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• 81. [Image] Untitled (Will; Stone); Within are Recorded the Common Words of the Uncommon People of the State of Oregon

  	This view details a stone inscription that reads, "Difficulties and reverses did not dishearten them; dangers could not." Sandra Stone, a researcher and writer, worked in conjunction with multi-media sculptor, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Untitled (Will; Stone); Within are Recorded the Common Words of the Uncommon People of the State of Oregon Author: Will, Bill; Stone, Sandra This view details a stone inscription that reads, "Difficulties and reverses did not dishearten them; dangers could not." Sandra Stone, a researcher and writer, worked in conjunction with multi-media sculptor, Bill Will to present text that was taken from records in the Oregon State Archives and other sources. These records include donation land claim files, journals, a divorce petition, minutes, memorandums, and a proclamation. (information from OAC documentation); 1991 Title: Untitled (Will; Stone); Within are Recorded the Common Words of the Uncommon People of the State of Oregon Author: Will, Bill; Stone, Sandra This view details a stone inscription that reads, "Difficulties and reverses did not dishearten them; dangers could not." Sandra Stone, a researcher and writer, worked in conjunction with multi-media sculptor, Bill Will to present text that was taken from records in the Oregon State Archives and other sources. These records include donation land claim files, journals, a divorce petition, minutes, memorandums, and a proclamation. (information from OAC documentation); 1991 Close

• 82. [Image] Untitled (Will; Stone); Within are Recorded the Common Words of the Uncommon People of the State of Oregon

  	This view details a stone inscription that reads, "Our thoughts are continuely turning homeward." Sandra Stone, a researcher and writer, worked in conjunction with multi-media sculptor, Bill Will to present ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Untitled (Will; Stone); Within are Recorded the Common Words of the Uncommon People of the State of Oregon Author: Will, Bill; Stone, Sandra This view details a stone inscription that reads, "Our thoughts are continuely turning homeward." Sandra Stone, a researcher and writer, worked in conjunction with multi-media sculptor, Bill Will to present text that was taken from records in the Oregon State Archives and other sources. These records include donation land claim files, journals, a divorce petition, minutes, memorandums, and a proclamation. (information from OAC documentation); 1991 Title: Untitled (Will; Stone); Within are Recorded the Common Words of the Uncommon People of the State of Oregon Author: Will, Bill; Stone, Sandra This view details a stone inscription that reads, "Our thoughts are continuely turning homeward." Sandra Stone, a researcher and writer, worked in conjunction with multi-media sculptor, Bill Will to present text that was taken from records in the Oregon State Archives and other sources. These records include donation land claim files, journals, a divorce petition, minutes, memorandums, and a proclamation. (information from OAC documentation); 1991 Close

• 83. [Article] Marriage in Crisis: The Individual and the State in Belle Epoque France

  vii, 80 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marriage in Crisis: The Individual and the State in Belle Epoque France Author: Gilkey, Emily, 1984- Year: 2009 vii, 80 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: Marriage in Crisis: The Individual and the State in Belle Epoque France Author: Gilkey, Emily, 1984- Year: 2009 vii, 80 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 84. [Article] Impact of parental divorce on delingquent behavior and psychosocial development in early adolescents : the moderating effects of social support, self-esteem, and locus of control

