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• 41. [Image] Transient well testing in two-phase geothermal reservoirs

  	A study of well test analysis techniques in two-phase geothermal reservoirs has been conducted using a three-dimensional, two-phase, wellbore and reservoir simulation model. Well tests from Cerro Prieto ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transient well testing in two-phase geothermal reservoirs Author: Aydelotte, S.R. Year: 1980 A study of well test analysis techniques in two-phase geothermal reservoirs has been conducted using a three-dimensional, two-phase, wellbore and reservoir simulation model. Well tests from Cerro Prieto and the Hawaiian Geothermal project have been history matched. Using these well tests as a base, the influence of reservoir permeability, porosity, thickness, and heat capacity, along with flow rate and fracturing were studied. Single and two-phase transient well test equations were used to analyze these tests with poor results due to rapidly changing fluid properties and inability to calculate the flowing steam saturation in the reservoir. The injection of cold water into the reservoir does give good data from which formation properties can be calculated. Title: Transient well testing in two-phase geothermal reservoirs Author: Aydelotte, S.R. Year: 1980 A study of well test analysis techniques in two-phase geothermal reservoirs has been conducted using a three-dimensional, two-phase, wellbore and reservoir simulation model. Well tests from Cerro Prieto and the Hawaiian Geothermal project have been history matched. Using these well tests as a base, the influence of reservoir permeability, porosity, thickness, and heat capacity, along with flow rate and fracturing were studied. Single and two-phase transient well test equations were used to analyze these tests with poor results due to rapidly changing fluid properties and inability to calculate the flowing steam saturation in the reservoir. The injection of cold water into the reservoir does give good data from which formation properties can be calculated. Close

• 42. [Image] Geothermal Modeling of the Raft River Geothermal Field

  	The results to date of chemical modeling of the Raft River KGRA are presented. Earlier work indicated a northwest-southeast anomaly in the contours. Modeling techniques applied to more complete data allowed ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Modeling of the Raft River Geothermal Field Author: Overton, H.L. Year: 1979 The results to date of chemical modeling of the Raft River KGRA are presented. Earlier work indicated a northwest-southeast anomaly in the contours. Modeling techniques applied to more complete data allowed further definition of the anomaly. Models described in this report show the source of various minerals in the geothermal water. There appears to be a regional heat source that gives rise to uniform conductive heat flow in the region, but convective flow is concentrated near the upwelling in the Crook well vicinity. Recommendations are made concerning field expansion and additional work needed to refine the overall reservoir model; EGG-2004 Title: Geothermal Modeling of the Raft River Geothermal Field Author: Overton, H.L. Year: 1979 The results to date of chemical modeling of the Raft River KGRA are presented. Earlier work indicated a northwest-southeast anomaly in the contours. Modeling techniques applied to more complete data allowed further definition of the anomaly. Models described in this report show the source of various minerals in the geothermal water. There appears to be a regional heat source that gives rise to uniform conductive heat flow in the region, but convective flow is concentrated near the upwelling in the Crook well vicinity. Recommendations are made concerning field expansion and additional work needed to refine the overall reservoir model; EGG-2004 Close

• 43. [Image] Atlantic coastal plain geothermal test holes, New Jersey: Hole completion reports

  	A description of the Atlantic Coastal Plains Geothermal Drilling Program and data for the following Geothermal test holes drilled in New Jersey are summarized: Site No. 40, Fort Monmouth; Site No. 41, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Atlantic coastal plain geothermal test holes, New Jersey: Hole completion reports Author: Cobb, L.B. Year: 1979 A description of the Atlantic Coastal Plains Geothermal Drilling Program and data for the following Geothermal test holes drilled in New Jersey are summarized: Site No. 40, Fort Monmouth; Site No. 41, Sea Girt; Site No. 39-A, Forked River; Site No. 38, Atlantic City; and Site No. 36, Cape May; NVO-1558-1 Title: Atlantic coastal plain geothermal test holes, New Jersey: Hole completion reports Author: Cobb, L.B. Year: 1979 A description of the Atlantic Coastal Plains Geothermal Drilling Program and data for the following Geothermal test holes drilled in New Jersey are summarized: Site No. 40, Fort Monmouth; Site No. 41, Sea Girt; Site No. 39-A, Forked River; Site No. 38, Atlantic City; and Site No. 36, Cape May; NVO-1558-1 Close

