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• 81. [Article] Lesbian Gender Identities: An Expansion of Bern's Sex-Role Inventory

  The central research question of the current study had to do with self - an stereotypically- gendered identities of lesbians. The purpose was to determine the nature and form of gender identity and gender ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lesbian Gender Identities: An Expansion of Bern's Sex-Role Inventory Author: Van Belthowing, Sheilagh Year: 2000 The central research question of the current study had to do with self - an stereotypically- gendered identities of lesbians. The purpose was to determine the nature and form of gender identity and gender stereotypes among women who self-identify as lesbians, and more specifically, to determine whether or not “gender” means the same to lesbians as it does to heterosexual women. Identity measures were Bern’s (1974) Sex-role Inventory (BSRI) and a butch-femme rating scale. The sample consisted of 65 women who self-identified as lesbian. The lesbians in the current sample did identify more strongly with masculine attributes (Masculinity scale mean = 5.27) than with feminine attributes (Femininity scale means= 5.07). Interestingly, the current sample’s mean Masculinity scores were higher than those of women (heterosexual orientation unknown, and lesbians) in prior research. The majority of butches and femmes identified as masculine and feminine, respectively. As indicated from prior research subjects, and even more strongly among the lesbians in this study, traits such as “cheerful,” “shy,” “flatterable,” “childlike,” “does not use harsh language,” and “lives children” may no longer be self-descriptions of lesbians or heterosexual women. The lesbians in this study described themselves as assertive and independent and also as nurturant and sensitive. It may be that the terms like “agency” and “emphatic” will in the future be more useful than the dichotomized masculine and feminine labels. Title: Lesbian Gender Identities: An Expansion of Bern's Sex-Role Inventory Author: Van Belthowing, Sheilagh Year: 2000 The central research question of the current study had to do with self - an stereotypically- gendered identities of lesbians. The purpose was to determine the nature and form of gender identity and gender stereotypes among women who self-identify as lesbians, and more specifically, to determine whether or not “gender” means the same to lesbians as it does to heterosexual women. Identity measures were Bern’s (1974) Sex-role Inventory (BSRI) and a butch-femme rating scale. The sample consisted of 65 women who self-identified as lesbian. The lesbians in the current sample did identify more strongly with masculine attributes (Masculinity scale mean = 5.27) than with feminine attributes (Femininity scale means= 5.07). Interestingly, the current sample’s mean Masculinity scores were higher than those of women (heterosexual orientation unknown, and lesbians) in prior research. The majority of butches and femmes identified as masculine and feminine, respectively. As indicated from prior research subjects, and even more strongly among the lesbians in this study, traits such as “cheerful,” “shy,” “flatterable,” “childlike,” “does not use harsh language,” and “lives children” may no longer be self-descriptions of lesbians or heterosexual women. The lesbians in this study described themselves as assertive and independent and also as nurturant and sensitive. It may be that the terms like “agency” and “emphatic” will in the future be more useful than the dichotomized masculine and feminine labels. Close

• 82. [Article] Gender Difference in Working Parents' Perceptions of Work/Family Conflict and the Role of Occupational Prestige

