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• 41. [Article] A study of methods of parental evaluation using testers to predict subsequent progeny performance in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

  The major objective of this study was to determine why certain winter wheat cultivars, when hybridized, will produce a greater proportion of desirable plants in subsequent, segregating generations. Three ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of methods of parental evaluation using testers to predict subsequent progeny performance in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Author: Alexander, William Larry The major objective of this study was to determine why certain winter wheat cultivars, when hybridized, will produce a greater proportion of desirable plants in subsequent, segregating generations. Three winter wheat parents were chosen as the experimental material, based on their known performance as parents. Yamhill and Pullman Selection 101 are recognized as cultivars with good combining abilities for grain yield. Crosses with Nugaines have been disappointing, even though the cultivar itself is high yielding. Each parent was crossed to a series of five testers. These testers were chosen on the basis of their genetic diversity, especially for the components of yield. This parent x tester crossing scheme was analyzed as a 3 x 5 factorial, where the main effects due to parents and testers were their general combining ability effect estimates. The interactions of these main effects were their specific combining abilities. F₁ hybrids were evaluated for two years and F₂ populations for one year to characterize the parents' capacity to transmit selected attributes to their resulting progeny. These generations were evaluated on a per plant basis for their grain yields and the primary components of yield, tillers per plant, kernels per spike, and 1000 kernel weight. The four methods of evaluating parents assessed were parental performance, midparent-progeny correlations, examination of individual crosses, and combining ability analysis. Midparent-progeny correlations usually were not significant within the progeny of each parent. Significant differences were not found for grain yields among the parents in either year. However, significant differences existed for their expressions of yield components. Parental expressions of the yield components were generally more erratic than those of their F₁ progenies. Significant differences occurred for estimates of general combining ability effects in both years and for each generation in all traits. These estimates for a particular parent were relatively consistent. Specific combining ability was not found to be a dependable means of identifying superior combinations. Associations between the parental general combining ability effect estimates for kernels per spike and 1000 kernel weight were positive. Relationships between other yield component combinations were negative with regard to general combining ability effects. Trends observed in single crosses reflected the relative general combining abilities of the parents. Crosses involving Yamhill generally had fewer tillers with a higher number of kernels per spike, heavier kernel weights, and superior grain yields to those of the other parents. Progeny of Pullman Selection 101 were usually high in tillering, intermediate for number of kernels per spike, low in kernel weights, and intermediate for grain yields. The progeny of Nugaines were characterized by high tillering, a low number of kernels per spike, low kernel weights, and also low grain yields. The parent x tester crossing scheme was found to be an effective way of determining the potentials of the three parents by estimating their general combining abilities, as well as minimizing the number of crosses required. If, as found in this study, the general combining ability effect estimates of the parents for grain yield accurately predict performance of later generations, this parent x tester crossing scheme would be an efficient method of assessing the potentials of prospective parents in breeding programs. Title: A study of methods of parental evaluation using testers to predict subsequent progeny performance in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Author: Alexander, William Larry The major objective of this study was to determine why certain winter wheat cultivars, when hybridized, will produce a greater proportion of desirable plants in subsequent, segregating generations. Three winter wheat parents were chosen as the experimental material, based on their known performance as parents. Yamhill and Pullman Selection 101 are recognized as cultivars with good combining abilities for grain yield. Crosses with Nugaines have been disappointing, even though the cultivar itself is high yielding. Each parent was crossed to a series of five testers. These testers were chosen on the basis of their genetic diversity, especially for the components of yield. This parent x tester crossing scheme was analyzed as a 3 x 5 factorial, where the main effects due to parents and testers were their general combining ability effect estimates. The interactions of these main effects were their specific combining abilities. F₁ hybrids were evaluated for two years and F₂ populations for one year to characterize the parents' capacity to transmit selected attributes to their resulting progeny. These generations were evaluated on a per plant basis for their grain yields and the primary components of yield, tillers per plant, kernels per spike, and 1000 kernel weight. The four methods of evaluating parents assessed were parental performance, midparent-progeny correlations, examination of individual crosses, and combining ability analysis. Midparent-progeny correlations usually were not significant within the progeny of each parent. Significant differences were not found for grain yields among the parents in either year. However, significant differences existed for their expressions of yield components. Parental expressions of the yield components were generally more erratic than those of their F₁ progenies. Significant differences occurred for estimates of general combining ability effects in both years and for each generation in all traits. These estimates for a particular parent were relatively consistent. Specific combining ability was not found to be a dependable means of identifying superior combinations. Associations between the parental general combining ability effect estimates for kernels per spike and 1000 kernel weight were positive. Relationships between other yield component combinations were negative with regard to general combining ability effects. Trends observed in single crosses reflected the relative general combining abilities of the parents. Crosses involving Yamhill generally had fewer tillers with a higher number of kernels per spike, heavier kernel weights, and superior grain yields to those of the other parents. Progeny of Pullman Selection 101 were usually high in tillering, intermediate for number of kernels per spike, low in kernel weights, and intermediate for grain yields. The progeny of Nugaines were characterized by high tillering, a low number of kernels per spike, low kernel weights, and also low grain yields. The parent x tester crossing scheme was found to be an effective way of determining the potentials of the three parents by estimating their general combining abilities, as well as minimizing the number of crosses required. If, as found in this study, the general combining ability effect estimates of the parents for grain yield accurately predict performance of later generations, this parent x tester crossing scheme would be an efficient method of assessing the potentials of prospective parents in breeding programs. Close

