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• 81. [Article] A comparison of box-cox and additive exponential models to estimate the depreciation of farm machinery

  Farm machinery continues to increase in its importance to the agricultural sector. Depreciation, the decline in value of a durable asset over time, represents one of the largest costs of agricultural production. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of box-cox and additive exponential models to estimate the depreciation of farm machinery Author: Wu, Jing Farm machinery continues to increase in its importance to the agricultural sector. Depreciation, the decline in value of a durable asset over time, represents one of the largest costs of agricultural production. The general objectives of this study were to update and expand the number of Remaining Value (RV) functions for farm machinery; estimate and compare the depreciation patterns for Box-Cox (B-C) and Additive- Exponential (A-E) functional forms; and compare the predictive abilities of the two models. Data used in estimation were obtained from 15 years of machinery auction sales. Based on the hedonic approach, the Box-Cox and Additive-Exponential models were formulated to include variables for age, usage per year, condition, manufacturer, auction type and macroeconomic variables. Models were tested for potential correlation and heteroscedasticity problems. A Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) method was used to compare the predictive abilities. Depreciation functions were estimated for 17 types of machinery in four major categories: tractors, harvesting equipments, planting and tillage equipment and other equipment. A series of comparisons were conducted to examine the difference in depreciation patterns within and between major categories. B-C and A-E functions were estimated and compared for each data set. The comparison results showed that B-C always generated higher Log-likelihood values, but was relatively weak in predictive ability. The predictive ability of the Exponential model was also examined and the MAPE results showed that the Exponential model generally exhibited an overall best predictive ability. Title: A comparison of box-cox and additive exponential models to estimate the depreciation of farm machinery Author: Wu, Jing Farm machinery continues to increase in its importance to the agricultural sector. Depreciation, the decline in value of a durable asset over time, represents one of the largest costs of agricultural production. The general objectives of this study were to update and expand the number of Remaining Value (RV) functions for farm machinery; estimate and compare the depreciation patterns for Box-Cox (B-C) and Additive- Exponential (A-E) functional forms; and compare the predictive abilities of the two models. Data used in estimation were obtained from 15 years of machinery auction sales. Based on the hedonic approach, the Box-Cox and Additive-Exponential models were formulated to include variables for age, usage per year, condition, manufacturer, auction type and macroeconomic variables. Models were tested for potential correlation and heteroscedasticity problems. A Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) method was used to compare the predictive abilities. Depreciation functions were estimated for 17 types of machinery in four major categories: tractors, harvesting equipments, planting and tillage equipment and other equipment. A series of comparisons were conducted to examine the difference in depreciation patterns within and between major categories. B-C and A-E functions were estimated and compared for each data set. The comparison results showed that B-C always generated higher Log-likelihood values, but was relatively weak in predictive ability. The predictive ability of the Exponential model was also examined and the MAPE results showed that the Exponential model generally exhibited an overall best predictive ability. Close

• 82. [Article] Evaluating village-based tree nurseries in Senegal a comparative study of four projects

