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• 61. [Article] Effects of forest management on fish habitat and macroinvertebrates in northeast Oregon streams

  This study describes streams in the Blue Mountains and Wallowa Mountains of Northeastern Oregon in order to characterize the interactions between the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and to determine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of forest management on fish habitat and macroinvertebrates in northeast Oregon streams Author: Carlson, Joan Y. This study describes streams in the Blue Mountains and Wallowa Mountains of Northeastern Oregon in order to characterize the interactions between the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and to determine how logging affects those relationships. Five stream reach pairs, each consisting of an undisturbed reach and a similar reach flowing through an area where the riparian zone had been logged, along with six additional undisturbed reaches were studied. The riparian stand, large woody debris, stream channel morphology and the benthic macroinvertebrate community were measured at each reach. Large woody debris volume ranged from 91.1 to 284.0 m³/ha and was greater in the logged reaches than undisturbed reaches. Stream channel morphology, as indicated by the pool-riffle ratio, in the logged reaches was not significantly different than undisturbed reaches and percent pool area was less than 30 percent in all reaches. Macroinvertebrate density ranged from 146.6 to 963.2 individuals/sample and was greater in the logged reach of each stream pair. Community diversity, as expressed by the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, at logged reaches was not significantly different from that at undisturbed reaches. Although some differences were found between logged stream reaches and undisturbed reaches, there was no indication that overall fish habitat was greatly diminished or improved as a result of logging. Title: Effects of forest management on fish habitat and macroinvertebrates in northeast Oregon streams Author: Carlson, Joan Y. This study describes streams in the Blue Mountains and Wallowa Mountains of Northeastern Oregon in order to characterize the interactions between the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and to determine how logging affects those relationships. Five stream reach pairs, each consisting of an undisturbed reach and a similar reach flowing through an area where the riparian zone had been logged, along with six additional undisturbed reaches were studied. The riparian stand, large woody debris, stream channel morphology and the benthic macroinvertebrate community were measured at each reach. Large woody debris volume ranged from 91.1 to 284.0 m³/ha and was greater in the logged reaches than undisturbed reaches. Stream channel morphology, as indicated by the pool-riffle ratio, in the logged reaches was not significantly different than undisturbed reaches and percent pool area was less than 30 percent in all reaches. Macroinvertebrate density ranged from 146.6 to 963.2 individuals/sample and was greater in the logged reach of each stream pair. Community diversity, as expressed by the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, at logged reaches was not significantly different from that at undisturbed reaches. Although some differences were found between logged stream reaches and undisturbed reaches, there was no indication that overall fish habitat was greatly diminished or improved as a result of logging. Close

• 62. [Article] The influence of biophysical feedbacks and species interactions on grass invasions and coastal dune morphology in the Pacific Northwest, USA

