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• 2451. [Image] Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement

  	The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement Year: 1999, 2004 The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should refer to the Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement and attached appendices. The genesis of this study is the National Marine Fisheries Service's 1995 Biological Opinion for the Reinitiation of Consultation on 1994-1998 Operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System and Juvenile Transportation Program in 1995 and Future Years (95 Biological Opinion). While the focus of this study is the relationship between the four dams on the lower Snake River and their effects on juvenile fish traveling toward the ocean, the implications of the study are broader. The Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement includes the best available information on the biological effectiveness, engineering, economic effects, and other environmental effects associated with the four specific alternatives. It does not, however, include a recommendation or identify a preferred alternative. This will give the public and other agencies an opportunity to review and understand this information and provide input before a preferred alternative is selected. At the same time, this will allow the region to consider the Habitat, Hatcheries, Harvest, and Hydropower Working Paper on salmon recovery by the Federal Caucus. Information from this process will be fully examined to determine how it may influence decisions on actions for the lower Snake River. Title: Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement Year: 1999, 2004 The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should refer to the Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement and attached appendices. The genesis of this study is the National Marine Fisheries Service's 1995 Biological Opinion for the Reinitiation of Consultation on 1994-1998 Operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System and Juvenile Transportation Program in 1995 and Future Years (95 Biological Opinion). While the focus of this study is the relationship between the four dams on the lower Snake River and their effects on juvenile fish traveling toward the ocean, the implications of the study are broader. The Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement includes the best available information on the biological effectiveness, engineering, economic effects, and other environmental effects associated with the four specific alternatives. It does not, however, include a recommendation or identify a preferred alternative. This will give the public and other agencies an opportunity to review and understand this information and provide input before a preferred alternative is selected. At the same time, this will allow the region to consider the Habitat, Hatcheries, Harvest, and Hydropower Working Paper on salmon recovery by the Federal Caucus. Information from this process will be fully examined to determine how it may influence decisions on actions for the lower Snake River. Close

• 2452. [Image] Volcano and earthquake hazards in the Crater Lake Region, Oregon: open file report 97-487

  	ill., maps; Folded map in back cover; Includes bibliographical references ( p. 27-30) and glossary; Report accompanied by: Volcano hazard zones, volcanic vents, faults in the Crater Lake Region, Oregon ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Volcano and earthquake hazards in the Crater Lake Region, Oregon: open file report 97-487 Author: Bacon, Charles R. Year: 1997, 2008 ill., maps; Folded map in back cover; Includes bibliographical references ( p. 27-30) and glossary; Report accompanied by: Volcano hazard zones, volcanic vents, faults in the Crater Lake Region, Oregon [map] Title: Volcano and earthquake hazards in the Crater Lake Region, Oregon: open file report 97-487 Author: Bacon, Charles R. Year: 1997, 2008 ill., maps; Folded map in back cover; Includes bibliographical references ( p. 27-30) and glossary; Report accompanied by: Volcano hazard zones, volcanic vents, faults in the Crater Lake Region, Oregon [map] Close

• 2453. [Article] The historic and contemporary ecology of western Cascade meadows : archeology, vegetation, and macromoth ecology

  Montane meadows in the western Cascades of Oregon occupy approximately 5% of the landscape, but contribute greatly to the region's biodiversity. Western Cascades meadows are dynamic parts of the landscape ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The historic and contemporary ecology of western Cascade meadows : archeology, vegetation, and macromoth ecology Author: Highland, Steven A. Montane meadows in the western Cascades of Oregon occupy approximately 5% of the landscape, but contribute greatly to the region's biodiversity. Western Cascades meadows are dynamic parts of the landscape and have contracted by over 50% in the past two hundred years in the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest (hereafter Andrews Forest). Many studies have linked the loss of meadows with local extirpation of species and loss of regional biodiversity, but these processes depend upon the factors that create and maintain meadows, and how species respond to meadow configuration. The prehistory of these meadows is poorly understood, as is the contemporary ecology. This study combined previously collected archeological and moth datasets, aerial photographs, and new plant, tree core, and moth data to investigate interactions between landforms, disturbance, vegetation, and moth abundance and diversity in montane meadows of the western Cascades of Oregon. Burning by prehistoric people may have created and maintained montane meadows, but relatively little evidence remains of the activities of prehistoric peoples in the western Cascades. This study assessed the extent to which prehistoric people preferentially used different landforms and vegetation types by inferring use from landscape distributions of archaeological sites. Descriptions of 359 previously recorded and four newly discovered archeological sites in the McKenzie River watershed of western Oregon were examined using GIS and chi-square analysis to determine how sites were distributed relative to classified vegetation and landforms of the 3700-km² McKenzie River watershed. The high ridges of the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection and archaeological field surveys to identify how archeological sites were distributed relative to landforms and vegetation communities, including meadows. The field surveys documented physical evidence (archeological sites) confirming Native American use of the meadows and surrounding open forests. The locations of these sites indicate that Native Americans utilized the edges between large open meadows and open forests, as well as gently sloping open meadows. The prior extent of meadows (before air photos) was estimated by dendrochronology of 220 trees along present-day and inferred past meadow edges. Forest age structure and the open-grown forms of Douglas fir suggests a much more open habitat, potentially due to fire, was present more than 200 years ago. Moths are major consumers of vegetation when in caterpillar stage and are food sources for many birds and mammals, and contribute greatly to the insect diversity in a region. Moth species richness and abundance may be associated with the distribution of vegetation communities and seasonal timing, and the conservation of rare moths may depend on the conservation of rare vegetation habitats. A dataset of moths sampled 10 times/year at 20 locations in the 64-km² Andrews Forest over the period 2004-2008 was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS), multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and two tailed t-test to identify the overall patterns of rare and common moth distribution as well as moth community relationships to structurally and taxonomically derived vegetation classes and seasonality. Five hundred fourteen species and 69,168 macromoth individuals were identified. Moth species abundance and diversity were significantly higher in low elevation coniferous forests than in other vegetation types, according to the GLMM. Sixty-six rare moth species were significantly associated with high elevation open habitats. Species associated with meadows also were significantly more likely to be hardwood or herb-feeders than conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. The 26 most common moth species were significantly associated with low elevation coniferous forests and were more likely to be conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. Common moth species were significantly more likely to emerge earlier in warmer years than in cooler years, based on a two-tailed t-test. Managing the western Cascades landscape for moth biodiversity and for moth abundance requires maintenance and potentially expansion of rare upland habitats as well as lowland coniferous forests. Montane meadows in the Andrews Forest are contracting in size, but it is not known how these changes have affected moth and plant biodiversity. The rate and pattern of meadow contraction from 1949 to 2005 along the high ridges of the Andrews Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection. Overall meadows contracted by nearly 50% from 1949 to 2005, but rates of meadow loss were much higher for the largest meadow complexes. Plant community diversity in seventeen meadows and the diversity, abundance, and community structure of moths at 98 locations sampled in the summers of 2008, 2009, and 2010 were related to measures of meadow size, isolation, and other variables using cluster analysis (CLA), MRPP, NMS, and generalized additive models (GAMs). Plant diversity in meadows was significantly positively related to meadow area in 1949 and the distance of the meadow from the road, based on GAM analysis. Plant community structure was most closely correlated with meadow area in 1949 and slope, based on CLA, MRPP, and NMS analysis. Calendar day explained the most variation in moth species richness, abundance, and community structure, but the next most important explanatory variables differed according to feeding guild, based on GAMs. Richness, abundance, and community structure of herb-feeding moths was related to meadow area in 1949 and elevation. For angiosperm-feeding moths, area-perimeter ratio in 2005 explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. For gymnosperm-feeding moths, meadow area change from 1949-2005, a variable measuring the amount of increase in coniferous tree cover, explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. The abundance and diversity of herb-feeding moths and meadow plants exhibited a lagged response to habitat loss, which may indicate an extinction debt. In contrast, angiosperm-and gymnosperm-feeding moths responded quickly (within 50 years) to increases in their habitat. Managing for the conservation of biodiversity in the upper elevations of the Andrews Forest will require targeted management strategies for different groups of organisms. Herb-feeding moths and meadow plants will benefit from expansion of open meadow habitat, while angiosperm and gymnosperm-feeders will require the maintenance of edge environments and coniferous forests. Title: The historic and contemporary ecology of western Cascade meadows : archeology, vegetation, and macromoth ecology Author: Highland, Steven A. Montane meadows in the western Cascades of Oregon occupy approximately 5% of the landscape, but contribute greatly to the region's biodiversity. Western Cascades meadows are dynamic parts of the landscape and have contracted by over 50% in the past two hundred years in the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest (hereafter Andrews Forest). Many studies have linked the loss of meadows with local extirpation of species and loss of regional biodiversity, but these processes depend upon the factors that create and maintain meadows, and how species respond to meadow configuration. The prehistory of these meadows is poorly understood, as is the contemporary ecology. This study combined previously collected archeological and moth datasets, aerial photographs, and new plant, tree core, and moth data to investigate interactions between landforms, disturbance, vegetation, and moth abundance and diversity in montane meadows of the western Cascades of Oregon. Burning by prehistoric people may have created and maintained montane meadows, but relatively little evidence remains of the activities of prehistoric peoples in the western Cascades. This study assessed the extent to which prehistoric people preferentially used different landforms and vegetation types by inferring use from landscape distributions of archaeological sites. Descriptions of 359 previously recorded and four newly discovered archeological sites in the McKenzie River watershed of western Oregon were examined using GIS and chi-square analysis to determine how sites were distributed relative to classified vegetation and landforms of the 3700-km² McKenzie River watershed. The high ridges of the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection and archaeological field surveys to identify how archeological sites were distributed relative to landforms and vegetation communities, including meadows. The field surveys documented physical evidence (archeological sites) confirming Native American use of the meadows and surrounding open forests. The locations of these sites indicate that Native Americans utilized the edges between large open meadows and open forests, as well as gently sloping open meadows. The prior extent of meadows (before air photos) was estimated by dendrochronology of 220 trees along present-day and inferred past meadow edges. Forest age structure and the open-grown forms of Douglas fir suggests a much more open habitat, potentially due to fire, was present more than 200 years ago. Moths are major consumers of vegetation when in caterpillar stage and are food sources for many birds and mammals, and contribute greatly to the insect diversity in a region. Moth species richness and abundance may be associated with the distribution of vegetation communities and seasonal timing, and the conservation of rare moths may depend on the conservation of rare vegetation habitats. A dataset of moths sampled 10 times/year at 20 locations in the 64-km² Andrews Forest over the period 2004-2008 was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS), multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and two tailed t-test to identify the overall patterns of rare and common moth distribution as well as moth community relationships to structurally and taxonomically derived vegetation classes and seasonality. Five hundred fourteen species and 69,168 macromoth individuals were identified. Moth species abundance and diversity were significantly higher in low elevation coniferous forests than in other vegetation types, according to the GLMM. Sixty-six rare moth species were significantly associated with high elevation open habitats. Species associated with meadows also were significantly more likely to be hardwood or herb-feeders than conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. The 26 most common moth species were significantly associated with low elevation coniferous forests and were more likely to be conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. Common moth species were significantly more likely to emerge earlier in warmer years than in cooler years, based on a two-tailed t-test. Managing the western Cascades landscape for moth biodiversity and for moth abundance requires maintenance and potentially expansion of rare upland habitats as well as lowland coniferous forests. Montane meadows in the Andrews Forest are contracting in size, but it is not known how these changes have affected moth and plant biodiversity. The rate and pattern of meadow contraction from 1949 to 2005 along the high ridges of the Andrews Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection. Overall meadows contracted by nearly 50% from 1949 to 2005, but rates of meadow loss were much higher for the largest meadow complexes. Plant community diversity in seventeen meadows and the diversity, abundance, and community structure of moths at 98 locations sampled in the summers of 2008, 2009, and 2010 were related to measures of meadow size, isolation, and other variables using cluster analysis (CLA), MRPP, NMS, and generalized additive models (GAMs). Plant diversity in meadows was significantly positively related to meadow area in 1949 and the distance of the meadow from the road, based on GAM analysis. Plant community structure was most closely correlated with meadow area in 1949 and slope, based on CLA, MRPP, and NMS analysis. Calendar day explained the most variation in moth species richness, abundance, and community structure, but the next most important explanatory variables differed according to feeding guild, based on GAMs. Richness, abundance, and community structure of herb-feeding moths was related to meadow area in 1949 and elevation. For angiosperm-feeding moths, area-perimeter ratio in 2005 explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. For gymnosperm-feeding moths, meadow area change from 1949-2005, a variable measuring the amount of increase in coniferous tree cover, explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. The abundance and diversity of herb-feeding moths and meadow plants exhibited a lagged response to habitat loss, which may indicate an extinction debt. In contrast, angiosperm-and gymnosperm-feeding moths responded quickly (within 50 years) to increases in their habitat. Managing for the conservation of biodiversity in the upper elevations of the Andrews Forest will require targeted management strategies for different groups of organisms. Herb-feeding moths and meadow plants will benefit from expansion of open meadow habitat, while angiosperm and gymnosperm-feeders will require the maintenance of edge environments and coniferous forests. Close

• 2454. [Article] Predictability and Constraints on the Structure of Ecological Communities in the Context of Climate Change

  Ecologists must increasingly balance the need for accurate predictions about how ecosystems will be affected by climate change, against the fact that making such predictions at the ecosystem-level may ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predictability and Constraints on the Structure of Ecological Communities in the Context of Climate Change Author: Barner, Allison K. Ecologists must increasingly balance the need for accurate predictions about how ecosystems will be affected by climate change, against the fact that making such predictions at the ecosystem-level may be infeasible. Although information about responses of individual species to a changing environment is increasing, scaling such information to the community level is challenging. To date, predicting responses of ecological communities to climate change is constrained by limited theoretical and empirical knowledge about the response of communities and ecosystems to change. My dissertation addresses several knowledge gaps in our understanding of community structure under climate change. This research draws from a rich experimental tradition in the species-diverse model ecosystem of the US Pacific Northwest rocky intertidal to test ecological theory. In Chapter 2, I assessed whether the response of multiple species of coralline algae to global change could be predicted from basic first principles of chemistry, physiology, and ecology. Given the rate of global change, and the time-consuming process of experimentally determining species responses to climate change, I hypothesized that species can be grouped using existing theory, either by their evolutionary relatedness or by their ecological traits, such that climate responses are similar within a group. Such a scheme would greatly reduce the number of experiments needed to characterize species climate vulnerability, requiring the characterization of the response of groups of species to climate change, rather than individual species. Using a suite of five co-occurring species of intertidal articulated coralline algae (Corallina vancouveriensis, Corallina officinalis, Bossiella plumosa, Bossiella orbiginiana, and Calliarthron tuberculosum), I applied this framework to generate ten mutually exclusive hypotheses that could explain organismal response to ocean acidification, a consequence of global climate change that threatens marine calcifying species. I found that all species had similar responses to ocean acidification, and that responses were generally predicted by the body size of the individual. Despite the power that such a framework provides in understanding group-level response to climate change, predicting community-level response requires knowledge of how organisms affect one another. In Chapter 3, I quantified species interactions in a series of removal experiments to estimate the reciprocal effects between a canopy-forming intertidal kelp (Saccharina sessilis) and a suite of understory species that persist beneath the kelp canopy. This experiment was replicated in different oceanographic conditions across a large latitudinal gradient, as a step towards understanding how interactions might change with climate change. However, the experiment demonstrated that interactions between the canopy and understory were consistent among different environmental conditions. Furthermore, the strongest effect was that of understory species, particularly articulated coralline turf algae, on the canopy species. The coralline turf algae both facilitated the recruitment of the canopy species and buffered the canopy from abiotic stress during its adult life stage. Combining experimental results and observational surveys, a hypothesized interaction network for these species was constructed, highlighting the importance of direct and indirect species interactions in promoting species coexistence. A long-standing controversy in ecology is whether or not species interactions can be inferred from observational data, as opposed to from experimental tests. Although the rocky intertidal ecosystem is unique for its ease of experimental manipulation, quantifying species interactions experimentally is often difficult or impossible. As an alternative, many have turned to statistical methods to estimate species interactions from observational data, namely, from patterns in species pairwise co-occurrences. In Chapter 4, I examined these co-occurrence methods and their potential relationship to experimentally measured species interactions. I first used a suite of different co-occurrence methods to generate a set of predicted species interactions of macrophytes and invertebrates from observational surveys conducted in the rocky intertidal zone of Oregon. I then compared the predicted species interactions to the same pairwise species interactions determined experimentally and assembled from the literature. Overall, of the seven methods tested, each generated a different set of predicted species interactions from the same data, and all methods predicted interactions that did not match those in the experimental database. Thus, predicting species interactions from patterns in occurrence remains elusive. Importantly, much work remains to be done to understand the link between species co-occurrences and their actual interactions with one another on the landscape. A key limiting frontier in climate change ecology is determining the influence of species interactions on species distributions across the landscape, and the sensitivity of such interactions to changes in climate. Finally, in Chapter 5, I used theory from the published literature and knowledge from my previous chapters to make predictions the recovery of low rocky intertidal communities after a disturbance. The process of community development after disturbance has been studied in many ways, from the successional studies of the early 1900s, to modern community assembly theory. In recent years, a focus on the unpredictability of community assembly has emerged, paying particular attention to the role of historical contingency, or priority effects, in determining the recovery trajectory of a community. Priority effects occur when the arrival of a species after a disturbance inalterably changes the composition of the developing community, driving the assembly of widely different communities at a small spatial scale. I conducted a community assembly experiment in three different low intertidal zone community "types", each characterized by different dominant macrophyte species (Saccharina sessilis, Phyllospadix spp., and algal "turfs"). Replicating this experiment at six sites along the Oregon coast, I found that both regional and local dynamics constrain the recovery of communities after disturbance. Half of the time, the community returned to the state of the nearby community type. The remaining communities were influenced by priority effects that could be predicted based on 1) regional dynamics favoring some species over others, or 2) the timing of arrival of important facilitating species. Overall, understanding the dynamic relationship between the persistence of diverse communities and a changing environment remains one of the challenges of our time. My dissertation highlights some of the challenges in predicting the future composition of communities under climate change, but also provides some ways forward. Integration of experimental, theoretical, and observational studies builds the scaffolding of prediction, whereby understanding the constraints on species physiology, the interactions among species, and community assembly can help frame the context in which predictions are made. Title: Predictability and Constraints on the Structure of Ecological Communities in the Context of Climate Change Author: Barner, Allison K. Ecologists must increasingly balance the need for accurate predictions about how ecosystems will be affected by climate change, against the fact that making such predictions at the ecosystem-level may be infeasible. Although information about responses of individual species to a changing environment is increasing, scaling such information to the community level is challenging. To date, predicting responses of ecological communities to climate change is constrained by limited theoretical and empirical knowledge about the response of communities and ecosystems to change. My dissertation addresses several knowledge gaps in our understanding of community structure under climate change. This research draws from a rich experimental tradition in the species-diverse model ecosystem of the US Pacific Northwest rocky intertidal to test ecological theory. In Chapter 2, I assessed whether the response of multiple species of coralline algae to global change could be predicted from basic first principles of chemistry, physiology, and ecology. Given the rate of global change, and the time-consuming process of experimentally determining species responses to climate change, I hypothesized that species can be grouped using existing theory, either by their evolutionary relatedness or by their ecological traits, such that climate responses are similar within a group. Such a scheme would greatly reduce the number of experiments needed to characterize species climate vulnerability, requiring the characterization of the response of groups of species to climate change, rather than individual species. Using a suite of five co-occurring species of intertidal articulated coralline algae (Corallina vancouveriensis, Corallina officinalis, Bossiella plumosa, Bossiella orbiginiana, and Calliarthron tuberculosum), I applied this framework to generate ten mutually exclusive hypotheses that could explain organismal response to ocean acidification, a consequence of global climate change that threatens marine calcifying species. I found that all species had similar responses to ocean acidification, and that responses were generally predicted by the body size of the individual. Despite the power that such a framework provides in understanding group-level response to climate change, predicting community-level response requires knowledge of how organisms affect one another. In Chapter 3, I quantified species interactions in a series of removal experiments to estimate the reciprocal effects between a canopy-forming intertidal kelp (Saccharina sessilis) and a suite of understory species that persist beneath the kelp canopy. This experiment was replicated in different oceanographic conditions across a large latitudinal gradient, as a step towards understanding how interactions might change with climate change. However, the experiment demonstrated that interactions between the canopy and understory were consistent among different environmental conditions. Furthermore, the strongest effect was that of understory species, particularly articulated coralline turf algae, on the canopy species. The coralline turf algae both facilitated the recruitment of the canopy species and buffered the canopy from abiotic stress during its adult life stage. Combining experimental results and observational surveys, a hypothesized interaction network for these species was constructed, highlighting the importance of direct and indirect species interactions in promoting species coexistence. A long-standing controversy in ecology is whether or not species interactions can be inferred from observational data, as opposed to from experimental tests. Although the rocky intertidal ecosystem is unique for its ease of experimental manipulation, quantifying species interactions experimentally is often difficult or impossible. As an alternative, many have turned to statistical methods to estimate species interactions from observational data, namely, from patterns in species pairwise co-occurrences. In Chapter 4, I examined these co-occurrence methods and their potential relationship to experimentally measured species interactions. I first used a suite of different co-occurrence methods to generate a set of predicted species interactions of macrophytes and invertebrates from observational surveys conducted in the rocky intertidal zone of Oregon. I then compared the predicted species interactions to the same pairwise species interactions determined experimentally and assembled from the literature. Overall, of the seven methods tested, each generated a different set of predicted species interactions from the same data, and all methods predicted interactions that did not match those in the experimental database. Thus, predicting species interactions from patterns in occurrence remains elusive. Importantly, much work remains to be done to understand the link between species co-occurrences and their actual interactions with one another on the landscape. A key limiting frontier in climate change ecology is determining the influence of species interactions on species distributions across the landscape, and the sensitivity of such interactions to changes in climate. Finally, in Chapter 5, I used theory from the published literature and knowledge from my previous chapters to make predictions the recovery of low rocky intertidal communities after a disturbance. The process of community development after disturbance has been studied in many ways, from the successional studies of the early 1900s, to modern community assembly theory. In recent years, a focus on the unpredictability of community assembly has emerged, paying particular attention to the role of historical contingency, or priority effects, in determining the recovery trajectory of a community. Priority effects occur when the arrival of a species after a disturbance inalterably changes the composition of the developing community, driving the assembly of widely different communities at a small spatial scale. I conducted a community assembly experiment in three different low intertidal zone community "types", each characterized by different dominant macrophyte species (Saccharina sessilis, Phyllospadix spp., and algal "turfs"). Replicating this experiment at six sites along the Oregon coast, I found that both regional and local dynamics constrain the recovery of communities after disturbance. Half of the time, the community returned to the state of the nearby community type. The remaining communities were influenced by priority effects that could be predicted based on 1) regional dynamics favoring some species over others, or 2) the timing of arrival of important facilitating species. Overall, understanding the dynamic relationship between the persistence of diverse communities and a changing environment remains one of the challenges of our time. My dissertation highlights some of the challenges in predicting the future composition of communities under climate change, but also provides some ways forward. Integration of experimental, theoretical, and observational studies builds the scaffolding of prediction, whereby understanding the constraints on species physiology, the interactions among species, and community assembly can help frame the context in which predictions are made. Close

