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• 41. [Article] Economics of cheese manufacturing in Tillamook County, Oregon

  Published December 1952. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/cata...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economics of cheese manufacturing in Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Rowe, Gordon Akin, 1920-, Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station Published December 1952. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Economics of cheese manufacturing in Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Rowe, Gordon Akin, 1920-, Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station Published December 1952. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 42. [Article] Dairy farm earnings in Tillamook County, Oregon

  Published January 1948. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dairy farm earnings in Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Kuhlman, G. W. (Gustav Wesley), 1894-, Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station, Pulliam, A. L., Mumford, D. Curtis (Dwight Curtis), 1900- Published January 1948. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Dairy farm earnings in Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Kuhlman, G. W. (Gustav Wesley), 1894-, Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station, Pulliam, A. L., Mumford, D. Curtis (Dwight Curtis), 1900- Published January 1948. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 43. [Article] The economic feasibility of locating an OSB plant in western Oegon [i.e. Oregon]

  The development of an OSB (oriented strand board) industry in Western Oregon would prove to be a real boost to the economy of an area that has suffered from the earlier recession of the forest products ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The economic feasibility of locating an OSB plant in western Oegon [i.e. Oregon] Author: Wright, Rhonda R. The development of an OSB (oriented strand board) industry in Western Oregon would prove to be a real boost to the economy of an area that has suffered from the earlier recession of the forest products industry. Past studies have shown that it is technically feasible to produce OSB from alder which is a major hardwood species growing in Western Oregon, but the economic feasibility of producing OSB in Western Oregon is undetermined. The purpose of this study is to determine if a sufficient raw material base is available, that a market exists or can be developed, and that the total costs of production would be competitive with other structural panels. It includes a raw material analysis, a market analysis, and a financial analysis. The raw material analysis involves analyzing detailed U.S. Forest Sevice timber inventory data to determine the volume, ownership, and availability of raw material. The market analysis involves the collection and analysis of data to identify and quantify the markets that are available or can be developed. The financial analysis includes raw material requirements, production costs, prices, and the analysis of an example case. The example case is an OSB plant with an annual capacity of 75 MMSF, 3/8-in, basis producing panels with a density of 40 pcf and resin and wax contents of 5% and 2%, respectively. Sensitivity analyses on several major variables show that, although wood cost and labor cost are the largest components of cost, the selling price is the variable which has the greatest effect on the feasibility of the venture. In addition, the interest rate and capital costs have greater effect on the feasibility than do any of the production costs. Based on the resource data, an area consisting of Clatsop, Columbia, and Tillamook counties is best suited to supply an OSB plant. The study also shows that a market can be developed and the project has a high probability of generating a profit. Title: The economic feasibility of locating an OSB plant in western Oegon [i.e. Oregon] Author: Wright, Rhonda R. The development of an OSB (oriented strand board) industry in Western Oregon would prove to be a real boost to the economy of an area that has suffered from the earlier recession of the forest products industry. Past studies have shown that it is technically feasible to produce OSB from alder which is a major hardwood species growing in Western Oregon, but the economic feasibility of producing OSB in Western Oregon is undetermined. The purpose of this study is to determine if a sufficient raw material base is available, that a market exists or can be developed, and that the total costs of production would be competitive with other structural panels. It includes a raw material analysis, a market analysis, and a financial analysis. The raw material analysis involves analyzing detailed U.S. Forest Sevice timber inventory data to determine the volume, ownership, and availability of raw material. The market analysis involves the collection and analysis of data to identify and quantify the markets that are available or can be developed. The financial analysis includes raw material requirements, production costs, prices, and the analysis of an example case. The example case is an OSB plant with an annual capacity of 75 MMSF, 3/8-in, basis producing panels with a density of 40 pcf and resin and wax contents of 5% and 2%, respectively. Sensitivity analyses on several major variables show that, although wood cost and labor cost are the largest components of cost, the selling price is the variable which has the greatest effect on the feasibility of the venture. In addition, the interest rate and capital costs have greater effect on the feasibility than do any of the production costs. Based on the resource data, an area consisting of Clatsop, Columbia, and Tillamook counties is best suited to supply an OSB plant. The study also shows that a market can be developed and the project has a high probability of generating a profit. Close

• 44. [Article] Incorporating climate change and morphological uncertainty into coastal change hazard assessments

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Incorporating climate change and morphological uncertainty into coastal change hazard assessments Author: Ruggiero, Peter, Allan, Jonathan, Komar, Paul D., Baron, Heather M., Corcoran, Patrick, Harris, Erica L., Wood, Nathan J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Springer. The published article can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11069. Title: Incorporating climate change and morphological uncertainty into coastal change hazard assessments Author: Ruggiero, Peter, Allan, Jonathan, Komar, Paul D., Baron, Heather M., Corcoran, Patrick, Harris, Erica L., Wood, Nathan J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Springer. The published article can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11069. Close