  Biological invasions provide a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms that regulate community composition and ecosystem function. Invasive species that are also ecosystem engineers can substantially ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of biophysical feedbacks and species interactions on grass invasions and coastal dune morphology in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Zarnetske, Phoebe Lehmann, 1979- Biological invasions provide a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms that regulate community composition and ecosystem function. Invasive species that are also ecosystem engineers can substantially alter physical features in an environment, and this can lead to cascading effects on the biological community. Aquatic-terrestrial interface ecosystems are excellent systems to study the interactions among invasive ecosystem engineers, physical features, and biological communities, because interactions among vegetation, sediment, and fluids within biophysical feedbacks create and modify distinct physical features. Further, these systems provide important ecosystem services including coastal protection afforded by their natural features. In this dissertation, I investigate the interactions and feedbacks among sand-binding beach grass species (a native, Elymus mollis (Trin.), and two non-natives, Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link and A. breviligulata Fernald), sediment supply, and dune shape along the U.S. Pacific Northwest coast. Dunes dominated by A. arenaria tend to be taller and narrower compared to the shorter, wider dunes dominated by A. breviligulata. These patterns suggest an ecological control on dune shape, and thus, coastal vulnerability to overtopping waves. I investigate the causes and consequences of these patterns with experiments, field observations, and modeling. Specifically, I investigate the relative roles of vegetation and sediment supply in shaping coastal dunes over inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales (Chapter 2), characterize a biophysical feedback between beach grass species growth habit and sediment supply (Chapter 3), uncover the mechanisms leading to beach grass coexistence and whether A. breviligulata can invade and dominate new sections of coastline (Chapter 4), and examine the non-target effects resulting from management actions that remove Ammophila for the recovery of the threatened Western Snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) (Chapter 5). I found that vegetation and sediment supply play important roles in dune shape changes across inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales (Chapter 2). I determined that a biophysical feedback between the beach grass growth habits and sediment supply results in species-specific differences in sand capture ability, and thus, is a likely explanation for differences in dune shape (Chapter 3). I found that all three beach grass species can coexist across different sediment deposition rates, and that this coexistence is largely mediated by positive direct and indirect species interactions. I further determined that A. breviligulata is capable of invading and dominating the beach grass community in regions where it is currently absent (Chapter 4). Combined, these findings indicate that A. breviligulata is an inferior dune building species as compared to A. arenaria, and suggest that in combination with sediment supply gradients, these species differences ultimately lead to differences in dune shape. Potential further invasions of A. breviligulata into southern regions of the Pacific Northwest may diminish the coastal protection ability of dunes currently dominated by A. arenaria, but this effect could be moderated by the predicted near co-dominance of A. arenaria in these lower sediment supply conditions. Finally, I found that the techniques used to remove Ammophila for plover recovery have unintended consequences for the native and endemic dune plant communities, and disrupt the natural disturbance regime of shifting sand. A whole-ecosystem restoration focus would be an improvement over the target-species approach, as it would promote the return of the natural disturbance regime, which in turn, would help recover the native biological community. The findings from this dissertation research provide a robust knowledge base that can guide further investigations of biological and physical changes to the coastal dunes, can help improve the management of dune ecosystem services and the restoration of native communities, and