• 2455. [Article] Oregon Chub Investigations, Progress Report 2001

  Abstract -- Populations of Oregon chub Oregonichthys crameri, endemic to the Willamette Valley, have been drastically reduced. Factors in the decline of this fish include changes in flow regimes and habitat ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Chub Investigations, Progress Report 2001 Abstract -- Populations of Oregon chub Oregonichthys crameri, endemic to the Willamette Valley, have been drastically reduced. Factors in the decline of this fish include changes in flow regimes and habitat characteristics resulting from the construction of flood control dams, revetments, channelization, diking, and the drainage of wetlands. The Oregon chub is further threatened by predation and competition by non-native species such as largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, small mouth bass M. dolomieui, crappies Pomoxis sp., sunfishes Lepomis sp., bullheads Ameiurus sp., and western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis. We surveyed in the Willamette River drainage in April-October 2000 to quantify existing Oregon chub populations, search for unknown populations, evaluate potential introduction sites, and monitor introduced populations. We sampled a total of 77 sites in 2000. We collected Oregon chub for the first time from Barnard Slough in the Middle Fork Willamette drainage. Oregon chub were last collected from this location in 1983 (Bond 1984). Thirty-one of the 77 sites were new sites that were sampled for the first time in 2000. Forty-six sites, sampled in 1991-1999, were revisited. Three sites were sampled twice. We confirmed the continued existence of Oregon chub at 20 locations. These include naturally occurring populations in the Santiam drainage (Geren Island, Santiam Conservation Easement, Gray Slough, Santiam 1-5 backwaters, Pioneer Park backwater, Santiam Public Works Pond), Mid-Willamette drainage (Finley Gray Creek Swamp) and Middle Fork Willamette drainage (Dexter Reservoir Alcoves, East Fork Minnow Creek Pond, Shady Dell Pond, Buckhead Creek, Oakridge Slough, Elijah Bristow State Park, Rattlesnake Creek, and Hospital Pond) and introduced populations in the Middle Fork Willamette (Wicopee Pond, Fall Creek Spillway Ponds), Santiam (Foster Pullout Pond), and Mid-Willamette drainages (Dunn Wetland, Finley Display Pond). Oregon chub were not found at several locations (Jasper Park Slough, Wallace Slough, East Ferrin Pond, Dexter East Alcove, Hospital lmpoundment Pond, Logan Slough, Green's Bridge Backwater, Camas Swale) where they were collected on at least one occasion between 1991-1999 (Scheerer et. al. 1992; 1993; 1994; 1995; 1996; 1998; 1999; 2000; Scheerer and Jones 1997). Non-native fish were common in off-channel habitats that were surveyed in the Willamette River drainage. Non-native fish were collected from 23 of the 31 new sites sampled in 1999 (74%); no fish were collected at three locations (10%). Western mosquitofish and centrarchids (largemouth bass and bluegill) were the most common non-native fish collected. Oregon chub were introduced into Menear's Bend Pond in the Santiam River drainage in the October 2000. Additional Oregon chub were introduced into Foster Pullout Pond in October 2000, to supplement the 85 fish introduced in 1999. In the summer of 2000, a habitat enhancement project creating new habitat to benefit Oregon chub was completed in the Long Tom drainage (Mid-Willamette River). Seven potential Oregon chub reintroduction sites were monitored and evaluated. These included four sites in the Mid-Willamette River drainage (Finley National Wildlife Refuge Beaver and Cattail Ponds, Ankeny National Wildlife Refuge Dunlin-Woodduck Pond, Long Tom Ranch Pond), one site in the Santiam River drainage (Menear's Bend Pond), one site in the McKenzie River drainage (Russell Pond), and one site in the Coast Fork Willamette drainage (Layng Pond). Estimates of abundance were obtained for naturally occurring populations of Oregon chub in East Fork Minnow Creek Pond, Shady Dell Pond, Elijah Bristow State Park Sloughs, Hospital Pond, Dexter Reservoir Alcoves, Buckhead Creek, Oakridge Slough, Santiam Conservation Easement Sloughs, Geren Island Ponds, and Finley Gray Creek Swamp. Five of these populations showed an increase in abundance in 2000 (East Fork Minnow Creek Pond, Shady Dell Pond, Middle Buckhead Creek, Dexter Reservoir Alcoves, Finley Gray Creek Swamp). Four populations decreased in abundance (or remain depressed) in 2000 (Geren Island, Santiam Conservation Easement, Elijah Bristow Sloughs, Oakridge Slough) (Table 1 ). Abundance estimates for introduced populations of Oregon chub were also obtained. The Oregon chub population in East Ferrin Pond declined from 7,200 fish in 1997 to O fish in 2000, and is presumed extinct. The Oregon chub population in the Fall Creek Spillway Pond totaled 5,030 fish in 2000, compared to 6,300 fish in 1999. The Oregon chub population in Wicopee Pond expanded dramatically from ~50 fish in 1999 to 4,580 fish in 2000. The Oregon chub population in the Dunn Wetland Ponds increased from 4,860 fish in 1999 to 14,090 fish in 2000. The Oregon chub population in Finley Display Pond increased from 360 fish in 1999 to 1,750 fish in 2000. Three of the four largest populations in 2000 were introduced populations. The Middle Fork Willamette River drainage supported the largest number of Oregon chub populations (n=12), followed by the Santiam drainage (n=B), and the Mid-Willamette drainage (n=5). The most abundant Oregon chub populations were found in the Middle Fork Willamette and Mid-Willamette drainages. The Oregon Chub Recovery Plan (U .S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1998) set a recovery goal for downlisting the species to "threatened" and for delisting the species. The criteria for downlisting the species was to establish and manage ten populations of at least 500 adult fish. All populations must exhibit a stable or increasing trend for five years. At least three populations must be located in each of the three sub-basins (Middle Fork Willamette River, Santiam River, Mid-Willamette River tributaries). In 2000, there were 11 populations totaling 500 or more individuals and six of these populations exhibited a stable or increasing trend for the past five years (Table 1 ). Five of these six populations were located in the Middle Fork Willamette drainage. In summary, Oregon chub remain at risk due to their limited distribution compared with their historic geographic range in the Willamette Valley, the loss of suitable habitat and the continued threats posed by the proliferation of non-native fishes, illegal water withdrawals, unauthorized fill and removal operations, and potential chemical spills or careless pesticide applications. Title: Oregon Chub Investigations, Progress Report 2001 Abstract -- Populations of Oregon chub Oregonichthys crameri, endemic to the Willamette Valley, have been drastically reduced. Factors in the decline of this fish include changes in flow regimes and habitat characteristics resulting from the construction of flood control dams, revetments, channelization, diking, and the drainage of wetlands. The Oregon chub is further threatened by predation and competition by non-native species such as largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, small mouth bass M. dolomieui, crappies Pomoxis sp., sunfishes Lepomis sp., bullheads Ameiurus sp., and western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis. We surveyed in the Willamette River drainage in April-October 2000 to quantify existing Oregon chub populations, search for unknown populations, evaluate potential introduction sites, and monitor introduced populations. We sampled a total of 77 sites in 2000. We collected Oregon chub for the first time from Barnard Slough in the Middle Fork Willamette drainage. Oregon chub were last collected from this location in 1983 (Bond 1984). Thirty-one of the 77 sites were new sites that were sampled for the first time in 2000. Forty-six sites, sampled in 1991-1999, were revisited. Three sites were sampled twice. We confirmed the continued existence of Oregon chub at 20 locations. These include naturally occurring populations in the Santiam drainage (Geren Island, Santiam Conservation Easement, Gray Slough, Santiam 1-5 backwaters, Pioneer Park backwater, Santiam Public Works Pond), Mid-Willamette drainage (Finley Gray Creek Swamp) and Middle Fork Willamette drainage (Dexter Reservoir Alcoves, East Fork Minnow Creek Pond, Shady Dell Pond, Buckhead Creek, Oakridge Slough, Elijah Bristow State Park, Rattlesnake Creek, and Hospital Pond) and introduced populations in the Middle Fork Willamette (Wicopee Pond, Fall Creek Spillway Ponds), Santiam (Foster Pullout Pond), and Mid-Willamette drainages (Dunn Wetland, Finley Display Pond). Oregon chub were not found at several locations (Jasper Park Slough, Wallace Slough, East Ferrin Pond, Dexter East Alcove, Hospital lmpoundment Pond, Logan Slough, Green's Bridge Backwater, Camas Swale) where they were collected on at least one occasion between 1991-1999 (Scheerer et. al. 1992; 1993; 1994; 1995; 1996; 1998; 1999; 2000; Scheerer and Jones 1997). Non-native fish were common in off-channel habitats that were surveyed in the Willamette River drainage. Non-native fish were collected from 23 of the 31 new sites sampled in 1999 (74%); no fish were collected at three locations (10%). Western mosquitofish and centrarchids (largemouth bass and bluegill) were the most common non-native fish collected. Oregon chub were introduced into Menear's Bend Pond in the Santiam River drainage in the October 2000. Additional Oregon chub were introduced into Foster Pullout Pond in October 2000, to supplement the 85 fish introduced in 1999. In the summer of 2000, a habitat enhancement project creating new habitat to benefit Oregon chub was completed in the Long Tom drainage (Mid-Willamette River). Seven potential Oregon chub reintroduction sites were monitored and evaluated. These included four sites in the Mid-Willamette River drainage (Finley National Wildlife Refuge Beaver and Cattail Ponds, Ankeny National Wildlife Refuge Dunlin-Woodduck Pond, Long Tom Ranch Pond), one site in the Santiam River drainage (Menear's Bend Pond), one site in the McKenzie River drainage (Russell Pond), and one site in the Coast Fork Willamette drainage (Layng Pond). Estimates of abundance were obtained for naturally occurring populations of Oregon chub in East Fork Minnow Creek Pond, Shady Dell Pond, Elijah Bristow State Park Sloughs, Hospital Pond, Dexter Reservoir Alcoves, Buckhead Creek, Oakridge Slough, Santiam Conservation Easement Sloughs, Geren Island Ponds, and Finley Gray Creek Swamp. Five of these populations showed an increase in abundance in 2000 (East Fork Minnow Creek Pond, Shady Dell Pond, Middle Buckhead Creek, Dexter Reservoir Alcoves, Finley Gray Creek Swamp). Four populations decreased in abundance (or remain depressed) in 2000 (Geren Island, Santiam Conservation Easement, Elijah Bristow Sloughs, Oakridge Slough) (Table 1 ). Abundance estimates for introduced populations of Oregon chub were also obtained. The Oregon chub population in East Ferrin Pond declined from 7,200 fish in 1997 to O fish in 2000, and is presumed extinct. The Oregon chub population in the Fall Creek Spillway Pond totaled 5,030 fish in 2000, compared to 6,300 fish in 1999. The Oregon chub population in Wicopee Pond expanded dramatically from ~50 fish in 1999 to 4,580 fish in 2000. The Oregon chub population in the Dunn Wetland Ponds increased from 4,860 fish in 1999 to 14,090 fish in 2000. The Oregon chub population in Finley Display Pond increased from 360 fish in 1999 to 1,750 fish in 2000. Three of the four largest populations in 2000 were introduced populations. The Middle Fork Willamette River drainage supported the largest number of Oregon chub populations (n=12), followed by the Santiam drainage (n=B), and the Mid-Willamette drainage (n=5). The most abundant Oregon chub populations were found in the Middle Fork Willamette and Mid-Willamette drainages. The Oregon Chub Recovery Plan (U .S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1998) set a recovery goal for downlisting the species to "threatened" and for delisting the species. The criteria for downlisting the species was to establish and manage ten populations of at least 500 adult fish. All populations must exhibit a stable or increasing trend for five years. At least three populations must be located in each of the three sub-basins (Middle Fork Willamette River, Santiam River, Mid-Willamette River tributaries). In 2000, there were 11 populations totaling 500 or more individuals and six of these populations exhibited a stable or increasing trend for the past five years (Table 1 ). Five of these six populations were located in the Middle Fork Willamette drainage. In summary, Oregon chub remain at risk due to their limited distribution compared with their historic geographic range in the Willamette Valley, the loss of suitable habitat and the continued threats posed by the proliferation of non-native fishes, illegal water withdrawals, unauthorized fill and removal operations, and potential chemical spills or careless pesticide applications. Close

• 2456. [Image] The estimation of regional secondary benefits resulting from an improvement in water quality of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: an interindustry approach

  	AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF STEPHEN DOUGLAS REILING for the MASTER OF SCIENCE (Name) (Degree) in AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS presented on (Major) (Date) Title: THE ESTIMATION OF REGIONAL ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The estimation of regional secondary benefits resulting from an improvement in water quality of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: an interindustry approach Author: Reiling, Stephen Douglas Year: 1971, 2006, 2005 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF STEPHEN DOUGLAS REILING for the MASTER OF SCIENCE (Name) (Degree) in AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS presented on (Major) (Date) Title: THE ESTIMATION OF REGIONAL SECONDARY BENEFITS RESULTING FROM AN IMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY OF UPPER KLAMATH LAKE, OREGON; AN INTERINDUSTRY APPROACH Abstract approved^ Herbert H. Stoevener The primary objective of this study was to estimate the impact that an increase in recreational expenditures, resulting from water quality improvements of Klamath Lake, would have upon the Klamath County economy. As the sales of the economy expand to serve the needs of the recreationists, real benefits will be forthcoming to the businesses and households of the county in the forms of more business and higher incomes., To estimate the total impact of the increased volume of recreational expenditures that may be made in the economy, the economic relationships of the local economy h Title: The estimation of regional secondary benefits resulting from an improvement in water quality of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: an interindustry approach Author: Reiling, Stephen Douglas Year: 1971, 2006, 2005 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF STEPHEN DOUGLAS REILING for the MASTER OF SCIENCE (Name) (Degree) in AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS presented on (Major) (Date) Title: THE ESTIMATION OF REGIONAL SECONDARY BENEFITS RESULTING FROM AN IMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY OF UPPER KLAMATH LAKE, OREGON; AN INTERINDUSTRY APPROACH Abstract approved^ Herbert H. Stoevener The primary objective of this study was to estimate the impact that an increase in recreational expenditures, resulting from water quality improvements of Klamath Lake, would have upon the Klamath County economy. As the sales of the economy expand to serve the needs of the recreationists, real benefits will be forthcoming to the businesses and households of the county in the forms of more business and higher incomes., To estimate the total impact of the increased volume of recreational expenditures that may be made in the economy, the economic relationships of the local economy h Close

• 2457. [Image] Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus... Draft Recovery Plan, Chapter 1, Introduction...

  	EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR THE BULL TROUT RECOVERY PLAN Current Species Status The bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the coterminous United States was listed as threatened on November 1, 1999 (64 ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus... Draft Recovery Plan, Chapter 1, Introduction... Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Year: 2003, 2008, 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR THE BULL TROUT RECOVERY PLAN Current Species Status The bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the coterminous United States was listed as threatened on November 1, 1999 (64 FR 58910). Earlier rulemakings had listed distinct population segments of bull trout as threatened in the Columbia River, Klamath River, and Jarbidge River basins (63 FR 31647, 63 FR 42757, 64 FR 17110). Bull trout distribution, abundance, and habitat quality have declined rangewide. Several local extirpations have been documented, beginning in the 1950fs. Bull trout continue to occur the Klamath River, Columbia River, Jarbidge River, St. Mary-Belly River, and Coastal-Puget Sound, in the states of Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. Habitat Requirements and Limiting Factors Bull trout have more specific habitat requirements than most other salmonids. Habitat components that influence bull trout distribution and abundance include water temperature, cover, channel form and stability, substrate for spawning and rearing, and migratory corridors. Bull trout are found in colder streams and require colder water than most other salmonids for incubation, juvenile rearing, and spawning. Spawning and rearing areas are often associated with cold-water springs, groundwater infiltration, and/or the coldest streams in a watershed. Throughout their lives, bull trout require complex forms of cover, including large woody debris, undercut banks, boulders, and pools. Alterations in channel form and reductions in channel stability result in habitat degradation and reduced survival of bull trout eggs and juveniles. Channel alterations may reduce the abundance and quality of side channels, stream margins, and pools, which are areas bull trout frequently inhabit. For spawning and early rearing bull trout require loose, clean gravel relatively free of fine sediments. Because bull trout have a relatively long incubation and development period within spawning gravel (greater than 200 days), transport of bedload in unstable channels may kill young bull trout. Bull trout use migratory corridors to move from spawning and rearing habitats to foraging and overwintering habitats and back. Different habitats provide bull trout with diverse resources, and migratory corridors allow local populations to connect, which may increase the potential for gene flow and support or refounding of populations. Declines in bull trout distribution and abundance are the results of combined effects of the following: habitat degradation and fragmentation, the blockage of migratory corridors, poor water quality, angler harvest and poaching, entrainment (process by which aquatic organisms are pulled through a diversion structure or other device) into diversion channels and dams, and introduced iv normative species. Specific land and water management activities that continue to depress bull trout populations and degrade habitat include dams and other diversion structures, forest management practices, livestock grazing, agriculture, road construction and maintenance, mining, and urban and rural development. Some threats to bull trout are the continuing effects of past land management activities. Organization and Development of the Recovery Plan Because bull trout in the coterminous United States are widely distributed within a large area, the recovery plan is organized into multiple chapters. This introductory chapter (Chapter 1) describes our overall recovery strategy for the species, defines recovery, and identifies recovery actions applicable for all listed bull trout in the coterminous United States. Each successive chapter focuses on bull trout in specific geographic areas (recovery units), and describes conditions, defines recovery criteria, and identifies specific recovery actions for the recovery unit. Recovery Objectives The goal of this recovery plan is to describe the actions needed to achieve the recovery of bull trout, that is, to ensure the long-term persistence of self-sustaining, complex interacting groups (or multiple local populations that may have overlapping spawning and rearing areas) of bull trout distributed across the species' native range. Recovery of bull trout will require reducing threats to the long-term persistence of populations, maintaining multiple interconnected populations of bull trout across the diverse habitats of their native range, and preserving the diversity of bull trout life-history strategies (e.g., resident or migratory forms, emigration age, spawning frequency, local habitat adaptations). To recover bull trout, the following four objectives have been identified: ? Maintain current distribution of bull trout within core areas as described in recovery unit chapters and restore distribution where recommended in recovery unit chapters. ? Maintain stable or increasing trend in abundance of bull trout. ? Restore and maintain suitable habitat conditions for all bull trout life history stages and strategies. ? Conserve genetic diversity and provide opportunity for genetic exchange. ? These objectives apply to bull trout in all recovery units. Additional objectives may be necessary to achieve recovery in some recovery units and will be identified in the respective recovery unit chapters. Recovery Criteria Criteria are established to assess whether recovery objectives are being achieved. Criteria specific to each recovery unit are defined in each recovery unit chapter. Individual chapters may contain criteria for assessing the status of bull trout and alleviation of threats that are unique to one or several recovery units. However, every recovery unit chapter will contain criteria that address the following characteristics: ? The distribution of bull trout in identified and potential local populations in all core areas within the recovery unit. ? The estimated abundance of adult bull trout within core areas in the recovery unit, expressed as either a point estimate or a range of individuals. ? The presence of stable or increasing trends for adult bull trout abundance in the recovery unit. ? The restoration of passage at specific barriers identified as inhibiting recovery. We expect recovery of bull trout to be a dynamic process occurring over time. The recovery objectives are based on our current knowledge and may be refined as more information becomes available. Some local populations of bull trout, and possibly core area populations, may be extirpated even though recovery actions are being implemented. If reestablishment of recently extirpated populations is not feasible or practical, recovery criteria for a given recovery unit will be revised on a case-by-case basis. Meeting the four recovery criteria is not intended to be precluded where localized extirpations of bull trout are offset by sufficiently strong improvements in other areas of a recovery unit in meeting the four recovery objectives. The determination of whether a distinct population segment of bull trout is recovered will rely on an analysis of the overall status of the species, threats to the species, and the adequacy of existing regulatory and conservation mechanisms. For example, it may be possible for the Columbia River Distinct Population Segment, which has 22 recovery units, to be recovered prior to all recovery unit criteria being met in all recovery units. Success in accomplishing the recovery VI criteria will be reviewed and considered for the impacts both within a recovery unit and throughout a distinct population segment. Actions Needed Specific tasks falling within the following seven categories will be necessary to initiate recovery within all recovery units: ? Protect, restore, and maintain suitable habitat conditions for bull trout. ? Prevent and reduce negative effects of normative fishes and other normative taxa on bull trout. ? Establish fisheries management goals and objectives compatible with bull trout recovery and implement practices to achieve goals. ? Characterize, conserve, and monitor genetic diversity and gene flow among local populations of bull trout. ? Conduct research and monitoring to implement and evaluate bull trout recovery activities, consistent with an adaptive management approach using feedback from implemented, site-specific recovery tasks. ? Use all available conservation programs and regulations to protect and conserve bull trout and bull trout habitats. ? Assess the implementation of bull trout recovery by recovery units and revise recovery unit plans based on evaluations. Recovery Priority Number The recovery priority number for bull trout in the coterminous United States is 9C, on a scale of 1 to 18, indicating that (1) taxonomically, these populations are distinct population segments of a species, (2) the five populations are subject to a moderate degree of threat(s), (3) the recovery potential is high, and (4) the degree of potential conflict during recovery is high. vrr Estimated Cost of Recovery The total cost estimate of recovery for bull trout in the coterminous United States is presented in the individual recovery unit chapters. The costs presented in each chapter are attributed to bull trout conservation but other species will also benefit. Date of Recovery Expected time to achieve recovery varies among recovery units because of differences in bull trout status, factors affecting bull trout, implementation and effectiveness of recovery tasks, and responses to recovery tasks. Achieving bull trout recovery in all recovery units will be a complex process that will likely take 25 years or more. vin Title: Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus... Draft Recovery Plan, Chapter 1, Introduction... Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Year: 2003, 2008, 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR THE BULL TROUT RECOVERY PLAN Current Species Status The bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the coterminous United States was listed as threatened on November 1, 1999 (64 FR 58910). Earlier rulemakings had listed distinct population segments of bull trout as threatened in the Columbia River, Klamath River, and Jarbidge River basins (63 FR 31647, 63 FR 42757, 64 FR 17110). Bull trout distribution, abundance, and habitat quality have declined rangewide. Several local extirpations have been documented, beginning in the 1950fs. Bull trout continue to occur the Klamath River, Columbia River, Jarbidge River, St. Mary-Belly River, and Coastal-Puget Sound, in the states of Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. Habitat Requirements and Limiting Factors Bull trout have more specific habitat requirements than most other salmonids. Habitat components that influence bull trout distribution and abundance include water temperature, cover, channel form and stability, substrate for spawning and rearing, and migratory corridors. Bull trout are found in colder streams and require colder water than most other salmonids for incubation, juvenile rearing, and spawning. Spawning and rearing areas are often associated with cold-water springs, groundwater infiltration, and/or the coldest streams in a watershed. Throughout their lives, bull trout require complex forms of cover, including large woody debris, undercut banks, boulders, and pools. Alterations in channel form and reductions in channel stability result in habitat degradation and reduced survival of bull trout eggs and juveniles. Channel alterations may reduce the abundance and quality of side channels, stream margins, and pools, which are areas bull trout frequently inhabit. For spawning and early rearing bull trout require loose, clean gravel relatively free of fine sediments. Because bull trout have a relatively long incubation and development period within spawning gravel (greater than 200 days), transport of bedload in unstable channels may kill young bull trout. Bull trout use migratory corridors to move from spawning and rearing habitats to foraging and overwintering habitats and back. Different habitats provide bull trout with diverse resources, and migratory corridors allow local populations to connect, which may increase the potential for gene flow and support or refounding of populations. Declines in bull trout distribution and abundance are the results of combined effects of the following: habitat degradation and fragmentation, the blockage of migratory corridors, poor water quality, angler harvest and poaching, entrainment (process by which aquatic organisms are pulled through a diversion structure or other device) into diversion channels and dams, and introduced iv normative species. Specific land and water management activities that continue to depress bull trout populations and degrade habitat include dams and other diversion structures, forest management practices, livestock grazing, agriculture, road construction and maintenance, mining, and urban and rural development. Some threats to bull trout are the continuing effects of past land management activities. Organization and Development of the Recovery Plan Because bull trout in the coterminous United States are widely distributed within a large area, the recovery plan is organized into multiple chapters. This introductory chapter (Chapter 1) describes our overall recovery strategy for the species, defines recovery, and identifies recovery actions applicable for all listed bull trout in the coterminous United States. Each successive chapter focuses on bull trout in specific geographic areas (recovery units), and describes conditions, defines recovery criteria, and identifies specific recovery actions for the recovery unit. Recovery Objectives The goal of this recovery plan is to describe the actions needed to achieve the recovery of bull trout, that is, to ensure the long-term persistence of self-sustaining, complex interacting groups (or multiple local populations that may have overlapping spawning and rearing areas) of bull trout distributed across the species' native range. Recovery of bull trout will require reducing threats to the long-term persistence of populations, maintaining multiple interconnected populations of bull trout across the diverse habitats of their native range, and preserving the diversity of bull trout life-history strategies (e.g., resident or migratory forms, emigration age, spawning frequency, local habitat adaptations). To recover bull trout, the following four objectives have been identified: ? Maintain current distribution of bull trout within core areas as described in recovery unit chapters and restore distribution where recommended in recovery unit chapters. ? Maintain stable or increasing trend in abundance of bull trout. ? Restore and maintain suitable habitat conditions for all bull trout life history stages and strategies. ? Conserve genetic diversity and provide opportunity for genetic exchange. ? These objectives apply to bull trout in all recovery units. Additional objectives may be necessary to achieve recovery in some recovery units and will be identified in the respective recovery unit chapters. Recovery Criteria Criteria are established to assess whether recovery objectives are being achieved. Criteria specific to each recovery unit are defined in each recovery unit chapter. Individual chapters may contain criteria for assessing the status of bull trout and alleviation of threats that are unique to one or several recovery units. However, every recovery unit chapter will contain criteria that address the following characteristics: ? The distribution of bull trout in identified and potential local populations in all core areas within the recovery unit. ? The estimated abundance of adult bull trout within core areas in the recovery unit, expressed as either a point estimate or a range of individuals. ? The presence of stable or increasing trends for adult bull trout abundance in the recovery unit. ? The restoration of passage at specific barriers identified as inhibiting recovery. We expect recovery of bull trout to be a dynamic process occurring over time. The recovery objectives are based on our current knowledge and may be refined as more information becomes available. Some local populations of bull trout, and possibly core area populations, may be extirpated even though recovery actions are being implemented. If reestablishment of recently extirpated populations is not feasible or practical, recovery criteria for a given recovery unit will be revised on a case-by-case basis. Meeting the four recovery criteria is not intended to be precluded where localized extirpations of bull trout are offset by sufficiently strong improvements in other areas of a recovery unit in meeting the four recovery objectives. The determination of whether a distinct population segment of bull trout is recovered will rely on an analysis of the overall status of the species, threats to the species, and the adequacy of existing regulatory and conservation mechanisms. For example, it may be possible for the Columbia River Distinct Population Segment, which has 22 recovery units, to be recovered prior to all recovery unit criteria being met in all recovery units. Success in accomplishing the recovery VI criteria will be reviewed and considered for the impacts both within a recovery unit and throughout a distinct population segment. Actions Needed Specific tasks falling within the following seven categories will be necessary to initiate recovery within all recovery units: ? Protect, restore, and maintain suitable habitat conditions for bull trout. ? Prevent and reduce negative effects of normative fishes and other normative taxa on bull trout. ? Establish fisheries management goals and objectives compatible with bull trout recovery and implement practices to achieve goals. ? Characterize, conserve, and monitor genetic diversity and gene flow among local populations of bull trout. ? Conduct research and monitoring to implement and evaluate bull trout recovery activities, consistent with an adaptive management approach using feedback from implemented, site-specific recovery tasks. ? Use all available conservation programs and regulations to protect and conserve bull trout and bull trout habitats. ? Assess the implementation of bull trout recovery by recovery units and revise recovery unit plans based on evaluations. Recovery Priority Number The recovery priority number for bull trout in the coterminous United States is 9C, on a scale of 1 to 18, indicating that (1) taxonomically, these populations are distinct population segments of a species, (2) the five populations are subject to a moderate degree of threat(s), (3) the recovery potential is high, and (4) the degree of potential conflict during recovery is high. vrr Estimated Cost of Recovery The total cost estimate of recovery for bull trout in the coterminous United States is presented in the individual recovery unit chapters. The costs presented in each chapter are attributed to bull trout conservation but other species will also benefit. Date of Recovery Expected time to achieve recovery varies among recovery units because of differences in bull trout status, factors affecting bull trout, implementation and effectiveness of recovery tasks, and responses to recovery tasks. Achieving bull trout recovery in all recovery units will be a complex process that will likely take 25 years or more. vin Close

• 2458. [Article] Population Genetics of American Pika (Ochotona princeps) : Investigating Gene Flow and Genetic Diversity Across Multiple, Complex Landscapes