• 45. [Article] Geology of the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area, southern Clatsop and northernmost Tillamook Counties, northwest Oregon

  The middle to late Eocene tholeiitic Tillamook Volcanics compose the oldest rock unit in the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area. Geochemical plots and field relationships indicate that these rocks ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology of the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area, southern Clatsop and northernmost Tillamook Counties, northwest Oregon Author: Rarey, Phillip Jay The middle to late Eocene tholeiitic Tillamook Volcanics compose the oldest rock unit in the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area. Geochemical plots and field relationships indicate that these rocks were produced in an extensional tectonic setting in the developing forearc and formed an extensive tholeiltic oceanic island. The volcanics consi5t of a thick sequence of normally and reversely polarized subaerial basalt and basaltic andesite flows in the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area. The "Gray's River area" Goble Volcanics in southwest Washington are chemically and stratigraphically correlative to the Tillamook Volcanics. Cessation of Tillamook volcanism resulted in thermal subsidence and transgression of the overlying Hamlet formation. Upper Narizian (middle to upper Eccene) nearshore fossiliferous basaltic boulder-pebble conglomerates and basaltic sandstones of the Roy Creek member of the Hamlet formation (informal) were deposited along a rocky basaltic coastline over the subsiding volcanic "island". Scanning electron microscopy shows that radial pore-filling chloritic cement has significantly reduced porosity in Roy Creek member sandstones. Micaceous and carbonaceous silty mudstones and rare thin basaltic turbidite sandstones of the Sweet Home Creek member of the Hamlet formation (informal> were deposited on the outer shelf to upper slope above the Roy Creek member as the basin continued to deepen. The Sweet Home Creek member contains abundant bathyal benthtc foraminifera assignable to the upper Narizian stage. Calcareous nannofossils collected from the unit have been assigned to subzone CP-14a which is in agreement with foraminifera data. The upper part of the Sweet Home Creek member is in part a deep marine correlative to shelf arkosic sandstones of the Cowltiz Formation which pinches out into the Sweet Home Creek member in eastern Clatsop County. Much of the detritus in the Sweet Home Creek member was derived from plutonic and metamorphic sources in contrast to the locally derived Roy Creek member. Calc-alkaline Cole Mountain basalt (informal) intrudes and overlies the Sweet Home Creek member. Cole Mountain basalt was formed in a compressional tectonic environment and emplaced on the outer continental shelf as shallow intrusions and submarine flow. The unit is chemically and petrographically distinct from the Tillamook Volcanics and chemically similar to and stratigraphically correlative to the type Goble Volcanics (e.g. low Ti02 and low P205). Unconformably overlying the Cole Mountain basalt and the Sweet Home Creek member is the bathyal, Refugian (upper Eocene), Jewell member of the Keasey Formation. It consists of three parts a basal glauconitic sandstone-siltstone, a laminated tuffaceous sandstone unit with rare small arkosic sandstone channels and occasional clastic dikes, and an upper laminated to bioturbated tuffaceous silt-mudstone. trkosic sandstones were derived from an ancesteral Columbia River system whereas abundant tuffaceous detritus was derived locally from the Cascade arc. The Refugian lower Smuggler Cove formation (informal) gradationally overlies the Jewell member and consists of bioturbated, tuffaceous, bathyal mudstones. Outer shelf, very fine-grained tuffaceous sandstones of the David Douglas tongue (informal) of the Pittsburg Bluff Formation and deeper marine correlative outer shelf to upper slope glauconitic sanstones of the middle Smuggler Cove formation overlie the lower Smuggler Cove formation. The upper Smuggler Cove formation consists of uppermost Refugian to Zemmorian bathyal, bioturbated, fossiliferous, well-indurated tuffaceous siltstone. Laminated carbonaceous mudetones and thin (<1/2 m) arkosic sandstone beds of the ball park unit in the Smuggler Cove formation overlie and interfinger with (7) the upper Smuggler Cove formation. The ball park unit is late Zemorrian (Oligocene) or Saucesian (Early Miocene) in age. Fluvial-deltaic to shallow marine sandstones and conglomerates of the lower to middle Miocene angora Peek member of the astoria Formation unconformably overlies the Smuggler Cove formation. Numerous middle to upper Miocene basalts and gabbros intrude the sedimentary rocks in the thesis area. The intrusive rocks are chemically, magnetically, petrographically, and chronologically correlative to the Grande Ronde Basalt, Frenchman Springs Member, and Pomona Member of the Columbia River Basalt Group on the Columbia Plateau. The Grande Ronde Basalt intrusives have been divided into three chemical-magnetostratigraphic units in the thesis area and correlated to subaerial Columbia River Basalt flows located approximately 35 km to the northeast. The intrusive rocks are thought to have formed by invasion of voluminous subaerial flows into soft, semiconsolidated marine sediments as first envisioned by Beeson et. al. (1979). Uplift of the Coast Range forearc ridge from late Miocene to present has resulted in subaerial erosion and exposure of rock units. Thin alluvial gravels and sands were deposited in the southeastern corner of the thesis area during the Quaternary. Structure in the thesis area is dominated by a series of east-west trending high angle faults and a younger series of conjugate northeast-and northwest-trending high angle oblique slip faults. Proton precession magnetometer traverses confirm the presence of the faults. The structure may have been produced by partial coupling of the forearc region with the subducting Farallon plate. The thesis area has been actively explored for hydrocarbons. Geologic mapping, however, shows that significant sandstone reservoirs are not present in the subsurface and, therefore, the area has low potential of hydrocarbon production. Mudstones in the thesis area average approximately 0.9-1.1% total organic