groups as playing key roles in the transformation process. These were nongovernmental environmental organizations, the scientific community, and the U.S. Congress. As a framework for analysis, a Process Model is presented which depicts the process that transforms a scientific concept into natural resource policy. As a result of this research, modifications to the original Process Model are proposed. Though this study focuses on the scientific concept of biological diversity, it is suggested that the Process Model may be more broadly applied to other resource issues which follow the model's general steps of concept formulation, value identification, legislation development, and policy formulation. Several conclusions are reached from this study. One is that though there was little agreement about the concept of biodiversity within the scientific community, three broad themes evolved. These themes are ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity. Second, NGEO members did not adopt scientific concepts of biodiversity, but rather developed value positions with respect to biodiversity. These positions were presented to lawmakers the result being that biodiversity legislation was narrowly focused and did not fully reflect the three major diversity themes developed within the scientific community. Finally, policies developed by agencies responsible for implementing biodiversity legislation reflected Congressional intent and were equally narrowly focused. One consequence is that only selected major biodiversity themes are dealt with in agency policy, and this is reflected in agency funded programs to conserve biological diversity. Close

• 2. [Article] Soil Property Effects on Willamette Daisy (Erigeron decumbens) within William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge

  Plant species diversity plays an important role in maintaining ecosystem function and the services that ecosystems provide. Diversity is threatened by habitat loss, invasive species, and global climate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil Property Effects on Willamette Daisy (Erigeron decumbens) within William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge Author: Day, Emily S. Plant species diversity plays an important role in maintaining ecosystem function and the services that ecosystems provide. Diversity is threatened by habitat loss, invasive species, and global climate change. Willamette Daisy (Erigeron decumbens), an endangered species, has been reintroduced at two different sites (Field 29 and 8N) within William L. Finely Wildlife refuge, but it grows better at one site (Field 29) than the other (Field 8N). The purpose of the study was to determine if the differences in growth at the two sites could be caused by differences in soil properties, and determine soil conditions conducive for growth. We grew E. decumbens in soil collected from each field in a greenhouse with sterile and unsterilized treatments and performed a soil analysis on samples from each field. Soil sterilization had a significantly negative effect on plant survivorship, suggesting soil biota improves establishment of E. decumbens. Field 29 had significantly higher TN, TC, and pH than Field 8N, which may be contributing to the observed differences. Results from this study suggest that these soil properties could benefit E. decumbens growth in the wild, and information on soil conditions could improve reintroduction site selection and recovery of this endangered species. Title: Soil Property Effects on Willamette Daisy (Erigeron decumbens) within William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge Author: Day, Emily S. Plant species diversity plays an important role in maintaining ecosystem function and the services that ecosystems provide. Diversity is threatened by habitat loss, invasive species, and global climate change. Willamette Daisy (Erigeron decumbens), an endangered species, has been reintroduced at two different sites (Field 29 and 8N) within William L. Finely Wildlife refuge, but it grows better at one site (Field 29) than the other (Field 8N). The purpose of the study was to determine if the differences in growth at the two sites could be caused by differences in soil properties, and determine soil conditions conducive for growth. We grew E. decumbens in soil collected from each field in a greenhouse with sterile and unsterilized treatments and performed a soil analysis on samples from each field. Soil sterilization had a significantly negative effect on plant survivorship, suggesting soil biota improves establishment of E. decumbens. Field 29 had significantly higher TN, TC, and pH than Field 8N, which may be contributing to the observed differences. Results from this study suggest that these soil properties could benefit E. decumbens growth in the wild, and information on soil conditions could improve reintroduction site selection and recovery of this endangered species. Close

• 3. [Article] Human Visitation in the Rocky Intertidal and its Effects on Abundance of Algal and Invertebrate Species

  The rocky intertidal is a diverse ecosystem with a variety of species and ecological interactions. Many biotic and abiotic interactions act together to restrict the abundance and distribution of species. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Human Visitation in the Rocky Intertidal and its Effects on Abundance of Algal and Invertebrate Species Author: Silbernagel, Justin J. The rocky intertidal is a diverse ecosystem with a variety of species and ecological interactions. Many biotic and abiotic interactions act together to restrict the abundance and distribution of species. Anthropogenic effects can have an important impact on species abundance and distribution as well. This study looks at how human visitation affects community structure in the rocky intertidal along the Oregon coast. Areas of high human visitation were found to have lower species richness than areas of low visitation in the lower vertical zones of the rocky intertidal. However, species richness was found to be higher in high visitation areas in the highest intertidal zone. Abundance of species differed between areas of high and low human visitation, but showed few overall significant trends. Title: Human Visitation in the Rocky Intertidal and its Effects on Abundance of Algal and Invertebrate Species Author: Silbernagel, Justin J. The rocky intertidal is a diverse ecosystem with a variety of species and ecological interactions. Many biotic and abiotic interactions act together to restrict the abundance and distribution of species. Anthropogenic effects can have an important impact on species abundance and distribution as well. This study looks at how human visitation affects community structure in the rocky intertidal along the Oregon coast. Areas of high human visitation were found to have lower species richness than areas of low visitation in the lower vertical zones of the rocky intertidal. However, species richness was found to be higher in high visitation areas in the highest intertidal zone. Abundance of species differed between areas of high and low human visitation, but showed few overall significant trends. Close

• 4. [Article] The development of a distribution- and growth-prediction model for the environmental grid

  Further development of an environmental grid for interpreting plant distribution and growth took place this last year as an attempt to solve problems associated with spatial diversity in ecosystems. Special ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The development of a distribution- and growth-prediction model for the environmental grid Author: Waring, Richard H., University of Washington, U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome Further development of an environmental grid for interpreting plant distribution and growth took place this last year as an attempt to solve problems associated with spatial diversity in ecosystems. Special emphasis was placed on developing more universal integrated indexes to environment, ones that might permit wide extrapolation throughout the range of at least one or two of the more widely distributed forest species ... It was the task of this project to integrate these variables to more readily explain and predict plant distribution and growth. Title: The development of a distribution- and growth-prediction model for the environmental grid Author: Waring, Richard H., University of Washington, U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome Further development of an environmental grid for interpreting plant distribution and growth took place this last year as an attempt to solve problems associated with spatial diversity in ecosystems. Special emphasis was placed on developing more universal integrated indexes to environment, ones that might permit wide extrapolation throughout the range of at least one or two of the more widely distributed forest species ... It was the task of this project to integrate these variables to more readily explain and predict plant distribution and growth. Close

• 5. [Article] Urban Ecosystem Services: Tree Diversity and Stability of Tropospheric Ozone Removal

  Urban forests provide important ecosystem services, such as urban air quality improvement by removing pollutants. While robust evidence exists that plant physiology, abundance, and distribution within ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Urban Ecosystem Services: Tree Diversity and Stability of Tropospheric Ozone Removal Author: Manes, Fausto, Incerti, Guido, Salvatori, Elisabetta, Vitale, Marcello, Ricotta, Carlo, Costanza, Robert Year: 2012 Urban forests provide important ecosystem services, such as urban air quality improvement by removing pollutants. While robust evidence exists that plant physiology, abundance, and distribution within cities are basic parameters affecting the magnitude and efficiency of air pollution removal, little is known about effects of plant diversity on the stability of this ecosystem service. Here, by means of a spatial analysis integrating system dynamic modeling and geostatistics, we assessed the effects of tree diversity on the removal of tropospheric ozone (O3) in Rome, Italy, in two years (2003 and 2004) that were very different for climatic conditions and ozone levels. Different tree functional groups showed complementary uptake patterns, related to tree physiology and phenology, maintaining a stable community function across different climatic conditions. Our results, although depending on the city-specific conditions of the studied area, suggest a higher function stability at increasing diversity levels in urban ecosystems. In Rome, such ecosystem services, based on published unitary costs of externalities and of mortality associated with O3, can be prudently valued to roughly US $2 and $3 million/year, respectively. Title: Urban Ecosystem Services: Tree Diversity and Stability of Tropospheric Ozone Removal Author: Manes, Fausto, Incerti, Guido, Salvatori, Elisabetta, Vitale, Marcello, Ricotta, Carlo, Costanza, Robert Year: 2012 Urban forests provide important ecosystem services, such as urban air quality improvement by removing pollutants. While robust evidence exists that plant physiology, abundance, and distribution within cities are basic parameters affecting the magnitude and efficiency of air pollution removal, little is known about effects of plant diversity on the stability of this ecosystem service. Here, by means of a spatial analysis integrating system dynamic modeling and geostatistics, we assessed the effects of tree diversity on the removal of tropospheric ozone (O3) in Rome, Italy, in two years (2003 and 2004) that were very different for climatic conditions and ozone levels. Different tree functional groups showed complementary uptake patterns, related to tree physiology and phenology, maintaining a stable community function across different climatic conditions. Our results, although depending on the city-specific conditions of the studied area, suggest a higher function stability at increasing diversity levels in urban ecosystems. In Rome, such ecosystem services, based on published unitary costs of externalities and of mortality associated with O3, can be prudently valued to roughly US $2 and $3 million/year, respectively. Close

• 6. [Article] Oregon Natural Areas Plan

  The rich diversity of ecosystems and native plants and animals is one of Oregon's most distinctive and valued qualities. Our state contains rain forests, dry forests, oak woodlands, alpine meadows, prairies, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Natural Areas Plan Author: Oregon Natural Heritage Advisory Council Year: 2010 The rich diversity of ecosystems and native plants and animals is one of Oregon's most distinctive and valued qualities. Our state contains rain forests, dry forests, oak woodlands, alpine meadows, prairies, deserts, marshes, estuaries, dunes, rocky headlands, lakes and streams. There are a number of reasons it is so diverse. First are the extremes of climate, with rainfall ranging from over 200 inches a year along Oregon’s north coast, to less than 7 inches a year in the Alvord Desert, and temperatures from the very mild banana belt along the coast near the California border to the extremes of the high alpine areas of the Wallowa Mountains. Secondly, Oregon is diverse geographically and geologically, having ancient serpentine landscapes in the Siskiyou Mountains and recent volcanics in the Cascades and the deepest gorge in North America at Hells Canyon. Lastly, Oregon is a floristic crossroads, with arctic boreal species finding their southern limit, Rocky Mountain species common in northeastern Oregon, Great Basin species in southeastern Oregon, and California coastal and Sierra species in the southwest, all mixing with native northwestern taxa to create a wide array of habitats. Title: Oregon Natural Areas Plan Author: Oregon Natural Heritage Advisory Council Year: 2010 The rich diversity of ecosystems and native plants and animals is one of Oregon's most distinctive and valued qualities. Our state contains rain forests, dry forests, oak woodlands, alpine meadows, prairies, deserts, marshes, estuaries, dunes, rocky headlands, lakes and streams. There are a number of reasons it is so diverse. First are the extremes of climate, with rainfall ranging from over 200 inches a year along Oregon’s north coast, to less than 7 inches a year in the Alvord Desert, and temperatures from the very mild banana belt along the coast near the California border to the extremes of the high alpine areas of the Wallowa Mountains. Secondly, Oregon is diverse geographically and geologically, having ancient serpentine landscapes in the Siskiyou Mountains and recent volcanics in the Cascades and the deepest gorge in North America at Hells Canyon. Lastly, Oregon is a floristic crossroads, with arctic boreal species finding their southern limit, Rocky Mountain species common in northeastern Oregon, Great Basin species in southeastern Oregon, and California coastal and Sierra species in the southwest, all mixing with native northwestern taxa to create a wide array of habitats. Close

• 7. [Article] Biodiversity Conservation: The Key Is Reducing Meat Consumption

  Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher, Elsevier, until July 29, 2017.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biodiversity Conservation: The Key Is Reducing Meat Consumption Author: Machovina, Brian, Feeley, Kenneth J., Ripple, William J. Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher, Elsevier, until July 29, 2017. Title: Biodiversity Conservation: The Key Is Reducing Meat Consumption Author: Machovina, Brian, Feeley, Kenneth J., Ripple, William J. Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher, Elsevier, until July 29, 2017. Close

• 8. [Article] Stand Structure of Old Growth Dry Mixed Conifer Forests in the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests.

  Old-growth dry-mixed conifer forests are valued as habitats for late seral forest species, for the ecosystem services and landscape diversity they provide, and for their aesthetic appeal. The structure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stand Structure of Old Growth Dry Mixed Conifer Forests in the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. Author: Merschel, Andrew G. Old-growth dry-mixed conifer forests are valued as habitats for late seral forest species, for the ecosystem services and landscape diversity they provide, and for their aesthetic appeal. The structure of these forests has been heavily altered by historic logging of overstory ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. Additionally, changes in fire regime have altered understory density in these forests to an unknown extent. Conserving remaining stands and facilitating old-growth development in disturbed stands are objectives of the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. This investigation addressed these objectives with two separate analyses. The first analysis was an accuracy assessment of the GNN forest vegetation map’s ability to predict old-growth drymixed conifer structure at a site scale and at a landscape scale. This analysis determined that the GNN map is an adequate tool for identifying old-growth stands at a site scale, and was highly accurate at predicting dry-mixed conifer forest vegetation at a landscape scale. The second analysis characterized present day and historic stand structure of old-growth dry-mixed conifer forests, and described how stand structure varied across the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. The second analysis determined future research should investigate the growth rate of understory ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir under varying density levels. Title: Stand Structure of Old Growth Dry Mixed Conifer Forests in the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. Author: Merschel, Andrew G. Old-growth dry-mixed conifer forests are valued as habitats for late seral forest species, for the ecosystem services and landscape diversity they provide, and for their aesthetic appeal. The structure of these forests has been heavily altered by historic logging of overstory ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. Additionally, changes in fire regime have altered understory density in these forests to an unknown extent. Conserving remaining stands and facilitating old-growth development in disturbed stands are objectives of the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. This investigation addressed these objectives with two separate analyses. The first analysis was an accuracy assessment of the GNN forest vegetation map’s ability to predict old-growth drymixed conifer structure at a site scale and at a landscape scale. This analysis determined that the GNN map is an adequate tool for identifying old-growth stands at a site scale, and was highly accurate at predicting dry-mixed conifer forest vegetation at a landscape scale. The second analysis characterized present day and historic stand structure of old-growth dry-mixed conifer forests, and described how stand structure varied across the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. The second analysis determined future research should investigate the growth rate of understory ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir under varying density levels. Close

• 9. [Article] Biogeochemical Stoichiometry of Antarctic Dry Valley Ecosystems

  Among aquatic and terrestrial landscapes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, ecosystem stoichiometry ranges from values near the Redfield ratios for C:N:P to nutrient concentrations in proportions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biogeochemical Stoichiometry of Antarctic Dry Valley Ecosystems Author: Barrett, John E., Virginia, Ross A., Lyons, W. Berry, McKnight, Diane M., Priscu, John Charles, Doran, Peter T., Fountain, Andrew G., Wall, Diana H., Moorhead, D. L. Year: 2007 Among aquatic and terrestrial landscapes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, ecosystem stoichiometry ranges from values near the Redfield ratios for C:N:P to nutrient concentrations in proportions far above or below ratios necessary to support balanced microbial growth. This polar desert provides an opportunity to evaluate stoichiometric approaches to understand nutrient cycling in an ecosystem where biological diversity and activity are low, and controls over the movement and mass balances of nutrients operate over 10–10⁶ years. The simple organisms (microbial and metazoan) comprising dry valley foodwebs adhere to strict biochemical requirements in the composition of their biomass, and when activated by availability of liquid water, they influence the chemical composition of their environment according to these ratios. Nitrogen and phosphorus varied significantly in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems occurring on landscape surfaces across a wide range of exposure ages, indicating strong influences of landscape development and geochemistry on nutrient availability. Biota control the elemental ratio of stream waters, while geochemical stoichiometry (e.g., weathering, atmospheric deposition) evidently limits the distribution of soil invertebrates. We present a conceptual model describing transformations across dry valley landscapes facilitated by exchanges of liquid water and biotic processing of dissolved nutrients. We conclude that contemporary ecosystem stoichiometry of Antarctic Dry Valley soils, glaciers, streams, and lakes results from a combination of extant biological processes superimposed on a legacy of landscape processes and previous climates. Title: Biogeochemical Stoichiometry of Antarctic Dry Valley Ecosystems Author: Barrett, John E., Virginia, Ross A., Lyons, W. Berry, McKnight, Diane M., Priscu, John Charles, Doran, Peter T., Fountain, Andrew G., Wall, Diana H., Moorhead, D. L. Year: 2007 Among aquatic and terrestrial landscapes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, ecosystem stoichiometry ranges from values near the Redfield ratios for C:N:P to nutrient concentrations in proportions far above or below ratios necessary to support balanced microbial growth. This polar desert provides an opportunity to evaluate stoichiometric approaches to understand nutrient cycling in an ecosystem where biological diversity and activity are low, and controls over the movement and mass balances of nutrients operate over 10–10⁶ years. The simple organisms (microbial and metazoan) comprising dry valley foodwebs adhere to strict biochemical requirements in the composition of their biomass, and when activated by availability of liquid water, they influence the chemical composition of their environment according to these ratios. Nitrogen and phosphorus varied significantly in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems occurring on landscape surfaces across a wide range of exposure ages, indicating strong influences of landscape development and geochemistry on nutrient availability. Biota control the elemental ratio of stream waters, while geochemical stoichiometry (e.g., weathering, atmospheric deposition) evidently limits the distribution of soil invertebrates. We present a conceptual model describing transformations across dry valley landscapes facilitated by exchanges of liquid water and biotic processing of dissolved nutrients. We conclude that contemporary ecosystem stoichiometry of Antarctic Dry Valley soils, glaciers, streams, and lakes results from a combination of extant biological processes superimposed on a legacy of landscape processes and previous climates. Close

• 10. [Article] Convergence of Microclimate in Residential Landscapes Across Diverse Cities in the United States

  Context The urban heat island (UHI) is a welldocumented pattern of warming in cities relative to rural areas. Most UHI research utilizes remote sensing methods at large scales, or climate sensors in single ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Convergence of Microclimate in Residential Landscapes Across Diverse Cities in the United States Author: Hall, Sharon J., Learned, J, Ruddell, Benjamin, Larson, Kelli L., Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Bettez, Neil D., Groffman, Peter M., Grove, J. Morgan, Heffernan, James B., Hobbie, Sarah E., Larson, Kristen, Morse, Jennifer L., Neill, Christopher, Nelson, Kristen C., O'Neil-Dunne, Jarlath, Ogden, Laura A., Pataki, Diane E., Pearse, William D., Polsky, Colin, Chowdhury, Rinku Roy, Steele, Meredith K., Trammell, Tara Year: 2015 Context The urban heat island (UHI) is a welldocumented pattern of warming in cities relative to rural areas. Most UHI research utilizes remote sensing methods at large scales, or climate sensors in single cities surrounded by standardized land cover. Relatively few studies have explored continental-scale climatic patterns within common urban microenvironments such as residential landscapes that may affect human comfort. Objectives We tested the urban homogenization hypothesis which states that structure and function in cities exhibit ecological ‘‘sameness’’ across diverse regions relative to the native ecosystems they replaced. Methods We deployed portable micrometeorological sensors to compare air temperature and humidity in residential yards and native landscapes across six U.S. cities that span a range of climates (Phoenix, AZ; Los Angeles, CA; Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN; Boston, MA; Baltimore, MD; and Miami, FL). Results Microclimate in residential ecosystems was more similar among cities than among native ecosystems, particularly during the calm morning hours. Maximum regional actual evapotranspiration (AET) was related to the morning residential microclimate effect. Residential yards in cities with maximum AET \50–65 cm/year (Phoenix and Los Angeles) were generally cooler and more humid than nearby native shrublands during summer mornings, while yards in cities above this threshold were generally warmer (Baltimore and Miami) and drier (Miami) than native forests. On average, temperature and absolute humidity were *6 % less variable among residential ecosystems than among native ecosystems from diverse regions. Conclusions These data suggest that common residential land cover and structural characteristics lead to microclimatic convergence across diverse regions at the continental scale. Title: Convergence of Microclimate in Residential Landscapes Across Diverse Cities in the United States Author: Hall, Sharon J., Learned, J, Ruddell, Benjamin, Larson, Kelli L., Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Bettez, Neil D., Groffman, Peter M., Grove, J. Morgan, Heffernan, James B., Hobbie, Sarah E., Larson, Kristen, Morse, Jennifer L., Neill, Christopher, Nelson, Kristen C., O'Neil-Dunne, Jarlath, Ogden, Laura A., Pataki, Diane E., Pearse, William D., Polsky, Colin, Chowdhury, Rinku Roy, Steele, Meredith K., Trammell, Tara Year: 2015 Context The urban heat island (UHI) is a welldocumented pattern of warming in cities relative to rural areas. Most UHI research utilizes remote sensing methods at large scales, or climate sensors in single cities surrounded by standardized land cover. Relatively few studies have explored continental-scale climatic patterns within common urban microenvironments such as residential landscapes that may affect human comfort. Objectives We tested the urban homogenization hypothesis which states that structure and function in cities exhibit ecological ‘‘sameness’’ across diverse regions relative to the native ecosystems they replaced. Methods We deployed portable micrometeorological sensors to compare air temperature and humidity in residential yards and native landscapes across six U.S. cities that span a range of climates (Phoenix, AZ; Los Angeles, CA; Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN; Boston, MA; Baltimore, MD; and Miami, FL). Results Microclimate in residential ecosystems was more similar among cities than among native ecosystems, particularly during the calm morning hours. Maximum regional actual evapotranspiration (AET) was related to the morning residential microclimate effect. Residential yards in cities with maximum AET \50–65 cm/year (Phoenix and Los Angeles) were generally cooler and more humid than nearby native shrublands during summer mornings, while yards in cities above this threshold were generally warmer (Baltimore and Miami) and drier (Miami) than native forests. On average, temperature and absolute humidity were *6 % less variable among residential ecosystems than among native ecosystems from diverse regions. Conclusions These data suggest that common residential land cover and structural characteristics lead to microclimatic convergence across diverse regions at the continental scale. Close

• 11. [Article] Analytical phytoplankton carbon measurements spanning diverse ecosystems

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Elsevier. The published article can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/deep-sea-rese...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analytical phytoplankton carbon measurements spanning diverse ecosystems Author: Brown, Matthew B., Behrenfeld, Michael J., van Dongen-Vogels, Virginie, Westberry, Toby K., Milligan, Allen J., Graff, Jason R., Dall'Olmo, Giorgio, Reifel, Kristen M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Elsevier. The published article can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/deep-sea-research-part-i-oceanographic-research-papers/ Title: Analytical phytoplankton carbon measurements spanning diverse ecosystems Author: Brown, Matthew B., Behrenfeld, Michael J., van Dongen-Vogels, Virginie, Westberry, Toby K., Milligan, Allen J., Graff, Jason R., Dall'Olmo, Giorgio, Reifel, Kristen M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Elsevier. The published article can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/deep-sea-research-part-i-oceanographic-research-papers/ Close

• 12. [Article] Assessment of the vulnerability of Oregon and Washington's natural areas to climate change

  There are currently more than 580 natural areas in Oregon and Washington managed by 20 federal, state, local, and private agencies and organizations. The natural areas network is unparalleled in its representation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessment of the vulnerability of Oregon and Washington's natural areas to climate change Author: Margaret, Massie H. There are currently more than 580 natural areas in Oregon and Washington managed by 20 federal, state, local, and private agencies and organizations. The natural areas network is unparalleled in its representation of diverse ecosystems found in the region and may be an excellent collection of sites for monitoring long-term ecological responses to climate change. The goal of this research was to build a framework for a climate change monitoring program for the Pacific Northwest based on natural areas. Objectives were to (1) describe strengths of the existing natural areas network for representing effects of climate change by conducting a proportionality assessment and (2) determine which subset of natural areas have the best potential to detect change over the long term. Findings show that natural areas were generally representative and proportional compared to the Pacific Northwest. Subsets of natural areas were prioritized for long-term monitoring efforts through bioclimatic modelling based on the current and projected (2020s, 2050s, 2080s) outputs from 13 future climate models from ClimateWNA and the Random Forest approach. Projection consensus showed a substantial range increase in suitable climate for warmer adapted forest types coupled with a contraction in cooler forest types. The results highlight the potential stress of climate change on ecosystems across the region and the need for management strategies to adapt to this uncertainty. Title: Assessment of the vulnerability of Oregon and Washington's natural areas to climate change Author: Margaret, Massie H. There are currently more than 580 natural areas in Oregon and Washington managed by 20 federal, state, local, and private agencies and organizations. The natural areas network is unparalleled in its representation of diverse ecosystems found in the region and may be an excellent collection of sites for monitoring long-term ecological responses to climate change. The goal of this research was to build a framework for a climate change monitoring program for the Pacific Northwest based on natural areas. Objectives were to (1) describe strengths of the existing natural areas network for representing effects of climate change by conducting a proportionality assessment and (2) determine which subset of natural areas have the best potential to detect change over the long term. Findings show that natural areas were generally representative and proportional compared to the Pacific Northwest. Subsets of natural areas were prioritized for long-term monitoring efforts through bioclimatic modelling based on the current and projected (2020s, 2050s, 2080s) outputs from 13 future climate models from ClimateWNA and the Random Forest approach. Projection consensus showed a substantial range increase in suitable climate for warmer adapted forest types coupled with a contraction in cooler forest types. The results highlight the potential stress of climate change on ecosystems across the region and the need for management strategies to adapt to this uncertainty. Close

• 13. [Article] Investigation of unique marine environments for microbial natural products

  Metagenomics has revealed that the marine microbial biosphere is immensely more diverse than originally considered, and is an almost untapped reservoir for the potential discovery of microbial natural ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigation of unique marine environments for microbial natural products Author: Thornburg, Christopher C. Metagenomics has revealed that the marine microbial biosphere is immensely more diverse than originally considered, and is an almost untapped reservoir for the potential discovery of microbial natural products. Despite numerous advances in culturing, biosynthetic engineering and genomic-based screening efforts to uncover much of this diversity in relatively accessible environments, a high rediscovery rate has resulted in the investigation of unique, relatively unexplored ecosystems harboring phylogenetically diverse communities of marine organisms. The focus of this research was to establish a culture repository of microorganisms collected from the Red Sea and from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and to assess their biosynthetic potential for the production of new chemical scaffolds. Cultivation of marine cyanobacteria from the Red Sea has led to the identification of five new cyclic depsipeptides, apratoxin H, grassypeptolides D and E, Ibu-epidemethoxylyngbyastin 3 and leptochelin, the latter possessing a unique chemical scaffold capable of binding metals. A collection of deep-sea hydrothermal vent sediment and microbial mat samples led to the isolation of 64 unique bacterial strains, with eight assigned as members of the order Actinomycetales. Importantly, these isolates, along with a collection of deep-vent invertebrates and microbes, have led to the development of methods for the collection, culturing and biological screening of organisms from this extreme environment for future natural products research. Title: Investigation of unique marine environments for microbial natural products Author: Thornburg, Christopher C. Metagenomics has revealed that the marine microbial biosphere is immensely more diverse than originally considered, and is an almost untapped reservoir for the potential discovery of microbial natural products. Despite numerous advances in culturing, biosynthetic engineering and genomic-based screening efforts to uncover much of this diversity in relatively accessible environments, a high rediscovery rate has resulted in the investigation of unique, relatively unexplored ecosystems harboring phylogenetically diverse communities of marine organisms. The focus of this research was to establish a culture repository of microorganisms collected from the Red Sea and from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and to assess their biosynthetic potential for the production of new chemical scaffolds. Cultivation of marine cyanobacteria from the Red Sea has led to the identification of five new cyclic depsipeptides, apratoxin H, grassypeptolides D and E, Ibu-epidemethoxylyngbyastin 3 and leptochelin, the latter possessing a unique chemical scaffold capable of binding metals. A collection of deep-sea hydrothermal vent sediment and microbial mat samples led to the isolation of 64 unique bacterial strains, with eight assigned as members of the order Actinomycetales. Importantly, these isolates, along with a collection of deep-vent invertebrates and microbes, have led to the development of methods for the collection, culturing and biological screening of organisms from this extreme environment for future natural products research. Close

• 14. [Article] Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of the American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores Author: Schmitz, Oswald J., Hebblewhite, Mark, Wilmers, Christopher C., Wallach, Arian D., Smith, Douglas W., Estes, James A., Beschta, Robert L., Nelson, Michael P., Berger, Joel, Ritchie, Euan G., Ripple, William J., Elmhagen, Bodil, Wirsing, Aaron J., Letnic, Mike To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Science, Vol. 343 (2014), doi:10.1126/science.1241484. The published article can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/. Title: Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores Author: Schmitz, Oswald J., Hebblewhite, Mark, Wilmers, Christopher C., Wallach, Arian D., Smith, Douglas W., Estes, James A., Beschta, Robert L., Nelson, Michael P., Berger, Joel, Ritchie, Euan G., Ripple, William J., Elmhagen, Bodil, Wirsing, Aaron J., Letnic, Mike To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Science, Vol. 343 (2014), doi:10.1126/science.1241484. The published article can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/. Close

• 15. [Article] Nature in chains : the effects of Thomas Jefferson’s rectangular survey on a Pacific Northwest landscape

  Understanding the impact of humans on the environment has long been a topic of scholarly interest and debate. As environmental problems mount, accounts of historic ecological conditions and the factors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nature in chains : the effects of Thomas Jefferson’s rectangular survey on a Pacific Northwest landscape Author: Schweickert, Tina K. Understanding the impact of humans on the environment has long been a topic of scholarly interest and debate. As environmental problems mount, accounts of historic ecological conditions and the factors of change become increasingly useful. This study considers competing schools of interpretation about human impacts on ecological landscapes and develops a case study of one thirty-six square mile township in Oregon’s Waldo Hills. Built on evidence from 1851 surveyor notes, maps, journals, aerial photos, interviews, and contemporary environmental and ecological data, this study demonstrates a transformation from ecologically diverse ecosystems under the management of native peoples to ecologically depressed monoculture landscapes under industrialized agriculture. This thesis argues that the fundamental beliefs of human societies (i.e., worldviews) become expressed in the landscape. The nature-as-community view of the Kalapuya Indians resulted in a complex, curvilinear mosaic of prairie, savanna, and woodland. The individualized and rationalized view of the Euroamericans resulted in a simplified landscape of squared-off fields, channelized streams, and roads aligned to the survey grid. Thomas Jefferson’s rectangular survey, built on the ‘virtuous square’, is examined as a symbolic and tangible instrument of rapid expansion and exploitation across the American West. Understanding that worldviews become expressed in physical conditions may benefit those working to create sustainable futures; i.e., long-term and widespread ecological improvements will likely succeed only if society at large shares a fundamental belief in the value of healthy ecosystems. Title: Nature in chains : the effects of Thomas Jefferson’s rectangular survey on a Pacific Northwest landscape Author: Schweickert, Tina K. Understanding the impact of humans on the environment has long been a topic of scholarly interest and debate. As environmental problems mount, accounts of historic ecological conditions and the factors of change become increasingly useful. This study considers competing schools of interpretation about human impacts on ecological landscapes and develops a case study of one thirty-six square mile township in Oregon’s Waldo Hills. Built on evidence from 1851 surveyor notes, maps, journals, aerial photos, interviews, and contemporary environmental and ecological data, this study demonstrates a transformation from ecologically diverse ecosystems under the management of native peoples to ecologically depressed monoculture landscapes under industrialized agriculture. This thesis argues that the fundamental beliefs of human societies (i.e., worldviews) become expressed in the landscape. The nature-as-community view of the Kalapuya Indians resulted in a complex, curvilinear mosaic of prairie, savanna, and woodland. The individualized and rationalized view of the Euroamericans resulted in a simplified landscape of squared-off fields, channelized streams, and roads aligned to the survey grid. Thomas Jefferson’s rectangular survey, built on the ‘virtuous square’, is examined as a symbolic and tangible instrument of rapid expansion and exploitation across the American West. Understanding that worldviews become expressed in physical conditions may benefit those working to create sustainable futures; i.e., long-term and widespread ecological improvements will likely succeed only if society at large shares a fundamental belief in the value of healthy ecosystems. Close

• 16. [Article] High Performance Computational Chemistry: Bridging Quantum Mechanics, Molecular Dynamics, and Coarse-Grained Models

  The past several decades have witnessed tremendous strides in the capabilities of computational chemistry simulations, driven in large part by the extensive parallelism offered by powerful computer clusters ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: High Performance Computational Chemistry: Bridging Quantum Mechanics, Molecular Dynamics, and Coarse-Grained Models Author: Ozog, David Year: 2017 The past several decades have witnessed tremendous strides in the capabilities of computational chemistry simulations, driven in large part by the extensive parallelism offered by powerful computer clusters and scalable programming methods in high performance computing (HPC). However, such massively parallel simulations increasingly require more complicated software to achieve good performance across the vastly diverse ecosystem of modern heterogeneous computer systems. Furthermore, advanced “multi-resolution” methods for modeling atoms and molecules continue to evolve, and scientific software developers struggle to keep up with the hardships involved with building, scaling, and maintaining these coupled code systems. This dissertation describes these challenges facing the computational chemistry community in detail, along with recent solutions and techniques that circumvent some primary obstacles. In particular, I describe several projects and classify them by the 3 primary models used to simulate atoms and molecules: quantum mechanics (QM), molecular mechanics (MM), and coarse-grained (CG) models. Initially, the projects investigate methods for scaling simulations to larger and more relevant chemical applications within the same resolution model of either QM, MM, or CG. However, the grand challenge lies in effectively bridging these scales, both spatially and temporally, to study richer chemical models that go beyond single-scale physics and toward hybrid QM/MM/CG models. This dissertation concludes with an analysis of the state of the art in multiscale computational chemistry, with an eye toward improving developer productivity on upcoming computer architectures, in which we require productive software environments, enhanced support for coupled scientific workflows, useful abstractions to aid with data transfer, adaptive runtime systems, and extreme scalability. This dissertation includes previously published and co-authored material, as well as unpublished co-authored material. Title: High Performance Computational Chemistry: Bridging Quantum Mechanics, Molecular Dynamics, and Coarse-Grained Models Author: Ozog, David Year: 2017 The past several decades have witnessed tremendous strides in the capabilities of computational chemistry simulations, driven in large part by the extensive parallelism offered by powerful computer clusters and scalable programming methods in high performance computing (HPC). However, such massively parallel simulations increasingly require more complicated software to achieve good performance across the vastly diverse ecosystem of modern heterogeneous computer systems. Furthermore, advanced “multi-resolution” methods for modeling atoms and molecules continue to evolve, and scientific software developers struggle to keep up with the hardships involved with building, scaling, and maintaining these coupled code systems. This dissertation describes these challenges facing the computational chemistry community in detail, along with recent solutions and techniques that circumvent some primary obstacles. In particular, I describe several projects and classify them by the 3 primary models used to simulate atoms and molecules: quantum mechanics (QM), molecular mechanics (MM), and coarse-grained (CG) models. Initially, the projects investigate methods for scaling simulations to larger and more relevant chemical applications within the same resolution model of either QM, MM, or CG. However, the grand challenge lies in effectively bridging these scales, both spatially and temporally, to study richer chemical models that go beyond single-scale physics and toward hybrid QM/MM/CG models. This dissertation concludes with an analysis of the state of the art in multiscale computational chemistry, with an eye toward improving developer productivity on upcoming computer architectures, in which we require productive software environments, enhanced support for coupled scientific workflows, useful abstractions to aid with data transfer, adaptive runtime systems, and extreme scalability. This dissertation includes previously published and co-authored material, as well as unpublished co-authored material. Close