  American pikas (Ochotona princeps) are considered an indicator species of climate change. Adaptations for cold climates and active winters make pikas particularly sensitive to increasing temperatures. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Population Genetics of American Pika (Ochotona princeps) : Investigating Gene Flow and Genetic Diversity Across Multiple, Complex Landscapes Author: Castillo, Jessica A. American pikas (Ochotona princeps) are considered an indicator species of climate change. Adaptations for cold climates and active winters make pikas particularly sensitive to increasing temperatures. This, combined with evidence that multiple historically occupied populations have been extirpated within the past century, contributed to American pikas becoming a focal species for climate change research. This dissertation is primarily the product of a collaboration among the National Parks Service and multiple academic institutions whose principal goal was to assess the vulnerability of the American pika within eight national parks representing a variety of habitat types and environmental conditions. While much of the previous climate change-related research on American pikas has focused on how climate affects occupancy, this work sought to establish how landscape characteristics and climate may interact and influence dispersal, population connectivity, and ultimately population vulnerability or resilience. I addressed these questions using population and landscape genetics approaches within nine national parks, two national wildlife refuges, and a national forest. American pikas represent one of the best described mammalian metapopulation systems. They are restricted to rocky habitats, such as talus and lava, which are frequently patchily distributed on the landscape, both at the local and regional scales. Functional connectivity, the combination of habitat configuration and an organism’s ability to move through the landscape, is essential for maintaining robust genetic populations. This is particularly true within metapopulations which, by definition, rely on dispersal of individuals among habitat patches for overall long-term stability. In Chapters 1 and 2, I used a landscape genetics approach to identify features that either promote or inhibit dispersal of American pikas. There has been significant debate over the past few years about the best statistical approaches within landscape genetics and the appropriateness of certain methods in particular. In Chapter 1, I used Crater Lake National Park as a test case to evaluate the effectiveness of Mantel and partial Mantel tests in a causal modeling framework to correctly identify underlying landscape variables (e.g., topography, aspect, water barriers) and their effect on gene flow. I demonstrated, through simulations, that this approach was able to correctly identify the landscape variables, but not precisely the magnitude of their effect on gene flow. I concluded that while results need to be interpreted with caution, this method was effective for identifying which variables are important in shaping functional connectivity. In Chapter 2, I applied the causal modeling approach from Chapter 1 to seven additional study sites. I identified a general trend that south-west facing aspects pose greater resistance to dispersal than north and east-facing aspects, suggesting that exposure to high temperatures may limit dispersal in American pikas. I also found that amount and configuration of habitat (i.e., rocky substrate) influenced the degree to which other landscape variables impact dispersal. I then applied the models of landscape resistance to investigate habitat patch connectivity within each site using a graph theoretic approach. This allowed me to assess overall patch connectivity, as well as identify specific patches and areas within study sites that are particularly important for maintaining functional connectivity, or in contrast, at risk of becoming isolated. Functional connectivity is an important component when assessing population vulnerability because it describes the ability of genetic material to flow through the landscape. A loss of gene flow can lead to isolation of population segments, reduction of effective population size, loss of genetic diversity and subsequent erosion of evolutionary potential, and ultimately metapopulation collapse. However, other factors including habitat area and quality, affect effective population size and population stability. Genetic diversity is the material upon which evolution acts. In the face of rapid environmental change, species must either shift their range in order to track their ecological niche, or adapt in situ to the new environment. The former strategy requires sufficient available habitat as well as dispersal ability, which is unlikely for American pikas. Genetic diversity, therefore, is an important indicator of long-term population viability. In Chapter 3, I quantified genetic diversity within thirteen study sites and investigated the relationship between genetic diversity and environmental variables related to climate as well as habitat configuration and quality. As expected, habitat area was important at both the local and regional scales. Temperature was also a significant predictor of genetic diversity, with hotter sites having lower genetic diversity. However, and somewhat surprisingly, precipitation was a better predictor of genetic diversity than temperature, with sites receiving moderate levels of precipitation having higher genetic diversity. I also compared population differentiation among study sites and identified sites that are particularly distinct. In the process of the above analyses, I also identified a previously undescribed contact zone between the northern and southern Rocky Mountain genetic lineages, recognized as separate subspecies, within Rocky Mountain National Park. Climate change is predicted to affect habitat quality and landscape permeability, both of which have detectable genetic consequences. In Chapter 4, I quantified genetic diversity and structure within two study sites, Yosemite and Lassen Volcanic National Parks, from two sampling periods separated by approximately a century in time. I extracted DNA from historic study skins housed in the University of California Berkeley Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (MVZ) and compared multilocus microsatellite genotypes to those generated from modern fecal and tissue samples. Additionally, the historic survey data, including specimens, field journals, and other artifacts, were used in a series of systematic resurveys and subsequent species distribution modelling by other researchers. The nature of national parks as protected areas affords the opportunity to isolate the effects of climate change to a greater degree than other areas that have also experienced significant land use changes. I found no evidence for a change in genetic diversity within these two sites, consistent with observations from other studies that occupancy has remained relatively stable. I did find some evidence suggesting increasing population differentiation, potentially as a result of eroding landscape permeability. These results provide an important baseline for comparison with other sites, as well as reference points for future genetic monitoring of these populations. In Chapter 5, I provide general synthesis and conclusions, as well as considerations for future research. Title: Population Genetics of American Pika (Ochotona princeps) : Investigating Gene Flow and Genetic Diversity Across Multiple, Complex Landscapes Author: Castillo, Jessica A. American pikas (Ochotona princeps) are considered an indicator species of climate change. Adaptations for cold climates and active winters make pikas particularly sensitive to increasing temperatures. This, combined with evidence that multiple historically occupied populations have been extirpated within the past century, contributed to American pikas becoming a focal species for climate change research. This dissertation is primarily the product of a collaboration among the National Parks Service and multiple academic institutions whose principal goal was to assess the vulnerability of the American pika within eight national parks representing a variety of habitat types and environmental conditions. While much of the previous climate change-related research on American pikas has focused on how climate affects occupancy, this work sought to establish how landscape characteristics and climate may interact and influence dispersal, population connectivity, and ultimately population vulnerability or resilience. I addressed these questions using population and landscape genetics approaches within nine national parks, two national wildlife refuges, and a national forest. American pikas represent one of the best described mammalian metapopulation systems. They are restricted to rocky habitats, such as talus and lava, which are frequently patchily distributed on the landscape, both at the local and regional scales. Functional connectivity, the combination of habitat configuration and an organism’s ability to move through the landscape, is essential for maintaining robust genetic populations. This is particularly true within metapopulations which, by definition, rely on dispersal of individuals among habitat patches for overall long-term stability. In Chapters 1 and 2, I used a landscape genetics approach to identify features that either promote or inhibit dispersal of American pikas. There has been significant debate over the past few years about the best statistical approaches within landscape genetics and the appropriateness of certain methods in particular. In Chapter 1, I used Crater Lake National Park as a test case to evaluate the effectiveness of Mantel and partial Mantel tests in a causal modeling framework to correctly identify underlying landscape variables (e.g., topography, aspect, water barriers) and their effect on gene flow. I demonstrated, through simulations, that this approach was able to correctly identify the landscape variables, but not precisely the magnitude of their effect on gene flow. I concluded that while results need to be interpreted with caution, this method was effective for identifying which variables are important in shaping functional connectivity. In Chapter 2, I applied the causal modeling approach from Chapter 1 to seven additional study sites. I identified a general trend that south-west facing aspects pose greater resistance to dispersal than north and east-facing aspects, suggesting that exposure to high temperatures may limit dispersal in American pikas. I also found that amount and configuration of habitat (i.e., rocky substrate) influenced the degree to which other landscape variables impact dispersal. I then applied the models of landscape resistance to investigate habitat patch connectivity within each site using a graph theoretic approach. This allowed me to assess overall patch connectivity, as well as identify specific patches and areas within study sites that are particularly important for maintaining functional connectivity, or in contrast, at risk of becoming isolated. Functional connectivity is an important component when assessing population vulnerability because it describes the ability of genetic material to flow through the landscape. A loss of gene flow can lead to isolation of population segments, reduction of effective population size, loss of genetic diversity and subsequent erosion of evolutionary potential, and ultimately metapopulation collapse. However, other factors including habitat area and quality, affect effective population size and population stability. Genetic diversity is the material upon which evolution acts. In the face of rapid environmental change, species must either shift their range in order to track their ecological niche, or adapt in situ to the new environment. The former strategy requires sufficient available habitat as well as dispersal ability, which is unlikely for American pikas. Genetic diversity, therefore, is an important indicator of long-term population viability. In Chapter 3, I quantified genetic diversity within thirteen study sites and investigated the relationship between genetic diversity and environmental variables related to climate as well as habitat configuration and quality. As expected, habitat area was important at both the local and regional scales. Temperature was also a significant predictor of genetic diversity, with hotter sites having lower genetic diversity. However, and somewhat surprisingly, precipitation was a better predictor of genetic diversity than temperature, with sites receiving moderate levels of precipitation having higher genetic diversity. I also compared population differentiation among study sites and identified sites that are particularly distinct. In the process of the above analyses, I also identified a previously undescribed contact zone between the northern and southern Rocky Mountain genetic lineages, recognized as separate subspecies, within Rocky Mountain National Park. Climate change is predicted to affect habitat quality and landscape permeability, both of which have detectable genetic consequences. In Chapter 4, I quantified genetic diversity and structure within two study sites, Yosemite and Lassen Volcanic National Parks, from two sampling periods separated by approximately a century in time. I extracted DNA from historic study skins housed in the University of California Berkeley Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (MVZ) and compared multilocus microsatellite genotypes to those generated from modern fecal and tissue samples. Additionally, the historic survey data, including specimens, field journals, and other artifacts, were used in a series of systematic resurveys and subsequent species distribution modelling by other researchers. The nature of national parks as protected areas affords the opportunity to isolate the effects of climate change to a greater degree than other areas that have also experienced significant land use changes. I found no evidence for a change in genetic diversity within these two sites, consistent with observations from other studies that occupancy has remained relatively stable. I did find some evidence suggesting increasing population differentiation, potentially as a result of eroding landscape permeability. These results provide an important baseline for comparison with other sites, as well as reference points for future genetic monitoring of these populations. In Chapter 5, I provide general synthesis and conclusions, as well as considerations for future research. Close

• 2459. [Image] Past, present and future activities being conducted in the Klamath River Basin related to the protection and recovery of fish and their habitat

  	"March 2003"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Past, present and future activities being conducted in the Klamath River Basin related to the protection and recovery of fish and their habitat Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Year: 2003, 2005 "March 2003" Title: Past, present and future activities being conducted in the Klamath River Basin related to the protection and recovery of fish and their habitat Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Year: 2003, 2005 "March 2003" Close

• 2460. [Image] The doctrine of prior appropriation : effects upon water rights in the Upper Klamath Basin

  	Undergraduate student project, Geomatics 466, Boundary Law II
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The doctrine of prior appropriation : effects upon water rights in the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Hellebust, Kane Year: 2004, 2005 Undergraduate student project, Geomatics 466, Boundary Law II Title: The doctrine of prior appropriation : effects upon water rights in the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Hellebust, Kane Year: 2004, 2005 Undergraduate student project, Geomatics 466, Boundary Law II Close

• 2461. [Article] Coastal sand dunes of Oregon and Washington

  In Part I the environment of the coastal dunes of Oregon and Washington is analyzed. Most of the substratum is a narrow foreland or terrace, in part submerged, that borders the mountain front. Temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal sand dunes of Oregon and Washington Author: Cooper, William Skinner, 1884- In Part I the environment of the coastal dunes of Oregon and Washington is analyzed. Most of the substratum is a narrow foreland or terrace, in part submerged, that borders the mountain front. Temperature is relatively low in summer and rarely reaches the freezing point in winter. Winter precipitation is heavy, and there is almost no snow; there is a pronounced deficiency in precipitation in summer. The summer wind is a very constant afternoon sea breeze from north to northwest; winter winds are variable but include frequent southwest gales. Longshore currents are governed by the seasonal winds, moving southward in summer and northward in winter. The regional vegetation is dense, tall conifer forest. The influence of man has been comparatively slight: in prehistoric times the starting of forest fires; in historic time moderate disturbance due to grazing and recent efforts to control the movement of the sand. Part II deals with forms and processes. The simplest combination of elements comprises sand, wind, and water. Interaction of these produces two patterns. In the transverse-ridge pattern the individual unit is a ridge essentially normal to the summer wind and moving with it; it is asymmetric in profile with gentle windward slope and steep leeward slope (slipface). Origin and maintenance of this profile are explained in accordance with principles developed in the field of aerodynamics, and conclusions arrived at deductively are confirmed by slow-motion photography of smoke streams on the dunes. The oblique-ridge pattern occurs only where there is full exposure to both seasonal winds, plenty of space, and plenty of sand. These conditions are met only in Region III (Coos Bay dune sheet). The units are much more massive than the transverse ridges and are essentially stationary. Their trend lies between the means of summer and winter winds. A theoretical explanation of their origin and maintenance is presented, and the oblique ridges and the "longitudinal dunes" of certain desert regions are compared. Neither transverse nor oblique ridge is found in stabilized condition. The factor vegetation added to the other three-sand, wind, and water-promotes stabilization. On a prograding shore, successive beach ridges are quickly captured and fixed, and retain their initial form indefinitely. On a retrograding shore the processes are exceedingly complex and involve repeated stabilization and rejuvenation. Two cases are presented: flat shore, with and without abundant sand supply; stabilized dune masses undergoing erosion. In the latter case, the commoner, development involves the following phases: trough blowout, merging of troughs, reduction to deflation base, and precipitation ridge, which may in time become completely stabilized while still retaining its characteristic form. In places sheltered from one or the other of the seasonal winds, usually the summer wind, giant parabola dunes, which may likewise become fixed by vegetation, develop. Part III is a description of the dune localities of the Oregon-Washington coast and an account of their history. Forty per cent of this coast bears dunes of greater or lesser magnitude. Thirty dune localities are grouped in four regions. Region I includes four localities north of Tillamook Head, Oregon, making a continuous strip 53 km long, that bears the parallel beach-dune-ridge pattern associated with progradation. The forms in Regions II, III, and IV, heterogeneous and complex, are those characteristic of retrograding shores. The two principal stabilized forms are the precipitation ridge and the parabola dune. In Regions II, III, and IV the existing features came into being mainly during the last grand period of sea-level rise, and the seaward portions of massive parabola complexes have been sliced away in varying degree by the advancing sea. The beach-ridge dunes of Region I were formed during the period of comparatively stable sea level, with a probable small net lowering, which followed the maximum of sea advance and has extended to the present. Progradation here during this period, in contrast with almost none south of Tillamook Head, has been possible because of the ample bed load carried to the coast by the Columbia River. South of Tillamook Head there is, in a number of well-distributed localities, evidence of three episodes of advance. The first is represented by the strip of thoroughly stabilized dunes that nearly everywhere forms the inner marginal part of the dune complexes. This episode reached its culmination before the sea had attained its maximum of advance-attested by the slicing away of portions of completely stabilized masses. The second advance for the most part fell short of the first, though in a few places it overpassed the limits of the latter; present condition ranges from complete stabilization to vigorous activity. The third episode is represented by active dunes with open access to the shore. In certain localities there are only an inner strip of stabilized dunes and an outer zone of active dunes. It is assumed that in these the visible effects of the second and third episodes have merged. An earlier cycle of dune development, similar to the modern one in character and extent, is proved by eolian sediments containing altered podzolic soils, which make a minor part of the mantle of unconsolidated materials that lies upon the rock platform of the 30-m terrace. The dunes of which these masses are remnants were formed during the next-to-the-last grand period of submergence. Development of the dunes of Regions II, III, and IV, associated with the grand period of submergence, is assigned to the period of deglaciation that followed the Wisconsin maximum, and mainly to the period of rapid deglaciation that began after the Valders-Mankato advance. The beach-ridge dunes of Region I, on the other hand, have developed in their entirety in the time since sea-level rise was succeeded by stability. By analogy, the earlier cycle of dune development was associated with the waning phase of Illinoian glaciation, and it may be assumed that similar dune cycles were associated with the earlier glaciations of the Pleistocene. Title: Coastal sand dunes of Oregon and Washington Author: Cooper, William Skinner, 1884- In Part I the environment of the coastal dunes of Oregon and Washington is analyzed. Most of the substratum is a narrow foreland or terrace, in part submerged, that borders the mountain front. Temperature is relatively low in summer and rarely reaches the freezing point in winter. Winter precipitation is heavy, and there is almost no snow; there is a pronounced deficiency in precipitation in summer. The summer wind is a very constant afternoon sea breeze from north to northwest; winter winds are variable but include frequent southwest gales. Longshore currents are governed by the seasonal winds, moving southward in summer and northward in winter. The regional vegetation is dense, tall conifer forest. The influence of man has been comparatively slight: in prehistoric times the starting of forest fires; in historic time moderate disturbance due to grazing and recent efforts to control the movement of the sand. Part II deals with forms and processes. The simplest combination of elements comprises sand, wind, and water. Interaction of these produces two patterns. In the transverse-ridge pattern the individual unit is a ridge essentially normal to the summer wind and moving with it; it is asymmetric in profile with gentle windward slope and steep leeward slope (slipface). Origin and maintenance of this profile are explained in accordance with principles developed in the field of aerodynamics, and conclusions arrived at deductively are confirmed by slow-motion photography of smoke streams on the dunes. The oblique-ridge pattern occurs only where there is full exposure to both seasonal winds, plenty of space, and plenty of sand. These conditions are met only in Region III (Coos Bay dune sheet). The units are much more massive than the transverse ridges and are essentially stationary. Their trend lies between the means of summer and winter winds. A theoretical explanation of their origin and maintenance is presented, and the oblique ridges and the "longitudinal dunes" of certain desert regions are compared. Neither transverse nor oblique ridge is found in stabilized condition. The factor vegetation added to the other three-sand, wind, and water-promotes stabilization. On a prograding shore, successive beach ridges are quickly captured and fixed, and retain their initial form indefinitely. On a retrograding shore the processes are exceedingly complex and involve repeated stabilization and rejuvenation. Two cases are presented: flat shore, with and without abundant sand supply; stabilized dune masses undergoing erosion. In the latter case, the commoner, development involves the following phases: trough blowout, merging of troughs, reduction to deflation base, and precipitation ridge, which may in time become completely stabilized while still retaining its characteristic form. In places sheltered from one or the other of the seasonal winds, usually the summer wind, giant parabola dunes, which may likewise become fixed by vegetation, develop. Part III is a description of the dune localities of the Oregon-Washington coast and an account of their history. Forty per cent of this coast bears dunes of greater or lesser magnitude. Thirty dune localities are grouped in four regions. Region I includes four localities north of Tillamook Head, Oregon, making a continuous strip 53 km long, that bears the parallel beach-dune-ridge pattern associated with progradation. The forms in Regions II, III, and IV, heterogeneous and complex, are those characteristic of retrograding shores. The two principal stabilized forms are the precipitation ridge and the parabola dune. In Regions II, III, and IV the existing features came into being mainly during the last grand period of sea-level rise, and the seaward portions of massive parabola complexes have been sliced away in varying degree by the advancing sea. The beach-ridge dunes of Region I were formed during the period of comparatively stable sea level, with a probable small net lowering, which followed the maximum of sea advance and has extended to the present. Progradation here during this period, in contrast with almost none south of Tillamook Head, has been possible because of the ample bed load carried to the coast by the Columbia River. South of Tillamook Head there is, in a number of well-distributed localities, evidence of three episodes of advance. The first is represented by the strip of thoroughly stabilized dunes that nearly everywhere forms the inner marginal part of the dune complexes. This episode reached its culmination before the sea had attained its maximum of advance-attested by the slicing away of portions of completely stabilized masses. The second advance for the most part fell short of the first, though in a few places it overpassed the limits of the latter; present condition ranges from complete stabilization to vigorous activity. The third episode is represented by active dunes with open access to the shore. In certain localities there are only an inner strip of stabilized dunes and an outer zone of active dunes. It is assumed that in these the visible effects of the second and third episodes have merged. An earlier cycle of dune development, similar to the modern one in character and extent, is proved by eolian sediments containing altered podzolic soils, which make a minor part of the mantle of unconsolidated materials that lies upon the rock platform of the 30-m terrace. The dunes of which these masses are remnants were formed during the next-to-the-last grand period of submergence. Development of the dunes of Regions II, III, and IV, associated with the grand period of submergence, is assigned to the period of deglaciation that followed the Wisconsin maximum, and mainly to the period of rapid deglaciation that began after the Valders-Mankato advance. The beach-ridge dunes of Region I, on the other hand, have developed in their entirety in the time since sea-level rise was succeeded by stability. By analogy, the earlier cycle of dune development was associated with the waning phase of Illinoian glaciation, and it may be assumed that similar dune cycles were associated with the earlier glaciations of the Pleistocene. Close

• 2462. [Image] Data from pumping and injection tests and chemical sampling in the geothermal aquifer at Klamath Falls,

  	DATA FROM PUMPING AND INJECTION TESTS AND CHEMICAL SAMPLING IN THE GEOTHERMAL AQUIFER AT KLAMATH FALLS, OREGON By S. M. Benson? , C. J. Janik ? , D. C. Longi , R. D. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Data from pumping and injection tests and chemical sampling in the geothermal aquifer at Klamath Falls, Author: Benson, S. M Year: 1984, 2007, 2005 DATA FROM PUMPING AND INJECTION TESTS AND CHEMICAL SAMPLING IN THE GEOTHERMAL AQUIFER AT KLAMATH FALLS, OREGON By S. M. Benson? , C. J. Janik ? , D. C. Longi , R. D. Solbaui- , P. J. Lienau^, G. G. Culver^, E. A. Sanmel-^, S. R. Swanson^, D. M. Hart-5/, Andrew Yeei/, A. F. White!', M. L. Stallard^, A. P. Brown^, M. C. Wheeler?', T. L. Winnett? , Grace Fong?', and G. B. ^' ABSTRACT A seven-week pumping and injection test in the geothermal aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon, in 1983 provided new information on hydraulic properties of the aquifer* The Open-File Data Report on the tests includes graphs of water levels measured in 50 wells, temperature measurement In 17 wells, daily air-temperatures in relation to discharge of thermal water from more than 70 pumped and artesian wells, tables of monthly mean air temperatures and estimates of discharges of thermal water during a normal year, and tables of chemical and isotopic analyses on samples from 12 wells. The water-level measurements reflect the effects of pumping, injection, and recovery over about 1*7 square miles of the hot-well area of Klamath Falls. The pumped well, City Well #1, and the injection well at the Klamath County Museum are components of a proposed District Heating Plan. The study was funded principally under contracts from the U.S. Department of Energy to the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Stanford University, and the Oregon Institute of Technology, with coordination and chemical sampling provided under the Geothermal Research Program, U.S. Geological Survey. Support was received from the City of Klamath Falls, Klamath County Chamber of Commerce, Citizens for Responsible Geothermal Development, and many citizen volunteers. ? Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 2/ ? U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California ? Energyman, Inc., Klamath Falls, Oregon 4/ ? Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, Oregon ? Citizens for Responsible Geothermal Development, Klamath Falls, Oregon Title: Data from pumping and injection tests and chemical sampling in the geothermal aquifer at Klamath Falls, Author: Benson, S. M Year: 1984, 2007, 2005 DATA FROM PUMPING AND INJECTION TESTS AND CHEMICAL SAMPLING IN THE GEOTHERMAL AQUIFER AT KLAMATH FALLS, OREGON By S. M. Benson? , C. J. Janik ? , D. C. Longi , R. D. Solbaui- , P. J. Lienau^, G. G. Culver^, E. A. Sanmel-^, S. R. Swanson^, D. M. Hart-5/, Andrew Yeei/, A. F. White!', M. L. Stallard^, A. P. Brown^, M. C. Wheeler?', T. L. Winnett? , Grace Fong?', and G. B. ^' ABSTRACT A seven-week pumping and injection test in the geothermal aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon, in 1983 provided new information on hydraulic properties of the aquifer* The Open-File Data Report on the tests includes graphs of water levels measured in 50 wells, temperature measurement In 17 wells, daily air-temperatures in relation to discharge of thermal water from more than 70 pumped and artesian wells, tables of monthly mean air temperatures and estimates of discharges of thermal water during a normal year, and tables of chemical and isotopic analyses on samples from 12 wells. The water-level measurements reflect the effects of pumping, injection, and recovery over about 1*7 square miles of the hot-well area of Klamath Falls. The pumped well, City Well #1, and the injection well at the Klamath County Museum are components of a proposed District Heating Plan. The study was funded principally under contracts from the U.S. Department of Energy to the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Stanford University, and the Oregon Institute of Technology, with coordination and chemical sampling provided under the Geothermal Research Program, U.S. Geological Survey. Support was received from the City of Klamath Falls, Klamath County Chamber of Commerce, Citizens for Responsible Geothermal Development, and many citizen volunteers. ? Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 2/ ? U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California ? Energyman, Inc., Klamath Falls, Oregon 4/ ? Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, Oregon ? Citizens for Responsible Geothermal Development, Klamath Falls, Oregon Close

• 2463. [Image] The geology and petrography of Crater Lake National Park

  	maps; Geology by J.S. Diller. Petrography by H.B. Patton
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The geology and petrography of Crater Lake National Park Author: Diller, J. S. (Joseph Silas), b. 1850; Patton, Horace Bushnell, 1858-1929 Year: 1902, 2008 maps; Geology by J.S. Diller. Petrography by H.B. Patton Title: The geology and petrography of Crater Lake National Park Author: Diller, J. S. (Joseph Silas), b. 1850; Patton, Horace Bushnell, 1858-1929 Year: 1902, 2008 maps; Geology by J.S. Diller. Petrography by H.B. Patton Close

• 2464. [Image] Dear concerned citizen

  	"Bureau of Land Management's (BLM) proposed decision and finding of no significant impact for the Lost River Management Framework Plan amendments."-- P. [1]; August 19, 1988."; "BLM-OR-PT-88-12-1792"--P. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dear concerned citizen Year: 1988, 2005 "Bureau of Land Management's (BLM) proposed decision and finding of no significant impact for the Lost River Management Framework Plan amendments."-- P. [1]; August 19, 1988."; "BLM-OR-PT-88-12-1792"--P. 8 Title: Dear concerned citizen Year: 1988, 2005 "Bureau of Land Management's (BLM) proposed decision and finding of no significant impact for the Lost River Management Framework Plan amendments."-- P. [1]; August 19, 1988."; "BLM-OR-PT-88-12-1792"--P. 8 Close

• 2465. [Article] A Comparison of Socio-Political Attitudes of Older Urban Women: The 1910-1924 Cohorts

  The central theme of this study is that because of the changing life styles and the macro-events which occurred after World War I these years were a watershed. The women born in the three five-year cohorts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Comparison of Socio-Political Attitudes of Older Urban Women: The 1910-1924 Cohorts Author: Ikehara, Elizabeth Slack Year: 1991 The central theme of this study is that because of the changing life styles and the macro-events which occurred after World War I these years were a watershed. The women born in the three five-year cohorts from 1910 through 1924 were at different stages of maturity and awareness as particular economic and political events occurred. The social and political climates were different for each of these cohorts of women. Therefore there would be discernible differences in attitudes and opinions among the cohorts. A literature review indicated three models for the formation of social attitudes and political opinions. The "Personality Types" is based on the premise that attitudes formed early in life remain fixed. The "Aging/Conservative" model considers that attitudes become increasingly conservative as the person ages. This study, however, was based on the "Historical Change" model. Beliefs and attitudes may change in response to personal experiences throughout the life course. Four research questions were developed. 1. How have macro-events affected the life experiences of women in these cohorts? 2. How have social pressures affected their experiencing of employment, matrimony, and motherhood? 3. How do the opinions of women in these three cohorts with regard to social and political issues differ and change? 4. Can differences of opinions among the women of the three cohorts be traced to dissimilarities in life experiences? Census data literature was researched to provide background documentation on technological and demographic changes in the United States during the 20th century. Questions for cohort comparisons were selected from the National Opinion Research Council Surveys of 1972 through 1989. These considered individual and family demographics, labor force participation, social attitudes, and political orientation. For the 2,814 respondents analysis was done by five-year cohorts to determine differences and by six-year periods to point out trends. Both ANOVA and Chi-square were used to verify statistical significance. Focus group sessions, with 41 participants, met at senior centers and housing units in the Portland metropolitan area. A questionnaire completed by each participant confirmed that the focus group demographics corresponded to those of the national sample. Individual life experience time lines provided material for opening the discussion. Other discussion topics were based on differences noted among the three cohorts in the NORC data analysis. These were in the areas of education, work experience, family life patterns, political orientation, and attitudes toward societal changes. A brief finding for each research question follows. 1. NORC data indicated that each successive cohort held increasingly liberal sociopolitical opinions, and that women of all three cohorts became less conservative over the years. The focus group participants related these changes to specific macro-events in their life experiences. 2. Focus group discussions disclosed that the 1910-1914 cohort realized later in life that societal pressure had limited their educational achievement. Women of the 1915-19 cohort came to understand that their acceptance of the homemaker role was somewhat based on societal expectations. The 1920-24 cohort were aware that discrimination in the work arena was based on societal norms of the time. 3. Analysis of both NORC data and opinions expressed in the focus groups indicated that each successive cohort was increasingly broadminded and tolerant. 4. The women participating in the focus groups exhibited an awareness of the differential effects of life experiences. They specified the effects of macro-events (chiefly the Great Depression), education, mobility, and workforce participation. This research has tentatively confirmed that a generational watershed occurred for women born before World War I and those born after. As the women of the 1910 through 1924 cohorts matured they experienced differing social and political climates. This resulted in cohort differences. Further investigation may reveal more precise cohort boundaries for the 1910 through 1924 years. It should be remembered also that cohort boundaries for men may not coincide with those of women. Title: A Comparison of Socio-Political Attitudes of Older Urban Women: The 1910-1924 Cohorts Author: Ikehara, Elizabeth Slack Year: 1991 The central theme of this study is that because of the changing life styles and the macro-events which occurred after World War I these years were a watershed. The women born in the three five-year cohorts from 1910 through 1924 were at different stages of maturity and awareness as particular economic and political events occurred. The social and political climates were different for each of these cohorts of women. Therefore there would be discernible differences in attitudes and opinions among the cohorts. A literature review indicated three models for the formation of social attitudes and political opinions. The "Personality Types" is based on the premise that attitudes formed early in life remain fixed. The "Aging/Conservative" model considers that attitudes become increasingly conservative as the person ages. This study, however, was based on the "Historical Change" model. Beliefs and attitudes may change in response to personal experiences throughout the life course. Four research questions were developed. 1. How have macro-events affected the life experiences of women in these cohorts? 2. How have social pressures affected their experiencing of employment, matrimony, and motherhood? 3. How do the opinions of women in these three cohorts with regard to social and political issues differ and change? 4. Can differences of opinions among the women of the three cohorts be traced to dissimilarities in life experiences? Census data literature was researched to provide background documentation on technological and demographic changes in the United States during the 20th century. Questions for cohort comparisons were selected from the National Opinion Research Council Surveys of 1972 through 1989. These considered individual and family demographics, labor force participation, social attitudes, and political orientation. For the 2,814 respondents analysis was done by five-year cohorts to determine differences and by six-year periods to point out trends. Both ANOVA and Chi-square were used to verify statistical significance. Focus group sessions, with 41 participants, met at senior centers and housing units in the Portland metropolitan area. A questionnaire completed by each participant confirmed that the focus group demographics corresponded to those of the national sample. Individual life experience time lines provided material for opening the discussion. Other discussion topics were based on differences noted among the three cohorts in the NORC data analysis. These were in the areas of education, work experience, family life patterns, political orientation, and attitudes toward societal changes. A brief finding for each research question follows. 1. NORC data indicated that each successive cohort held increasingly liberal sociopolitical opinions, and that women of all three cohorts became less conservative over the years. The focus group participants related these changes to specific macro-events in their life experiences. 2. Focus group discussions disclosed that the 1910-1914 cohort realized later in life that societal pressure had limited their educational achievement. Women of the 1915-19 cohort came to understand that their acceptance of the homemaker role was somewhat based on societal expectations. The 1920-24 cohort were aware that discrimination in the work arena was based on societal norms of the time. 3. Analysis of both NORC data and opinions expressed in the focus groups indicated that each successive cohort was increasingly broadminded and tolerant. 4. The women participating in the focus groups exhibited an awareness of the differential effects of life experiences. They specified the effects of macro-events (chiefly the Great Depression), education, mobility, and workforce participation. This research has tentatively confirmed that a generational watershed occurred for women born before World War I and those born after. As the women of the 1910 through 1924 cohorts matured they experienced differing social and political climates. This resulted in cohort differences. Further investigation may reveal more precise cohort boundaries for the 1910 through 1924 years. It should be remembered also that cohort boundaries for men may not coincide with those of women. Close