  As many Americans move away from the traditional homemaker-breadwinner family model, research on gender and work/family conflict has become increasingly important and the question of gender difference ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Difference in Working Parents' Perceptions of Work/Family Conflict and the Role of Occupational Prestige Author: McCabe, Heather Kirsten Year: 2015 As many Americans move away from the traditional homemaker-breadwinner family model, research on gender and work/family conflict has become increasingly important and the question of gender difference in experiences of work/family conflict continues to be relevant. While there is research that shows women tend to experience significantly greater work/family conflict than men, there are also studies that have shown little or no gender difference, and some that offer evidence that men are reporting more work/family conflict. This study contributes to the debate by examining gender and occupational prestige in regard to working parents' perceptions of work-to-family and family-to-work spillover, with a quantitative analysis of national probability sampled survey data from the General Social Survey's Quality of Working Life Module from the years 2006 and 2010. The findings indicate that fathers are reporting significantly more work/family conflict than mothers, and that higher prestige work is associated with greater work/family conflict, but occupational prestige has a gendered effect with work-to-family spillover and is found to be especially salient for fathers. Overall, this study demonstrates the need for policy-makers and employers to acknowledge men's parenthood. The findings are evidence that there is a need for incentivized paternity leave initiatives in the United States, as well as more universal employee work/life programs that address the barriers to fathers utilizing family-accommodating benefits. Title: Gender Difference in Working Parents' Perceptions of Work/Family Conflict and the Role of Occupational Prestige Author: McCabe, Heather Kirsten Year: 2015 As many Americans move away from the traditional homemaker-breadwinner family model, research on gender and work/family conflict has become increasingly important and the question of gender difference in experiences of work/family conflict continues to be relevant. While there is research that shows women tend to experience significantly greater work/family conflict than men, there are also studies that have shown little or no gender difference, and some that offer evidence that men are reporting more work/family conflict. This study contributes to the debate by examining gender and occupational prestige in regard to working parents' perceptions of work-to-family and family-to-work spillover, with a quantitative analysis of national probability sampled survey data from the General Social Survey's Quality of Working Life Module from the years 2006 and 2010. The findings indicate that fathers are reporting significantly more work/family conflict than mothers, and that higher prestige work is associated with greater work/family conflict, but occupational prestige has a gendered effect with work-to-family spillover and is found to be especially salient for fathers. Overall, this study demonstrates the need for policy-makers and employers to acknowledge men's parenthood. The findings are evidence that there is a need for incentivized paternity leave initiatives in the United States, as well as more universal employee work/life programs that address the barriers to fathers utilizing family-accommodating benefits. Close

• 83. [Article] Transgender Patients' Experiences of Discrimination at Mental Health Clinics

  The transgender population is makes up about 0.3% of the U.S. population (Gates 2011). The term transgender is both an identity and an umbrella term used to describe people who do not adhere to traditional ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transgender Patients' Experiences of Discrimination at Mental Health Clinics Author: Stocking, Corrine Ann Year: 2016 The transgender population is makes up about 0.3% of the U.S. population (Gates 2011). The term transgender is both an identity and an umbrella term used to describe people who do not adhere to traditional gender norms (Institute of Medicine 2011). Transgender people experience many barriers to services, negative health outcomes, and discrimination (Fredrikson-Goldsen et al. 2013; Institute of Medicine 2011; Eliason et al. 2009; Hendricks & Testa 2012). Mental health clinics are an important site for understanding transgender peoples' experiences due to being a gatekeeper for other medical services and their role in helping transpeople with issues surrounding coming out, victimization, and discrimination (Grant et al. 2011; Youth Suicide Prevention Program 2011). The mental health field has a contested relationship with the transgender population due to a history of pathologizing gender variance, barriers to accessing services, and insensitivity from mental health providers (American Psychiatric Association 2013; Eliason et al. 2009). I conducted secondary data analysis using the National Transgender Discrimination Survey (2008) in order to understand the relationships between gender non-conforming identities, others' perception of one's gender identity, and discrimination at mental health clinics. Results suggest that there is an association between gender identity, others' perception of one's gender identity, and discrimination. This association depends on which gender identity, the degree to which an individual identifies with each term, and the type of discrimination. Logistic regression results reveal that identity and others' perception are not significant predictors for experiencing discrimination. Rather, income and race are significant predictors for experiencing discrimination at metal health clinics. Title: Transgender Patients' Experiences of Discrimination at Mental Health Clinics Author: Stocking, Corrine Ann Year: 2016 The transgender population is makes up about 0.3% of the U.S. population (Gates 2011). The term transgender is both an identity and an umbrella term used to describe people who do not adhere to traditional gender norms (Institute of Medicine 2011). Transgender people experience many barriers to services, negative health outcomes, and discrimination (Fredrikson-Goldsen et al. 2013; Institute of Medicine 2011; Eliason et al. 2009; Hendricks & Testa 2012). Mental health clinics are an important site for understanding transgender peoples' experiences due to being a gatekeeper for other medical services and their role in helping transpeople with issues surrounding coming out, victimization, and discrimination (Grant et al. 2011; Youth Suicide Prevention Program 2011). The mental health field has a contested relationship with the transgender population due to a history of pathologizing gender variance, barriers to accessing services, and insensitivity from mental health providers (American Psychiatric Association 2013; Eliason et al. 2009). I conducted secondary data analysis using the National Transgender Discrimination Survey (2008) in order to understand the relationships between gender non-conforming identities, others' perception of one's gender identity, and discrimination at mental health clinics. Results suggest that there is an association between gender identity, others' perception of one's gender identity, and discrimination. This association depends on which gender identity, the degree to which an individual identifies with each term, and the type of discrimination. Logistic regression results reveal that identity and others' perception are not significant predictors for experiencing discrimination. Rather, income and race are significant predictors for experiencing discrimination at metal health clinics. Close