• 17. [Article] Synecological effects of cattle grazing riparian ecosystems

  In 1978, a ten year project was begun to examine the synecological effects of livestock grazing riparian ecosystems. A multitude of biotic arid physical factors, many which were unique to riparian ecosystems, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Synecological effects of cattle grazing riparian ecosystems Author: Kauffman, John Boone In 1978, a ten year project was begun to examine the synecological effects of livestock grazing riparian ecosystems. A multitude of biotic arid physical factors, many which were unique to riparian ecosystems, interacted to form a complex and diverse riparian ecosystem. A total of 256 stands of vegetation representing 60 discrete plant communities were identified. Twenty species of mammals and 81 species of birds were sited utilizing the area from May-October. Approximately one-half of the riparian vegetation bordering Catherine Creek was excluded from livestock grazing. Ten plant communities were intensively sampled in grazed and exclosed areas during three growing seasons to determine some of the impacts a late season grazing scheme has on riparian vegetation. Three plant communities displayed significant species composition and productivity differences. These commmunities were within' the meadow and Doug1az Hawthorne (Crataegus douglasii) vegetation types and were utilized more heavily by livestock than any other communities sampled. In addition succession appeared to be retarded by grazing on gravel bars dominated by black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) saplings and willows (Salix spp.). Few differences were recorded in other plant communities sampled. Late season grazing had few short term impacts on avian populations censused from May-October. There was a significant decrease in small mammal populations after grazing in all communities sampled. However, by the following August small mammals had recolonized the grazed plant communities in essentially the same species composition and densities. Grazed areas had significantly greater streambank losses than areas that were not grazed. While overwinter losses accounted for much of the streambank erosion, the erosion and disturbance caused by livestock grazing and trampling was enough to create significantly greater streambank losses in grazed areas compared to ungrazed areas. Positive characteristics of a late season grazing scheme on. the riparian zone included increased late season livestock production, good plant vigor and productivity, minimal soil disturbance, and minimal short term disturbance to wildlife populations dependent on riparian ecosystems. Title: Synecological effects of cattle grazing riparian ecosystems Author: Kauffman, John Boone In 1978, a ten year project was begun to examine the synecological effects of livestock grazing riparian ecosystems. A multitude of biotic arid physical factors, many which were unique to riparian ecosystems, interacted to form a complex and diverse riparian ecosystem. A total of 256 stands of vegetation representing 60 discrete plant communities were identified. Twenty species of mammals and 81 species of birds were sited utilizing the area from May-October. Approximately one-half of the riparian vegetation bordering Catherine Creek was excluded from livestock grazing. Ten plant communities were intensively sampled in grazed and exclosed areas during three growing seasons to determine some of the impacts a late season grazing scheme has on riparian vegetation. Three plant communities displayed significant species composition and productivity differences. These commmunities were within' the meadow and Doug1az Hawthorne (Crataegus douglasii) vegetation types and were utilized more heavily by livestock than any other communities sampled. In addition succession appeared to be retarded by grazing on gravel bars dominated by black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) saplings and willows (Salix spp.). Few differences were recorded in other plant communities sampled. Late season grazing had few short term impacts on avian populations censused from May-October. There was a significant decrease in small mammal populations after grazing in all communities sampled. However, by the following August small mammals had recolonized the grazed plant communities in essentially the same species composition and densities. Grazed areas had significantly greater streambank losses than areas that were not grazed. While overwinter losses accounted for much of the streambank erosion, the erosion and disturbance caused by livestock grazing and trampling was enough to create significantly greater streambank losses in grazed areas compared to ungrazed areas. Positive characteristics of a late season grazing scheme on. the riparian zone included increased late season livestock production, good plant vigor and productivity, minimal soil disturbance, and minimal short term disturbance to wildlife populations dependent on riparian ecosystems. Close

• 18. [Article] Metacommunity dynamics of bacteria in an arctic lake: the impact of species sorting and mass effects on bacterial production and biogeography

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Frontiers Research Foundation. The published article can be found at: http://www.frontiersi...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Metacommunity dynamics of bacteria in an arctic lake: the impact of species sorting and mass effects on bacterial production and biogeography Author: Crump, Byron C., Adams, Heather E., Kling, George W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Frontiers Research Foundation. The published article can be found at: http://www.frontiersin.org/Microbiology. Title: Metacommunity dynamics of bacteria in an arctic lake: the impact of species sorting and mass effects on bacterial production and biogeography Author: Crump, Byron C., Adams, Heather E., Kling, George W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Frontiers Research Foundation. The published article can be found at: http://www.frontiersin.org/Microbiology. Close

• 19. [Article] The genome of Aiptasia, a sea anemone model for coral symbiosis

  Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The genome of Aiptasia, a sea anemone model for coral symbiosis Author: Weis, Virginia M., Oates, Matt E., Aranda, Manuel, Voolstra, Christian R., Liew, Yi Jin, Hambleton, Elizabeth A., Pringle, John R., Baumgarten, Sebastian, Esherick, Lisl Y., Gough, Julian, Guse, Annika, Lehnert, Erik M., Michell, Craig T., Simakov, Oleg, Li, Yong Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. Title: The genome of Aiptasia, a sea anemone model for coral symbiosis Author: Weis, Virginia M., Oates, Matt E., Aranda, Manuel, Voolstra, Christian R., Liew, Yi Jin, Hambleton, Elizabeth A., Pringle, John R., Baumgarten, Sebastian, Esherick, Lisl Y., Gough, Julian, Guse, Annika, Lehnert, Erik M., Michell, Craig T., Simakov, Oleg, Li, Yong Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. Close

• 20. [Article] Evaluating taxonomic homogenization of freshwater fish assemblages in Chile

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by SpringerOpen. The published article can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/40693

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating taxonomic homogenization of freshwater fish assemblages in Chile Author: Arismendi, Ivan, Gomez-Uchida, Daniel, Vargas, Pamela V. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by SpringerOpen. The published article can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/40693 Title: Evaluating taxonomic homogenization of freshwater fish assemblages in Chile Author: Arismendi, Ivan, Gomez-Uchida, Daniel, Vargas, Pamela V. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by SpringerOpen. The published article can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/40693 Close

• 21. [Article] Examination of Human Impacts on the Biodiversity and Ecology of Lichen and Moss Communities

  Globally, more than half of the world's population is living in urban areas and it is well accepted that human activities (e.g. climate warming, pollution, landscape homogenization) pose a multitude of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Examination of Human Impacts on the Biodiversity and Ecology of Lichen and Moss Communities Author: Prather, Hannah Marie Year: 2017 Globally, more than half of the world's population is living in urban areas and it is well accepted that human activities (e.g. climate warming, pollution, landscape homogenization) pose a multitude of threats to ecosystems. Largely, human-related impacts on biodiversity will hold consequences for larger ecological processes and research looking into human impacts on sensitive epiphytic lichen and moss communities is an emerging area of research. While seemingly small, lichen and moss communities exist on nearly every terrestrial ecosystem on Earth and contribute to whole-system processes (e.g. hydrology, mineral cycling, food web energetics) worldwide. To further examine human impacts on epiphytic communities, I conducted three studies examining urbanization and climate warming effects on epiphytic lichen and moss biodiversity and ecology. In the first study I revisited a historic urban lichen community study to assess how urban lichen communities have responded to regional air quality changes occurring over the last nearly two decades. I further investigated, for the first time, the biodiversity of urban tree canopy-dwelling lichen communities in a native coniferous tree species, Pseudotsuga menziesii. I found that urban parks and forested areas harbor a species rich community of lichens epiphytes. Further, I found evidence for the distinct homogenization of urban epiphytic lichen communities, suggesting that expanding beyond simplistic measures of biodiversity to consider community composition and functional biodiversity may be necessary when assessing the ecology and potential ecosystem services of epiphyte communites within urbanizing landscapes. Next, I present the first tall tree canopy study across a regional gradient of urbanization near Portland, Oregon, USA. I found that tall tree canopy epiphyte communities change dramatically along gradients of increasing urbanization, most notably by the transitioning of species functional groups from sensitive, oligotrophic species to a dominance of urban-tolerant, eutrophic species. The implications these dramatic shifts in species composition have on essential PNW ecosystem processes, like N-fixation and canopy microclimate regulation, is still not well understood and is difficult to formally evaluate. However, I find strong evidence that native conifer trees in urban areas may provide a diversity of essential ecosystem services, including providing stratified habitat for epiphyte communities and their associated micro arthropod communities and the scavenging of atmospherically deposited nutrients. Future work is needed to understand how losses in canopy N fixation and species with large biomass (both lichens and bryophytes) will affect nutrient and hydrologic cycling in the PNW region, which continue to undergo rapid growth and urbanization. The final chapter investigates the impacts of passive warming by Open Top Chambers (OTCs) in moss-dominated ecosystems located on the Western Antarctic Peninsula, an area of increasing climate warming. I compared species-specific temperature effects, moss canopy morphology, sexual reproductive effort and invertebrate communities between OTC and control moss communities for two moss species, Polytrichastrum alpinum and Sanionia uncinata, that make up over 65% of the terrestrial vegetative cover in the area. I found distinct reproductive shifts in P. alpinum under passive warming compared to controls. Moss communities under warming also had substantially larger total invertebrate communities than those in control moss communities, and invertebrate communities were significantly affected by moss species and moss reproductive effort. Further, substantial species-specific thermal differences among contiguous patches of these dominant moss species were revealed. These results suggest that continued warming will differentially impact the reproductive output of Antarctic moss species and is likely to dramatically alter terrestrial ecosystems dynamics from the bottom up. This combined work provides a diverse contribution to the field of epiphyte ecology and biology by providing new insights on how human impacts will affect epiphyte lichen and moss communities across diverse ecosystems, in light of a rapidly changing planet. Title: Examination of Human Impacts on the Biodiversity and Ecology of Lichen and Moss Communities Author: Prather, Hannah Marie Year: 2017 Globally, more than half of the world's population is living in urban areas and it is well accepted that human activities (e.g. climate warming, pollution, landscape homogenization) pose a multitude of threats to ecosystems. Largely, human-related impacts on biodiversity will hold consequences for larger ecological processes and research looking into human impacts on sensitive epiphytic lichen and moss communities is an emerging area of research. While seemingly small, lichen and moss communities exist on nearly every terrestrial ecosystem on Earth and contribute to whole-system processes (e.g. hydrology, mineral cycling, food web energetics) worldwide. To further examine human impacts on epiphytic communities, I conducted three studies examining urbanization and climate warming effects on epiphytic lichen and moss biodiversity and ecology. In the first study I revisited a historic urban lichen community study to assess how urban lichen communities have responded to regional air quality changes occurring over the last nearly two decades. I further investigated, for the first time, the biodiversity of urban tree canopy-dwelling lichen communities in a native coniferous tree species, Pseudotsuga menziesii. I found that urban parks and forested areas harbor a species rich community of lichens epiphytes. Further, I found evidence for the distinct homogenization of urban epiphytic lichen communities, suggesting that expanding beyond simplistic measures of biodiversity to consider community composition and functional biodiversity may be necessary when assessing the ecology and potential ecosystem services of epiphyte communites within urbanizing landscapes. Next, I present the first tall tree canopy study across a regional gradient of urbanization near Portland, Oregon, USA. I found that tall tree canopy epiphyte communities change dramatically along gradients of increasing urbanization, most notably by the transitioning of species functional groups from sensitive, oligotrophic species to a dominance of urban-tolerant, eutrophic species. The implications these dramatic shifts in species composition have on essential PNW ecosystem processes, like N-fixation and canopy microclimate regulation, is still not well understood and is difficult to formally evaluate. However, I find strong evidence that native conifer trees in urban areas may provide a diversity of essential ecosystem services, including providing stratified habitat for epiphyte communities and their associated micro arthropod communities and the scavenging of atmospherically deposited nutrients. Future work is needed to understand how losses in canopy N fixation and species with large biomass (both lichens and bryophytes) will affect nutrient and hydrologic cycling in the PNW region, which continue to undergo rapid growth and urbanization. The final chapter investigates the impacts of passive warming by Open Top Chambers (OTCs) in moss-dominated ecosystems located on the Western Antarctic Peninsula, an area of increasing climate warming. I compared species-specific temperature effects, moss canopy morphology, sexual reproductive effort and invertebrate communities between OTC and control moss communities for two moss species, Polytrichastrum alpinum and Sanionia uncinata, that make up over 65% of the terrestrial vegetative cover in the area. I found distinct reproductive shifts in P. alpinum under passive warming compared to controls. Moss communities under warming also had substantially larger total invertebrate communities than those in control moss communities, and invertebrate communities were significantly affected by moss species and moss reproductive effort. Further, substantial species-specific thermal differences among contiguous patches of these dominant moss species were revealed. These results suggest that continued warming will differentially impact the reproductive output of Antarctic moss species and is likely to dramatically alter terrestrial ecosystems dynamics from the bottom up. This combined work provides a diverse contribution to the field of epiphyte ecology and biology by providing new insights on how human impacts will affect epiphyte lichen and moss communities across diverse ecosystems, in light of a rapidly changing planet. Close

• 22. [Article] Community and ecosystem dynamics in remnant and restored prairies

  xiv, 166 p. : ill. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community and ecosystem dynamics in remnant and restored prairies Author: Pfeifer-Meister, Laurel, 1978- Year: 2009, 2008 xiv, 166 p. : ill. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: Community and ecosystem dynamics in remnant and restored prairies Author: Pfeifer-Meister, Laurel, 1978- Year: 2009, 2008 xiv, 166 p. : ill. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 23. [Article] The Schultz Fire : an interdisciplinary perspective on its history, management, and ecological effects

  This thesis examines the Schultz Fire as a case study to explain the complex history of fire suppression management in America’s forests, and to gain further understanding of how management practices have ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Schultz Fire : an interdisciplinary perspective on its history, management, and ecological effects Author: Ranseen, Susanne N. This thesis examines the Schultz Fire as a case study to explain the complex history of fire suppression management in America’s forests, and to gain further understanding of how management practices have affected the increase in fire severity levels and how forests respond to such a disturbance. The thesis objectives were: (1) to analyze the causes of the fire severity of the Schultz Fire, especially: topography, fuels, or weather; (2); to examine the possible correlation between fire severity and tree density; (3) to investigate whether post-fire species richness was related to fire severity two years after the Schultz Fire; (4) to investigate whether post-fire plant species richness, plant cover, and tree regeneration was related to fire severity two years after the Schultz Fire; and (5) to interlink and convey how these factors relate to the history of fire management and policy and public perception. The history of fire related policy and management has significantly changed the dynamics of America's national parks and forests. Understanding the larger context of this history, both of national fire management and of the effects of language and perception on policy and public reaction, is part of understanding the Schultz Fire as a whole. Based on modeling, high winds combined with the presence of high surface fuel load were the main causes of the Schultz Fire's high fire severity levels. As fire severity increased there was a statistically significant increase in species richness. Severity level had little variation on percentage of cover by plants. No statistically significant relationship between tree density and fire severity levels was found. These findings underline the need for fuel treatments in southwest Ponderosa Pine forests, and effective cooperation between communities, managers, and ecologists. The Schultz Fire serves as an example in understanding the intricacies of how history affects the present and future of fire management. How fire has been managed and portrayed in the past has left an indelible mark on how fire is presently viewed. Without a clear understanding of the history of fire management and the role of fire in the ecology, future policies towards fire will be unable to account for and manage for the diversity of ecosystems and fires effects on those ecosystems across the United States. Title: The Schultz Fire : an interdisciplinary perspective on its history, management, and ecological effects Author: Ranseen, Susanne N. This thesis examines the Schultz Fire as a case study to explain the complex history of fire suppression management in America’s forests, and to gain further understanding of how management practices have affected the increase in fire severity levels and how forests respond to such a disturbance. The thesis objectives were: (1) to analyze the causes of the fire severity of the Schultz Fire, especially: topography, fuels, or weather; (2); to examine the possible correlation between fire severity and tree density; (3) to investigate whether post-fire species richness was related to fire severity two years after the Schultz Fire; (4) to investigate whether post-fire plant species richness, plant cover, and tree regeneration was related to fire severity two years after the Schultz Fire; and (5) to interlink and convey how these factors relate to the history of fire management and policy and public perception. The history of fire related policy and management has significantly changed the dynamics of America's national parks and forests. Understanding the larger context of this history, both of national fire management and of the effects of language and perception on policy and public reaction, is part of understanding the Schultz Fire as a whole. Based on modeling, high winds combined with the presence of high surface fuel load were the main causes of the Schultz Fire's high fire severity levels. As fire severity increased there was a statistically significant increase in species richness. Severity level had little variation on percentage of cover by plants. No statistically significant relationship between tree density and fire severity levels was found. These findings underline the need for fuel treatments in southwest Ponderosa Pine forests, and effective cooperation between communities, managers, and ecologists. The Schultz Fire serves as an example in understanding the intricacies of how history affects the present and future of fire management. How fire has been managed and portrayed in the past has left an indelible mark on how fire is presently viewed. Without a clear understanding of the history of fire management and the role of fire in the ecology, future policies towards fire will be unable to account for and manage for the diversity of ecosystems and fires effects on those ecosystems across the United States. Close

• 24. [Article] Complex Interactions Between Regional Dispersal of Native Taxa and an Invasive Species

  In the event of an environmental disturbance, dispersal of native taxa may provide species and genetic diversity to ecosystems, increasing the likelihood that there will be species and genotypes present ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Complex Interactions Between Regional Dispersal of Native Taxa and an Invasive Species Author: Strecker, Angela L., Arnott, Shelley E. Year: 2010 In the event of an environmental disturbance, dispersal of native taxa may provide species and genetic diversity to ecosystems, increasing the likelihood that there will be species and genotypes present that are less vulnerable to the disturbance. This may allow communities to maintain functioning during a disturbance and may be particularly important when the perturbation is novel to the system, such as the establishment of an invasive species. We examined how dispersal of native species may influence crustacean zooplankton communities in freshwater lakes invaded by the invertebrate predator, Bythotrephes longimanus. Using large enclosures, we experimentally tested the effect of dispersal on zooplankton community abundance, richness, and composition in (1) a community invaded by Bythotrephes, (2) the same community with the invader removed, and (3) a community that was never invaded. Dispersal increased zooplankton community abundance and richness; however, these effects were usually only significant in the invader-removed treatment. Dispersal tended to make the invader-removed communities more similar to never-invaded communities in abundance, richness, and composition. Dispersal had little effect on zooplankton abundance in the invaded community; however, richness significantly increased, and the community composition changed to resemble a never-invaded community by the end of the experiment. Our results have implications for understanding the role of dispersal during transitory states in communities. Dispersal of native taxa may be particularly important during the period between the arrival and broad-scale establishment of Bythotrephes, as dispersal through space or time (i.e., from resting eggs) may rapidly increase zooplankton abundance when the invader is absent or in low abundances. Overall, our results suggest that communities with strong local predatory and competitive interactions may be closed to immigration from colonists, but that invasive species may alter the conditions under which species can establish. These results have implications for the interaction of native and invasive species across broad spatial scales, as regional dispersal of native taxa may forestall the local extirpation of native species. In particular, transient phases that result from variable persistence of invaders within habitats or across a region may permit native colonists to successfully establish, and thus increase local and regional resistance to future disturbance. Title: Complex Interactions Between Regional Dispersal of Native Taxa and an Invasive Species Author: Strecker, Angela L., Arnott, Shelley E. Year: 2010 In the event of an environmental disturbance, dispersal of native taxa may provide species and genetic diversity to ecosystems, increasing the likelihood that there will be species and genotypes present that are less vulnerable to the disturbance. This may allow communities to maintain functioning during a disturbance and may be particularly important when the perturbation is novel to the system, such as the establishment of an invasive species. We examined how dispersal of native species may influence crustacean zooplankton communities in freshwater lakes invaded by the invertebrate predator, Bythotrephes longimanus. Using large enclosures, we experimentally tested the effect of dispersal on zooplankton community abundance, richness, and composition in (1) a community invaded by Bythotrephes, (2) the same community with the invader removed, and (3) a community that was never invaded. Dispersal increased zooplankton community abundance and richness; however, these effects were usually only significant in the invader-removed treatment. Dispersal tended to make the invader-removed communities more similar to never-invaded communities in abundance, richness, and composition. Dispersal had little effect on zooplankton abundance in the invaded community; however, richness significantly increased, and the community composition changed to resemble a never-invaded community by the end of the experiment. Our results have implications for understanding the role of dispersal during transitory states in communities. Dispersal of native taxa may be particularly important during the period between the arrival and broad-scale establishment of Bythotrephes, as dispersal through space or time (i.e., from resting eggs) may rapidly increase zooplankton abundance when the invader is absent or in low abundances. Overall, our results suggest that communities with strong local predatory and competitive interactions may be closed to immigration from colonists, but that invasive species may alter the conditions under which species can establish. These results have implications for the interaction of native and invasive species across broad spatial scales, as regional dispersal of native taxa may forestall the local extirpation of native species. In particular, transient phases that result from variable persistence of invaders within habitats or across a region may permit native colonists to successfully establish, and thus increase local and regional resistance to future disturbance. Close

• 25. [Article] The effects of multiple pathogens on amphibians in the Pacific Northwest

  The earth is undergoing a “biodiversity crisis” characterized by loss of populations, species, genetic diversity, and ecosystem services. Part of this crisis consists of population declines, extinctions, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of multiple pathogens on amphibians in the Pacific Northwest Author: Romansic, John M. The earth is undergoing a “biodiversity crisis” characterized by loss of populations, species, genetic diversity, and ecosystem services. Part of this crisis consists of population declines, extinctions, and increased incidence of deformities in amphibians. It is unknown whether deformities contribute to these declines. Many cases of population declines in amphibians are associated with infectious disease. Water molds (Oomycota: Oomycetes: Saprolegniales) (e.g. Achlya and Saprolegnia) may contribute to amphibian population declines whereas parasitic flatworms (Ribeiroia) appear to be major causes of amphibian deformities. I found that Saprolegnia can kill larval and newly-metamorphosed juvenile amphibians. In addition, I investigated synergistic effects of Saprolegnia and the environmental contaminant nitrate on survival of amphibian larvae. No synergisms were found. However, there was a less-than-additive interaction affecting one frog species. Saprolegnia killed Rana aurora (red-legged frog) larvae, but only when nitrate was not added, consistent with nitrate preventing Saprolegnia from killing R. aurora. I also tested for possible interactions among the pathogenic water mold A. flagellata, the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (BD), and the parasitic trematode Ribeiroia. No between-pathogen interactions were found, however, there were main effects of Ribeiroia and BD. Ribeiroia caused mortality and increased frequency of limb deformities. There were differences in the composition of deformity types between my study and previous work, suggesting that the relative frequencies of different deformity types produced by Ribeiroia may be context-dependent. Also, there was an overall effect of delayed development in Ribeiroia-exposed individuals. In addition, individuals that did not die or display limb deformities following Ribeiroia exposure had slower development than controls not exposed to Ribeiroia. Delayed development may contribute to the effects of Ribeiroia on amphibian populations. In contrast, BD sped up development, although there was no evidence of BD infection. These results are consistent with amphibian larvae responding to the presence of BD by increasing the rate of development. Hastened metamorphosis and dispersal from larval habitats may decrease the risk of BD infection or reduce BD infection load. Mortality of post-embryonic life stages from water molds and sublethal effects of Ribeiroia and BD on amphibian development may influence how these pathogens interact with amphibian populations. Title: The effects of multiple pathogens on amphibians in the Pacific Northwest Author: Romansic, John M. The earth is undergoing a “biodiversity crisis” characterized by loss of populations, species, genetic diversity, and ecosystem services. Part of this crisis consists of population declines, extinctions, and increased incidence of deformities in amphibians. It is unknown whether deformities contribute to these declines. Many cases of population declines in amphibians are associated with infectious disease. Water molds (Oomycota: Oomycetes: Saprolegniales) (e.g. Achlya and Saprolegnia) may contribute to amphibian population declines whereas parasitic flatworms (Ribeiroia) appear to be major causes of amphibian deformities. I found that Saprolegnia can kill larval and newly-metamorphosed juvenile amphibians. In addition, I investigated synergistic effects of Saprolegnia and the environmental contaminant nitrate on survival of amphibian larvae. No synergisms were found. However, there was a less-than-additive interaction affecting one frog species. Saprolegnia killed Rana aurora (red-legged frog) larvae, but only when nitrate was not added, consistent with nitrate preventing Saprolegnia from killing R. aurora. I also tested for possible interactions among the pathogenic water mold A. flagellata, the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (BD), and the parasitic trematode Ribeiroia. No between-pathogen interactions were found, however, there were main effects of Ribeiroia and BD. Ribeiroia caused mortality and increased frequency of limb deformities. There were differences in the composition of deformity types between my study and previous work, suggesting that the relative frequencies of different deformity types produced by Ribeiroia may be context-dependent. Also, there was an overall effect of delayed development in Ribeiroia-exposed individuals. In addition, individuals that did not die or display limb deformities following Ribeiroia exposure had slower development than controls not exposed to Ribeiroia. Delayed development may contribute to the effects of Ribeiroia on amphibian populations. In contrast, BD sped up development, although there was no evidence of BD infection. These results are consistent with amphibian larvae responding to the presence of BD by increasing the rate of development. Hastened metamorphosis and dispersal from larval habitats may decrease the risk of BD infection or reduce BD infection load. Mortality of post-embryonic life stages from water molds and sublethal effects of Ribeiroia and BD on amphibian development may influence how these pathogens interact with amphibian populations. Close

• 26. [Article] An edaphic study of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum water garden, Coast Fork of the Willamette River

  Wetlands are widely identified as providing important and fundamental processes valuable for maintaining ecosystem health and diversity. Located in the southern Willamette Valley, the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An edaphic study of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum water garden, Coast Fork of the Willamette River Author: Bergen, Cameron Francis Wetlands are widely identified as providing important and fundamental processes valuable for maintaining ecosystem health and diversity. Located in the southern Willamette Valley, the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum contains some valuable remaining wetland habitat along the Coast Fork of the Willamette River. One goal of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum is "to promote conservation, research, and awareness of ecology". To reach this goal, the Arboretum has identified the importance of maintenance and enhancement activities for onsite native habitats, including riparian and wetland habitats. Before restoration or enhancement activities can begin, it is essential to develop an understanding of current environmental conditions. The purpose of this research was to document both the characteristics and distribution of hydric soils and the hydrology, and to provide insight into the patterns and processes associated with a floodplain wetland. In this study, transect sampling of edaphic features was used to identify the distribution of hydric soils and the hydrologic nature of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum Water Garden. Soil morphological data for particle size, matrix colors and redox features were evaluated and compared with observations of ground water hydrology, river hydrology and precipitation. Five stratigraphic units were identified underlying the Water Garden. A basalt Bedrock unit underlies the uplands associated with Mt. Pisgah and extends at least part way beneath the floodplain. The Clay unit was formed above the Bedrock unit, with some degree of encroachment onto the floodplain. Below 153 m are floodplain sediments, cobbles at depth, then a sand layer and silty clay loam at the surface. The Cobble unit overlaps the Bedrock unit at its base and is most likely Pleistocene age alluvium. The Sand unit is of Holocene age and is found only in the abandoned thalweg, tapering off laterally in both directions across the ancient channels. Draped above this all and slightly overlapping the upland Bedrock and Clay units, is the SiCL unit. The SiCL unit represents Holocene age alluvium, fine material deposited by slow moving water and overbank deposition. The Water Garden soils reflect this mosaic of parent materials on a complex slope. Water Garden soils sometimes met saturation requirements for hydric soils, but they did not always meet hydric soil indicator requirements. The hydrological data suggest that the soils in depressional areas of the Water Garden occupy a zone where water is exchanged between saturated sediments surrounding the channel of the Coast Fork and the channel itself. The hydrology of depressional areas with both ponded surface water and near surface saturation was principally the result of hyporheic upwelling. The soils in these depressional areas tended to form redox concentrations that met hydric soil indicator criteria. Hillslope soils in concave footslope positions exhibited hydrology indicating two separate zones of saturation, one near surface, the other at depth, related to infiltration and accumulation of precipitation. Few redoximorphic features were observed in hillslope soils, and the one hydric soil indicator that was used at these locations did not require redox. Accurate and detailed delineation of hydric soils on this landscape and clear determination of dominant sources of saturation provided an improved understanding of the complex nature of the Water Garden wetland. Results of this study show that hydric soils occupy both depressional and hillslope positions within the Water Garden. Delineation of a soil as hydric or non hydric was facilitated by the use of hydric soil indicator criteria, morphology and hydrology. This analysis provides the managers of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum with an accurate representation of where hydric soils currently exist and the respective sources of saturation. With this information, managers are better equipped to develop restoration and enhancement options that better reflect the current environmental conditions in the Water Garden. Title: An edaphic study of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum water garden, Coast Fork of the Willamette River Author: Bergen, Cameron Francis Wetlands are widely identified as providing important and fundamental processes valuable for maintaining ecosystem health and diversity. Located in the southern Willamette Valley, the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum contains some valuable remaining wetland habitat along the Coast Fork of the Willamette River. One goal of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum is "to promote conservation, research, and awareness of ecology". To reach this goal, the Arboretum has identified the importance of maintenance and enhancement activities for onsite native habitats, including riparian and wetland habitats. Before restoration or enhancement activities can begin, it is essential to develop an understanding of current environmental conditions. The purpose of this research was to document both the characteristics and distribution of hydric soils and the hydrology, and to provide insight into the patterns and processes associated with a floodplain wetland. In this study, transect sampling of edaphic features was used to identify the distribution of hydric soils and the hydrologic nature of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum Water Garden. Soil morphological data for particle size, matrix colors and redox features were evaluated and compared with observations of ground water hydrology, river hydrology and precipitation. Five stratigraphic units were identified underlying the Water Garden. A basalt Bedrock unit underlies the uplands associated with Mt. Pisgah and extends at least part way beneath the floodplain. The Clay unit was formed above the Bedrock unit, with some degree of encroachment onto the floodplain. Below 153 m are floodplain sediments, cobbles at depth, then a sand layer and silty clay loam at the surface. The Cobble unit overlaps the Bedrock unit at its base and is most likely Pleistocene age alluvium. The Sand unit is of Holocene age and is found only in the abandoned thalweg, tapering off laterally in both directions across the ancient channels. Draped above this all and slightly overlapping the upland Bedrock and Clay units, is the SiCL unit. The SiCL unit represents Holocene age alluvium, fine material deposited by slow moving water and overbank deposition. The Water Garden soils reflect this mosaic of parent materials on a complex slope. Water Garden soils sometimes met saturation requirements for hydric soils, but they did not always meet hydric soil indicator requirements. The hydrological data suggest that the soils in depressional areas of the Water Garden occupy a zone where water is exchanged between saturated sediments surrounding the channel of the Coast Fork and the channel itself. The hydrology of depressional areas with both ponded surface water and near surface saturation was principally the result of hyporheic upwelling. The soils in these depressional areas tended to form redox concentrations that met hydric soil indicator criteria. Hillslope soils in concave footslope positions exhibited hydrology indicating two separate zones of saturation, one near surface, the other at depth, related to infiltration and accumulation of precipitation. Few redoximorphic features were observed in hillslope soils, and the one hydric soil indicator that was used at these locations did not require redox. Accurate and detailed delineation of hydric soils on this landscape and clear determination of dominant sources of saturation provided an improved understanding of the complex nature of the Water Garden wetland. Results of this study show that hydric soils occupy both depressional and hillslope positions within the Water Garden. Delineation of a soil as hydric or non hydric was facilitated by the use of hydric soil indicator criteria, morphology and hydrology. This analysis provides the managers of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum with an accurate representation of where hydric soils currently exist and the respective sources of saturation. With this information, managers are better equipped to develop restoration and enhancement options that better reflect the current environmental conditions in the Water Garden. Close

• 27. [Article] What is killing the corals? Viral and bacterial interrogations using metagenomics and microscopy

  Corals have multiple roles in maintaining ocean health and are some of the world’s most diverse ecosystems. The coral animal is host to a multitude of taxa, including symbiotic dinoflagellate algae, fungi, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: What is killing the corals? Viral and bacterial interrogations using metagenomics and microscopy Author: Soffer, Nitzan Corals have multiple roles in maintaining ocean health and are some of the world’s most diverse ecosystems. The coral animal is host to a multitude of taxa, including symbiotic dinoflagellate algae, fungi, bacteria, protists, and viruses. Environmental stressors and disease agents can perturb the delicate balance of the coral host and its microbiota, which can lead to disease. This ultimately results in reduced fitness and/or mortality. There are over 30 described coral disease signs, but with a few exceptions, little is known about their potential etiological agents. Without knowledge on the causes of these diseases, little can be done to mitigate future outbreaks. Chapter 1 of this dissertation provides examples for studying novel diseases in difficult to study organisms with the use of metagenomic tools. Armed with these metagenomic tools and electron microscopy, this dissertation aimed to determine potential pathogens in two coral diseases, White Plague disease (WP), and Growth Anomalies (GAs). First, I set to determine whether viruses may be involved in WP disease from a 2010 outbreak in the US Virgin Islands (USVI). In chapter 2, I compared viromes from 21 Montastraea annularis samples (7= Diseased, 7= Diseased=Bleached, 5= Bleached, 2= Healthy) and surrounding seawater (n=2). After comparing the viromes, I found that small circular REP- encoding eukaryotic ssDNA viruses (SCSDv) similar to circo and nano viruses were associated with WP diseased tissue, and thus potential pathogens. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of viral particles, and absence of bacterial infection in WP diseased tissue. Even though it was likely that viruses are involved with WP it was still important to understand the changes in bacterial community and the roles of bacteriophages during WP coral infection to characterize opportunistic microbes. These questions were addressed in Chapter 3 where I described the bacterial communities and bacteriophage consortia associated with the USVI corals. I also constructed phage-bacteria networks to understand which phages may interact with bacteria of interest (those shown to be differentially abundant in Montastraea annularis of different health states). I determined that there was a range of interaction specificity across the different phages and bacteria. Chapter 4 aimed to elucidate a potential pathogen responsible for Growth Anomalies, a chronic disease resulting in skeletal deformities, loss of symbiotic algae and reduction of fitness in Hawaiin Porites lobata. By comparing microbial and viral metagenomes across health states I was able to determine any changes in composition from healthy and diseased corals. Overall, microbial communities and viral consortia did not vary across health states. The hypothesized Porites spp. symbiont Oceanspirillales was dominant in all libraries. However, relative abundances of taxa in the orders Vibrionales and Verrucomicrobiales were elevated in diseased compared to healthy corals and healthy appearing tissue of GA infected corals. In addition, bacterial functional pathways remained stable across health states, while signatures of virulence factors were elevated in diseased viromes from healthy. Lastly, chapter 5 summarized overall trends of microbes and viruses determined through the studies. In addition, suggestions for future studies were outlined. Overall, this dissertation revealed a potential viral pathogenic group for white plague disease, explored how phages can influence bacterial opportunists in corals of different health states, and determined bacterial orders and virulence factors that are associated with Growth Anomalies. This dissertation includes the first study to find an association between a viral group and coral disease. In addition, this dissertation contains the first (to date) phage-bacterial inferred network constructed from paired phage-bacteria metagenomes. Title: What is killing the corals? Viral and bacterial interrogations using metagenomics and microscopy Author: Soffer, Nitzan Corals have multiple roles in maintaining ocean health and are some of the world’s most diverse ecosystems. The coral animal is host to a multitude of taxa, including symbiotic dinoflagellate algae, fungi, bacteria, protists, and viruses. Environmental stressors and disease agents can perturb the delicate balance of the coral host and its microbiota, which can lead to disease. This ultimately results in reduced fitness and/or mortality. There are over 30 described coral disease signs, but with a few exceptions, little is known about their potential etiological agents. Without knowledge on the causes of these diseases, little can be done to mitigate future outbreaks. Chapter 1 of this dissertation provides examples for studying novel diseases in difficult to study organisms with the use of metagenomic tools. Armed with these metagenomic tools and electron microscopy, this dissertation aimed to determine potential pathogens in two coral diseases, White Plague disease (WP), and Growth Anomalies (GAs). First, I set to determine whether viruses may be involved in WP disease from a 2010 outbreak in the US Virgin Islands (USVI). In chapter 2, I compared viromes from 21 Montastraea annularis samples (7= Diseased, 7= Diseased=Bleached, 5= Bleached, 2= Healthy) and surrounding seawater (n=2). After comparing the viromes, I found that small circular REP- encoding eukaryotic ssDNA viruses (SCSDv) similar to circo and nano viruses were associated with WP diseased tissue, and thus potential pathogens. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of viral particles, and absence of bacterial infection in WP diseased tissue. Even though it was likely that viruses are involved with WP it was still important to understand the changes in bacterial community and the roles of bacteriophages during WP coral infection to characterize opportunistic microbes. These questions were addressed in Chapter 3 where I described the bacterial communities and bacteriophage consortia associated with the USVI corals. I also constructed phage-bacteria networks to understand which phages may interact with bacteria of interest (those shown to be differentially abundant in Montastraea annularis of different health states). I determined that there was a range of interaction specificity across the different phages and bacteria. Chapter 4 aimed to elucidate a potential pathogen responsible for Growth Anomalies, a chronic disease resulting in skeletal deformities, loss of symbiotic algae and reduction of fitness in Hawaiin Porites lobata. By comparing microbial and viral metagenomes across health states I was able to determine any changes in composition from healthy and diseased corals. Overall, microbial communities and viral consortia did not vary across health states. The hypothesized Porites spp. symbiont Oceanspirillales was dominant in all libraries. However, relative abundances of taxa in the orders Vibrionales and Verrucomicrobiales were elevated in diseased compared to healthy corals and healthy appearing tissue of GA infected corals. In addition, bacterial functional pathways remained stable across health states, while signatures of virulence factors were elevated in diseased viromes from healthy. Lastly, chapter 5 summarized overall trends of microbes and viruses determined through the studies. In addition, suggestions for future studies were outlined. Overall, this dissertation revealed a potential viral pathogenic group for white plague disease, explored how phages can influence bacterial opportunists in corals of different health states, and determined bacterial orders and virulence factors that are associated with Growth Anomalies. This dissertation includes the first study to find an association between a viral group and coral disease. In addition, this dissertation contains the first (to date) phage-bacterial inferred network constructed from paired phage-bacteria metagenomes. Close