  Reforestation projects in Senegal are often the vehicles which administer and implement social forestry activities. Their objectives are to help people solve their wood supply problems, enhance the environment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating village-based tree nurseries in Senegal a comparative study of four projects Author: Glowacki, Therese L. Reforestation projects in Senegal are often the vehicles which administer and implement social forestry activities. Their objectives are to help people solve their wood supply problems, enhance the environment by planting trees on farms and in villages, and introduce reforestation as a self-sustaining practice in village culture. Many projects establish village-based tree nurseries where community members grow seedlings to supplement or replace those supplied by government-owned regional nurseries. Village-based nurseries are promoted by the Division for Conservation of Soil and Reforestation and other Senegalese government agencies. This study, based on a survey of 32 villages, contained within four different projects: 1) investigates village-based tree nurseries in the Peanut Basin of Senegal by evaluating performance in terms of seedling survival and village nursery manager's intention-to-continue, 2) compares the structure of four reforestation projects descriptively and quantitatively. Finally, it presents recommendations for future implementation of nursery projects. Results indicate that village participation is a significant predictor for survival success. Three factors were significant predictors of intention-to-continue: previous nursery experience, water availability in the village, and the commercial sale of seedlings by nursery managers. Analysis of these success factors provides insight into project organization. Project extension strategies range from very structured methods to informal approaches. Awareness campaigns, field trips, and group training were variations found among projects in various mixes. Projects were similar in organizational structure, financial incentives, and encouragement of self-sustaining activities. Project design should include: 1) village participation from goal setting through evaluating results, 2) economic incentives that are based on encouraging the sale of seedlings, and 3) financing to improve water sources. Projects could also benefit from well-planned awareness campaigns, practical group training, and the application of more structured extension methods. Future studies are needed on villagers' behavior towards practice, adoption, and continuance. Title: Evaluating village-based tree nurseries in Senegal a comparative study of four projects Author: Glowacki, Therese L. Reforestation projects in Senegal are often the vehicles which administer and implement social forestry activities. Their objectives are to help people solve their wood supply problems, enhance the environment by planting trees on farms and in villages, and introduce reforestation as a self-sustaining practice in village culture. Many projects establish village-based tree nurseries where community members grow seedlings to supplement or replace those supplied by government-owned regional nurseries. Village-based nurseries are promoted by the Division for Conservation of Soil and Reforestation and other Senegalese government agencies. This study, based on a survey of 32 villages, contained within four different projects: 1) investigates village-based tree nurseries in the Peanut Basin of Senegal by evaluating performance in terms of seedling survival and village nursery manager's intention-to-continue, 2) compares the structure of four reforestation projects descriptively and quantitatively. Finally, it presents recommendations for future implementation of nursery projects. Results indicate that village participation is a significant predictor for survival success. Three factors were significant predictors of intention-to-continue: previous nursery experience, water availability in the village, and the commercial sale of seedlings by nursery managers. Analysis of these success factors provides insight into project organization. Project extension strategies range from very structured methods to informal approaches. Awareness campaigns, field trips, and group training were variations found among projects in various mixes. Projects were similar in organizational structure, financial incentives, and encouragement of self-sustaining activities. Project design should include: 1) village participation from goal setting through evaluating results, 2) economic incentives that are based on encouraging the sale of seedlings, and 3) financing to improve water sources. Projects could also benefit from well-planned awareness campaigns, practical group training, and the application of more structured extension methods. Future studies are needed on villagers' behavior towards practice, adoption, and continuance. Close

• 83. [Article] Production and invasion of butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii) in Oregon

  Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii), an ornamental native to China, is an invasive species in Oregon and many other areas. In Oregon, butterfly bush invades disturbed areas, particularly riparian areas. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production and invasion of butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii) in Oregon Author: Ream, Julie Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii), an ornamental native to China, is an invasive species in Oregon and many other areas. In Oregon, butterfly bush invades disturbed areas, particularly riparian areas. The Oregon nursery industry has the highest farm-gate value of all agricultural commodities and butterfly bush is a significant plant to them. However, the nursery industry does not appear to be a major source of invasion because of their pruning production practices. Butterfly bush is a unique plant because it does not release its seed until mid to late winter. The dispersal mechanisms of butterfly bush are not well documented, but wind is one possibility. Formulations of glyphosate effectively control butterfly bushes up to two years old. Both spraying a dilute herbicide on the entire plant and painting herbicide concentrate on recently cut stumps are effective in controlling butterfly bush, but stump painting may be the preferred option in natural areas that butterfly bush invades. Title: Production and invasion of butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii) in Oregon Author: Ream, Julie Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii), an ornamental native to China, is an invasive species in Oregon and many other areas. In Oregon, butterfly bush invades disturbed areas, particularly riparian areas. The Oregon nursery industry has the highest farm-gate value of all agricultural commodities and butterfly bush is a significant plant to them. However, the nursery industry does not appear to be a major source of invasion because of their pruning production practices. Butterfly bush is a unique plant because it does not release its seed until mid to late winter. The dispersal mechanisms of butterfly bush are not well documented, but wind is one possibility. Formulations of glyphosate effectively control butterfly bushes up to two years old. Both spraying a dilute herbicide on the entire plant and painting herbicide concentrate on recently cut stumps are effective in controlling butterfly bush, but stump painting may be the preferred option in natural areas that butterfly bush invades. Close