• 2466. [Article] Homestead Neighborhood and the Oregon Health Sciences University Background and Recommendations Report

  The Homestead Neighborhood is located in southwest Portland. It was first studied as part of the Marquam Hill Plan in 1977. Since that time two major health providers, the Shriners and the Veterans Administration,have ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Homestead Neighborhood and the Oregon Health Sciences University Background and Recommendations Report Author: Bizeau, Thomas, Crawford, Jim, Delacy, Barton, Massoudifar, Yousef, McConnell, Tom, Rahman, Foziah, Rassoli, Ezzat, Sochacka, Barbara Year: 1988 The Homestead Neighborhood is located in southwest Portland. It was first studied as part of the Marquam Hill Plan in 1977. Since that time two major health providers, the Shriners and the Veterans Administration,have built new facilities on the hill. The Oregon Health Sciences University is now poised and ready for major expansion of its medical schools, hospital and research facilities. Meanwhile, area residents and property owners, have voiced concerns about increased traffic, and building density. Oregon Health Sciences University (OHSU) contracted with the School of Urban and Public Affairs at Portland State University to draft a comprehensive neighborhood plan, to supplement its own long rang planning on Marquam Hill. Graduate students in the Masters in Urban Planning (MUP) program, under the direction of Michael S. Harrison AICP, Chief Planner for the City of Portland, prepared this plan over a ten week time period. This plan will also be presented to the Homestead Neighborhood Association to provide a basis for further studies. The recommendations presented in the following section, are solely those of the students in the USP 528 Comprehensive Planning Workshop. As presented here, they represent many rounds of in-class discussion, fieldwork and input from residents.The Advisory Committee contributed review and advice. The document makes reference to several sites. The "medical complex" is considered the Oregon Health Sciences University, the Shriners Hospital and the Veterans Administration Hospital. The "campus" refers to the same area as the medical complex. The "Homestead Plat" refers to the residential and commercial area just west of the campus up to SW 14thStreet. The Homestead neighborhood is a political jurisdiction recognized by the City of Portland which surrounds the areas platted as Homestead on Marquam Hill, but also embraces parts of Portland Heights and the Hillsdale area. Marquam Hill is a geographical term which relates to a much wider area than just the Homestead neighborhood. The background section covers the history, characteristics and patterns of land use in the Homestead Neighborhood. It provides a factual basis for determining alternatives,making recommendations and establishing policy. It also may be used as a general reference.The background is organized into seven sections: historical perspective; sumary of planning activities; overview of transportation patterns; analysis of development and infrastructure; discussions of amenities and topography; and an overview of demographics. A comprehensive property inventory detailing individual parcel ownership and physical characteristics has also been compiled and included as an addenda to this report. The fourth section of the report describes and analyzes the planning methodology used to research this project. Property data was collected and tabulated using Multnomah County records which were then checked and enhanced through field observation. Citizen participation was fostered by impanelling an advisory committee consisting of neighborhood representatives of the neighborhood, medical complex and the City Park Bureau, conducting a workshop with the neighborhood and distributing surveys to all residences. The findings of the class are presented in the final section of this report. The findings and recommendations contained in this report are solely those of the class and do not necessarily represent the policies of the City of Portland, Portland State University, Oregon Health Sciences University or the Homestead Neighborhood Association. The report will hopefully foster communication between the Homestead Neighborhood Association, the medical complex and the City of Portland. This is not intended as a final plan but rather as a starting point for further discussion. The next step in this planning process is for the Neighborhood and University to continue a dialog to formulate the goals and objectives of a neighborhood plan. A series of public discussions would follow to determine the contents of the final document. The final step would be to get the plan ratified by the Portland City Council. Title: Homestead Neighborhood and the Oregon Health Sciences University Background and Recommendations Report Author: Bizeau, Thomas, Crawford, Jim, Delacy, Barton, Massoudifar, Yousef, McConnell, Tom, Rahman, Foziah, Rassoli, Ezzat, Sochacka, Barbara Year: 1988 The Homestead Neighborhood is located in southwest Portland. It was first studied as part of the Marquam Hill Plan in 1977. Since that time two major health providers, the Shriners and the Veterans Administration,have built new facilities on the hill. The Oregon Health Sciences University is now poised and ready for major expansion of its medical schools, hospital and research facilities. Meanwhile, area residents and property owners, have voiced concerns about increased traffic, and building density. Oregon Health Sciences University (OHSU) contracted with the School of Urban and Public Affairs at Portland State University to draft a comprehensive neighborhood plan, to supplement its own long rang planning on Marquam Hill. Graduate students in the Masters in Urban Planning (MUP) program, under the direction of Michael S. Harrison AICP, Chief Planner for the City of Portland, prepared this plan over a ten week time period. This plan will also be presented to the Homestead Neighborhood Association to provide a basis for further studies. The recommendations presented in the following section, are solely those of the students in the USP 528 Comprehensive Planning Workshop. As presented here, they represent many rounds of in-class discussion, fieldwork and input from residents.The Advisory Committee contributed review and advice. The document makes reference to several sites. The "medical complex" is considered the Oregon Health Sciences University, the Shriners Hospital and the Veterans Administration Hospital. The "campus" refers to the same area as the medical complex. The "Homestead Plat" refers to the residential and commercial area just west of the campus up to SW 14thStreet. The Homestead neighborhood is a political jurisdiction recognized by the City of Portland which surrounds the areas platted as Homestead on Marquam Hill, but also embraces parts of Portland Heights and the Hillsdale area. Marquam Hill is a geographical term which relates to a much wider area than just the Homestead neighborhood. The background section covers the history, characteristics and patterns of land use in the Homestead Neighborhood. It provides a factual basis for determining alternatives,making recommendations and establishing policy. It also may be used as a general reference.The background is organized into seven sections: historical perspective; sumary of planning activities; overview of transportation patterns; analysis of development and infrastructure; discussions of amenities and topography; and an overview of demographics. A comprehensive property inventory detailing individual parcel ownership and physical characteristics has also been compiled and included as an addenda to this report. The fourth section of the report describes and analyzes the planning methodology used to research this project. Property data was collected and tabulated using Multnomah County records which were then checked and enhanced through field observation. Citizen participation was fostered by impanelling an advisory committee consisting of neighborhood representatives of the neighborhood, medical complex and the City Park Bureau, conducting a workshop with the neighborhood and distributing surveys to all residences. The findings of the class are presented in the final section of this report. The findings and recommendations contained in this report are solely those of the class and do not necessarily represent the policies of the City of Portland, Portland State University, Oregon Health Sciences University or the Homestead Neighborhood Association. The report will hopefully foster communication between the Homestead Neighborhood Association, the medical complex and the City of Portland. This is not intended as a final plan but rather as a starting point for further discussion. The next step in this planning process is for the Neighborhood and University to continue a dialog to formulate the goals and objectives of a neighborhood plan. A series of public discussions would follow to determine the contents of the final document. The final step would be to get the plan ratified by the Portland City Council. Close

• 2467. [Article] The Japanese beef market in a disequilibrium econometrics framework : implications for the U.S. - Japan beef market access agreement

  The success of the U.S. government in persuading Japan to liberalize the beef market is viewed as a relief to the U.S. beef industry. The economic benefit (to the U.S. beef producers!) of the trade liberalization ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Japanese beef market in a disequilibrium econometrics framework : implications for the U.S. - Japan beef market access agreement Author: Anteneh, Berhanu The success of the U.S. government in persuading Japan to liberalize the beef market is viewed as a relief to the U.S. beef industry. The economic benefit (to the U.S. beef producers!) of the trade liberalization however is yet to be seen. The size of this benefit is determined, among others, by (a) the net change in Japan's retail price due to the liberalization, (b) the price elasticity of demand for the U.S. beef in Japan, (c) the degree of price rise in the world market, and (d) the export capacity of the domestic sector. Availability of alternative beef sources and the degree of substitutability between the U.S. beef and those alternatives affect factor (b) and factor (d) depends on the extent to which beef and other meat products substitute each other in the domestic market both in production and consumption. Evaluation of the U.S. - Japan Beef Market Access Agreement (BMAA) therefore has become a high policy profile. In the interest of assessing possible policy effects of BMAA, several researchers have attempted to parameterize and quantify the Japanese demand for beef. The fact that this market is (a) semi-isolated from the rest of the world by restrictive import quota, (b) managed domestically by government parastatal, and (c) characterized by multi- and intensely differentiated beef with no parallel historical data has made the choice of economic theory and methodology difficult. While most researchers (Group 1) relied on conventional method [e.g. 55; 125], others (Group 2) [2] contend that managed import market may better be explained by a model of political nature. By assuming the usual competitive market behavior, Group 1 underestimates possible implications of existing market structure for building and estimating conventional econometric models. Group 2, on the other hand, limits itself to normative analysis. Due to the absence of consensus among researchers regarding implications of policy-relevant parameters, the desirability of the BMAA is still an unsettled policy issue. The general purpose of this study has been to generate some further information on Japan's beef market. In pursuant of this objective, an attempt is made to (a) show how significant the beef quality issue is in evaluating that market, (b) test the market equilibrium hypothesis, and (c) upon the acceptance of the alternative (disequilibrium) hypothesis, estimate the structural parameters from a model specified in the light of imperfections in the market. This fills the void in previous studies. Drawing on existing literature, the beef quality categories are shown to have been narrowing and, in fact, converging to the two middle categories, medium and common grades. It is suggested that future market studies may benefit from concentrating on these two grades in assessing competitiveness and substitutability with domestic beef. Understanding the nature of this convergence (i.e whether the shift is attributable to changes in cost or preference structure) may contribute to sound policy making. Based on (a) increased concentration in production and distribution sectors, (b) government intervention in beef and related markets, (c) high degree heterogeneity in beef, and (d) short-run supply inflexibility due to long fattening period and restrictive import policy, the Japanese beef market was hypothesized to have been in disequilibria due to incomplete market information. In testing this hypothesis, two data sets were used -Statistical Yearbook and the Family Income and Expenditure Survey. For reference purposes, they are referred to as Market I and Market II respectively. The equilibrium hypothesis was tested for uniform and upward and downward differential adjustment speeds. The uniform adjustment rate estimated from the reduced form price equation supports the hypothesis in both markets. The structural equations were then adjusted in the light of the imperfections in the market and structural parameters estimated using non-linear three stage least squares. Both upward and downward adjustment speeds in Market I suggest perfect flexibility in prices on annual basis. In Market II, prices are found to have been flexible downward but rigid otherwise. The upward rigidity in prices suggest excess demand. Perfect flexibility in prices on annual basis however may not suggest market equilibrium in a period less than a year. Consumers are found to be more price responsive than in previous studies implying a greater response of the demand for beef imports to changes in prices due to the liberalization than envisaged by previous studies. The demand for beef however is income inelastic suggesting a partial offsetting in the incremental demand for imports. Finally, consumers respond to changes in beef retail prices by consuming less fish and poultry. Title: The Japanese beef market in a disequilibrium econometrics framework : implications for the U.S. - Japan beef market access agreement Author: Anteneh, Berhanu The success of the U.S. government in persuading Japan to liberalize the beef market is viewed as a relief to the U.S. beef industry. The economic benefit (to the U.S. beef producers!) of the trade liberalization however is yet to be seen. The size of this benefit is determined, among others, by (a) the net change in Japan's retail price due to the liberalization, (b) the price elasticity of demand for the U.S. beef in Japan, (c) the degree of price rise in the world market, and (d) the export capacity of the domestic sector. Availability of alternative beef sources and the degree of substitutability between the U.S. beef and those alternatives affect factor (b) and factor (d) depends on the extent to which beef and other meat products substitute each other in the domestic market both in production and consumption. Evaluation of the U.S. - Japan Beef Market Access Agreement (BMAA) therefore has become a high policy profile. In the interest of assessing possible policy effects of BMAA, several researchers have attempted to parameterize and quantify the Japanese demand for beef. The fact that this market is (a) semi-isolated from the rest of the world by restrictive import quota, (b) managed domestically by government parastatal, and (c) characterized by multi- and intensely differentiated beef with no parallel historical data has made the choice of economic theory and methodology difficult. While most researchers (Group 1) relied on conventional method [e.g. 55; 125], others (Group 2) [2] contend that managed import market may better be explained by a model of political nature. By assuming the usual competitive market behavior, Group 1 underestimates possible implications of existing market structure for building and estimating conventional econometric models. Group 2, on the other hand, limits itself to normative analysis. Due to the absence of consensus among researchers regarding implications of policy-relevant parameters, the desirability of the BMAA is still an unsettled policy issue. The general purpose of this study has been to generate some further information on Japan's beef market. In pursuant of this objective, an attempt is made to (a) show how significant the beef quality issue is in evaluating that market, (b) test the market equilibrium hypothesis, and (c) upon the acceptance of the alternative (disequilibrium) hypothesis, estimate the structural parameters from a model specified in the light of imperfections in the market. This fills the void in previous studies. Drawing on existing literature, the beef quality categories are shown to have been narrowing and, in fact, converging to the two middle categories, medium and common grades. It is suggested that future market studies may benefit from concentrating on these two grades in assessing competitiveness and substitutability with domestic beef. Understanding the nature of this convergence (i.e whether the shift is attributable to changes in cost or preference structure) may contribute to sound policy making. Based on (a) increased concentration in production and distribution sectors, (b) government intervention in beef and related markets, (c) high degree heterogeneity in beef, and (d) short-run supply inflexibility due to long fattening period and restrictive import policy, the Japanese beef market was hypothesized to have been in disequilibria due to incomplete market information. In testing this hypothesis, two data sets were used -Statistical Yearbook and the Family Income and Expenditure Survey. For reference purposes, they are referred to as Market I and Market II respectively. The equilibrium hypothesis was tested for uniform and upward and downward differential adjustment speeds. The uniform adjustment rate estimated from the reduced form price equation supports the hypothesis in both markets. The structural equations were then adjusted in the light of the imperfections in the market and structural parameters estimated using non-linear three stage least squares. Both upward and downward adjustment speeds in Market I suggest perfect flexibility in prices on annual basis. In Market II, prices are found to have been flexible downward but rigid otherwise. The upward rigidity in prices suggest excess demand. Perfect flexibility in prices on annual basis however may not suggest market equilibrium in a period less than a year. Consumers are found to be more price responsive than in previous studies implying a greater response of the demand for beef imports to changes in prices due to the liberalization than envisaged by previous studies. The demand for beef however is income inelastic suggesting a partial offsetting in the incremental demand for imports. Finally, consumers respond to changes in beef retail prices by consuming less fish and poultry. Close

• 2468. [Article] White-breasted nuthatch density and nesting ecology in oak woodlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  Habitat loss causes a reduction in available resources for wildlife, alters the configuration of remaining habitat, and may isolate wildlife populations. White-breasted nuthatches (Sitta carolinensis) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: White-breasted nuthatch density and nesting ecology in oak woodlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Viste-Sparkman, Karen Habitat loss causes a reduction in available resources for wildlife, alters the configuration of remaining habitat, and may isolate wildlife populations. White-breasted nuthatches (Sitta carolinensis) are experiencing long-term population declines in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, where they are historically associated with oak woodlands. As secondary cavity-nesters, white-breasted nuthatches may be limited by the availability of existing cavities for nesting and roosting. Oak vegetation in the Willamette Valley has changed since European-American settlement times from vast areas of open oak savanna to isolated closed-canopy stands separated by agricultural fields. We examined nuthatch density, nest cavity selection, and nest success in relation to oak woodland structure and landscape context. We conducted point transect surveys in 3 strata: woodland interiors, large woodland edges, and small woodlands. We located and monitored nuthatch nests and sampled vegetation at nest locations and matching random locations around each nest. Woodland structure and edge density were measured at a 178-m radius (home range) scale, and landscape context was measured using vegetation cover within a 1-km radius around point transects and nests. We used program DISTANCE to fit detection functions and calculate nuthatch densities. We used conditional logistic regression to compare nest locations with random locations, and analyzed nest success with Mayfield logistic regression. White-breasted nuthatch density was significantly higher in small woodlands than in edges of large woodlands, which had higher nuthatch density than woodland interiors. Density of nuthatches increased with a combination of oak cover within a 1-km radius of the point, edge density within a 178-m radius, and number of oak trees >50 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) within a 100-m radius. Nest cavities were situated in oak trees containing more cavities than random oak trees that had cavities, and oak trees used as nest trees had a larger dbh than oak trees within random plots. Local woodland structure at nest locations was characterized by larger trees, measured by greater mean dbh, canopy cover, and basal area of oaks than random locations within the home range. Nest success in natural cavities was 71% and was not predicted by attributes of nest cavities, nest trees, local woodland structure at nests, woodland structure at the home range scale, or landscape context. These results suggest that the most suitable habitat for white-breasted nuthatches in the Willamette Valley includes oak woodlands in close proximity to one another with a high proportion of edge and mature oak trees. Managers should preserve trees containing cavities and large oak trees whenever possible. Thinning of small oaks and removal of conifers in oak woodlands to create more open, savanna-like conditions may also promote the development of larger oaks with more spreading branches, providing more opportunities for cavities to form and more foraging surface area for nuthatches. Title: White-breasted nuthatch density and nesting ecology in oak woodlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Viste-Sparkman, Karen Habitat loss causes a reduction in available resources for wildlife, alters the configuration of remaining habitat, and may isolate wildlife populations. White-breasted nuthatches (Sitta carolinensis) are experiencing long-term population declines in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, where they are historically associated with oak woodlands. As secondary cavity-nesters, white-breasted nuthatches may be limited by the availability of existing cavities for nesting and roosting. Oak vegetation in the Willamette Valley has changed since European-American settlement times from vast areas of open oak savanna to isolated closed-canopy stands separated by agricultural fields. We examined nuthatch density, nest cavity selection, and nest success in relation to oak woodland structure and landscape context. We conducted point transect surveys in 3 strata: woodland interiors, large woodland edges, and small woodlands. We located and monitored nuthatch nests and sampled vegetation at nest locations and matching random locations around each nest. Woodland structure and edge density were measured at a 178-m radius (home range) scale, and landscape context was measured using vegetation cover within a 1-km radius around point transects and nests. We used program DISTANCE to fit detection functions and calculate nuthatch densities. We used conditional logistic regression to compare nest locations with random locations, and analyzed nest success with Mayfield logistic regression. White-breasted nuthatch density was significantly higher in small woodlands than in edges of large woodlands, which had higher nuthatch density than woodland interiors. Density of nuthatches increased with a combination of oak cover within a 1-km radius of the point, edge density within a 178-m radius, and number of oak trees >50 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) within a 100-m radius. Nest cavities were situated in oak trees containing more cavities than random oak trees that had cavities, and oak trees used as nest trees had a larger dbh than oak trees within random plots. Local woodland structure at nest locations was characterized by larger trees, measured by greater mean dbh, canopy cover, and basal area of oaks than random locations within the home range. Nest success in natural cavities was 71% and was not predicted by attributes of nest cavities, nest trees, local woodland structure at nests, woodland structure at the home range scale, or landscape context. These results suggest that the most suitable habitat for white-breasted nuthatches in the Willamette Valley includes oak woodlands in close proximity to one another with a high proportion of edge and mature oak trees. Managers should preserve trees containing cavities and large oak trees whenever possible. Thinning of small oaks and removal of conifers in oak woodlands to create more open, savanna-like conditions may also promote the development of larger oaks with more spreading branches, providing more opportunities for cavities to form and more foraging surface area for nuthatches. Close

• 2469. [Article] An investigation into modeling snow cover elements at Crater Lake National Park and surrounding environs as an improved "ground truth" method for satellite snow observations

  Streamflow forecasts are essential to the optimal operation of hydroelectric and irrigation reservoirs in the Pacific Northwest. Satellite snow cover observations would aid in these streamflow forecasts by ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation into modeling snow cover elements at Crater Lake National Park and surrounding environs as an improved "ground truth" method for satellite snow observations Author: Hamilton, William L. Streamflow forecasts are essential to the optimal operation of hydroelectric and irrigation reservoirs in the Pacific Northwest. Satellite snow cover observations would aid in these streamflow forecasts by providing snow cover data at regular time intervals. Unfortunately, satellite capability to remotely sense mountain snow cover conditions is indeterminate due to lack of "ground truth." This study focuses on the development of a mountain snow cover model capable of generating snow cover data at a scale useful as "ground truth" for operational satellite snow cover observations. The study area used to develop the snow cover model was Crater Lake National Park and its surrounding environs. Both the physiography (topography and vegetation) and snow climate of the study area were analyzed and found to be quite dynamic. In order to take into account the affects of the dynamic snow climate and physiography upon snow cover conditions, multiple regression analysis was used to create the Crater Lake Snow Model. Forty-five snow core sites were located within the study area. Snow depth and snow water equivalent values were recorded at each site. Eighteen sites located within Crater Lake National Park were sampled on a weekly basis for the 1977-1978 snow year. An additional 16 sites were sampled at high elevations in the Park on a weekly basis from April through June, 1978. The remaining 11 sites comprised the historical snow core data set collected by Soil Conservation Service (S.C.S.) on a monthly basis, January through June, 1948 through 1978. These data sets were statistically reduced using the quasi-constant ratio theory to synthesize values for missing data to temporally unify the data sets. Also the physiographic elements of slope, aspect, elevation, percentage of forest canopy cover, and regional aspect were recorded for each snow core site. The physiographic elements (independent variables) were regressed against the snow core data (dependent variables) to produce snow model equations. Three different Temporal-Spatial Situations (T.S.S. 1, 2, 3) of data were entered into regression analysis. T.S.S. 1 and 2 models were generated from the 11 S.C.S. snow core sites, T.S.S. 1 from 1978 data and T.S.S. 2 for 1948 -1978 data. The T.S.S. 3 model was generated from the 45 snow core site data for 1978. Using the theory of the quasiconstant ratio it was possible to combine the T.S.S. 1, 2, and 3 sets of regression equations to produce a T.S.S. 4 snow model ( a model based upon the 45 sites for the 1948-1978 snow seasons). Subsequently the T.S.S. 1 and 2 snow models were utilized with this derived T.S.S. 4 snow model to produce T.S.S. 3 snow cover models for any month of any year for the 1948 through 1978 period. Validity testing of the model indicates that it has an average error of ± 15.7" for modeled snow depth values and ± 8.2" for modeled snow water equivalent values. The Crater Lake Snow Model has a combined spatial, annual, and long term resolution unequaled in previous snow cover models. The Model's combined high resolving properties give it capabilities of generating mountain snow cover "ground truth." Current studies are being conducted to couple dynamic snow meteorology and LANDSAT digital data to the Model to increase its accuracy and reduce its dependency on snow core data. Also, output of the Model can be used for studies on snow cover affect upon wildlife movement and survival and the determination of source regions of relative runoff from snow melt. Title: An investigation into modeling snow cover elements at Crater Lake National Park and surrounding environs as an improved "ground truth" method for satellite snow observations Author: Hamilton, William L. Streamflow forecasts are essential to the optimal operation of hydroelectric and irrigation reservoirs in the Pacific Northwest. Satellite snow cover observations would aid in these streamflow forecasts by providing snow cover data at regular time intervals. Unfortunately, satellite capability to remotely sense mountain snow cover conditions is indeterminate due to lack of "ground truth." This study focuses on the development of a mountain snow cover model capable of generating snow cover data at a scale useful as "ground truth" for operational satellite snow cover observations. The study area used to develop the snow cover model was Crater Lake National Park and its surrounding environs. Both the physiography (topography and vegetation) and snow climate of the study area were analyzed and found to be quite dynamic. In order to take into account the affects of the dynamic snow climate and physiography upon snow cover conditions, multiple regression analysis was used to create the Crater Lake Snow Model. Forty-five snow core sites were located within the study area. Snow depth and snow water equivalent values were recorded at each site. Eighteen sites located within Crater Lake National Park were sampled on a weekly basis for the 1977-1978 snow year. An additional 16 sites were sampled at high elevations in the Park on a weekly basis from April through June, 1978. The remaining 11 sites comprised the historical snow core data set collected by Soil Conservation Service (S.C.S.) on a monthly basis, January through June, 1948 through 1978. These data sets were statistically reduced using the quasi-constant ratio theory to synthesize values for missing data to temporally unify the data sets. Also the physiographic elements of slope, aspect, elevation, percentage of forest canopy cover, and regional aspect were recorded for each snow core site. The physiographic elements (independent variables) were regressed against the snow core data (dependent variables) to produce snow model equations. Three different Temporal-Spatial Situations (T.S.S. 1, 2, 3) of data were entered into regression analysis. T.S.S. 1 and 2 models were generated from the 11 S.C.S. snow core sites, T.S.S. 1 from 1978 data and T.S.S. 2 for 1948 -1978 data. The T.S.S. 3 model was generated from the 45 snow core site data for 1978. Using the theory of the quasiconstant ratio it was possible to combine the T.S.S. 1, 2, and 3 sets of regression equations to produce a T.S.S. 4 snow model ( a model based upon the 45 sites for the 1948-1978 snow seasons). Subsequently the T.S.S. 1 and 2 snow models were utilized with this derived T.S.S. 4 snow model to produce T.S.S. 3 snow cover models for any month of any year for the 1948 through 1978 period. Validity testing of the model indicates that it has an average error of ± 15.7" for modeled snow depth values and ± 8.2" for modeled snow water equivalent values. The Crater Lake Snow Model has a combined spatial, annual, and long term resolution unequaled in previous snow cover models. The Model's combined high resolving properties give it capabilities of generating mountain snow cover "ground truth." Current studies are being conducted to couple dynamic snow meteorology and LANDSAT digital data to the Model to increase its accuracy and reduce its dependency on snow core data. Also, output of the Model can be used for studies on snow cover affect upon wildlife movement and survival and the determination of source regions of relative runoff from snow melt. Close