carbon with vitrinite reflectance values ranging from 0.53% Ro (unbaked) to 0.72% Ro (baked). Therefore, the mudstones are a marginal to poor source of thermogenic gas but a possible source of methane gas. Title: Geology of the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area, southern Clatsop and northernmost Tillamook Counties, northwest Oregon Author: Rarey, Phillip Jay The middle to late Eocene tholeiitic Tillamook Volcanics compose the oldest rock unit in the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area. Geochemical plots and field relationships indicate that these rocks were produced in an extensional tectonic setting in the developing forearc and formed an extensive tholeiltic oceanic island. The volcanics consi5t of a thick sequence of normally and reversely polarized subaerial basalt and basaltic andesite flows in the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area. The "Gray's River area" Goble Volcanics in southwest Washington are chemically and stratigraphically correlative to the Tillamook Volcanics. Cessation of Tillamook volcanism resulted in thermal subsidence and transgression of the overlying Hamlet formation. Upper Narizian (middle to upper Eccene) nearshore fossiliferous basaltic boulder-pebble conglomerates and basaltic sandstones of the Roy Creek member of the Hamlet formation (informal) were deposited along a rocky basaltic coastline over the subsiding volcanic "island". Scanning electron microscopy shows that radial pore-filling chloritic cement has significantly reduced porosity in Roy Creek member sandstones. Micaceous and carbonaceous silty mudstones and rare thin basaltic turbidite sandstones of the Sweet Home Creek member of the Hamlet formation (informal> were deposited on the outer shelf to upper slope above the Roy Creek member as the basin continued to deepen. The Sweet Home Creek member contains abundant bathyal benthtc foraminifera assignable to the upper Narizian stage. Calcareous nannofossils collected from the unit have been assigned to subzone CP-14a which is in agreement with foraminifera data. The upper part of the Sweet Home Creek member is in part a deep marine correlative to shelf arkosic sandstones of the Cowltiz Formation which pinches out into the Sweet Home Creek member in eastern Clatsop County. Much of the detritus in the Sweet Home Creek member was derived from plutonic and metamorphic sources in contrast to the locally derived Roy Creek member. Calc-alkaline Cole Mountain basalt (informal) intrudes and overlies the Sweet Home Creek member. Cole Mountain basalt was formed in a compressional tectonic environment and emplaced on the outer continental shelf as shallow intrusions and submarine flow. The unit is chemically and petrographically distinct from the Tillamook Volcanics and chemically similar to and stratigraphically correlative to the type Goble Volcanics (e.g. low Ti02 and low P205). Unconformably overlying the Cole Mountain basalt and the Sweet Home Creek member is the bathyal, Refugian (upper Eocene), Jewell member of the Keasey Formation. It consists of three parts a basal glauconitic sandstone-siltstone, a laminated tuffaceous sandstone unit with rare small arkosic sandstone channels and occasional clastic dikes, and an upper laminated to bioturbated tuffaceous silt-mudstone. trkosic sandstones were derived from an ancesteral Columbia River system whereas abundant tuffaceous detritus was derived locally from the Cascade arc. The Refugian lower Smuggler Cove formation (informal) gradationally overlies the Jewell member and consists of bioturbated, tuffaceous, bathyal mudstones. Outer shelf, very fine-grained tuffaceous sandstones of the David Douglas tongue (informal) of the Pittsburg Bluff Formation and deeper marine correlative outer shelf to upper slope glauconitic sanstones of the middle Smuggler Cove formation overlie the lower Smuggler Cove formation. The upper Smuggler Cove formation consists of uppermost Refugian to Zemmorian bathyal, bioturbated, fossiliferous, well-indurated tuffaceous siltstone. Laminated carbonaceous mudetones and thin (<1/2 m) arkosic sandstone beds of the ball park unit in the Smuggler Cove formation overlie and interfinger with (7) the upper Smuggler Cove formation. The ball park unit is late Zemorrian (Oligocene) or Saucesian (Early Miocene) in age. Fluvial-deltaic to shallow marine sandstones and conglomerates of the lower to middle Miocene angora Peek member of the astoria Formation unconformably overlies the Smuggler Cove formation. Numerous middle to upper Miocene basalts and gabbros intrude the sedimentary rocks in the thesis area. The intrusive rocks are chemically, magnetically, petrographically, and chronologically correlative to the Grande Ronde Basalt, Frenchman Springs Member, and Pomona Member of the Columbia River Basalt Group on the Columbia Plateau. The Grande Ronde Basalt intrusives have been divided into three chemical-magnetostratigraphic units in the thesis area and correlated to subaerial Columbia River Basalt flows located approximately 35 km to the northeast. The intrusive rocks are thought to have formed by invasion of voluminous subaerial flows into soft, semiconsolidated marine sediments as first envisioned by Beeson et. al. (1979). Uplift of the Coast Range forearc ridge from late Miocene to present has resulted in subaerial erosion and exposure of rock units. Thin alluvial gravels and sands were deposited in the southeastern corner of the thesis area during the Quaternary. Structure in the thesis area is dominated by a series of east-west trending high angle faults and a younger series of conjugate northeast-and northwest-trending high angle oblique slip faults. Proton precession magnetometer traverses confirm the presence of the faults. The structure may have been produced by partial coupling of the forearc region with the subducting Farallon plate. The thesis area has been actively explored for hydrocarbons. Geologic mapping, however, shows that significant sandstone reservoirs are not present in the subsurface and, therefore, the area has low potential of hydrocarbon production. Mudstones in the thesis area average approximately 0.9-1.1% total organic carbon with vitrinite reflectance values ranging from 0.53% Ro (unbaked) to 0.72% Ro (baked). Therefore, the mudstones are a marginal to poor source of thermogenic gas but a possible source of methane gas. Close