• 28. [Article] Forest macro-arthropods as potential indicators of ecosystem conditions in Western Idaho : an analysis of community composition, biological diversity, and community structure

  Adaptive ecosystem management is a new paradigm for managing federal forests which requires regular monitoring of ecosystem function and diversity to measure the effects of management. Managers need new ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forest macro-arthropods as potential indicators of ecosystem conditions in Western Idaho : an analysis of community composition, biological diversity, and community structure Author: Ruby, Margaret E. Adaptive ecosystem management is a new paradigm for managing federal forests which requires regular monitoring of ecosystem function and diversity to measure the effects of management. Managers need new strategies and tools to help them assess their progress in maintaining healthy, productive and biologically diverse forests. Biomonitoring of select forest macro-arthropod species can provide useful information on the effects of management on forest biodiversity and ecosystem function. The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to inventory the macro-arthropod community and important environmental variables in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area within the Payette National Forest (PNF) in Western Idaho; (2) to compare measures of community composition, diversity, and structure in forest macro-arthropod communities between patches of different sizes and treatment; and (3) to assist PNF managers in their ecosystem management efforts by providing principles to guide the use of macro-arthropods as indicators of changing forest conditions. Transects with pitfall traps were used to collect macro-arthropods at 22 sites in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area during the summer of 1994. Five forest patch types in Abies grandis habitat types were sampled. Intact forest patches of 100 or more hectares, and large patches of 50-100 hectares, ranged in age between 50 and 250 years old with multistoried structure. Small patches up to 10 hectares were remnants or fragments of formerly intact forest isolated by logging. A plantation patch was 15 years old with patchy understory and forb cover. Clearcut patches had little or no overstory, and variable understory, and forb layers. At each transect, soil samples were collected and six environmental descriptor variables were analyzed according to patch treatment and patch size. These site descriptors were: basal area (ft²/acre); percent canopy cover for the overstory, understory; and forb layers; litter depth (cm), and percent soil moisture content. Differences detected using an ANOVA and T-tests are discussed in the Results section. Arthropod community composition, diversity, and structure were described according to relative abundance, and four measures of diversity. They were also described by membership in seventeen orders and/or super-families; ten functional groups; two disperser classes (long or short distance); and three species indicator classes. A total of 5455 macro-arthropod individuals, representing 17 orders and/or super-families and 219 species were collected in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area. While macro-arthropod fauna relative abundance did not vary significantly by treatment (ANOVA p<0.3), it did vary significantly by patch size (ANOVA p<0.03). Fauna relative abundance was 35% greater in clearcut patches than in large patches (T-test p<0.09). Fauna relative abundance in small patches was twice that of intact (T-test p<0.03) and large (T-test p<0.02) patches. Taxonomic diversity (number of genera/taxa) of beetle, ant, and bug taxa differed significantly according to treatment type(each ANOVA p<0.05). For the top four taxa (beetles, ants, spiders, and bugs), taxonomic diversity was highest in the plantation and clearcut patches. Ants and bugs had their highest taxonomic diversity in the plantation patch (separate T-tests p<0.05) while the taxonomic diversity of beetles was highest in clear-cut patches (T-test p<0.05). Beetle and ant taxonomic diversity varied significantly by patch size (each ANOVA p<0.05). For beetles and bugs, small patches were twice as diverse as intact patches (separate T-tests p<0.04) and 1.5 times that of large patches. Ant diversity was similarly distributed amongst the patch sizes, with significant differences between small and intact and between small and large patches (separate T-tests p<0.05). Of the four species diversity measures employed, only two, [alpha] and JK1 (both measures of richness), were found to vary significantly by patch treatment and size. Evenness (E) and the Shannon Diversity Index (H') failed to detect differences in the majority of tests. Fauna [alpha] and JK1 differed significantly by treatment type (each ANOVA p<0.05). Richness in clearcut patches was nearly twice in intact and large patches, followed by plantation and large patches. Fauna [alpha] and JKl also differed significantly by patch size (each ANOVA p <0.001), with small patch fauna twice as rich as that in large and intact patches (separate T-tests p <0.01). Of the top four functional groups, predators were the most abundant and had the highest taxonomic diversity (number of genera/functional group), followed by herbivores, fungivores and parasites. Predators and herbivores showed increasing taxonomic diversity with decreasing patch size, from intact to large to small (ANOVA p< 0.05). Similarly, predators and herbivores exhibited increasing taxonomic diversity with increasing levels of management: from intact and large to plantation and clear-cuts (ANOVA p< 0.05). Predators and herbivores were most numerous in the managed and small patches. Fungivore taxonomic diversity was also highest in the small and managed patches, though neither patch size nor treatment differences were significant (ANOVA p<0.85). Parasite taxonomic diversity differed by patch size with highest generic diversity in the small patches (ANOVA p<0.l) and by treatment type with generic diversity highest in plantations and clearcuts followed in order by large and intact patches (ANOVA p<0.l). Twice as many genera were long distance dispersers as were short distance dispersers. Relative abundance of long distance dispersers varied significantly by patch treatment and patch size (each ANOVA p<0.0l). Long distance dispersers were most numerous in clear-cut patches, followed in order by plantation, small, large, and intact patches. Relative abundance of short distance dispersers was not significantly different between treatment types (ANOVA p<0.20) but was significantly different between patch sizes (ANOVA p<0.0l). Short distance dispersers were most numerous in small patches followed by plantation, large, and intact and least numerous in clearcut patches. An indicator species analysis of 121 Bear Creek and Indian Creek genera (Dufrene and Legendre 1997), revealed sub-groups of species with 75 to 100 percent "perfect indication" or affiliation for specific patch types. When intact and large patches were pooled and analyzed against all treated patches (plantation and clearcut patches), a list of 36 genera with 75 to 100 percent "perfect affiliation" for intact or large patches was produced (MRPP p<0.05). Small patches had 42 indicators with 75 to 100 percent "perfect indication" when compared with the pooled intact and large patches (MRPP p<0.l). Conclusions Macro-arthropod community composition, diversity and structure did vary, usually significantly, by patch treatment and size. Useful measures of generic diversity include richness estimators [alpha], [beta], and JK1. Examination of taxonomic diversity was also useful, especially for the more mobile arthropods. Pitfall traps provided copious data on the structure of the community in regards to predators and herbivores. Pitfalls, however, did not provide much information about the status of fungivores and parasites in the various different patches. Another trapping method such as the berlaise funnel, would likely provide more information about those functional groups which are likely operating at a finer scale of resolution than that tested by the pitfall trap. Employing both methods would provide a much better assessment of the community of arthropods living on the forest floor. The indicator species analysis program also provided very useful lists of species which are affiliated with particular patch conditions. Taken together, these measures could be adopted for use by forest managers to allow them to assess and monitor the effects of a management regime on the structure and composition of macro-arthropod communities as part of a comprehensive adaptive management plan. Title: Forest macro-arthropods as potential indicators of ecosystem conditions in Western Idaho : an analysis of community composition, biological diversity, and community structure Author: Ruby, Margaret E. Adaptive ecosystem management is a new paradigm for managing federal forests which requires regular monitoring of ecosystem function and diversity to measure the effects of management. Managers need new strategies and tools to help them assess their progress in maintaining healthy, productive and biologically diverse forests. Biomonitoring of select forest macro-arthropod species can provide useful information on the effects of management on forest biodiversity and ecosystem function. The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to inventory the macro-arthropod community and important environmental variables in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area within the Payette National Forest (PNF) in Western Idaho; (2) to compare measures of community composition, diversity, and structure in forest macro-arthropod communities between patches of different sizes and treatment; and (3) to assist PNF managers in their ecosystem management efforts by providing principles to guide the use of macro-arthropods as indicators of changing forest conditions. Transects with pitfall traps were used to collect macro-arthropods at 22 sites in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area during the summer of 1994. Five forest patch types in Abies grandis habitat types were sampled. Intact forest patches of 100 or more hectares, and large patches of 50-100 hectares, ranged in age between 50 and 250 years old with multistoried structure. Small patches up to 10 hectares were remnants or fragments of formerly intact forest isolated by logging. A plantation patch was 15 years old with patchy understory and forb cover. Clearcut patches had little or no overstory, and variable understory, and forb layers. At each transect, soil samples were collected and six environmental descriptor variables were analyzed according to patch treatment and patch size. These site descriptors were: basal area (ft²/acre); percent canopy cover for the overstory, understory; and forb layers; litter depth (cm), and percent soil moisture content. Differences detected using an ANOVA and T-tests are discussed in the Results section. Arthropod community composition, diversity, and structure were described according to relative abundance, and four measures of diversity. They were also described by membership in seventeen orders and/or super-families; ten functional groups; two disperser classes (long or short distance); and three species indicator classes. A total of 5455 macro-arthropod individuals, representing 17 orders and/or super-families and 219 species were collected in the Bear Creek and Indian Creek study area. While macro-arthropod fauna relative abundance did not vary significantly by treatment (ANOVA p<0.3), it did vary significantly by patch size (ANOVA p<0.03). Fauna relative abundance was 35% greater in clearcut patches than in large patches (T-test p<0.09). Fauna relative abundance in small patches was twice that of intact (T-test p<0.03) and large (T-test p<0.02) patches. Taxonomic diversity (number of genera/taxa) of beetle, ant, and bug taxa differed significantly according to treatment type(each ANOVA p<0.05). For the top four taxa (beetles, ants, spiders, and bugs), taxonomic diversity was highest in the plantation and clearcut patches. Ants and bugs had their highest taxonomic diversity in the plantation patch (separate T-tests p<0.05) while the taxonomic diversity of beetles was highest in clear-cut patches (T-test p<0.05). Beetle and ant taxonomic diversity varied significantly by patch size (each ANOVA p<0.05). For beetles and bugs, small patches were twice as diverse as intact patches (separate T-tests p<0.04) and 1.5 times that of large patches. Ant diversity was similarly distributed amongst the patch sizes, with significant differences between small and intact and between small and large patches (separate T-tests p<0.05). Of the four species diversity measures employed, only two, [alpha] and JK1 (both measures of richness), were found to vary significantly by patch treatment and size. Evenness (E) and the Shannon Diversity Index (H') failed to detect differences in the majority of tests. Fauna [alpha] and JK1 differed significantly by treatment type (each ANOVA p<0.05). Richness in clearcut patches was nearly twice in intact and large patches, followed by plantation and large patches. Fauna [alpha] and JKl also differed significantly by patch size (each ANOVA p <0.001), with small patch fauna twice as rich as that in large and intact patches (separate T-tests p <0.01). Of the top four functional groups, predators were the most abundant and had the highest taxonomic diversity (number of genera/functional group), followed by herbivores, fungivores and parasites. Predators and herbivores showed increasing taxonomic diversity with decreasing patch size, from intact to large to small (ANOVA p< 0.05). Similarly, predators and herbivores exhibited increasing taxonomic diversity with increasing levels of management: from intact and large to plantation and clear-cuts (ANOVA p< 0.05). Predators and herbivores were most numerous in the managed and small patches. Fungivore taxonomic diversity was also highest in the small and managed patches, though neither patch size nor treatment differences were significant (ANOVA p<0.85). Parasite taxonomic diversity differed by patch size with highest generic diversity in the small patches (ANOVA p<0.l) and by treatment type with generic diversity highest in plantations and clearcuts followed in order by large and intact patches (ANOVA p<0.l). Twice as many genera were long distance dispersers as were short distance dispersers. Relative abundance of long distance dispersers varied significantly by patch treatment and patch size (each ANOVA p<0.0l). Long distance dispersers were most numerous in clear-cut patches, followed in order by plantation, small, large, and intact patches. Relative abundance of short distance dispersers was not significantly different between treatment types (ANOVA p<0.20) but was significantly different between patch sizes (ANOVA p<0.0l). Short distance dispersers were most numerous in small patches followed by plantation, large, and intact and least numerous in clearcut patches. An indicator species analysis of 121 Bear Creek and Indian Creek genera (Dufrene and Legendre 1997), revealed sub-groups of species with 75 to 100 percent "perfect indication" or affiliation for specific patch types. When intact and large patches were pooled and analyzed against all treated patches (plantation and clearcut patches), a list of 36 genera with 75 to 100 percent "perfect affiliation" for intact or large patches was produced (MRPP p<0.05). Small patches had 42 indicators with 75 to 100 percent "perfect indication" when compared with the pooled intact and large patches (MRPP p<0.l). Conclusions Macro-arthropod community composition, diversity and structure did vary, usually significantly, by patch treatment and size. Useful measures of generic diversity include richness estimators [alpha], [beta], and JK1. Examination of taxonomic diversity was also useful, especially for the more mobile arthropods. Pitfall traps provided copious data on the structure of the community in regards to predators and herbivores. Pitfalls, however, did not provide much information about the status of fungivores and parasites in the various different patches. Another trapping method such as the berlaise funnel, would likely provide more information about those functional groups which are likely operating at a finer scale of resolution than that tested by the pitfall trap. Employing both methods would provide a much better assessment of the community of arthropods living on the forest floor. The indicator species analysis program also provided very useful lists of species which are affiliated with particular patch conditions. Taken together, these measures could be adopted for use by forest managers to allow them to assess and monitor the effects of a management regime on the structure and composition of macro-arthropod communities as part of a comprehensive adaptive management plan. Close

• 29. [Article] Ecological effects of post-wildfire management activities (salvage-logging and grass-seeding) on vegetation composition, diversity, biomass, and growth and survival of Pinus ponderosa and Purshia tridentata

  Salvage-logging and artificial seeding of grass following wildfire are common practices in coniferous forests of the western United States, yet few studies have quantified the ecological effects of these ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological effects of post-wildfire management activities (salvage-logging and grass-seeding) on vegetation composition, diversity, biomass, and growth and survival of Pinus ponderosa and Purshia tridentata Author: Sexton, Timothy Ogden Salvage-logging and artificial seeding of grass following wildfire are common practices in coniferous forests of the western United States, yet few studies have quantified the ecological effects of these post-fire activities. The effects of post-wildfire salvage-logging and grass-seeding on vegetation composition, aboveground biomass, and growth and survival of Pinus ponderosa and Purshia tridentata were quantified on the area burned by the 1992 Lone Pine Fire, Winema National Forest in the Klamath Basin, Oregon. Prior to the fire, the area was dominated by uneven-aged stands of Pinus ponderosa with Purshia tridentata and Stipa occidentalis in the understory. The fire was a stand-replacement disturbance, where the majority of trees, the herbaceous component, and crowns of understory shrubs were killed. Salvage logging resulted in a significant decrease in understory biomass, species richness, species diversity, and growth and survival of P. ponderosa and P. tridentata. In addition plant community composition was shifted from native forb dominance to grass dominance. In 1993, the understory biomass of salvage-logged sites was 38% of the aboveground biomass produced on nonsalvaged sites (322 kg ha^-1 vs 843 kg ha^-1). In 1994, salvage-logged sites produced only 27% of the biomass produced on nonsalvaged sites (402 kg ha^-1 vs 1468 kg ha^-1). Salvage-logging reduced species richness, species diversity, and altered species composition. The first and second years following logging, species richness was reduced by 13% (20 versus 23), and 30% (15 versus 22), respectively. In 1993 and 1994, native forb frequency on nonsalvaged sites was 80% and 77% respectively, while salvage-logged sites recorded 68% and 31% respectively. Conversely, graminoid frequency was significantly higher on salvage-logged sites. In 1994, native graminoid frequency was 35% in nonsalvaged sites and > 61% on salvage-logged sites. During the first two years following salvage-logging, mean height growth of naturally-regenerated Pinus ponderosa was significantly lower on salvaged sites (9.4 versus 7.8 cm yr^-1) as was density of natural Purshia tridentata seedlings (313 versus 530 seedlings ha^-1). Survival in salvage-logged treatments was 22% lower for planted Purshia tridentata seedlings (57% versus 45%). Height growth in salvage-logged treatments was 16% lower for planted Pinus ponderosa (4.4 versus 3.7 cm). Total aboveground biomass on nonsalvaged burned sites (controls) averaged 843 kg ha^-1 in 1993, and 1473 kg ha^-1 in 1994. In 1993, the first year following the fire, sites seeded to Secale cereale produced = 1995 kg ha^-1 total aboveground biomass; most of the biomass was S. cereale. Those seeded sites produced 89% less native forb biomass than controls (82 versus 780 kg ha^-1), and = 80% less native forb biomass than areas seeded to the native grasses Sitanion hystrix and Festuca idahoensis. In 1994, the second post-fire year, biomass on sites seeded to S. cereale was >1653 kg ha^-1, dominated by S. cereale. In 1994, no differences in total aboveground biomass were detected between S. cereale, F idahoensis, S. hystrix, and the Control, indicating that the erosion reducing benefits of grass-seeding did not last for more than one year. Treatments seeded with S. cereale produced 58% less native forb biomass than controls (350 versus 825 kg ha^-1). Seeding S. cereale also reduced by 69% the biomass ofStipa occidentalis, the most common native grass in the area (311 kg ha^-1 on control sites versus 96 kg ha^-1 on S. cereale sites). In 1993 and 1994, fewer species were recorded on S. cereale sites than on all other sites. Grass-seeded sites exhibited no significant differences in frequency of noxious weeds in either of the two years following wildfire and seeding, rejecting the hypothesis that grass-seeding reduces noxious weeds. However, native graminoid frequency was reduced on all grass-seeded treatments. There were no significant differences between grass-seeding treatments in height and density of natural P. ponderosa and P. tridentata seedlings or growth and survival of planted P. ponderosa and P. tridentata seedlings. While salvage-logging provides an economic benefit to local communities through the extraction of commercially valuable timber, there is an ecological cost. Reduction in ecosystem structure, production, species richness, diversity and alterations in species composition are important ecological consequences of salvage logging. In addition, this study demonstrates that salvage-logging retards the re-establishment and early growth of Pinus ponderosa and Purshia tridentata, two important wildfire restoration priorities. Grass-seeding also results in significant ecological changes. Alterations in ecosystem production, species richness, diversity and species composition are important ecological consequences of grass-seeding. Managers should consider these long-term influences on ecosystem composition and structure when faced with decisions concerning post-fire rehabilitation and management. Title: Ecological effects of post-wildfire management activities (salvage-logging and grass-seeding) on vegetation composition, diversity, biomass, and growth and survival of Pinus ponderosa and Purshia tridentata Author: Sexton, Timothy Ogden Salvage-logging and artificial seeding of grass following wildfire are common practices in coniferous forests of the western United States, yet few studies have quantified the ecological effects of these post-fire activities. The effects of post-wildfire salvage-logging and grass-seeding on vegetation composition, aboveground biomass, and growth and survival of Pinus ponderosa and Purshia tridentata were quantified on the area burned by the 1992 Lone Pine Fire, Winema National Forest in the Klamath Basin, Oregon. Prior to the fire, the area was dominated by uneven-aged stands of Pinus ponderosa with Purshia tridentata and Stipa occidentalis in the understory. The fire was a stand-replacement disturbance, where the majority of trees, the herbaceous component, and crowns of understory shrubs were killed. Salvage logging resulted in a significant decrease in understory biomass, species richness, species diversity, and growth and survival of P. ponderosa and P. tridentata. In addition plant community composition was shifted from native forb dominance to grass dominance. In 1993, the understory biomass of salvage-logged sites was 38% of the aboveground biomass produced on nonsalvaged sites (322 kg ha^-1 vs 843 kg ha^-1). In 1994, salvage-logged sites produced only 27% of the biomass produced on nonsalvaged sites (402 kg ha^-1 vs 1468 kg ha^-1). Salvage-logging reduced species richness, species diversity, and altered species composition. The first and second years following logging, species richness was reduced by 13% (20 versus 23), and 30% (15 versus 22), respectively. In 1993 and 1994, native forb frequency on nonsalvaged sites was 80% and 77% respectively, while salvage-logged sites recorded 68% and 31% respectively. Conversely, graminoid frequency was significantly higher on salvage-logged sites. In 1994, native graminoid frequency was 35% in nonsalvaged sites and > 61% on salvage-logged sites. During the first two years following salvage-logging, mean height growth of naturally-regenerated Pinus ponderosa was significantly lower on salvaged sites (9.4 versus 7.8 cm yr^-1) as was density of natural Purshia tridentata seedlings (313 versus 530 seedlings ha^-1). Survival in salvage-logged treatments was 22% lower for planted Purshia tridentata seedlings (57% versus 45%). Height growth in salvage-logged treatments was 16% lower for planted Pinus ponderosa (4.4 versus 3.7 cm). Total aboveground biomass on nonsalvaged burned sites (controls) averaged 843 kg ha^-1 in 1993, and 1473 kg ha^-1 in 1994. In 1993, the first year following the fire, sites seeded to Secale cereale produced = 1995 kg ha^-1 total aboveground biomass; most of the biomass was S. cereale. Those seeded sites produced 89% less native forb biomass than controls (82 versus 780 kg ha^-1), and = 80% less native forb biomass than areas seeded to the native grasses Sitanion hystrix and Festuca idahoensis. In 1994, the second post-fire year, biomass on sites seeded to S. cereale was >1653 kg ha^-1, dominated by S. cereale. In 1994, no differences in total aboveground biomass were detected between S. cereale, F idahoensis, S. hystrix, and the Control, indicating that the erosion reducing benefits of grass-seeding did not last for more than one year. Treatments seeded with S. cereale produced 58% less native forb biomass than controls (350 versus 825 kg ha^-1). Seeding S. cereale also reduced by 69% the biomass ofStipa occidentalis, the most common native grass in the area (311 kg ha^-1 on control sites versus 96 kg ha^-1 on S. cereale sites). In 1993 and 1994, fewer species were recorded on S. cereale sites than on all other sites. Grass-seeded sites exhibited no significant differences in frequency of noxious weeds in either of the two years following wildfire and seeding, rejecting the hypothesis that grass-seeding reduces noxious weeds. However, native graminoid frequency was reduced on all grass-seeded treatments. There were no significant differences between grass-seeding treatments in height and density of natural P. ponderosa and P. tridentata seedlings or growth and survival of planted P. ponderosa and P. tridentata seedlings. While salvage-logging provides an economic benefit to local communities through the extraction of commercially valuable timber, there is an ecological cost. Reduction in ecosystem structure, production, species richness, diversity and alterations in species composition are important ecological consequences of salvage logging. In addition, this study demonstrates that salvage-logging retards the re-establishment and early growth of Pinus ponderosa and Purshia tridentata, two important wildfire restoration priorities. Grass-seeding also results in significant ecological changes. Alterations in ecosystem production, species richness, diversity and species composition are important ecological consequences of grass-seeding. Managers should consider these long-term influences on ecosystem composition and structure when faced with decisions concerning post-fire rehabilitation and management. Close

• 30. [Article] Predictability and Constraints on the Structure of Ecological Communities in the Context of Climate Change

  Ecologists must increasingly balance the need for accurate predictions about how ecosystems will be affected by climate change, against the fact that making such predictions at the ecosystem-level may ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predictability and Constraints on the Structure of Ecological Communities in the Context of Climate Change Author: Barner, Allison K. Ecologists must increasingly balance the need for accurate predictions about how ecosystems will be affected by climate change, against the fact that making such predictions at the ecosystem-level may be infeasible. Although information about responses of individual species to a changing environment is increasing, scaling such information to the community level is challenging. To date, predicting responses of ecological communities to climate change is constrained by limited theoretical and empirical knowledge about the response of communities and ecosystems to change. My dissertation addresses several knowledge gaps in our understanding of community structure under climate change. This research draws from a rich experimental tradition in the species-diverse model ecosystem of the US Pacific Northwest rocky intertidal to test ecological theory. In Chapter 2, I assessed whether the response of multiple species of coralline algae to global change could be predicted from basic first principles of chemistry, physiology, and ecology. Given the rate of global change, and the time-consuming process of experimentally determining species responses to climate change, I hypothesized that species can be grouped using existing theory, either by their evolutionary relatedness or by their ecological traits, such that climate responses are similar within a group. Such a scheme would greatly reduce the number of experiments needed to characterize species climate vulnerability, requiring the characterization of the response of groups of species to climate change, rather than individual species. Using a suite of five co-occurring species of intertidal articulated coralline algae (Corallina vancouveriensis, Corallina officinalis, Bossiella plumosa, Bossiella orbiginiana, and Calliarthron tuberculosum), I applied this framework to generate ten mutually exclusive hypotheses that could explain organismal response to ocean acidification, a consequence of global climate change that threatens marine calcifying species. I found that all species had similar responses to ocean acidification, and that responses were generally predicted by the body size of the individual. Despite the power that such a framework provides in understanding group-level response to climate change, predicting community-level response requires knowledge of how organisms affect one another. In Chapter 3, I quantified species interactions in a series of removal experiments to estimate the reciprocal effects between a canopy-forming intertidal kelp (Saccharina sessilis) and a suite of understory species that persist beneath the kelp canopy. This experiment was replicated in different oceanographic conditions across a large latitudinal gradient, as a step towards understanding how interactions might change with climate change. However, the experiment demonstrated that interactions between the canopy and understory were consistent among different environmental conditions. Furthermore, the strongest effect was that of understory species, particularly articulated coralline turf algae, on the canopy species. The coralline turf algae both facilitated the recruitment of the canopy species and buffered the canopy from abiotic stress during its adult life stage. Combining experimental results and observational surveys, a hypothesized interaction network for these species was constructed, highlighting the importance of direct and indirect species interactions in promoting species coexistence. A long-standing controversy in ecology is whether or not species interactions can be inferred from observational data, as opposed to from experimental tests. Although the rocky intertidal ecosystem is unique for its ease of experimental manipulation, quantifying species interactions experimentally is often difficult or impossible. As an alternative, many have turned to statistical methods to estimate species interactions from observational data, namely, from patterns in species pairwise co-occurrences. In Chapter 4, I examined these co-occurrence methods and their potential relationship to experimentally measured species interactions. I first used a suite of different co-occurrence methods to generate a set of predicted species interactions of macrophytes and invertebrates from observational surveys conducted in the rocky intertidal zone of Oregon. I then compared the predicted species interactions to the same pairwise species interactions determined experimentally and assembled from the literature. Overall, of the seven methods tested, each generated a different set of predicted species interactions from the same data, and all methods predicted interactions that did not match those in the experimental database. Thus, predicting species interactions from patterns in occurrence remains elusive. Importantly, much work remains to be done to understand the link between species co-occurrences and their actual interactions with one another on the landscape. A key limiting frontier in climate change ecology is determining the influence of species interactions on species distributions across the landscape, and the sensitivity of such interactions to changes in climate. Finally, in Chapter 5, I used theory from the published literature and knowledge from my previous chapters to make predictions the recovery of low rocky intertidal communities after a disturbance. The process of community development after disturbance has been studied in many ways, from the successional studies of the early 1900s, to modern community assembly theory. In recent years, a focus on the unpredictability of community assembly has emerged, paying particular attention to the role of historical contingency, or priority effects, in determining the recovery trajectory of a community. Priority effects occur when the arrival of a species after a disturbance inalterably changes the composition of the developing community, driving the assembly of widely different communities at a small spatial scale. I conducted a community assembly experiment in three different low intertidal zone community "types", each characterized by different dominant macrophyte species (Saccharina sessilis, Phyllospadix spp., and algal "turfs"). Replicating this experiment at six sites along the Oregon coast, I found that both regional and local dynamics constrain the recovery of communities after disturbance. Half of the time, the community returned to the state of the nearby community type. The remaining communities were influenced by priority effects that could be predicted based on 1) regional dynamics favoring some species over others, or 2) the timing of arrival of important facilitating species. Overall, understanding the dynamic relationship between the persistence of diverse communities and a changing environment remains one of the challenges of our time. My dissertation highlights some of the challenges in predicting the future composition of communities under climate change, but also provides some ways forward. Integration of experimental, theoretical, and observational studies builds the scaffolding of prediction, whereby understanding the constraints on species physiology, the interactions among species, and community assembly can help frame the context in which predictions are made. Title: Predictability and Constraints on the Structure of Ecological Communities in the Context of Climate Change Author: Barner, Allison K. Ecologists must increasingly balance the need for accurate predictions about how ecosystems will be affected by climate change, against the fact that making such predictions at the ecosystem-level may be infeasible. Although information about responses of individual species to a changing environment is increasing, scaling such information to the community level is challenging. To date, predicting responses of ecological communities to climate change is constrained by limited theoretical and empirical knowledge about the response of communities and ecosystems to change. My dissertation addresses several knowledge gaps in our understanding of community structure under climate change. This research draws from a rich experimental tradition in the species-diverse model ecosystem of the US Pacific Northwest rocky intertidal to test ecological theory. In Chapter 2, I assessed whether the response of multiple species of coralline algae to global change could be predicted from basic first principles of chemistry, physiology, and ecology. Given the rate of global change, and the time-consuming process of experimentally determining species responses to climate change, I hypothesized that species can be grouped using existing theory, either by their evolutionary relatedness or by their ecological traits, such that climate responses are similar within a group. Such a scheme would greatly reduce the number of experiments needed to characterize species climate vulnerability, requiring the characterization of the response of groups of species to climate change, rather than individual species. Using a suite of five co-occurring species of intertidal articulated coralline algae (Corallina vancouveriensis, Corallina officinalis, Bossiella plumosa, Bossiella orbiginiana, and Calliarthron tuberculosum), I applied this framework to generate ten mutually exclusive hypotheses that could explain organismal response to ocean acidification, a consequence of global climate change that threatens marine calcifying species. I found that all species had similar responses to ocean acidification, and that responses were generally predicted by the body size of the individual. Despite the power that such a framework provides in understanding group-level response to climate change, predicting community-level response requires knowledge of how organisms affect one another. In Chapter 3, I quantified species interactions in a series of removal experiments to estimate the reciprocal effects between a canopy-forming intertidal kelp (Saccharina sessilis) and a suite of understory species that persist beneath the kelp canopy. This experiment was replicated in different oceanographic conditions across a large latitudinal gradient, as a step towards understanding how interactions might change with climate change. However, the experiment demonstrated that interactions between the canopy and understory were consistent among different environmental conditions. Furthermore, the strongest effect was that of understory species, particularly articulated coralline turf algae, on the canopy species. The coralline turf algae both facilitated the recruitment of the canopy species and buffered the canopy from abiotic stress during its adult life stage. Combining experimental results and observational surveys, a hypothesized interaction network for these species was constructed, highlighting the importance of direct and indirect species interactions in promoting species coexistence. A long-standing controversy in ecology is whether or not species interactions can be inferred from observational data, as opposed to from experimental tests. Although the rocky intertidal ecosystem is unique for its ease of experimental manipulation, quantifying species interactions experimentally is often difficult or impossible. As an alternative, many have turned to statistical methods to estimate species interactions from observational data, namely, from patterns in species pairwise co-occurrences. In Chapter 4, I examined these co-occurrence methods and their potential relationship to experimentally measured species interactions. I first used a suite of different co-occurrence methods to generate a set of predicted species interactions of macrophytes and invertebrates from observational surveys conducted in the rocky intertidal zone of Oregon. I then compared the predicted species interactions to the same pairwise species interactions determined experimentally and assembled from the literature. Overall, of the seven methods tested, each generated a different set of predicted species interactions from the same data, and all methods predicted interactions that did not match those in the experimental database. Thus, predicting species interactions from patterns in occurrence remains elusive. Importantly, much work remains to be done to understand the link between species co-occurrences and their actual interactions with one another on the landscape. A key limiting frontier in climate change ecology is determining the influence of species interactions on species distributions across the landscape, and the sensitivity of such interactions to changes in climate. Finally, in Chapter 5, I used theory from the published literature and knowledge from my previous chapters to make predictions the recovery of low rocky intertidal communities after a disturbance. The process of community development after disturbance has been studied in many ways, from the successional studies of the early 1900s, to modern community assembly theory. In recent years, a focus on the unpredictability of community assembly has emerged, paying particular attention to the role of historical contingency, or priority effects, in determining the recovery trajectory of a community. Priority effects occur when the arrival of a species after a disturbance inalterably changes the composition of the developing community, driving the assembly of widely different communities at a small spatial scale. I conducted a community assembly experiment in three different low intertidal zone community "types", each characterized by different dominant macrophyte species (Saccharina sessilis, Phyllospadix spp., and algal "turfs"). Replicating this experiment at six sites along the Oregon coast, I found that both regional and local dynamics constrain the recovery of communities after disturbance. Half of the time, the community returned to the state of the nearby community type. The remaining communities were influenced by priority effects that could be predicted based on 1) regional dynamics favoring some species over others, or 2) the timing of arrival of important facilitating species. Overall, understanding the dynamic relationship between the persistence of diverse communities and a changing environment remains one of the challenges of our time. My dissertation highlights some of the challenges in predicting the future composition of communities under climate change, but also provides some ways forward. Integration of experimental, theoretical, and observational studies builds the scaffolding of prediction, whereby understanding the constraints on species physiology, the interactions among species, and community assembly can help frame the context in which predictions are made. Close

• 31. [Image] Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 3

  	Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 3 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 3 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Close

• 32. [Image] Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

  	This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Author: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station; U.S.Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management. Year: 1998, 2006, 2005 This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia River basin and adjacent areas. Rare plants include many endemics associated with local conditions. Potential plant and invertebrate bioindicators are identified. Species ecological functions differ among communities and variously affect ecosystem diversity and productivity. Species of alpine and subalpine communities are identified that may be at risk from climate change. Maps of terrestrial ecological integrity are presented. Keywords: Macroecology, paleoecology, ecological integrity, terrestrial communities, ecosystems, wildlife, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, arthropods, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, endemism, interior Columbia River basin, Klamath Basin, Great Basin. Title: Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Author: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station; U.S.Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management. Year: 1998, 2006, 2005 This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia River basin and adjacent areas. Rare plants include many endemics associated with local conditions. Potential plant and invertebrate bioindicators are identified. Species ecological functions differ among communities and variously affect ecosystem diversity and productivity. Species of alpine and subalpine communities are identified that may be at risk from climate change. Maps of terrestrial ecological integrity are presented. Keywords: Macroecology, paleoecology, ecological integrity, terrestrial communities, ecosystems, wildlife, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, arthropods, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, endemism, interior Columbia River basin, Klamath Basin, Great Basin. Close

• 33. [Image] An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins [volume 1]