  Research has shown that stress is related to negative physical and psychological changes among adults. Compared to the large body of literature on stress among adults, research on the effects of life stress ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of parental divorce on delingquent behavior and psychosocial development in early adolescents : the moderating effects of social support, self-esteem, and locus of control Author: Olszewski, Mary Elizabeth Research has shown that stress is related to negative physical and psychological changes among adults. Compared to the large body of literature on stress among adults, research on the effects of life stress among children and adolescents is relatively sparse. There is evidence, however, that stressful life events are related to problems among children and adolescents. Such problems include poor health, psychological distress, depression, suicide, and delinquent behavior. Research also has revealed several factors that moderate stress in children and adolescents. These factors include high self-esteem, an internal locus of control orientation, and social support from family and friends. Five scales measuring locus of control orientation, social support, level of psychosocial development, self-esteem, life events, and delinquent behavior were given to thirty early adolescents from divorced homes and thirty-four adolescents from intact homes. Results of regression analysis, using a general linear model, indicated that early adolescents from divorced homes had lower levels of self-esteem than children from intact homes. There were no significant differences between children from divorced and intact families in levels of delinquent behavior, locus of control, or psychosocial development as reflected in levels of autonomy, intimacy, and identity. Multiple regression analysis revealed that social support in the form of close friend support had a significant moderating effect on the delinquent behavior of early adolescents experiencing parental divorce. Levels of parental, teacher, and classmate support, as well as self-esteem and locus of control orientation, did not show any moderating effects on delinquent behavior. This study indicates that the impact of parental divorce on early adolescents is influenced by many factors. This study lends support to the need to investigate the effects of divorce on children and adolescents in terms of the coping resources available to the child. Title: Impact of parental divorce on delingquent behavior and psychosocial development in early adolescents : the moderating effects of social support, self-esteem, and locus of control Author: Olszewski, Mary Elizabeth Research has shown that stress is related to negative physical and psychological changes among adults. Compared to the large body of literature on stress among adults, research on the effects of life stress among children and adolescents is relatively sparse. There is evidence, however, that stressful life events are related to problems among children and adolescents. Such problems include poor health, psychological distress, depression, suicide, and delinquent behavior. Research also has revealed several factors that moderate stress in children and adolescents. These factors include high self-esteem, an internal locus of control orientation, and social support from family and friends. Five scales measuring locus of control orientation, social support, level of psychosocial development, self-esteem, life events, and delinquent behavior were given to thirty early adolescents from divorced homes and thirty-four adolescents from intact homes. Results of regression analysis, using a general linear model, indicated that early adolescents from divorced homes had lower levels of self-esteem than children from intact homes. There were no significant differences between children from divorced and intact families in levels of delinquent behavior, locus of control, or psychosocial development as reflected in levels of autonomy, intimacy, and identity. Multiple regression analysis revealed that social support in the form of close friend support had a significant moderating effect on the delinquent behavior of early adolescents experiencing parental divorce. Levels of parental, teacher, and classmate support, as well as self-esteem and locus of control orientation, did not show any moderating effects on delinquent behavior. This study indicates that the impact of parental divorce on early adolescents is influenced by many factors. This study lends support to the need to investigate the effects of divorce on children and adolescents in terms of the coping resources available to the child. Close

• 85. [Article] Forging new paths : life course transitions for American women and their families