• 42. [Article] Bilingual Spanish-English Speaking 4-Year-Old-Children: English Normative Data and Correlations with Parent Reports

  Many bilingual Spanish-English preschool aged children are impacted by speech sound disorders; and research has shown that bilingual speech sound systems develop differently than monolinguals'. Research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bilingual Spanish-English Speaking 4-Year-Old-Children: English Normative Data and Correlations with Parent Reports Author: Powers, Brooke Leann Year: 2010 Many bilingual Spanish-English preschool aged children are impacted by speech sound disorders; and research has shown that bilingual speech sound systems develop differently than monolinguals'. Research has also shown that, for monolingual English and Spanish speakers, parent reports can be a valid tool for identification and single-word assessments can effectively diagnose speech disorder, yet little, if any, normative data or information about the validity of parent reports as an identification tool exists for bilingual Spanish-English speakers. The purpose of the present study was to create bilingual speech normative data for English single-word assessment scores for percent consonants correct (PCC), percent vowels correct (PVC), and the index of phonetic complexity (IPC). It also sought to determine correlations of speech scores and parent reports, which was done as an extension of Stertzbach's 2005 study with monolingual Spanish speakers. Fifty-six bilingual Spanish-English 4-year-olds were administered a single-word assessment in English and normative data was generated from the PCC, PVC, and IPC scores. That normative data was correlated with Likert values from the parent surveys to establish the validity of the report as an identification tool, and finally, the disordered scores (as determined by the normative data) were explored in relation to previous suspicion or diagnosis of disorder. The normative data showed 89% of speech scores falling within the typical range for both PCC and PVC and 93% for IPC. Pearson coefficients were computed by regression analysis and parent reports were deemed a valid tool for identification based on statistically significant correlations (at the .05 level) for 6 of 10 questions. Previous suspicions of disorder, based on parent report or examiner questionnaire, were 87.5% and 91% accurate, respectively, while current diagnosis, based on the presence of an existing Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP), was 93% accurate. The results were consistent with previous research showing the prevalence of speech disorder as well as the validity of the parent report. Title: Bilingual Spanish-English Speaking 4-Year-Old-Children: English Normative Data and Correlations with Parent Reports Author: Powers, Brooke Leann Year: 2010 Many bilingual Spanish-English preschool aged children are impacted by speech sound disorders; and research has shown that bilingual speech sound systems develop differently than monolinguals'. Research has also shown that, for monolingual English and Spanish speakers, parent reports can be a valid tool for identification and single-word assessments can effectively diagnose speech disorder, yet little, if any, normative data or information about the validity of parent reports as an identification tool exists for bilingual Spanish-English speakers. The purpose of the present study was to create bilingual speech normative data for English single-word assessment scores for percent consonants correct (PCC), percent vowels correct (PVC), and the index of phonetic complexity (IPC). It also sought to determine correlations of speech scores and parent reports, which was done as an extension of Stertzbach's 2005 study with monolingual Spanish speakers. Fifty-six bilingual Spanish-English 4-year-olds were administered a single-word assessment in English and normative data was generated from the PCC, PVC, and IPC scores. That normative data was correlated with Likert values from the parent surveys to establish the validity of the report as an identification tool, and finally, the disordered scores (as determined by the normative data) were explored in relation to previous suspicion or diagnosis of disorder. The normative data showed 89% of speech scores falling within the typical range for both PCC and PVC and 93% for IPC. Pearson coefficients were computed by regression analysis and parent reports were deemed a valid tool for identification based on statistically significant correlations (at the .05 level) for 6 of 10 questions. Previous suspicions of disorder, based on parent report or examiner questionnaire, were 87.5% and 91% accurate, respectively, while current diagnosis, based on the presence of an existing Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP), was 93% accurate. The results were consistent with previous research showing the prevalence of speech disorder as well as the validity of the parent report. Close