• 44. [Image] Basic research needed for the development of geothermal energy

  	Basic research needed to facilitate development of geothermal energy is identified. An attempt has been made to make the report representative of the ideas of productive workers in the field. The present ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Basic research needed for the development of geothermal energy Author: Aamodt, R.L. Year: 1980 Basic research needed to facilitate development of geothermal energy is identified. An attempt has been made to make the report representative of the ideas of productive workers in the field. The present state of knowledge of geothermal energy is presented and then specific recommendations for further research, with status and priorities, are listed. Discussion is limited to a small number of applicable concepts, namely: origin of geothermal flux; transport of geothermal energy; geothermal reservoirs; rock-water interactions, and geophysical and geochemical exploration; LA-8562-MS Title: Basic research needed for the development of geothermal energy Author: Aamodt, R.L. Year: 1980 Basic research needed to facilitate development of geothermal energy is identified. An attempt has been made to make the report representative of the ideas of productive workers in the field. The present state of knowledge of geothermal energy is presented and then specific recommendations for further research, with status and priorities, are listed. Discussion is limited to a small number of applicable concepts, namely: origin of geothermal flux; transport of geothermal energy; geothermal reservoirs; rock-water interactions, and geophysical and geochemical exploration; LA-8562-MS Close

• 45. [Image] Geothermal energy enhancement by thermal fracture. [REX (Rock Energy Extraction)]

  	A large, vertical, circular fracture created deep within hot rock is connected to the surface through two holes. The inlet provides a source of cold water and the outlet extracts heated water. Cooling ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal energy enhancement by thermal fracture. [REX (Rock Energy Extraction)] Author: Demuth, R.B. Year: 1980 A large, vertical, circular fracture created deep within hot rock is connected to the surface through two holes. The inlet provides a source of cold water and the outlet extracts heated water. Cooling of the rock produces thermal stresses that fracture the rock adjacent to the primary crack, thereby enhancing the heat extraction rate by means of convective transport. The properties of the thermal fracture network vary with position and time. The REX code for high-speed computer was written and used to study the coupled processes of primary-crack flow and lateral thermal fracture heat transport. Calculations for elapsed times of 100 y show that thermal fracture enhancement can double the heat extraction rate over the results from conduction alone. Long-term enhancement predictions depend on data from rock-mechanics studies, which the REX code is prepared to accept as they become available.; LA-8428 Title: Geothermal energy enhancement by thermal fracture. [REX (Rock Energy Extraction)] Author: Demuth, R.B. Year: 1980 A large, vertical, circular fracture created deep within hot rock is connected to the surface through two holes. The inlet provides a source of cold water and the outlet extracts heated water. Cooling of the rock produces thermal stresses that fracture the rock adjacent to the primary crack, thereby enhancing the heat extraction rate by means of convective transport. The properties of the thermal fracture network vary with position and time. The REX code for high-speed computer was written and used to study the coupled processes of primary-crack flow and lateral thermal fracture heat transport. Calculations for elapsed times of 100 y show that thermal fracture enhancement can double the heat extraction rate over the results from conduction alone. Long-term enhancement predictions depend on data from rock-mechanics studies, which the REX code is prepared to accept as they become available.; LA-8428 Close

• 46. [Image] Assessment of geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada

  	An assessment of the geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada was made to provide information on resource characteristics and to site 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) test wells to confirm the resource. The strategy ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessment of geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada Author: Trexler, D.T. Year: 1980 An assessment of the geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada was made to provide information on resource characteristics and to site 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) test wells to confirm the resource. The strategy used in the resource assessment employed a logical sequence of work elements that included 1) baseline data collection, 2) field investigations, 3) laboratory analyses and 4) data interpretation and synthesis. Airphoto interpretation indicated that a series of normal faults produced a stepped arrangement in the canyon walls on the west side of Meadow Valley Wash north of downtown Caiente. This area coincides with the area of known geothermal occurrences. Temperature measurements in existing wells indicate a rapid cooling of the geothermal waters as they mix with cold groundwater flows in Meadow Valley Wash. Soil mercury analyses range from 15 ppB to as high as 120 ppB. Trends in soil mercury content may indicate the presence of buried faults. Temperature measured in 2-meter deep auger holes indicated temperatures as high as 40/sup 0/C in an area north of the Lincoln County Medical Facility. Interpretation of chemical analyses, both major and minor, of waters collected from wells and streams in the area failed to conclusively show any mechanisms for the mixing of thermal and nonthermal waters. The selection of sites for the 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) reservoir confirmation wells was made using the results of temperature surveys, geologic structure and historic observations; DOE/NV/10039-1 Title: Assessment of geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada Author: Trexler, D.T. Year: 1980 An assessment of the geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada was made to provide information on resource characteristics and to site 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) test wells to confirm the resource. The strategy used in the resource assessment employed a logical sequence of work elements that included 1) baseline data collection, 2) field investigations, 3) laboratory analyses and 4) data interpretation and synthesis. Airphoto interpretation indicated that a series of normal faults produced a stepped arrangement in the canyon walls on the west side of Meadow Valley Wash north of downtown Caiente. This area coincides with the area of known geothermal occurrences. Temperature measurements in existing wells indicate a rapid cooling of the geothermal waters as they mix with cold groundwater flows in Meadow Valley Wash. Soil mercury analyses range from 15 ppB to as high as 120 ppB. Trends in soil mercury content may indicate the presence of buried faults. Temperature measured in 2-meter deep auger holes indicated temperatures as high as 40/sup 0/C in an area north of the Lincoln County Medical Facility. Interpretation of chemical analyses, both major and minor, of waters collected from wells and streams in the area failed to conclusively show any mechanisms for the mixing of thermal and nonthermal waters. The selection of sites for the 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) reservoir confirmation wells was made using the results of temperature surveys, geologic structure and historic observations; DOE/NV/10039-1 Close

• 47. [Image] Geothermal investigations at selected thermal systems of the northern Wasatch Front Weber and Box Elder Counties, Utah. Report of investigation No. 141

  	Numerous thermal springs are present along the Wasatch Front from Utah valley on the south to the state line on the north. These systems are just west of the Wasatch Mountains at the eastern edge of the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal investigations at selected thermal systems of the northern Wasatch Front Weber and Box Elder Counties, Utah. Report of investigation No. 141 Author: Murphy, P. Year: 1979 Numerous thermal springs are present along the Wasatch Front from Utah valley on the south to the state line on the north. These systems are just west of the Wasatch Mountains at the eastern edge of the Basin and Range physiographic province and within the active seismic zone referred to as the Intermountain Seismic Belt. This Report of Investigation is a summary of UGMS investigations at four northern Wasatch Front geothermal systems: Utah, Crystal (Madsen), and Udy hot springs; and the Little Mountain - south system. All of these resources are deep circulation systems and the water is heated by the normal heat flow of the Basin and Range Province. Heat from volcanic sources is not believed to contribute to the warming of any northern Wasatch Front springs. Data collected under the DOE/DGE state coupled program are presented for use by individuals interested in these systems; DOE/ET/28393-18 Title: Geothermal investigations at selected thermal systems of the northern Wasatch Front Weber and Box Elder Counties, Utah. Report of investigation No. 141 Author: Murphy, P. Year: 1979 Numerous thermal springs are present along the Wasatch Front from Utah valley on the south to the state line on the north. These systems are just west of the Wasatch Mountains at the eastern edge of the Basin and Range physiographic province and within the active seismic zone referred to as the Intermountain Seismic Belt. This Report of Investigation is a summary of UGMS investigations at four northern Wasatch Front geothermal systems: Utah, Crystal (Madsen), and Udy hot springs; and the Little Mountain - south system. All of these resources are deep circulation systems and the water is heated by the normal heat flow of the Basin and Range Province. Heat from volcanic sources is not believed to contribute to the warming of any northern Wasatch Front springs. Data collected under the DOE/DGE state coupled program are presented for use by individuals interested in these systems; DOE/ET/28393-18 Close