  Families of remarriage constitute a growing number of American families. The spiraling divorce rate of the 1970s was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the number of remarriages. Forty percent of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forging new paths : life course transitions for American women and their families Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Families of remarriage constitute a growing number of American families. The spiraling divorce rate of the 1970s was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the number of remarriages. Forty percent of American families today contain at least one spouse that has been previously married, thus studying relationships within families of remarriage is crucial to understanding the experiences of both children and adults in American families. This study uses a life-span perspective to examine the qualitative accounts of 62 women 43 of whom divorced, spent some time as a single parent of at least one child, and remarried and 19 of whom had divorced and did not remarry. Some of those women also had a remarriage end in divorce. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques were used to both explore relationships within families of remarriage, and differences between those women that remarried and those who remained single parents. Quantitative analyses revealed that women who did not remarry were better educated and had more conflict with their former spouse over time. Women who were younger when they became a single parent for the first time, had more children, had jobs rather than careers, and had less education reported more marriages overall. Qualitative analyses showed that particular problem areas in families of remarriage centered around the adjustment period between the children and the new partner, finances, and communication. Remarriages that failed were characterized by problematic relationships between children and their mother's partner. As this was predominantly a white, middle-class sample, generalizations to other populations should be made with caution. Directions for future research are discussed. Title: Forging new paths : life course transitions for American women and their families Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Families of remarriage constitute a growing number of American families. The spiraling divorce rate of the 1970s was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the number of remarriages. Forty percent of American families today contain at least one spouse that has been previously married, thus studying relationships within families of remarriage is crucial to understanding the experiences of both children and adults in American families. This study uses a life-span perspective to examine the qualitative accounts of 62 women 43 of whom divorced, spent some time as a single parent of at least one child, and remarried and 19 of whom had divorced and did not remarry. Some of those women also had a remarriage end in divorce. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques were used to both explore relationships within families of remarriage, and differences between those women that remarried and those who remained single parents. Quantitative analyses revealed that women who did not remarry were better educated and had more conflict with their former spouse over time. Women who were younger when they became a single parent for the first time, had more children, had jobs rather than careers, and had less education reported more marriages overall. Qualitative analyses showed that particular problem areas in families of remarriage centered around the adjustment period between the children and the new partner, finances, and communication. Remarriages that failed were characterized by problematic relationships between children and their mother's partner. As this was predominantly a white, middle-class sample, generalizations to other populations should be made with caution. Directions for future research are discussed. Close

• 86. [Article] Analysis of selected factors relating to the Neighborhood Youth Corps program in rural counties of Oregon