• 84. [Image] PH036_1346 Lee Moorhouse photographs

  	The left side of the image is a large open plain that is covered by sand and sagebrush, with no visible trees or other vegetation. The right side of the image has a farmhouse and a barn. The ground around ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_1346 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1907 The left side of the image is a large open plain that is covered by sand and sagebrush, with no visible trees or other vegetation. The right side of the image has a farmhouse and a barn. The ground around and beyond the farmhouse is darker in color from the soil content and access to water. In the foreground is a small wooden dam. The sides of the dam are up against a low-tiered wall of sand and rock, built into the embankment. Beyond the embankment, the pathway of the canal from the dam is visible as a dividing line between the the sagebrush area and the farmland area. The canal is identified as the Hinkle irrigation canal, located near Pendleton, Oregon. The house and barn are both constructed of wood. The barn is larger and in front of the house. Only the chimney and part of the roof and one side of the house are visible. There is a fence enclosing the buildings and part of the canal. There is a small white tent or cloth cover to the far right of the buildings. There are some other small structures and farm-related objects near the barn, but not clearly seen. Title: PH036_1346 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1907 The left side of the image is a large open plain that is covered by sand and sagebrush, with no visible trees or other vegetation. The right side of the image has a farmhouse and a barn. The ground around and beyond the farmhouse is darker in color from the soil content and access to water. In the foreground is a small wooden dam. The sides of the dam are up against a low-tiered wall of sand and rock, built into the embankment. Beyond the embankment, the pathway of the canal from the dam is visible as a dividing line between the the sagebrush area and the farmland area. The canal is identified as the Hinkle irrigation canal, located near Pendleton, Oregon. The house and barn are both constructed of wood. The barn is larger and in front of the house. Only the chimney and part of the roof and one side of the house are visible. There is a fence enclosing the buildings and part of the canal. There is a small white tent or cloth cover to the far right of the buildings. There are some other small structures and farm-related objects near the barn, but not clearly seen. Close

• 85. [Article] Growing the natural foods industry in Lane County: a report for the Lane County sustainable business and jobs project

  36 p.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growing the natural foods industry in Lane County: a report for the Lane County sustainable business and jobs project Author: Shinabarger, Tim, University of Oregon. Program for Watershed and Community Health Year: 2006, 2003 36 p. Title: Growing the natural foods industry in Lane County: a report for the Lane County sustainable business and jobs project Author: Shinabarger, Tim, University of Oregon. Program for Watershed and Community Health Year: 2006, 2003 36 p. Close

• 86. [Article] Farmer-to-consumer marketing, 5 : personnel management

  Revised June 2009. A more recent revision exists. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farmer-to-consumer marketing, 5 : personnel management Author: Washington State University. Extension, Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension, United States. Dept. of Agriculture, University of Idaho. Extension, Wolfley, Blair F., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Burt, Lawrence A. Revised June 2009. A more recent revision exists. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Farmer-to-consumer marketing, 5 : personnel management Author: Washington State University. Extension, Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension, United States. Dept. of Agriculture, University of Idaho. Extension, Wolfley, Blair F., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Burt, Lawrence A. Revised June 2009. A more recent revision exists. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 87. [Article] Hedonic price analysis to reveal value of water in irrigation : an application to northern Malheur County, Oregon