can help anticipate the impacts of future beach grass invasions and climate change induced changes to the coast. Title: The influence of biophysical feedbacks and species interactions on grass invasions and coastal dune morphology in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Zarnetske, Phoebe Lehmann, 1979- Biological invasions provide a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms that regulate community composition and ecosystem function. Invasive species that are also ecosystem engineers can substantially alter physical features in an environment, and this can lead to cascading effects on the biological community. Aquatic-terrestrial interface ecosystems are excellent systems to study the interactions among invasive ecosystem engineers, physical features, and biological communities, because interactions among vegetation, sediment, and fluids within biophysical feedbacks create and modify distinct physical features. Further, these systems provide important ecosystem services including coastal protection afforded by their natural features. In this dissertation, I investigate the interactions and feedbacks among sand-binding beach grass species (a native, Elymus mollis (Trin.), and two non-natives, Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link and A. breviligulata Fernald), sediment supply, and dune shape along the U.S. Pacific Northwest coast. Dunes dominated by A. arenaria tend to be taller and narrower compared to the shorter, wider dunes dominated by A. breviligulata. These patterns suggest an ecological control on dune shape, and thus, coastal vulnerability to overtopping waves. I investigate the causes and consequences of these patterns with experiments, field observations, and modeling. Specifically, I investigate the relative roles of vegetation and sediment supply in shaping coastal dunes over inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales (Chapter 2), characterize a biophysical feedback between beach grass species growth habit and sediment supply (Chapter 3), uncover the mechanisms leading to beach grass coexistence and whether A. breviligulata can invade and dominate new sections of coastline (Chapter 4), and examine the non-target effects resulting from management actions that remove Ammophila for the recovery of the threatened Western Snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) (Chapter 5). I found that vegetation and sediment supply play important roles in dune shape changes across inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales (Chapter 2). I determined that a biophysical feedback between the beach grass growth habits and sediment supply results in species-specific differences in sand capture ability, and thus, is a likely explanation for differences in dune shape (Chapter 3). I found that all three beach grass species can coexist across different sediment deposition rates, and that this coexistence is largely mediated by positive direct and indirect species interactions. I further determined that A. breviligulata is capable of invading and dominating the beach grass community in regions where it is currently absent (Chapter 4). Combined, these findings indicate that A. breviligulata is an inferior dune building species as compared to A. arenaria, and suggest that in combination with sediment supply gradients, these species differences ultimately lead to differences in dune shape. Potential further invasions of A. breviligulata into southern regions of the Pacific Northwest may diminish the coastal protection ability of dunes currently dominated by A. arenaria, but this effect could be moderated by the predicted near co-dominance of A. arenaria in these lower sediment supply conditions. Finally, I found that the techniques used to remove Ammophila for plover recovery have unintended consequences for the native and endemic dune plant communities, and disrupt the natural disturbance regime of shifting sand. A whole-ecosystem restoration focus would be an improvement over the target-species approach, as it would promote the return of the natural disturbance regime, which in turn, would help recover the native biological community. The findings from this dissertation research provide a robust knowledge base that can guide further investigations of biological and physical changes to the coastal dunes, can help improve the management of dune ecosystem services and the restoration of native communities, and can help anticipate the impacts of future beach grass invasions and climate change induced changes to the coast. Close