• 2470. [Article] Emergency contraceptive pills and college women : factors influencing intention and use

  Approximately half of the 6.4 million pregnancies occurring each year in the United States are unintended (Finer & Henshaw, 2006). Unintended pregnancies, defined as pregnancies not wanted at the time ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Emergency contraceptive pills and college women : factors influencing intention and use Author: Nelson, Heather A. Approximately half of the 6.4 million pregnancies occurring each year in the United States are unintended (Finer & Henshaw, 2006). Unintended pregnancies, defined as pregnancies not wanted at the time conception occurs, regardless of contraceptive use (Chandra, Martinez, Mosher, Abma, & Jones, 2005) can have serious repercussions on women, children, and society. For decades, women facing the possibility of an unintended pregnancy following unprotected intercourse, birth control method failure, or sexual assault, have had no choices outside of abortion. Since 1997 however, another option has become available to American women making unintended pregnancy decisions – emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs). Research has indicated that widespread use of ECPs has the potential to prevent 1.5 million of the approximate 3 million unintended pregnancies occurring each year in the US, including as many as 700,000 pregnancies that now result in abortion (Trussell, Stewart, Guest, & Hatcher, 1992). Although 84% of American women have heard of ECPs, only 6% claim to have ever used them (Hoff, Miller, Barefoot, & Greene, 2003). Despite their effectiveness and the public’s awareness of them, ECPs still remain underutilized in many high-risk populations. Explanations for this discrepancy are not readily available. In particular, young adult women attending college are at risk for unintended pregnancy yet we know little about their relationship with ECPs. Although extensive ECP use could have a profound effect on unintended pregnancy rates, we have limited information about the factors that influence a woman's decision to use ECPs. Furthermore, with the US Food and Drug Administration's approval of behind the counter status for the emergency contraceptive Plan B on August 24, 2006, one of the last major external hurdles for women accessing emergency contraceptive pills appears to have been removed. However, it is unknown whether prescription-free availability will be the final factor in women's predisposition to use ECPs or if other intrinsic factors, may in fact, override use. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and extent of college women's knowledge, self-efficacy, attitudes, perceived social norms, and use related to emergency contraceptive pills. Additional goals included: using a conceptual framework to determine which social and behavioral constructs suggested by the contraceptive literature best predict intention to use ECPs and ECP use. Data were collected via an online survey designed by the lead author. A sample of 4,219 female students was drawn from a directory list of students enrolled at Oregon State University during the Spring Quarter of 2004. A total of 1718 women returned usable questionnaires. Key findings were that the majority of sexually active participants (68%, n = 871) had experienced a pregnancy scare in the past yet only 28.3% (n = 362) had ever used ECPs. Further, women had insufficient knowledge about ECPs in order to make informed decisions. Male partners were the most influential social reference in ECP decision-making. Although prescription-free access to ECPs is an historical milestone for reproductive health in the US, this policy change may not be the final step in ensuring that women access and use ECPs when they need them. Intrinsic factors including: knowledge that ECPs prevent pregnancy by interfering with ovulation, knowledge that ECPs are not a form of abortion, and confidence in accessing ECPs in time if needed seem to influence ECP use. In order for ECPs to impact unintended pregnancy rates to the extent research has demonstrated, strategies addressing these internal factors are warranted and must target both women and men. Title: Emergency contraceptive pills and college women : factors influencing intention and use Author: Nelson, Heather A. Approximately half of the 6.4 million pregnancies occurring each year in the United States are unintended (Finer & Henshaw, 2006). Unintended pregnancies, defined as pregnancies not wanted at the time conception occurs, regardless of contraceptive use (Chandra, Martinez, Mosher, Abma, & Jones, 2005) can have serious repercussions on women, children, and society. For decades, women facing the possibility of an unintended pregnancy following unprotected intercourse, birth control method failure, or sexual assault, have had no choices outside of abortion. Since 1997 however, another option has become available to American women making unintended pregnancy decisions – emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs). Research has indicated that widespread use of ECPs has the potential to prevent 1.5 million of the approximate 3 million unintended pregnancies occurring each year in the US, including as many as 700,000 pregnancies that now result in abortion (Trussell, Stewart, Guest, & Hatcher, 1992). Although 84% of American women have heard of ECPs, only 6% claim to have ever used them (Hoff, Miller, Barefoot, & Greene, 2003). Despite their effectiveness and the public’s awareness of them, ECPs still remain underutilized in many high-risk populations. Explanations for this discrepancy are not readily available. In particular, young adult women attending college are at risk for unintended pregnancy yet we know little about their relationship with ECPs. Although extensive ECP use could have a profound effect on unintended pregnancy rates, we have limited information about the factors that influence a woman's decision to use ECPs. Furthermore, with the US Food and Drug Administration's approval of behind the counter status for the emergency contraceptive Plan B on August 24, 2006, one of the last major external hurdles for women accessing emergency contraceptive pills appears to have been removed. However, it is unknown whether prescription-free availability will be the final factor in women's predisposition to use ECPs or if other intrinsic factors, may in fact, override use. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and extent of college women's knowledge, self-efficacy, attitudes, perceived social norms, and use related to emergency contraceptive pills. Additional goals included: using a conceptual framework to determine which social and behavioral constructs suggested by the contraceptive literature best predict intention to use ECPs and ECP use. Data were collected via an online survey designed by the lead author. A sample of 4,219 female students was drawn from a directory list of students enrolled at Oregon State University during the Spring Quarter of 2004. A total of 1718 women returned usable questionnaires. Key findings were that the majority of sexually active participants (68%, n = 871) had experienced a pregnancy scare in the past yet only 28.3% (n = 362) had ever used ECPs. Further, women had insufficient knowledge about ECPs in order to make informed decisions. Male partners were the most influential social reference in ECP decision-making. Although prescription-free access to ECPs is an historical milestone for reproductive health in the US, this policy change may not be the final step in ensuring that women access and use ECPs when they need them. Intrinsic factors including: knowledge that ECPs prevent pregnancy by interfering with ovulation, knowledge that ECPs are not a form of abortion, and confidence in accessing ECPs in time if needed seem to influence ECP use. In order for ECPs to impact unintended pregnancy rates to the extent research has demonstrated, strategies addressing these internal factors are warranted and must target both women and men. Close

• 2471. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2005 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2005. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2005 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2005. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and successful spawning in nature by hatcheryreared adults, as well as to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2003 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection, spawning, and adult characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2005 return year, and the collection of eggs for the 2005 brood year. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2005 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2005. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and successful spawning in nature by hatcheryreared adults, as well as to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2003 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection, spawning, and adult characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2005 return year, and the collection of eggs for the 2005 brood year. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2472. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2006 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2006. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2006 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2006. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and successful spawning in nature by hatcheryreared adults, as well as to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2004 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection, spawning, and adult characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2006 return year, and the collection of eggs for the 2006 brood year. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2006 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2006. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and successful spawning in nature by hatcheryreared adults, as well as to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2004 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection, spawning, and adult characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2006 return year, and the collection of eggs for the 2006 brood year. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2473. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2007 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2007. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2007 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2007. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize eggto-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, successful spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults, and to provide information to adapt programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2005 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2007 brood year, Chinook spawning in nature, adult characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2007 return year, and Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2007 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2007. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize eggto-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, successful spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults, and to provide information to adapt programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2005 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2007 brood year, Chinook spawning in nature, adult characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2007 return year, and Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2474. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2008 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2008. Also summarized are the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2008 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2008. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers, Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. Our co-managers, CTUIR and NPT, have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River, that are discussed and evaluated in reports prepared by each co-management agency. Overall, these data are used to modify culture practices as needed in order to optimize the egg-to-smolt survival, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and to track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2006 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2008 brood year, Chinook spawning in nature, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2008 return year, recruit summary and age composition of the 2003 brood year, and bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2008 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2008. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers, Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. Our co-managers, CTUIR and NPT, have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River, that are discussed and evaluated in reports prepared by each co-management agency. Overall, these data are used to modify culture practices as needed in order to optimize the egg-to-smolt survival, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and to track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2006 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2008 brood year, Chinook spawning in nature, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2008 return year, recruit summary and age composition of the 2003 brood year, and bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2475. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2009 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2009. Also summarized are the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2009 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2009. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. Our co-managers, CTUIR and NPT, have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River, that are discussed and evaluated in reports prepared by each co-management agency. Overall, these data are used to modify culture practices, as needed, in order to optimize the egg-to-smolt survival, smolt quality, and smolt-toadult survival rate, and track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2007 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2009 brood year, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2009 return year, spawning at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, recruit summary and age composition of the 2004 brood year, and bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2009 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2009. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. Our co-managers, CTUIR and NPT, have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River, that are discussed and evaluated in reports prepared by each co-management agency. Overall, these data are used to modify culture practices, as needed, in order to optimize the egg-to-smolt survival, smolt quality, and smolt-toadult survival rate, and track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2007 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2009 brood year, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2009 return year, spawning at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, recruit summary and age composition of the 2004 brood year, and bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2476. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2010 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2010. Also summarized are the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2010 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2010. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (Our co-managers, CTUIR and NPT, have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River, that are discussed and evaluated in reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to modify culture practices, as needed, in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival, smolt quality, and smolt-to-adult survival rate, and track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2008 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2010 brood year, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2010 return year, the 2010 spawning year at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, recruit summary and age composition of the 2005 brood year, and bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2010 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2010. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (Our co-managers, CTUIR and NPT, have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River, that are discussed and evaluated in reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to modify culture practices, as needed, in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival, smolt quality, and smolt-to-adult survival rate, and track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2008 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2010 brood year, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2010 return year, the 2010 spawning year at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, recruit summary and age composition of the 2005 brood year, and bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2477. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2015 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring-summer Chinook Salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2015. Also summarized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2015 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring-summer Chinook Salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2015. Also summarized are the associated broodstock monitoring data collected at weirs in the Grande Ronde Basin that are operated by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT; Lostine River) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR; Catherine Creek and Upper Grande Ronde River). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring-sumer Chinook Salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (CTUIR and NPT have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River that are discussed and evaluated in separate reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to adaptively manage salmon culture practices in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-toadult survival rate, the recruits-per-spawner (R:S) ratio, and to monitor spawning in nature by hatchery-reared salmon. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2015 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring-summer Chinook Salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2015. Also summarized are the associated broodstock monitoring data collected at weirs in the Grande Ronde Basin that are operated by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT; Lostine River) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR; Catherine Creek and Upper Grande Ronde River). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring-sumer Chinook Salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (CTUIR and NPT have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River that are discussed and evaluated in separate reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to adaptively manage salmon culture practices in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-toadult survival rate, the recruits-per-spawner (R:S) ratio, and to monitor spawning in nature by hatchery-reared salmon. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2478. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2016 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring-summer Chinook Salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2015. Also summarized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2016 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring-summer Chinook Salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2015. Also summarized are the associated broodstock monitoring data collected at weirs in the Grande Ronde Basin that are operated by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT; Lostine River) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR; Catherine Creek and Upper Grande Ronde River). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring-sumer Chinook Salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (CTUIR and NPT have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River that are discussed and evaluated in separate reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to adaptively manage salmon culture practices in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-toadult survival rate, the recruits-per-spawner (R:S) ratio, and to monitor spawning in nature by hatchery-reared salmon. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2016 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring-summer Chinook Salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2015. Also summarized are the associated broodstock monitoring data collected at weirs in the Grande Ronde Basin that are operated by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT; Lostine River) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR; Catherine Creek and Upper Grande Ronde River). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring-sumer Chinook Salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (CTUIR and NPT have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River that are discussed and evaluated in separate reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to adaptively manage salmon culture practices in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-toadult survival rate, the recruits-per-spawner (R:S) ratio, and to monitor spawning in nature by hatchery-reared salmon. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2479. [Image] Nutrient loading of surface waters in the Upper Klamath Basin : agricultural and natural sources

  	Abstract Implementation of the Federal Clean Water Act and Oregon Senate Bill 1010 is proceeding under two simultaneous processes in Oregon. The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality is responsible ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nutrient loading of surface waters in the Upper Klamath Basin : agricultural and natural sources Author: Rykbost, K. A. Year: 2001, 2004 Abstract Implementation of the Federal Clean Water Act and Oregon Senate Bill 1010 is proceeding under two simultaneous processes in Oregon. The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality is responsible for developing Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) allocations for water-quality limited water bodies. The Oregon Department of Agriculture is striving to develop Management Area Plans to provide guidance for management of private agricultural lands to meet Clean Water Act objectives. Both processes seek input from local advisory committees comprised of landowners and other stakeholders, and technical review committees. Klamath Lake and Klamath River have been designated water quality impaired for several parameters including nutrients. Researchers have attempted to determine the extent of agriculture's contributions to nutrient enrichment of surface waters in the Upper Klamath Basin. Two United States Geological Survey (USGS) studies focused attention on drainage of agricultural lands adjacent to Klamath Lake as a significant source of nutrient loading in the lake. A preliminary draft report by the Klamath River TMDL committee identified the outlet for drainage waters from the Klamath Irrigation Project to the Klamath River at the Straits Drain as a point source for nutrient loading. Preparation of a final TMDL for this sub-watershed was tabled pending development of a TMDL for Klamath Lake and its tributaries. Insufficient data are available to determine the relative contributions of agricultural activities, natural background sources, and other potential sources of nutrient enrichment to establish numerical limits for nutrient loading from agricultural lands. From 1998 through 2000, the Klamath Experiment Station has investigated nutrient loading from drainage of agricultural lands adjacent to Klamath Lake, natural background sources including major springs and several artesian wells, and loading to the Klamath Irrigation Project from diversions out of Klamath Lake and Klamath River. Findings indicate contributions from agricultural lands adjacent to Klamath Lake have been overestimated, and the Klamath Irrigation Project is probably a net sink for nutrients diverted out of Klamath Lake and Klamath River. Data to support these assertions are presented. Introduction Most of the surface waters in the Klamath Basin are included in the Oregon department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) 303D list as water-quality limited. While the only criterion for listing of many streams is temperature, based on a preliminary standard of 64°F, Klamath Lake and Klamath River are listed for chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen, un-ionized ammonia, and pH. The DEQ is working toward development of TMDL allocations for Klamath River and Title: Nutrient loading of surface waters in the Upper Klamath Basin : agricultural and natural sources Author: Rykbost, K. A. Year: 2001, 2004 Abstract Implementation of the Federal Clean Water Act and Oregon Senate Bill 1010 is proceeding under two simultaneous processes in Oregon. The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality is responsible for developing Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) allocations for water-quality limited water bodies. The Oregon Department of Agriculture is striving to develop Management Area Plans to provide guidance for management of private agricultural lands to meet Clean Water Act objectives. Both processes seek input from local advisory committees comprised of landowners and other stakeholders, and technical review committees. Klamath Lake and Klamath River have been designated water quality impaired for several parameters including nutrients. Researchers have attempted to determine the extent of agriculture's contributions to nutrient enrichment of surface waters in the Upper Klamath Basin. Two United States Geological Survey (USGS) studies focused attention on drainage of agricultural lands adjacent to Klamath Lake as a significant source of nutrient loading in the lake. A preliminary draft report by the Klamath River TMDL committee identified the outlet for drainage waters from the Klamath Irrigation Project to the Klamath River at the Straits Drain as a point source for nutrient loading. Preparation of a final TMDL for this sub-watershed was tabled pending development of a TMDL for Klamath Lake and its tributaries. Insufficient data are available to determine the relative contributions of agricultural activities, natural background sources, and other potential sources of nutrient enrichment to establish numerical limits for nutrient loading from agricultural lands. From 1998 through 2000, the Klamath Experiment Station has investigated nutrient loading from drainage of agricultural lands adjacent to Klamath Lake, natural background sources including major springs and several artesian wells, and loading to the Klamath Irrigation Project from diversions out of Klamath Lake and Klamath River. Findings indicate contributions from agricultural lands adjacent to Klamath Lake have been overestimated, and the Klamath Irrigation Project is probably a net sink for nutrients diverted out of Klamath Lake and Klamath River. Data to support these assertions are presented. Introduction Most of the surface waters in the Klamath Basin are included in the Oregon department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) 303D list as water-quality limited. While the only criterion for listing of many streams is temperature, based on a preliminary standard of 64°F, Klamath Lake and Klamath River are listed for chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen, un-ionized ammonia, and pH. The DEQ is working toward development of TMDL allocations for Klamath River and Close

• 2480. [Image] Recreational use and carrying capacity for the Klamath River

  	ABSTRACT These reports document recreation use and estimate carrying capacities for the Klamath River in northern California. The river section studied runs from Interstate 5 near Yreka to the town of ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recreational use and carrying capacity for the Klamath River Author: Shelby, Bo Year: 1984, 2005 ABSTRACT These reports document recreation use and estimate carrying capacities for the Klamath River in northern California. The river section studied runs from Interstate 5 near Yreka to the town of Orleans, and includes the lower sections of the Scott and Salmon River tributaries. A major highway runs along the river throughout the study area, with numerous; access points. The study covers the summer river running season and the fall salmon/ steel head fishing season. Because of the differences in time periods and activities, the study was done in two separate parts, each with a separate report. This document combines the two. The summer season report is presented first, followed by the fall season report. Each of these is preceeded by its own table of contents, list of tables, and summary of findings, and each is followed by its own appendices. The reports are separated by a colored page for easy reference. Data were collected by sampling, observation, and counting as well as a user questionnaire. Th? study presents a detailed description of river sections and documents recreational use by location and activity type. Carrying capacities are estimated for both river running and fishing activities. Estimates include discussions of ecological, facility, physical, and social carrying capacities, distinguishing descriptive and evaluative components. Limiting factors vary, depending on the activity and location. The more developed setting and the variety of activities and capacities distinguishes this project from earlier river capacity studies. Title: Recreational use and carrying capacity for the Klamath River Author: Shelby, Bo Year: 1984, 2005 ABSTRACT These reports document recreation use and estimate carrying capacities for the Klamath River in northern California. The river section studied runs from Interstate 5 near Yreka to the town of Orleans, and includes the lower sections of the Scott and Salmon River tributaries. A major highway runs along the river throughout the study area, with numerous; access points. The study covers the summer river running season and the fall salmon/ steel head fishing season. Because of the differences in time periods and activities, the study was done in two separate parts, each with a separate report. This document combines the two. The summer season report is presented first, followed by the fall season report. Each of these is preceeded by its own table of contents, list of tables, and summary of findings, and each is followed by its own appendices. The reports are separated by a colored page for easy reference. Data were collected by sampling, observation, and counting as well as a user questionnaire. Th? study presents a detailed description of river sections and documents recreational use by location and activity type. Carrying capacities are estimated for both river running and fishing activities. Estimates include discussions of ecological, facility, physical, and social carrying capacities, distinguishing descriptive and evaluative components. Limiting factors vary, depending on the activity and location. The more developed setting and the variety of activities and capacities distinguishes this project from earlier river capacity studies. Close

• 2481. [Image] Weather based technologies for residential irrigation scheduling: technical review report: prepared for Municipal Water District

  	"May 2004"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Weather based technologies for residential irrigation scheduling: technical review report: prepared for Municipal Water District Year: 2004, 2005 "May 2004" Title: Weather based technologies for residential irrigation scheduling: technical review report: prepared for Municipal Water District Year: 2004, 2005 "May 2004" Close

• 2482. [Image] Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Definition of "Harm"

  	This final rule defines the term "harm", which is contained in the definition of "take" in the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The purpose of this rulemaking is to clarify the type of actions that may result ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Definition of "Harm" Year: 1999, 2008, 2005 This final rule defines the term "harm", which is contained in the definition of "take" in the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The purpose of this rulemaking is to clarify the type of actions that may result in a take of a listed species under the ESA. This final rule is not a change in existing law. It provides clear notification to the public that habitat modification or degradation may harm listed species and, therefore, constitutes a take under the ESA as well as ensuring consistency between NMFS and the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). This final rule defines the term "harm" to include any act which actually kills or injures fish or wildlife, and emphasizes that such acts may include significant habitat modification or degradation that significantly impairs essential behavioral patterns of fish or wildlife Title: Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Definition of "Harm" Year: 1999, 2008, 2005 This final rule defines the term "harm", which is contained in the definition of "take" in the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The purpose of this rulemaking is to clarify the type of actions that may result in a take of a listed species under the ESA. This final rule is not a change in existing law. It provides clear notification to the public that habitat modification or degradation may harm listed species and, therefore, constitutes a take under the ESA as well as ensuring consistency between NMFS and the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). This final rule defines the term "harm" to include any act which actually kills or injures fish or wildlife, and emphasizes that such acts may include significant habitat modification or degradation that significantly impairs essential behavioral patterns of fish or wildlife Close

• 2483. [Image] Forestry program for Oregon

  	This document sets forth the Board of Forestry's strategic vision for Oregon's forests for the next eight years
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forestry program for Oregon Author: Oregon State Board of Forestry Year: 2003, 2005 This document sets forth the Board of Forestry's strategic vision for Oregon's forests for the next eight years Title: Forestry program for Oregon Author: Oregon State Board of Forestry Year: 2003, 2005 This document sets forth the Board of Forestry's strategic vision for Oregon's forests for the next eight years Close

• 2484. [Image] Historic resource study: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill.; "June 1984."; Bibliography: p. 307-317
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historic resource study: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Greene, Linda W. Year: 1984, 2009, 2010 ill.; "June 1984."; Bibliography: p. 307-317 Title: Historic resource study: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Greene, Linda W. Year: 1984, 2009, 2010 ill.; "June 1984."; Bibliography: p. 307-317 Close

• 2485. [Image] Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database

  	"September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database Author: Marcot, Bruce G. Year: 1997, 2005, 2004 "September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24) Title: Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database Author: Marcot, Bruce G. Year: 1997, 2005, 2004 "September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24) Close

• 2486. [Image] National irrigation as a social problem

  	Includes two scenic photos "The great gates on the Minidoka Project through which Snake River is now passing" and "From Smiley Heights, Redlands - the result of irrigation" ; The author of this article ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: National irrigation as a social problem Author: Newlands, Francis G. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 Includes two scenic photos "The great gates on the Minidoka Project through which Snake River is now passing" and "From Smiley Heights, Redlands - the result of irrigation" ; The author of this article was the Senator of Nevada. Title: National irrigation as a social problem Author: Newlands, Francis G. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 Includes two scenic photos "The great gates on the Minidoka Project through which Snake River is now passing" and "From Smiley Heights, Redlands - the result of irrigation" ; The author of this article was the Senator of Nevada. Close

• 2487. [Image] Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1962

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, maps, photographs, agricultural economics and crop yield, some grazing financial information with cost of water usage, tables for ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1962 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, maps, photographs, agricultural economics and crop yield, some grazing financial information with cost of water usage, tables for irrigation and drainage and water storage and distributions, list of steam gaging stations, weather conditions, list of evaporation stations, quality of irrigation water at pumping plants, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1954-1962; Description is based on: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1954; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1962 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, maps, photographs, agricultural economics and crop yield, some grazing financial information with cost of water usage, tables for irrigation and drainage and water storage and distributions, list of steam gaging stations, weather conditions, list of evaporation stations, quality of irrigation water at pumping plants, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1954-1962; Description is based on: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1954; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 2488. [Image] Hydrology of Crater, East and Davis Lakes, Oregon

  	ill.; "With a section on chemistry of the lakes by A.S. Van Denburgh;" "Studies of water-budget balance in volcanic terranes for three lakes without surface outlets;" Includes bibliographical references ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrology of Crater, East and Davis Lakes, Oregon Author: Phillips, Kenneth N., b. 1897 Year: 1968, 2008 ill.; "With a section on chemistry of the lakes by A.S. Van Denburgh;" "Studies of water-budget balance in volcanic terranes for three lakes without surface outlets;" Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-45) and index Title: Hydrology of Crater, East and Davis Lakes, Oregon Author: Phillips, Kenneth N., b. 1897 Year: 1968, 2008 ill.; "With a section on chemistry of the lakes by A.S. Van Denburgh;" "Studies of water-budget balance in volcanic terranes for three lakes without surface outlets;" Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-45) and index Close

• 2489. [Article] Distribution, Abundance, and Settlement of Slope-spawning Flatfish during Early Life Stages in the Eastern Bering Sea