  Increasing water demand for growing municipalities, for water-based recreation and for fishery and wildlife habitat has intensified pressure on the existing resource. Reallocation of water from existing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hedonic price analysis to reveal value of water in irrigation : an application to northern Malheur County, Oregon Author: Faux, John Increasing water demand for growing municipalities, for water-based recreation and for fishery and wildlife habitat has intensified pressure on the existing resource. Reallocation of water from existing uses to other, higher-valued uses is receiving greater attention due to constraints on development of new water supplies. A key to reallocation is identification of the economic value associated with existing and alternative water uses. A hedonic price analysis of farm sales in eastern Oregon is performed to reveal the value of water used in irrigation. Estimation includes a joint test of heteroskedasticity and functional form. The value of water is shown to be strongly influenced by the crop-growing-capability of the soil on which it is applied. The value of an irrigated acre is not significantly influenced by the source of irrigation supply. The implicit market price of irrigation water in this area ranges from $44 per acre-foot (one-time delivery) on the best soils to $9 per acre-foot on the poorest soils irrigated. Title: Hedonic price analysis to reveal value of water in irrigation : an application to northern Malheur County, Oregon Author: Faux, John Increasing water demand for growing municipalities, for water-based recreation and for fishery and wildlife habitat has intensified pressure on the existing resource. Reallocation of water from existing uses to other, higher-valued uses is receiving greater attention due to constraints on development of new water supplies. A key to reallocation is identification of the economic value associated with existing and alternative water uses. A hedonic price analysis of farm sales in eastern Oregon is performed to reveal the value of water used in irrigation. Estimation includes a joint test of heteroskedasticity and functional form. The value of water is shown to be strongly influenced by the crop-growing-capability of the soil on which it is applied. The value of an irrigated acre is not significantly influenced by the source of irrigation supply. The implicit market price of irrigation water in this area ranges from $44 per acre-foot (one-time delivery) on the best soils to $9 per acre-foot on the poorest soils irrigated. Close

• 88. [Article] Determining member contributions to marketing cooperative returns when raw products are commingled before sale

  Marketing cooperatives that operate on a pool basis allocate net returns on the basis of the "economic value" of the raw products each member has delivered. Economic values ideally reflect the raw products' ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determining member contributions to marketing cooperative returns when raw products are commingled before sale Author: Stokstad, Grete Synnove Marketing cooperatives that operate on a pool basis allocate net returns on the basis of the "economic value" of the raw products each member has delivered. Economic values ideally reflect the raw products' expected contributions to pool net return. In a competitive market, raw product prices would reflect these expected returns quite well. In the absence of such a competitive market, one must formulate expectations models of returns to each product, which requires identifying the separate returns. The purpose of this thesis is to describe and employ a method of distinguishing expected return to each raw product when raw products are commingled on the assembly line. The approach taken is to conduct a hedonic analysis of processed product net returns as a function of raw product ingredients. Title: Determining member contributions to marketing cooperative returns when raw products are commingled before sale Author: Stokstad, Grete Synnove Marketing cooperatives that operate on a pool basis allocate net returns on the basis of the "economic value" of the raw products each member has delivered. Economic values ideally reflect the raw products' expected contributions to pool net return. In a competitive market, raw product prices would reflect these expected returns quite well. In the absence of such a competitive market, one must formulate expectations models of returns to each product, which requires identifying the separate returns. The purpose of this thesis is to describe and employ a method of distinguishing expected return to each raw product when raw products are commingled on the assembly line. The approach taken is to conduct a hedonic analysis of processed product net returns as a function of raw product ingredients. Close

• 89. [Image] Narrative history report of the Klamath Project land opening under Public Notice No. 47, 1948