• 46. [Article] Assessing Coastal Community Adaptation Scenarios in the Face of Climate Change : A Tillamook County, Oregon Example

  Recent coastal disasters (e.g., Hurricane Sandy, Typhoon Haiyan) and chronic issues (e.g., Florida's "nuisance flooding") provide numerous examples of coastal communities struggling to adapt in the face ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Coastal Community Adaptation Scenarios in the Face of Climate Change : A Tillamook County, Oregon Example Author: Lipiec, Eva Recent coastal disasters (e.g., Hurricane Sandy, Typhoon Haiyan) and chronic issues (e.g., Florida's "nuisance flooding") provide numerous examples of coastal communities struggling to adapt in the face of climate change impacts. Decision-makers and the public alike must reconcile the lack of "fit" between a rapidly changing environment and the effects of sea level rise, changes to storminess patterns, and possible variations in the frequency and magnitude of major El Niño events with relatively rigid and static governance structures. Work to reduce the impacts of coastal hazards and climate change has occurred periodically in disjointed and disconnected ways in many coastal communities, including those along the Oregon coast. In this thesis, I describe the efforts of a volunteer knowledge to action network within Tillamook County, Oregon, to comprehensively examine alternative future coastal climate and policy scenarios through the use of extensive stakeholder engagement and the spatially explicit modeling framework Envision. Six co-developed coastal adaptation policy scenarios and three climate change scenarios (with 15 random sub-climate simulations each) are evaluated here through a mixed-methods approach. First, the impacts of policy scenario implementation on stakeholder-identified metrics are statistically assessed in comparison to current land use policies (Status Quo). Next, I characterize the feasibility of implementing policy scenarios by reviewing current federal, Oregon state, Tillamook County, and local regulations and by interviewing relevant coastal organizations. The combination of stakeholder engagement, a powerful modeling framework, and the robust evaluation of policy scenario statistical significance and implementation feasibility provides a compelling opportunity to inform decision-making within the coastal communities of Tillamook County and elsewhere. Title: Assessing Coastal Community Adaptation Scenarios in the Face of Climate Change : A Tillamook County, Oregon Example Author: Lipiec, Eva Recent coastal disasters (e.g., Hurricane Sandy, Typhoon Haiyan) and chronic issues (e.g., Florida's "nuisance flooding") provide numerous examples of coastal communities struggling to adapt in the face of climate change impacts. Decision-makers and the public alike must reconcile the lack of "fit" between a rapidly changing environment and the effects of sea level rise, changes to storminess patterns, and possible variations in the frequency and magnitude of major El Niño events with relatively rigid and static governance structures. Work to reduce the impacts of coastal hazards and climate change has occurred periodically in disjointed and disconnected ways in many coastal communities, including those along the Oregon coast. In this thesis, I describe the efforts of a volunteer knowledge to action network within Tillamook County, Oregon, to comprehensively examine alternative future coastal climate and policy scenarios through the use of extensive stakeholder engagement and the spatially explicit modeling framework Envision. Six co-developed coastal adaptation policy scenarios and three climate change scenarios (with 15 random sub-climate simulations each) are evaluated here through a mixed-methods approach. First, the impacts of policy scenario implementation on stakeholder-identified metrics are statistically assessed in comparison to current land use policies (Status Quo). Next, I characterize the feasibility of implementing policy scenarios by reviewing current federal, Oregon state, Tillamook County, and local regulations and by interviewing relevant coastal organizations. The combination of stakeholder engagement, a powerful modeling framework, and the robust evaluation of policy scenario statistical significance and implementation feasibility provides a compelling opportunity to inform decision-making within the coastal communities of Tillamook County and elsewhere. Close