  Changes in environmental conditions in marine ecosystems could directly or indirectly influence distribution, abundance, settlement, and size at settlement of flatfish. Understanding species-specific and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution, Abundance, and Settlement of Slope-spawning Flatfish during Early Life Stages in the Eastern Bering Sea Author: Sohn, Dongwha Changes in environmental conditions in marine ecosystems could directly or indirectly influence distribution, abundance, settlement, and size at settlement of flatfish. Understanding species-specific and age-specific responses to environmental variability is important for managing commercially important flatfish stocks. Slope-spawning flatfish whose offspring rely on extensive drift from the slope (spawning) to the shelf (settlement) and which require specific habitat for settlement could be especially vulnerable to environmental variability. Arrowtooth flounder (ATF; Atheresthes stomias), Greenland halibut (GH; Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), and Pacific halibut (PH; Hippoglossus stenolepis) are commercially and ecologically important slope-spawning flatfish species in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS), which has experienced fluctuating warm and cold periods since 2000. Although the three species share many attributes, their population trajectories have fluctuated differently. This difference could result from contrasting responses to environmental variability during early life history. To understand how physical variability of the Bering Sea can differentially affect flatfish ecology from pre-settlement to post-settlement phases, I used a combination of field data, biophysical modeling, and statistical modeling to characterize early life stage attributes (chapter 2), settlement success (chapter 3), and size, abundance, and distribution at settlement (age-0) and age-1 (chapter 4). Based on historical ichthyoplankton survey data for GH and PH, I found that there were species-specific differences in the spatial distribution (vertically and horizontally) and juvenile nursery areas between the two species during early life stages in the EBS. Specifically, I found that PH larvae abruptly move to shallower water as they grow, and cross onto the shelf earlier than GH. This ontogenetic movement has the benefit of allowing PH larvae to take advantage of on-shelf transport to reach their settlement locations. However, an early transition from the slope to the shelf may not equally benefit GH, whose settlement locations are further from the spawning ground. Using a bio-physical modeling approach parameterized on the field data summarized in chapter 2, I found that species-specific variability of early life attributes causes interannual and species-specific variability of GH and PH settlement success in the EBS. GH settlement increased with increasing along-shelf (northwestward) flow whereas PH settlement decreased. GH that spawned in November and December were highly successful at settling while PH settlement was most successful when they spawned in January and February. Furthermore, GH settlement is affected by temperature dependence of pelagic larval duration, but not PH, indicating a strong resilience of PH to temperature induced variations in development and dispersal duration. Using otolith microstructure analysis, I found that variations in size at settlement for ATF are significantly correlated with latitude of sampling location. For GH, their size at settlement is associated with bottom water temperature and sea ice extent. Especially, sea ice coverage has a strong negative correlation with on-shelf winds, which drive along-shelf Ekman transport to southeast impacting dispersal pathways and duration. Size at settlement for ATF increased with increasing latitude of sampling location, which could be impacted by currents. For GH, size at settlement decreased with decreasing bottom water temperature and increasing sea ice extent. Also, my results showed that settlement habitat increases for GH in cold years whereas that of ATF increases in warm years. The bottom temperature of age-0 habitat for both ATF and GH affected on their age-1 abundance; GH age-1 abundance increased with decreasing bottom temperature of age-0 habitat, but no clear directionality was found for ATF. The findings from this study have implications for understanding settlement success and recruitment of slope-spawning flatfish in the EBS. In most cold years when along-shelf flow is generally strong, the level of larval supply of GH to their settlement areas is higher than in warm years. Size at settlement for GH decreased in cold years. The larger amount of suitable habitat for settlement and post-settlement stages could result in lower competition and less predation in comparison to warm years. In support of this hypothesis, I found greater age-1 abundance in cold years, indicating size at settlement in GH may not be critical compared to suitability of habitat features and larval supply to settlement grounds. On the other hand, in cold years with strong along-shelf transport to northwest, PH (or ATF), which settle in the southern part of the EBS, have lower numbers of successful settlers. Size at settlement for ATF increased in cold years, and I assumed that size at settlement for PH may have similar patterns. The amount of suitable habitat after settlement would be smaller, resulting in lower recruitment due to increased competition for limited resources. By studying how physical factors and their variability influence these three flatfish during early life stages, this study provides valuable insight into the response of flatfish stocks to past and future climate changes in the eastern Bering Sea – a system that is especially vulnerable to warming. Title: Distribution, Abundance, and Settlement of Slope-spawning Flatfish during Early Life Stages in the Eastern Bering Sea Author: Sohn, Dongwha Changes in environmental conditions in marine ecosystems could directly or indirectly influence distribution, abundance, settlement, and size at settlement of flatfish. Understanding species-specific and age-specific responses to environmental variability is important for managing commercially important flatfish stocks. Slope-spawning flatfish whose offspring rely on extensive drift from the slope (spawning) to the shelf (settlement) and which require specific habitat for settlement could be especially vulnerable to environmental variability. Arrowtooth flounder (ATF; Atheresthes stomias), Greenland halibut (GH; Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), and Pacific halibut (PH; Hippoglossus stenolepis) are commercially and ecologically important slope-spawning flatfish species in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS), which has experienced fluctuating warm and cold periods since 2000. Although the three species share many attributes, their population trajectories have fluctuated differently. This difference could result from contrasting responses to environmental variability during early life history. To understand how physical variability of the Bering Sea can differentially affect flatfish ecology from pre-settlement to post-settlement phases, I used a combination of field data, biophysical modeling, and statistical modeling to characterize early life stage attributes (chapter 2), settlement success (chapter 3), and size, abundance, and distribution at settlement (age-0) and age-1 (chapter 4). Based on historical ichthyoplankton survey data for GH and PH, I found that there were species-specific differences in the spatial distribution (vertically and horizontally) and juvenile nursery areas between the two species during early life stages in the EBS. Specifically, I found that PH larvae abruptly move to shallower water as they grow, and cross onto the shelf earlier than GH. This ontogenetic movement has the benefit of allowing PH larvae to take advantage of on-shelf transport to reach their settlement locations. However, an early transition from the slope to the shelf may not equally benefit GH, whose settlement locations are further from the spawning ground. Using a bio-physical modeling approach parameterized on the field data summarized in chapter 2, I found that species-specific variability of early life attributes causes interannual and species-specific variability of GH and PH settlement success in the EBS. GH settlement increased with increasing along-shelf (northwestward) flow whereas PH settlement decreased. GH that spawned in November and December were highly successful at settling while PH settlement was most successful when they spawned in January and February. Furthermore, GH settlement is affected by temperature dependence of pelagic larval duration, but not PH, indicating a strong resilience of PH to temperature induced variations in development and dispersal duration. Using otolith microstructure analysis, I found that variations in size at settlement for ATF are significantly correlated with latitude of sampling location. For GH, their size at settlement is associated with bottom water temperature and sea ice extent. Especially, sea ice coverage has a strong negative correlation with on-shelf winds, which drive along-shelf Ekman transport to southeast impacting dispersal pathways and duration. Size at settlement for ATF increased with increasing latitude of sampling location, which could be impacted by currents. For GH, size at settlement decreased with decreasing bottom water temperature and increasing sea ice extent. Also, my results showed that settlement habitat increases for GH in cold years whereas that of ATF increases in warm years. The bottom temperature of age-0 habitat for both ATF and GH affected on their age-1 abundance; GH age-1 abundance increased with decreasing bottom temperature of age-0 habitat, but no clear directionality was found for ATF. The findings from this study have implications for understanding settlement success and recruitment of slope-spawning flatfish in the EBS. In most cold years when along-shelf flow is generally strong, the level of larval supply of GH to their settlement areas is higher than in warm years. Size at settlement for GH decreased in cold years. The larger amount of suitable habitat for settlement and post-settlement stages could result in lower competition and less predation in comparison to warm years. In support of this hypothesis, I found greater age-1 abundance in cold years, indicating size at settlement in GH may not be critical compared to suitability of habitat features and larval supply to settlement grounds. On the other hand, in cold years with strong along-shelf transport to northwest, PH (or ATF), which settle in the southern part of the EBS, have lower numbers of successful settlers. Size at settlement for ATF increased in cold years, and I assumed that size at settlement for PH may have similar patterns. The amount of suitable habitat after settlement would be smaller, resulting in lower recruitment due to increased competition for limited resources. By studying how physical factors and their variability influence these three flatfish during early life stages, this study provides valuable insight into the response of flatfish stocks to past and future climate changes in the eastern Bering Sea – a system that is especially vulnerable to warming. Close

• 2490. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2011 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2011. Also summarized are the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2011 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2011. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected at weirs in the Grande Ronde Basin that are operated by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT; Lostine River) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR; Catherine Creek and Upper Grande Ronde River). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (CTUIR and NPT, have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River that are discussed and evaluated in reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to modify culture practices, as needed, in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, and smolt-to-adult survival rate, and track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2009 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2011 brood year, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2011 return year, the 2011 spawning year at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, recruit summary and age composition of the 2006 brood year, and bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2011 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2011. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected at weirs in the Grande Ronde Basin that are operated by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT; Lostine River) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR; Catherine Creek and Upper Grande Ronde River). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (CTUIR and NPT, have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River that are discussed and evaluated in reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to modify culture practices, as needed, in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, and smolt-to-adult survival rate, and track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2009 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2011 brood year, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2011 return year, the 2011 spawning year at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, recruit summary and age composition of the 2006 brood year, and bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2491. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2012 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2012. Also summarized are the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2012 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2012. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected at weirs in the Grande Ronde Basin that are operated by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT; Lostine River) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR; Catherine Creek and Upper Grande Ronde River). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (CTUIR and NPT have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek and the Lostine River that are discussed and evaluated in separate reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to modify fish culture practices, as needed, in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality and smolt-toadult survival rate, and track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2010 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2012 brood year, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2012 return year, the 2012 spawning year at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring, and recruit summary and age composition of the 2007 brood year. These metrics document the success of these pograms in meeting the LSRCP objectives for adult salmon returning to the mitigation area above Lower Granite Dam (LGD) and for harvest below LGD. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2012 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2012. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected at weirs in the Grande Ronde Basin that are operated by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT; Lostine River) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR; Catherine Creek and Upper Grande Ronde River). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (CTUIR and NPT have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek and the Lostine River that are discussed and evaluated in separate reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to modify fish culture practices, as needed, in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality and smolt-toadult survival rate, and track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2010 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2012 brood year, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2012 return year, the 2012 spawning year at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring, and recruit summary and age composition of the 2007 brood year. These metrics document the success of these pograms in meeting the LSRCP objectives for adult salmon returning to the mitigation area above Lower Granite Dam (LGD) and for harvest below LGD. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2492. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2013 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook Salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2013. Also summarized are the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2013 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook Salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2013. Also summarized are the associated broodstock monitoring data collected at weirs in the Grande Ronde Basin that are operated by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT; Lostine River) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR; Catherine Creek and Upper Grande Ronde River). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook Salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (CTUIR and NPT have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River that are discussed and evaluated in separate reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to modify salmon culture practices, as needed, in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, and smolt-toadult survival rate, and monitor spawning in nature by hatchery-reared salmon. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for brood year (BY) 2011 of juvenile Chinook Salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for BY 2013, numbers and characteristics of mature Chinook Salmon in the 2013 return year, the 2013 spawning year at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, bacterial kidney disease (BKD), and survival information (e.g., SAR, R:S) for BY 2008. These metrics document the success of these programs in meeting the LSRCP objectives for mature salmon returning to the mitigation area above Lower Granite Dam (LGD) and for harvest below LGD. In order to avoid confusion around whether jacks (age 3) are included with adult metrics, we will use the convention that “adults” include only ages 4 and 5 and “total” or “mature salmon” include all identifiable sexually mature salmon ages 3–5. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2013 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook Salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2013. Also summarized are the associated broodstock monitoring data collected at weirs in the Grande Ronde Basin that are operated by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT; Lostine River) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR; Catherine Creek and Upper Grande Ronde River). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook Salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (CTUIR and NPT have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River that are discussed and evaluated in separate reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to modify salmon culture practices, as needed, in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, and smolt-toadult survival rate, and monitor spawning in nature by hatchery-reared salmon. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for brood year (BY) 2011 of juvenile Chinook Salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for BY 2013, numbers and characteristics of mature Chinook Salmon in the 2013 return year, the 2013 spawning year at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, bacterial kidney disease (BKD), and survival information (e.g., SAR, R:S) for BY 2008. These metrics document the success of these programs in meeting the LSRCP objectives for mature salmon returning to the mitigation area above Lower Granite Dam (LGD) and for harvest below LGD. In order to avoid confusion around whether jacks (age 3) are included with adult metrics, we will use the convention that “adults” include only ages 4 and 5 and “total” or “mature salmon” include all identifiable sexually mature salmon ages 3–5. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2493. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2014 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring-summer Chinook Salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2014. Also summarized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2014 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring-summer Chinook Salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2014. Also summarized are the associated broodstock monitoring data collected at weirs in the Grande Ronde Basin that are operated by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT; Lostine River) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR; Catherine Creek and Upper Grande Ronde River). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring-sumer Chinook Salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (CTUIR and NPT have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River that are discussed and evaluated in separate reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to adaptively manage salmon culture practices in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-toadult survival rate, the recruits-per-spawner (R:S) ratio, and to monitor spawning in nature by hatchery-reared salmon. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for brood year (BY) 2012 of juvenile Chinook Salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for BY 2014, numbers and characteristics (e.g., age composition) of mature Chinook Salmon in the 2014 return year, the 2014 spawning year at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring, and survival information (e.g., SAR, R:S) for BY 2009. These metrics document the success of these programs in meeting the LSRCP objectives for mature salmon returning to the mitigation area above Lower Granite Dam (LGD) and for harvest below LGD. In order to avoid confusion around whether jacks (age 3) are included with adult metrics, we will use the convention that “adults” include only ages 4 and 5 and “total” or “mature salmon” include all sexually mature salmon ages 3–5. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2014 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring-summer Chinook Salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2014. Also summarized are the associated broodstock monitoring data collected at weirs in the Grande Ronde Basin that are operated by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT; Lostine River) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR; Catherine Creek and Upper Grande Ronde River). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring-sumer Chinook Salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (CTUIR and NPT have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River that are discussed and evaluated in separate reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to adaptively manage salmon culture practices in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-toadult survival rate, the recruits-per-spawner (R:S) ratio, and to monitor spawning in nature by hatchery-reared salmon. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for brood year (BY) 2012 of juvenile Chinook Salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for BY 2014, numbers and characteristics (e.g., age composition) of mature Chinook Salmon in the 2014 return year, the 2014 spawning year at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring, and survival information (e.g., SAR, R:S) for BY 2009. These metrics document the success of these programs in meeting the LSRCP objectives for mature salmon returning to the mitigation area above Lower Granite Dam (LGD) and for harvest below LGD. In order to avoid confusion around whether jacks (age 3) are included with adult metrics, we will use the convention that “adults” include only ages 4 and 5 and “total” or “mature salmon” include all sexually mature salmon ages 3–5. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2494. [Image] Oversight field hearing on the Endangered Species Act 30 years later : the Klamath Project : oversight field hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, Saturday, July 17, 2004, in Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	"Serial no. 108-104."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oversight field hearing on the Endangered Species Act 30 years later : the Klamath Project : oversight field hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, Saturday, July 17, 2004, in Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power Year: 2005 "Serial no. 108-104." Title: Oversight field hearing on the Endangered Species Act 30 years later : the Klamath Project : oversight field hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, Saturday, July 17, 2004, in Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power Year: 2005 "Serial no. 108-104." Close

• 2495. [Image] Klamath River basin : reclamation met its water bank obligations, but information provided to water bank stakeholders could be improved

  	"March 2005." ; "GAO-05-283."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath River basin : reclamation met its water bank obligations, but information provided to water bank stakeholders could be improved Author: United States. Government Accountability Office Year: 2005 "March 2005." ; "GAO-05-283." Title: Klamath River basin : reclamation met its water bank obligations, but information provided to water bank stakeholders could be improved Author: United States. Government Accountability Office Year: 2005 "March 2005." ; "GAO-05-283." Close

• 2496. [Image] Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999

  	SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999 Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 2001, 2005, 2004 SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in the spring and 1.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. These values were well within the range of values in the literature for sites with similar sediment characteristics: primarily silty with at least a moderate amount of organic content. Over most of the lake there appears to be relatively little variation in SOD 14the interquartile range in values was 0.4 g/m2/day in the spring and 0.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. A significant exception was apparent in Ball Bay, where SOD in the late summer was greater than 10.2 g/m2/day. In the absence of primary production, an SOD of this magnitude could deplete the water column of oxygen in a few days. This measurement provided evidence that localized areas of very high SOD occur episodically in the bays, perhaps associated with large algal mats being trapped by the lake circulation patterns. A statistical test for a spring to late summer difference in the median values of SOD confirmed that SOD in the late summer (median value 1.7 g/m2/day) was significantly higher than in the spring (median value 1.2 g/m2/day). The difference was primarily due to seasonal changes in temperature; when SOD values were corrected to 20°C, there was no seasonal difference in the median values. There was no correlation between SOD20 and the sediment characteristics measured in this study: percent fines, organic carbon, and residue lost on ignition. Title: Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999 Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 2001, 2005, 2004 SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS The distribution of SOD2q values (measured sediment oxygen demand values corrected to 20°C [degrees Celsius]) had a median value of 1.6 g/m2/day (grams per square meter per day) in the spring and 1.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. These values were well within the range of values in the literature for sites with similar sediment characteristics: primarily silty with at least a moderate amount of organic content. Over most of the lake there appears to be relatively little variation in SOD 14the interquartile range in values was 0.4 g/m2/day in the spring and 0.7 g/m2/day in the late summer. A significant exception was apparent in Ball Bay, where SOD in the late summer was greater than 10.2 g/m2/day. In the absence of primary production, an SOD of this magnitude could deplete the water column of oxygen in a few days. This measurement provided evidence that localized areas of very high SOD occur episodically in the bays, perhaps associated with large algal mats being trapped by the lake circulation patterns. A statistical test for a spring to late summer difference in the median values of SOD confirmed that SOD in the late summer (median value 1.7 g/m2/day) was significantly higher than in the spring (median value 1.2 g/m2/day). The difference was primarily due to seasonal changes in temperature; when SOD values were corrected to 20°C, there was no seasonal difference in the median values. There was no correlation between SOD20 and the sediment characteristics measured in this study: percent fines, organic carbon, and residue lost on ignition. Close

• 2497. [Image] The Endangered Species Act and the National Research Council's interim judgment in Klamath Basin

  	The controversial 2001 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service water allocation decision in the Klamath Basin has been portrayed as an example of scientific guesswork operating under a flawed Endangered Species ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Endangered Species Act and the National Research Council's interim judgment in Klamath Basin Author: Cooperman, Michael S. ; Markle, Douglas F. Year: 2002, 2005 The controversial 2001 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service water allocation decision in the Klamath Basin has been portrayed as an example of scientific guesswork operating under a flawed Endangered Species Act. This conclusion has been based on an interim National Research Council report, quickly prepared in late fall, 2001. We have reviewed several iterations of the NRC Interim Report as well as all Biological Opinions and management documents related to Klamath Basin suckers and provide an overview. The 2001 Biological Opinion and the Interim Report illustrate the lack of consensus typical of scientists in the early stages of exploring a complex system. Unfortunately, the decision created hardship for a small group of people and the lack of scientific consensus has politicized the debate. Politicians have assumed that the Interim Report has primacy in the scientific debate when, in fact, its speedy construction contributed to multiple errors that detract from its scientific usefulness. The NRC Interim Report has, instead, primarily served to deflect debate away from the needs of listed fishes to one about shortcomings in the Endangered Species Act. Although the process of science has been served by both the 2001 Biological Opinion and the Interim Report, both have shortcomings, and we see no justification for either side labeling the other's decisions or conclusions as "not sound science." Title: The Endangered Species Act and the National Research Council's interim judgment in Klamath Basin Author: Cooperman, Michael S. ; Markle, Douglas F. Year: 2002, 2005 The controversial 2001 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service water allocation decision in the Klamath Basin has been portrayed as an example of scientific guesswork operating under a flawed Endangered Species Act. This conclusion has been based on an interim National Research Council report, quickly prepared in late fall, 2001. We have reviewed several iterations of the NRC Interim Report as well as all Biological Opinions and management documents related to Klamath Basin suckers and provide an overview. The 2001 Biological Opinion and the Interim Report illustrate the lack of consensus typical of scientists in the early stages of exploring a complex system. Unfortunately, the decision created hardship for a small group of people and the lack of scientific consensus has politicized the debate. Politicians have assumed that the Interim Report has primacy in the scientific debate when, in fact, its speedy construction contributed to multiple errors that detract from its scientific usefulness. The NRC Interim Report has, instead, primarily served to deflect debate away from the needs of listed fishes to one about shortcomings in the Endangered Species Act. Although the process of science has been served by both the 2001 Biological Opinion and the Interim Report, both have shortcomings, and we see no justification for either side labeling the other's decisions or conclusions as "not sound science." Close