• 63. [Article] Hydrologic and Land Cover Effects on Sources and Fate of In-Stream Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter

  Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a critical component of the carbon cycle linking terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Although many factors influence DOM fluxes and quality in rivers, controls on DOM ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrologic and Land Cover Effects on Sources and Fate of In-Stream Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter Author: Lee, Baek Soo P. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a critical component of the carbon cycle linking terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Although many factors influence DOM fluxes and quality in rivers, controls on DOM compositions in catchments of the western U.S. are poorly understood. UV and fluorescent spectroscopy is a simpler, faster, and less expensive DOM fingerprinting technique compared to techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or wet chemical fractionation, and could be useful for characterizing complex DOM chemistry. However, only 1 % of DOM is estimated to be fluorescent, and the utility of UV and fluorescent spectroscopy for DOM characterization needs to be further investigated. This dissertation applied UV and fluorescent spectroscopy to examine hydrologic and land cover controls on DOM chemistry in streams of 45 catchments in the forested headwaters and a mixed landscape of the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, based on two years of monitoring. This dissertation contributes three major findings. First, freezing of water alters DOM chemistry by preferentially precipitating aromatic DOM. Second, UV and fluorescent spectroscopy was able to discriminate DOM delivered from highly processed, proteinrich deep subsurface sources during dry seasons especially in forested headwater streams of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA), where nitrogen inputs are very low. In addition, fluorescent DOM chemistry differed among watersheds with varying forest management history. Third, although fluorescent DOM in a headwater forested system differed among land use history, fluorescent DOM composition did not vary among streams draining a well-mixed landscape of urban, pasture/hay, forest, and agricultural land cover types in the central Willamette River Basin, where nitrogen inputs to streams are relatively high. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration decreased and the fluorescent index indicated an increase in terrestrial sources of DOM from small (1st and 2nd order) to large (4th to 6th order) streams. A protein-like DOM component that was detected in the headwater forested study site (HJA) was not detected in stream samples from the middle basin study site. These findings indicate that in-stream respiration, fueled by nutrient additions from agriculture runoff, consumes bioavailable, labile DOM (proteins) preferentially relative to more recalcitrant, terrestrial sources of DOM along water flow paths from headwater streams to major rivers. This study shows the clear applicability of the fluorescent characterization of DOM in identifying hydrologic and landscape controls as well as varying DOM chemistry and functions throughout watershed ecosystems. Title: Hydrologic and Land Cover Effects on Sources and Fate of In-Stream Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter Author: Lee, Baek Soo P. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a critical component of the carbon cycle linking terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Although many factors influence DOM fluxes and quality in rivers, controls on DOM compositions in catchments of the western U.S. are poorly understood. UV and fluorescent spectroscopy is a simpler, faster, and less expensive DOM fingerprinting technique compared to techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or wet chemical fractionation, and could be useful for characterizing complex DOM chemistry. However, only 1 % of DOM is estimated to be fluorescent, and the utility of UV and fluorescent spectroscopy for DOM characterization needs to be further investigated. This dissertation applied UV and fluorescent spectroscopy to examine hydrologic and land cover controls on DOM chemistry in streams of 45 catchments in the forested headwaters and a mixed landscape of the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, based on two years of monitoring. This dissertation contributes three major findings. First, freezing of water alters DOM chemistry by preferentially precipitating aromatic DOM. Second, UV and fluorescent spectroscopy was able to discriminate DOM delivered from highly processed, proteinrich deep subsurface sources during dry seasons especially in forested headwater streams of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA), where nitrogen inputs are very low. In addition, fluorescent DOM chemistry differed among watersheds with varying forest management history. Third, although fluorescent DOM in a headwater forested system differed among land use history, fluorescent DOM composition did not vary among streams draining a well-mixed landscape of urban, pasture/hay, forest, and agricultural land cover types in the central Willamette River Basin, where nitrogen inputs to streams are relatively high. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration decreased and the fluorescent index indicated an increase in terrestrial sources of DOM from small (1st and 2nd order) to large (4th to 6th order) streams. A protein-like DOM component that was detected in the headwater forested study site (HJA) was not detected in stream samples from the middle basin study site. These findings indicate that in-stream respiration, fueled by nutrient additions from agriculture runoff, consumes bioavailable, labile DOM (proteins) preferentially relative to more recalcitrant, terrestrial sources of DOM along water flow paths from headwater streams to major rivers. This study shows the clear applicability of the fluorescent characterization of DOM in identifying hydrologic and landscape controls as well as varying DOM chemistry and functions throughout watershed ecosystems. Close

• 64. [Article] Global climate evolution during the last deglaciation

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by National ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Global climate evolution during the last deglaciation Author: Mitrovica, Jerry X., Shakun, Jeremy D., McManus, Jerry, Moreno, Patricio I., Blois, Jessica L., Brewer, Simon, Pahnke, Katharina, Baker, Paul A., Bartlein, Patrick J., He, Feng, Morrill, Carrie, Brook, Ed, Markgraf, Vera, Carlson, Anders E., Russell, James M., Liu, Zhengyu, Johnson, Thomas C., Flower, Ben P., Otto-Bliesner, Bette L., Cheng, Hai, Kaufman, Darrell S., Adkins, Jess F., Colman, Steven M., Clark, Jorie, Marchitto, Thomas M., Whitlock, Cathy, Lynch-Stieglitz, Jean, Curry, William B., Clark, Peter U., Williams, John W., Mix, Alan C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by National Academy of Sciences and can be found at: http://www.pnas.org/. Title: Global climate evolution during the last deglaciation Author: Mitrovica, Jerry X., Shakun, Jeremy D., McManus, Jerry, Moreno, Patricio I., Blois, Jessica L., Brewer, Simon, Pahnke, Katharina, Baker, Paul A., Bartlein, Patrick J., He, Feng, Morrill, Carrie, Brook, Ed, Markgraf, Vera, Carlson, Anders E., Russell, James M., Liu, Zhengyu, Johnson, Thomas C., Flower, Ben P., Otto-Bliesner, Bette L., Cheng, Hai, Kaufman, Darrell S., Adkins, Jess F., Colman, Steven M., Clark, Jorie, Marchitto, Thomas M., Whitlock, Cathy, Lynch-Stieglitz, Jean, Curry, William B., Clark, Peter U., Williams, John W., Mix, Alan C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by National Academy of Sciences and can be found at: http://www.pnas.org/. Close