  Purpose of the Study There were two major purposes of this study. The first was to determine which socio-economic and educational factors normally available to Neighborhood Youth Corps personnel were associated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of selected factors relating to the Neighborhood Youth Corps program in rural counties of Oregon Author: Bigsby, Robert Alexander Purpose of the Study There were two major purposes of this study. The first was to determine which socio-economic and educational factors normally available to Neighborhood Youth Corps personnel were associated with success and failure in the out-of-school program. The second purpose was to utilize these available socio-economic and educational factors identified as success or failure determiners to construct a mathematical success-failure prediction equation. Procedures Data for 302 enrollees were obtained through a random sampling of terminated out-of-school enrollees. Socio-economic information was extracted from enrollee application forms and files. Educational information was obtained from the last school attended. Stepwise multiple linear regression and classification analyses were performed on data to identify variables contributing most significantly to success or failure. For these analyses, data for enrollees were grouped by marital status, sex, and age. Analyses were performed on separated groups. Variables contributing most significantly to success and failure were utilized to construct an equation for success-failure prediction. Selected Findings 1. A higher proportion of females succeeded in the out-of-school program than did males. Forty-five and one tenth percent of the females succeeded compared to 26.9 percent of the males. 2. Factors affecting success or failure of male enrollees were (a) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old male enrollees failed in the program at a rate approximately four times that of older enrollees. (b) Number of siblings in enrollee's family. Male enrollees coming from families with four or more children succeed at a higher rate than enrollees with one, two, or three children. "Only children" failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (c) Highest school grade completed. There was a steady decrease in the failure rate of male enrollees as school grade completed increased. (d) Head of household employment. Single male enrollees living in homes in which the head of household worked part time succeeded at over twice the rate of those living in homes with the head of household working full time. This group also succeeded at a higher rate than those from homes in which the head of household was not working at all. 3. Factors affecting success or failure of female enrollees were: (a) Language spoken in the home. Enrollees speaking Spanish in the home succeeded at a substantially higher rate than those speaking English. (b) Social assistance. Single female enrollees whose families accepted cash welfare payments succeeded at a lower rate than those whose families did not accept welfare. (c) Stated lifetime occupational goal. Single female enrollees stating a skilled lifetime occupational goal succeeded at a higher rate than those stating other lifetime goals. Those stating no lifetime goal or a professional goal failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (d) Family living group. Single female enrollees living with their mothers only succeeded at less than one-half the rate of those living with both parents. (e) Reason for leaving school. Female enrollees who left school for disciplinary reasons failed at a very high rate. (f) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old female enrollees tended not to succeed at as high a rate as 17, 18, 19, and 20 year-olds. 4. Accurate prediction of both success and failure was not possible for male enrollees and married or divorced females, 5. It was possible to correctly predict success and failure in the program of single female enrollees approximately 75 percent of the time by employing five socio-economic factors. 6. An equation was developed for predicting success or failure of single female enrollees. The following factors were employed in this prediction: (a) language spoken in home, (b) family living group, (c) reason for leaving school, (d) welfare, (e) lifetime occupational goal. Title: Analysis of selected factors relating to the Neighborhood Youth Corps program in rural counties of Oregon Author: Bigsby, Robert Alexander Purpose of the Study There were two major purposes of this study. The first was to determine which socio-economic and educational factors normally available to Neighborhood Youth Corps personnel were associated with success and failure in the out-of-school program. The second purpose was to utilize these available socio-economic and educational factors identified as success or failure determiners to construct a mathematical success-failure prediction equation. Procedures Data for 302 enrollees were obtained through a random sampling of terminated out-of-school enrollees. Socio-economic information was extracted from enrollee application forms and files. Educational information was obtained from the last school attended. Stepwise multiple linear regression and classification analyses were performed on data to identify variables contributing most significantly to success or failure. For these analyses, data for enrollees were grouped by marital status, sex, and age. Analyses were performed on separated groups. Variables contributing most significantly to success and failure were utilized to construct an equation for success-failure prediction. Selected Findings 1. A higher proportion of females succeeded in the out-of-school program than did males. Forty-five and one tenth percent of the females succeeded compared to 26.9 percent of the males. 2. Factors affecting success or failure of male enrollees were (a) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old male enrollees failed in the program at a rate approximately four times that of older enrollees. (b) Number of siblings in enrollee's family. Male enrollees coming from families with four or more children succeed at a higher rate than enrollees with one, two, or three children. "Only children" failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (c) Highest school grade completed. There was a steady decrease in the failure rate of male enrollees as school grade completed increased. (d) Head of household employment. Single male enrollees living in homes in which the head of household worked part time succeeded at over twice the rate of those living in homes with the head of household working full time. This group also succeeded at a higher rate than those from homes in which the head of household was not working at all. 3. Factors affecting success or failure of female enrollees were: (a) Language spoken in the home. Enrollees speaking Spanish in the home succeeded at a substantially higher rate than those speaking English. (b) Social assistance. Single female enrollees whose families accepted cash welfare payments succeeded at a lower rate than those whose families did not accept welfare. (c) Stated lifetime occupational goal. Single female enrollees stating a skilled lifetime occupational goal succeeded at a higher rate than those stating other lifetime goals. Those stating no lifetime goal or a professional goal failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (d) Family living group. Single female enrollees living with their mothers only succeeded at less than one-half the rate of those living with both parents. (e) Reason for leaving school. Female enrollees who left school for disciplinary reasons failed at a very high rate. (f) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old female enrollees tended not to succeed at as high a rate as 17, 18, 19, and 20 year-olds. 4. Accurate prediction of both success and failure was not possible for male enrollees and married or divorced females, 5. It was possible to correctly predict success and failure in the program of single female enrollees approximately 75 percent of the time by employing five socio-economic factors. 6. An equation was developed for predicting success or failure of single female enrollees. The following factors were employed in this prediction: (a) language spoken in home, (b) family living group, (c) reason for leaving school, (d) welfare, (e) lifetime occupational goal. Close

• 87. [Article] Rural ceramic production, consumption, and exchange in late classic Oaxaca, Mexico : a view from Yaasuchi