• 43. [Article] Toward a Model of Work and Family Balance: How Families with Children Having Serious Emotional Disorders Manage Caregiving and Worklife

  Employed parents of children with serious emotional disorders must manage the competing demands of home and job. Although every situation is unique, all parents cope daily with the interface between employment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Toward a Model of Work and Family Balance: How Families with Children Having Serious Emotional Disorders Manage Caregiving and Worklife Author: Rosenzweig, Julie M., Ogilvie, Alice Myrth, Brennan, Eileen M. Year: 1998 Employed parents of children with serious emotional disorders must manage the competing demands of home and job. Although every situation is unique, all parents cope daily with the interface between employment and home. As the number of single employed mothers and dual-worker households has increased, so has the research on work and family. A review of this literature offers an examination of the different ways work and family relate within the busy lives of employed parents. Three primary models emerge from the review that describe experiences of mothers and fathers challenged by meeting both the needs of family members and the responsibilities of work-life. The literature does not identify whether or not the parents have children with any special needs. This review serves as a foundation for research that will specifically focus on parents of children with serious emotional disorders. Title: Toward a Model of Work and Family Balance: How Families with Children Having Serious Emotional Disorders Manage Caregiving and Worklife Author: Rosenzweig, Julie M., Ogilvie, Alice Myrth, Brennan, Eileen M. Year: 1998 Employed parents of children with serious emotional disorders must manage the competing demands of home and job. Although every situation is unique, all parents cope daily with the interface between employment and home. As the number of single employed mothers and dual-worker households has increased, so has the research on work and family. A review of this literature offers an examination of the different ways work and family relate within the busy lives of employed parents. Three primary models emerge from the review that describe experiences of mothers and fathers challenged by meeting both the needs of family members and the responsibilities of work-life. The literature does not identify whether or not the parents have children with any special needs. This review serves as a foundation for research that will specifically focus on parents of children with serious emotional disorders. Close

• 44. [Article] Evaluation of methods of progeny testing in tall fescue seed production (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.)