• 65. [Image] Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database

  	"September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database Author: Marcot, Bruce G. Year: 1997, 2005, 2004 "September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24) Title: Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database Author: Marcot, Bruce G. Year: 1997, 2005, 2004 "September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24) Close

• 66. [Article] Derivation of near-shore bathymetry from multispectral satellite imagery used in a coastal terrain model for the topographic analysis of human influence on coral reefs

  The analysis of material and energy exchange between the marine and terrestrial components of island ecosystems enables research into the impact of human population and land use on the health of coral ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Derivation of near-shore bathymetry from multispectral satellite imagery used in a coastal terrain model for the topographic analysis of human influence on coral reefs Author: Hogrefe, Kyle Richard The analysis of material and energy exchange between the marine and terrestrial components of island ecosystems enables research into the impact of human population and land use on the health of coral reef habitat. Satellite and acoustic remote sensing technologies enable the collection of data to produce high resolution bathymetry for integration with terrestrial digital elevation models (DEMs) into coastal terrain models. An integrated terrain surface that incorporates the land-sea interface, grounded by a geographic information system, is a powerful analytical tool for geomorphic studies of watersheds and coastal processes. The island of Tutuila, American Samoa is an ideal case study due to its high relief terrain, data availability and local interest in impacts to coral reef resources. The Tutuila model integrates a USGS DEM, multibeam bathymetry from 15 to 500 m and near shore bathymetric data from 0 to 15 m derived from IKONOS satellite imagery. The high spatial resolution of IKONOS imagery is suitable for detection of features with subtle relief and intricate structure. Shallow water bathymetry is derived by quantifying the relative attenuation of blue and green spectral band radiance as a function of depth. The procedure used to derive bathymetry, Lyzenga (1985), is identified as the most effective of several proposed in the recent literature. The product is error-checked using control points extracted from multibeam sonar data and collected during recent field surveys, as well as terrain profiles. The coastal terrain model provides morphological detail of fine resolution and high accuracy for terrain and land use analysis to enhance the study of ecosystem interconnectivity and the effects of anthropogenic inputs to coral reef habitats. Subsequent topographic analyses of the Tutuila model use drainage patterns to identify contiguous marine/terrestrial basins within which the marine environment is most directly impacted by land use through freshwater inputs from affiliated catchments. Human population density serves as an indicator of intensified land use and urbanization, which has been shown to increase pathogen and sediment loads in runoff, while percent coral cover, coral colony density and coral genera diversity are used as indicators of reef health. Spatiotemporal correlation analyses of population density against the three reef health indices within each of the marine/terrestrial basins reveal a decline in reef health associated with increased population density. This paper integrates and builds upon established methods of satellite imagery analysis and terrain modeling to create the Tutuila coastal terrain model and uses it to refine the scale of other studies linking human terrestrial activities to the physical condition of coral reefs. Title: Derivation of near-shore bathymetry from multispectral satellite imagery used in a coastal terrain model for the topographic analysis of human influence on coral reefs Author: Hogrefe, Kyle Richard The analysis of material and energy exchange between the marine and terrestrial components of island ecosystems enables research into the impact of human population and land use on the health of coral reef habitat. Satellite and acoustic remote sensing technologies enable the collection of data to produce high resolution bathymetry for integration with terrestrial digital elevation models (DEMs) into coastal terrain models. An integrated terrain surface that incorporates the land-sea interface, grounded by a geographic information system, is a powerful analytical tool for geomorphic studies of watersheds and coastal processes. The island of Tutuila, American Samoa is an ideal case study due to its high relief terrain, data availability and local interest in impacts to coral reef resources. The Tutuila model integrates a USGS DEM, multibeam bathymetry from 15 to 500 m and near shore bathymetric data from 0 to 15 m derived from IKONOS satellite imagery. The high spatial resolution of IKONOS imagery is suitable for detection of features with subtle relief and intricate structure. Shallow water bathymetry is derived by quantifying the relative attenuation of blue and green spectral band radiance as a function of depth. The procedure used to derive bathymetry, Lyzenga (1985), is identified as the most effective of several proposed in the recent literature. The product is error-checked using control points extracted from multibeam sonar data and collected during recent field surveys, as well as terrain profiles. The coastal terrain model provides morphological detail of fine resolution and high accuracy for terrain and land use analysis to enhance the study of ecosystem interconnectivity and the effects of anthropogenic inputs to coral reef habitats. Subsequent topographic analyses of the Tutuila model use drainage patterns to identify contiguous marine/terrestrial basins within which the marine environment is most directly impacted by land use through freshwater inputs from affiliated catchments. Human population density serves as an indicator of intensified land use and urbanization, which has been shown to increase pathogen and sediment loads in runoff, while percent coral cover, coral colony density and coral genera diversity are used as indicators of reef health. Spatiotemporal correlation analyses of population density against the three reef health indices within each of the marine/terrestrial basins reveal a decline in reef health associated with increased population density. This paper integrates and builds upon established methods of satellite imagery analysis and terrain modeling to create the Tutuila coastal terrain model and uses it to refine the scale of other studies linking human terrestrial activities to the physical condition of coral reefs. Close