• 47. [Article] Coastal hazards and community exposure in a changing climate : the development of probabilistic coastal change hazard zones

  Documented trends in rising sea levels, storminess, and extreme wave heights have the potential to increase the frequency and magnitude of coastal change hazards, increasing risks to coastal infrastructure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal hazards and community exposure in a changing climate : the development of probabilistic coastal change hazard zones Author: Baron, Heather M. Documented trends in rising sea levels, storminess, and extreme wave heights have the potential to increase the frequency and magnitude of coastal change hazards, increasing risks to coastal infrastructure and environmental resources. Coastal planners and decision makers need information about the impacts of future hazards in order to apply mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, making quantitative predictions of beach and dune erosion is complicated by uncertainties surrounding the drivers and impacts of climate change as well as our understanding of climate controls on coastal change hazards. Furthermore, these changes are occurring in a dynamic environment where beach geomorphology evolves over a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Here a new, probabilistic approach for quantifying future coastal change hazards that incorporates the uncertainty associated with both climate change and morphological variability is presented. First, a suite of synthetic time series of total water levels (TWLs) through 2100 are produced by applying various climate change scenarios, composed of projections of sea-level rise, wave climate, and the frequency of major El Niños, to historical datasets of waves and measured tidal elevations. These time series allow extreme design events to be computed for any time period in the future (e.g., 100-year TWL event in 2030). Using simple coastal change models that require TWLs and various beach morphometrics as input, future coastal change is quantified over a wide range of possible climate futures for sandy, dune-backed coastlines. The new methodology has been applied to the Tillamook County coast in northwestern Oregon to develop coastal change hazard zones of arbitrary confidence levels for both the 100% and 1% annual chance TWL events at present (2009) and for years 2030, 2050, and 2100. The nature of the probabilistic approach, however, allows for coastal decision makers to determine the desired level of confidence (or exceedance probability), extremity of the event, and planning horizon to consider. The hazard zones are then integrated with various socioeconomic datasets (e.g., structures, roads) to evaluate the exposure of coastal communities to the predicted coastal change hazards at various levels of confidence. When paired with community vulnerability assessments, the hazard map products developed will provide coastal planners with the tools and information to allow for science-based decisions that will increase the adaptive capacity of coastal communities as they prepare for the uncertainties of future climate change. Title: Coastal hazards and community exposure in a changing climate : the development of probabilistic coastal change hazard zones Author: Baron, Heather M. Documented trends in rising sea levels, storminess, and extreme wave heights have the potential to increase the frequency and magnitude of coastal change hazards, increasing risks to coastal infrastructure and environmental resources. Coastal planners and decision makers need information about the impacts of future hazards in order to apply mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, making quantitative predictions of beach and dune erosion is complicated by uncertainties surrounding the drivers and impacts of climate change as well as our understanding of climate controls on coastal change hazards. Furthermore, these changes are occurring in a dynamic environment where beach geomorphology evolves over a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Here a new, probabilistic approach for quantifying future coastal change hazards that incorporates the uncertainty associated with both climate change and morphological variability is presented. First, a suite of synthetic time series of total water levels (TWLs) through 2100 are produced by applying various climate change scenarios, composed of projections of sea-level rise, wave climate, and the frequency of major El Niños, to historical datasets of waves and measured tidal elevations. These time series allow extreme design events to be computed for any time period in the future (e.g., 100-year TWL event in 2030). Using simple coastal change models that require TWLs and various beach morphometrics as input, future coastal change is quantified over a wide range of possible climate futures for sandy, dune-backed coastlines. The new methodology has been applied to the Tillamook County coast in northwestern Oregon to develop coastal change hazard zones of arbitrary confidence levels for both the 100% and 1% annual chance TWL events at present (2009) and for years 2030, 2050, and 2100. The nature of the probabilistic approach, however, allows for coastal decision makers to determine the desired level of confidence (or exceedance probability), extremity of the event, and planning horizon to consider. The hazard zones are then integrated with various socioeconomic datasets (e.g., structures, roads) to evaluate the exposure of coastal communities to the predicted coastal change hazards at various levels of confidence. When paired with community vulnerability assessments, the hazard map products developed will provide coastal planners with the tools and information to allow for science-based decisions that will increase the adaptive capacity of coastal communities as they prepare for the uncertainties of future climate change. Close