• 84. [Article] The Role of Gender in Violence Experienced by Adults With Developmental Disabilities

  Violence against people with developmental disabilities is a highly prevalent yet understudied phenomenon. In particular, there is a paucity of literature surrounding the role of gender and the experiences ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Role of Gender in Violence Experienced by Adults With Developmental Disabilities Author: Platt, Laura, Powers, Laurie E., Leotti, Sandra, Hughes, Rosemary B., Robinson-Whelen, Susan, Osburn, Sherri, Ashkenazy, Elesia, Beers, Leanne, Lund, Emily M., Nicolaidis, Christina Year: 2017 Violence against people with developmental disabilities is a highly prevalent yet understudied phenomenon. In particular, there is a paucity of literature surrounding the role of gender and the experiences of men. Using a cross-sectional study design, we surveyed 350 people with diverse developmental disabilities about experiences of abuse, perpetrators of abuse, and their physical and mental health status. These data were analyzed to determine whether gender influenced these domains. Statistical methods included chi-square, independent t tests, logistic regression, and hierarchical multiple regressions. Male and female participants reported abuse at high rates, with 61.9% of men and 58.2% of women reporting abuse as children and 63.7% of men and 68.2% of women reporting abuse as adults. More women than men reported adult sexual abuse, but there was no gender difference in the prevalence of any other form of abuse. Women were more likely than men to identify an intimate partner as their abuser, although intimate partners represented the minority of abusers for both men and women. Violence was associated with worse health status regardless of participant gender. These findings confirm that violence is an important issue for both men and women with developmental disabilities. Although some expected gender differences arose, such as higher rates of adult sexual abuse and intimate partner violence against women, these differences were less pronounced than they are in the general population, and the overall picture of abuse was one of gender similarities rather than differences. Title: The Role of Gender in Violence Experienced by Adults With Developmental Disabilities Author: Platt, Laura, Powers, Laurie E., Leotti, Sandra, Hughes, Rosemary B., Robinson-Whelen, Susan, Osburn, Sherri, Ashkenazy, Elesia, Beers, Leanne, Lund, Emily M., Nicolaidis, Christina Year: 2017 Violence against people with developmental disabilities is a highly prevalent yet understudied phenomenon. In particular, there is a paucity of literature surrounding the role of gender and the experiences of men. Using a cross-sectional study design, we surveyed 350 people with diverse developmental disabilities about experiences of abuse, perpetrators of abuse, and their physical and mental health status. These data were analyzed to determine whether gender influenced these domains. Statistical methods included chi-square, independent t tests, logistic regression, and hierarchical multiple regressions. Male and female participants reported abuse at high rates, with 61.9% of men and 58.2% of women reporting abuse as children and 63.7% of men and 68.2% of women reporting abuse as adults. More women than men reported adult sexual abuse, but there was no gender difference in the prevalence of any other form of abuse. Women were more likely than men to identify an intimate partner as their abuser, although intimate partners represented the minority of abusers for both men and women. Violence was associated with worse health status regardless of participant gender. These findings confirm that violence is an important issue for both men and women with developmental disabilities. Although some expected gender differences arose, such as higher rates of adult sexual abuse and intimate partner violence against women, these differences were less pronounced than they are in the general population, and the overall picture of abuse was one of gender similarities rather than differences. Close

• 85. [Article] The relationship of gender and perceived sex role identity to the leadership style, range, and adaptability of selected graduate students