  Seventeen parental clones were selected, from 9,000 plants, on the basis of self-sterility, seed and forage yield potential using phenotypic ratings, crude protein and chromogen content. The parental clones ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of methods of progeny testing in tall fescue seed production (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Thomas, Johnny Ray Seventeen parental clones were selected, from 9,000 plants, on the basis of self-sterility, seed and forage yield potential using phenotypic ratings, crude protein and chromogen content. The parental clones were divided into two populations based on date of maturity. Group I was intermediate in maturity and had nine parental clones, while group E was early maturing and had eight parental clones. Six progeny testing methods (vegetative cuttings of parental clones, first generation selfed-seed (S₁ progeny), open-pollinated progeny, polycross progeny, seed from all possible single crosses, and selfed seed from the single-crosses or F₂ progeny) were compared using simple correlation coefficients between the progeny test and by comparing the rankings of the clones on the basis of each progeny test. The actual polycross performance was compared with the theoretical polycross performance or average of all possible single crosses, to see if equal and random fertilization occurred in the actual polycross. The results from the comparison of the six progeny testing methods indicated the vegetative cuttings of the parental clones and the single-cross progeny tests are the two most effective progeny testing methods when considering all four traits and both populations of plants. The open pollinated and polycross progeny tests were generally undesirable, because frequently there was no significant difference among their progeny. The S₁ progeny test was generally not desirable in group I; however, it appeared to be the most satisfactory test for seed yield when both populations of plants were considered. The results illustrate why there are inconsistencies in the literature concerning the effectiveness of the progeny testing methods. The effectiveness of the six progeny tests varied, to some extent, from trait to trait and for the two populations. For all four traits there was much less agreement among the six progeny tests in group E than in group I. In all four traits the F₂ generation showed a great inbreeding depression. The average of the single crosses was lower than the parents for tiller number, plant height, and 100 seed weight, but equalled the parents in yield per plant. The S₁ progeny were usually approximately equal to the average of the single cross progeny. The open-pollinated and polycross progeny were generally the highest for all four traits. The results from the comparison of the actual polycross with the theoretical polycross indicated that equal and random fertilization did not occur in the actual polycross. The more desirable clones appeared to contribute the majority of the pollen, since the actual polycross performance was usually greater than the theoretical polycross performance. Title: Evaluation of methods of progeny testing in tall fescue seed production (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) Author: Thomas, Johnny Ray Seventeen parental clones were selected, from 9,000 plants, on the basis of self-sterility, seed and forage yield potential using phenotypic ratings, crude protein and chromogen content. The parental clones were divided into two populations based on date of maturity. Group I was intermediate in maturity and had nine parental clones, while group E was early maturing and had eight parental clones. Six progeny testing methods (vegetative cuttings of parental clones, first generation selfed-seed (S₁ progeny), open-pollinated progeny, polycross progeny, seed from all possible single crosses, and selfed seed from the single-crosses or F₂ progeny) were compared using simple correlation coefficients between the progeny test and by comparing the rankings of the clones on the basis of each progeny test. The actual polycross performance was compared with the theoretical polycross performance or average of all possible single crosses, to see if equal and random fertilization occurred in the actual polycross. The results from the comparison of the six progeny testing methods indicated the vegetative cuttings of the parental clones and the single-cross progeny tests are the two most effective progeny testing methods when considering all four traits and both populations of plants. The open pollinated and polycross progeny tests were generally undesirable, because frequently there was no significant difference among their progeny. The S₁ progeny test was generally not desirable in group I; however, it appeared to be the most satisfactory test for seed yield when both populations of plants were considered. The results illustrate why there are inconsistencies in the literature concerning the effectiveness of the progeny testing methods. The effectiveness of the six progeny tests varied, to some extent, from trait to trait and for the two populations. For all four traits there was much less agreement among the six progeny tests in group E than in group I. In all four traits the F₂ generation showed a great inbreeding depression. The average of the single crosses was lower than the parents for tiller number, plant height, and 100 seed weight, but equalled the parents in yield per plant. The S₁ progeny were usually approximately equal to the average of the single cross progeny. The open-pollinated and polycross progeny were generally the highest for all four traits. The results from the comparison of the actual polycross with the theoretical polycross indicated that equal and random fertilization did not occur in the actual polycross. The more desirable clones appeared to contribute the majority of the pollen, since the actual polycross performance was usually greater than the theoretical polycross performance. Close