  	Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-405. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins [volume 1] Author: Quigley, Thomas Milton; Arbelbide, S. J. (Sylvia J.) Year: 1997, 2008, 2005 Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 4 vol. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed.; The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment). The Assessment of Ecosystem Components in the Interior Columbia Basin and Portions of the Klamath and Great Basins provides detailed information about current conditions and trends for the biophysical and social systems within the Basin. This information can be used by land managers to develop broad land management goals and priorities and provides the context for decisions specific to smaller geographic areas. The Assessment area covers about 8 percent of the U.S. land area, 24 percent of the Nation's National Forest System lands, 10 percent of the Nation's BLM-administered lands, and contains about 1.2 percent of the Nation's population. This results in a population density that is less than one-sixth of the U.S. average. The area has experienced recent, rapid population growth and generally has a robust, diverse economy. As compared to historic conditions, the terrestrial, aquatic, forest, and rangeland systems have undergone dramatic changes. Forested landscapes are more susceptible to fire, insect, and disease than under historic conditions. Rangelands are highly susceptible to noxious weed invasion. The disturbance regimes that operate on forest and rangeland have changed substantially, with lethal fires dominating many areas where non-lethal fires were the norm historically. Terrestrial habitats that have experienced the greatest decline include the native grassland, native shrubland, and old forest structures. There are areas within the Assessment area that have higher diversity than others. Aquatic systems are now more fragmented and isolated than historically and the introduction of non-native fish species has complicated current status of native fishes. Core habitat and population centers do remain as building blocks for restoration. Social and economic conditions within the Assessment area vary considerably, depending to a great extent on population, diversity of employment opportunities, and changing demographics. Those counties with the higher population densities and greater diversity of employment opportunities are generally more resilient to economic downturns. This Assessment provides a rich information base, including over 170 mapped themes with associated models and databases, from which future decisions can benefit. Keywords: Columbia basin, biophysical systems, social systems, ecosystem. Title: An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins [volume 1] Author: Quigley, Thomas Milton; Arbelbide, S. J. (Sylvia J.) Year: 1997, 2008, 2005 Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 4 vol. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed.; The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment). The Assessment of Ecosystem Components in the Interior Columbia Basin and Portions of the Klamath and Great Basins provides detailed information about current conditions and trends for the biophysical and social systems within the Basin. This information can be used by land managers to develop broad land management goals and priorities and provides the context for decisions specific to smaller geographic areas. The Assessment area covers about 8 percent of the U.S. land area, 24 percent of the Nation's National Forest System lands, 10 percent of the Nation's BLM-administered lands, and contains about 1.2 percent of the Nation's population. This results in a population density that is less than one-sixth of the U.S. average. The area has experienced recent, rapid population growth and generally has a robust, diverse economy. As compared to historic conditions, the terrestrial, aquatic, forest, and rangeland systems have undergone dramatic changes. Forested landscapes are more susceptible to fire, insect, and disease than under historic conditions. Rangelands are highly susceptible to noxious weed invasion. The disturbance regimes that operate on forest and rangeland have changed substantially, with lethal fires dominating many areas where non-lethal fires were the norm historically. Terrestrial habitats that have experienced the greatest decline include the native grassland, native shrubland, and old forest structures. There are areas within the Assessment area that have higher diversity than others. Aquatic systems are now more fragmented and isolated than historically and the introduction of non-native fish species has complicated current status of native fishes. Core habitat and population centers do remain as building blocks for restoration. Social and economic conditions within the Assessment area vary considerably, depending to a great extent on population, diversity of employment opportunities, and changing demographics. Those counties with the higher population densities and greater diversity of employment opportunities are generally more resilient to economic downturns. This Assessment provides a rich information base, including over 170 mapped themes with associated models and databases, from which future decisions can benefit. Keywords: Columbia basin, biophysical systems, social systems, ecosystem. Close

• 34. [Image] Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

  	Abstract Quigley, Thomas M.; Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T., tech. eds. 1996. Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005, 2000 Abstract Quigley, Thomas M.; Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T., tech. eds. 1996. Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-382. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 303 p. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment.) The Integrated Scientific Assessment for Ecosystem Management for the Interior Columbia Basin links landscape, aquatic, terrestrial, social, and economic characterizations to describe biophysical and social systems. Integration was achieved through a framework built around six goals for ecosystem management and three different views of the future. These goals are: maintain evolutionary and ecological processes; manage for multiple ecological domains and evolutionary timeframes; maintain viable populations of native and desired non-native species; encourage social and economic resiliency; manage for places with definable values; and, manage to maintain a variety of ecosystem goods, services, and conditions that society wants. Ratings of relative ecological integrity and socioeconomic resiliency were used to make broad statements about ecosystem conditions in the Basin. Currently in the Basin high integrity and resiliency are found on 16 and 20 percent of the area, respectively. Low integrity and resiliency are found on 60 and 68 percent of the area. Different approaches to management can alter the risks to the assets of people living in the Basin and to the ecosystem itself. Continuation of current management leads to increasing risks while management approaches focusing on reserves or restoration result in trends that mostly stabilize or reduce risks. Even where ecological integrity is projected to improve with the application of active management, population increases and the pressures of expanding demands on resources may cause increasing trends in risk. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, management and goals; ecological integrity; socio-economic resiliency; risk management Title: Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005, 2000 Abstract Quigley, Thomas M.; Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T., tech. eds. 1996. Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-382. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 303 p. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment.) The Integrated Scientific Assessment for Ecosystem Management for the Interior Columbia Basin links landscape, aquatic, terrestrial, social, and economic characterizations to describe biophysical and social systems. Integration was achieved through a framework built around six goals for ecosystem management and three different views of the future. These goals are: maintain evolutionary and ecological processes; manage for multiple ecological domains and evolutionary timeframes; maintain viable populations of native and desired non-native species; encourage social and economic resiliency; manage for places with definable values; and, manage to maintain a variety of ecosystem goods, services, and conditions that society wants. Ratings of relative ecological integrity and socioeconomic resiliency were used to make broad statements about ecosystem conditions in the Basin. Currently in the Basin high integrity and resiliency are found on 16 and 20 percent of the area, respectively. Low integrity and resiliency are found on 60 and 68 percent of the area. Different approaches to management can alter the risks to the assets of people living in the Basin and to the ecosystem itself. Continuation of current management leads to increasing risks while management approaches focusing on reserves or restoration result in trends that mostly stabilize or reduce risks. Even where ecological integrity is projected to improve with the application of active management, population increases and the pressures of expanding demands on resources may cause increasing trends in risk. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, management and goals; ecological integrity; socio-economic resiliency; risk management Close

• 35. [Image] Forestry program for Oregon

  	This document sets forth the Board of Forestry's strategic vision for Oregon's forests for the next eight years
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forestry program for Oregon Author: Oregon State Board of Forestry Year: 2003, 2005 This document sets forth the Board of Forestry's strategic vision for Oregon's forests for the next eight years Title: Forestry program for Oregon Author: Oregon State Board of Forestry Year: 2003, 2005 This document sets forth the Board of Forestry's strategic vision for Oregon's forests for the next eight years Close

• 36. [Image] Federal Register - Notice of Policy for Conserving Species Listed or Proposed for Listing Under the Endangered Species Act While Providing and Enhancing Recreational Fisheries Opportunities; Notice

  	The Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service (Services) have adopted a policy that will address the conservation needs of species listed, or proposed to be listed, under the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Federal Register - Notice of Policy for Conserving Species Listed or Proposed for Listing Under the Endangered Species Act While Providing and Enhancing Recreational Fisheries Opportunities; Notice Year: 1996, 2008, 2005 The Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service (Services) have adopted a policy that will address the conservation needs of species listed, or proposed to be listed, under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA) while providing for the continuation and enhancement of recreational fisheries. This policy identifies measures the Services will take to ensure consistency in the administration of the ESA between and within the two agencies, promote collaboration with other Federal, State, and Tribal fisheries managers, and improve and increase efforts to inform nonfederal entities of the requirements of the ESA while enhancing recreational fisheries. This policy meets the requirements set forth in Section 4 of Executive Order 12962, Recreational Fisheries Title: Federal Register - Notice of Policy for Conserving Species Listed or Proposed for Listing Under the Endangered Species Act While Providing and Enhancing Recreational Fisheries Opportunities; Notice Year: 1996, 2008, 2005 The Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service (Services) have adopted a policy that will address the conservation needs of species listed, or proposed to be listed, under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA) while providing for the continuation and enhancement of recreational fisheries. This policy identifies measures the Services will take to ensure consistency in the administration of the ESA between and within the two agencies, promote collaboration with other Federal, State, and Tribal fisheries managers, and improve and increase efforts to inform nonfederal entities of the requirements of the ESA while enhancing recreational fisheries. This policy meets the requirements set forth in Section 4 of Executive Order 12962, Recreational Fisheries Close

• 37. [Image] A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

  	Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005 Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-374. Portland, OR; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. A framework for ecosystem management is proposed. This framework assumes the purpose of ecosystem management is to maintain the integrity of ecosystems over time and space. It is based on four ecosystem principles: ecosystems are dynamic, can be viewed as hierarchies with temporal and spatial dimensions, have limits, and are relatively unpredictable. This approach recognizes that people are part of ecosystems and that stewardship must be able to resolve tough challenges including how to meet multiple demands with finite resources. The framework describes a general planning model for ecosystem management that has four iterative steps: monitoring, assessment, decision-making, and implementation. Since ecosystems cross jurisdictional lines, the implementation of the framework depends on partnerships among land managers, the scientific community, and stakeholders. It proposes that decision-making be based on information provided by the best available science and the most appropriate technologies for land management. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, ecosystem principles, ecosystem management, planning models, management goals, risk analysis. Title: A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005 Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-374. Portland, OR; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. A framework for ecosystem management is proposed. This framework assumes the purpose of ecosystem management is to maintain the integrity of ecosystems over time and space. It is based on four ecosystem principles: ecosystems are dynamic, can be viewed as hierarchies with temporal and spatial dimensions, have limits, and are relatively unpredictable. This approach recognizes that people are part of ecosystems and that stewardship must be able to resolve tough challenges including how to meet multiple demands with finite resources. The framework describes a general planning model for ecosystem management that has four iterative steps: monitoring, assessment, decision-making, and implementation. Since ecosystems cross jurisdictional lines, the implementation of the framework depends on partnerships among land managers, the scientific community, and stakeholders. It proposes that decision-making be based on information provided by the best available science and the most appropriate technologies for land management. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, ecosystem principles, ecosystem management, planning models, management goals, risk analysis. Close

• 38. [Image] Integrated land management on Tule Lake Wildlife Refuge: an alternative management strategy developed by the Integrated Land Management Working Group: promoting productive wetland habitats and sustainable agriculture on Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge

  	EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document describes the rationale for and implementation of an Integrated Land Management (ILM) Plan for the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). The proposal is the recommendation ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrated land management on Tule Lake Wildlife Refuge: an alternative management strategy developed by the Integrated Land Management Working Group: promoting productive wetland habitats and sustainable agriculture on Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge Author: Integrated Land Management Working Group (Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Calif.) Year: 2000, 2006, 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document describes the rationale for and implementation of an Integrated Land Management (ILM) Plan for the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). The proposal is the recommendation of 5 representative stakeholders in the Tule Lake area. During the 1950fs, 1960fs, and early 1970's, Tule Lake NWR was considered the single most important waterfowl refuge in North America when peak populations exceeded 2.5 million ducks and 1.0 million geese. The Kuchel Act of 1964 was enacted to preserve these waterfowl values as well as the local agricultural economy dependent on Refuge lands. However, restrictive management of wetlands and water levels under the Kuchel Act has eliminated the ecological processes critical to the Refuge's sustained wetland diversity and productivity. Currently, Tule Lake NWR supports a fraction of its past waterfowl use, species diversity has declined, and its value to endangered species has diminished. Agricultural sustainability is also thre Title: Integrated land management on Tule Lake Wildlife Refuge: an alternative management strategy developed by the Integrated Land Management Working Group: promoting productive wetland habitats and sustainable agriculture on Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge Author: Integrated Land Management Working Group (Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Calif.) Year: 2000, 2006, 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document describes the rationale for and implementation of an Integrated Land Management (ILM) Plan for the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). The proposal is the recommendation of 5 representative stakeholders in the Tule Lake area. During the 1950fs, 1960fs, and early 1970's, Tule Lake NWR was considered the single most important waterfowl refuge in North America when peak populations exceeded 2.5 million ducks and 1.0 million geese. The Kuchel Act of 1964 was enacted to preserve these waterfowl values as well as the local agricultural economy dependent on Refuge lands. However, restrictive management of wetlands and water levels under the Kuchel Act has eliminated the ecological processes critical to the Refuge's sustained wetland diversity and productivity. Currently, Tule Lake NWR supports a fraction of its past waterfowl use, species diversity has declined, and its value to endangered species has diminished. Agricultural sustainability is also thre Close

• 39. [Image] Klamath Basin summary of recent federal government activities, March 2003

  	The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin Work Plans and Reports
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Basin summary of recent federal government activities, March 2003 Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 2003, 2005 The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin Work Plans and Reports Title: Klamath Basin summary of recent federal government activities, March 2003 Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 2003, 2005 The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin Work Plans and Reports Close

• 40. [Article] The ecological consequences of the reduction of species diversity : experimental approaches

  The influence of loss of diversity on community dynamics and ecosystem functioning has recently received considerable attention. Although study of biodiversity has a long history within ecology, empirical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The ecological consequences of the reduction of species diversity : experimental approaches Author: Allison, Gary William The influence of loss of diversity on community dynamics and ecosystem functioning has recently received considerable attention. Although study of biodiversity has a long history within ecology, empirical investigations exploring consequences of loss have been rare. Because many factors confound diversity comparisons, experimental manipulations of diversity offer the most direct way of attributing cause to diversity loss. The effects of reduction in number of species will depend on the strength and sign of species interactions affected by loss of diversity. An experiment performed on a high zone, rocky intertidal community in which macroalgal diversity was manipulated demonstrated that effects of diversity loss will be highly dependent on which species are removed. However, effects of diversity reductions were strongest at the harsh end of a stress gradient where interactions were more positive. Thus, factors that affect the strength and sign of species interactions such as the degree of physical stress may serve as a rough guide to where the effects of diversity loss will be most severe. An assessment of the influence of diversity on community response to a strong physical perturbation was performed using an experimentally-induced thermal stress. Higher diversity treatments were most strongly affected directly by the stress because such treatments had higher abundance and therefore more biomass to lose. However, those same treatments recovered more quickly from the stress. Community recovery of initially low diversity treatments was slowed by persistence of non-typical states or slow recovery of dominant species. A simulation study was performed to assess the ability of different experimental designs to detect biodiversity effects. Our ability to predict consequences of changes in diversity will be dependent on our ability to distinguish the most influential biodiversity "components" within a system. This study uncovered a phenomenon that will be common in biodiversity studies: misidentification of one biodiversity component (e. g., an effect of a keystone species) as a different component (e. g., an effect of the number of species). I call this phenomenon "aliasing." Because of the complexity of biodiversity, experiments and observational studies will be highly susceptible to aliasing and, thus, results will require careful interpretation. Title: The ecological consequences of the reduction of species diversity : experimental approaches Author: Allison, Gary William The influence of loss of diversity on community dynamics and ecosystem functioning has recently received considerable attention. Although study of biodiversity has a long history within ecology, empirical investigations exploring consequences of loss have been rare. Because many factors confound diversity comparisons, experimental manipulations of diversity offer the most direct way of attributing cause to diversity loss. The effects of reduction in number of species will depend on the strength and sign of species interactions affected by loss of diversity. An experiment performed on a high zone, rocky intertidal community in which macroalgal diversity was manipulated demonstrated that effects of diversity loss will be highly dependent on which species are removed. However, effects of diversity reductions were strongest at the harsh end of a stress gradient where interactions were more positive. Thus, factors that affect the strength and sign of species interactions such as the degree of physical stress may serve as a rough guide to where the effects of diversity loss will be most severe. An assessment of the influence of diversity on community response to a strong physical perturbation was performed using an experimentally-induced thermal stress. Higher diversity treatments were most strongly affected directly by the stress because such treatments had higher abundance and therefore more biomass to lose. However, those same treatments recovered more quickly from the stress. Community recovery of initially low diversity treatments was slowed by persistence of non-typical states or slow recovery of dominant species. A simulation study was performed to assess the ability of different experimental designs to detect biodiversity effects. Our ability to predict consequences of changes in diversity will be dependent on our ability to distinguish the most influential biodiversity "components" within a system. This study uncovered a phenomenon that will be common in biodiversity studies: misidentification of one biodiversity component (e. g., an effect of a keystone species) as a different component (e. g., an effect of the number of species). I call this phenomenon "aliasing." Because of the complexity of biodiversity, experiments and observational studies will be highly susceptible to aliasing and, thus, results will require careful interpretation. Close

• 41. [Article] Fishermen, Markets, and Population Diversity

  Fishing impacts biodiversity on multiple levels, potentially resulting in unintended feedbacks to economic performance of the fishery over time. For example, targeting observable traits within a population ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fishermen, Markets, and Population Diversity Author: Sanchirico, James N., Jardine, Sunny Fishing impacts biodiversity on multiple levels, potentially resulting in unintended feedbacks to economic performance of the fishery over time. For example, targeting observable traits within a population can impact genetic diversity, targeting populations within a species can impact population diversity, and targeting valuable species can impact biodiversity at the ecosystem level. The natural science and economics literatures, however, have given little attention to the impact of fishing on population diversity, even though population diversity is directly linked ecosystem services and estimates of population extinction rates are three orders of magnitude higher than species extinction rates. Here we develop a stochastic bioeconomic model that links the harvest of multiple salmon populations by a single commercial fishery to the trajectory of population diversity in a salmon stock complex. We parameterize our model with biological and economic data from the Copper River Chinook salmon fishery. We show that markets can incentivize the degradation of population diversity, reducing infra-marginal fishery rents and increase the variability in financial returns to the fishery. Factors impacting the magnitude of our results include the level and distribution of harvesting efficiency and market conditions. We also show that second-best management can conserve population diversity and improve welfare. Furthermore, depending fishermen’s time preferences, this management strategy is potentially self-financing. Title: Fishermen, Markets, and Population Diversity Author: Sanchirico, James N., Jardine, Sunny Fishing impacts biodiversity on multiple levels, potentially resulting in unintended feedbacks to economic performance of the fishery over time. For example, targeting observable traits within a population can impact genetic diversity, targeting populations within a species can impact population diversity, and targeting valuable species can impact biodiversity at the ecosystem level. The natural science and economics literatures, however, have given little attention to the impact of fishing on population diversity, even though population diversity is directly linked ecosystem services and estimates of population extinction rates are three orders of magnitude higher than species extinction rates. Here we develop a stochastic bioeconomic model that links the harvest of multiple salmon populations by a single commercial fishery to the trajectory of population diversity in a salmon stock complex. We parameterize our model with biological and economic data from the Copper River Chinook salmon fishery. We show that markets can incentivize the degradation of population diversity, reducing infra-marginal fishery rents and increase the variability in financial returns to the fishery. Factors impacting the magnitude of our results include the level and distribution of harvesting efficiency and market conditions. We also show that second-best management can conserve population diversity and improve welfare. Furthermore, depending fishermen’s time preferences, this management strategy is potentially self-financing. Close

• 42. [Article] 525,600 Minutes: How Do You Measure Cultural Diversity in Oregon Trade Publishing?

  In this paper I will explore the ongoing conversation about the state of diversity in the publishing industry, the identity of the Pacific Northwest as a bastion of diversity relative to New York City, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 525,600 Minutes: How Do You Measure Cultural Diversity in Oregon Trade Publishing? Author: Gnall, Alyssa Year: 2016 In this paper I will explore the ongoing conversation about the state of diversity in the publishing industry, the identity of the Pacific Northwest as a bastion of diversity relative to New York City, and whether and how the economic concept of cultural diversity can be useful to publishers committed to increasing diversity in their lists or amongst their staff. Generally speaking, the term “diversity” refers to the social choice to be inclusive of everyone regardless of race, sex, class or economic status, etc. In this paper, I will also refer to the economic concept of cultural diversity. In publishing, this concept, developed from principles of biodiversity in healthy ecosystems and defined for the book industry by Françoise Benhamou and Stéphanie Peltier, is measured by analyzing the three properties of diversity—variety, balance, and disparity—“according to the three forms of categorization of the population of individual books…: the title, the genre and the original language" Title: 525,600 Minutes: How Do You Measure Cultural Diversity in Oregon Trade Publishing? Author: Gnall, Alyssa Year: 2016 In this paper I will explore the ongoing conversation about the state of diversity in the publishing industry, the identity of the Pacific Northwest as a bastion of diversity relative to New York City, and whether and how the economic concept of cultural diversity can be useful to publishers committed to increasing diversity in their lists or amongst their staff. Generally speaking, the term “diversity” refers to the social choice to be inclusive of everyone regardless of race, sex, class or economic status, etc. In this paper, I will also refer to the economic concept of cultural diversity. In publishing, this concept, developed from principles of biodiversity in healthy ecosystems and defined for the book industry by Françoise Benhamou and Stéphanie Peltier, is measured by analyzing the three properties of diversity—variety, balance, and disparity—“according to the three forms of categorization of the population of individual books…: the title, the genre and the original language" Close

• 43. [Article] Native bee diversity and floral resource availability in two Willamette Valley Oregon ecosystems

  The importance of pollinators in native and managed landscapes is well known, and recent interest is directed towards investigating the role of native bees as providers of pollination ecosystem services. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native bee diversity and floral resource availability in two Willamette Valley Oregon ecosystems Author: Bergh, Jennifer E. The importance of pollinators in native and managed landscapes is well known, and recent interest is directed towards investigating the role of native bees as providers of pollination ecosystem services. Uncertainty about bee populations at global and local scales has prompted research and general interest in conservation of bee diversity. To sustain robust populations, bees need nesting habitat and quality forage resources. This thesis describes two studies related to the relationship between bee diversity and landscape floral resource availability in two Willamette Valley ecosystems: wet prairies and blueberry agroecosystems. The wetlands are florally diverse, heterogeneous, and temporally patchy in spring and summer, whereas blueberries are florally abundant during spring crop bloom with potentially fewer floral resources after berry set; the intention of these studies was to determine if the floral resources in each ecosystem were adequate to support robust native bee communities. For each site type, the bee fauna and associated melittophilous floral resources are described and characterized. In the studies, it was determined that bee diversity, and specifically bee abundance, was positively correlated with floral resources. This thesis presents the results of community analyses, floral resources that were identified as important forage sources, and a discussion of the relationship between landscape phenology and bee population dynamics in each ecosystem type. Implications and recommendations for landscape management to conserve and potentially enhance local native bee communities are discussed. Title: Native bee diversity and floral resource availability in two Willamette Valley Oregon ecosystems Author: Bergh, Jennifer E. The importance of pollinators in native and managed landscapes is well known, and recent interest is directed towards investigating the role of native bees as providers of pollination ecosystem services. Uncertainty about bee populations at global and local scales has prompted research and general interest in conservation of bee diversity. To sustain robust populations, bees need nesting habitat and quality forage resources. This thesis describes two studies related to the relationship between bee diversity and landscape floral resource availability in two Willamette Valley ecosystems: wet prairies and blueberry agroecosystems. The wetlands are florally diverse, heterogeneous, and temporally patchy in spring and summer, whereas blueberries are florally abundant during spring crop bloom with potentially fewer floral resources after berry set; the intention of these studies was to determine if the floral resources in each ecosystem were adequate to support robust native bee communities. For each site type, the bee fauna and associated melittophilous floral resources are described and characterized. In the studies, it was determined that bee diversity, and specifically bee abundance, was positively correlated with floral resources. This thesis presents the results of community analyses, floral resources that were identified as important forage sources, and a discussion of the relationship between landscape phenology and bee population dynamics in each ecosystem type. Implications and recommendations for landscape management to conserve and potentially enhance local native bee communities are discussed. Close

• 44. [Article] Evaluating tradeoffs among ecosystem services to inform marine spatial planning

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/marine-policy/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating tradeoffs among ecosystem services to inform marine spatial planning Author: Gaines, Steven D., Halpern, Benjamin S., Lester, Sarah E., Barth, John A., White, Crow, Costello, Christopher This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/marine-policy/. Title: Evaluating tradeoffs among ecosystem services to inform marine spatial planning Author: Gaines, Steven D., Halpern, Benjamin S., Lester, Sarah E., Barth, John A., White, Crow, Costello, Christopher This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/marine-policy/. Close

• 45. [Article] Cultural Biodiversity: Indigenous Relationships within Their Environment

  When we talk about indigenous cultural practices we are in fact talking about responsibilities that have evolved into unwritten tribal laws over millennia. These responsibilities and laws are directly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultural Biodiversity: Indigenous Relationships within Their Environment Author: Happynook, Tom Mexsis Year: 2001 When we talk about indigenous cultural practices we are in fact talking about responsibilities that have evolved into unwritten tribal laws over millennia. These responsibilities and laws are directly tied to nature and is a product of the slow integration of cultures within their environment and the ecosystems. Thus, the environment is not a place of divisions but rather a place of relations, a place where cultural diversity and bio-diversity are not separate but in fact need each other. The most important aspects of cultural bio-diversity are those that integrate people, (the human relationship), with the ecosystems found within their environment. Some indigenous practices had cultural importance at the time they were being practiced, (arranged marriages, etc), but most indigenous practices, such as fishing, hunting and gathering have a much deeper ecological management role. These indigenous practices maintained the balance within nature, the environment and the ecosystems. I am not talking about the morality of the cultural practice, but rather the cultural practice of responsibility to bio-diversity. It is from this perspective that we begin to realize that the realm of cultural diversity and bio-diversity are not separate from the environment but rather connected through our relationships with the ecosystems. This is cultural biodiversity; a practice which has been developed and nurtured over millennia; in the Nuu-chah-nulth language “Hishuk Tsawalk”, everything is one, everything is connected. In today’s world, laws have been created around “the human relationship aspect”. Unfortunately, these laws have established a system that leaves humans outside of nature or makes us believe that we are dominant over the environment or a cancer on this earth. We have even created a set of consequences for any broken human relations within this system: fines, prisons, institutions, etc. On the other hand, indigenous peoples have lived within the “law of nature”. It is within this boundary that our indigenous systems of justice, tribal laws, societies and cultural practices developed and have turned into the indigenous rights of today. Title: Cultural Biodiversity: Indigenous Relationships within Their Environment Author: Happynook, Tom Mexsis Year: 2001 When we talk about indigenous cultural practices we are in fact talking about responsibilities that have evolved into unwritten tribal laws over millennia. These responsibilities and laws are directly tied to nature and is a product of the slow integration of cultures within their environment and the ecosystems. Thus, the environment is not a place of divisions but rather a place of relations, a place where cultural diversity and bio-diversity are not separate but in fact need each other. The most important aspects of cultural bio-diversity are those that integrate people, (the human relationship), with the ecosystems found within their environment. Some indigenous practices had cultural importance at the time they were being practiced, (arranged marriages, etc), but most indigenous practices, such as fishing, hunting and gathering have a much deeper ecological management role. These indigenous practices maintained the balance within nature, the environment and the ecosystems. I am not talking about the morality of the cultural practice, but rather the cultural practice of responsibility to bio-diversity. It is from this perspective that we begin to realize that the realm of cultural diversity and bio-diversity are not separate from the environment but rather connected through our relationships with the ecosystems. This is cultural biodiversity; a practice which has been developed and nurtured over millennia; in the Nuu-chah-nulth language “Hishuk Tsawalk”, everything is one, everything is connected. In today’s world, laws have been created around “the human relationship aspect”. Unfortunately, these laws have established a system that leaves humans outside of nature or makes us believe that we are dominant over the environment or a cancer on this earth. We have even created a set of consequences for any broken human relations within this system: fines, prisons, institutions, etc. On the other hand, indigenous peoples have lived within the “law of nature”. It is within this boundary that our indigenous systems of justice, tribal laws, societies and cultural practices developed and have turned into the indigenous rights of today. Close

• 46. [Image] Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno

  	A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Technical Service Center Year: 2005, 2004 A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural flows for the same period at the outfall of Upper Klamath Lake, which forms the head of the Link River at Klamath Falls, Oregon. Flow past the Link River gage is tributary to the Klamath River above Lower Klamath Lake. These natural flows were determined using standard and accepted methods. Records used in developing this analysis were derived from stream-gaging records and from climatic records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also obtained from published maps and reports, and file documents of the Klamath Area Office. Currently, received comments are being addressed and evaluation of elements related to these comments is in progress. The objective of this report is to provide a representative estimate of the monthly natural flow of the Upper Klamath River. Such an estimate is of the natural flow that would typically have occurred without the water-resources developments in the Upper Klamath Basin. A water-budget assessment was used in the determination of the natural flows. The assessment includes results from an evaluation of present-day irrigation depletions, and losses from reclaimed marshland, that have changed the natural inflow to, and resulting natural outfall from, Upper Klamath Lake. Also evaluated were losses to the natural inflow that would have been incurred due to pre-development marshland and evaporation associated with Upper Klamath Lake. The natural outfall from the lake comprised the natural flow of the Link River at Klamath Falls and also the consequent natural inflow to Lower Klamath Lake. Therefore, a similar evaluation was also completed for Lower Klamath Lake to estimate the natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno. The water-budget assessment was designed to simulate each lake as a natural water body within a stream-connected two-lake system. Much of the assessment was completed using Excel. Title: Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Technical Service Center Year: 2005, 2004 A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural flows for the same period at the outfall of Upper Klamath Lake, which forms the head of the Link River at Klamath Falls, Oregon. Flow past the Link River gage is tributary to the Klamath River above Lower Klamath Lake. These natural flows were determined using standard and accepted methods. Records used in developing this analysis were derived from stream-gaging records and from climatic records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also obtained from published maps and reports, and file documents of the Klamath Area Office. Currently, received comments are being addressed and evaluation of elements related to these comments is in progress. The objective of this report is to provide a representative estimate of the monthly natural flow of the Upper Klamath River. Such an estimate is of the natural flow that would typically have occurred without the water-resources developments in the Upper Klamath Basin. A water-budget assessment was used in the determination of the natural flows. The assessment includes results from an evaluation of present-day irrigation depletions, and losses from reclaimed marshland, that have changed the natural inflow to, and resulting natural outfall from, Upper Klamath Lake. Also evaluated were losses to the natural inflow that would have been incurred due to pre-development marshland and evaporation associated with Upper Klamath Lake. The natural outfall from the lake comprised the natural flow of the Link River at Klamath Falls and also the consequent natural inflow to Lower Klamath Lake. Therefore, a similar evaluation was also completed for Lower Klamath Lake to estimate the natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno. The water-budget assessment was designed to simulate each lake as a natural water body within a stream-connected two-lake system. Much of the assessment was completed using Excel. Close

• 47. [Article] Ecosystem Services in Managing Residential Landscapes: Priorities, Value Dimensions, and Cross-Regional Patterns

  Although ecosystem services have been intensively examined in certain domains (e.g., forests and wetlands), little research has assessed ecosystem services for the most dominant landscape type in urban ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecosystem Services in Managing Residential Landscapes: Priorities, Value Dimensions, and Cross-Regional Patterns Author: Larson, Kelli L., Morse, Jennifer L., Groffman, Peter M., Bettez, Neil D., Trammell, Tara Year: 2016 Although ecosystem services have been intensively examined in certain domains (e.g., forests and wetlands), little research has assessed ecosystem services for the most dominant landscape type in urban ecosystems—namely, residential yards. In this paper, we report findings of a cross-site survey of homeowners in six U.S. cities to 1) examine how residents subjectively value various ecosystem services, 2) explore distinctive dimensions of those values, and 3) test the urban homogenization hypothesis. This hypothesis posits that urbanization leads to similarities in the social-ecological dynamics across cities in diverse biomes. By extension, the thesis suggests that residents’ ecosystem service priorities for residential landscapes will be similar regardless of whether residents live in the humid East or the arid West, or the warm South or the cold North. Results underscored that cultural services were of utmost importance, particularly anthropocentric values including aesthetics, low-maintenance, and personal enjoyment. Using factor analyses, distinctive dimensions of residents’ values were found to partially align with the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment’s categories (provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural). Finally, residents’ ecosystem service priorities exhibited significant homogenization across regions. In particular, the traditional lawn aesthetic (neat, green, weed-free yards) was similarly important across residents of diverse U.S. cities. Only a few exceptions were found across different environmental and social contexts; for example, cooling effects were more important in the warm South, where residents also valued aesthetics more than those in the North, where low-maintenance yards were a greater priority. Title: Ecosystem Services in Managing Residential Landscapes: Priorities, Value Dimensions, and Cross-Regional Patterns Author: Larson, Kelli L., Morse, Jennifer L., Groffman, Peter M., Bettez, Neil D., Trammell, Tara Year: 2016 Although ecosystem services have been intensively examined in certain domains (e.g., forests and wetlands), little research has assessed ecosystem services for the most dominant landscape type in urban ecosystems—namely, residential yards. In this paper, we report findings of a cross-site survey of homeowners in six U.S. cities to 1) examine how residents subjectively value various ecosystem services, 2) explore distinctive dimensions of those values, and 3) test the urban homogenization hypothesis. This hypothesis posits that urbanization leads to similarities in the social-ecological dynamics across cities in diverse biomes. By extension, the thesis suggests that residents’ ecosystem service priorities for residential landscapes will be similar regardless of whether residents live in the humid East or the arid West, or the warm South or the cold North. Results underscored that cultural services were of utmost importance, particularly anthropocentric values including aesthetics, low-maintenance, and personal enjoyment. Using factor analyses, distinctive dimensions of residents’ values were found to partially align with the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment’s categories (provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural). Finally, residents’ ecosystem service priorities exhibited significant homogenization across regions. In particular, the traditional lawn aesthetic (neat, green, weed-free yards) was similarly important across residents of diverse U.S. cities. Only a few exceptions were found across different environmental and social contexts; for example, cooling effects were more important in the warm South, where residents also valued aesthetics more than those in the North, where low-maintenance yards were a greater priority. Close

• 48. [Article] Forecasting functional implications of global changes in riparian plant communities

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://esa.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forecasting functional implications of global changes in riparian plant communities Author: Mineau, Madeleine M., McElarney, Yvonne R., Fischer, Dylan G., Tiegs, Scott D., Canhoto, Cristina, Larranaga, Aitor, Giling, Darren P., Swan, Christopher M., Kominoski, John S., LeRoy, Carri J., Gonzalez, Eduardo, Griffiths, Natalie A., Shirley, Susan M., Follstad Shah, Jennifer J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://esa.org/. Title: Forecasting functional implications of global changes in riparian plant communities Author: Mineau, Madeleine M., McElarney, Yvonne R., Fischer, Dylan G., Tiegs, Scott D., Canhoto, Cristina, Larranaga, Aitor, Giling, Darren P., Swan, Christopher M., Kominoski, John S., LeRoy, Carri J., Gonzalez, Eduardo, Griffiths, Natalie A., Shirley, Susan M., Follstad Shah, Jennifer J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://esa.org/. Close

• 49. [Article] The Human Side of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management: Preliminary Results of an FAO Expert Consultation

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Human Side of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management: Preliminary Results of an FAO Expert Consultation Author: De Young, Cassandra Research Paper Title: The Human Side of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management: Preliminary Results of an FAO Expert Consultation Author: De Young, Cassandra Research Paper Close

• 50. [Article] Defining Conservation Priorities for Freshwater Fishes According to Taxonomic, Functional, and Phylogenetic Diversity

  To date, the predominant use of systematic conservation planning has been to evaluate and conserve areas of high terrestrial biodiversity. Although studies in freshwater ecosystems have received recent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Defining Conservation Priorities for Freshwater Fishes According to Taxonomic, Functional, and Phylogenetic Diversity Author: Strecker, Angela L., Olden, Julian D., Whittier, Joanna B., Paukert, Craig Patrick Year: 2011 To date, the predominant use of systematic conservation planning has been to evaluate and conserve areas of high terrestrial biodiversity. Although studies in freshwater ecosystems have received recent attention, research has rarely considered the potential trade-offs between protecting different dimensions of biodiversity and the ecological processes that maintain diversity. We provide the first systematic prioritization for freshwaters (focusing on the highly threatened and globally distinct fish fauna of the Lower Colorado River Basin, USA) simultaneously considering scenarios of: taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity; contemporary threats to biodiversity (including interactions with nonnative species); and future climate change and human population growth. There was 75% congruence between areas of highest conservation priority for different aspects of biodiversity, suggesting that conservation efforts can concurrently achieve strong complementarity among all types of diversity. However, sizable fractions of the landscape were incongruent across conservation priorities for different diversity scenarios, underscoring the importance of considering multiple dimensions of biodiversity and highlighting catchments that contribute disproportionately to taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity in the region. Regions of projected human population growth were not concordant with conservation priorities; however, higher human population abundance will likely have indirect effects on native biodiversity by increasing demand for water. This will come in direct conflict with projected reductions in precipitation and warmer temperatures, which have substantial overlap with regions of high contemporary diversity. Native and endemic fishes in arid ecosystems are critically endangered by both current and future threats, but our results highlight the use of systematic conservation planning for the optimal allocation of limited resources that incorporates multiple and complementary conservation values describing taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity. Title: Defining Conservation Priorities for Freshwater Fishes According to Taxonomic, Functional, and Phylogenetic Diversity Author: Strecker, Angela L., Olden, Julian D., Whittier, Joanna B., Paukert, Craig Patrick Year: 2011 To date, the predominant use of systematic conservation planning has been to evaluate and conserve areas of high terrestrial biodiversity. Although studies in freshwater ecosystems have received recent attention, research has rarely considered the potential trade-offs between protecting different dimensions of biodiversity and the ecological processes that maintain diversity. We provide the first systematic prioritization for freshwaters (focusing on the highly threatened and globally distinct fish fauna of the Lower Colorado River Basin, USA) simultaneously considering scenarios of: taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity; contemporary threats to biodiversity (including interactions with nonnative species); and future climate change and human population growth. There was 75% congruence between areas of highest conservation priority for different aspects of biodiversity, suggesting that conservation efforts can concurrently achieve strong complementarity among all types of diversity. However, sizable fractions of the landscape were incongruent across conservation priorities for different diversity scenarios, underscoring the importance of considering multiple dimensions of biodiversity and highlighting catchments that contribute disproportionately to taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity in the region. Regions of projected human population growth were not concordant with conservation priorities; however, higher human population abundance will likely have indirect effects on native biodiversity by increasing demand for water. This will come in direct conflict with projected reductions in precipitation and warmer temperatures, which have substantial overlap with regions of high contemporary diversity. Native and endemic fishes in arid ecosystems are critically endangered by both current and future threats, but our results highlight the use of systematic conservation planning for the optimal allocation of limited resources that incorporates multiple and complementary conservation values describing taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity. Close