  The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico was home to one of the most intensively-studied archaic states in the New World. Centered at the hilltop city of Monte Albán, the Zapotec State first arose around 500 BC and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rural ceramic production, consumption, and exchange in late classic Oaxaca, Mexico : a view from Yaasuchi Author: Pink, Jeremias The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico was home to one of the most intensively-studied archaic states in the New World. Centered at the hilltop city of Monte Albán, the Zapotec State first arose around 500 BC and eventually encompassed much of the present-day state of Oaxaca. But by the Late Classic (AD 550 - 850), the state began to dissolve from a regional power into a series of autonomous city-states. The organization of the Zapotec economy in the centuries preceding state decline has been alternatively characterized as a state administered system or a commercial market economy, but most work hinges upon a continued assumption of mutual dependence between rural agricultural producers and urban manufacturers of craft goods. Yet little empirical research has focused on the economic behavior of households in rural communities. To address these assumptions, over 300 archaeological ceramics from the rural site of Yaasuchi were submitted for compositional analysis using INAA at the OSU Archaeometry Laboratory in order to establish provenance. These ceramics were drawn from two Late Classic domestic structures, a ceramic-production firing feature, and surface collections taken throughout the site. Together, they provide insight into patterns of production, consumption, and exchange at a small, rural community in Monte Albán’s hinterland. Comparisons of these data to compositional information from a large database of clays and ceramics from throughout the region show that as much as 90% of Yaasuchi ceramics were produced on site and exchanged between households. Of the remaining 10%, one third were produced in communities near Monte Albán while the remainder came from sources closer to Yaasuchi. These results suggest that Yaasuchi households were not dependent on exchange in urban centers for access to ceramics. Nor however, were they divorced from the regional economy. Rather, households employed a range of economic strategies to fulfil domestic needs, including craft production for intra-site and regional exchange. I argue that this pattern of economic behavior is consistent with a view of the Late Classic economy in which the growing autonomy of sub-regional polities resulted in an incompletely integrated, overlapping market network. The structure of this exchange system would have impacted the reliability of markets as both a source of goods and income, discouraging rural participation in regional exchange. Title: Rural ceramic production, consumption, and exchange in late classic Oaxaca, Mexico : a view from Yaasuchi Author: Pink, Jeremias The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico was home to one of the most intensively-studied archaic states in the New World. Centered at the hilltop city of Monte Albán, the Zapotec State first arose around 500 BC and eventually encompassed much of the present-day state of Oaxaca. But by the Late Classic (AD 550 - 850), the state began to dissolve from a regional power into a series of autonomous city-states. The organization of the Zapotec economy in the centuries preceding state decline has been alternatively characterized as a state administered system or a commercial market economy, but most work hinges upon a continued assumption of mutual dependence between rural agricultural producers and urban manufacturers of craft goods. Yet little empirical research has focused on the economic behavior of households in rural communities. To address these assumptions, over 300 archaeological ceramics from the rural site of Yaasuchi were submitted for compositional analysis using INAA at the OSU Archaeometry Laboratory in order to establish provenance. These ceramics were drawn from two Late Classic domestic structures, a ceramic-production firing feature, and surface collections taken throughout the site. Together, they provide insight into patterns of production, consumption, and exchange at a small, rural community in Monte Albán’s hinterland. Comparisons of these data to compositional information from a large database of clays and ceramics from throughout the region show that as much as 90% of Yaasuchi ceramics were produced on site and exchanged between households. Of the remaining 10%, one third were produced in communities near Monte Albán while the remainder came from sources closer to Yaasuchi. These results suggest that Yaasuchi households were not dependent on exchange in urban centers for access to ceramics. Nor however, were they divorced from the regional economy. Rather, households employed a range of economic strategies to fulfil domestic needs, including craft production for intra-site and regional exchange. I argue that this pattern of economic behavior is consistent with a view of the Late Classic economy in which the growing autonomy of sub-regional polities resulted in an incompletely integrated, overlapping market network. The structure of this exchange system would have impacted the reliability of markets as both a source of goods and income, discouraging rural participation in regional exchange. Close