  	Public Notice No. 47 of August 27, 1948, was prepared in conformity with recommendations for a standardized procedure made at the Salt Lake conference in March 1948; it opened to public entry 86 farm units ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Narrative history report of the Klamath Project land opening under Public Notice No. 47, 1948 Author: United State. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1948, 2004 Public Notice No. 47 of August 27, 1948, was prepared in conformity with recommendations for a standardized procedure made at the Salt Lake conference in March 1948; it opened to public entry 86 farm units embracing 8,283 acres of irrigable land. Of nearly 24,000 application blanks sent out, 5,072 were returned during the simultaneous filing period. A five-man examining board placed 4,911 in the first priority group, 69 in the second priority group and rejected 91. The Regional Director reversed the action of the examining board in two instances making a total of 4,913 participating in the drawing. Applications were received from 39 states, the District of Columbia and the Territory of Alaska. California supplied 50% of all applications considered in the first priority group; Oregon supplied 27%; Utah supplied 6%; and the rest of the states supplied the remaining 17% The examining board interviewed 94 persons of 104 who were notified to appear for personal interviews after the drawing. Of those appearing for interviews, five refused to accept units in area "A" and three were rejectees whose appeals were later denied by the Regional Director. Of the ten who failed to appear for interview, five relinquished their award in writing; four were relegated to the end of their priority list, and one was the victim of an airplane accident. As the result of the drawing and subsequent interviews, 1.4% of the applicants from California 2.5% of the applicants from Oregon and 1.3% of the remaining applicants from other states were awarded farm units. Ten of the 39 states, from which applications were received, were represented in the settlement of the 86 farm units. Of the 23 who selected units in area "A", only two availed themselves of options to lease additional land in the Tulelake sump area* Apparently, because of high rental fees, the majority of the area "A" settlers could not afford to lease lands supplemental to their homestead. Therefore, since the development of area "A" lands will be a costly procedure, it is possible that in the future there may be cases of relin-quishment of units due to the homesteaders' inability to meet expenses. First unit was awarded on March 9, 1949; the last unit was awarded on June 20, 1949. Title: Narrative history report of the Klamath Project land opening under Public Notice No. 47, 1948 Author: United State. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1948, 2004 Public Notice No. 47 of August 27, 1948, was prepared in conformity with recommendations for a standardized procedure made at the Salt Lake conference in March 1948; it opened to public entry 86 farm units embracing 8,283 acres of irrigable land. Of nearly 24,000 application blanks sent out, 5,072 were returned during the simultaneous filing period. A five-man examining board placed 4,911 in the first priority group, 69 in the second priority group and rejected 91. The Regional Director reversed the action of the examining board in two instances making a total of 4,913 participating in the drawing. Applications were received from 39 states, the District of Columbia and the Territory of Alaska. California supplied 50% of all applications considered in the first priority group; Oregon supplied 27%; Utah supplied 6%; and the rest of the states supplied the remaining 17% The examining board interviewed 94 persons of 104 who were notified to appear for personal interviews after the drawing. Of those appearing for interviews, five refused to accept units in area "A" and three were rejectees whose appeals were later denied by the Regional Director. Of the ten who failed to appear for interview, five relinquished their award in writing; four were relegated to the end of their priority list, and one was the victim of an airplane accident. As the result of the drawing and subsequent interviews, 1.4% of the applicants from California 2.5% of the applicants from Oregon and 1.3% of the remaining applicants from other states were awarded farm units. Ten of the 39 states, from which applications were received, were represented in the settlement of the 86 farm units. Of the 23 who selected units in area "A", only two availed themselves of options to lease additional land in the Tulelake sump area* Apparently, because of high rental fees, the majority of the area "A" settlers could not afford to lease lands supplemental to their homestead. Therefore, since the development of area "A" lands will be a costly procedure, it is possible that in the future there may be cases of relin-quishment of units due to the homesteaders' inability to meet expenses. First unit was awarded on March 9, 1949; the last unit was awarded on June 20, 1949. Close