• 51. [Article] Convergent diversity and trait composition in temporary streams and ponds

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://esajournals.online...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Convergent diversity and trait composition in temporary streams and ponds Author: Lytle, David A., Schriever, Tiffany A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292150-8925/ Title: Convergent diversity and trait composition in temporary streams and ponds Author: Lytle, David A., Schriever, Tiffany A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292150-8925/ Close

• 52. [Article] A community-based approach for evaluating tradeoffs across marine ecosystem services in Oregon

  As competing uses of our coastlines increase, natural resource agencies are employing marine spatial planning (MSP) to designate areas for different uses or activities in order to reduce conflicts while ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A community-based approach for evaluating tradeoffs across marine ecosystem services in Oregon Author: Freeman, Peter M. As competing uses of our coastlines increase, natural resource agencies are employing marine spatial planning (MSP) to designate areas for different uses or activities in order to reduce conflicts while achieving ecological, economic and social objectives. A central challenge of implementing MSP is development of a rigorous approach for analyzing tradeoffs across the provision of ecosystem services (i.e., the benefits humans receive from nature). This study develops an operational approach to this problem that is founded on community-based methods, ecological production theory, and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). The approach merges ecological models with surveys to identify marine ecosystem services for use in tradeoff analysis. The approach allows for a single set of marine ecosystem services to at once be valued by local stakeholders and measured by biologists, thus connecting social and biological monitoring efforts. To develop the approach in a real-world context, I examined ecosystem services associated with nearshore marine ecosystems in Oregon, where marine reserves are being introduced for biodiversity conservation. I worked with stakeholder focus groups in three Oregon communities to identify 24 marine ecosystem services. I then linked the ecosystem services with ecological indicators, which I then consolidated to derive 11 items for use in a survey-based tradeoff analysis exercise. I administered the survey to a nonrandom sample of stakeholders in Oregon (n=31), from which their relative preferences and preference weights for ecosystem services were derived. The weights and preference measures may then be used in MSP decision-making. Furthermore, I grouped the stakeholder survey data in three ways: by location of residence (coastal vs. non-coastal), by eight categories of affiliation (e.g., business owners, conservationists, commercial and recreational fishers, etc.), and by resource use patterns. I then analyzed the various groupings of stakeholders for within- and between-group homogeneity of preferences. Results of the analyses showed that there are statistically significant variations in preferences within and between most groupings. Capturing the variations in stakeholder preferences is important when developing policies that affect different stakeholder groups. Thus, when implementing the survey instrument, I suggest random sampling of stakeholders stratified by location, affiliation, and resource use. This study provides one of the first examples of a systems-based approach to ecosystem service valuation operationalized to inform MSP, and novel features of the approach have a number of implications for advancing marine research and management. First, by using stakeholders to identify ecosystem services, the approach allows for a tailored implementation of ecosystem-based management at the community level. Second, by integrating ecological and economic information on the provision and value of ecosystem services, the approach provides relevant data for MSP decision-making during the siting, evaluation, and monitoring stages. And third, by applying both stated-preference and MCDA methods, the approach may capture the array of values represented by diverse stakeholder groups. Title: A community-based approach for evaluating tradeoffs across marine ecosystem services in Oregon Author: Freeman, Peter M. As competing uses of our coastlines increase, natural resource agencies are employing marine spatial planning (MSP) to designate areas for different uses or activities in order to reduce conflicts while achieving ecological, economic and social objectives. A central challenge of implementing MSP is development of a rigorous approach for analyzing tradeoffs across the provision of ecosystem services (i.e., the benefits humans receive from nature). This study develops an operational approach to this problem that is founded on community-based methods, ecological production theory, and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). The approach merges ecological models with surveys to identify marine ecosystem services for use in tradeoff analysis. The approach allows for a single set of marine ecosystem services to at once be valued by local stakeholders and measured by biologists, thus connecting social and biological monitoring efforts. To develop the approach in a real-world context, I examined ecosystem services associated with nearshore marine ecosystems in Oregon, where marine reserves are being introduced for biodiversity conservation. I worked with stakeholder focus groups in three Oregon communities to identify 24 marine ecosystem services. I then linked the ecosystem services with ecological indicators, which I then consolidated to derive 11 items for use in a survey-based tradeoff analysis exercise. I administered the survey to a nonrandom sample of stakeholders in Oregon (n=31), from which their relative preferences and preference weights for ecosystem services were derived. The weights and preference measures may then be used in MSP decision-making. Furthermore, I grouped the stakeholder survey data in three ways: by location of residence (coastal vs. non-coastal), by eight categories of affiliation (e.g., business owners, conservationists, commercial and recreational fishers, etc.), and by resource use patterns. I then analyzed the various groupings of stakeholders for within- and between-group homogeneity of preferences. Results of the analyses showed that there are statistically significant variations in preferences within and between most groupings. Capturing the variations in stakeholder preferences is important when developing policies that affect different stakeholder groups. Thus, when implementing the survey instrument, I suggest random sampling of stakeholders stratified by location, affiliation, and resource use. This study provides one of the first examples of a systems-based approach to ecosystem service valuation operationalized to inform MSP, and novel features of the approach have a number of implications for advancing marine research and management. First, by using stakeholders to identify ecosystem services, the approach allows for a tailored implementation of ecosystem-based management at the community level. Second, by integrating ecological and economic information on the provision and value of ecosystem services, the approach provides relevant data for MSP decision-making during the siting, evaluation, and monitoring stages. And third, by applying both stated-preference and MCDA methods, the approach may capture the array of values represented by diverse stakeholder groups. Close

• 53. [Article] Investing upstream : a social-ecological systems perspective on water utility investments in ecosystem services

  The concept of ecosystem services broadens perspectives on nature to include not only intrinsic value but also the utilitarian value it provides to society. Viewing nature through this lens informs our ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investing upstream : a social-ecological systems perspective on water utility investments in ecosystem services Author: Bennett, Drew E. The concept of ecosystem services broadens perspectives on nature to include not only intrinsic value but also the utilitarian value it provides to society. Viewing nature through this lens informs our understanding of how particular ecological processes benefit different actors. In this research, I examine how water utilities in the United States are beginning to recognize the economic value of functioning ecosystems that were previously ignored or taken for granted. In an effort to protect or restore valuable ecosystem services, many utilities are now developing payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs to link water customers to conservation efforts upstream through direct financial investments. Despite the increasing number of water utility PES programs, there is a lack of information regarding how these programs work, the social and environmental conditions necessary for their emergence, and how they fit into the context of their larger social-ecological systems (SES). This research addresses this gap. To characterize the diversity of water utility PES programs, I developed a working typology highlighting similarities and differences among 37 identified programs covering source water protection, fire risk mitigation, point source pollution offsets, voluntary customer offsets, and hydropower mitigation. Results from my research also show that the concept of PES has largely been promoted as a market-like approach to conservation that emphasizes economic efficiency through reduced transaction costs, perfect information, and the minimization of the role of state actors. While this framing of PES is widely shared, I argue that it does not capture the diversity of social and environmental settings in which PES programs are embedded. Instead, I demonstrate that PES initiatives often emerge in response to a variety of institutional needs, poorly understood environmental drivers, and involve a diversity of public and private actors. As a result, I argue that PES is better viewed through a broader "collective action" lens and suggest that those developing PES initiatives should expand from a focus on the market logic of efficiency to approaches that promote social capital and the collaborative capacity of community groups in the implementation of PES programs. I also argue that a more integrative conceptualization of PES--through synthesis with the SES framework--is necessary to take into account the broader social and ecological landscapes in which PES initiatives are embedded. The SES framework can provide insight into the multitude of factors that influence PES and facilitate the integration of knowledge from diverse disciplinary perspectives by providing a common language and consistency in the variables considered in analyses. To this end, I present an initial effort in the development of a taxonomy of core variables relevant to analyzing and understanding PES. I feel this adapted SES framework will help scholars move beyond academic debates and towards a shared understanding of the potential and limitations of PES as a policy mechanism for addressing complex ecosystem service management problems in diverse SESs. Title: Investing upstream : a social-ecological systems perspective on water utility investments in ecosystem services Author: Bennett, Drew E. The concept of ecosystem services broadens perspectives on nature to include not only intrinsic value but also the utilitarian value it provides to society. Viewing nature through this lens informs our understanding of how particular ecological processes benefit different actors. In this research, I examine how water utilities in the United States are beginning to recognize the economic value of functioning ecosystems that were previously ignored or taken for granted. In an effort to protect or restore valuable ecosystem services, many utilities are now developing payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs to link water customers to conservation efforts upstream through direct financial investments. Despite the increasing number of water utility PES programs, there is a lack of information regarding how these programs work, the social and environmental conditions necessary for their emergence, and how they fit into the context of their larger social-ecological systems (SES). This research addresses this gap. To characterize the diversity of water utility PES programs, I developed a working typology highlighting similarities and differences among 37 identified programs covering source water protection, fire risk mitigation, point source pollution offsets, voluntary customer offsets, and hydropower mitigation. Results from my research also show that the concept of PES has largely been promoted as a market-like approach to conservation that emphasizes economic efficiency through reduced transaction costs, perfect information, and the minimization of the role of state actors. While this framing of PES is widely shared, I argue that it does not capture the diversity of social and environmental settings in which PES programs are embedded. Instead, I demonstrate that PES initiatives often emerge in response to a variety of institutional needs, poorly understood environmental drivers, and involve a diversity of public and private actors. As a result, I argue that PES is better viewed through a broader "collective action" lens and suggest that those developing PES initiatives should expand from a focus on the market logic of efficiency to approaches that promote social capital and the collaborative capacity of community groups in the implementation of PES programs. I also argue that a more integrative conceptualization of PES--through synthesis with the SES framework--is necessary to take into account the broader social and ecological landscapes in which PES initiatives are embedded. The SES framework can provide insight into the multitude of factors that influence PES and facilitate the integration of knowledge from diverse disciplinary perspectives by providing a common language and consistency in the variables considered in analyses. To this end, I present an initial effort in the development of a taxonomy of core variables relevant to analyzing and understanding PES. I feel this adapted SES framework will help scholars move beyond academic debates and towards a shared understanding of the potential and limitations of PES as a policy mechanism for addressing complex ecosystem service management problems in diverse SESs. Close

• 54. [Article] Eutrophication weakens stabilizing effects of diversity in natural grasslands

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Nature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Eutrophication weakens stabilizing effects of diversity in natural grasslands Author: O'Halloran, Lydia R., Hautier, Yann, Borer, Elizabeth T., et al., Seabloom, Eric W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Nature Publishing Group and can be found at: http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html. Title: Eutrophication weakens stabilizing effects of diversity in natural grasslands Author: O'Halloran, Lydia R., Hautier, Yann, Borer, Elizabeth T., et al., Seabloom, Eric W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Nature Publishing Group and can be found at: http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html. Close

• 55. [Article] Green Roofs and Urban Biodiversity: Their Role as Invertebrate Habitat and the Effect of Design on Beetle Community

  With over half the world's population now living in cities, urban areas represent one of earth's few ecosystems that are increasing in extent, and are sites of altered biogeochemical cycles, habitat fragmentation, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Green Roofs and Urban Biodiversity: Their Role as Invertebrate Habitat and the Effect of Design on Beetle Community Author: Gonsalves, Sydney Marie Year: 2016 With over half the world's population now living in cities, urban areas represent one of earth's few ecosystems that are increasing in extent, and are sites of altered biogeochemical cycles, habitat fragmentation, and changes in biodiversity. However, urban green spaces, including green roofs, can also provide important pools of biodiversity and contribute to regional gamma diversity, while novel species assemblages can enhance some ecosystem services. Green roofs may also mitigate species loss in urban areas and have been shown to support a surprising diversity of invertebrates, including rare and endangered species. In the first part of this study I reviewed the literature on urban invertebrate communities and diversity to better understand the role of green roofs in providing habitat in the context of the larger urban mosaic. My review concluded that, while other factors such as surrounding land use and connectivity are also important to specific invertebrate taxa, local habitat variables contribute substantially to the structure and diversity of urban invertebrate communities. The importance of local habitat variables in urban green spaces and strong support for the habitat complexity hypothesis in a number of other ecosystems has led to proposals that "biodiverse" roofs--those intentionally designed with varied substrate depth, greater plant diversity, or added elements such as logs or stones--would support greater invertebrate diversity, but there is currently limited peer reviewed data to support this. In order to address the habitat complexity hypothesis in the context of green roofs, in the second part of this study I surveyed three roofs designed primarily for stormwater management, three biodiverse roofs, and five ground-level green spaces, from March until September of 2014 in the Portland metropolitan area. Beetles (Coleoptera) were sampled bi-weekly as representatives of total species diversity. Biodiverse roofs had greater richness, abundance, and diversity of beetle species compared to stormwater roofs, but were not more diverse than ground sites. Both biodiverse roofs and ground sites had approximately 20% native beetle species while stormwater roofs had only 5%. Functional diversity was also higher on biodiverse roofs with an average of seven trophic groups represented, while stormwater roofs averaged only three. Ground sites, biodiverse roofs, and stormwater roofs each grouped distinctively in terms of beetle community composition and biodiverse roof communities were found to be positively correlated with roof age, percent plant cover, average plant height, and plant species richness. These results support the findings of previous studies on the importance of local variables in structuring urban invertebrate communities and suggest that biodiverse design can reliably increase greenroof diversity, with the caution that they remain no replacement for ground level conservation. Title: Green Roofs and Urban Biodiversity: Their Role as Invertebrate Habitat and the Effect of Design on Beetle Community Author: Gonsalves, Sydney Marie Year: 2016 With over half the world's population now living in cities, urban areas represent one of earth's few ecosystems that are increasing in extent, and are sites of altered biogeochemical cycles, habitat fragmentation, and changes in biodiversity. However, urban green spaces, including green roofs, can also provide important pools of biodiversity and contribute to regional gamma diversity, while novel species assemblages can enhance some ecosystem services. Green roofs may also mitigate species loss in urban areas and have been shown to support a surprising diversity of invertebrates, including rare and endangered species. In the first part of this study I reviewed the literature on urban invertebrate communities and diversity to better understand the role of green roofs in providing habitat in the context of the larger urban mosaic. My review concluded that, while other factors such as surrounding land use and connectivity are also important to specific invertebrate taxa, local habitat variables contribute substantially to the structure and diversity of urban invertebrate communities. The importance of local habitat variables in urban green spaces and strong support for the habitat complexity hypothesis in a number of other ecosystems has led to proposals that "biodiverse" roofs--those intentionally designed with varied substrate depth, greater plant diversity, or added elements such as logs or stones--would support greater invertebrate diversity, but there is currently limited peer reviewed data to support this. In order to address the habitat complexity hypothesis in the context of green roofs, in the second part of this study I surveyed three roofs designed primarily for stormwater management, three biodiverse roofs, and five ground-level green spaces, from March until September of 2014 in the Portland metropolitan area. Beetles (Coleoptera) were sampled bi-weekly as representatives of total species diversity. Biodiverse roofs had greater richness, abundance, and diversity of beetle species compared to stormwater roofs, but were not more diverse than ground sites. Both biodiverse roofs and ground sites had approximately 20% native beetle species while stormwater roofs had only 5%. Functional diversity was also higher on biodiverse roofs with an average of seven trophic groups represented, while stormwater roofs averaged only three. Ground sites, biodiverse roofs, and stormwater roofs each grouped distinctively in terms of beetle community composition and biodiverse roof communities were found to be positively correlated with roof age, percent plant cover, average plant height, and plant species richness. These results support the findings of previous studies on the importance of local variables in structuring urban invertebrate communities and suggest that biodiverse design can reliably increase greenroof diversity, with the caution that they remain no replacement for ground level conservation. Close

• 56. [Article] A choice experiment analysis of public preferences for conservation of biological diversity in the Oregon Coast Range

  Ecosystem management has become an increasingly mainstream paradigm for natural resource management. Nowhere is this more evident than on the public and private forestland of the Pacific Northwest. While ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A choice experiment analysis of public preferences for conservation of biological diversity in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Garber-Yonts, Brian E. Ecosystem management has become an increasingly mainstream paradigm for natural resource management. Nowhere is this more evident than on the public and private forestland of the Pacific Northwest. While ecosystem management has become a widely accepted principle of resource management, substantial questions remain about its implementation. A case in point is the conservation of biological diversity: within both the scientific literature and the policy debate, it is unclear what are the best methods for its conservation. In addition, the public goods nature of biological diversity limits the ability of managers and policy makers to use economic information to prioritize biodiversity policy goals in making resource management decisions. This study uses a choice experiment (CE) framework to produce utility theoretic estimates of the welfare effects of changes in the level of biodiversity protection under different conservation programs. The sample frame for the study spans Oregon households, with three regional strata (Eastern, Willamette Valley, and Coastal), allowing measurement of regional preference heterogeneity. We present biodiversity policy as an amalgam of four different conservation programs: aquatic habitat conservation, forest rotation management, endangered species protection, and large-scale conservation reserves. The study results indicate substantial support for conservation programs. While WTP is positive for initial increases above baseline levels of protection, results indicate that WTP for large increases fall to zero or become negative, requiring monetary compensation for further increases, substantial increases over the current baseline would generate increased consumer surplus, though overall location of land resources to biodiversity is perceived on average as a welfare loss. The survey instrument included a dichotomous choice contingent valuation WTP elicitation for the purpose of methodological comparison to the CE approach. Results tentatively support the conclusion that the CE approach produces more conservative (lower) estimates of consumer surplus. The study also indicated a strong bias toward the management status quo, though the basis for this preference, and its importance in the context of policy analysis, remains an important subject for further research. Title: A choice experiment analysis of public preferences for conservation of biological diversity in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Garber-Yonts, Brian E. Ecosystem management has become an increasingly mainstream paradigm for natural resource management. Nowhere is this more evident than on the public and private forestland of the Pacific Northwest. While ecosystem management has become a widely accepted principle of resource management, substantial questions remain about its implementation. A case in point is the conservation of biological diversity: within both the scientific literature and the policy debate, it is unclear what are the best methods for its conservation. In addition, the public goods nature of biological diversity limits the ability of managers and policy makers to use economic information to prioritize biodiversity policy goals in making resource management decisions. This study uses a choice experiment (CE) framework to produce utility theoretic estimates of the welfare effects of changes in the level of biodiversity protection under different conservation programs. The sample frame for the study spans Oregon households, with three regional strata (Eastern, Willamette Valley, and Coastal), allowing measurement of regional preference heterogeneity. We present biodiversity policy as an amalgam of four different conservation programs: aquatic habitat conservation, forest rotation management, endangered species protection, and large-scale conservation reserves. The study results indicate substantial support for conservation programs. While WTP is positive for initial increases above baseline levels of protection, results indicate that WTP for large increases fall to zero or become negative, requiring monetary compensation for further increases, substantial increases over the current baseline would generate increased consumer surplus, though overall location of land resources to biodiversity is perceived on average as a welfare loss. The survey instrument included a dichotomous choice contingent valuation WTP elicitation for the purpose of methodological comparison to the CE approach. Results tentatively support the conclusion that the CE approach produces more conservative (lower) estimates of consumer surplus. The study also indicated a strong bias toward the management status quo, though the basis for this preference, and its importance in the context of policy analysis, remains an important subject for further research. Close

• 57. [Article] Classifying Oregon lake-watershed ecosystems for regional water resources assessment

  Natural lake-watershed ecosystems in Oregon compose a diverse and valuable assemblage of land and water resources. With an increasing demand on lakes for recreation, water supplies, and aesthetic values ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Classifying Oregon lake-watershed ecosystems for regional water resources assessment Author: Jones, Randall Alan Year: 1987 Natural lake-watershed ecosystems in Oregon compose a diverse and valuable assemblage of land and water resources. With an increasing demand on lakes for recreation, water supplies, and aesthetic values and an increase in available data on Oregon lake systems, there is a need for applicable and timely scientific water management information about lake conditions statewide. This thesis is an attempt to summarize some of the data collected on natural Oregon lake-watershed ecosystems. The purpose of the thesis is to identify the most typical natural systems out of an initial data base of twenty-four variables, measured over ninety-eight lake-watershed ecosystems. The selected variables are reduced to five common factors using principal components factor analysis. K-means cluster analysis is used to create similar groups of lake systems. These groups are compared to ecoregions in Oregon and a typical, representative lake ecosystem is identified for each group. Results show that several lake systems of the state are unique. Title: Classifying Oregon lake-watershed ecosystems for regional water resources assessment Author: Jones, Randall Alan Year: 1987 Natural lake-watershed ecosystems in Oregon compose a diverse and valuable assemblage of land and water resources. With an increasing demand on lakes for recreation, water supplies, and aesthetic values and an increase in available data on Oregon lake systems, there is a need for applicable and timely scientific water management information about lake conditions statewide. This thesis is an attempt to summarize some of the data collected on natural Oregon lake-watershed ecosystems. The purpose of the thesis is to identify the most typical natural systems out of an initial data base of twenty-four variables, measured over ninety-eight lake-watershed ecosystems. The selected variables are reduced to five common factors using principal components factor analysis. K-means cluster analysis is used to create similar groups of lake systems. These groups are compared to ecoregions in Oregon and a typical, representative lake ecosystem is identified for each group. Results show that several lake systems of the state are unique. Close

• 58. [Article] Ecosystem services markets for family foresters

  This is a report produced as part of a class led by John Bliss, Sally Duncan and James Johnston under a grant from the American Forest Foundation.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecosystem services markets for family foresters Author: Butler, Greg, MacFarland, Kate, Comfort, Emily, Salas, Javier, Cummings, Ed, Institute for Natural Resources, Pfeiffer, Vera, Harrison, Jane, Eliis, Tana, Smedstad, Jill, Overdevest, Justin This is a report produced as part of a class led by John Bliss, Sally Duncan and James Johnston under a grant from the American Forest Foundation. Title: Ecosystem services markets for family foresters Author: Butler, Greg, MacFarland, Kate, Comfort, Emily, Salas, Javier, Cummings, Ed, Institute for Natural Resources, Pfeiffer, Vera, Harrison, Jane, Eliis, Tana, Smedstad, Jill, Overdevest, Justin This is a report produced as part of a class led by John Bliss, Sally Duncan and James Johnston under a grant from the American Forest Foundation. Close

• 59. [Article] Climate Change Effects on Northern Great Lake (USA) Forests: A Case for Preserving Diversity

  Under business as usual (BAU) management, stresses posed by climate change may exceed the ability of Great Lake forests to adapt. Temperature and precipitation projections in the Great Lakes region are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate Change Effects on Northern Great Lake (USA) Forests: A Case for Preserving Diversity Author: Duveneck, Matthew Joshua, Scheller, Robert M., White, Mark A., Handler, Stephen D., Ravenscroft, Catherine Year: 2014 Under business as usual (BAU) management, stresses posed by climate change may exceed the ability of Great Lake forests to adapt. Temperature and precipitation projections in the Great Lakes region are expected to change forest tree species composition and productivity. It is unknown how a change in productivity and/or tree species diversity due to climate change will affect the relationship between diversity and productivity. We assessed how forests in two landscapes (i.e., northern lower Michigan and northeastern Minnesota, USA) would respond to climate change and explored the diversityproductivity relationship under climate change. In addition, we explored how tree species diversity varied across landscapes by soil type, climate, and management. We used a spatially dynamic forest ecosystem model, LANDIS-II, to simulate BAU forest management under three climate scenarios (current climate, low emissions, and high emissions) in each landscape. We found a positive relationship between diversity and productivity only under a high emissions future as productivity declined. Within landscapes, climate change simulations resulted in the highest diversity in the coolest climate regions and lowest diversity in the warmest climate region in Minnesota and Michigan, respectively. Simulated productivity declined in both landscapes under the high emissions climate scenario as species such as balsam fir (Abies balsamea) declined in abundance. In the Great Lakes region, a high emissions future may decrease forest productivity creating a more positive relationship between diversity and productivity. Maintaining a diversity of tree species may become increasingly important to maintain the adaptive capacity of forests. Title: Climate Change Effects on Northern Great Lake (USA) Forests: A Case for Preserving Diversity Author: Duveneck, Matthew Joshua, Scheller, Robert M., White, Mark A., Handler, Stephen D., Ravenscroft, Catherine Year: 2014 Under business as usual (BAU) management, stresses posed by climate change may exceed the ability of Great Lake forests to adapt. Temperature and precipitation projections in the Great Lakes region are expected to change forest tree species composition and productivity. It is unknown how a change in productivity and/or tree species diversity due to climate change will affect the relationship between diversity and productivity. We assessed how forests in two landscapes (i.e., northern lower Michigan and northeastern Minnesota, USA) would respond to climate change and explored the diversityproductivity relationship under climate change. In addition, we explored how tree species diversity varied across landscapes by soil type, climate, and management. We used a spatially dynamic forest ecosystem model, LANDIS-II, to simulate BAU forest management under three climate scenarios (current climate, low emissions, and high emissions) in each landscape. We found a positive relationship between diversity and productivity only under a high emissions future as productivity declined. Within landscapes, climate change simulations resulted in the highest diversity in the coolest climate regions and lowest diversity in the warmest climate region in Minnesota and Michigan, respectively. Simulated productivity declined in both landscapes under the high emissions climate scenario as species such as balsam fir (Abies balsamea) declined in abundance. In the Great Lakes region, a high emissions future may decrease forest productivity creating a more positive relationship between diversity and productivity. Maintaining a diversity of tree species may become increasingly important to maintain the adaptive capacity of forests. Close

• 60. [Article] Multi-scale Drivers of Spatial Variation in Old-Growth Forest Carbon Density Disentangled with Lidar and an Individual-Based Landscape Model

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10021. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multi-scale Drivers of Spatial Variation in Old-Growth Forest Carbon Density Disentangled with Lidar and an Individual-Based Landscape Model Author: Pabst, Robert J., Olsen, Keith, Spies, Thomas A., Seidl, Rupert, Steel, E. Ashley, Rammer, Werner This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10021. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Multi-scale Drivers of Spatial Variation in Old-Growth Forest Carbon Density Disentangled with Lidar and an Individual-Based Landscape Model Author: Pabst, Robert J., Olsen, Keith, Spies, Thomas A., Seidl, Rupert, Steel, E. Ashley, Rammer, Werner This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10021. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 61. [Article] Exploring, Exploiting and Evolving Diversity of Aquatic Ecosystem Models: a Community Perspective

  Here, we present a community perspective on how to explore, exploit and evolve the diversity in aquatic ecosystem models. These models play an important role in understanding the functioning of aquatic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring, Exploiting and Evolving Diversity of Aquatic Ecosystem Models: a Community Perspective Author: Janssen, Annette B.G., Arhonditsis, George B., Beusen, Arthur, Bolding, Karsten, Bruce, Louise, Bruggeman, Jorn, Couture, Raoul-Marie, Downing, Andrea S., Elliott, J. Alex, Frassl, Marieke A., Gal, Gideon, Gerla, Daan J., Hipsey, Matthew R., Hu, Fenjuan, Ives, Stephen C., Janse, Jan H., Jeppesen, Erik, Jöhnk, Klaus D., Kneis, David, Kong, Xiangzhen, Kuiper, Jan J., Lehmann, Moritz K., Lemmen, Carsten, Özkundakci, Deniz, Petzoldt, Thomas, Rinke, Karsten, Robson, Barbara J., Sachse, René, Schep, Sebastiaan A., Schmid, Martin, Scholten, Huub, Teurlincx, Sven, Trolle, Dennis, Troost, Tineke A., Van Dam, Anne A., Van Gerven, Luuk P.A., Weijerman, Mariska, Wells, Scott A., Mooij, Wolf M. Year: 2015 Here, we present a community perspective on how to explore, exploit and evolve the diversity in aquatic ecosystem models. These models play an important role in understanding the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, filling in observation gaps and developing effective strategies for water quality management. In this spirit, numerous models have been developed since the 1970s. We set off to explore model diversity by making an inventory among 42 aquatic ecosystem modellers, by categorizing the resulting set of models and by analysing them for diversity. We then focus on how to exploit model diversity by comparing and combining different aspects of existing models. Finally, we discuss how model diversity came about in the past and could evolve in the future. Throughout our study, we use analogies from biodiversity research to analyse and interpret model diversity. We recommend to make models publicly available through open-source policies, to standardize documentation and technical implementation of models, and to compare models through ensemble modelling and interdisciplinary approaches. We end with our perspective on how the field of aquatic ecosystem modelling might develop in the next 5–10 years. To strive for clarity and to improve readability for non-modellers, we include a glossary. Title: Exploring, Exploiting and Evolving Diversity of Aquatic Ecosystem Models: a Community Perspective Author: Janssen, Annette B.G., Arhonditsis, George B., Beusen, Arthur, Bolding, Karsten, Bruce, Louise, Bruggeman, Jorn, Couture, Raoul-Marie, Downing, Andrea S., Elliott, J. Alex, Frassl, Marieke A., Gal, Gideon, Gerla, Daan J., Hipsey, Matthew R., Hu, Fenjuan, Ives, Stephen C., Janse, Jan H., Jeppesen, Erik, Jöhnk, Klaus D., Kneis, David, Kong, Xiangzhen, Kuiper, Jan J., Lehmann, Moritz K., Lemmen, Carsten, Özkundakci, Deniz, Petzoldt, Thomas, Rinke, Karsten, Robson, Barbara J., Sachse, René, Schep, Sebastiaan A., Schmid, Martin, Scholten, Huub, Teurlincx, Sven, Trolle, Dennis, Troost, Tineke A., Van Dam, Anne A., Van Gerven, Luuk P.A., Weijerman, Mariska, Wells, Scott A., Mooij, Wolf M. Year: 2015 Here, we present a community perspective on how to explore, exploit and evolve the diversity in aquatic ecosystem models. These models play an important role in understanding the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, filling in observation gaps and developing effective strategies for water quality management. In this spirit, numerous models have been developed since the 1970s. We set off to explore model diversity by making an inventory among 42 aquatic ecosystem modellers, by categorizing the resulting set of models and by analysing them for diversity. We then focus on how to exploit model diversity by comparing and combining different aspects of existing models. Finally, we discuss how model diversity came about in the past and could evolve in the future. Throughout our study, we use analogies from biodiversity research to analyse and interpret model diversity. We recommend to make models publicly available through open-source policies, to standardize documentation and technical implementation of models, and to compare models through ensemble modelling and interdisciplinary approaches. We end with our perspective on how the field of aquatic ecosystem modelling might develop in the next 5–10 years. To strive for clarity and to improve readability for non-modellers, we include a glossary. Close

• 62. [Article] Increased Taxonomic and Functional Similarity Does Not Increase the Trophic Similarity of Communities

  Aim: Despite a long-standing research interest in the association between the biodiversity (i.e. taxonomic and functional composition) and trophic structure of communities, our understanding of the relationship ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Increased Taxonomic and Functional Similarity Does Not Increase the Trophic Similarity of Communities Author: Pool, Thomas K., Cucherousset, Julien, Boulêtreau, Stéphanie, Villéger, Sébastien, Strecker, Angela L., Grenouillet, Gaël Year: 2015 Aim: Despite a long-standing research interest in the association between the biodiversity (i.e. taxonomic and functional composition) and trophic structure of communities, our understanding of the relationship remains limited. Community assembly theory predicts that niche partitioning will result in communities with a diverse array of functional traits, which in turn may facilitate a correspondingly diverse array of trophic interactions that define the trophic niche of those communities. The aim of our study is to test this prediction. Methods: We built a database composed of functional traits and stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) for 63 freshwater fish communities containing 109 species in 34 lentic and 29 lotic ecosystems. First, using linear mixed models (i.e. an alpha-diversity approach), we tested whether the taxonomic diversity of communities was positively associated with their functional diversity and if their functional diversity was positively associated with their trophic diversity. Second, we assessed the taxonomic, functional and trophic similarity of communities using multiple regression on distance matrices (MRM) and their respective ‘turnover’ and ‘nestedness-resultant’ components to test if the taxonomic similarity of communities was positively correlated with their functional similarity and if their functional similarity was positively associated with their trophic similarity (i.e. a beta-diversity approach). Results: We found that the functional diversity of communities increased as their taxonomic diversity increased. Similarly, the trophic diversity of communities increased as their functional diversity increased. The pairwise taxonomic and functional similarity of communities were also positively associated, but there was a weak relationship between the functional and trophic similarities of communities. Main conclusions: Our study demonstrates that communities with similar functional characteristics can have disparate food web structures, suggesting that additional site-specific factors influence community variation in trophic niche geometry. Determining the relative importance of functional characteristics and site-specific factors in shaping trophic interactions is crucial for a better understanding of how future species loss and species introductions will affect food web structure and ecosystem functioning. Title: Increased Taxonomic and Functional Similarity Does Not Increase the Trophic Similarity of Communities Author: Pool, Thomas K., Cucherousset, Julien, Boulêtreau, Stéphanie, Villéger, Sébastien, Strecker, Angela L., Grenouillet, Gaël Year: 2015 Aim: Despite a long-standing research interest in the association between the biodiversity (i.e. taxonomic and functional composition) and trophic structure of communities, our understanding of the relationship remains limited. Community assembly theory predicts that niche partitioning will result in communities with a diverse array of functional traits, which in turn may facilitate a correspondingly diverse array of trophic interactions that define the trophic niche of those communities. The aim of our study is to test this prediction. Methods: We built a database composed of functional traits and stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) for 63 freshwater fish communities containing 109 species in 34 lentic and 29 lotic ecosystems. First, using linear mixed models (i.e. an alpha-diversity approach), we tested whether the taxonomic diversity of communities was positively associated with their functional diversity and if their functional diversity was positively associated with their trophic diversity. Second, we assessed the taxonomic, functional and trophic similarity of communities using multiple regression on distance matrices (MRM) and their respective ‘turnover’ and ‘nestedness-resultant’ components to test if the taxonomic similarity of communities was positively correlated with their functional similarity and if their functional similarity was positively associated with their trophic similarity (i.e. a beta-diversity approach). Results: We found that the functional diversity of communities increased as their taxonomic diversity increased. Similarly, the trophic diversity of communities increased as their functional diversity increased. The pairwise taxonomic and functional similarity of communities were also positively associated, but there was a weak relationship between the functional and trophic similarities of communities. Main conclusions: Our study demonstrates that communities with similar functional characteristics can have disparate food web structures, suggesting that additional site-specific factors influence community variation in trophic niche geometry. Determining the relative importance of functional characteristics and site-specific factors in shaping trophic interactions is crucial for a better understanding of how future species loss and species introductions will affect food web structure and ecosystem functioning. Close