• 48. [Image] Pressure transient testing of a manmade fractured geothermal reservoir: an examination of fracture versus matrix dominated flow effects

  	The data analysis is in terms of a diffusion equation that determines the flow of water and hence the pressure in the main fracture system, associated joints, and the matrix permeability. The fits of the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pressure transient testing of a manmade fractured geothermal reservoir: an examination of fracture versus matrix dominated flow effects Author: Fisher, H.N. Year: 1980 The data analysis is in terms of a diffusion equation that determines the flow of water and hence the pressure in the main fracture system, associated joints, and the matrix permeability. The fits of the flow data to type curve solutions of the diffusion equation with pressure-dependent properties for various flow geometries are presented. The following points are considered in detail. (1) The limits on the fracture geometry, aperture, and diffusing areas are determined from the diffusion parameters. (2) Dependence of the parameters (impedance, diffusivity) of the flow-through systems are related to the inflation of the major fractures. (3) The rock properties are related to the reservoir compressibility and permeability. In particular, laboratory experiments have shown that the properties of all sizes of cracks from large single fractures to the microstructure are pressure dependent if the fluid pressure is near the confining stress. The effects of this pressure dependence on the form of the type curves are included. (4) The competition of flow into the various types of porosity (main fractures, joints, and microstructure) and the effect on the interpretation of type curves are considered. The approach described makes an important departure from conventional pressure-transient reservoir analysis in that pressure-dependent properties are incorporated into a numerically simulated generation of type curves resulting from one- and two-dimensional diffusion. In addition, the problem of specifying a unique flow geometry where both matrix and fracture-dominated, non-Darcy flow effects are possible is analyzed using a large amount of field and laboratory data in conjunction with a theoretical treatment that reviews the existing state of the art in reservoir mechanics.; LA-8535-MS Title: Pressure transient testing of a manmade fractured geothermal reservoir: an examination of fracture versus matrix dominated flow effects Author: Fisher, H.N. Year: 1980 The data analysis is in terms of a diffusion equation that determines the flow of water and hence the pressure in the main fracture system, associated joints, and the matrix permeability. The fits of the flow data to type curve solutions of the diffusion equation with pressure-dependent properties for various flow geometries are presented. The following points are considered in detail. (1) The limits on the fracture geometry, aperture, and diffusing areas are determined from the diffusion parameters. (2) Dependence of the parameters (impedance, diffusivity) of the flow-through systems are related to the inflation of the major fractures. (3) The rock properties are related to the reservoir compressibility and permeability. In particular, laboratory experiments have shown that the properties of all sizes of cracks from large single fractures to the microstructure are pressure dependent if the fluid pressure is near the confining stress. The effects of this pressure dependence on the form of the type curves are included. (4) The competition of flow into the various types of porosity (main fractures, joints, and microstructure) and the effect on the interpretation of type curves are considered. The approach described makes an important departure from conventional pressure-transient reservoir analysis in that pressure-dependent properties are incorporated into a numerically simulated generation of type curves resulting from one- and two-dimensional diffusion. In addition, the problem of specifying a unique flow geometry where both matrix and fracture-dominated, non-Darcy flow effects are possible is analyzed using a large amount of field and laboratory data in conjunction with a theoretical treatment that reviews the existing state of the art in reservoir mechanics.; LA-8535-MS Close

• 49. [Image] Utilization of geothermal energy for methane production for J. A. Albertson Land and Cattle Company