• 67. [Article] Coniferous forest biome :1975 to 1977 proposal : Volume 1

  The Coniferous Forest Biome was initially funded in 1970 by the National Science Foundation as a large-scale, interdisciplinary, interinstitutional research program to study coniferous forest and associated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coniferous forest biome :1975 to 1977 proposal : Volume 1 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome The Coniferous Forest Biome was initially funded in 1970 by the National Science Foundation as a large-scale, interdisciplinary, interinstitutional research program to study coniferous forest and associated aquatic ecosystems. It was initiated as one of the Integrated Research Programs in the Ecosystem Analysis Section of the U.S./International Biological Program (US/IBP). The IBP was generated in response to a need to solve the major problems confronting mankind: rapidly increasing population, food and fiber shortages, and environmental degradation. Its major theme was "determination of the biological basis for productivity and human welfare." The US/IBP is sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council and terminates on 30 June 1974. This proposal requests continued support in the post-IBP period from 1 January 1975 to 31 December 1977. Our initial proposals were developed around the need for developing new approaches and theory in ecology and concentrated on integrating knowledge of the structure and function of selected terrestrial and linked aquatic ecosystems. Development of ecosystem theory is needed to forward basic ecological science and for practical land management purposes. This proposal emphasizes further extension of Biome research in space and time dimensions from the data base and theoretical understanding of coniferous forest ecosystems gained to date. This will be accomplished through studies that will be conducted at the stand, watershed, regional, ecosystem interaction, lake and stream integration levels. Modeling will be used as an integrating mechanism at each of the levels. The proposal is presented in three volumes. Volume 1 (parts 1 and 2) describes our research rationale, our proposed research in relation to our findings, research management, application of Biome results, budgets, and project summaries. Volume 2 (parts 3-5) represents an initial synthesis of program results to date. Part 3 describes the structure and dynamics of natural coniferous ecosystems in the Biome with emphasis on the Douglas-fir region. Modeling has been used as our major integrating mechanism. Part 4 is devoted to discussion of what we have learned about integrating ecosystem studies through modeling. We have just initiated studies on the behavior of stressed (e.g., insect defoliated) and manipulated (e.g., fertilized) ecosystems, and the preliminary information we have gained in this area is presented in part 5. In this discussion our findings are compared with the findings of other researchers where possible. There are many gaps in our knowledge of the effects of stress and manipulation on coniferous forest ecosystems, and as a result we have proposed research in that area. Volume 3 consists of the Appendix (part 6), which includes a list of Biome publications (contributions, bulletins, and internal reports), a section on model documentation, and curriculum vitae. The section on model documentation is particularly important since it provides a framework for evaluating complicated models by biologists and modelers alike. Title: Coniferous forest biome :1975 to 1977 proposal : Volume 1 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome The Coniferous Forest Biome was initially funded in 1970 by the National Science Foundation as a large-scale, interdisciplinary, interinstitutional research program to study coniferous forest and associated aquatic ecosystems. It was initiated as one of the Integrated Research Programs in the Ecosystem Analysis Section of the U.S./International Biological Program (US/IBP). The IBP was generated in response to a need to solve the major problems confronting mankind: rapidly increasing population, food and fiber shortages, and environmental degradation. Its major theme was "determination of the biological basis for productivity and human welfare." The US/IBP is sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council and terminates on 30 June 1974. This proposal requests continued support in the post-IBP period from 1 January 1975 to 31 December 1977. Our initial proposals were developed around the need for developing new approaches and theory in ecology and concentrated on integrating knowledge of the structure and function of selected terrestrial and linked aquatic ecosystems. Development of ecosystem theory is needed to forward basic ecological science and for practical land management purposes. This proposal emphasizes further extension of Biome research in space and time dimensions from the data base and theoretical understanding of coniferous forest ecosystems gained to date. This will be accomplished through studies that will be conducted at the stand, watershed, regional, ecosystem interaction, lake and stream integration levels. Modeling will be used as an integrating mechanism at each of the levels. The proposal is presented in three volumes. Volume 1 (parts 1 and 2) describes our research rationale, our proposed research in relation to our findings, research management, application of Biome results, budgets, and project summaries. Volume 2 (parts 3-5) represents an initial synthesis of program results to date. Part 3 describes the structure and dynamics of natural coniferous ecosystems in the Biome with emphasis on the Douglas-fir region. Modeling has been used as our major integrating mechanism. Part 4 is devoted to discussion of what we have learned about integrating ecosystem studies through modeling. We have just initiated studies on the behavior of stressed (e.g., insect defoliated) and manipulated (e.g., fertilized) ecosystems, and the preliminary information we have gained in this area is presented in part 5. In this discussion our findings are compared with the findings of other researchers where possible. There are many gaps in our knowledge of the effects of stress and manipulation on coniferous forest ecosystems, and as a result we have proposed research in that area. Volume 3 consists of the Appendix (part 6), which includes a list of Biome publications (contributions, bulletins, and internal reports), a section on model documentation, and curriculum vitae. The section on model documentation is particularly important since it provides a framework for evaluating complicated models by biologists and modelers alike. Close

• 68. [Image] Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

  	This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Author: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station; U.S.Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management. Year: 1998, 2006, 2005 This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia River basin and adjacent areas. Rare plants include many endemics associated with local conditions. Potential plant and invertebrate bioindicators are identified. Species ecological functions differ among communities and variously affect ecosystem diversity and productivity. Species of alpine and subalpine communities are identified that may be at risk from climate change. Maps of terrestrial ecological integrity are presented. Keywords: Macroecology, paleoecology, ecological integrity, terrestrial communities, ecosystems, wildlife, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, arthropods, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, endemism, interior Columbia River basin, Klamath Basin, Great Basin. Title: Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Author: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station; U.S.Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management. Year: 1998, 2006, 2005 This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia River basin and adjacent areas. Rare plants include many endemics associated with local conditions. Potential plant and invertebrate bioindicators are identified. Species ecological functions differ among communities and variously affect ecosystem diversity and productivity. Species of alpine and subalpine communities are identified that may be at risk from climate change. Maps of terrestrial ecological integrity are presented. Keywords: Macroecology, paleoecology, ecological integrity, terrestrial communities, ecosystems, wildlife, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, arthropods, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, endemism, interior Columbia River basin, Klamath Basin, Great Basin. Close