• 90. [Image] Klamath River Basin issues and activities

  	Klamath River Basin Issues and Activities: An Overview Summary The Klamath River Basin, an area on the California-Oregon border, has become a focal point for local and national discussions on water ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath River Basin issues and activities Author: Kyna Powers Year: 2005, 2008, 2006 Klamath River Basin Issues and Activities: An Overview Summary The Klamath River Basin, an area on the California-Oregon border, has become a focal point for local and national discussions on water management and water scarcity. Water and species management issues were brought to the forefront when severe drought in 2001 exacerbated competition for scarce water resources and generated conflict among several interests - farmers, Indian tribes, commercial and sport fishermen, other recreationists, federal wildlife refuge managers, environmental groups, and state, local, and tribal governments. The conflicts over water distribution and allocation are physically and legally complex, reflecting the varied and sometimes competing uses of limited water supplies in the Basin. For management purposes, the Basin is divided at Iron Gate Dam into the Upper and Lower Basins. As is true in many regions in the West, the federal government plays a prominent role in the Klamath Basin's water management. This role stems from three primary activities: (1) the operation and management of the Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Water Project and Central Valley Project (e.g., Trinity River dams); (2) management of federal lands in the Basin, including five national wildlife refuges, several national forests, and public lands; and (3) implementation of federal laws, such as the Endangered Species Act (ESA), Clean Water Act (CWA), and National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Conflict was sparked in April of 2001 when the Bureau of Reclamation, which has supplied water to farms in the Upper Basin for nearly 100 years, announced that "no water [would] be available" for farms normally receiving water from the Upper Klamath Lake to avoid jeopardizing the existence of three fish species listed as endangered or threatened under the ESA. While some water was subsequently made available to some farmers from other sources (e.g., wells and other Bureau sources), many farmers faced serious hardships. During Reclamation's operations in September of 2002, warm water temperatures and atypically low flows in the lower Klamath contributed to the death of at least 33,000 adult salmonids. This die-off damaged fish stocks and the tribes, commercial fishermen, and recreational anglers that catch Klamath fish. There have been many studies, Biological Opinions, and operating plans over recent years, all of which have been controversial. The events of 2001 and 2002 prompted renewed efforts to resolve water conflicts in the Klamath Basin. Congress has responded to the controversy in a number of ways, including holding oversight hearings and appropriating funds for activities in the area. This report provides an overview of recent conflict in the Klamath Basin, with an emphasis on activities in the Upper Basin, and summarizes some of the activities taking place to improve water supply reliability and fish survival. This report will be updated as events warrant. Title: Klamath River Basin issues and activities Author: Kyna Powers Year: 2005, 2008, 2006 Klamath River Basin Issues and Activities: An Overview Summary The Klamath River Basin, an area on the California-Oregon border, has become a focal point for local and national discussions on water management and water scarcity. Water and species management issues were brought to the forefront when severe drought in 2001 exacerbated competition for scarce water resources and generated conflict among several interests - farmers, Indian tribes, commercial and sport fishermen, other recreationists, federal wildlife refuge managers, environmental groups, and state, local, and tribal governments. The conflicts over water distribution and allocation are physically and legally complex, reflecting the varied and sometimes competing uses of limited water supplies in the Basin. For management purposes, the Basin is divided at Iron Gate Dam into the Upper and Lower Basins. As is true in many regions in the West, the federal government plays a prominent role in the Klamath Basin's water management. This role stems from three primary activities: (1) the operation and management of the Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Water Project and Central Valley Project (e.g., Trinity River dams); (2) management of federal lands in the Basin, including five national wildlife refuges, several national forests, and public lands; and (3) implementation of federal laws, such as the Endangered Species Act (ESA), Clean Water Act (CWA), and National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Conflict was sparked in April of 2001 when the Bureau of Reclamation, which has supplied water to farms in the Upper Basin for nearly 100 years, announced that "no water [would] be available" for farms normally receiving water from the Upper Klamath Lake to avoid jeopardizing the existence of three fish species listed as endangered or threatened under the ESA. While some water was subsequently made available to some farmers from other sources (e.g., wells and other Bureau sources), many farmers faced serious hardships. During Reclamation's operations in September of 2002, warm water temperatures and atypically low flows in the lower Klamath contributed to the death of at least 33,000 adult salmonids. This die-off damaged fish stocks and the tribes, commercial fishermen, and recreational anglers that catch Klamath fish. There have been many studies, Biological Opinions, and operating plans over recent years, all of which have been controversial. The events of 2001 and 2002 prompted renewed efforts to resolve water conflicts in the Klamath Basin. Congress has responded to the controversy in a number of ways, including holding oversight hearings and appropriating funds for activities in the area. This report provides an overview of recent conflict in the Klamath Basin, with an emphasis on activities in the Upper Basin, and summarizes some of the activities taking place to improve water supply reliability and fish survival. This report will be updated as events warrant. Close