• 45. [Article] Evaluation of parental performance for grain yield in two populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host)

  Six winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for their breeding value in transmitting superior genetic factors for grain yield to subsequent progeny. The cultivars were selected on the basis of their potential ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of parental performance for grain yield in two populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Alcala de Stefano, Maximino Six winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for their breeding value in transmitting superior genetic factors for grain yield to subsequent progeny. The cultivars were selected on the basis of their potential grain yield and divided into two populations. Population I was comprised of three cultivars which have been in commercial production for several years and are regarded as intermediate for grain yield. Population II was represented by three recently developed cultivars which have superior grain yielding potential. Each of the three parents within each population were crossed in a diallel manner Hence, the parents and subsequent F₁, F₂, and BC progeny made up the experimental populations. These populations were grown at two environmentally diverse sites within the state of Oregon. Morphological characters measured were: (1) tillers per plant; (2) kernels per spike; (3) plant height; (4) weight of 300 kernels; and (5) grain yield. To detect which parental combination had the greatest potential for transmitting superior performance to the subsequent progeny for the components of yield and grain yield, the following parameters were determined for both populations: (1) the amount and nature of the genetic variance associated with each population; (2) average combining ability of each parent within the populations; (3) estimates of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in the F₁ and (4) the possible influence of the genotype-environmental interactions on the parameters measured. Also information concerning the desirability of using top crosses and double crosses rather than single crosses was obtained. In an effort to compare the relative performance between the populations, Pullman Selection 101, which is a good general combining winter wheat cultivar, was used as a tester for both populations. The values obtained in this investigation reflect the properties of the populations studied and should not be interpreted as applying to all wheat populations. Considerable genetic variability was found within both populations for the characters studied. This variability was largely due to genetic factors which were additive. Tillers per plant and grain yield were influenced by both additive and nonadditive genetic variance. The higher yielding parents in Population II were found to be higher in their average combining ability for kernels per spike and grain yield per plant whereas the lower yielding parents in Population I were higher for tiller number, weight of 300 kernels and plant height. Parental combinations identified as being promising, for grain yield in a conventional program, where nearly homozygous lines are desired, were also the same parental combinations which resulted in a maximum expression of heterobeltiosis and would be of most interest in a hybrid program. The desirability of using multiple crosses to maximize the number of favorable factors need further study inctuding additional parents and different combinations plus an evaluation of the performance of such crosses in later generations. In this investigation, the single crosses appeared to be the most promising; however, inbreeding depression due to segregation within top and double crosses influenced the values obtained. Also, the population sizes should be increased to measure the total potential of such crosses. Significant genotype-environmental interactions were observed between locations for plant height and weight of 300 kernels. The estimates obtained for average combining ability, heterosis and heterobeltiosis for the other characters measured also suggested that it will be necessary to identify the most promising hybrid combinations based on the performance of the parents at the specific location. To make the most rapid progress in developing high yielding cultivars in either conventional or hybrid programs, the wheat breeder needs to emphasize crosses between unrelated high yielding cultivars. However, the need to provide superior parental lines which