• 2498. [Image] Klamath Falls Resource Area Planning Update, Winter 2003

  	U. S. Die artment sf the Interior Bu. rea. u oP L and Management K I W ~ Falls R~& G urnw . 2795 & tdeaonAvepue, BuMng #% Klamath F~ HSO, r egon 97803 . . January 2004 Klamath Falls Resource Area Planning ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area Planning Update, Winter 2003 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 2003, 2004 U. S. Die artment sf the Interior Bu. rea. u oP L and Management K I W ~ Falls R~& G urnw . 2795 & tdeaonAvepue, BuMng #% Klamath F~ HSO, r egon 97803 . . January 2004 Klamath Falls Resource Area Planning Update Winter 2003 United States Department of the Interior BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT Klamath Falls Resource Area 2795 Anderson Avenue, Building 25 Klarnath Falls, Oregon 97603- 7891 Phone: ( 541) 883- 6916 1 Fax: ( 541) 884- 2097 E- Mail Address: Username@ or. blm. gov Website: http: llwww. or. blrngov/ L. akeview/ kfra/ index. htrn KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA PLANNING UPDATE Winter 2003 The primary purpose of this Planning Update is to inform you about the activities on the Klarnath Falls Resource Area. It is my desire to keep you informed about issues, activities, and opportunities I think are important to the public. More importantly, I am seeking ideas and comments from those who may be affected by multiple- use management programs here on the resource area. This planning update is organized to make it easy for you to find projects of most interest. Projects have been arranged into categories ( i. e., Recent Decisions, New Projects, On- going Projects, and Environmental Education Activities). In addition, each of these categories is sorted by resource topics ( e. g., Lands Program, Timber Sales, etc.). The table will give you a brief description of activities occurring within the Klamath Falls Resource Area and for most projects a location. Refer to one of three maps following the table, for locations of projects. Additional information can be obtained fi- om the contact listed in the project descriptions. If you have any concerns about the proposed actions, please call the Klarnath Falls Resource Area and ask for the " Contact" person listed or the Resource Area Planner as soon as possible. The earlier you get involved, the more capability we have to adjust or change planned actions. Also be alert for news releases and public notices published in the Herald and News as projects reach stages for public involvement. If you want to provide comments to a specific environmental assessment, please send or deliver your written comments addressed to the Field Manager, Klamath Falls Resource Area, by the close of, or postmarked by the last day of the comment period. Your comments and concerns are welcomed, and could influence the final decision on these projects. I would appreciate any comments or suggestions you may have regarding this p l h i n g update or how it could be improved to make it more useful to you. Thank you for your continued interest in BLM's management of public lands. If you have any questions on this planning update, stop by the office or call ( 541) 883- 6916. Jon Raby, Field Manager Klamath Falls Resource Area BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT ' KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # t5 KLAMATH FALLS, OR 97603 PHONE NUMBER: ( 541) 883- 6916 MAP PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTION LOCATION SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF COMPLETION CONTACT REF. # AFFECTED ANALYSIS DATE CX = Categorical Exclusion, DNA = Determination of NEPA Adequacy, EA = Environmental Assessment, EIS = Environmental Impact Statement Klarnath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 2 New Projects - Watershed Map # 4 T39S. R14E, Secs. 10, 11,14, 15 Norcross Vegetation Treatments - Thin ponderosa pine, remove invasive juniper, restore native vegetative communities ( grass, shrub, pine), and monitor the effects of treatment on vegetative and hydrologic resources. New Projects - Roads and Facilities None Map 1 EA in progress. Road crossing Spencer Creek Spencer Creek Culvert Replacement Spencer Watershed Riparian Fence Reconstruction New Projects - Recreation I Topsy Recreation Site Improvements - Campground water 1 T40S, R7E, Sm. 1 Map # I0 1 system and boat ramp improvements None I DNAS~ nnrrr2004 I Fall 2005 New Projects - Range Management Fall 2007 Fish passage Riparian Protection Mike Turaski in progress CX in progress Map #' DNA Spring 2004 Pitch Log Creek, Long Branch Creek, and Antelope Creek within the Gerber Block Gerber Watershed Riparian Fencing - Emposed project to construct livestock exclosure fencing along about 1.1 miles of Pitch Log Creek, 1.5 miles of Long Branch Creek, and 1.7 miles of Antelope Creek. Maintain fences as riparian exclosures or riparian pastures. Monitor effects of reduced livestock use on vegetation and streambank conditions. New Projects - Timber Management Contract - Fall 2004 Construction - 2005. Summer 2004 Riparian protection Fall 2004 Andy Hamilton Andy Hamilton Dana Eckard Jenny Creek Watershed South Gerber Block Jenny Creek Watershed South Gerber Block I I I None 1 None Jenny Creek EA - Purpose of this EA is to address a variety of forest health and restoration treatments in the Jenny Creek Watershed. Proposed treatments may include; commercial timber sales, non- commercial silvicultural treatments, riparian restoration treatments, aspen stand restoration and road restoration projects. South Gerber EA - Purpose of this EA is to address a variety of forest health and restoration treatments in the South Gerber Block area. Proposed treatments may include; commercial timber sales, non- commercial silvicultural treatments, riparian restoration treatments, juniper woodland treatments, aspen stand restoration and road restoration projects. LOCATION Recent Decisions - Lands Program 1 I I I I I Upper Spencer Creek Road Treatments - Road Upper Spencer Creek I' Implementation in July obliteration, decommissioning, realignment, improvement, T38S, R6E Sections Riparian Resenres DDRBs I 2M Mike Turaski and stream crossing removal. 15 and 23 12123103 Recent Decisions - Wildlife M Map 1 # 43 ecisions - Waters Map 1 # 21 Willow Valley Habitat Enhancement Willow Valley Warm water fishexies Implementation pending Reservoir ODFW involvement. Section 1 Exploration Quarry Expansion Drilling - Authorization for ODOT to conduct exploratory drilling in and around an existingpit to identify a source for additional mineral material. Scott Snedaker I I I I I I Recent Decisions - Fuels Treatment T40S, R6E, Sec. 1. N112NW114 Map 1 # 3 None Boundary Springs Yarding and Removal of Cut Juniper - Purpose of this project is to remove juniper boles in previously treated areas to reduce fuel accumulation and promote commercial use of juniper. None Ben Hall 1 & 2, Cerber Potholes, Sehnipps, and FIZ 95- 71 Juniper Yarding - to remove juniper boles in previously treated areas to reduce fuel accumulation and promote commercial use of juniper. Fint 360 acres yarded and material sold to Area FTZ- 1 04 utilization local mill ( REACH) that utilizes juniper. Exploration initiated as weather permits. Rebecca La& Linda Younger Mike Bechdolt Various Mike Bechdolt Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 3 Fuel treatment, juniper utilization DNA completed. Project on hold. BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA AVEl PHONE NUMBER: 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # 25 ' E ( 541) 8836916 SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF AEFECrED ANALYSIS PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTlON LOCATION AEFErnD COMPLETION DATE CONTACT r~ ann~ ng~ na~ ysis~ lrnp~ ernen- r Gareinoenr al RMP Evaluation~ Revision- In the final settlement agreement to the American Forest Resource Council vs. Bureau of Land Management ( BLM) litigation, the BLM is directed to revise Resource Management Plans ( RMPs) in western Oregon by December, 2008. The BLM began the revision process in 2003, evaluating current plans and developing a project preplan. Project status information will be posted on the District website. Formal scoping is expected in the second half of calendar year 2004. RMP Revision - FY 2008 None Resource Area Wide All Resources Evaluation in progress Don Homeins GerberlWillow Valley Coordinated Resource Management Plan ( CRMP) Watershed Analysis. - A local planning team of private landowners, StatelFederal land managers, and concerned citizens recommends future project implementation on private land in CRMP area. CRMP meetings/ discussions are continuing Map 1 # 5 GerberNillow Valley Watershed Completion date open-Rivate Lands ended Don Homeins Lany Frazier Wild and Scenic River designation, Area of Critical Concern, T& E spp. Map l # 28 Upper Klamath River Management Plan DEE - Develop a management plan in response to Wild and Scenic Riven Act requirements for river segment approx. 20 miles long encompassing 6,400 acres. Klarnath River - J. C. Boyle Reservoir, Oregon, to Copco One Reservoir, California Draft EIS released 511 612003. Comment period closed 8/ 13/ 2003. FEIS December 2004 Upper Klamath Basin and Wood River Wetland Resource Management Plan Amendment for the Fourmile Creek portion of this area. The purpose of this project is to amend the Upper Klamath Basin and Wood River Wetland RMP EIS to designate the Fourmile Creek area as an Area of Critical Environmental Concern. Riparian Wetland Area of Critical Environmental Concern ( ACEC) Draft EIS to be prepared. Specific schedule and completion date unknown. ACEC Evaluation submitted to District Manager, October 2000. Map 1 # 29 Fourmile Creek Wetland Lou Whiteaker Lany Frazier Draft MOU presented to the Tribal Council on 2/ 22/ 2000. Waiting for Tribal feedback. - -- Unknown Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU) between the Klamath Tribes and BLM for Coordination on Management Issues. - The proposed MOU identifies a process to coordinate tribal involvement with BLM management actions on public lands. Late- Successional Reserve ( LSR) Assessment. A single LSR Assessment was prepared to assess all 19 Unmapped LSRs designated within the resource area and develop management recommendations for these areas to restore or maintain late successional habitat. Former Tribal None Lakeview District Lands - None Draft submitted to and pending approval from the Regional Ecosystem Office ( REO). BLM lands west of Highway 97 covered by the Northwest Forest Plan Unmapped Late Successional - Reserves. Analysis is complete. - ou Whiteaker Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 4 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # 25 KLAMATH FALLS, OR 97603 541) 8834916 STATUS OF COMPLETION DATE CONTACT AFFECTED I ANALYSIS I - Map 2 # 46 - None Map 1 -# 7 Map 1 # 22 - None Map 2 # 44 Map 2 # 30 Oak Thinning - Thin 100 acres of oak woodland to restore plant communities and reduce potential for stand replacing wildfires and overall fire management costs. Noxious Weed Treatments - contain1 reduce noxious weed populations using integrated pest management ( manual, mechanical, chemical, and biological control methods). Activities tier to KFRA Integrated Weed Control Plan ( IWCP) and EA- OR- 014- 93- 09 approved July 21, 1993. T40S, R6E, Sec. 35 T41S, R6E, Sec. 3 and 10 T41S, WE, Sec. 1 Weed- infested sites throughout the Klamath Falls Resource Area Bitterbrush Planting - - Various locations Ongoing Planning/ Analysisflmplementation - Vegetation Treatments I I I -- -- - Horton Rim I Windy Ridge Juniper Removal - Juniper treatment for fuel reduction and wildlife habitat inmovement GerberlWillow Valley Riparian Conifer Treatments - removing invasive juniper from riparian areas in the Gerber Block G& I Willow Valley Watersheds Spencer Creek Riparian Thinning- thin 80 acres of iuniverlmixed conifer T38S, R6E, Secs. 21 and 28 Clover Creek DDRB - 108 acres mechanical treatment. T. 38S, R6E, Sec. 27.34 Off Spencer Hookup Road I Document is tiered to the Northwest Area Noxious 1 Noxious Weed I Klamath River canyon/ ACEC None I Wyd Control Program Treatments occur May - EIS avvroved December I October on a vearlv I Lou mitaker Analysis in Progress. 1985: supplemented in March 1987. Analysis completion expected Spring 2004. - . basis. Mule deer winter range. Rob Roninger None I EA completed Riparian Reserves EA completed. I Ongoing - Possible in Key Watershed completion in 2004 I Mike Turaski cx completed. h j e c t in progress. Riparian, critical sucker habitat 2- 3 year implementation began Spring 2003. Ongoing Planning/ Analysis/ Implementation- Lands Treatments occur on a yearly basis. Hapa DNA completed. Bald Eagles, Survey and Manage species Map l # 8 Greg Reddell Map 1 # 17 Implementation initiated 2003 - Ongoing DNA completed in Spring 2001. Mike Turaski Map I -# 20 Map 1 -# 9 On hold for RE0 approval of LSRA - ~- - Dehlinger Trust - Residential Road ROW and easement. Bmner Land Exchange Steve Haper Bly Dump Sale ( EA No. OR- 014- 97- 01) - Purpose of # l8 this project is to sell Bly Transfer Station to Klamath Co. I of Bly'OrrgOn. Map I I None Known I Analysis in progress I Winter2004 Linda Younger T40S, RIOE, Sec. 9 South Bryant Mountain Al B ~ n eLra nd Sale Nancy Charley Trust Reciprocal Easement and ROW Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 5 None Unknown T41S, R13E. Sec. 14 T38S, RSE, Sec 12- 13 Reciprocal Easement Pending On hold Unknown Borders Riparian Reserve Winter 2004 Spring 2005 EA completedl Decision record pending CX completed, easement pending Linda Younger Linda Younger Spring 2004 Fall 2004 Linda Younger Linda Younger MAP PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTION REF. SPECIAL AREAS IC OMPLI AFFECTED Ongoing Planning/ Analysis/ Imp LOCATION ETION DATE I COMA dementation - rimber Sales I - - - Non - Non Roaming Salvage EA - The purpose is to provide NEPA coverage for timely salvage of timber mortality over the entire Resource Area. Entire Resource Area Unknown Preparing scoping letters. Spring 2004 I MI* cBechdo1t FY 04 - Baldy Salvage Timber Sale - Sale is designed to harvest windthrown trees as a result of 2003- 4 windstorms and scattered insect and disease related mortality. Anticipated volume is I . O- 1 SMMBF on 300- 500 acres. FY 04 - Matchbox Title I1 Service Contradl'imber Sale - The project consists of a Forest Health Density ManagementIUnderstory Thinning of overstocked mixed conifer stands. The sale is being designed under the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self- Determination Act of 200 - Public Law 106- 393. A service contract will be used to thin, yard, and deck trees from an overstocked mixed conifer stand. A timber sale contract will be used sell the decked material. Approximately 300 acres are scheduled for treatment resulting in about 600 MBF. Primarily in the Surveyor Mtn and Burton Butte Areas. May also include some eastside areas. Timber Sale is scheduled to be sold in Mike Bechdolt May or June of 2004 Presently marking some of the scatted salvage Matrix Contract is scheduled to be awarded in June or Mike Bechdolt July of 2004 Chase Mountain Area T. 40S., R. 7E., Sec. 9 Presently Preparing the Matrix Timber Sale Contract Proposed sale date: Summer 2005 Mike Bechdolt Riparian Reserves T38S., ME., Sec. l3,15,23, 25 and 26 Reserves! Matrix Buck Again Timber Sale - An estimated 700 acres is designed for treatment in the Spencer Creek watershed near Buck Lake. Approx. 4 MMBF to be harvested. Sale preparation. Chew Timber Sale- Approximately 1,000 acres density management understory reduction adjacent to and south of T40S. R6E, Secs. 1, 1 1,14 T40S, R7E. Secs. 3 and 5 Proposed sale date Mike Bechdolt Hwy 66 west of la math Falls. ~ aleanal~ zuendd er the Sale preparation. Spring 2004 or 2005. Topsy/ Pokegama/ Hamaker EA (# OR- 0 14- 98- 01 ). Estimated volume of 2.5 m b f . None Oneoine Plannine/ Analvsis/ Implementation - Roads and Facilities Map 1 # 77 Map # 73 Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 6 Sediment Traps - 30 sediment traps on BLM, USFS, and private land Map I # 6 Gcrber Road Sediment Reduction - road resurfacing and drainage improvement to reduce sediment delivery to streams in the Gerber Watershed Spencer Creek Watershed and Gerber Block Gerber Washrack- Installation of facility at Gerber Guard Station for washing equipment to control the suread of noxious weeds and overhead filling of tankers. 5 stream crossings None Gerber Guard Station Critical sucker habitat DNA completed. Sediment traps installed. Noxious weed prevention EA completed. Implementation initiated I Fall 2004 Monitoring in progress. Mike Turaski CX completed. Mike Turaski Pending funding. Bob Crumrine/ Brian McCarty - I - 1 - Map 1 # 6 Ongoing Planning/ Analysis/ Implementation - Roads and Facilities ( continued) Gerber Area Recreation Improvements - ( RMP ROD EIS 6- 2- 95, pp. 49- 50) - Project falls under corrective maintenance, improvement or replacement in the Klamath Falls RMP. Existing maintenance, improvement or replacement include: rocking and chip- sealinglpaving road system and campsites, picnic tables, barrier posts, camp host RV holding tank, hydrants, Barnes Valley Boat Ramp access road. Scott Smter Gerber Reservoir Recreation Site Gerber Area Primitive Camp and Day Use Sites Recreation Improvements. The objectives of these improvements are to update or improve existing facilities to continue to provide an enhanced recreational experience and satisfy visitor needs. T& ESpecies ( suckers and bald eagles) Scott Senter Stan H Spring, Potholes, Miller Creek, Frog Camp, Pitchlog Creek, Wildhorse, Basin, Rock Creek and Willow Valley Reservoir Map l # 6 Projects in compliance GththeKFIURMP. Determination of NEPA Adequacy completed and approved on 10128199. Wood River Wetlands Project - Remaining projects: Finish installation of fish screen on 7- mile Canal diversion structure and floating boardwalk, interpretive signs, and trail system. Surface rock dike roads from bridge to 7- mile Canal and add group interpretive site. Juniper Chip Road - Using juniper debris for biomass or by- product in Oshea ( mZ 95/ 71), and Norcross Springs. FY 2004 - Miller Creek- Potholes trail to be constructed T& E Species ( suckers) wood River Property I I Upper Klamath Basin and Wood River Wetland I A Determination of NEPA Adequacy ( DNA) completed 9/ 25/ 2000. ( Project contingent on funding) Map 1 # 25 - Map 2 # 70 FY 2004- sidewalks and pinic tables to be installed at Willow Valley Res. Wedge Watkins Joe Foran 25 miles north of Klamath Falls, Oregon T 39 8 40s. R13,14,14XE I None Known I I Stewardship contract EAcompIeted being developed. Ongoing Projects - Prescribed Burning and Fuels Treatment Wetlands Map 2 # 2 Resource Management Plan EIS; decision signed June 16,1995. Joe Foran Pending funding Short Lake Broadcast Bum - Prescribe bum approx. 280 acres outside FTZ to reduce fuel loading and risk of wildfire. T38S. R1 I E, Sec 20 & 29 - - - - - - -- - - - - - Miller Creek Mechanical Treatment - Proposal to use mechanical piling instead of prescribed buming of a~ oroximatelv I00 acres. Map 2 # 37 - T39S. R13E. Sec. 14 & 23 Analysis Completed ACEC 1 FONSl and Decision Record on 3- 24- 99. Joe Foran None Known Project delayed. EA completed Fuels Maintenance Treatments # t ( KCER - 00- 03) Treat approximately 1,200 acres to remove fire- prone brush, excessive levels of hazardous fuels ( less than 6" in diameter), and small conifers that are ladder fuels and threats to over stow trees bv crown fire.. Map 2 # I 1 Spring 2004 Klamath Falls Resource Area, east of Hwy 97. See Prescribed Fire Map for locations. None Known Dale Brush Map 2 # 62 Analysis completed. Multiple year implementation - ongoing. Mechanical Slash Treatment Project - Mechanical treatments ( shearing, chipping, or grinding) to reduce fuels and control vegetation on approx. 12,000 acres. Joe Foran Multiple Locations Resource Area Wide None / Second DNA completed. Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 7 Projects tasked out over a three year period - ongoing. PROJECT K. 1 TITLE & DESCRIPTIO SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF 4 CONTACT AFFECTED ANALYSIS - Map 2 -# 39 Map 2 # 40 - Map 2 -# 42 Map 2 # 38 Map 2 # 63 Map 2 # 64 - Map 2 # 65 & # I9 Map 2 # 45 - Map 2 # 49 - Stukel98- 1 Mechanical Treatment - Mechanical piling T40S, RIOE, Sec. 10,11,14, instead of pmcribed burning of approximately 500 acres. 23,24 Stukel98- 2 Prescribed Burn - Prescribe bum approx. 3,000 acres to: Reintroduce fire to restore plant communities, while reducing the potential for stand-replacement wildfires and overall fire management costs. T40S, RIOE, Sec. 12,13,24 T40S, RllE, Sec. 7& 18 HamakerIChase Fuels Treatment - Reduce Fuels on T40S, R8E 4000 acres south of Hwy 66 I Stiles Spring Prescribed Burn - Project purpose to bum approximately 1,000 acres to: Reinduce fire to restore sustainable function and structure to plant communities, while reducing the potential for stand- replacement wildfires, and reducing overall fire management costs. Stukel98- 7 & 9 Prescribed Burns - Prescribe bum approximately 525 acres to: reintroduce fire to restore plant communities, reduce overall fire management costs and the potential for stand- replacing wildfires. Statelinel Holbmk Prescribed Bums - Presmie bum approximately 4.000 acres to reduce fuel loading and risk of catastrophic wildfire. T37S, RIOE, Sec. 3- 5,9- 11, 14- 15 T40S, RllE, Sec5 & 6 T. 40S, R15 E., T. 41S, RISE. -- Big Adobe Prescribed Burn - Prescribe bum approximately 6,700 acres to reduce fuel loading and risk of catastrophic wildfire ( includes Wild Midway Rx Bum) Range- Juniper Treatment - Hazardous fuel reduction, T40S. R12E. Sec. 1 1 using mechanical and prescribed fire methods. T41 S, RISE Upper Swan Prescribed Burn - Project purpose: bum approximately 98 acres to restore sustainable function and structure to plant communities, reduce potential for stand-replacement wildfires and overall fire management costs. g and Fuels Treatment ( continued) None Known Project0 t1ie 4r- s9 4to- 0E9A. # OR- Project ongoing Joe Fmn T37S, RIOE, Sec. 24 & 25 T37S, RI 1.5E, Sec. 31 Bald Eagle ( Analysis Completed- I 200 acres treated in FY I None Analysis Completed Project tiers to EA # OR- 014- 94- 09. EA completed Wildlife Habitat Riparian Initiated Winter 2001 Fall 2004 Joe Foran Project delayed until the Spring 2004 Bald None Bald Eagle I Planned projects tier to the Promammatic Fire I Joe Foran Joe Foran Project initiated, 2- 3 year implementation FONSI - 12- 1 9- 99. 2000; Remainder Decision Record on 01 - 25- 2000 ,, Foran Joe Foran Analysis Completed Project tiers to EA # OR- 014- 94- 09) approved on 4- 29- 94. Initiated Winter 2001 Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 8 Wildlife forage/ habitat improvement 130 acres completed Remainder Spring 2004 Accomplished 1500 acres. Remainder Fall 2004. Steve Pehick- Underwood Joe Foran DNA completed ongoing 2- 3 year implementation Joe Foran .. " "" . 7 < .,.. - . . 7 - " b - . " < * - - ' 7 , 4 . , v ,-' w., ,. ' q"* -*?, . x*-.. s,... >,% VW? P ,*.- 7i*,- .*. x., < 8 SCHEDULE OF PROPOSED PROJECTS BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA * 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # 25 KLAMATH FALLS, OR 97603 PHONE NUMBER: ( 541) 883- 69 MAP PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTION LOCATION I SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF ANALYSIS COMPLETION CONTACT REF. # AFFECTED DATE Rangeland Health Standards Assessments - in progress I These assessments compare the monitoring information collected against the five Standards for Rangeland Health and propose management changes if current grazing use is not meeting the Standards, or not making significant improvement towards meeting them. Changes are implemented through the grazing decision or agreement process. z3I Re16 Allotment ( M893) I South Langell Valley I None Known I Assessment in progress I Summer 2004 I Dana Eckard M$\ 3 I KIamatL Forest Estates Allotment ( M862) 1 North of Bonanza -~ Yainax Allotment ( M861) I None Known I Assessment in progress I ~ ~ - 2 0 0 4 I Bill Lindsey North of Bonanza Map # 55 None Known ? G3 Haskins Allotment (# 0826) y&' Assessment in progress Masten Allotment ( M842) Map # 68 North of Bonanza Kellian Allotment (# 0834) Hungry Hollow Allotment (# 0830) Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 9 SUM 2004 North of Bonanza Adams Allotment (# 0800) Rangeland Health Standards Assessments - completed* Bill Lindsey None Known North of Bonanza North of Bonanza None Known East of Bonanza Bill Lindsey Assessment in progress None Known None Known * A total of 37 Rangeland Health Standards Assessments have been completed to date, 1 has been completed so far in FY 2004. Assessment in progress None Known None Known Assessment completed Summer 2004 Assessment in progress Assessment in progress Map North of Bonanza December 2003 # 48 Dana Eckard Summer 2004 Assessment in progress McCartie Allotment (# 0860) Dana Eckard Summer 2004 Summer 2004 Dana Eckard Summer 2004 Dana Eckard Dana Eckard Presentations/ Environmental Education Programs/ Tours ( Fiscal Year to Date) Fun With Fungi I 1 1/ 2/ 03 I Seven Mile Area Adults 25 I What Was Presented Overview of past and current outreach events; permit sales Wood River Wetland Field Trip Operation Indian Rocks ARPA Investigation 1 1 1/ 3/ 03 ( Central Washington University 1 Faculty and Students I 51 I Date 1 Group / Age # of People 1 01 1 5/ 03 10/ 28/ 03 Where Cultural Resource Management and the NEPA Process Archaeological Investigations in the Great Basin I Wildlife Management 1 12/ 16/ 03 1 OIT - " Expanding Horizons" I 8* Grade Students I 120 1 Ross Ragland Theater Wood River Wetland Coloring Books 1 1/ 3/ 03 1 1/ 4/ 03 Klarnath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 10 Answer People/ Adults Oregon Institute of Technology Students I 1 1 11 9/ 03 Shasta Elementary School -- - S - 290 Fire Behavior 25 - 30 Central Washington University Central Washington University Elementary Students 30 12/ 20/ 03 Graduate Student Seminar Graduate Student Seminar 24 35 Klamth Community College Adults 8 EventIActivlty Date Location Contact( s) F 01 rarnclpanrs ( EmployeeslPublic*) IBald Eagle Conference I Februaryl3- IS I Oregon Institute of Technology I Steve Haynerl Kelly Hollums I l~ arthD ay I April I Jefferson Square Mall I Greg Reddell I Klamath Watershed conference February 24 - 26 Wilderness & Horse Packing Clinic** International Migratory Bird Day IMBD Pre- event Classes -- - IMBD Educator Workshop Oregon Institute of Technology May ( IMBD) April 24 IMBD Event National Free Fishing Day RAP Camp Klamath County Fair Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 11 Wedge WatkinslKelly Hollums April 16 - pp - - Sixth Grade Forestry Tour National Public Lands Day Oregon Archeology Celebration Klarnath County Fairgrounds Klamath Community College May 8 June June August Tonya PinckneyIScott Senter Steve Hayner, et al OSU- Klamath Co. Extension * Numbers of public participants for large events are estimated. ** BOLD WRITING indicates that project is funded with District Outreach dollars. September September September Veteran's Park To Be Announced Camp Esther Applegate Klamath County Fairgrounds Steve Hayner, et al Steve Hayner Scott Snedaker To Be Announced PinckneylSenter Clover Creek Educational Area To Be Announced To Be Announced ~ p Bill Johnson To Be Announced Michelle Durant Glama th Falls Resource Area Miscellaneo~ wP roject Loca ticms R6E RBE R7E RBE RBE RlOE RIIE R12E R13E R14E R14.6E R16E Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 12 N LEGEND R5E R6E R7E R8E RQE RIOE R l l E R12E R13E R14E R14.5E R15E Klarnath Falls Resource Area, Fall 2003 Planning Update - Page 13 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF LAND MANAGE~ ENT Klarnath Falls Resource Area Office 2395 Parderson Avenue, Building a 5 Kfamth MIS. Oregan 97603 OF. FIGIAL, BUSI~ ESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $ 300 Marita Kunkel Library Director Oregon Institute of Techolagy 3201 Cempus Dr Klamath Falls, OR 97601 Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area Planning Update, Winter 2003 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 2003, 2004 U. S. Die artment sf the Interior Bu. rea. u oP L and Management K I W ~ Falls R~& G urnw . 2795 & tdeaonAvepue, BuMng #% Klamath F~ HSO, r egon 97803 . . January 2004 Klamath Falls Resource Area Planning Update Winter 2003 United States Department of the Interior BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT Klamath Falls Resource Area 2795 Anderson Avenue, Building 25 Klarnath Falls, Oregon 97603- 7891 Phone: ( 541) 883- 6916 1 Fax: ( 541) 884- 2097 E- Mail Address: Username@ or. blm. gov Website: http: llwww. or. blrngov/ L. akeview/ kfra/ index. htrn KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA PLANNING UPDATE Winter 2003 The primary purpose of this Planning Update is to inform you about the activities on the Klarnath Falls Resource Area. It is my desire to keep you informed about issues, activities, and opportunities I think are important to the public. More importantly, I am seeking ideas and comments from those who may be affected by multiple- use management programs here on the resource area. This planning update is organized to make it easy for you to find projects of most interest. Projects have been arranged into categories ( i. e., Recent Decisions, New Projects, On- going Projects, and Environmental Education Activities). In addition, each of these categories is sorted by resource topics ( e. g., Lands Program, Timber Sales, etc.). The table will give you a brief description of activities occurring within the Klamath Falls Resource Area and for most projects a location. Refer to one of three maps following the table, for locations of projects. Additional information can be obtained fi- om the contact listed in the project descriptions. If you have any concerns about the proposed actions, please call the Klarnath Falls Resource Area and ask for the " Contact" person listed or the Resource Area Planner as soon as possible. The earlier you get involved, the more capability we have to adjust or change planned actions. Also be alert for news releases and public notices published in the Herald and News as projects reach stages for public involvement. If you want to provide comments to a specific environmental assessment, please send or deliver your written comments addressed to the Field Manager, Klamath Falls Resource Area, by the close of, or postmarked by the last day of the comment period. Your comments and concerns are welcomed, and could influence the final decision on these projects. I would appreciate any comments or suggestions you may have regarding this p l h i n g update or how it could be improved to make it more useful to you. Thank you for your continued interest in BLM's management of public lands. If you have any questions on this planning update, stop by the office or call ( 541) 883- 6916. Jon Raby, Field Manager Klamath Falls Resource Area BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT ' KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # t5 KLAMATH FALLS, OR 97603 PHONE NUMBER: ( 541) 883- 6916 MAP PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTION LOCATION SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF COMPLETION CONTACT REF. # AFFECTED ANALYSIS DATE CX = Categorical Exclusion, DNA = Determination of NEPA Adequacy, EA = Environmental Assessment, EIS = Environmental Impact Statement Klarnath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 2 New Projects - Watershed Map # 4 T39S. R14E, Secs. 10, 11,14, 15 Norcross Vegetation Treatments - Thin ponderosa pine, remove invasive juniper, restore native vegetative communities ( grass, shrub, pine), and monitor the effects of treatment on vegetative and hydrologic resources. New Projects - Roads and Facilities None Map 1 EA in progress. Road crossing Spencer Creek Spencer Creek Culvert Replacement Spencer Watershed Riparian Fence Reconstruction New Projects - Recreation I Topsy Recreation Site Improvements - Campground water 1 T40S, R7E, Sm. 1 Map # I0 1 system and boat ramp improvements None I DNAS~ nnrrr2004 I Fall 2005 New Projects - Range Management Fall 2007 Fish passage Riparian Protection Mike Turaski in progress CX in progress Map #' DNA Spring 2004 Pitch Log Creek, Long Branch Creek, and Antelope Creek within the Gerber Block Gerber Watershed Riparian Fencing - Emposed project to construct livestock exclosure fencing along about 1.1 miles of Pitch Log Creek, 1.5 miles of Long Branch Creek, and 1.7 miles of Antelope Creek. Maintain fences as riparian exclosures or riparian pastures. Monitor effects of reduced livestock use on vegetation and streambank conditions. New Projects - Timber Management Contract - Fall 2004 Construction - 2005. Summer 2004 Riparian protection Fall 2004 Andy Hamilton Andy Hamilton Dana Eckard Jenny Creek Watershed South Gerber Block Jenny Creek Watershed South Gerber Block I I I None 1 None Jenny Creek EA - Purpose of this EA is to address a variety of forest health and restoration treatments in the Jenny Creek Watershed. Proposed treatments may include; commercial timber sales, non- commercial silvicultural treatments, riparian restoration treatments, aspen stand restoration and road restoration projects. South Gerber EA - Purpose of this EA is to address a variety of forest health and restoration treatments in the South Gerber Block area. Proposed treatments may include; commercial timber sales, non- commercial silvicultural treatments, riparian restoration treatments, juniper woodland treatments, aspen stand restoration and road restoration projects. LOCATION Recent Decisions - Lands Program 1 I I I I I Upper Spencer Creek Road Treatments - Road Upper Spencer Creek I' Implementation in July obliteration, decommissioning, realignment, improvement, T38S, R6E Sections Riparian Resenres DDRBs I 2M Mike Turaski and stream crossing removal. 15 and 23 12123103 Recent Decisions - Wildlife M Map 1 # 43 ecisions - Waters Map 1 # 21 Willow Valley Habitat Enhancement Willow Valley Warm water fishexies Implementation pending Reservoir ODFW involvement. Section 1 Exploration Quarry Expansion Drilling - Authorization for ODOT to conduct exploratory drilling in and around an existingpit to identify a source for additional mineral material. Scott Snedaker I I I I I I Recent Decisions - Fuels Treatment T40S, R6E, Sec. 1. N112NW114 Map 1 # 3 None Boundary Springs Yarding and Removal of Cut Juniper - Purpose of this project is to remove juniper boles in previously treated areas to reduce fuel accumulation and promote commercial use of juniper. None Ben Hall 1 & 2, Cerber Potholes, Sehnipps, and FIZ 95- 71 Juniper Yarding - to remove juniper boles in previously treated areas to reduce fuel accumulation and promote commercial use of juniper. Fint 360 acres yarded and material sold to Area FTZ- 1 04 utilization local mill ( REACH) that utilizes juniper. Exploration initiated as weather permits. Rebecca La& Linda Younger Mike Bechdolt Various Mike Bechdolt Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 3 Fuel treatment, juniper utilization DNA completed. Project on hold. BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA AVEl PHONE NUMBER: 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # 25 ' E ( 541) 8836916 SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF AEFECrED ANALYSIS PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTlON LOCATION AEFErnD COMPLETION DATE CONTACT r~ ann~ ng~ na~ ysis~ lrnp~ ernen- r Gareinoenr al RMP Evaluation~ Revision- In the final settlement agreement to the American Forest Resource Council vs. Bureau of Land Management ( BLM) litigation, the BLM is directed to revise Resource Management Plans ( RMPs) in western Oregon by December, 2008. The BLM began the revision process in 2003, evaluating current plans and developing a project preplan. Project status information will be posted on the District website. Formal scoping is expected in the second half of calendar year 2004. RMP Revision - FY 2008 None Resource Area Wide All Resources Evaluation in progress Don Homeins GerberlWillow Valley Coordinated Resource Management Plan ( CRMP) Watershed Analysis. - A local planning team of private landowners, StatelFederal land managers, and concerned citizens recommends future project implementation on private land in CRMP area. CRMP meetings/ discussions are continuing Map 1 # 5 GerberNillow Valley Watershed Completion date open-Rivate Lands ended Don Homeins Lany Frazier Wild and Scenic River designation, Area of Critical Concern, T& E spp. Map l # 28 Upper Klamath River Management Plan DEE - Develop a management plan in response to Wild and Scenic Riven Act requirements for river segment approx. 20 miles long encompassing 6,400 acres. Klarnath River - J. C. Boyle Reservoir, Oregon, to Copco One Reservoir, California Draft EIS released 511 612003. Comment period closed 8/ 13/ 2003. FEIS December 2004 Upper Klamath Basin and Wood River Wetland Resource Management Plan Amendment for the Fourmile Creek portion of this area. The purpose of this project is to amend the Upper Klamath Basin and Wood River Wetland RMP EIS to designate the Fourmile Creek area as an Area of Critical Environmental Concern. Riparian Wetland Area of Critical Environmental Concern ( ACEC) Draft EIS to be prepared. Specific schedule and completion date unknown. ACEC Evaluation submitted to District Manager, October 2000. Map 1 # 29 Fourmile Creek Wetland Lou Whiteaker Lany Frazier Draft MOU presented to the Tribal Council on 2/ 22/ 2000. Waiting for Tribal feedback. - -- Unknown Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU) between the Klamath Tribes and BLM for Coordination on Management Issues. - The proposed MOU identifies a process to coordinate tribal involvement with BLM management actions on public lands. Late- Successional Reserve ( LSR) Assessment. A single LSR Assessment was prepared to assess all 19 Unmapped LSRs designated within the resource area and develop management recommendations for these areas to restore or maintain late successional habitat. Former Tribal None Lakeview District Lands - None Draft submitted to and pending approval from the Regional Ecosystem Office ( REO). BLM lands west of Highway 97 covered by the Northwest Forest Plan Unmapped Late Successional - Reserves. Analysis is complete. - ou Whiteaker Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 4 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # 25 KLAMATH FALLS, OR 97603 541) 8834916 STATUS OF COMPLETION DATE CONTACT AFFECTED I ANALYSIS I - Map 2 # 46 - None Map 1 -# 7 Map 1 # 22 - None Map 2 # 44 Map 2 # 30 Oak Thinning - Thin 100 acres of oak woodland to restore plant communities and reduce potential for stand replacing wildfires and overall fire management costs. Noxious Weed Treatments - contain1 reduce noxious weed populations using integrated pest management ( manual, mechanical, chemical, and biological control methods). Activities tier to KFRA Integrated Weed Control Plan ( IWCP) and EA- OR- 014- 93- 09 approved July 21, 1993. T40S, R6E, Sec. 35 T41S, R6E, Sec. 3 and 10 T41S, WE, Sec. 1 Weed- infested sites throughout the Klamath Falls Resource Area Bitterbrush Planting - - Various locations Ongoing Planning/ Analysisflmplementation - Vegetation Treatments I I I -- -- - Horton Rim I Windy Ridge Juniper Removal - Juniper treatment for fuel reduction and wildlife habitat inmovement GerberlWillow Valley Riparian Conifer Treatments - removing invasive juniper from riparian areas in the Gerber Block G& I Willow Valley Watersheds Spencer Creek Riparian Thinning- thin 80 acres of iuniverlmixed conifer T38S, R6E, Secs. 21 and 28 Clover Creek DDRB - 108 acres mechanical treatment. T. 38S, R6E, Sec. 27.34 Off Spencer Hookup Road I Document is tiered to the Northwest Area Noxious 1 Noxious Weed I Klamath River canyon/ ACEC None I Wyd Control Program Treatments occur May - EIS avvroved December I October on a vearlv I Lou mitaker Analysis in Progress. 1985: supplemented in March 1987. Analysis completion expected Spring 2004. - . basis. Mule deer winter range. Rob Roninger None I EA completed Riparian Reserves EA completed. I Ongoing - Possible in Key Watershed completion in 2004 I Mike Turaski cx completed. h j e c t in progress. Riparian, critical sucker habitat 2- 3 year implementation began Spring 2003. Ongoing Planning/ Analysis/ Implementation- Lands Treatments occur on a yearly basis. Hapa DNA completed. Bald Eagles, Survey and Manage species Map l # 8 Greg Reddell Map 1 # 17 Implementation initiated 2003 - Ongoing DNA completed in Spring 2001. Mike Turaski Map I -# 20 Map 1 -# 9 On hold for RE0 approval of LSRA - ~- - Dehlinger Trust - Residential Road ROW and easement. Bmner Land Exchange Steve Haper Bly Dump Sale ( EA No. OR- 014- 97- 01) - Purpose of # l8 this project is to sell Bly Transfer Station to Klamath Co. I of Bly'OrrgOn. Map I I None Known I Analysis in progress I Winter2004 Linda Younger T40S, RIOE, Sec. 9 South Bryant Mountain Al B ~ n eLra nd Sale Nancy Charley Trust Reciprocal Easement and ROW Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 5 None Unknown T41S, R13E. Sec. 14 T38S, RSE, Sec 12- 13 Reciprocal Easement Pending On hold Unknown Borders Riparian Reserve Winter 2004 Spring 2005 EA completedl Decision record pending CX completed, easement pending Linda Younger Linda Younger Spring 2004 Fall 2004 Linda Younger Linda Younger MAP PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTION REF. SPECIAL AREAS IC OMPLI AFFECTED Ongoing Planning/ Analysis/ Imp LOCATION ETION DATE I COMA dementation - rimber Sales I - - - Non - Non Roaming Salvage EA - The purpose is to provide NEPA coverage for timely salvage of timber mortality over the entire Resource Area. Entire Resource Area Unknown Preparing scoping letters. Spring 2004 I MI* cBechdo1t FY 04 - Baldy Salvage Timber Sale - Sale is designed to harvest windthrown trees as a result of 2003- 4 windstorms and scattered insect and disease related mortality. Anticipated volume is I . O- 1 SMMBF on 300- 500 acres. FY 04 - Matchbox Title I1 Service Contradl'imber Sale - The project consists of a Forest Health Density ManagementIUnderstory Thinning of overstocked mixed conifer stands. The sale is being designed under the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self- Determination Act of 200 - Public Law 106- 393. A service contract will be used to thin, yard, and deck trees from an overstocked mixed conifer stand. A timber sale contract will be used sell the decked material. Approximately 300 acres are scheduled for treatment resulting in about 600 MBF. Primarily in the Surveyor Mtn and Burton Butte Areas. May also include some eastside areas. Timber Sale is scheduled to be sold in Mike Bechdolt May or June of 2004 Presently marking some of the scatted salvage Matrix Contract is scheduled to be awarded in June or Mike Bechdolt July of 2004 Chase Mountain Area T. 40S., R. 7E., Sec. 9 Presently Preparing the Matrix Timber Sale Contract Proposed sale date: Summer 2005 Mike Bechdolt Riparian Reserves T38S., ME., Sec. l3,15,23, 25 and 26 Reserves! Matrix Buck Again Timber Sale - An estimated 700 acres is designed for treatment in the Spencer Creek watershed near Buck Lake. Approx. 4 MMBF to be harvested. Sale preparation. Chew Timber Sale- Approximately 1,000 acres density management understory reduction adjacent to and south of T40S. R6E, Secs. 1, 1 1,14 T40S, R7E. Secs. 3 and 5 Proposed sale date Mike Bechdolt Hwy 66 west of la math Falls. ~ aleanal~ zuendd er the Sale preparation. Spring 2004 or 2005. Topsy/ Pokegama/ Hamaker EA (# OR- 0 14- 98- 01 ). Estimated volume of 2.5 m b f . None Oneoine Plannine/ Analvsis/ Implementation - Roads and Facilities Map 1 # 77 Map # 73 Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 6 Sediment Traps - 30 sediment traps on BLM, USFS, and private land Map I # 6 Gcrber Road Sediment Reduction - road resurfacing and drainage improvement to reduce sediment delivery to streams in the Gerber Watershed Spencer Creek Watershed and Gerber Block Gerber Washrack- Installation of facility at Gerber Guard Station for washing equipment to control the suread of noxious weeds and overhead filling of tankers. 5 stream crossings None Gerber Guard Station Critical sucker habitat DNA completed. Sediment traps installed. Noxious weed prevention EA completed. Implementation initiated I Fall 2004 Monitoring in progress. Mike Turaski CX completed. Mike Turaski Pending funding. Bob Crumrine/ Brian McCarty - I - 1 - Map 1 # 6 Ongoing Planning/ Analysis/ Implementation - Roads and Facilities ( continued) Gerber Area Recreation Improvements - ( RMP ROD EIS 6- 2- 95, pp. 49- 50) - Project falls under corrective maintenance, improvement or replacement in the Klamath Falls RMP. Existing maintenance, improvement or replacement include: rocking and chip- sealinglpaving road system and campsites, picnic tables, barrier posts, camp host RV holding tank, hydrants, Barnes Valley Boat Ramp access road. Scott Smter Gerber Reservoir Recreation Site Gerber Area Primitive Camp and Day Use Sites Recreation Improvements. The objectives of these improvements are to update or improve existing facilities to continue to provide an enhanced recreational experience and satisfy visitor needs. T& ESpecies ( suckers and bald eagles) Scott Senter Stan H Spring, Potholes, Miller Creek, Frog Camp, Pitchlog Creek, Wildhorse, Basin, Rock Creek and Willow Valley Reservoir Map l # 6 Projects in compliance GththeKFIURMP. Determination of NEPA Adequacy completed and approved on 10128199. Wood River Wetlands Project - Remaining projects: Finish installation of fish screen on 7- mile Canal diversion structure and floating boardwalk, interpretive signs, and trail system. Surface rock dike roads from bridge to 7- mile Canal and add group interpretive site. Juniper Chip Road - Using juniper debris for biomass or by- product in Oshea ( mZ 95/ 71), and Norcross Springs. FY 2004 - Miller Creek- Potholes trail to be constructed T& E Species ( suckers) wood River Property I I Upper Klamath Basin and Wood River Wetland I A Determination of NEPA Adequacy ( DNA) completed 9/ 25/ 2000. ( Project contingent on funding) Map 1 # 25 - Map 2 # 70 FY 2004- sidewalks and pinic tables to be installed at Willow Valley Res. Wedge Watkins Joe Foran 25 miles north of Klamath Falls, Oregon T 39 8 40s. R13,14,14XE I None Known I I Stewardship contract EAcompIeted being developed. Ongoing Projects - Prescribed Burning and Fuels Treatment Wetlands Map 2 # 2 Resource Management Plan EIS; decision signed June 16,1995. Joe Foran Pending funding Short Lake Broadcast Bum - Prescribe bum approx. 280 acres outside FTZ to reduce fuel loading and risk of wildfire. T38S. R1 I E, Sec 20 & 29 - - - - - - -- - - - - - Miller Creek Mechanical Treatment - Proposal to use mechanical piling instead of prescribed buming of a~ oroximatelv I00 acres. Map 2 # 37 - T39S. R13E. Sec. 14 & 23 Analysis Completed ACEC 1 FONSl and Decision Record on 3- 24- 99. Joe Foran None Known Project delayed. EA completed Fuels Maintenance Treatments # t ( KCER - 00- 03) Treat approximately 1,200 acres to remove fire- prone brush, excessive levels of hazardous fuels ( less than 6" in diameter), and small conifers that are ladder fuels and threats to over stow trees bv crown fire.. Map 2 # I 1 Spring 2004 Klamath Falls Resource Area, east of Hwy 97. See Prescribed Fire Map for locations. None Known Dale Brush Map 2 # 62 Analysis completed. Multiple year implementation - ongoing. Mechanical Slash Treatment Project - Mechanical treatments ( shearing, chipping, or grinding) to reduce fuels and control vegetation on approx. 12,000 acres. Joe Foran Multiple Locations Resource Area Wide None / Second DNA completed. Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 7 Projects tasked out over a three year period - ongoing. PROJECT K. 1 TITLE & DESCRIPTIO SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF 4 CONTACT AFFECTED ANALYSIS - Map 2 -# 39 Map 2 # 40 - Map 2 -# 42 Map 2 # 38 Map 2 # 63 Map 2 # 64 - Map 2 # 65 & # I9 Map 2 # 45 - Map 2 # 49 - Stukel98- 1 Mechanical Treatment - Mechanical piling T40S, RIOE, Sec. 10,11,14, instead of pmcribed burning of approximately 500 acres. 23,24 Stukel98- 2 Prescribed Burn - Prescribe bum approx. 3,000 acres to: Reintroduce fire to restore plant communities, while reducing the potential for stand-replacement wildfires and overall fire management costs. T40S, RIOE, Sec. 12,13,24 T40S, RllE, Sec. 7& 18 HamakerIChase Fuels Treatment - Reduce Fuels on T40S, R8E 4000 acres south of Hwy 66 I Stiles Spring Prescribed Burn - Project purpose to bum approximately 1,000 acres to: Reinduce fire to restore sustainable function and structure to plant communities, while reducing the potential for stand- replacement wildfires, and reducing overall fire management costs. Stukel98- 7 & 9 Prescribed Burns - Prescribe bum approximately 525 acres to: reintroduce fire to restore plant communities, reduce overall fire management costs and the potential for stand- replacing wildfires. Statelinel Holbmk Prescribed Bums - Presmie bum approximately 4.000 acres to reduce fuel loading and risk of catastrophic wildfire. T37S, RIOE, Sec. 3- 5,9- 11, 14- 15 T40S, RllE, Sec5 & 6 T. 40S, R15 E., T. 41S, RISE. -- Big Adobe Prescribed Burn - Prescribe bum approximately 6,700 acres to reduce fuel loading and risk of catastrophic wildfire ( includes Wild Midway Rx Bum) Range- Juniper Treatment - Hazardous fuel reduction, T40S. R12E. Sec. 1 1 using mechanical and prescribed fire methods. T41 S, RISE Upper Swan Prescribed Burn - Project purpose: bum approximately 98 acres to restore sustainable function and structure to plant communities, reduce potential for stand-replacement wildfires and overall fire management costs. g and Fuels Treatment ( continued) None Known Project0 t1ie 4r- s9 4to- 0E9A. # OR- Project ongoing Joe Fmn T37S, RIOE, Sec. 24 & 25 T37S, RI 1.5E, Sec. 31 Bald Eagle ( Analysis Completed- I 200 acres treated in FY I None Analysis Completed Project tiers to EA # OR- 014- 94- 09. EA completed Wildlife Habitat Riparian Initiated Winter 2001 Fall 2004 Joe Foran Project delayed until the Spring 2004 Bald None Bald Eagle I Planned projects tier to the Promammatic Fire I Joe Foran Joe Foran Project initiated, 2- 3 year implementation FONSI - 12- 1 9- 99. 2000; Remainder Decision Record on 01 - 25- 2000 ,, Foran Joe Foran Analysis Completed Project tiers to EA # OR- 014- 94- 09) approved on 4- 29- 94. Initiated Winter 2001 Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 8 Wildlife forage/ habitat improvement 130 acres completed Remainder Spring 2004 Accomplished 1500 acres. Remainder Fall 2004. Steve Pehick- Underwood Joe Foran DNA completed ongoing 2- 3 year implementation Joe Foran .. " "" . 7 < .,.. - . . 7 - " b - . " < * - - ' 7 , 4 . , v ,-' w., ,. ' q"* -*?, . x*-.. s,... >,% VW? P ,*.- 7i*,- .*. x., < 8 SCHEDULE OF PROPOSED PROJECTS BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA * 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # 25 KLAMATH FALLS, OR 97603 PHONE NUMBER: ( 541) 883- 69 MAP PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTION LOCATION I SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF ANALYSIS COMPLETION CONTACT REF. # AFFECTED DATE Rangeland Health Standards Assessments - in progress I These assessments compare the monitoring information collected against the five Standards for Rangeland Health and propose management changes if current grazing use is not meeting the Standards, or not making significant improvement towards meeting them. Changes are implemented through the grazing decision or agreement process. z3I Re16 Allotment ( M893) I South Langell Valley I None Known I Assessment in progress I Summer 2004 I Dana Eckard M$\ 3 I KIamatL Forest Estates Allotment ( M862) 1 North of Bonanza -~ Yainax Allotment ( M861) I None Known I Assessment in progress I ~ ~ - 2 0 0 4 I Bill Lindsey North of Bonanza Map # 55 None Known ? G3 Haskins Allotment (# 0826) y&' Assessment in progress Masten Allotment ( M842) Map # 68 North of Bonanza Kellian Allotment (# 0834) Hungry Hollow Allotment (# 0830) Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 9 SUM 2004 North of Bonanza Adams Allotment (# 0800) Rangeland Health Standards Assessments - completed* Bill Lindsey None Known North of Bonanza North of Bonanza None Known East of Bonanza Bill Lindsey Assessment in progress None Known None Known * A total of 37 Rangeland Health Standards Assessments have been completed to date, 1 has been completed so far in FY 2004. Assessment in progress None Known None Known Assessment completed Summer 2004 Assessment in progress Assessment in progress Map North of Bonanza December 2003 # 48 Dana Eckard Summer 2004 Assessment in progress McCartie Allotment (# 0860) Dana Eckard Summer 2004 Summer 2004 Dana Eckard Summer 2004 Dana Eckard Dana Eckard Presentations/ Environmental Education Programs/ Tours ( Fiscal Year to Date) Fun With Fungi I 1 1/ 2/ 03 I Seven Mile Area Adults 25 I What Was Presented Overview of past and current outreach events; permit sales Wood River Wetland Field Trip Operation Indian Rocks ARPA Investigation 1 1 1/ 3/ 03 ( Central Washington University 1 Faculty and Students I 51 I Date 1 Group / Age # of People 1 01 1 5/ 03 10/ 28/ 03 Where Cultural Resource Management and the NEPA Process Archaeological Investigations in the Great Basin I Wildlife Management 1 12/ 16/ 03 1 OIT - " Expanding Horizons" I 8* Grade Students I 120 1 Ross Ragland Theater Wood River Wetland Coloring Books 1 1/ 3/ 03 1 1/ 4/ 03 Klarnath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 10 Answer People/ Adults Oregon Institute of Technology Students I 1 1 11 9/ 03 Shasta Elementary School -- - S - 290 Fire Behavior 25 - 30 Central Washington University Central Washington University Elementary Students 30 12/ 20/ 03 Graduate Student Seminar Graduate Student Seminar 24 35 Klamth Community College Adults 8 EventIActivlty Date Location Contact( s) F 01 rarnclpanrs ( EmployeeslPublic*) IBald Eagle Conference I Februaryl3- IS I Oregon Institute of Technology I Steve Haynerl Kelly Hollums I l~ arthD ay I April I Jefferson Square Mall I Greg Reddell I Klamath Watershed conference February 24 - 26 Wilderness & Horse Packing Clinic** International Migratory Bird Day IMBD Pre- event Classes -- - IMBD Educator Workshop Oregon Institute of Technology May ( IMBD) April 24 IMBD Event National Free Fishing Day RAP Camp Klamath County Fair Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 11 Wedge WatkinslKelly Hollums April 16 - pp - - Sixth Grade Forestry Tour National Public Lands Day Oregon Archeology Celebration Klarnath County Fairgrounds Klamath Community College May 8 June June August Tonya PinckneyIScott Senter Steve Hayner, et al OSU- Klamath Co. Extension * Numbers of public participants for large events are estimated. ** BOLD WRITING indicates that project is funded with District Outreach dollars. September September September Veteran's Park To Be Announced Camp Esther Applegate Klamath County Fairgrounds Steve Hayner, et al Steve Hayner Scott Snedaker To Be Announced PinckneylSenter Clover Creek Educational Area To Be Announced To Be Announced ~ p Bill Johnson To Be Announced Michelle Durant Glama th Falls Resource Area Miscellaneo~ wP roject Loca ticms R6E RBE R7E RBE RBE RlOE RIIE R12E R13E R14E R14.6E R16E Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 12 N LEGEND R5E R6E R7E R8E RQE RIOE R l l E R12E R13E R14E R14.5E R15E Klarnath Falls Resource Area, Fall 2003 Planning Update - Page 13 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF LAND MANAGE~ ENT Klarnath Falls Resource Area Office 2395 Parderson Avenue, Building a 5 Kfamth MIS. Oregan 97603 OF. FIGIAL, BUSI~ ESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $ 300 Marita Kunkel Library Director Oregon Institute of Techolagy 3201 Cempus Dr Klamath Falls, OR 97601 Close