• 88. [Article] The economic consequences of divorce in Oregon after ten or more years of marriage

  The financial aspects of divorce are of great importance to the growing numbers of men, women, and children who live with the consequences of economic decisions made at dissolution. The purpose of this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The economic consequences of divorce in Oregon after ten or more years of marriage Author: Rowe, Barbara R. The financial aspects of divorce are of great importance to the growing numbers of men, women, and children who live with the consequences of economic decisions made at dissolution. The purpose of this study was to provide data on the economic aspects of divorce in Oregon after ten or more years of marriage; to determine what assets were owned, how those assets were valued for the purpose of division, which assets were allocated to wives and which were allocated to husbands, the factors that affected the allocation, and the effect of asset division on the post-divorce economic well-being of wives and husbands. The sample was drawn from final divorce decrees for marriages lasting ten or more years filed between July 1983 and June 1984 in the Oregon counties of Multnomah, Clackamas, and Washington. Interviews were conducted with 67 women and 49 men. Most of these couples after ten or more years of marriage, owned homes and tangible personal property, most often furniture and a car. Pensions were the most frequently owned intangible personal property. The greater the value of an asset the more likely it was to be valued objectively. Assets were allocated fairly equally between spouses. However, this did not have the effect of putting husbands and wives in similar economic positions. When pre-divorce and post-divorce household incomes were compared, almost all of the movement toward lower income was accounted for by wives. Mothers were more likely than fathers to have custody of children. When there were children under age 18, child support was usually awarded. However, the monthly amount of child support was less than one-half of the estimated monthly cost of raising a child, leading to the conclusion that the custodial parent bears a disproportionate share of the cost of raising a child. While the allocation of property between divorcing spouses is a concern that cannot be ignored, an equally important concern in these marriages lasting ten or more years is the lack of income-earning ability of the wives. Title: The economic consequences of divorce in Oregon after ten or more years of marriage Author: Rowe, Barbara R. The financial aspects of divorce are of great importance to the growing numbers of men, women, and children who live with the consequences of economic decisions made at dissolution. The purpose of this study was to provide data on the economic aspects of divorce in Oregon after ten or more years of marriage; to determine what assets were owned, how those assets were valued for the purpose of division, which assets were allocated to wives and which were allocated to husbands, the factors that affected the allocation, and the effect of asset division on the post-divorce economic well-being of wives and husbands. The sample was drawn from final divorce decrees for marriages lasting ten or more years filed between July 1983 and June 1984 in the Oregon counties of Multnomah, Clackamas, and Washington. Interviews were conducted with 67 women and 49 men. Most of these couples after ten or more years of marriage, owned homes and tangible personal property, most often furniture and a car. Pensions were the most frequently owned intangible personal property. The greater the value of an asset the more likely it was to be valued objectively. Assets were allocated fairly equally between spouses. However, this did not have the effect of putting husbands and wives in similar economic positions. When pre-divorce and post-divorce household incomes were compared, almost all of the movement toward lower income was accounted for by wives. Mothers were more likely than fathers to have custody of children. When there were children under age 18, child support was usually awarded. However, the monthly amount of child support was less than one-half of the estimated monthly cost of raising a child, leading to the conclusion that the custodial parent bears a disproportionate share of the cost of raising a child. While the allocation of property between divorcing spouses is a concern that cannot be ignored, an equally important concern in these marriages lasting ten or more years is the lack of income-earning ability of the wives. Close