• 48. [Article] Problems of rehabilitating the Tillamook burn

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Problems of rehabilitating the Tillamook burn Author: Kallander, Rudolph Martin Title: Problems of rehabilitating the Tillamook burn Author: Kallander, Rudolph Martin Close

• 49. [Article] Inshopping in rural communities : consumers' and retailers' perceptions

  The ever changing nature of the retail industry, and the additional challenges of doing business in a rural area, mean that retailers in rural communities face a unique situation that makes them especially ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Inshopping in rural communities : consumers' and retailers' perceptions Author: Mullis, Katy L. The ever changing nature of the retail industry, and the additional challenges of doing business in a rural area, mean that retailers in rural communities face a unique situation that makes them especially vulnerable to outshopping by rural consumers. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate factors which ultimately affect inshopping behavior. Based on Ajzen's (1988) Theory of Planned Behavior, this study examined the roles of community attachment, satisfaction with local retailers, and local retailer loyalty on inshopping as both an intention and a behavior through a consumer survey in three rural Oregon communities. Retailers in those communities were also interviewed in order to gain a better understanding of the challenges that rural retailers face and the threat that outshopping poses to their businesses' success. Retailers answered questions about their specific business, their communities, and their customers. Path analysis using maximum likelihood estimation was used to test the proposed model. The results of the path analysis showed that (1) community attachment is positively related to local retailer loyalty, (2) satisfaction with local retailers is positively related to local retailer loyalty, (3) satisfaction with local retailers is positively related to inshopping intention, (4) local retailer loyalty is positively related to inshopping intention, and (5) inshopping intention is positively related to current inshopping behavior. Although the direct influence of community attachment on inshopping intention was not found to be significant, community attachment was indirectly related to inshopping intention through local retailer loyalty. The retailer interviews revealed that retailers viewed their communities positively overall, but often described them as economically depressed. The limited population base in rural communities was viewed as the biggest challenge faced by these retailers. Outshopping was viewed as somewhat of a problem, but as an unavoidable reality of doing business in a rural community. Rural consumers were thought to differ from consumers in general because they generally shop with a purpose in mind and rarely shop for purely recreational purposes. Retailers also observed that there appear to be several groups of consumers. Some emphasize shopping locally, while others are more focused on price and selection. Based on the integrated findings from the consumer surveys and the retailer interviews practical implications are presented. The results of the consumer surveys in this study suggest that elements involving both the community and the retailer influence local retailer loyalty and ultimately inshopping by rural consumers. This has implications for rural retailers and rural communities who wish to reduce market leakage in order to improve the economic vitality of their communities. The retailer interview results show that outshopping is a concern for rural retailers, but a phenomenon they often feel is inevitable. Retailers pointed to the fact that they are not be able to meet the needs of many outshoppers because these consumers have different needs and desires than their own customer base. However, they also indicated that many rural consumers may not accurately perceive the retail offerings in their own communities. The limitations of this study include the use of a convenience sample which resulted in a highly educated sample with a high income. This restricts the generalizability of the findings. Additionally the nature of the final sample prevented comparisons between communities from taking place and means that it is impossible to tell if the findings of this study are unique to the community in which most of the consumer surveys were collected. Title: Inshopping in rural communities : consumers' and retailers' perceptions Author: Mullis, Katy L. The ever changing nature of the retail industry, and the additional challenges of doing business in a rural area, mean that retailers in rural communities face a unique situation that makes them especially vulnerable to outshopping by rural consumers. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate factors which ultimately affect inshopping behavior. Based on Ajzen's (1988) Theory of Planned Behavior, this study examined the roles of community attachment, satisfaction with local retailers, and local retailer loyalty on inshopping as both an intention and a behavior through a consumer survey in three rural Oregon communities. Retailers in those communities were also interviewed in order to gain a better understanding of the challenges that rural retailers face and the threat that outshopping poses to their businesses' success. Retailers answered questions about their specific business, their communities, and their customers. Path analysis using maximum likelihood estimation was used to test the proposed model. The results of the path analysis showed that (1) community attachment is positively related to local retailer loyalty, (2) satisfaction with local retailers is positively related to local retailer loyalty, (3) satisfaction with local retailers is positively related to inshopping intention, (4) local retailer loyalty is positively related to inshopping intention, and (5) inshopping intention is positively related to current inshopping behavior. Although the direct influence of community attachment on inshopping intention was not found to be significant, community attachment was indirectly related to inshopping intention through local retailer loyalty. The retailer interviews revealed that retailers viewed their communities positively overall, but often described them as economically depressed. The limited population base in rural communities was viewed as the biggest challenge faced by these retailers. Outshopping was viewed as somewhat of a problem, but as an unavoidable reality of doing business in a rural community. Rural consumers were thought to differ from consumers in general because they generally shop with a purpose in mind and rarely shop for purely recreational purposes. Retailers also observed that there appear to be several groups of consumers. Some emphasize shopping locally, while others are more focused on price and selection. Based on the integrated findings from the consumer surveys and the retailer interviews practical implications are presented. The results of the consumer surveys in this study suggest that elements involving both the community and the retailer influence local retailer loyalty and ultimately inshopping by rural consumers. This has implications for rural retailers and rural communities who wish to reduce market leakage in order to improve the economic vitality of their communities. The retailer interview results show that outshopping is a concern for rural retailers, but a phenomenon they often feel is inevitable. Retailers pointed to the fact that they are not be able to meet the needs of many outshoppers because these consumers have different needs and desires than their own customer base. However, they also indicated that many rural consumers may not accurately perceive the retail offerings in their own communities. The limitations of this study include the use of a convenience sample which resulted in a highly educated sample with a high income. This restricts the generalizability of the findings. Additionally the nature of the final sample prevented comparisons between communities from taking place and means that it is impossible to tell if the findings of this study are unique to the community in which most of the consumer surveys were collected. Close