• 2499. [Image] Relation between selected water-quality variables and lake level in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon

  	Relation Between Selected Water-Quality Constituents and Lake Stage in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon By Tamara M. Wood, Gregory J. Fuhrer, and Jennifer L. Morace SUMMARY Upper Klamath Lake is ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relation between selected water-quality variables and lake level in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 1996, 2005, 2004 Relation Between Selected Water-Quality Constituents and Lake Stage in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon By Tamara M. Wood, Gregory J. Fuhrer, and Jennifer L. Morace SUMMARY Upper Klamath Lake is a large (140 square-mile), shallow (mean depth about 8 ft) lake in south-central Oregon that the historical record indicates has been eutrophic since its discovery by non-Native Americans. In recent decades, however, the lake has had annual occurrences of near-monoculture blooms of the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. In 1988 two sucker species endemic to the lake, the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and the shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris), were listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and it has been proposed that the poor water quality conditions associated with extremely long and productive blooms are contributing to the decline of those species. It has also been proposed that the low lake levels made possible by the construction of a dam at the outlet from the lake in 1921 have contributed to worsening water quality through a variety of possible mechanisms (Jacob Kann, Klamath Tribes, written com-mun., 1995). One such mechanism would be an increase in internal phosphorus loading from resuspended sediments (Jacoby and others, 1982), resulting from an increase in bottom shear stresses at lower lake levels (Laenen and LeTourneau, 1996), leading in turn to more intense algal blooms. Another possible mechanism is an earlier triggering of algal blooms. When early spring lake levels are low, greater light intensity at the sediment surface might speed recruitment of algal cells from the sediments. Sediment recruitment has been shown to be an important contributor to water column biomass increases in A. flos aquae (Barbiero and Kann, 1994) and Gloeotrichia echinulata (Barbiero, 1993). An earlier bloom could result in poor water quality conditions occurring earlier in the year, when young-of-the-year fish may be more susceptible to those conditions. Lake level can also influence water quality directly. An increased frequency of sediment resuspension at lower lake levels could increase chemical and biological oxygen demand, resulting in decreased dissolved oxygen concentrations. Sediment oxygen demand also may be enhanced at lower lake levels because it is concentrated over a smaller volume of water. Some compensation for increased oxygen demand at lower lake levels might be provided by increased reaeration, if the water column mixes from top to bottom more frequently. Based on the analysis of data that they have been collecting for several years, the Klamath Tribes recently recommended that the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) modify the operating plan for the dam to make the minimum lake levels for the June-August period more closely resemble pre-dam conditions (Jacob Kann, written commun., 1995). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was asked to analyze the available data for the lake and to assess whether the evidence exists to conclude that year-to-year differences in certain lake water-quality variables are related to year-to-year differences in lake level. The results of the analysis will be used as scientific input in the process of developing an operating plan for the Link River Dam. Datasets Two water-quality datasets were analyzed. The first was a series of hourly records of pH, dissolved oxygen, and water temperature, each of approximately a week's duration. The records were collected at 3 sites over 3 years, 1992 through 1994, with enough consistency to define the seasonal patterns. This dataset provided information about the diel extremes in dissolved oxygen and pH and the seasonal pattern in the diel cycle, but measurements were limited to a depth of 1 m(3.28 ft). The second dataset was a set of depth profiles of pH and dissolved oxygen and concurrent depth-integrated samples for nutrients and chlo-rophyll-a. The profiles were collected at approximately biweekly intervals at nine sites (seven in Upper Klamath and two in Agency Lake) over the 5 years 1990 through 1994. These depth profiles provided information on the depth-dependence of dissolved oxygen and pH, and allowed more extensive year-to-year comparisons than did the hourly records. Because measurements were made at each site only once during the sampling day, however, they did not capture the daily extremes in water quality. Lake level is measured daily by the USGS at three sites around the lake: Rocky Point, Rattlesnake Point, and near the city of Klamath Falls. These daily measurements are then used to compute a spatially weighted average of the lake level that is reported in the USGS annual Water-Data Report for Oregon. The average lake levels were used in this report. Two climatic datasets were used in this report; both were collected at the Klamath Falls airport. Air temperature was recorded as a daily maximum and daily minimum value. Cloud cover was quantized on a daily basis into one of seven levels. Because the focus of this study was primarily to examine possible relations between water quality and lake level, the lake level data provide an important context for the discussions that follow. Title: Relation between selected water-quality variables and lake level in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon Author: Wood, Tamara M. Year: 1996, 2005, 2004 Relation Between Selected Water-Quality Constituents and Lake Stage in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon By Tamara M. Wood, Gregory J. Fuhrer, and Jennifer L. Morace SUMMARY Upper Klamath Lake is a large (140 square-mile), shallow (mean depth about 8 ft) lake in south-central Oregon that the historical record indicates has been eutrophic since its discovery by non-Native Americans. In recent decades, however, the lake has had annual occurrences of near-monoculture blooms of the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. In 1988 two sucker species endemic to the lake, the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and the shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris), were listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and it has been proposed that the poor water quality conditions associated with extremely long and productive blooms are contributing to the decline of those species. It has also been proposed that the low lake levels made possible by the construction of a dam at the outlet from the lake in 1921 have contributed to worsening water quality through a variety of possible mechanisms (Jacob Kann, Klamath Tribes, written com-mun., 1995). One such mechanism would be an increase in internal phosphorus loading from resuspended sediments (Jacoby and others, 1982), resulting from an increase in bottom shear stresses at lower lake levels (Laenen and LeTourneau, 1996), leading in turn to more intense algal blooms. Another possible mechanism is an earlier triggering of algal blooms. When early spring lake levels are low, greater light intensity at the sediment surface might speed recruitment of algal cells from the sediments. Sediment recruitment has been shown to be an important contributor to water column biomass increases in A. flos aquae (Barbiero and Kann, 1994) and Gloeotrichia echinulata (Barbiero, 1993). An earlier bloom could result in poor water quality conditions occurring earlier in the year, when young-of-the-year fish may be more susceptible to those conditions. Lake level can also influence water quality directly. An increased frequency of sediment resuspension at lower lake levels could increase chemical and biological oxygen demand, resulting in decreased dissolved oxygen concentrations. Sediment oxygen demand also may be enhanced at lower lake levels because it is concentrated over a smaller volume of water. Some compensation for increased oxygen demand at lower lake levels might be provided by increased reaeration, if the water column mixes from top to bottom more frequently. Based on the analysis of data that they have been collecting for several years, the Klamath Tribes recently recommended that the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) modify the operating plan for the dam to make the minimum lake levels for the June-August period more closely resemble pre-dam conditions (Jacob Kann, written commun., 1995). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was asked to analyze the available data for the lake and to assess whether the evidence exists to conclude that year-to-year differences in certain lake water-quality variables are related to year-to-year differences in lake level. The results of the analysis will be used as scientific input in the process of developing an operating plan for the Link River Dam. Datasets Two water-quality datasets were analyzed. The first was a series of hourly records of pH, dissolved oxygen, and water temperature, each of approximately a week's duration. The records were collected at 3 sites over 3 years, 1992 through 1994, with enough consistency to define the seasonal patterns. This dataset provided information about the diel extremes in dissolved oxygen and pH and the seasonal pattern in the diel cycle, but measurements were limited to a depth of 1 m(3.28 ft). The second dataset was a set of depth profiles of pH and dissolved oxygen and concurrent depth-integrated samples for nutrients and chlo-rophyll-a. The profiles were collected at approximately biweekly intervals at nine sites (seven in Upper Klamath and two in Agency Lake) over the 5 years 1990 through 1994. These depth profiles provided information on the depth-dependence of dissolved oxygen and pH, and allowed more extensive year-to-year comparisons than did the hourly records. Because measurements were made at each site only once during the sampling day, however, they did not capture the daily extremes in water quality. Lake level is measured daily by the USGS at three sites around the lake: Rocky Point, Rattlesnake Point, and near the city of Klamath Falls. These daily measurements are then used to compute a spatially weighted average of the lake level that is reported in the USGS annual Water-Data Report for Oregon. The average lake levels were used in this report. Two climatic datasets were used in this report; both were collected at the Klamath Falls airport. Air temperature was recorded as a daily maximum and daily minimum value. Cloud cover was quantized on a daily basis into one of seven levels. Because the focus of this study was primarily to examine possible relations between water quality and lake level, the lake level data provide an important context for the discussions that follow. Close

• 2500. [Image] Chronic toxicity of low dissolved oxygen concentrations, elevated pH, and elevated ammonia concentrations to lost river suckers (deltistes luxatus), and swimming performance of lost river suckers at various temperatures.

  	The study examines two species of sucker,the shortnose sucker(chasmistes brevirostrix), and the Lost River sucker,(deltisties luxatus) that inhabit Upper Klamath Lake and the effects of chronic toxicity ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chronic toxicity of low dissolved oxygen concentrations, elevated pH, and elevated ammonia concentrations to lost river suckers (deltistes luxatus), and swimming performance of lost river suckers at various temperatures. Author: Meyer, Joseph S. Year: 2000, 2007, 2006 The study examines two species of sucker,the shortnose sucker(chasmistes brevirostrix), and the Lost River sucker,(deltisties luxatus) that inhabit Upper Klamath Lake and the effects of chronic toxicity and temperature changes. The study examines two species of sucker,the shortnose sucker(chasmistes brevirostrix), and the Lost River sucker,(deltisties luxatus) that inhabit Upper Klamath Lake and the effects of chronic toxicity and temperature changes. Title: Chronic toxicity of low dissolved oxygen concentrations, elevated pH, and elevated ammonia concentrations to lost river suckers (deltistes luxatus), and swimming performance of lost river suckers at various temperatures. Author: Meyer, Joseph S. Year: 2000, 2007, 2006 The study examines two species of sucker,the shortnose sucker(chasmistes brevirostrix), and the Lost River sucker,(deltisties luxatus) that inhabit Upper Klamath Lake and the effects of chronic toxicity and temperature changes. The study examines two species of sucker,the shortnose sucker(chasmistes brevirostrix), and the Lost River sucker,(deltisties luxatus) that inhabit Upper Klamath Lake and the effects of chronic toxicity and temperature changes. Close