• 89. [Article] Women's studies : a new program for the community college

  The purpose of this study was to present the new women's studies program for the community college. The study advocated consciousness raising for females at all levels of public instruction, but this paper ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Women's studies : a new program for the community college Author: Goltra, Raylene Denise The purpose of this study was to present the new women's studies program for the community college. The study advocated consciousness raising for females at all levels of public instruction, but this paper was limited to the community college. The program outlined would seek to help women to assume a more equal position in American society. The initial phase of the study sought to prove that women are second class citizens in America. For example: women hold none of the presidencies in the top 100 United States business firms. There are no, women governors, nor attorney generals in all the 50 states, In addition, state legislatures across the country comprise approximately 7,000 positions. Only 300 of these positions are held by women. On the federal level, the Senate is an all-male club. In the House of Representatives only Edith Greene of Oregon holds any really important committee power. In the working world, women in blue collar positions face grave problems of overt discrimination, They are often paid less, denied advancement, refused maternity leaves, and are usually the last hired and the first fired. In the professional world, women have made scant headway in the last 30 years. In medicine, fewer women are accepted now than in the 1920's. In the legal profession, upward mobility is almost nil. Barely one percent of all the nation's judges are women. In education, women are abundant on the teaching staffs in, elementary and secondary schools. However, they are rarely promoted to the principal level. Women are also well represented on community college teaching staffs, but almost never rise to upper echelon administrative positions, In higher education, the problem is even more severe. Women encounter blatant discrimination in graduate school, the first pre-requisite to higher education teaching and administration, The number of women holding associate and full professorships in American universities are almost non-existent, Some of the sociological effects of "keeping women in their place" can be seen in the rising rates of females involved in: child abuse, drug usage, desertion, divorce, and suicide. Another major problem is that the number of families headed by women continues to grow. Many of these families exist in poverty. The second phase of the study explored the traditional areas of societal leadership, to ascertain what they were doing to alter these conditions. The groups under investigation were all the major Christian denominations and Judaism. Next studied were labor unions with 30 percent or more female members. Professional and fraternal organizations were also queried. It was concluded that none of these organizations had any structured plan to alter the existing situation for women. The writer then accepted the proposition that the greatest existing societal change agent was the public school system, specifically for this study, the community college. The final phase of the study concerned a detailed plan for the aforementioned new program. Several existing community college women's programs were profiled. Their relative strengths and weaknesses were explored. The major flaw noted in many of these programs was their insistance upon separatism, a "women only" policy, The program envisioned in this paper decries the concept of separatism. Its guiding principle is the creation of greater understanding between people. All classes would comprise both male and female students. Women can hope to alter their position in society very little if they exclude men from this kind of program. The latter group needs to gain more sensitivity to the problem, not increased hostility, which would be the result of exclusion. This new program would be under a Special Programs Director who would also be responsible for courses aimed at others with societal problems such as: ethnic minorities, the handicapped, and the aged. Interaction of all these groups with each other and the rest of the student body would be stressed. The program would offer women awareness courses, vocational training, job placement, group therapy, community activity, and competent, low cost, child care. Finally, the study endeavored to prove that the program could be initiated on almost any campus using the existing facilities and, in many cases, existing personnel. Title: Women's studies : a new program for the community college Author: Goltra, Raylene Denise The purpose of this study was to present the new women's studies program for the community college. The study advocated consciousness raising for females at all levels of public instruction, but this paper was limited to the community college. The program outlined would seek to help women to assume a more equal position in American society. The initial phase of the study sought to prove that women are second class citizens in America. For example: women hold none of the presidencies in the top 100 United States business firms. There are no, women governors, nor attorney generals in all the 50 states, In addition, state legislatures across the country comprise approximately 7,000 positions. Only 300 of these positions are held by women. On the federal level, the Senate is an all-male club. In the House of Representatives only Edith Greene of Oregon holds any really important committee power. In the working world, women in blue collar positions face grave problems of overt discrimination, They are often paid less, denied advancement, refused maternity leaves, and are usually the last hired and the first fired. In the professional world, women have made scant headway in the last 30 years. In medicine, fewer women are accepted now than in the 1920's. In the legal profession, upward mobility is almost nil. Barely one percent of all the nation's judges are women. In education, women are abundant on the teaching staffs in, elementary and secondary schools. However, they are rarely promoted to the principal level. Women are also well represented on community college teaching staffs, but almost never rise to upper echelon administrative positions, In higher education, the problem is even more severe. Women encounter blatant discrimination in graduate school, the first pre-requisite to higher education teaching and administration, The number of women holding associate and full professorships in American universities are almost non-existent, Some of the sociological effects of "keeping women in their place" can be seen in the rising rates of females involved in: child abuse, drug usage, desertion, divorce, and suicide. Another major problem is that the number of families headed by women continues to grow. Many of these families exist in poverty. The second phase of the study explored the traditional areas of societal leadership, to ascertain what they were doing to alter these conditions. The groups under investigation were all the major Christian denominations and Judaism. Next studied were labor unions with 30 percent or more female members. Professional and fraternal organizations were also queried. It was concluded that none of these organizations had any structured plan to alter the existing situation for women. The writer then accepted the proposition that the greatest existing societal change agent was the public school system, specifically for this study, the community college. The final phase of the study concerned a detailed plan for the aforementioned new program. Several existing community college women's programs were profiled. Their relative strengths and weaknesses were explored. The major flaw noted in many of these programs was their insistance upon separatism, a "women only" policy, The program envisioned in this paper decries the concept of separatism. Its guiding principle is the creation of greater understanding between people. All classes would comprise both male and female students. Women can hope to alter their position in society very little if they exclude men from this kind of program. The latter group needs to gain more sensitivity to the problem, not increased hostility, which would be the result of exclusion. This new program would be under a Special Programs Director who would also be responsible for courses aimed at others with societal problems such as: ethnic minorities, the handicapped, and the aged. Interaction of all these groups with each other and the rest of the student body would be stressed. The program would offer women awareness courses, vocational training, job placement, group therapy, community activity, and competent, low cost, child care. Finally, the study endeavored to prove that the program could be initiated on almost any campus using the existing facilities and, in many cases, existing personnel. Close