  This study examined the relationship and strength of association of the two independent variables of gender (male, female) and perceived sex role identity (masculine, androgynous, feminine, and undifferentiated) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship of gender and perceived sex role identity to the leadership style, range, and adaptability of selected graduate students Author: Wall, James Keith This study examined the relationship and strength of association of the two independent variables of gender (male, female) and perceived sex role identity (masculine, androgynous, feminine, and undifferentiated) on the leadership style, leadership range (number of back-up styles), and leadership adaptability (effectiveness) of nonforeign graduate students at a Land Grant Institution. A sex role scale (The Personal Attribute Questionnaire) and a leadership scale (The Leader Effectiveness and Adaptability Description) were administered to a randomly selected sample of 700 (350 males, 350 females) graduate students. Usable responses were obtained from 65 percent (455) of the subjects. Chi-square, Cramer's V, and lambda analyses were performed on the categorical data. A significant relationship (.05 level) and low strength of association was found between males and females and their selection of a primary leadership style and their leadership range or the number of support styles. Males tended to select an instrumental (task oriented) and females an expressive (relationship oriented) primary style and males in this study tended to utilize a broader range of back-up or support styles. No significant difference or strength of relationship was found between gender and effectiveness. In terms of perceived sex role identity alone, no significant difference or strength of relationship was found in leadership style, range, or effectiveness. When gender and sex role identity were combined, stronger significant differences were found in the selection of a primary leadership style (.05 to .01) and leadership range (.05 to .02). Also, when combined, a significant difference (.05) was found in effectiveness which was not observed when gender and sex role identity were examined separately. There was no support in this study that androgynous persons (those high in both expressive and instrumental orientations) were any more flexible (as measured by range) or effective (as measured by adaptability) than nonandrogynous persons. The findings further suggest that sex role studies which do not differentiate by gender may, in fact, be measuring primarily the effect of gender and not sex role identity. Recommendations for further research were suggested by the findings. Title: The relationship of gender and perceived sex role identity to the leadership style, range, and adaptability of selected graduate students Author: Wall, James Keith This study examined the relationship and strength of association of the two independent variables of gender (male, female) and perceived sex role identity (masculine, androgynous, feminine, and undifferentiated) on the leadership style, leadership range (number of back-up styles), and leadership adaptability (effectiveness) of nonforeign graduate students at a Land Grant Institution. A sex role scale (The Personal Attribute Questionnaire) and a leadership scale (The Leader Effectiveness and Adaptability Description) were administered to a randomly selected sample of 700 (350 males, 350 females) graduate students. Usable responses were obtained from 65 percent (455) of the subjects. Chi-square, Cramer's V, and lambda analyses were performed on the categorical data. A significant relationship (.05 level) and low strength of association was found between males and females and their selection of a primary leadership style and their leadership range or the number of support styles. Males tended to select an instrumental (task oriented) and females an expressive (relationship oriented) primary style and males in this study tended to utilize a broader range of back-up or support styles. No significant difference or strength of relationship was found between gender and effectiveness. In terms of perceived sex role identity alone, no significant difference or strength of relationship was found in leadership style, range, or effectiveness. When gender and sex role identity were combined, stronger significant differences were found in the selection of a primary leadership style (.05 to .01) and leadership range (.05 to .02). Also, when combined, a significant difference (.05) was found in effectiveness which was not observed when gender and sex role identity were examined separately. There was no support in this study that androgynous persons (those high in both expressive and instrumental orientations) were any more flexible (as measured by range) or effective (as measured by adaptability) than nonandrogynous persons. The findings further suggest that sex role studies which do not differentiate by gender may, in fact, be measuring primarily the effect of gender and not sex role identity. Recommendations for further research were suggested by the findings. Close

• 86. [Article] Gender HCI issues in end-user programming

  Until recently, research has not considered whether the design of end-user programming environments, such as spreadsheets, multimedia authoring languages, and CAD systems, affects males and females differently. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender HCI issues in end-user programming Author: Beckwith, Laura A. Until recently, research has not considered whether the design of end-user programming environments, such as spreadsheets, multimedia authoring languages, and CAD systems, affects males and females differently. As a result, we began investigating how the two genders are impacted by end-user programming software and whether attention to gender differences is important in the design of software. Evidence from other domains, such as psychology and marketing, strongly suggests that females process information and problem solve in very different ways than males. This implies that without taking these differences into account in the design of problem-solving software, the needs of half the population for whom the software is intended are potentially being ignored. In fact, some research has shown that software is unintentionally designed for males. Our research has uncovered several factors which affect males and females differently as they engage in end-user programming. The gender differences range from the effects of self-efficacy (a form of confidence) on engagement with environment features to how males and females use "tinkering" as part of their problem-solving strategy. We further investigate the effects of several environment changes on both males' and females' problem solving. This research is the first to both uncover what gender differences are relevant in end-user programming environments and address how to account for these gender differences in the design of such environments. Title: Gender HCI issues in end-user programming Author: Beckwith, Laura A. Until recently, research has not considered whether the design of end-user programming environments, such as spreadsheets, multimedia authoring languages, and CAD systems, affects males and females differently. As a result, we began investigating how the two genders are impacted by end-user programming software and whether attention to gender differences is important in the design of software. Evidence from other domains, such as psychology and marketing, strongly suggests that females process information and problem solve in very different ways than males. This implies that without taking these differences into account in the design of problem-solving software, the needs of half the population for whom the software is intended are potentially being ignored. In fact, some research has shown that software is unintentionally designed for males. Our research has uncovered several factors which affect males and females differently as they engage in end-user programming. The gender differences range from the effects of self-efficacy (a form of confidence) on engagement with environment features to how males and females use "tinkering" as part of their problem-solving strategy. We further investigate the effects of several environment changes on both males' and females' problem solving. This research is the first to both uncover what gender differences are relevant in end-user programming environments and address how to account for these gender differences in the design of such environments. Close