include such factors as disease resistance, should be evaluated. The development of elite germ plasm by geneticists will be mandatory if plant breeders are to continue to improve grain yield. Title: Evaluation of parental performance for grain yield in two populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host) Author: Alcala de Stefano, Maximino Six winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for their breeding value in transmitting superior genetic factors for grain yield to subsequent progeny. The cultivars were selected on the basis of their potential grain yield and divided into two populations. Population I was comprised of three cultivars which have been in commercial production for several years and are regarded as intermediate for grain yield. Population II was represented by three recently developed cultivars which have superior grain yielding potential. Each of the three parents within each population were crossed in a diallel manner Hence, the parents and subsequent F₁, F₂, and BC progeny made up the experimental populations. These populations were grown at two environmentally diverse sites within the state of Oregon. Morphological characters measured were: (1) tillers per plant; (2) kernels per spike; (3) plant height; (4) weight of 300 kernels; and (5) grain yield. To detect which parental combination had the greatest potential for transmitting superior performance to the subsequent progeny for the components of yield and grain yield, the following parameters were determined for both populations: (1) the amount and nature of the genetic variance associated with each population; (2) average combining ability of each parent within the populations; (3) estimates of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in the F₁ and (4) the possible influence of the genotype-environmental interactions on the parameters measured. Also information concerning the desirability of using top crosses and double crosses rather than single crosses was obtained. In an effort to compare the relative performance between the populations, Pullman Selection 101, which is a good general combining winter wheat cultivar, was used as a tester for both populations. The values obtained in this investigation reflect the properties of the populations studied and should not be interpreted as applying to all wheat populations. Considerable genetic variability was found within both populations for the characters studied. This variability was largely due to genetic factors which were additive. Tillers per plant and grain yield were influenced by both additive and nonadditive genetic variance. The higher yielding parents in Population II were found to be higher in their average combining ability for kernels per spike and grain yield per plant whereas the lower yielding parents in Population I were higher for tiller number, weight of 300 kernels and plant height. Parental combinations identified as being promising, for grain yield in a conventional program, where nearly homozygous lines are desired, were also the same parental combinations which resulted in a maximum expression of heterobeltiosis and would be of most interest in a hybrid program. The desirability of using multiple crosses to maximize the number of favorable factors need further study inctuding additional parents and different combinations plus an evaluation of the performance of such crosses in later generations. In this investigation, the single crosses appeared to be the most promising; however, inbreeding depression due to segregation within top and double crosses influenced the values obtained. Also, the population sizes should be increased to measure the total potential of such crosses. Significant genotype-environmental interactions were observed between locations for plant height and weight of 300 kernels. The estimates obtained for average combining ability, heterosis and heterobeltiosis for the other characters measured also suggested that it will be necessary to identify the most promising hybrid combinations based on the performance of the parents at the specific location. To make the most rapid progress in developing high yielding cultivars in either conventional or hybrid programs, the wheat breeder needs to emphasize crosses between unrelated high yielding cultivars. However, the need to provide superior parental lines which include such factors as disease resistance, should be evaluated. The development of elite germ plasm by geneticists will be mandatory if plant breeders are to continue to improve grain yield. Close