• 50. [Article] Multivariate analysis of a tidal marsh ecosystem at Netarts Spit, Tillamook County, Oregon

  Variability of plant species distributions, plant connunities, soil and hydrological factors in an area of the Netarts Spit tidal marsh are examined. The purpose is to advance general understanding of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multivariate analysis of a tidal marsh ecosystem at Netarts Spit, Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Liverman, Marc C. Variability of plant species distributions, plant connunities, soil and hydrological factors in an area of the Netarts Spit tidal marsh are examined. The purpose is to advance general understanding of Oregon's tidal marsh ecosystems in terms of plant coninunities and functio'nal habitat conditions and make a contribution to the conceptual and technical framework used by regulatory agencies to manage wetlands. Vegetation, soil and hydrological attributes were measured periodically from May, 1978 to March, 1979 along three transects extending parallel to the elevation gradient. Each transect began at point bayward of the lower limit of marsh vegetation and continued to a point shoreward of the perceived upper limit of the marsh on the narrow, stabilized dune ridge separating Netarts Spit from the ocean. Plant species distribution and abundance by cover class was recorded in microplots located at increments of five meters or less along each transect. Soil and hydrological observations at intervals of approximately six weeks were made at 29 primary sampling sites located at increments of 15 meters or less along the transects. Water table fluctuations and soil moisture tension were examined in situ. Soil cores were extracted from the marsh for analysis of interstitial soil moisture content and salinity, soil texture, pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium content. Data on tidal inundation frequency and duration were provided by the National Ocean Survey from a tide gauge located at Netarts public boat dock. Weather data were obtained from continuously recording hygrothermographs and an accumulating rain gauge located in the ecotone between marsh and upland. Comparative climatic data were obtained from published National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Data Center Bulletins. Analysis of individual environmental gradients was initiated by arranging the data matrix into a composite transect ordered by elevation. Each attribute was then plotted against elevation using graphically comparable scales. Data synthesis was accomplished using a combination of reciprocal averaging ordination (to identify coimlunity gradients) and cluster analysis (for sampling site classification) applied to hierarchical data sets composed of combinations of physical, chemical, and vegetative sampling site attributes. Habitat at lower elevations of the study area (0.70 m below mean high water) is dominated by tidal factors which decrease steadily as one approaches extreme higher high water (0.52 m above mean high water). Fine textured sediments are saturated near the middle elevations of the study area (-0.25 to 1.00 m above mean high water), with the lower and higher elevations dominated by sand. Hydrologic factors (water table depth and soil moisture tension) dominate the highest elevations of the study area but decrease steadily as one approaches mean high water. The remaining environmental factors (interstitial soil moisture content and salinity, cation exchange capacity, specific ion concentrations, organic matter, and pH) may each be interpreted as variants of one or more of the three primary environmental gradients: tides, sediment texture, and hydrology. Interstitial soil moisture salinity, soil moisture tension, and water table depth all show maxima during months with high daily temperatures and low precipitation (Aug.-Sep.,) and minima during months with low daily temperatures and high precipitation (Dec.-Mar.). Interstitial soil moisture content shows the reverse relationship with minima during Aug.-Sep. and maxima during Dec.