• 87. [Article] Gender and housework : postretirement change

  Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender and housework : postretirement change Author: Richards, Catherine M. Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the majority of household labor. Women's responsibility for household labor follows the traditional dual sphere ideology, which is that women are responsible for the home and family and men are responsible for providing income. The transition to retirement may change the division of household labor and the relationship between gender attitudes and how much men and women invest in household labor. This issue was addressed using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The sample consisted of 172 married men and women who were not working full time and who self-identified as retired. Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks before and after the retirement transition. For this sample, gender attitude and investment in routine tasks were stable over time. Results show that the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks was not significant for men but marginally significant for women. Women who had an egalitarian attitude before retirement increased their investment in routine tasks after retirement, which was opposite of the expected relationship. Housework may be used as a source of power for these women who may increase their investment to keep a power balance in their marriage. The results suggest that the retirement transition does not greatly influence the relationship between gender attitude and household labor. Further study should assess the influence of situational factors on this relationship. Situational pressures, such as external group norms or health complications, may affect the influence of gender attitudes on housework investment. Additionally, structural differences, such as remarriage or gay and lesbian relationships, may be important contexts in which to examine this relationship. Examining situational influences and researching different contexts are important future directions in the study of the division of household labor. Title: Gender and housework : postretirement change Author: Richards, Catherine M. Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the majority of household labor. Women's responsibility for household labor follows the traditional dual sphere ideology, which is that women are responsible for the home and family and men are responsible for providing income. The transition to retirement may change the division of household labor and the relationship between gender attitudes and how much men and women invest in household labor. This issue was addressed using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The sample consisted of 172 married men and women who were not working full time and who self-identified as retired. Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks before and after the retirement transition. For this sample, gender attitude and investment in routine tasks were stable over time. Results show that the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks was not significant for men but marginally significant for women. Women who had an egalitarian attitude before retirement increased their investment in routine tasks after retirement, which was opposite of the expected relationship. Housework may be used as a source of power for these women who may increase their investment to keep a power balance in their marriage. The results suggest that the retirement transition does not greatly influence the relationship between gender attitude and household labor. Further study should assess the influence of situational factors on this relationship. Situational pressures, such as external group norms or health complications, may affect the influence of gender attitudes on housework investment. Additionally, structural differences, such as remarriage or gay and lesbian relationships, may be important contexts in which to examine this relationship. Examining situational influences and researching different contexts are important future directions in the study of the division of household labor. Close

• 88. [Article] The gendered experience of professional practice : a phenomenological study of the lived experiences of male elementary school counselors