• 46. [Article] Analysis of high-risk hispanic families in a family support program : characteristics, factors affecting parenting skills over time, and age-paced newsletter efficacy

  Two studies investigated the characteristics of high-risk Hispanic parents with young children who were enrolled in a primary prevention home visitation program targeting first birth families. In the first ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of high-risk hispanic families in a family support program : characteristics, factors affecting parenting skills over time, and age-paced newsletter efficacy Author: Weatherspoon, Joni Two studies investigated the characteristics of high-risk Hispanic parents with young children who were enrolled in a primary prevention home visitation program targeting first birth families. In the first study, more and less acculturated high-risk Hispanic families were compared to high-risk non-Hispanic White families on differences in demographic characteristics, risk factors associated with poor child outcomes, and parent behaviors related to infant health. Using the General Linear Model Univariate procedure, these characteristics were then related to level of parenting skills, measured after approximately one year of service. A total of 1005 families were included in the study. There were important differences in parent psychosocial characteristics, health risks, and outcomes among Hispanic families. Hispanic mothers who were more acculturated, as measured by use of English in the home, were more likely to be at risk for substance abuse, mental illness, and family conflict. They were more likely to smoke and less likely to breastfeed. Less acculturated Hispanic mothers were less educated and more likely to be isolated. Controlling for pretest scores and education level, there were significant between group differences on parenting skills after one year of service, however the effect was small and overshadowed by the significant interaction effect between partner status and household category. Scores for single Spanish-speaking Hispanic mothers were significantly lower than scores of Spanish-speaking Hispanics in partner households. Risk factors that were positively associated with program progress included breastfeeding and mother's education level. Smoking, mental illness, and unrealistic expectations for the child were negatively associated with program progress. The second paper addressed the efficacy of an age-paced parenting newsletter as part of a home-visiting program for Spanish-speaking Hispanic parents. Family Service Workers serving these families delivered the newsletter and used it as a curriculum guide and teaching tool for families. Parents reported reading the newsletter, learning from it, and changing their behavior in response to newsletter content. Home visitors reported that it was a useful tool to reach high-risk parents with important parenting information. They found that it was particularly useful to combat inappropriate or unhealthful parenting advice from well-meaning family members and friends. Title: Analysis of high-risk hispanic families in a family support program : characteristics, factors affecting parenting skills over time, and age-paced newsletter efficacy Author: Weatherspoon, Joni Two studies investigated the characteristics of high-risk Hispanic parents with young children who were enrolled in a primary prevention home visitation program targeting first birth families. In the first study, more and less acculturated high-risk Hispanic families were compared to high-risk non-Hispanic White families on differences in demographic characteristics, risk factors associated with poor child outcomes, and parent behaviors related to infant health. Using the General Linear Model Univariate procedure, these characteristics were then related to level of parenting skills, measured after approximately one year of service. A total of 1005 families were included in the study. There were important differences in parent psychosocial characteristics, health risks, and outcomes among Hispanic families. Hispanic mothers who were more acculturated, as measured by use of English in the home, were more likely to be at risk for substance abuse, mental illness, and family conflict. They were more likely to smoke and less likely to breastfeed. Less acculturated Hispanic mothers were less educated and more likely to be isolated. Controlling for pretest scores and education level, there were significant between group differences on parenting skills after one year of service, however the effect was small and overshadowed by the significant interaction effect between partner status and household category. Scores for single Spanish-speaking Hispanic mothers were significantly lower than scores of Spanish-speaking Hispanics in partner households. Risk factors that were positively associated with program progress included breastfeeding and mother's education level. Smoking, mental illness, and unrealistic expectations for the child were negatively associated with program progress. The second paper addressed the efficacy of an age-paced parenting newsletter as part of a home-visiting program for Spanish-speaking Hispanic parents. Family Service Workers serving these families delivered the newsletter and used it as a curriculum guide and teaching tool for families. Parents reported reading the newsletter, learning from it, and changing their behavior in response to newsletter content. Home visitors reported that it was a useful tool to reach high-risk parents with important parenting information. They found that it was particularly useful to combat inappropriate or unhealthful parenting advice from well-meaning family members and friends. Close

• 47. [Article] Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the presence of two other preschool siblings

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the presence of two other preschool siblings Author: Thompson, Joanne Mann Title: Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the presence of two other preschool siblings Author: Thompson, Joanne Mann Close

• 48. [Article] Attitudes of one hundred thirty single college men toward certain aspects of parenthood

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Attitudes of one hundred thirty single college men toward certain aspects of parenthood Author: Benjamin, Dayton Title: Attitudes of one hundred thirty single college men toward certain aspects of parenthood Author: Benjamin, Dayton Close

• 49. [Article] Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the home

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the home Author: Paul, Janet Smetts Title: Observer influence on the interaction of a mother and a single child in the home Author: Paul, Janet Smetts Close

• 50. [Article] Baby Talk: Engaging the Community in Early Language Development as a Strategy to Improve K-12 Success

  Single-page poster.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Baby Talk: Engaging the Community in Early Language Development as a Strategy to Improve K-12 Success Author: Spencer-Iiams, Jennifer Year: 2013, 2012 Single-page poster. Title: Baby Talk: Engaging the Community in Early Language Development as a Strategy to Improve K-12 Success Author: Spencer-Iiams, Jennifer Year: 2013, 2012 Single-page poster. Close