• 90. [Article] The effects of divorce and related stressors on early adolescents' self-esteem

  Divorce rates have increased in the past three decades. Much research has focused on the effects of divorce on children and adolescents' emotional adjustment. Measures of self-esteem are one way to determine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of divorce and related stressors on early adolescents' self-esteem Author: Moon, Christine Ellen Divorce rates have increased in the past three decades. Much research has focused on the effects of divorce on children and adolescents' emotional adjustment. Measures of self-esteem are one way to determine emotional development. Less attention has been devoted to understanding the effect divorce has on another very important developmental stage, early adolescence. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect divorce has on early adolescents' self-esteem. It was proposed that the number of life events and divorce-related events would mediate the effect that divorce has on early adolescents' self-esteem. It was found that early adolescents from divorced families had lower self-esteem than early adolescents from intact families. There was no evidence that life events or divorce-related events mediated this effect. No significant relationship was found between life events and self-esteem for either the intact or divorce group independently. However, when the two groups were combined, a significant relationship was found between life events and self-esteem. The quality, "good" vs. "bad", of the reported events made no difference in these analysis. Title: The effects of divorce and related stressors on early adolescents' self-esteem Author: Moon, Christine Ellen Divorce rates have increased in the past three decades. Much research has focused on the effects of divorce on children and adolescents' emotional adjustment. Measures of self-esteem are one way to determine emotional development. Less attention has been devoted to understanding the effect divorce has on another very important developmental stage, early adolescence. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect divorce has on early adolescents' self-esteem. It was proposed that the number of life events and divorce-related events would mediate the effect that divorce has on early adolescents' self-esteem. It was found that early adolescents from divorced families had lower self-esteem than early adolescents from intact families. There was no evidence that life events or divorce-related events mediated this effect. No significant relationship was found between life events and self-esteem for either the intact or divorce group independently. However, when the two groups were combined, a significant relationship was found between life events and self-esteem. The quality, "good" vs. "bad", of the reported events made no difference in these analysis. Close