  This qualitative study explored the gendered professional experiences of male elementary school counselors. The participants or co-researchers were twelve men of varied ethnic and racial backgrounds between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The gendered experience of professional practice : a phenomenological study of the lived experiences of male elementary school counselors Author: Edwards, Charles C. (Charles Charlton) This qualitative study explored the gendered professional experiences of male elementary school counselors. The participants or co-researchers were twelve men of varied ethnic and racial backgrounds between 25 and 60 years old. They lived and worked in five US states in urban, suburban and rural settings. They provided school counseling program services to students from 4-12 years old. All co-researchers had graduate degrees in counseling and state certification as school counselors. Their professional experience ranged from 2-20 years. The research utilized phenomenological methodology to uncover the "essence" of their experiences as male elementary school counselors. Co-researchers were interviewed up to three times for at least 45 minutes total. The interviews of all participants were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and then analyzed at four levels. First, a textural analysis of all relevant statements to the experience of being a male elementary school counselor was done. Second, a structural analysis was done to identify important contextual factors that helped to shape the experiences. Third, a textural-structural analysis was done to explore the connection between structural factors and the actual experience of being a male elementary school counselor. The final level of analysis produced a composite textural-structural analysis in arriving at the "essence" of the gendered experiences of male elementary school counselors. Strengths, limitations and research implications were included. This study highlighted literature relevant to the study of a nontraditional career choice for men and literature on the "feminization of education." The study and its findings highlighted the importance of considering sex and gender in school counseling and professional school counselor-student relationships. Implications of sex and gender on social-emotional and educational outcomes for elementary school students are discussed. Title: The gendered experience of professional practice : a phenomenological study of the lived experiences of male elementary school counselors Author: Edwards, Charles C. (Charles Charlton) This qualitative study explored the gendered professional experiences of male elementary school counselors. The participants or co-researchers were twelve men of varied ethnic and racial backgrounds between 25 and 60 years old. They lived and worked in five US states in urban, suburban and rural settings. They provided school counseling program services to students from 4-12 years old. All co-researchers had graduate degrees in counseling and state certification as school counselors. Their professional experience ranged from 2-20 years. The research utilized phenomenological methodology to uncover the "essence" of their experiences as male elementary school counselors. Co-researchers were interviewed up to three times for at least 45 minutes total. The interviews of all participants were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and then analyzed at four levels. First, a textural analysis of all relevant statements to the experience of being a male elementary school counselor was done. Second, a structural analysis was done to identify important contextual factors that helped to shape the experiences. Third, a textural-structural analysis was done to explore the connection between structural factors and the actual experience of being a male elementary school counselor. The final level of analysis produced a composite textural-structural analysis in arriving at the "essence" of the gendered experiences of male elementary school counselors. Strengths, limitations and research implications were included. This study highlighted literature relevant to the study of a nontraditional career choice for men and literature on the "feminization of education." The study and its findings highlighted the importance of considering sex and gender in school counseling and professional school counselor-student relationships. Implications of sex and gender on social-emotional and educational outcomes for elementary school students are discussed. Close

• 89. [Article] The structural relationship among gender role conflict, social support and health behavior in older men

  Inquiry into the cause of men's premature mortality has been historically framed in a biological deterministic perspective. This research takes an alternative view whereby the possible interactions of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The structural relationship among gender role conflict, social support and health behavior in older men Author: Hill, Wade Garrison Inquiry into the cause of men's premature mortality has been historically framed in a biological deterministic perspective. This research takes an alternative view whereby the possible interactions of psychosocial variables with men's health promoting and health seeking behaviors are examined using cross-sectional survey data with older men. Specifically, this research explored the relationships among gender role conflict, perceived social support, and older men's health behaviors. Traditional pencil/paper (n=256) and electronic (n=147) surveys were completed by older men aged 40 and over selected from university alumni of a large western university. As the Gender Role Conflict Scale (O'Neil et al., 1986) had not been previously validated within a sample of older men, confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify that the instrument performed as well or better in older men than in previous samples of college age men. Secondly, multiple regression and canonical correlation was used to find that gender role conflict predicts less perceived social support in our sample. Moreover, restrictive emotionality appears to have the greatest influence on perceived social support and interacts greatest with emotional/informational support. Last, structural equation modeling was used to validate the findings from the regression analysis as well as determine that perceived social support predicts health promoting behaviors in our sample. While there did not appear to be a direct effect of gender role conflict on health seeking behaviors as hypothesized, health promoting behaviors did predict health seeking among these men. The findings from this study are an important step into examining how the gender role socialization of men may relate to health through protective and harmful behaviors supported by normative standards. This research allows health researchers to examine gender role conflict in older men through the validation of an instrument, and suggests that men who are highly socialized into male role norms are less likely to benefit from the well documented stress buffering effects of social support. Title: The structural relationship among gender role conflict, social support and health behavior in older men Author: Hill, Wade Garrison Inquiry into the cause of men's premature mortality has been historically framed in a biological deterministic perspective. This research takes an alternative view whereby the possible interactions of psychosocial variables with men's health promoting and health seeking behaviors are examined using cross-sectional survey data with older men. Specifically, this research explored the relationships among gender role conflict, perceived social support, and older men's health behaviors. Traditional pencil/paper (n=256) and electronic (n=147) surveys were completed by older men aged 40 and over selected from university alumni of a large western university. As the Gender Role Conflict Scale (O'Neil et al., 1986) had not been previously validated within a sample of older men, confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify that the instrument performed as well or better in older men than in previous samples of college age men. Secondly, multiple regression and canonical correlation was used to find that gender role conflict predicts less perceived social support in our sample. Moreover, restrictive emotionality appears to have the greatest influence on perceived social support and interacts greatest with emotional/informational support. Last, structural equation modeling was used to validate the findings from the regression analysis as well as determine that perceived social support predicts health promoting behaviors in our sample. While there did not appear to be a direct effect of gender role conflict on health seeking behaviors as hypothesized, health promoting behaviors did predict health seeking among these men. The findings from this study are an important step into examining how the gender role socialization of men may relate to health through protective and harmful behaviors supported by normative standards. This research allows health researchers to examine gender role conflict in older men through the validation of an instrument, and suggests that men who are highly socialized into male role norms are less likely to benefit from the well documented stress buffering effects of social support. Close