- Mar. Plant community structure of the tidal marsh may be best understood as a species continuum beginning at about 0.60 m below mean high water characterized by snecies dominance at low elevation (_0.51) to 0.40 m above mean hiah water) givinG way to soecies diversity at higher elevations. This continuum may be locally qraduated into three or more subdivisions or plant communities by the dynamic reltionshi of intertidal deposition and erosion processes. Community structure of the associated dune upland is distinguishable environmentally and floristically as distinct from the tidal marsh at about 0.90 m above mean hich water although no attempt is made to resolve finer details of urland community structure beyond the marsh interface. Title: Multivariate analysis of a tidal marsh ecosystem at Netarts Spit, Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Liverman, Marc C. Variability of plant species distributions, plant connunities, soil and hydrological factors in an area of the Netarts Spit tidal marsh are examined. The purpose is to advance general understanding of Oregon's tidal marsh ecosystems in terms of plant coninunities and functio'nal habitat conditions and make a contribution to the conceptual and technical framework used by regulatory agencies to manage wetlands. Vegetation, soil and hydrological attributes were measured periodically from May, 1978 to March, 1979 along three transects extending parallel to the elevation gradient. Each transect began at point bayward of the lower limit of marsh vegetation and continued to a point shoreward of the perceived upper limit of the marsh on the narrow, stabilized dune ridge separating Netarts Spit from the ocean. Plant species distribution and abundance by cover class was recorded in microplots located at increments of five meters or less along each transect. Soil and hydrological observations at intervals of approximately six weeks were made at 29 primary sampling sites located at increments of 15 meters or less along the transects. Water table fluctuations and soil moisture tension were examined in situ. Soil cores were extracted from the marsh for analysis of interstitial soil moisture content and salinity, soil texture, pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium content. Data on tidal inundation frequency and duration were provided by the National Ocean Survey from a tide gauge located at Netarts public boat dock. Weather data were obtained from continuously recording hygrothermographs and an accumulating rain gauge located in the ecotone between marsh and upland. Comparative climatic data were obtained from published National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Data Center Bulletins. Analysis of individual environmental gradients was initiated by arranging the data matrix into a composite transect ordered by elevation. Each attribute was then plotted against elevation using graphically comparable scales. Data synthesis was accomplished using a combination of reciprocal averaging ordination (to identify coimlunity gradients) and cluster analysis (for sampling site classification) applied to hierarchical data sets composed of combinations of physical, chemical, and vegetative sampling site attributes. Habitat at lower elevations of the study area (0.70 m below mean high water) is dominated by tidal factors which decrease steadily as one approaches extreme higher high water (0.52 m above mean high water). Fine textured sediments are saturated near the middle elevations of the study area (-0.25 to 1.00 m above mean high water), with the lower and higher elevations dominated by sand. Hydrologic factors (water table depth and soil moisture tension) dominate the highest elevations of the study area but decrease steadily as one approaches mean high water. The remaining environmental factors (interstitial soil moisture content and salinity, cation exchange capacity, specific ion concentrations, organic matter, and pH) may each be interpreted as variants of one or more of the three primary environmental gradients: tides, sediment texture, and hydrology. Interstitial soil moisture salinity, soil moisture tension, and water table depth all show maxima during months with high daily temperatures and low precipitation (Aug.-Sep.,) and minima during months with low daily temperatures and high precipitation (Dec.-Mar.). Interstitial soil moisture content shows the reverse relationship with minima during Aug.-Sep. and maxima during Dec.- Mar. Plant community structure of the tidal marsh may be best understood as a species continuum beginning at about 0.60 m below mean high water characterized by snecies dominance at low elevation (_0.51) to 0.40 m above mean hiah water) givinG way to soecies diversity at higher elevations. This continuum may be locally qraduated into three or more subdivisions or plant communities by the dynamic reltionshi of intertidal deposition and erosion processes. Community structure of the associated dune upland is distinguishable environmentally and floristically as distinct from the tidal marsh at about 0.90 m above mean hich water although no attempt is made to resolve finer details of urland community structure beyond the marsh interface. Close