• 63. [Article] Glacial Ecosystems

  There is now compelling evidence that microbially mediated reactions impart a significant effect upon the dynamics, composition, and abundance of nutrients in glacial melt water. Consequently, we must ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Glacial Ecosystems Author: Hodson, Amy, Anesio, Alexandre M., Tranter, Martyn, Fountain, Andrew G., Osborn, Mark, Priscu, John Charles, Laybourn-Perry, Johanna, Sattler, Birgit Year: 2008 There is now compelling evidence that microbially mediated reactions impart a significant effect upon the dynamics, composition, and abundance of nutrients in glacial melt water. Consequently, we must now consider ice masses as ecosystem habitats in their own right and address their diversity, functional potential, and activity as part of alpine and polar environments. Although such research is already underway, its fragmentary nature provides little basis for developing modern concepts of glacier ecology. This paper therefore provides a much-needed framework for development by reviewing the physical, biogeochemical, and microbiological characteristics of microbial habitats that have been identified within glaciers and ice sheets. Two key glacial ecosystems emerge, one inhabiting the glacier surface (the supraglacial ecosystem) and one at the ice-bed interface (the subglacial ecosystem). The supraglacial ecosystem is characterized by a diverse consortium of microbes (usually bacteria, algae, phytoflagellates, fungi, viruses and occasional rotifers, tardigrades, and diatoms) within the snowpack, supraglacial streams, and melt pools (cryoconite holes). The subglacial system is dominated by aerobic/anaerobic bacteria and most probably viruses in basal ice/till mixtures and subglacial lakes. A third, so-called englacial ecosystem is also described, but it is demonstrated that conditions within glacier ice are sufficient to make metabolic activity and its impact upon nutrient dynamics negligible at the glacier scale. Consideration of the surface and internal heat balances of the glacier show that all glacial ecosystems are sensitive to climate change, although at different timescales. Thus, while rapid, melt-driven habitat changes lead to melt-out, resuscitation, and redistribution of microorganisms in many supraglacial ecosystems, much slower climatic and glacial mass-balance processes effect such changes in the subglacial ecosystem. Paradoxically, it is shown that these forces have brought about net refreezing and the onset of cryostasis in the subglacial ecosystems of many Arctic glaciers subject to thinning in recent decades. Title: Glacial Ecosystems Author: Hodson, Amy, Anesio, Alexandre M., Tranter, Martyn, Fountain, Andrew G., Osborn, Mark, Priscu, John Charles, Laybourn-Perry, Johanna, Sattler, Birgit Year: 2008 There is now compelling evidence that microbially mediated reactions impart a significant effect upon the dynamics, composition, and abundance of nutrients in glacial melt water. Consequently, we must now consider ice masses as ecosystem habitats in their own right and address their diversity, functional potential, and activity as part of alpine and polar environments. Although such research is already underway, its fragmentary nature provides little basis for developing modern concepts of glacier ecology. This paper therefore provides a much-needed framework for development by reviewing the physical, biogeochemical, and microbiological characteristics of microbial habitats that have been identified within glaciers and ice sheets. Two key glacial ecosystems emerge, one inhabiting the glacier surface (the supraglacial ecosystem) and one at the ice-bed interface (the subglacial ecosystem). The supraglacial ecosystem is characterized by a diverse consortium of microbes (usually bacteria, algae, phytoflagellates, fungi, viruses and occasional rotifers, tardigrades, and diatoms) within the snowpack, supraglacial streams, and melt pools (cryoconite holes). The subglacial system is dominated by aerobic/anaerobic bacteria and most probably viruses in basal ice/till mixtures and subglacial lakes. A third, so-called englacial ecosystem is also described, but it is demonstrated that conditions within glacier ice are sufficient to make metabolic activity and its impact upon nutrient dynamics negligible at the glacier scale. Consideration of the surface and internal heat balances of the glacier show that all glacial ecosystems are sensitive to climate change, although at different timescales. Thus, while rapid, melt-driven habitat changes lead to melt-out, resuscitation, and redistribution of microorganisms in many supraglacial ecosystems, much slower climatic and glacial mass-balance processes effect such changes in the subglacial ecosystem. Paradoxically, it is shown that these forces have brought about net refreezing and the onset of cryostasis in the subglacial ecosystems of many Arctic glaciers subject to thinning in recent decades. Close

• 64. [Image] Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 1

  	Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 1 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005, 2004 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 1 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005, 2004 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Close

• 65. [Article] Hydrology shapes taxonomic and functional structure of desert stream invertebrate communities

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The article is copyrighted by The Society for Freshwater Science and published by The University of Chicago Press. It can ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrology shapes taxonomic and functional structure of desert stream invertebrate communities Author: Lytle, David A., Olden, Julian D., Jaeger, Kristin L., Bogan, Michael T., Schriever, Tiffany A., Cañedo-Argüelles, Miguel, Boersma, Kate S. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The article is copyrighted by The Society for Freshwater Science and published by The University of Chicago Press. It can be found at: http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/journals/journal/fws.html Title: Hydrology shapes taxonomic and functional structure of desert stream invertebrate communities Author: Lytle, David A., Olden, Julian D., Jaeger, Kristin L., Bogan, Michael T., Schriever, Tiffany A., Cañedo-Argüelles, Miguel, Boersma, Kate S. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The article is copyrighted by The Society for Freshwater Science and published by The University of Chicago Press. It can be found at: http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/journals/journal/fws.html Close

• 66. [Article] Comparative Composition, Diversity and Trophic Ecology of Sediment Macrofauna at Vents, Seeps and Organic Falls

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative Composition, Diversity and Trophic Ecology of Sediment Macrofauna at Vents, Seeps and Organic Falls Author: Smith, Craig R., Thurber, Andrew R., Levin, Lisa A., Bernardino, Angelo F. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Title: Comparative Composition, Diversity and Trophic Ecology of Sediment Macrofauna at Vents, Seeps and Organic Falls Author: Smith, Craig R., Thurber, Andrew R., Levin, Lisa A., Bernardino, Angelo F. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Close

• 67. [Article] Hydroclimatic and hydrochemical controls on Plecoptera diversity and distribution in northern freshwater ecosystems

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydroclimatic and hydrochemical controls on Plecoptera diversity and distribution in northern freshwater ecosystems Author: Soulsby, Chris, Laudon, Hjalmar, Cunjak, Richard, Carey, Sean K., Shanley, Jamie, Buttle, Jim, Seibert, Jan, Kruitbos, Laura M., McGuire, Kevin, McDonnell, Jeffrey J., Tetzlaff, Doerthe To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/?SGWID=0-102-0-0-0. Title: Hydroclimatic and hydrochemical controls on Plecoptera diversity and distribution in northern freshwater ecosystems Author: Soulsby, Chris, Laudon, Hjalmar, Cunjak, Richard, Carey, Sean K., Shanley, Jamie, Buttle, Jim, Seibert, Jan, Kruitbos, Laura M., McGuire, Kevin, McDonnell, Jeffrey J., Tetzlaff, Doerthe To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/?SGWID=0-102-0-0-0. Close

• 68. [Article] Obligations to Protect Marine Ecosystems Under International Conventions and other Legal Instruments

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Obligations to Protect Marine Ecosystems Under International Conventions and other Legal Instruments Author: Aqorau, Transform Research Paper Title: Obligations to Protect Marine Ecosystems Under International Conventions and other Legal Instruments Author: Aqorau, Transform Research Paper Close

• 69. [Article] Laboratory studies of successional patterns in assemblages of attached estuarine diatoms

  Successional patterns of attached estuarine diatoms were investigated using laboratory model ecosystems. Artificial substrates of acrylic plastic were exposed to 0, 4, and 10 hours of desiccation per day. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Laboratory studies of successional patterns in assemblages of attached estuarine diatoms Author: Berglund, Lisette Aline Successional patterns of attached estuarine diatoms were investigated using laboratory model ecosystems. Artificial substrates of acrylic plastic were exposed to 0, 4, and 10 hours of desiccation per day. Diatom assemblages that developed under temperatures normal for Yaquina Bay, Oregon (control ecosystem) were compared to assemblages that developed at temperatures elevated 10 C (heated ecosystem). Continuously submerged substrates were quickly invaded by solitary, motile and attached diatoms. By the end of the experiment, filamentous and tube dwelling colonial diatoms had become established with many motile and epiphytic diatoms interspersed among the colonies. However, planktonic taxa were the first to settle on the substrates exposed to 4 and 10 hours of desiccation. These taxa were gradually replaced in prominence by solitary, motile and attached taxa that had previously colonized the continuously submerged substrates and by several species that were tolerant of desiccation and high air temperatures. Again, filamentous and tube dwelling forms began to establish colonies at the end of the experiment. A total of 21,569 diatoms was counted in 42 samples, and 136 species were identified. The most abundant diatoms found in the control ecosystem included Navicula directa, Thalassiosira no. 1, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Nitzschia no. 2, and Navicula diserta. Thalassiosira no. 1, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Nitzschia aerophila, Nitzschia sigma, and Navicula no. 2 were the most abundant species in the heated ecosystem. Of these taxa, Navicula directa and Thalassionema nitzschioides were the most evenly distributed over the samples. Species diversity was higher in the heated ecosystem than in the control ecosystem. Title: Laboratory studies of successional patterns in assemblages of attached estuarine diatoms Author: Berglund, Lisette Aline Successional patterns of attached estuarine diatoms were investigated using laboratory model ecosystems. Artificial substrates of acrylic plastic were exposed to 0, 4, and 10 hours of desiccation per day. Diatom assemblages that developed under temperatures normal for Yaquina Bay, Oregon (control ecosystem) were compared to assemblages that developed at temperatures elevated 10 C (heated ecosystem). Continuously submerged substrates were quickly invaded by solitary, motile and attached diatoms. By the end of the experiment, filamentous and tube dwelling colonial diatoms had become established with many motile and epiphytic diatoms interspersed among the colonies. However, planktonic taxa were the first to settle on the substrates exposed to 4 and 10 hours of desiccation. These taxa were gradually replaced in prominence by solitary, motile and attached taxa that had previously colonized the continuously submerged substrates and by several species that were tolerant of desiccation and high air temperatures. Again, filamentous and tube dwelling forms began to establish colonies at the end of the experiment. A total of 21,569 diatoms was counted in 42 samples, and 136 species were identified. The most abundant diatoms found in the control ecosystem included Navicula directa, Thalassiosira no. 1, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Nitzschia no. 2, and Navicula diserta. Thalassiosira no. 1, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Nitzschia aerophila, Nitzschia sigma, and Navicula no. 2 were the most abundant species in the heated ecosystem. Of these taxa, Navicula directa and Thalassionema nitzschioides were the most evenly distributed over the samples. Species diversity was higher in the heated ecosystem than in the control ecosystem. Close

• 70. [Article] Environmental variability and system heterogeneity in terrestrial biogeochemical models

  Ecosystems are highly heterogeneous systems subjected to important levels of environmental variability; however, it is common in terrestrial biogeochemical models to assume homogeneous properties of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental variability and system heterogeneity in terrestrial biogeochemical models Author: Sierra, Carlos Alberto Ecosystems are highly heterogeneous systems subjected to important levels of environmental variability; however, it is common in terrestrial biogeochemical models to assume homogeneous properties of the elements of the system or constant environmental conditions. For some processes, heterogeneity in these models is treated very simplistically, but there is not much information about the advantages of including more complex representations in these models. By environmental variability I refer to the continuous changes of abiotic drivers in ecosystems, mainly climatic conditions. System heterogeneity is treated here as the diversity of elements that compose an ecosystem and respond differently to biotic and abiotic drivers. In this dissertation I performed a theoretical analysis to evaluate the consequences of ignoring heterogeneity and variability on the representation of carbon and nitrogen cycling in terrestrial biogeochemical models. For this purpose I used tools from probability theory and simulation models to test the hypothesis that ignoring heterogeneity and variability excludes a variety of system properties and behaviors that cannot be obtained with simpler models. Explicit treatments of climatic variability showed that changes in temperature variance alone can modify the amounts of respiration and carbon storage in ecosystems. Additionally, changes in temperature variance can modify predictions solely based on changes in temperature averages. This behavior is strongly dependent on the degree and nature of nonlinearity in ecosystems. Effects of system heterogeneity on carbon and nitrogen cycling are also strongly influenced by nonlinearities. Extrapolations of average system behavior are only valid when the system is linear and the elements of the system are distributed homogeneously or symmetrically around an average value. In all other cases, the nonlinearity of the system and the distribution of its elements produce complex behaviors that are impossible to predict with simple models. Title: Environmental variability and system heterogeneity in terrestrial biogeochemical models Author: Sierra, Carlos Alberto Ecosystems are highly heterogeneous systems subjected to important levels of environmental variability; however, it is common in terrestrial biogeochemical models to assume homogeneous properties of the elements of the system or constant environmental conditions. For some processes, heterogeneity in these models is treated very simplistically, but there is not much information about the advantages of including more complex representations in these models. By environmental variability I refer to the continuous changes of abiotic drivers in ecosystems, mainly climatic conditions. System heterogeneity is treated here as the diversity of elements that compose an ecosystem and respond differently to biotic and abiotic drivers. In this dissertation I performed a theoretical analysis to evaluate the consequences of ignoring heterogeneity and variability on the representation of carbon and nitrogen cycling in terrestrial biogeochemical models. For this purpose I used tools from probability theory and simulation models to test the hypothesis that ignoring heterogeneity and variability excludes a variety of system properties and behaviors that cannot be obtained with simpler models. Explicit treatments of climatic variability showed that changes in temperature variance alone can modify the amounts of respiration and carbon storage in ecosystems. Additionally, changes in temperature variance can modify predictions solely based on changes in temperature averages. This behavior is strongly dependent on the degree and nature of nonlinearity in ecosystems. Effects of system heterogeneity on carbon and nitrogen cycling are also strongly influenced by nonlinearities. Extrapolations of average system behavior are only valid when the system is linear and the elements of the system are distributed homogeneously or symmetrically around an average value. In all other cases, the nonlinearity of the system and the distribution of its elements produce complex behaviors that are impossible to predict with simple models. Close

• 71. [Article] Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Annual Reviews and can be found at: http://www.annualreviews.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Author: Ruckelshaus, Mary, English, Chad A., Chan, Francis, Grebmeier, Jacqueline M., Hollowed, Anne B., Galindo, Heather M., Barry, James P., Duffy, J. Emmett, Sydeman, William J., Knowlton, Nancy, Talley, Lynne D., Doney, Scott C., Polovina, Jeffrey, Rabalais, Nancy N. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Annual Reviews and can be found at: http://www.annualreviews.org/. Title: Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Author: Ruckelshaus, Mary, English, Chad A., Chan, Francis, Grebmeier, Jacqueline M., Hollowed, Anne B., Galindo, Heather M., Barry, James P., Duffy, J. Emmett, Sydeman, William J., Knowlton, Nancy, Talley, Lynne D., Doney, Scott C., Polovina, Jeffrey, Rabalais, Nancy N. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Annual Reviews and can be found at: http://www.annualreviews.org/. Close

• 72. [Article] Resource waves: phenological diversity enhances foraging opportunities for mobile consumers

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resource waves: phenological diversity enhances foraging opportunities for mobile consumers Author: Takimoto, Gaku, Hayes, Matthew M., Schindler, Daniel E., Kauffman, Matthew J., Armstrong, Jonathan B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291939-9170/ Title: Resource waves: phenological diversity enhances foraging opportunities for mobile consumers Author: Takimoto, Gaku, Hayes, Matthew M., Schindler, Daniel E., Kauffman, Matthew J., Armstrong, Jonathan B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291939-9170/ Close

• 73. [Article] Patterns and Variation in Benthic Biodiversity in a Large Marine Ecosystem

  Supporting information can be located at: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0135135#sec014

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns and Variation in Benthic Biodiversity in a Large Marine Ecosystem Author: Ingeman, Kurt E., Lindsley, Amy J., Piacenza, Susan E., Barner, Allison K., Reimer, Jessica N., Rowe, Jennifer C., Heppell, Selina S., Thompson, Kevin A., Boersma, Kate S., Kindinger, Tye L., Cerny-Chipman, Elizabeth B., Benkwitt, Cassandra E., Lee, Jonathan D., Thurman, Lindsey L., Shen, Chenchen Supporting information can be located at: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0135135#sec014 Title: Patterns and Variation in Benthic Biodiversity in a Large Marine Ecosystem Author: Ingeman, Kurt E., Lindsley, Amy J., Piacenza, Susan E., Barner, Allison K., Reimer, Jessica N., Rowe, Jennifer C., Heppell, Selina S., Thompson, Kevin A., Boersma, Kate S., Kindinger, Tye L., Cerny-Chipman, Elizabeth B., Benkwitt, Cassandra E., Lee, Jonathan D., Thurman, Lindsey L., Shen, Chenchen Supporting information can be located at: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0135135#sec014 Close

• 74. [Image] Natural flow of the upper Klamath River

  	Executive Summary Executive Summary This report presents details of the investigation and results in estimating the natural flow of the upper Klamath River at Keno, Oregon. The area investigated includes ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Natural flow of the upper Klamath River Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Klamath Basin Area Office Year: 2005, 2008 Executive Summary Executive Summary This report presents details of the investigation and results in estimating the natural flow of the upper Klamath River at Keno, Oregon. The area investigated includes the Klamath River Basin above Keno, Oregon, primarily in Klamath County, with some areas of Siskiyou and Modoc Counties in California. The study area includes the Sprague, Williamson, and Wood River basins, as well as Upper Klamath and Lower Klamath Lakes. Objectives The current purpose of this study is to provide an estimate of the monthly natural flows in the upper Klamath River at Keno. This estimate of the natural flow represents typical flow without agricultural development in the Upper Klamath River Basin, including its tributaries. Study Approach This study used a water budget approach to assess the agricultural depletions and alterations to the natural flow. The approach was to evaluate the changes of agriculture from predevelopment conditions, estimate the effects of these changes, and restore the water budget to natural conditions by reversing the effects of agricultural development. Records used in this empirical assessment were derived from both stream gaging flow histories and from climatological records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Water Budget Description The water budget assessment of the watershed as a natural system includes an evaluation of hydrological changes related to agricultural development above the Keno gage. The water budget assessment includes: ? Natural inflow from the Sprague, Williamson, and Wood Rivers to Upper Klamath Lake ? Predevelopment evapotranspiration losses from marshes surrounding Upper Klamath Lake ? Predevelopment evaporation losses of the Upper Klamath Lake ? Natural flow at the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake into the Link River at Klamath Falls ? Resulting natural flow at Keno The processes developed in the water budget to evaluate the natural outflow of Upper Klamath Lake accounts for factors related to water resources developments XI Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River in the watershed that have affected inflow to the lake, and for losses due to natural condition of the lake. The water budget assessment of the watershed as a natural system includes an evaluation of hydrological changes related to agricultural development above the Keno gage. The results of the water budget assessment are given as average annual flows for two important stream gages, one located on the Link River at Klamath Falls and the other on the Klamath River at Keno. Evaluation of Predevelopment Conditions An evaluation of predevelopment conditions included an evaluation of changes to Upper Klamath Lake, agricultural developments in the Wood River, Sprague River, and Williamson River watersheds. Several basic elements were considered in this study: ? How had development changed the system ? Was information available about conditions before the changes occurred ? Were data available to assist in estimating changes to the natural system Evaluation of Current Conditions Period of Record The period of record considered in this investigation is the 52 years from 1949 to 2000. This period of record was chosen because hydrologic and climatological data were limited for the pre-1949 period and data beyond 2000 were not available when the study began. The water year convention (October through September) is used in this report. Crop and Marshland Evapotranspiration Analysis The modified Blaney-Criddle method was used to determine potential net evapotranspiration (ET) from crops, marshlands, and riparian zones. The method is empirical and the calculated values were adjusted based on other recent study findings and water limiting considerations. To estimate net ET water consumption by this method requires the following data: ? Location of irrigated lands, marshlands, and riparian zones ? Types of crops and number of acres for each crop ? Types and acreages of marshland and riparian vegetation, both existing and predevelopment ? Monthly precipitation and monthly average temperature for the period of record for each area Methods to Estimate Natural Flows Natural streamflow development included adjustment of gaged streamflow to natural flow, restoration of missing streamflow and climate data, making natural streamflow estimates in ungaged watersheds, assessing groundwater XII Executive Summary contributions, and estimating transit losses. Not all of these procedures were appropriate or possible in all subbasins of the study area. Records of historic flow may be adjusted to natural flow using crop net consumptive use and marshland evapotranspiration: natural flow = gaged flow + crop net consumptive use - reclaimed natural marshland net evapotranspiration Correlation analysis was used to restore missing values from monthly-value data records used in this study. The method is different from linear least-squares regression estimation. Data records used in this study include precipitation and average temperature histories, in addition to hydrologic records of streamflow and lake stage. Also, natural streamflow histories are required in ungaged watersheds to assess the natural inflow to Upper Klamath Lake. Sparse monthly flow records for streams heading on the east flank of the Cascades and flowing into the Wood River Valley or Pelican Bay area of Upper Klamath Lake required estimation techniques that used gaged histories from nearby river basins. These data were evaluated in statistical applications to yield natural flow estimates for these ungaged portions of the Klamath Basin. In a similar vein, groundwater contributions required temporal adjustments attributable to the climate signature evident in longer term records for similar groundwater discharges in neighboring watersheds. Transit losses for both surface water and groundwater contributions were also estimated in this study. Natural Lake Simulations Implementation of a water budget for Upper Klamath Lake required developing information about (1) the storage and inundation surface area characteristics of the lake, and (2) the discharge characteristics at the outflow point of the lake. These characteristics were evaluated in relation to the elevation, or stage, of the water surface of the lake. Additionally, discharge from the lake was also related to the stage. Estimating the outflow of a natural lake is accomplished using a water budget approach. A monthly summation of all elements in the water budget may be stated by the general form of the hydrologic equation: i = o + As where i = inflow to the lake o = outflow from the lake and As = change in storage of the lake XIII Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River For Upper Klamath Lake, the month-to-month water budget accounts for natural inflow, storage of water within each lake, resulting estimated lake stage, and discharge from each lake. In addition, open water surface evaporation and groundwater discharge to the lake from the regional aquifer were estimated. The water budget assessment was designed to simulate the lake as a natural water body. Materials and Data Researched and Used Data Sources Records used in this analysis were derived from both stream gaging flow histories and from climatological records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also developed from published reports, file documents, and maps. Supporting information included documents from: ? Archives of the Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Basin Area Office ? Numerous U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Supply Papers regarding stream gaging records ? Compact disk databases containing digital records of gaged flow, lake stage records, and meteorological data Anecdotal items from newspaper articles or clipped from magazines were also reviewed. These sources consisted of narratives of past events or conditions, transcripts of interviews, newspaper accounts, books, diaries, and historical journals. These provided an impression of predevelopment conditions that can be compared to the empirical and scientific information gleaned from other sources. Other reviewed materials included unpublished and out-of-print scientific reports, historical maps, letters, books, journals, and photographs. Modeling Tools Results of the water budget assessment were accomplished using Excel?, a sophisticated spreadsheet available in the Microsoft Office for Windows software package. This model was chosen over other models because this study is unique. The computational modules built as the study developed represent a custom application of Excel? to the solution of estimating the natural flow conditions in the Upper Klamath River Basin. Klamath River at Keno Gaging Station For the simulation period, 1949 to 2000, the water balance for the Upper Klamath River Basin at Keno is described below. The natural outflow (discharge) from Upper Klamath Lake at Link River was computed in the water balance. Discharge at Keno was then calculated using a correlation relationship developed between historic measured Link River and Keno flows. Table S-l presents the estimated water balance and outflow developed for the Link River and Keno gages. XIV Executive Summary Table S-1. Estimated inflow and outflow developed for Link River and Keno gages Upper Klamath Lake Acre-feet Average annual natural inflow Average annual natural net loss 1,605,000 210,000 Resulting average annual natural outflow 1,395,000 Link River to Keno Average annual natural inflow 1,485,000 Resulting average annual natural outflow at Keno gage 1,306,000 Other Factors Considered The focus of this study is agricultural development in the Upper Klamath River Basin and its effects on natural flow conditions. Other watershed factors have changed since predevelopment. Some of these factors were considered, but are unaccounted-for in the assessment, such as changes in forest conditions or an extension of the flow histories before 1949. Model Review and Sensitivity Analysis Although this study uses best available hydrologic methods and data to either measure or estimate all inflows and outflows to the system, additional concerns have arisen in completing the work. Relationships regarding the significance of uncertainty are likely to be spatially and temporally variable. The key factor is the relative importance of each module in the transit losses suffered by inflows to the natural system. The significance of these influences to model sensitivity is related to time of year or length of time over which flows are evaluated. Model sensitivity is related to uncertainty in data regarding the most significant transit losses; namely, marsh evapotranspiration and open water evaporation. The natural flows developed at Keno are realized, in part, through a statistical rule based model rather than a physically based model. This construct within the model is for the segment from the Link River gage below Upper Klamath Lake, to the Keno gage below Lower Klamath Lake. Thus, sensitivity in testing the spatial and temporal variables within the Link River to Keno reach that affect the flow at Keno is problematic. xv Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River Summary Development of the natural flows at the Keno gage was accomplished using a spreadsheet modeling approach to resolve the water budget for the Upper Klamath River Basin under undeveloped watershed conditions. The resulting flow duration for simulated natural average monthly flows for Keno gage are described in Table S-2. The percentiles represent the flow exceedence ranges in monthly natural flow estimates at Keno solely due to record length. These percentiles are estimates for modeled baseline conditions and do not reflect data uncertainties for possible changes in evaporation, evapotranspiration, or other factors. Table S-2. Summary of simulated monthly flows at Keno in cfs % Time <= Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Annual % Time >= 10 648 1088 1216 1408 1647 1577 1670 1408 1168 631 520 560 1188 90 20 769 1159 1352 1472 1767 1689 2017 1721 1358 822 578 616 1429 80 30 857 1255 1453 1667 1925 1907 2125 2051 1664 964 706 720 1528 70 40 974 1342 1625 1845 2016 2040 2477 2280 1890 1228 767 746 1607 60 50 1033 1455 1698 1964 2343 2133 2595 2649 2039 1349 873 854 1773 50 60 1131 1523 1803 2072 2410 2360 3009 2827 2388 1478 998 955 1903 40 70 1224 1576 1984 2196 2615 2703 3146 3131 2657 1706 1154 1049 2169 30 80 1304 1739 2049 2399 2829 3115 3615 3385 3104 2210 1351 1210 2347 20 90 1488 1815 2319 2659 3294 3367 3877 3707 3460 2923 1684 1412 2511 10 A simplified flowchart depicting the overall sources of included inflow and outflow variables has been completed as figure S-l, with average annual values shown from each source. XVI Title: Natural flow of the upper Klamath River Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Klamath Basin Area Office Year: 2005, 2008 Executive Summary Executive Summary This report presents details of the investigation and results in estimating the natural flow of the upper Klamath River at Keno, Oregon. The area investigated includes the Klamath River Basin above Keno, Oregon, primarily in Klamath County, with some areas of Siskiyou and Modoc Counties in California. The study area includes the Sprague, Williamson, and Wood River basins, as well as Upper Klamath and Lower Klamath Lakes. Objectives The current purpose of this study is to provide an estimate of the monthly natural flows in the upper Klamath River at Keno. This estimate of the natural flow represents typical flow without agricultural development in the Upper Klamath River Basin, including its tributaries. Study Approach This study used a water budget approach to assess the agricultural depletions and alterations to the natural flow. The approach was to evaluate the changes of agriculture from predevelopment conditions, estimate the effects of these changes, and restore the water budget to natural conditions by reversing the effects of agricultural development. Records used in this empirical assessment were derived from both stream gaging flow histories and from climatological records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Water Budget Description The water budget assessment of the watershed as a natural system includes an evaluation of hydrological changes related to agricultural development above the Keno gage. The water budget assessment includes: ? Natural inflow from the Sprague, Williamson, and Wood Rivers to Upper Klamath Lake ? Predevelopment evapotranspiration losses from marshes surrounding Upper Klamath Lake ? Predevelopment evaporation losses of the Upper Klamath Lake ? Natural flow at the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake into the Link River at Klamath Falls ? Resulting natural flow at Keno The processes developed in the water budget to evaluate the natural outflow of Upper Klamath Lake accounts for factors related to water resources developments XI Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River in the watershed that have affected inflow to the lake, and for losses due to natural condition of the lake. The water budget assessment of the watershed as a natural system includes an evaluation of hydrological changes related to agricultural development above the Keno gage. The results of the water budget assessment are given as average annual flows for two important stream gages, one located on the Link River at Klamath Falls and the other on the Klamath River at Keno. Evaluation of Predevelopment Conditions An evaluation of predevelopment conditions included an evaluation of changes to Upper Klamath Lake, agricultural developments in the Wood River, Sprague River, and Williamson River watersheds. Several basic elements were considered in this study: ? How had development changed the system ? Was information available about conditions before the changes occurred ? Were data available to assist in estimating changes to the natural system Evaluation of Current Conditions Period of Record The period of record considered in this investigation is the 52 years from 1949 to 2000. This period of record was chosen because hydrologic and climatological data were limited for the pre-1949 period and data beyond 2000 were not available when the study began. The water year convention (October through September) is used in this report. Crop and Marshland Evapotranspiration Analysis The modified Blaney-Criddle method was used to determine potential net evapotranspiration (ET) from crops, marshlands, and riparian zones. The method is empirical and the calculated values were adjusted based on other recent study findings and water limiting considerations. To estimate net ET water consumption by this method requires the following data: ? Location of irrigated lands, marshlands, and riparian zones ? Types of crops and number of acres for each crop ? Types and acreages of marshland and riparian vegetation, both existing and predevelopment ? Monthly precipitation and monthly average temperature for the period of record for each area Methods to Estimate Natural Flows Natural streamflow development included adjustment of gaged streamflow to natural flow, restoration of missing streamflow and climate data, making natural streamflow estimates in ungaged watersheds, assessing groundwater XII Executive Summary contributions, and estimating transit losses. Not all of these procedures were appropriate or possible in all subbasins of the study area. Records of historic flow may be adjusted to natural flow using crop net consumptive use and marshland evapotranspiration: natural flow = gaged flow + crop net consumptive use - reclaimed natural marshland net evapotranspiration Correlation analysis was used to restore missing values from monthly-value data records used in this study. The method is different from linear least-squares regression estimation. Data records used in this study include precipitation and average temperature histories, in addition to hydrologic records of streamflow and lake stage. Also, natural streamflow histories are required in ungaged watersheds to assess the natural inflow to Upper Klamath Lake. Sparse monthly flow records for streams heading on the east flank of the Cascades and flowing into the Wood River Valley or Pelican Bay area of Upper Klamath Lake required estimation techniques that used gaged histories from nearby river basins. These data were evaluated in statistical applications to yield natural flow estimates for these ungaged portions of the Klamath Basin. In a similar vein, groundwater contributions required temporal adjustments attributable to the climate signature evident in longer term records for similar groundwater discharges in neighboring watersheds. Transit losses for both surface water and groundwater contributions were also estimated in this study. Natural Lake Simulations Implementation of a water budget for Upper Klamath Lake required developing information about (1) the storage and inundation surface area characteristics of the lake, and (2) the discharge characteristics at the outflow point of the lake. These characteristics were evaluated in relation to the elevation, or stage, of the water surface of the lake. Additionally, discharge from the lake was also related to the stage. Estimating the outflow of a natural lake is accomplished using a water budget approach. A monthly summation of all elements in the water budget may be stated by the general form of the hydrologic equation: i = o + As where i = inflow to the lake o = outflow from the lake and As = change in storage of the lake XIII Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River For Upper Klamath Lake, the month-to-month water budget accounts for natural inflow, storage of water within each lake, resulting estimated lake stage, and discharge from each lake. In addition, open water surface evaporation and groundwater discharge to the lake from the regional aquifer were estimated. The water budget assessment was designed to simulate the lake as a natural water body. Materials and Data Researched and Used Data Sources Records used in this analysis were derived from both stream gaging flow histories and from climatological records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also developed from published reports, file documents, and maps. Supporting information included documents from: ? Archives of the Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Basin Area Office ? Numerous U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Supply Papers regarding stream gaging records ? Compact disk databases containing digital records of gaged flow, lake stage records, and meteorological data Anecdotal items from newspaper articles or clipped from magazines were also reviewed. These sources consisted of narratives of past events or conditions, transcripts of interviews, newspaper accounts, books, diaries, and historical journals. These provided an impression of predevelopment conditions that can be compared to the empirical and scientific information gleaned from other sources. Other reviewed materials included unpublished and out-of-print scientific reports, historical maps, letters, books, journals, and photographs. Modeling Tools Results of the water budget assessment were accomplished using Excel?, a sophisticated spreadsheet available in the Microsoft Office for Windows software package. This model was chosen over other models because this study is unique. The computational modules built as the study developed represent a custom application of Excel? to the solution of estimating the natural flow conditions in the Upper Klamath River Basin. Klamath River at Keno Gaging Station For the simulation period, 1949 to 2000, the water balance for the Upper Klamath River Basin at Keno is described below. The natural outflow (discharge) from Upper Klamath Lake at Link River was computed in the water balance. Discharge at Keno was then calculated using a correlation relationship developed between historic measured Link River and Keno flows. Table S-l presents the estimated water balance and outflow developed for the Link River and Keno gages. XIV Executive Summary Table S-1. Estimated inflow and outflow developed for Link River and Keno gages Upper Klamath Lake Acre-feet Average annual natural inflow Average annual natural net loss 1,605,000 210,000 Resulting average annual natural outflow 1,395,000 Link River to Keno Average annual natural inflow 1,485,000 Resulting average annual natural outflow at Keno gage 1,306,000 Other Factors Considered The focus of this study is agricultural development in the Upper Klamath River Basin and its effects on natural flow conditions. Other watershed factors have changed since predevelopment. Some of these factors were considered, but are unaccounted-for in the assessment, such as changes in forest conditions or an extension of the flow histories before 1949. Model Review and Sensitivity Analysis Although this study uses best available hydrologic methods and data to either measure or estimate all inflows and outflows to the system, additional concerns have arisen in completing the work. Relationships regarding the significance of uncertainty are likely to be spatially and temporally variable. The key factor is the relative importance of each module in the transit losses suffered by inflows to the natural system. The significance of these influences to model sensitivity is related to time of year or length of time over which flows are evaluated. Model sensitivity is related to uncertainty in data regarding the most significant transit losses; namely, marsh evapotranspiration and open water evaporation. The natural flows developed at Keno are realized, in part, through a statistical rule based model rather than a physically based model. This construct within the model is for the segment from the Link River gage below Upper Klamath Lake, to the Keno gage below Lower Klamath Lake. Thus, sensitivity in testing the spatial and temporal variables within the Link River to Keno reach that affect the flow at Keno is problematic. xv Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River Summary Development of the natural flows at the Keno gage was accomplished using a spreadsheet modeling approach to resolve the water budget for the Upper Klamath River Basin under undeveloped watershed conditions. The resulting flow duration for simulated natural average monthly flows for Keno gage are described in Table S-2. The percentiles represent the flow exceedence ranges in monthly natural flow estimates at Keno solely due to record length. These percentiles are estimates for modeled baseline conditions and do not reflect data uncertainties for possible changes in evaporation, evapotranspiration, or other factors. Table S-2. Summary of simulated monthly flows at Keno in cfs % Time <= Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Annual % Time >= 10 648 1088 1216 1408 1647 1577 1670 1408 1168 631 520 560 1188 90 20 769 1159 1352 1472 1767 1689 2017 1721 1358 822 578 616 1429 80 30 857 1255 1453 1667 1925 1907 2125 2051 1664 964 706 720 1528 70 40 974 1342 1625 1845 2016 2040 2477 2280 1890 1228 767 746 1607 60 50 1033 1455 1698 1964 2343 2133 2595 2649 2039 1349 873 854 1773 50 60 1131 1523 1803 2072 2410 2360 3009 2827 2388 1478 998 955 1903 40 70 1224 1576 1984 2196 2615 2703 3146 3131 2657 1706 1154 1049 2169 30 80 1304 1739 2049 2399 2829 3115 3615 3385 3104 2210 1351 1210 2347 20 90 1488 1815 2319 2659 3294 3367 3877 3707 3460 2923 1684 1412 2511 10 A simplified flowchart depicting the overall sources of included inflow and outflow variables has been completed as figure S-l, with average annual values shown from each source. XVI Close

• 75. [Article] Determinants of moth diversity and community in a temperate mountain landscape: vegetation, topography, and seasonality

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determinants of moth diversity and community in a temperate mountain landscape: vegetation, topography, and seasonality Author: Miller, Jeffrey C., Jones, Julia A., Highland, Steven A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp. Title: Determinants of moth diversity and community in a temperate mountain landscape: vegetation, topography, and seasonality Author: Miller, Jeffrey C., Jones, Julia A., Highland, Steven A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp. Close