  	To utilize the geothermal energy in the area of its 30,000-head cattle feedlot, J.A. Albertson Land and Cattle Co. is considering the development of an integrated geothermal/bioconversion system that would ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Utilization of geothermal energy for methane production for J. A. Albertson Land and Cattle Company Author: Bissell, R.R. Year: 1980 To utilize the geothermal energy in the area of its 30,000-head cattle feedlot, J.A. Albertson Land and Cattle Co. is considering the development of an integrated geothermal/bioconversion system that would use the cattle manure as a feedstock for an anaerobic-digestion plant to produce methane plus a digester-residue cattle-feed supplement. The feedlot lies within a high-temperature gradient and heat-flow area associated with the Western Snake River basin in Malheur Co., Oregon. The three digesters designed for the process will operate mesophilically (at 98/sup 0/F) with a 20-day retention time. To make up the digesters' heat losses, the geothermal water source will need to be about 135/sup 0/F and have a flow rate of 120-240 gpm, depending on the size ultimately selected for the facility. If the digester residue replaces alfalfa hay in the cattle's current rations, its value will amount to $1.15 million/yr. Burning the methane in engine/generator sets would produce 985-1970 kW of electric power that could be either sold or used as a day-to-day substitute for the geothermal heat. An economic analysis of the system is presented; DOE/ET/27230-T2 Title: Utilization of geothermal energy for methane production for J. A. Albertson Land and Cattle Company Author: Bissell, R.R. Year: 1980 To utilize the geothermal energy in the area of its 30,000-head cattle feedlot, J.A. Albertson Land and Cattle Co. is considering the development of an integrated geothermal/bioconversion system that would use the cattle manure as a feedstock for an anaerobic-digestion plant to produce methane plus a digester-residue cattle-feed supplement. The feedlot lies within a high-temperature gradient and heat-flow area associated with the Western Snake River basin in Malheur Co., Oregon. The three digesters designed for the process will operate mesophilically (at 98/sup 0/F) with a 20-day retention time. To make up the digesters' heat losses, the geothermal water source will need to be about 135/sup 0/F and have a flow rate of 120-240 gpm, depending on the size ultimately selected for the facility. If the digester residue replaces alfalfa hay in the cattle's current rations, its value will amount to $1.15 million/yr. Burning the methane in engine/generator sets would produce 985-1970 kW of electric power that could be either sold or used as a day-to-day substitute for the geothermal heat. An economic analysis of the system is presented; DOE/ET/27230-T2 Close

• 50. [Image] Geothermal direct heat project, Marlin, Texas: Environmental assessment

  	The Federal action addressed is retrofitting a heating and hot water system in a hospital at Marlin, Texas, with a geothermal preheat system. The project will be located within the existing hospital boiler ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal direct heat project, Marlin, Texas: Environmental assessment Year: 1979 The Federal action addressed is retrofitting a heating and hot water system in a hospital at Marlin, Texas, with a geothermal preheat system. The project will be located within the existing hospital boiler room. One supply well will be drilled in an existing adjacent parking lot. Fluid disposal from operation will depend on fluid properties and may be by surface disposal to existing street drains, by surface disposal to a new drainage system, or by injection into a new injection well, depending on total dissolved solids (TDS) content. Environmental impacts of construction are expected to be small because of the existing structures and paved areas. Construction run-off and geothermal flow-test fluid will pass through a small pond in the city park, lowering its water quality, at least temporarily. Construction noise is not expected to be out of character with existing noises around the hospital. Project operation is not expected to produce significant impacts because of the decision point to determine fluid composition prior to designating a disposal method. Injection would be into a saline aquifer, and surface discharge would not appreciably lower water quality in the Brazos River; DOE/EA-0067 Title: Geothermal direct heat project, Marlin, Texas: Environmental assessment Year: 1979 The Federal action addressed is retrofitting a heating and hot water system in a hospital at Marlin, Texas, with a geothermal preheat system. The project will be located within the existing hospital boiler room. One supply well will be drilled in an existing adjacent parking lot. Fluid disposal from operation will depend on fluid properties and may be by surface disposal to existing street drains, by surface disposal to a new drainage system, or by injection into a new injection well, depending on total dissolved solids (TDS) content. Environmental impacts of construction are expected to be small because of the existing structures and paved areas. Construction run-off and geothermal flow-test fluid will pass through a small pond in the city park, lowering its water quality, at least temporarily. Construction noise is not expected to be out of character with existing noises around the hospital. Project operation is not expected to produce significant impacts because of the decision point to determine fluid composition prior to designating a disposal method. Injection would be into a saline aquifer, and surface discharge would not appreciably lower water quality in the Brazos River; DOE/EA-0067 Close