• 69. [Image] Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

  	Abstract Quigley, Thomas M.; Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T., tech. eds. 1996. Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005, 2000 Abstract Quigley, Thomas M.; Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T., tech. eds. 1996. Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-382. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 303 p. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment.) The Integrated Scientific Assessment for Ecosystem Management for the Interior Columbia Basin links landscape, aquatic, terrestrial, social, and economic characterizations to describe biophysical and social systems. Integration was achieved through a framework built around six goals for ecosystem management and three different views of the future. These goals are: maintain evolutionary and ecological processes; manage for multiple ecological domains and evolutionary timeframes; maintain viable populations of native and desired non-native species; encourage social and economic resiliency; manage for places with definable values; and, manage to maintain a variety of ecosystem goods, services, and conditions that society wants. Ratings of relative ecological integrity and socioeconomic resiliency were used to make broad statements about ecosystem conditions in the Basin. Currently in the Basin high integrity and resiliency are found on 16 and 20 percent of the area, respectively. Low integrity and resiliency are found on 60 and 68 percent of the area. Different approaches to management can alter the risks to the assets of people living in the Basin and to the ecosystem itself. Continuation of current management leads to increasing risks while management approaches focusing on reserves or restoration result in trends that mostly stabilize or reduce risks. Even where ecological integrity is projected to improve with the application of active management, population increases and the pressures of expanding demands on resources may cause increasing trends in risk. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, management and goals; ecological integrity; socio-economic resiliency; risk management Title: Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005, 2000 Abstract Quigley, Thomas M.; Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T., tech. eds. 1996. Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-382. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 303 p. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment.) The Integrated Scientific Assessment for Ecosystem Management for the Interior Columbia Basin links landscape, aquatic, terrestrial, social, and economic characterizations to describe biophysical and social systems. Integration was achieved through a framework built around six goals for ecosystem management and three different views of the future. These goals are: maintain evolutionary and ecological processes; manage for multiple ecological domains and evolutionary timeframes; maintain viable populations of native and desired non-native species; encourage social and economic resiliency; manage for places with definable values; and, manage to maintain a variety of ecosystem goods, services, and conditions that society wants. Ratings of relative ecological integrity and socioeconomic resiliency were used to make broad statements about ecosystem conditions in the Basin. Currently in the Basin high integrity and resiliency are found on 16 and 20 percent of the area, respectively. Low integrity and resiliency are found on 60 and 68 percent of the area. Different approaches to management can alter the risks to the assets of people living in the Basin and to the ecosystem itself. Continuation of current management leads to increasing risks while management approaches focusing on reserves or restoration result in trends that mostly stabilize or reduce risks. Even where ecological integrity is projected to improve with the application of active management, population increases and the pressures of expanding demands on resources may cause increasing trends in risk. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, management and goals; ecological integrity; socio-economic resiliency; risk management Close

• 70. [Image] Lost River and shortnose sucker : proposed critical habitat : biological support document : draft

  	Proposed rule from Federal Register, vol. 59, no. 230, December 1, 1994, pages 61744-61759, inserted after p. 35; Includes biliographical references (p. 31-35)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lost River and shortnose sucker : proposed critical habitat : biological support document : draft Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Portland Field Office Year: 1994, 2004 Proposed rule from Federal Register, vol. 59, no. 230, December 1, 1994, pages 61744-61759, inserted after p. 35; Includes biliographical references (p. 31-35) Title: Lost River and shortnose sucker : proposed critical habitat : biological support document : draft Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Portland Field Office Year: 1994, 2004 Proposed rule from Federal Register, vol. 59, no. 230, December 1, 1994, pages 61744-61759, inserted after p. 35; Includes biliographical references (p. 31-35) Close