• 76. [Article] Diversity and productivity of hypogeous fungal sporocarps in a variably thinned Douglas-fir forest

  Although ecosystem management techniques are designed to enhance species diversity in managed forests, no comprehensive study has been conducted to evaluate effects of such techniques on diversity and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Diversity and productivity of hypogeous fungal sporocarps in a variably thinned Douglas-fir forest Author: Trappe, James M., Carey, Andrew B., Colgan, Wesley, Thysell, David, Molina, Randy Although ecosystem management techniques are designed to enhance species diversity in managed forests, no comprehensive study has been conducted to evaluate effects of such techniques on diversity and productivity of hypogeous fungi (truffles). During this study, truffles were collected in a 55- to 65-year-old Douglas-fir forest from March 1993 through December 1995 at approximately 6-week intervals. Half of the stands served as controls, half were assigned a variable density thinning (VDT) treatment. A VDT stand comprised a mosaic of patches thinned to different densities of standing live trees. To further evaluate the effect of harvesting impacts, this mosaic was divided into two thinning categories, lightly thinned and heavily thinned areas. Truffle standing crop varied greatly but generally was highest in spring with a smaller peak in the fall. At least some sporocarps were found year round, with winter having the lowest biomass and species richness. Overall standing crop biomass (over all seasons) was significantly lower in VDT stands compared with control stands. The abundance of Gautieria and Hysterangium species was lower in thinned stands, while Melanogaster species diversity and productivity were highest in these stands. Title: Diversity and productivity of hypogeous fungal sporocarps in a variably thinned Douglas-fir forest Author: Trappe, James M., Carey, Andrew B., Colgan, Wesley, Thysell, David, Molina, Randy Although ecosystem management techniques are designed to enhance species diversity in managed forests, no comprehensive study has been conducted to evaluate effects of such techniques on diversity and productivity of hypogeous fungi (truffles). During this study, truffles were collected in a 55- to 65-year-old Douglas-fir forest from March 1993 through December 1995 at approximately 6-week intervals. Half of the stands served as controls, half were assigned a variable density thinning (VDT) treatment. A VDT stand comprised a mosaic of patches thinned to different densities of standing live trees. To further evaluate the effect of harvesting impacts, this mosaic was divided into two thinning categories, lightly thinned and heavily thinned areas. Truffle standing crop varied greatly but generally was highest in spring with a smaller peak in the fall. At least some sporocarps were found year round, with winter having the lowest biomass and species richness. Overall standing crop biomass (over all seasons) was significantly lower in VDT stands compared with control stands. The abundance of Gautieria and Hysterangium species was lower in thinned stands, while Melanogaster species diversity and productivity were highest in these stands. Close

• 77. [Article] Multi-scale relationships between aspen and birds in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem

  I conducted a multi-scale evaluation of aspen – bird relationships in the northern ungulate winter range of the northern Yellowstone ecosystem during June 2001-03. Questions addressed were: (1) Does bird ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multi-scale relationships between aspen and birds in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem Author: Hollenbeck, Jeff P., 1967- I conducted a multi-scale evaluation of aspen – bird relationships in the northern ungulate winter range of the northern Yellowstone ecosystem during June 2001-03. Questions addressed were: (1) Does bird diversity increase with conifer presence in aspen stands? (2) Given known habitat selection cues, are migrating birds passively intercepted by aspen patches oriented perpendicular to migratory direction of travel? (3) Are resident (short-distance migrant) birds passively intercepted by aspen patches? and (4) Given the dynamics of wolves, ungulates, and forage plants in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem, what is the present condition of aspen and cavity-nesting birds within Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and how will they change over the next 100+ years? Regression analyses of migratory bird diversity (species richness or Shannon-Weiner index) on measures of habitat heterogeneity (ratio of conifer to aspen canopy cover, or basal area) suggested no positive relationship with intermediate levels of conifer presence. Migratory birds were most diverse in pure aspen, and least diverse in pure conifer. I found a weak, but significant, positive relationship between most measures of habitat heterogeneity and resident bird diversity. Many residents were habitat generalists or conifer-associated species. To maximize bird diversity and aspen, managers may want to manage for pure aspen stands in a matrix that includes conifer habitat. Using model selection techniques, long-distance migratory birds did not show evidence of passive interception by aspen patches oriented against northerly or elevational direction of travel. Aspen patch area was most important for migratory birds, given the data and set of models analyzed. Resident (and short-distance migrant) birds showed a marked positive response to patch orientation relative to the elevational gradient of the northern range. Migratory birds appear not to be passively intercepted at high elevation sites such as YNP’s northern range. Short distance migrants appear to be passively intercepted. Northern range aspen stands within YNP have 10cm greater mean live and dead stem diameter, 80% more snags, and greater abundance of many cavity-nesting bird species than northern range stands outside YNP. These conditions fit a conceptual framework of interactions driven by a top-down ecosystem structure that predicts aspen and cavity-nester dynamics over several decades. Title: Multi-scale relationships between aspen and birds in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem Author: Hollenbeck, Jeff P., 1967- I conducted a multi-scale evaluation of aspen – bird relationships in the northern ungulate winter range of the northern Yellowstone ecosystem during June 2001-03. Questions addressed were: (1) Does bird diversity increase with conifer presence in aspen stands? (2) Given known habitat selection cues, are migrating birds passively intercepted by aspen patches oriented perpendicular to migratory direction of travel? (3) Are resident (short-distance migrant) birds passively intercepted by aspen patches? and (4) Given the dynamics of wolves, ungulates, and forage plants in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem, what is the present condition of aspen and cavity-nesting birds within Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and how will they change over the next 100+ years? Regression analyses of migratory bird diversity (species richness or Shannon-Weiner index) on measures of habitat heterogeneity (ratio of conifer to aspen canopy cover, or basal area) suggested no positive relationship with intermediate levels of conifer presence. Migratory birds were most diverse in pure aspen, and least diverse in pure conifer. I found a weak, but significant, positive relationship between most measures of habitat heterogeneity and resident bird diversity. Many residents were habitat generalists or conifer-associated species. To maximize bird diversity and aspen, managers may want to manage for pure aspen stands in a matrix that includes conifer habitat. Using model selection techniques, long-distance migratory birds did not show evidence of passive interception by aspen patches oriented against northerly or elevational direction of travel. Aspen patch area was most important for migratory birds, given the data and set of models analyzed. Resident (and short-distance migrant) birds showed a marked positive response to patch orientation relative to the elevational gradient of the northern range. Migratory birds appear not to be passively intercepted at high elevation sites such as YNP’s northern range. Short distance migrants appear to be passively intercepted. Northern range aspen stands within YNP have 10cm greater mean live and dead stem diameter, 80% more snags, and greater abundance of many cavity-nesting bird species than northern range stands outside YNP. These conditions fit a conceptual framework of interactions driven by a top-down ecosystem structure that predicts aspen and cavity-nester dynamics over several decades. Close

• 78. [Article] Modeling ocean ecosystems: The PARADIGM program

  THE ROLE OF THE OCEANS in Earth systems ecology, and the effects of climate variability on the ocean and its ecosystems, can be understood only by observing, describing, and ultimately predicting the state ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling ocean ecosystems: The PARADIGM program Author: Denman, Ken, Cullen, John, Spitz, Yvette, Abbott, Mark R., Doney, Scott, Hoffman, Eileen, Chassignet, Eric, Yoder, James, Ducklow, Hugh, McGillicuddy, Dennis, Maltrud, Mathew, Karl, David, Olascoaga, M., Fennel, Katja, Rothstein, Lewis, McClain, Chuck, Haidvogel, Dale, Kindle, John, Wiggert, Jerry, Follows, Mick, Lima, Ivan THE ROLE OF THE OCEANS in Earth systems ecology, and the effects of climate variability on the ocean and its ecosystems, can be understood only by observing, describing, and ultimately predicting the state of the ocean as a physically forced ecological and biogeochemical system. This is a daunting but exciting challenge, because the ocean-atmosphere system is dynamically linked, and oceanic habitats are both diverse and complex, providing tremendous variety in environmental conditions and associated life forms. And paradoxically, as we learn more and more about ocean life, for example, through the genomics revolution (Doney et al., 2004), the number of unanswered questions increases. Models, be they conceptual, statistical, or numerical simulations, are useful and necessary tools for studying the complex interactions that influence ecosystem structure and function. Originally, a primary function of marine ecosystem models was to help in the development of understanding; also, they were applied in fisheries models to predict the abundance of specific commercial fish stocks. Now, they are being asked to do much more. On local and regional scales, there is growing recognition that management of marine resources and assessment of human perturbations must encompass the whole ecosystem, not individual species. Extending further to basin and global scales, the potential impacts of global change present an immediate challenge, nationally and globally, to define and execute responsive strategies, based to a large extent on the predictions of interdisciplinary global models that must be validated by comparison with measurements. Consequently, the ultimate objective of any comprehensive marine ecosystem modeling program must be the development and implementation of reliable forecast systems, guided by and validated with systematic observations of the sea. Title: Modeling ocean ecosystems: The PARADIGM program Author: Denman, Ken, Cullen, John, Spitz, Yvette, Abbott, Mark R., Doney, Scott, Hoffman, Eileen, Chassignet, Eric, Yoder, James, Ducklow, Hugh, McGillicuddy, Dennis, Maltrud, Mathew, Karl, David, Olascoaga, M., Fennel, Katja, Rothstein, Lewis, McClain, Chuck, Haidvogel, Dale, Kindle, John, Wiggert, Jerry, Follows, Mick, Lima, Ivan THE ROLE OF THE OCEANS in Earth systems ecology, and the effects of climate variability on the ocean and its ecosystems, can be understood only by observing, describing, and ultimately predicting the state of the ocean as a physically forced ecological and biogeochemical system. This is a daunting but exciting challenge, because the ocean-atmosphere system is dynamically linked, and oceanic habitats are both diverse and complex, providing tremendous variety in environmental conditions and associated life forms. And paradoxically, as we learn more and more about ocean life, for example, through the genomics revolution (Doney et al., 2004), the number of unanswered questions increases. Models, be they conceptual, statistical, or numerical simulations, are useful and necessary tools for studying the complex interactions that influence ecosystem structure and function. Originally, a primary function of marine ecosystem models was to help in the development of understanding; also, they were applied in fisheries models to predict the abundance of specific commercial fish stocks. Now, they are being asked to do much more. On local and regional scales, there is growing recognition that management of marine resources and assessment of human perturbations must encompass the whole ecosystem, not individual species. Extending further to basin and global scales, the potential impacts of global change present an immediate challenge, nationally and globally, to define and execute responsive strategies, based to a large extent on the predictions of interdisciplinary global models that must be validated by comparison with measurements. Consequently, the ultimate objective of any comprehensive marine ecosystem modeling program must be the development and implementation of reliable forecast systems, guided by and validated with systematic observations of the sea. Close

• 79. [Image] Biological assessment of the Klamath Project's continuing operations on southern Oregon/Northern California esu coho salmon and critical habitat for southern Oregon/northern California esu coho salmon

  	The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) is the responsible Federal agency for operation of the Klamath Project (Project). Operation of the Project has been the subject of numerous previous consultations ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological assessment of the Klamath Project's continuing operations on southern Oregon/Northern California esu coho salmon and critical habitat for southern Oregon/northern California esu coho salmon Year: 2001, 2004 The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) is the responsible Federal agency for operation of the Klamath Project (Project). Operation of the Project has been the subject of numerous previous consultations with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) and one with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Severe drought conditions in 1992 and 1994 and resultant associated shortages in project water supplies coupled with the 1997 listing of the southern Oregon/northern California (SONCC) coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, as threatened in the Klamath River downstream from the Project led to a review of Reclamation 19s operations. This biological assessment (BA) describes the effects on federally-listed species (i.e., coho salmon) and its designated critical habitat from on-going operation of the project based on historic operations, as described in this BA. The biological opinion (BO) addressing this BA and any subsequent BA amendments will be among the information that will inform the development of alternatives of the long-term operations plan and environmental impact statement (EIS). Reclamation is developing a long-term operations plan and EIS for the Project. The preferred alternative for implementation from the long-term operations plan would be the subject of a separate future ESA consultation. This BA describes the needs of anadromous fish with emphasis on SONCC coho salmon. It was developed using the best available scientific and commercial information on anadromous fish in the Klamath River. Coho salmon were listed as threatened on June 6, 1997 (NMFS 1997). The NMFS published a final rule designating critical habitat for SONCC coho salmon in May, 1999 (NMFS 1999a). Designated critical habitat for SONCC coho salmon encompasses accessible reaches of all rivers (including estuarine areas and tributaries) between the Mattole River in California and the Elk River in Oregon. Critical habitat includes all waterways, substrate, and adjacent riparian zones below longstanding, naturally impassable barriers. The areas upstream from Iron Gate Dam (IGD) (river mile 190) were not proposed critical habitat because areas downstream were considered sufficient for the conservation of the species. Reclamation has not evaluated whether the action that is the subject of this BA is consistent with its trust responsibility to Klamath Basin Indian Tribes. There are several important scientific reports and analyses (e.g., Phase II flow study) currently not available to Reclamation concerning threatened coho salmon, their habitat, and water quality as it relates to appropriate river flows that may be necessary to operate the Project consistent with the trust responsibility to Klamath Basin Indian Tribes. When this additional information becomes available, Reclamation intends to consider it during the development of the Project operations plans and include it in subsequent consultations with NMFS, as appropriate. Title: Biological assessment of the Klamath Project's continuing operations on southern Oregon/Northern California esu coho salmon and critical habitat for southern Oregon/northern California esu coho salmon Year: 2001, 2004 The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) is the responsible Federal agency for operation of the Klamath Project (Project). Operation of the Project has been the subject of numerous previous consultations with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) and one with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Severe drought conditions in 1992 and 1994 and resultant associated shortages in project water supplies coupled with the 1997 listing of the southern Oregon/northern California (SONCC) coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, as threatened in the Klamath River downstream from the Project led to a review of Reclamation 19s operations. This biological assessment (BA) describes the effects on federally-listed species (i.e., coho salmon) and its designated critical habitat from on-going operation of the project based on historic operations, as described in this BA. The biological opinion (BO) addressing this BA and any subsequent BA amendments will be among the information that will inform the development of alternatives of the long-term operations plan and environmental impact statement (EIS). Reclamation is developing a long-term operations plan and EIS for the Project. The preferred alternative for implementation from the long-term operations plan would be the subject of a separate future ESA consultation. This BA describes the needs of anadromous fish with emphasis on SONCC coho salmon. It was developed using the best available scientific and commercial information on anadromous fish in the Klamath River. Coho salmon were listed as threatened on June 6, 1997 (NMFS 1997). The NMFS published a final rule designating critical habitat for SONCC coho salmon in May, 1999 (NMFS 1999a). Designated critical habitat for SONCC coho salmon encompasses accessible reaches of all rivers (including estuarine areas and tributaries) between the Mattole River in California and the Elk River in Oregon. Critical habitat includes all waterways, substrate, and adjacent riparian zones below longstanding, naturally impassable barriers. The areas upstream from Iron Gate Dam (IGD) (river mile 190) were not proposed critical habitat because areas downstream were considered sufficient for the conservation of the species. Reclamation has not evaluated whether the action that is the subject of this BA is consistent with its trust responsibility to Klamath Basin Indian Tribes. There are several important scientific reports and analyses (e.g., Phase II flow study) currently not available to Reclamation concerning threatened coho salmon, their habitat, and water quality as it relates to appropriate river flows that may be necessary to operate the Project consistent with the trust responsibility to Klamath Basin Indian Tribes. When this additional information becomes available, Reclamation intends to consider it during the development of the Project operations plans and include it in subsequent consultations with NMFS, as appropriate. Close

• 80. [Article] Grazing, nutrients, and marine benthic algae : insights into the drivers and protection of diversity

  Two of the most powerful ways in which humans have altered ecosystems are by increasing productivity and changing the densities of important consumers. The bottom-up effects of productivity and the top-down ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Grazing, nutrients, and marine benthic algae : insights into the drivers and protection of diversity Author: Guerry, Anne D., 1973- Two of the most powerful ways in which humans have altered ecosystems are by increasing productivity and changing the densities of important consumers. The bottom-up effects of productivity and the top-down effects of consumers have been identified as primary determinants of biological diversity, though the links between them remain unclear. Understanding how consumers and productivity act and interact to yield differences in diversity is of both conceptual and pragmatic importance. Here, I describe three experiments designed to examine the links between grazing, productivity, and diversity in rocky intertidal systems in Oregon and New Zealand. In two experiments I used fully-factorial designs in which I manipulated both grazing and nutrients. Both experiments revealed the primary importance of grazing as a structuring force of algal assemblages. In the Oregon experiment, I also document an interaction between grazing and productivity, with nutrient enrichment decreasing algal diversity at low grazer densities and increasing algal diversity at high grazer densities. This interaction was not apparent in the New Zealand experiment. In the absence of grazers, nutrient addition led to increased abundance of foliose algae at this site but had no net effect on algal diversity. In the third experiment, also conducted in New Zealand, I used natural variation in nearshore productivity as a backdrop against which I manipulated the access of grazers. In this experiment, I found that grazers had negative impacts on benthic algal diversity and abundance at sites with lower productivity and negligible impacts on benthic algal assemblages at sites with higher productivity. Overall these three studies suggest that in these intertidal grazer-dominated communities, the strong top-down effects often documented in such systems can be modified by more subtle bottom-up effects. Together, results from these experiments elucidate factors that determine algal diversity in these systems and underscore the importance of the evolutionary context in which experiments are conducted. Finally, I conclude with a synthesis of the literature in which I put these and other findings to work by exploring the ways in which basic marine ecological research can inform the management of human activities that affect the marine environment. Title: Grazing, nutrients, and marine benthic algae : insights into the drivers and protection of diversity Author: Guerry, Anne D., 1973- Two of the most powerful ways in which humans have altered ecosystems are by increasing productivity and changing the densities of important consumers. The bottom-up effects of productivity and the top-down effects of consumers have been identified as primary determinants of biological diversity, though the links between them remain unclear. Understanding how consumers and productivity act and interact to yield differences in diversity is of both conceptual and pragmatic importance. Here, I describe three experiments designed to examine the links between grazing, productivity, and diversity in rocky intertidal systems in Oregon and New Zealand. In two experiments I used fully-factorial designs in which I manipulated both grazing and nutrients. Both experiments revealed the primary importance of grazing as a structuring force of algal assemblages. In the Oregon experiment, I also document an interaction between grazing and productivity, with nutrient enrichment decreasing algal diversity at low grazer densities and increasing algal diversity at high grazer densities. This interaction was not apparent in the New Zealand experiment. In the absence of grazers, nutrient addition led to increased abundance of foliose algae at this site but had no net effect on algal diversity. In the third experiment, also conducted in New Zealand, I used natural variation in nearshore productivity as a backdrop against which I manipulated the access of grazers. In this experiment, I found that grazers had negative impacts on benthic algal diversity and abundance at sites with lower productivity and negligible impacts on benthic algal assemblages at sites with higher productivity. Overall these three studies suggest that in these intertidal grazer-dominated communities, the strong top-down effects often documented in such systems can be modified by more subtle bottom-up effects. Together, results from these experiments elucidate factors that determine algal diversity in these systems and underscore the importance of the evolutionary context in which experiments are conducted. Finally, I conclude with a synthesis of the literature in which I put these and other findings to work by exploring the ways in which basic marine ecological research can inform the management of human activities that affect the marine environment. Close

• 81. [Article] Effects of spatially dispersed green-tree retention on ectomycorrhiza diversity

  The Demonstration for Ecosystem Management Options (DEMO) study originated out of the changing management priorities associated with federal forest lands in the Pacific Northwest which included an objective ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of spatially dispersed green-tree retention on ectomycorrhiza diversity Author: Kolaczkowski, Oralia The Demonstration for Ecosystem Management Options (DEMO) study originated out of the changing management priorities associated with federal forest lands in the Pacific Northwest which included an objective to maintain mature and old-growth forest characteristics in managed stands. The DEMO project examines the effects that different levels and patterns of green tree retention have on various aspects of biodiversity including the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF). Ectomycorrhizal fungi play an important functional role in forest ecosystems. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are essential for nutrient uptake by the host tree, they have been shown to play a critical role in forest regeneration success, and EMF provide an important food source (in the form of sporocarps) for many small mammals. As part of the DEMO study, this thesis documents EMF diversity in the control unit (100% retention) and the spatially dispersed 40°/a basal area retention treatment (40%D). The measures of diversity studied included EMF constancy, abundance, and species richness. Constancy and abundance measures were analyzed only for the common ectomycorrhizae (EM) types. Morphological techniques for identification of the EMF were employed together with molecular techniques to achieve the finest level of identification possible. Characters used to assess morphology include mantle structures, emanating hyphae, rhizomorphs, root morphology, chemical reactions, and mantle color. Molecular techniques were used for identification purposes and for checking EM morphotype groups. Molecular techniques used included DNA extraction of the internal transcribed spacer region, polymerase chain reaction amplification, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and DNA sequencing. Significant responses to the 40%D treatment were determined by testing both pre and post EMF diversity within the treatment and by comparing changes in diversity between the control and the 40%D treatment. Overall, within the 40%D treatment, the majority of the common EMF species did not decrease significantly. A moderately significant difference was detected between the pre-treatment and post-treatment mean number of EM types per soil core (measure of species richness). This decrease in richness of about 50% in the post-treatment2 samples seems to indicate a delayed response to the treatment since the post-treatment1 samples were not different from the pre-treatment conditions. Since no dominant types were lost, the decline in richness occurred in the less common EM types. This research demonstrates that the 40%D treatment can maintain a relatively high legacy of EMF. However, there is a loss of some rare EM types and a reduction in abundance and constancy in some of the more common EM types. These results lend support for the consideration of40% dispersed green-tree retention as a silvicultural option when management goals include the maintenance of EMF diversity. Timber harvest via implementation of ecosystem-based forest management practices will require the continuing study of complex below-ground systems for the development of potential silvicultural treatments during further iterations of adaptive management. Title: Effects of spatially dispersed green-tree retention on ectomycorrhiza diversity Author: Kolaczkowski, Oralia The Demonstration for Ecosystem Management Options (DEMO) study originated out of the changing management priorities associated with federal forest lands in the Pacific Northwest which included an objective to maintain mature and old-growth forest characteristics in managed stands. The DEMO project examines the effects that different levels and patterns of green tree retention have on various aspects of biodiversity including the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF). Ectomycorrhizal fungi play an important functional role in forest ecosystems. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are essential for nutrient uptake by the host tree, they have been shown to play a critical role in forest regeneration success, and EMF provide an important food source (in the form of sporocarps) for many small mammals. As part of the DEMO study, this thesis documents EMF diversity in the control unit (100% retention) and the spatially dispersed 40°/a basal area retention treatment (40%D). The measures of diversity studied included EMF constancy, abundance, and species richness. Constancy and abundance measures were analyzed only for the common ectomycorrhizae (EM) types. Morphological techniques for identification of the EMF were employed together with molecular techniques to achieve the finest level of identification possible. Characters used to assess morphology include mantle structures, emanating hyphae, rhizomorphs, root morphology, chemical reactions, and mantle color. Molecular techniques were used for identification purposes and for checking EM morphotype groups. Molecular techniques used included DNA extraction of the internal transcribed spacer region, polymerase chain reaction amplification, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and DNA sequencing. Significant responses to the 40%D treatment were determined by testing both pre and post EMF diversity within the treatment and by comparing changes in diversity between the control and the 40%D treatment. Overall, within the 40%D treatment, the majority of the common EMF species did not decrease significantly. A moderately significant difference was detected between the pre-treatment and post-treatment mean number of EM types per soil core (measure of species richness). This decrease in richness of about 50% in the post-treatment2 samples seems to indicate a delayed response to the treatment since the post-treatment1 samples were not different from the pre-treatment conditions. Since no dominant types were lost, the decline in richness occurred in the less common EM types. This research demonstrates that the 40%D treatment can maintain a relatively high legacy of EMF. However, there is a loss of some rare EM types and a reduction in abundance and constancy in some of the more common EM types. These results lend support for the consideration of40% dispersed green-tree retention as a silvicultural option when management goals include the maintenance of EMF diversity. Timber harvest via implementation of ecosystem-based forest management practices will require the continuing study of complex below-ground systems for the development of potential silvicultural treatments during further iterations of adaptive management. Close

• 82. [Article] Ethnobotanical investigation of 'wild' food plants used by rice farmers in Kalasin, Northeast Thailand

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by BioMed Central Ltd. and can be found at: http://www.ethnobiomed.com/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ethnobotanical investigation of 'wild' food plants used by rice farmers in Kalasin, Northeast Thailand Author: Cruz-Garcia, Gisella S., Price, Lisa L. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by BioMed Central Ltd. and can be found at: http://www.ethnobiomed.com/. Title: Ethnobotanical investigation of 'wild' food plants used by rice farmers in Kalasin, Northeast Thailand Author: Cruz-Garcia, Gisella S., Price, Lisa L. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by BioMed Central Ltd. and can be found at: http://www.ethnobiomed.com/. Close

• 83. [Article] Wetland ecosystem-a study on fish-aquatic food crops diversity for enhancing productivity and economic stability for fish-farm families in Indian subtropics

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wetland ecosystem-a study on fish-aquatic food crops diversity for enhancing productivity and economic stability for fish-farm families in Indian subtropics Author: Das, Dilip Kumar, Sarkar, Pranab Kumar, Puste, Anandamoy Research Paper Title: Wetland ecosystem-a study on fish-aquatic food crops diversity for enhancing productivity and economic stability for fish-farm families in Indian subtropics Author: Das, Dilip Kumar, Sarkar, Pranab Kumar, Puste, Anandamoy Research Paper Close

• 84. [Article] A Method of Analysis of Biological Resource Use Systems Under the Convention on Biological Diversity

  The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) establishes a new legal framework for the management of biological resource use, for example in fisheries. The signatory states to the CBD have agreed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Method of Analysis of Biological Resource Use Systems Under the Convention on Biological Diversity Author: Hummel, Matthias E. Year: 2001 The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) establishes a new legal framework for the management of biological resource use, for example in fisheries. The signatory states to the CBD have agreed upon several major principles which become legally binding following ratification of the Convention by the national legislature. In terms of resource management, two of these principles are especially remarkable: 1. a concept of sustainability which includes distributional considerations; 2. an ‘ecosystem approach’ that calls for the integration of aspects of community ecology into management schemes. Unfortunately, current approaches to the management of biological resource use fall somewhat short of satisfying these two principles. I try to rectify this, developing a method of analysis that integrates neoclassical resource economics, property rights theory and community ecology into one theoretical concept which can be applied to such distinctive problems as overexploitation, negative impact on ecosystems by resource use, and conflicts among resource users. This method of analysis will make it possible to determine whether a specified biological resource use system and its accompanying management structures meet the requirements set out by the CBD. Title: A Method of Analysis of Biological Resource Use Systems Under the Convention on Biological Diversity Author: Hummel, Matthias E. Year: 2001 The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) establishes a new legal framework for the management of biological resource use, for example in fisheries. The signatory states to the CBD have agreed upon several major principles which become legally binding following ratification of the Convention by the national legislature. In terms of resource management, two of these principles are especially remarkable: 1. a concept of sustainability which includes distributional considerations; 2. an ‘ecosystem approach’ that calls for the integration of aspects of community ecology into management schemes. Unfortunately, current approaches to the management of biological resource use fall somewhat short of satisfying these two principles. I try to rectify this, developing a method of analysis that integrates neoclassical resource economics, property rights theory and community ecology into one theoretical concept which can be applied to such distinctive problems as overexploitation, negative impact on ecosystems by resource use, and conflicts among resource users. This method of analysis will make it possible to determine whether a specified biological resource use system and its accompanying management structures meet the requirements set out by the CBD. Close

• 85. [Article] The Phytophthora species assemblage and diversity in riparian alder ecosystems of western Oregon, USA

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Mycological Society of America and can be found at: http://msafungi.org/mycologia/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Phytophthora species assemblage and diversity in riparian alder ecosystems of western Oregon, USA Author: Sims, Laura Lee, Reeser, Paul, Hansen, Everett M., Sutton, Wendy This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Mycological Society of America and can be found at: http://msafungi.org/mycologia/ Title: The Phytophthora species assemblage and diversity in riparian alder ecosystems of western Oregon, USA Author: Sims, Laura Lee, Reeser, Paul, Hansen, Everett M., Sutton, Wendy This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Mycological Society of America and can be found at: http://msafungi.org/mycologia/ Close

• 86. [Article] Of Grouse and Golden Eggs: Can Ecosystems Be Managed Within a Species-Based Regulatory Framework?

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Society ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Of Grouse and Golden Eggs: Can Ecosystems Be Managed Within a Species-Based Regulatory Framework? Author: Johnson, Dustin D., Boyd, Chad S., Kerby, Jay D., Svejcar, Tony J., Davies, Kirk W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Society for Range Management and can be found at: http://www.srmjournals.org/. Title: Of Grouse and Golden Eggs: Can Ecosystems Be Managed Within a Species-Based Regulatory Framework? Author: Johnson, Dustin D., Boyd, Chad S., Kerby, Jay D., Svejcar, Tony J., Davies, Kirk W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Society for Range Management and can be found at: http://www.srmjournals.org/. Close

• 87. [Article] Interconnectedness of Forest Ecosystem Services, Environmental Corporate Impacts, and Corporate Social Responsibility in the Amazon Rainforest

  The ecosystem services provided by our forest resources and woodlands are multiple and diverse on all spatial and temporal levels, and include provision, regulating, cultural, and supporting services ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interconnectedness of Forest Ecosystem Services, Environmental Corporate Impacts, and Corporate Social Responsibility in the Amazon Rainforest Author: Dancé, Raúl The ecosystem services provided by our forest resources and woodlands are multiple and diverse on all spatial and temporal levels, and include provision, regulating, cultural, and supporting services (Hanson, et al. WRI, 2008). Human activities are proximate and direct drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. In the Latin American region, around 40 million hectares, roughly the size of Germany, of forest were converted to other uses in the last decade (FAO, FRA 2010). This massive loss of forest resources has caused a huge concern and reaction of many governments, institutions, consumers and other stakeholders that require companies to implement responsible practices to favor the society and the environment (Porter and Kramer, 2006). Some companies are aware of their negative impacts on the environment and the potential risks for their businesses so they have taken the path of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to measure, prevent, mitigate or compensate those impacts, being the Global Reporting Initiative - GRI standard the most widely adopted reporting framework (KPMG Survey of CSR, 2013). The main goal of this research was to analyze the CSR Sustainability Reports of the top twenty-one (21) corporations in Latin America linked with the four commodities associated with Amazon deforestation (soy, beef, paper/pulp and palm oil) to assess if their CSR activities offset their impacts on environment, therefore the ecosystem balance is maintained in the Amazon rainforest. The study presented a "Sustainability Model in the Amazon" to find interconnections among forest ecosystem services, environmental corporate impacts, and CSR activities. It was also examined the level of dependence of commodities production on forest ecosystem services; it was graded sustainability reports of each corporation to assess fulfillment with PSI and GRI; finally, it was found the connections between the environmental aspects of CSR Standard with the four categories of forest ecosystem services to assess which of them are better represented in the standard. The findings of this research have identified that corporations have a high level of dependence for at least twelve (12) of the thirty-two (32) forest ecosystem services that are essential for commodities production. It was assessed that 70 percent of the thirty-two (32) FES were adversely affected by the economic activities and only 15 percent of them were enhanced. It was also possible to score the fulfillment of each economic sector with the GRI, obtaining the following results: Agricultural products (B); Palm oil Consumers (B+) Animal breeding sector (B+); and Plantations (A-). This pattern suggest an increasing risk of current business practices against the environmental balance, therefore, more efforts are needed to guarantee the sustainability of the forest ecosystem services in the Amazon basin. Title: Interconnectedness of Forest Ecosystem Services, Environmental Corporate Impacts, and Corporate Social Responsibility in the Amazon Rainforest Author: Dancé, Raúl The ecosystem services provided by our forest resources and woodlands are multiple and diverse on all spatial and temporal levels, and include provision, regulating, cultural, and supporting services (Hanson, et al. WRI, 2008). Human activities are proximate and direct drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. In the Latin American region, around 40 million hectares, roughly the size of Germany, of forest were converted to other uses in the last decade (FAO, FRA 2010). This massive loss of forest resources has caused a huge concern and reaction of many governments, institutions, consumers and other stakeholders that require companies to implement responsible practices to favor the society and the environment (Porter and Kramer, 2006). Some companies are aware of their negative impacts on the environment and the potential risks for their businesses so they have taken the path of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to measure, prevent, mitigate or compensate those impacts, being the Global Reporting Initiative - GRI standard the most widely adopted reporting framework (KPMG Survey of CSR, 2013). The main goal of this research was to analyze the CSR Sustainability Reports of the top twenty-one (21) corporations in Latin America linked with the four commodities associated with Amazon deforestation (soy, beef, paper/pulp and palm oil) to assess if their CSR activities offset their impacts on environment, therefore the ecosystem balance is maintained in the Amazon rainforest. The study presented a "Sustainability Model in the Amazon" to find interconnections among forest ecosystem services, environmental corporate impacts, and CSR activities. It was also examined the level of dependence of commodities production on forest ecosystem services; it was graded sustainability reports of each corporation to assess fulfillment with PSI and GRI; finally, it was found the connections between the environmental aspects of CSR Standard with the four categories of forest ecosystem services to assess which of them are better represented in the standard. The findings of this research have identified that corporations have a high level of dependence for at least twelve (12) of the thirty-two (32) forest ecosystem services that are essential for commodities production. It was assessed that 70 percent of the thirty-two (32) FES were adversely affected by the economic activities and only 15 percent of them were enhanced. It was also possible to score the fulfillment of each economic sector with the GRI, obtaining the following results: Agricultural products (B); Palm oil Consumers (B+) Animal breeding sector (B+); and Plantations (A-). This pattern suggest an increasing risk of current business practices against the environmental balance, therefore, more efforts are needed to guarantee the sustainability of the forest ecosystem services in the Amazon basin. Close

• 88. [Article] Quantification of vegetation diversity and variation on intact and degraded rangelands

  Vegetation diversity in the Wyoming big sagebrush/Thurber needlegrass (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young/Achnatherum thurberianum (Piper) Barkworth. syn. Stipa thurberiana Piper) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantification of vegetation diversity and variation on intact and degraded rangelands Author: Dysart, Patricia L. Vegetation diversity in the Wyoming big sagebrush/Thurber needlegrass (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young/Achnatherum thurberianum (Piper) Barkworth. syn. Stipa thurberiana Piper) plant association was studied across a condition class gradient in southeastern Oregon. All observable vascular plant species were counted during 6 seasons and 2 years and diversity indices were calculated using both density and percent cover. Soil surface characteristics were evaluated once per year for 3 years. The measures of vegetation diversity evaluated in this thesis are: Species Richness, Simpson's Index, Shannon's Index, and Hill's diversity numbers, NO, NI, N2, and evenness ratio E5. Functional categories were addressed using Raunkiaer's Biological Classification system (1934) and life form classes used by the USDA. Soil surface patterns were evaluated using types described by Eckert et al. (1986a). High seasonal and yearly variation exhibited by all classification schemes studied (species richness counts, diversity indices, functional groups, and soil surface microtopography) confounded their ability to consistently distinguish among condition classes. Highest diversity was obtained in the spring and least in the fall. A significant correlation was obtained between diversity and a modified condition class index calculated using actual field data by season, and showed that based on diversity, sites might be classified as poor in one year and good in the next. Five distinct soil surface types showed apparent trends across the gradient, but no statistically significant results were obtained between the amount of cover of any of the soil surface types and range site condition. Significant natural changes in the amount of cover by soil surface microtopography category did occur in the year following grazing exclusion regardless of range condition. This may indicate system resilience is initially high and that recovery thresholds may be approached quickly regardless of initial range condition. Our results indicate that in ecosystems where distinct seasonal changes affect plant community composition, species richness numbers and diversity indices should be used with caution as a criterion for ecological assessment. An a priori delineation of the temporal scale for measurement is an essential condition of using any vegetation or soil indicator as an evaluation tool. Title: Quantification of vegetation diversity and variation on intact and degraded rangelands Author: Dysart, Patricia L. Vegetation diversity in the Wyoming big sagebrush/Thurber needlegrass (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young/Achnatherum thurberianum (Piper) Barkworth. syn. Stipa thurberiana Piper) plant association was studied across a condition class gradient in southeastern Oregon. All observable vascular plant species were counted during 6 seasons and 2 years and diversity indices were calculated using both density and percent cover. Soil surface characteristics were evaluated once per year for 3 years. The measures of vegetation diversity evaluated in this thesis are: Species Richness, Simpson's Index, Shannon's Index, and Hill's diversity numbers, NO, NI, N2, and evenness ratio E5. Functional categories were addressed using Raunkiaer's Biological Classification system (1934) and life form classes used by the USDA. Soil surface patterns were evaluated using types described by Eckert et al. (1986a). High seasonal and yearly variation exhibited by all classification schemes studied (species richness counts, diversity indices, functional groups, and soil surface microtopography) confounded their ability to consistently distinguish among condition classes. Highest diversity was obtained in the spring and least in the fall. A significant correlation was obtained between diversity and a modified condition class index calculated using actual field data by season, and showed that based on diversity, sites might be classified as poor in one year and good in the next. Five distinct soil surface types showed apparent trends across the gradient, but no statistically significant results were obtained between the amount of cover of any of the soil surface types and range site condition. Significant natural changes in the amount of cover by soil surface microtopography category did occur in the year following grazing exclusion regardless of range condition. This may indicate system resilience is initially high and that recovery thresholds may be approached quickly regardless of initial range condition. Our results indicate that in ecosystems where distinct seasonal changes affect plant community composition, species richness numbers and diversity indices should be used with caution as a criterion for ecological assessment. An a priori delineation of the temporal scale for measurement is an essential condition of using any vegetation or soil indicator as an evaluation tool. Close