• 90. [Article] Effects of Ethnicity and Gender on Sixth-Grade Students' Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes After Participation in a Year-Long Environmental Education Program

  The goal of environmental education (EE) has always been to increase knowledge about the environment and to foster positive environmental attitudes. Increasingly, as the call for integrating EE programs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Ethnicity and Gender on Sixth-Grade Students' Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes After Participation in a Year-Long Environmental Education Program Author: Stagner, Rachel Year: 2014 The goal of environmental education (EE) has always been to increase knowledge about the environment and to foster positive environmental attitudes. Increasingly, as the call for integrating EE programs into mainstream science curriculum intensifies, it is important to continue to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs not only through measures of change in knowledge and attitudes, but through the additional criteria of meeting the needs of different gender and ethnic groups. The purpose of this research was to identify whether a watershed education program was meeting the needs of diverse learners within the context of a year-long, integrated, sixth-grade science curriculum. This study specifically sought to answer the following questions: 1) Do differences exist between genders and ethnic groups in regards to change in environmental knowledge after participation in an environmental education program? and 2) Do differences exist between genders and ethnic groups in regards to changes in environmental attitudes after participation in an environmental education program? A mixed-methods approach consisting of a pre/post-test survey, interviews, and observational data was used to evaluate these questions. The quantitative results of the survey data suggests that, overall, students had statistically significant (p < 0.01) gains in environmental knowledge, but no change in attitude towards the environment after participation in the program. When subpopulations are broken down into gender and ethnic groups, however, there is statistically significant support for the idea that ethnic groups--and, to a lesser extent, gender groups--were affected differently by the program. One important finding was that Hispanic and Native American students had significantly less gain in knowledge than their White, Asian and African-American peers. Qualitative interviews and observations shed light on these findings and illustrate the experiences of students during the year-long program. Other findings, trends, observations, and opportunities for future research are also discussed. Title: Effects of Ethnicity and Gender on Sixth-Grade Students' Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes After Participation in a Year-Long Environmental Education Program Author: Stagner, Rachel Year: 2014 The goal of environmental education (EE) has always been to increase knowledge about the environment and to foster positive environmental attitudes. Increasingly, as the call for integrating EE programs into mainstream science curriculum intensifies, it is important to continue to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs not only through measures of change in knowledge and attitudes, but through the additional criteria of meeting the needs of different gender and ethnic groups. The purpose of this research was to identify whether a watershed education program was meeting the needs of diverse learners within the context of a year-long, integrated, sixth-grade science curriculum. This study specifically sought to answer the following questions: 1) Do differences exist between genders and ethnic groups in regards to change in environmental knowledge after participation in an environmental education program? and 2) Do differences exist between genders and ethnic groups in regards to changes in environmental attitudes after participation in an environmental education program? A mixed-methods approach consisting of a pre/post-test survey, interviews, and observational data was used to evaluate these questions. The quantitative results of the survey data suggests that, overall, students had statistically significant (p < 0.01) gains in environmental knowledge, but no change in attitude towards the environment after participation in the program. When subpopulations are broken down into gender and ethnic groups, however, there is statistically significant support for the idea that ethnic groups--and, to a lesser extent, gender groups--were affected differently by the program. One important finding was that Hispanic and Native American students had significantly less gain in knowledge than their White, Asian and African-American peers. Qualitative interviews and observations shed light on these findings and illustrate the experiences of students during the year-long program. Other findings, trends, observations, and opportunities for future research are also discussed. Close