• 89. [Article] Enhancing the effectiveness of conservation easements through trust building, partner coordination, and cooperation

  2 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enhancing the effectiveness of conservation easements through trust building, partner coordination, and cooperation Author: University of Oregon. Ecosystem Workforce Program Year: 2016, 2013 2 pages Title: Enhancing the effectiveness of conservation easements through trust building, partner coordination, and cooperation Author: University of Oregon. Ecosystem Workforce Program Year: 2016, 2013 2 pages Close

• 90. [Article] Interactive effects of silvicultural herbicides and cervid herbivory on early seral plant communities of the northern Oregon Coast Range

  Intensive forest management (IFM, dense conifer plantings and herbicide applications) may alter the characteristics of early seral plant communities that function as major habitat resources for a host ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactive effects of silvicultural herbicides and cervid herbivory on early seral plant communities of the northern Oregon Coast Range Author: Stokely, Thomas Intensive forest management (IFM, dense conifer plantings and herbicide applications) may alter the characteristics of early seral plant communities that function as major habitat resources for a host of wildlife species, including cervid herbivores such as Cervus elaphus and Odocoileus hemionus. Such large herbivores can also substantially affect plant community characteristics and succession, especially in disturbed early seral habitats. I hypothesized that the effect of cervid herbivory on early seral plant communities is mediated by the effect of silvicultural herbicide treatments. If that is the case, intensively treated stands with low plant cover and diversity should be most susceptible to herbivory, as cervids are less selective and herbivory impacts are highly concentrated where forage has been diminished. To test this hypothesis, I experimentally established paired 225 m² cervid Exclusion and Open-Herbivory treatment plots in 28, 12-15 ha early seral plantation stands throughout the northern Oregon Coast Range, USA, representing a gradient in IFM. The gradient included three herbicide treatments and a no-spray Control applied at the stand scale and replicated using a randomized complete block design. I compared estimates of cover, height and diversity for entire plant communities and specific functional groups among herbivory and herbicide treatments using mixed-effects models with a blocked split-plot design. I found convincing evidence that the effect of herbivory was mediated by herbicide treatment. No-spray Control stands were too vigorous, diverse and rich with native perennial herb and deciduous shrub forage to be substantially impacted by cervid herbivory. The herbaceous specific, Light herbicide treatment reduced Shannon diversity and the cover and richness of native-perennial herbs, releasing deciduous shrub height growth where cervids where excluded. Highly selective herbivory suppressed the shrub height response by 20.5 cm, increasing the abundance and richness of introduced herb species. The broad spectrum, Moderate herbicide treatment reduced diversity, forage cover and diminished the cover and richness of deciduous shrubs and native-perennial herbs, favoring the dominance of introduced-ruderal herbs. Herbivory in the Moderate treatment reduced total cover by 17.7 percent cover, moderate-quality forage cover by 13.2 percent cover and native perennial herb richness by 1.5 species, while suppressing the cover of introduced-ruderal herbs by 4.58 percent cover and reducing the height of ferns and introduced-perennial herbs by 19.9 and 17.3 cm, respectively. Plant communities subject to the Heavy treatment were the most depauperate of all and herbivory exacerbated the effect of this treatment on native-perennial herbs only. Average height of dominant vegetation was consistently lower with cervid access across all stands, especially with Moderate herbicide treatment. My results provide evidence that by reducing diversity and the abundance of native forage species, herbicide treatments altered herbivory selectivity and pressure. The alteration of herbivory pressure in turn influenced the outcome of herbicide treatments, resulting in an exacerbated effect with Moderate and Heavy treatments. The effect of herbivory in controlling vegetation in managed stands may have positive implications for conifer seedling growth, constituting a possible 'ecosystem service' by cervids in the Pacific Northwest. This 'service' may be to the detriment of biodiversity and other early seral associates when coupled with common intensive forest management practices. Title: Interactive effects of silvicultural herbicides and cervid herbivory on early seral plant communities of the northern Oregon Coast Range Author: Stokely, Thomas Intensive forest management (IFM, dense conifer plantings and herbicide applications) may alter the characteristics of early seral plant communities that function as major habitat resources for a host of wildlife species, including cervid herbivores such as Cervus elaphus and Odocoileus hemionus. Such large herbivores can also substantially affect plant community characteristics and succession, especially in disturbed early seral habitats. I hypothesized that the effect of cervid herbivory on early seral plant communities is mediated by the effect of silvicultural herbicide treatments. If that is the case, intensively treated stands with low plant cover and diversity should be most susceptible to herbivory, as cervids are less selective and herbivory impacts are highly concentrated where forage has been diminished. To test this hypothesis, I experimentally established paired 225 m² cervid Exclusion and Open-Herbivory treatment plots in 28, 12-15 ha early seral plantation stands throughout the northern Oregon Coast Range, USA, representing a gradient in IFM. The gradient included three herbicide treatments and a no-spray Control applied at the stand scale and replicated using a randomized complete block design. I compared estimates of cover, height and diversity for entire plant communities and specific functional groups among herbivory and herbicide treatments using mixed-effects models with a blocked split-plot design. I found convincing evidence that the effect of herbivory was mediated by herbicide treatment. No-spray Control stands were too vigorous, diverse and rich with native perennial herb and deciduous shrub forage to be substantially impacted by cervid herbivory. The herbaceous specific, Light herbicide treatment reduced Shannon diversity and the cover and richness of native-perennial herbs, releasing deciduous shrub height growth where cervids where excluded. Highly selective herbivory suppressed the shrub height response by 20.5 cm, increasing the abundance and richness of introduced herb species. The broad spectrum, Moderate herbicide treatment reduced diversity, forage cover and diminished the cover and richness of deciduous shrubs and native-perennial herbs, favoring the dominance of introduced-ruderal herbs. Herbivory in the Moderate treatment reduced total cover by 17.7 percent cover, moderate-quality forage cover by 13.2 percent cover and native perennial herb richness by 1.5 species, while suppressing the cover of introduced-ruderal herbs by 4.58 percent cover and reducing the height of ferns and introduced-perennial herbs by 19.9 and 17.3 cm, respectively. Plant communities subject to the Heavy treatment were the most depauperate of all and herbivory exacerbated the effect of this treatment on native-perennial herbs only. Average height of dominant vegetation was consistently lower with cervid access across all stands, especially with Moderate herbicide treatment. My results provide evidence that by reducing diversity and the abundance of native forage species, herbicide treatments altered herbivory selectivity and pressure. The alteration of herbivory pressure in turn influenced the outcome of herbicide treatments, resulting in an exacerbated effect with Moderate and Heavy treatments. The effect of herbivory in controlling vegetation in managed stands may have positive implications for conifer seedling growth, constituting a possible 'ecosystem service' by cervids in the Pacific Northwest. This 'service' may be to the detriment of biodiversity and other early seral associates when coupled with common intensive forest management practices. Close

• 91. [Article] TomasFionaFisheriesWildlifeTropicalizationTemperateMarine.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TomasFionaFisheriesWildlifeTropicalizationTemperateMarine.pdf Author: Tomas, Fiona, Vergés, Adriana, Ballesteros, Enric, et al., Poore, Alistair G., Steinberg, Peter D., Campbell, Alexandra H., Hay, Mark E. Title: TomasFionaFisheriesWildlifeTropicalizationTemperateMarine.pdf Author: Tomas, Fiona, Vergés, Adriana, Ballesteros, Enric, et al., Poore, Alistair G., Steinberg, Peter D., Campbell, Alexandra H., Hay, Mark E. Close

• 92. [Article] TomasFionaFisheriesWildlifeTropicalizationTemperateMarine(SupplementaryMaterialTableS1).pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TomasFionaFisheriesWildlifeTropicalizationTemperateMarine(SupplementaryMaterialTableS1).pdf Author: Tomas, Fiona, Vergés, Adriana, Ballesteros, Enric, et al., Poore, Alistair G., Steinberg, Peter D., Campbell, Alexandra H., Hay, Mark E. Title: TomasFionaFisheriesWildlifeTropicalizationTemperateMarine(SupplementaryMaterialTableS1).pdf Author: Tomas, Fiona, Vergés, Adriana, Ballesteros, Enric, et al., Poore, Alistair G., Steinberg, Peter D., Campbell, Alexandra H., Hay, Mark E. Close

• 93. [Article] Activity and phylogenetic diversity of bacterial cells with high and low nucleic acid content and electron transport system activity in an upwelling ecosystem

  We evaluated whether bacteria with higher cell-specific nucleic acid content (HNA) or an active electron transport system, i.e., positive for reduction of 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Activity and phylogenetic diversity of bacterial cells with high and low nucleic acid content and electron transport system activity in an upwelling ecosystem Author: Sherr, Barry F., Longnecker, K., Sherr, Evelyn We evaluated whether bacteria with higher cell-specific nucleic acid content (HNA) or an active electron transport system, i.e., positive for reduction of 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC), were responsible for the bulk of bacterioplankton metabolic activity. We also examined whether the phylogenetic diversity of HNA and CTC-positive cells differed from the diversity of Bacteria with low nucleic acid content (LNA). Bacterial assemblages were sampled both in eutrophic shelf waters and in mesotrophic offshore waters in the Oregon coastal upwelling region. Cytometrically sorted HNA, LNA, and CTC-positive cells were assayed for their cell-specific [³H]leucine incorporation rates. Phylogenetic diversity in sorted non-radioactively labeled samples was assayed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. Cell-specific rates of leucine incorporation of HNA and CTC-positive cells were on average only slightly greater than the cell-specific rates of LNA cells. HNA cells accounted for most bacterioplankton substrate incorporation due to high abundances, while the low abundances of CTC-positive cells resulted in only a small contribution by these cells to total bacterial activity. The proportion of the total bacterial leucine incorporation attributable to LNA cells was higher in offshore regions than in shelf waters. Sequence data obtained from DGGE bands showed broadly similar phylogenetic diversity across HNA, LNA, and CTC-positive cells, with between-sample and between-region variability in the distribution of phylotypes. Our results suggest that LNA bacteria are not substantially different from HNA bacteria in either cell-specific rates of substrate incorporation or phylogenetic composition and that they can be significant contributors to bacterial metabolism in the sea. Title: Activity and phylogenetic diversity of bacterial cells with high and low nucleic acid content and electron transport system activity in an upwelling ecosystem Author: Sherr, Barry F., Longnecker, K., Sherr, Evelyn We evaluated whether bacteria with higher cell-specific nucleic acid content (HNA) or an active electron transport system, i.e., positive for reduction of 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC), were responsible for the bulk of bacterioplankton metabolic activity. We also examined whether the phylogenetic diversity of HNA and CTC-positive cells differed from the diversity of Bacteria with low nucleic acid content (LNA). Bacterial assemblages were sampled both in eutrophic shelf waters and in mesotrophic offshore waters in the Oregon coastal upwelling region. Cytometrically sorted HNA, LNA, and CTC-positive cells were assayed for their cell-specific [³H]leucine incorporation rates. Phylogenetic diversity in sorted non-radioactively labeled samples was assayed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. Cell-specific rates of leucine incorporation of HNA and CTC-positive cells were on average only slightly greater than the cell-specific rates of LNA cells. HNA cells accounted for most bacterioplankton substrate incorporation due to high abundances, while the low abundances of CTC-positive cells resulted in only a small contribution by these cells to total bacterial activity. The proportion of the total bacterial leucine incorporation attributable to LNA cells was higher in offshore regions than in shelf waters. Sequence data obtained from DGGE bands showed broadly similar phylogenetic diversity across HNA, LNA, and CTC-positive cells, with between-sample and between-region variability in the distribution of phylotypes. Our results suggest that LNA bacteria are not substantially different from HNA bacteria in either cell-specific rates of substrate incorporation or phylogenetic composition and that they can be significant contributors to bacterial metabolism in the sea. Close

• 94. [Article] Soil community dynamics in sagebrush and cheatgrass-invaded ecosystems of the northern Great Basin

  Sagebrush steppe ecosystems in the Great Basin have become increasingly threatened by the proliferation of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), an invasive annual grass. Diverse sagebrush and perennial bunchgrass ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil community dynamics in sagebrush and cheatgrass-invaded ecosystems of the northern Great Basin Author: DeCrappeo, Nicole M. Sagebrush steppe ecosystems in the Great Basin have become increasingly threatened by the proliferation of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), an invasive annual grass. Diverse sagebrush and perennial bunchgrass landscapes can be converted to homogenous cheatgrass grasslands mainly through the effects of fire. Although the consequences of this conversion are well understood in the context of plant community dynamics, information on changes to soil communities has not been well documented. I characterized soil surface, microbial, and nematode community dynamics in sagebrush steppe and cheatgrass-invaded areas across the northern Great Basin. I also examined how restoration treatments, such as seeding with a low impact rangeland drill and applying herbicide or sugar to plots, affected soil communities. Soil community functional diversity and structure were alike at sites where soil pH and percent bare ground were similar. Rangeland drill seeding and associated human trampling decreased biological soil crust cover at sites with high proportions of cyanobacteria. Herbicide treatments had little effect on soil communities, but addition of sugar to plots increased carbohydrate utilization and fungal biomass of cheatgrass- invaded soils. In studying paired intact and cheatgrass-invaded sagebrush plots, I found that microbial functional diversity and community composition were different in sagebrush, bunchgrass, cheatgrass, and interspace soils. Fungal biomass and species richness were highest under sagebrush and decreased under cheatgrass. To examine how soil community shifts might affect ecosystem processes, I investigated the contribution of fungi to inorganic nitrogen (N) mineralization in sagebrush and cheatgrass rhizospheres. Results from a ¹⁵N pool dilution experiment modified with the fungal protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide showed that gross and net N cycling rates did not differ between control sagebrush and cheatgrass soils and that fungi were important for gross NH₄⁺ production and consumption in both soil types. However, net nitrification increased in sagebrush soils after 24 h, suggesting that when organic matter decomposition by fungi ceased bacteria became carbon limited and could no longer assimilate NH₄⁺. These studies demonstrate that cheatgrass invasion into sagebrush steppe ecosystems can bring about significant changes to soil communities and that these changes may have repercussions for ecosystem functioning in the northern Great Basin. Title: Soil community dynamics in sagebrush and cheatgrass-invaded ecosystems of the northern Great Basin Author: DeCrappeo, Nicole M. Sagebrush steppe ecosystems in the Great Basin have become increasingly threatened by the proliferation of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), an invasive annual grass. Diverse sagebrush and perennial bunchgrass landscapes can be converted to homogenous cheatgrass grasslands mainly through the effects of fire. Although the consequences of this conversion are well understood in the context of plant community dynamics, information on changes to soil communities has not been well documented. I characterized soil surface, microbial, and nematode community dynamics in sagebrush steppe and cheatgrass-invaded areas across the northern Great Basin. I also examined how restoration treatments, such as seeding with a low impact rangeland drill and applying herbicide or sugar to plots, affected soil communities. Soil community functional diversity and structure were alike at sites where soil pH and percent bare ground were similar. Rangeland drill seeding and associated human trampling decreased biological soil crust cover at sites with high proportions of cyanobacteria. Herbicide treatments had little effect on soil communities, but addition of sugar to plots increased carbohydrate utilization and fungal biomass of cheatgrass- invaded soils. In studying paired intact and cheatgrass-invaded sagebrush plots, I found that microbial functional diversity and community composition were different in sagebrush, bunchgrass, cheatgrass, and interspace soils. Fungal biomass and species richness were highest under sagebrush and decreased under cheatgrass. To examine how soil community shifts might affect ecosystem processes, I investigated the contribution of fungi to inorganic nitrogen (N) mineralization in sagebrush and cheatgrass rhizospheres. Results from a ¹⁵N pool dilution experiment modified with the fungal protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide showed that gross and net N cycling rates did not differ between control sagebrush and cheatgrass soils and that fungi were important for gross NH₄⁺ production and consumption in both soil types. However, net nitrification increased in sagebrush soils after 24 h, suggesting that when organic matter decomposition by fungi ceased bacteria became carbon limited and could no longer assimilate NH₄⁺. These studies demonstrate that cheatgrass invasion into sagebrush steppe ecosystems can bring about significant changes to soil communities and that these changes may have repercussions for ecosystem functioning in the northern Great Basin. Close

• 95. [Article] Short-term responses of native bees to livestock and implications for managing ecosystem services in grasslands

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Short-term responses of native bees to livestock and implications for managing ecosystem services in grasslands Author: Schmalz, Heidi, Rao, Sujaya, Kennedy, Patricia L., Kimoto, Chiho, Thorp, Robbin W., DeBano, Sandra J., Johnson, Tracey, DelCurto, Timothy, Taylor, Robert V. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp. Title: Short-term responses of native bees to livestock and implications for managing ecosystem services in grasslands Author: Schmalz, Heidi, Rao, Sujaya, Kennedy, Patricia L., Kimoto, Chiho, Thorp, Robbin W., DeBano, Sandra J., Johnson, Tracey, DelCurto, Timothy, Taylor, Robert V. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp. Close

• 96. [Article] The Differing Biogeochemical and Microbial Signatures of Glaciers and Rock Glaciers

  Glaciers and rock glaciers supply water and bioavailable nutrients to headwater mountain lakes and streams across all regions of the American West. Here we present a comparative study of the metal, nutrient, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Differing Biogeochemical and Microbial Signatures of Glaciers and Rock Glaciers Author: Fegel, Timothy S., Baron, Jill S., Fountain, Andrew G., Johnson, Gunnar F., Hall, Ed K. Year: 2016 Glaciers and rock glaciers supply water and bioavailable nutrients to headwater mountain lakes and streams across all regions of the American West. Here we present a comparative study of the metal, nutrient, and microbial characteristics of glacial and rock glacial influence on headwater ecosystems in three mountain ranges of the contiguous U.S.: the Cascade Mountains, Rocky Mountains, and Sierra Nevada. Several meltwater characteristics (water temperature, conductivity, pH, metals, nutrients, complexity of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and bacterial richness and diversity) differed significantly between glacier and rock glacier meltwaters, while other characteristics (Ca2+, Fe3+, SiO2 concentrations, reactive nitrogen, and microbial processing of DOM) showed distinct trends between mountain ranges regardless of meltwater source. Some characteristics were affected both by glacier type and mountain range (e.g., temperature, ammonium (NH4 +) and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations, and bacterial diversity). Due to the ubiquity of rock glaciers and the accelerating loss of the low-latitude glaciers, our results point to the important and changing influence that these frozen features place on headwater ecosystems. Title: The Differing Biogeochemical and Microbial Signatures of Glaciers and Rock Glaciers Author: Fegel, Timothy S., Baron, Jill S., Fountain, Andrew G., Johnson, Gunnar F., Hall, Ed K. Year: 2016 Glaciers and rock glaciers supply water and bioavailable nutrients to headwater mountain lakes and streams across all regions of the American West. Here we present a comparative study of the metal, nutrient, and microbial characteristics of glacial and rock glacial influence on headwater ecosystems in three mountain ranges of the contiguous U.S.: the Cascade Mountains, Rocky Mountains, and Sierra Nevada. Several meltwater characteristics (water temperature, conductivity, pH, metals, nutrients, complexity of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and bacterial richness and diversity) differed significantly between glacier and rock glacier meltwaters, while other characteristics (Ca2+, Fe3+, SiO2 concentrations, reactive nitrogen, and microbial processing of DOM) showed distinct trends between mountain ranges regardless of meltwater source. Some characteristics were affected both by glacier type and mountain range (e.g., temperature, ammonium (NH4 +) and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations, and bacterial diversity). Due to the ubiquity of rock glaciers and the accelerating loss of the low-latitude glaciers, our results point to the important and changing influence that these frozen features place on headwater ecosystems. Close

• 97. [Article] Diversity, productivity, and mycophagy of hypogeous mycorrhizal fungi in a variably thinned Douglas-fir forest

  Hypogeous fungi are a critical component of forest ecosystems world wide. In Pacific Northwest forests, they are the base of the food chain of the threatened Northern Spotted Owl. As part of The Forest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Diversity, productivity, and mycophagy of hypogeous mycorrhizal fungi in a variably thinned Douglas-fir forest Author: Colgan, Wesley Hypogeous fungi are a critical component of forest ecosystems world wide. In Pacific Northwest forests, they are the base of the food chain of the threatened Northern Spotted Owl. As part of The Forest Ecosystem Study (a interdisciplinary study designed to increase development of suitable spotted owl habitat), diversity and productivity of truffles were studied from March 1993 through December 1996 at approximately six week intervals at the Fort Lewis Military Reservation near Olympia, Washington. Half of the stands served as controls, half were assigned a variable density thinning (VDT) treatment. A VDT stand was comprised of a mosaic of 0.16 ha- patches thinned to different densities of standing live trees. To further examine effect of thinning on sporocarp productivity and diversity, this mosaic was stratified into 2 sub-treatments, lightly thinned and heavily thinned areas. Total standing crop biomass over all seasons was significantly reduced in VDT stands compared to the control stands. However. VDT stands had greater truffle standing crop during two of the three winters sampled. This suggests that, in the short term, thinning could reduce production overall but enhance production of truffles in winter. Species richness and evenness were highest in the lightly thinned areas within the VDT stands and declined sharply in the heavily thinned areas, compared to the control stands. Two novel truffle taxa collected during this study were described. A reliable method to assess dietaries of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) and Townsend's chipmunk (Tamias townsendii) was developed, and subsequently used to analyze fecal pellets collected from live trapped individuals. Collections from spring 1991 through December 1996 were analyzed to estimate dietary composition. Hypogeous basidiomycetes and ascomycetes dominated chipmunk and flying squirrel dietaries. Plant material was also a dominant component of chipmunk dietaries (both spring and fall) and fall flying squirrel dietaries. Both mammal species consistently found more fungal taxa than mycologists did during the concurrent mycological survey. Thinning did not significantly change the rank order of fungal components in the dietaries of these small mammals. Title: Diversity, productivity, and mycophagy of hypogeous mycorrhizal fungi in a variably thinned Douglas-fir forest Author: Colgan, Wesley Hypogeous fungi are a critical component of forest ecosystems world wide. In Pacific Northwest forests, they are the base of the food chain of the threatened Northern Spotted Owl. As part of The Forest Ecosystem Study (a interdisciplinary study designed to increase development of suitable spotted owl habitat), diversity and productivity of truffles were studied from March 1993 through December 1996 at approximately six week intervals at the Fort Lewis Military Reservation near Olympia, Washington. Half of the stands served as controls, half were assigned a variable density thinning (VDT) treatment. A VDT stand was comprised of a mosaic of 0.16 ha- patches thinned to different densities of standing live trees. To further examine effect of thinning on sporocarp productivity and diversity, this mosaic was stratified into 2 sub-treatments, lightly thinned and heavily thinned areas. Total standing crop biomass over all seasons was significantly reduced in VDT stands compared to the control stands. However. VDT stands had greater truffle standing crop during two of the three winters sampled. This suggests that, in the short term, thinning could reduce production overall but enhance production of truffles in winter. Species richness and evenness were highest in the lightly thinned areas within the VDT stands and declined sharply in the heavily thinned areas, compared to the control stands. Two novel truffle taxa collected during this study were described. A reliable method to assess dietaries of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) and Townsend's chipmunk (Tamias townsendii) was developed, and subsequently used to analyze fecal pellets collected from live trapped individuals. Collections from spring 1991 through December 1996 were analyzed to estimate dietary composition. Hypogeous basidiomycetes and ascomycetes dominated chipmunk and flying squirrel dietaries. Plant material was also a dominant component of chipmunk dietaries (both spring and fall) and fall flying squirrel dietaries. Both mammal species consistently found more fungal taxa than mycologists did during the concurrent mycological survey. Thinning did not significantly change the rank order of fungal components in the dietaries of these small mammals. Close

• 98. [Article] Food Webs in Relation to Variation in the Environment and Species Assemblage: A Multivariate Approach

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Food Webs in Relation to Variation in the Environment and Species Assemblage: A Multivariate Approach Author: Schriever, Tiffany A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Food Webs in Relation to Variation in the Environment and Species Assemblage: A Multivariate Approach Author: Schriever, Tiffany A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 99. [Article] Drivers of plant community dynamics in sagebrush steppe ecosystems : cattle grazing, heat and water stress

  Sagebrush steppe ecosystems are one of the most widespread but endangered ecosystems in North America. A diverse array of human-related stressors has gradually compromised these ecosystems' resilience ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drivers of plant community dynamics in sagebrush steppe ecosystems : cattle grazing, heat and water stress Author: Reisner, Michael D. Sagebrush steppe ecosystems are one of the most widespread but endangered ecosystems in North America. A diverse array of human-related stressors has gradually compromised these ecosystems' resilience to disturbance and invasion by Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass). The role of the foundational shrub Artemisia as a driver of herbaceous community structure and dynamics during this degradation process is poorly understood. Many of the individual factors driving B. tectorum invasions are well documented. However a predictive understanding of the relative importance of complex, interacting factors in the causal network of simultaneously occurring processes determining invasibility has proven elusive. I examined these issues at the landscape level across 75 sites capturing a range of soil and landscape properties and cattle grazing levels similar to those found across the Great Basin. Cumulative cattle herbivory stress levels were a predominant component of both the overlapping heat and water stress gradients driving the structure of Artemisia interactions with herbaceous species. Consistent with the stress gradient hypothesis, Artemisia facilitation of herbaceous species was most frequent and strongest at the highest stress levels, and competition was most frequent and strongest at the lowest stress levels. The two species with the highest competitive response abilities, Elymus elymoides and Poa secunda, showed the strongest facilitation at the upper limits of their stress tolerances. The structure of Artemisia interactions with the invasive B. tectorum was strikingly different than those with native bunchgrasses. Artemisia interactions with native bunchgrasses shifted from competition to facilitation with increasing heat, water, and herbivory stress, but its interactions remained competitive with B. tectorum along the entire stress gradient. Shifts in the structure of interactions between Artemisia and native bunchgrasses were associated with both an increase and decrease in community compositional and functional stability. I report the first evidence of native species facilitation decreasing community invasibility. Artemisia facilitation increased native bunchgrass composition, which reduced the magnitude of B. tectorum invasion in under-shrub compared to interspace communities. This decreased invasibility did not translate into lower invasibility at the community level because of the limited spatial scale over which such facilitation occurs. Artemisia facilitation increased community compositional and functional stability at intermediate stress levels but decreased community stability at high stress levels. Facilitation became a destabilizing force when native bunchgrass species became "obligate" beneficiaries, i.e. strongly dependent on Artemisia facilitation for their continued persistence in the community. Structural equation modeling assessed the structure of the causal network and relative importance of factors and processes predicted to drive community invasibility. The linchpin of ecosystem invasibility was the size of and connectivity between basal gaps in perennial vegetation, driven by shifts in the structure and spatial aggregation of the native bunchgrass community. Landscape orientation and soil physical properties determined inherent risk to invasion. Resident bunchgrass and biological soil crust communities provided biotic resistance to invasion by reducing the size of and connectivity between basal gaps and thereby limiting available resources and reducing safe sites for B. tectorum establishment. High levels of cattle grazing reduced ecosystem resilience by reducing native bunchgrass and biological soil crust abundance and altering bunchgrass community composition and facilitated B. tectorum invasion. Conserving and restoring resilience and resistance of these imperiled ecosystems will require reducing cumulative stress levels. As global climate change increases heat and water stress, reducing cumulative cattle grazing intensities by altering utilization rates and/or seasons of use may be the only effective means of accomplishing these goals. Title: Drivers of plant community dynamics in sagebrush steppe ecosystems : cattle grazing, heat and water stress Author: Reisner, Michael D. Sagebrush steppe ecosystems are one of the most widespread but endangered ecosystems in North America. A diverse array of human-related stressors has gradually compromised these ecosystems' resilience to disturbance and invasion by Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass). The role of the foundational shrub Artemisia as a driver of herbaceous community structure and dynamics during this degradation process is poorly understood. Many of the individual factors driving B. tectorum invasions are well documented. However a predictive understanding of the relative importance of complex, interacting factors in the causal network of simultaneously occurring processes determining invasibility has proven elusive. I examined these issues at the landscape level across 75 sites capturing a range of soil and landscape properties and cattle grazing levels similar to those found across the Great Basin. Cumulative cattle herbivory stress levels were a predominant component of both the overlapping heat and water stress gradients driving the structure of Artemisia interactions with herbaceous species. Consistent with the stress gradient hypothesis, Artemisia facilitation of herbaceous species was most frequent and strongest at the highest stress levels, and competition was most frequent and strongest at the lowest stress levels. The two species with the highest competitive response abilities, Elymus elymoides and Poa secunda, showed the strongest facilitation at the upper limits of their stress tolerances. The structure of Artemisia interactions with the invasive B. tectorum was strikingly different than those with native bunchgrasses. Artemisia interactions with native bunchgrasses shifted from competition to facilitation with increasing heat, water, and herbivory stress, but its interactions remained competitive with B. tectorum along the entire stress gradient. Shifts in the structure of interactions between Artemisia and native bunchgrasses were associated with both an increase and decrease in community compositional and functional stability. I report the first evidence of native species facilitation decreasing community invasibility. Artemisia facilitation increased native bunchgrass composition, which reduced the magnitude of B. tectorum invasion in under-shrub compared to interspace communities. This decreased invasibility did not translate into lower invasibility at the community level because of the limited spatial scale over which such facilitation occurs. Artemisia facilitation increased community compositional and functional stability at intermediate stress levels but decreased community stability at high stress levels. Facilitation became a destabilizing force when native bunchgrass species became "obligate" beneficiaries, i.e. strongly dependent on Artemisia facilitation for their continued persistence in the community. Structural equation modeling assessed the structure of the causal network and relative importance of factors and processes predicted to drive community invasibility. The linchpin of ecosystem invasibility was the size of and connectivity between basal gaps in perennial vegetation, driven by shifts in the structure and spatial aggregation of the native bunchgrass community. Landscape orientation and soil physical properties determined inherent risk to invasion. Resident bunchgrass and biological soil crust communities provided biotic resistance to invasion by reducing the size of and connectivity between basal gaps and thereby limiting available resources and reducing safe sites for B. tectorum establishment. High levels of cattle grazing reduced ecosystem resilience by reducing native bunchgrass and biological soil crust abundance and altering bunchgrass community composition and facilitated B. tectorum invasion. Conserving and restoring resilience and resistance of these imperiled ecosystems will require reducing cumulative stress levels. As global climate change increases heat and water stress, reducing cumulative cattle grazing intensities by altering utilization rates and/or seasons of use may be the only effective means of accomplishing these goals. Close

• 100. [Article] Public perspectives on forest ecosystem health : knowledge, preferences, and opinions from urban and rural communities throughout the Pacific Northwest

  Changes in forest ecosystem conditions in the region have prompted federal resource agencies to target the health of ecosystems in an effort to learn more about cause and effect relationships, develop ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Public perspectives on forest ecosystem health : knowledge, preferences, and opinions from urban and rural communities throughout the Pacific Northwest Author: Wilton, James Jared Changes in forest ecosystem conditions in the region have prompted federal resource agencies to target the health of ecosystems in an effort to learn more about cause and effect relationships, develop plans for restoring healthy forest conditions, and communicate with citizens about treatment alternatives and potential outcomes. Because of the risk and uncertainty citizens associate with the concept of ecosystem health, part of the planning task also involves identifying the range of public concerns. This study was specifically designed to assist in an effort to develop a regional public communication process that actively includes citizens. The research design paired qualitative and quantitative data from public participants throughout Oregon and Washington. Key findings indicate that participants demonstrate a high level of awareness of forest conditions but also possess a low level of understanding about the causal components and treatment alternatives. Respondents, especially rural residents, were worried about the potential threats to ecosystem health and perceived forests east of the Cascades to have more forest health problems. There was strong support for active management even though trust levels in management agencies were mixed. Interactive forms of forest information were generally preferable to unidirectional formats. Finally, respondents, particularly urban participants, were favorable to increasing the role of science in resource decisions. These findings suggest four areas where federal agencies can engage the range of constituents to build lasting solutions for forest ecosystem health. First, build literacy among stakeholders. Effective ecosystem health programs will require agencies to recognize that the public is diverse and needs a common understanding of forest conditions. Additionally, developing broad-based awareness will involve not only information dissemination, but also outreach in forest communities and cooperative local projects. Second, address uncertainty and risk. Ecosystem health involves considerable uncertainty about how systems function and, as public participants play a larger role in the decision-making, addressing local conditions in the process is essential. Third, focus on situational context and site-specific conditions. Greater public acceptance of programs to treat forest health is likely to come in familiar settings where people have a genuine stake in the outcomes. Lastly, concentrate on agency-public interactions along with information provision. The success of any communication strategy will hinge on the relationship between federal agencies and citizens. A comprehensive plan will not only focus on the types of information used, but also on how and why it is communicated. Title: Public perspectives on forest ecosystem health : knowledge, preferences, and opinions from urban and rural communities throughout the Pacific Northwest Author: Wilton, James Jared Changes in forest ecosystem conditions in the region have prompted federal resource agencies to target the health of ecosystems in an effort to learn more about cause and effect relationships, develop plans for restoring healthy forest conditions, and communicate with citizens about treatment alternatives and potential outcomes. Because of the risk and uncertainty citizens associate with the concept of ecosystem health, part of the planning task also involves identifying the range of public concerns. This study was specifically designed to assist in an effort to develop a regional public communication process that actively includes citizens. The research design paired qualitative and quantitative data from public participants throughout Oregon and Washington. Key findings indicate that participants demonstrate a high level of awareness of forest conditions but also possess a low level of understanding about the causal components and treatment alternatives. Respondents, especially rural residents, were worried about the potential threats to ecosystem health and perceived forests east of the Cascades to have more forest health problems. There was strong support for active management even though trust levels in management agencies were mixed. Interactive forms of forest information were generally preferable to unidirectional formats. Finally, respondents, particularly urban participants, were favorable to increasing the role of science in resource decisions. These findings suggest four areas where federal agencies can engage the range of constituents to build lasting solutions for forest ecosystem health. First, build literacy among stakeholders. Effective ecosystem health programs will require agencies to recognize that the public is diverse and needs a common understanding of forest conditions. Additionally, developing broad-based awareness will involve not only information dissemination, but also outreach in forest communities and cooperative local projects. Second, address uncertainty and risk. Ecosystem health involves considerable uncertainty about how systems function and, as public participants play a larger role in the decision-making, addressing local conditions in the process is essential. Third, focus on situational context and site-specific conditions. Greater public acceptance of programs to treat forest health is likely to come in familiar settings where people have a genuine stake in the outcomes. Lastly, concentrate on agency-public interactions along with information provision. The success of any communication strategy will hinge on the relationship between federal agencies and citizens. A comprehensive plan will not only focus on the types of information used, but also on how and why it is communicated. Close