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• 41. [Article] The Venus Victorieuse and Renoir’s treatment of the Female Nude

  Pierre-­‐Auguste Renoir’s sculpture Venus Victorieuse is a mythic image of the ‘ideal’ woman that was influenced by The Judgment of Paris, the Aphrodite of Knidos, and the imagery of Eve in the Garden ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Venus Victorieuse and Renoir’s treatment of the Female Nude Author: Yinger, Tess Year: 2010 Pierre-­‐Auguste Renoir’s sculpture Venus Victorieuse is a mythic image of the ‘ideal’ woman that was influenced by The Judgment of Paris, the Aphrodite of Knidos, and the imagery of Eve in the Garden of Eden. This work is fundamental to realizing Renoir’s overall treatment of the female nude, which is fully epitomized by this formal sculpture. Pierre-­‐Auguste Renoir was an Impressionist artist who dedicated the last three decades of his life primarily to the depiction of the female nude. His representation of the nude, both in painting and sculpture, was monumental and idealized, and he often created images of women that were mythic and evocative of the notion that woman belongs to the ‘natural sphere.’ Renoir’s sculpture, the Venus Victorieuse is an idealized and indeed mythic image that epitomizes the idea of woman as a seducer, animalistic by nature and inherently amoral. The first part of this essay will discuss the ways in which the Venus Victorieuse was influenced by two earlier works, The Judgment of Paris by Marcantonio Raimondi and Praxiteles’ Aphrodite of Knidos, and also how this image of Venus evokes the allegory of Eve and the notion of her ‘original sin’. Comparing the Venus with these two earlier works will address these influences and how they have informed the meaning behind Renoir’s sculptural interpretation of the mythic symbol of Venus. The second part of this essay will explore the ways in which Renoir has utilized the sculptural form to convey his ideas concerning the objectification of woman and the implications of her as inherently closer to nature, predisposed to sin and seduction. Title: The Venus Victorieuse and Renoir’s treatment of the Female Nude Author: Yinger, Tess Year: 2010 Pierre-­‐Auguste Renoir’s sculpture Venus Victorieuse is a mythic image of the ‘ideal’ woman that was influenced by The Judgment of Paris, the Aphrodite of Knidos, and the imagery of Eve in the Garden of Eden. This work is fundamental to realizing Renoir’s overall treatment of the female nude, which is fully epitomized by this formal sculpture. Pierre-­‐Auguste Renoir was an Impressionist artist who dedicated the last three decades of his life primarily to the depiction of the female nude. His representation of the nude, both in painting and sculpture, was monumental and idealized, and he often created images of women that were mythic and evocative of the notion that woman belongs to the ‘natural sphere.’ Renoir’s sculpture, the Venus Victorieuse is an idealized and indeed mythic image that epitomizes the idea of woman as a seducer, animalistic by nature and inherently amoral. The first part of this essay will discuss the ways in which the Venus Victorieuse was influenced by two earlier works, The Judgment of Paris by Marcantonio Raimondi and Praxiteles’ Aphrodite of Knidos, and also how this image of Venus evokes the allegory of Eve and the notion of her ‘original sin’. Comparing the Venus with these two earlier works will address these influences and how they have informed the meaning behind Renoir’s sculptural interpretation of the mythic symbol of Venus. The second part of this essay will explore the ways in which Renoir has utilized the sculptural form to convey his ideas concerning the objectification of woman and the implications of her as inherently closer to nature, predisposed to sin and seduction. Close

• 42. [Article] Site formation at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos and predictive modeling for neolithic sites, Cyprus

  Site formation processes at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, a potentially early Neolithic archaeological site on Cyprus, are examined in order to build a larger predictive model. The study area immediate to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Site formation at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos and predictive modeling for neolithic sites, Cyprus Author: Barnett, Darby E. Site formation processes at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, a potentially early Neolithic archaeological site on Cyprus, are examined in order to build a larger predictive model. The study area immediate to the site encompasses 6.33 hectares and includes the site and alluvial terraces on both sides of the Gialias River. Fourteen soil map units, largely developed on Holocene colluvium, were identified. Stratigraphic profiles of the excavation trenches indicate a buried A horizon overlying what is thought to be a Pre-Pottery Neolithic B cultural component. Construction of a checkdam stopped site erosion and promoted the burial and preservation of a stratified archaeological sequence. The site is located next to a contact between the Lefkara Formation (limestone) and the Upper Pillow Basalts where vitreous chert commonly occurs on the island. Using the geoarchaeological data collected from Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, satellite imagery and Geographic Information Systems data, a model was built the location of other further Neolithic Quarry sites on the island. The predictive model considers proximity to the contact, proximity to a 4th to 7th order stream, landscape position and relative level of ground disturbance. Over 38 areas were identified on 23 1:5,000 scale maps that could be explored by field survey and sub-surface testing. Title: Site formation at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos and predictive modeling for neolithic sites, Cyprus Author: Barnett, Darby E. Site formation processes at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, a potentially early Neolithic archaeological site on Cyprus, are examined in order to build a larger predictive model. The study area immediate to the site encompasses 6.33 hectares and includes the site and alluvial terraces on both sides of the Gialias River. Fourteen soil map units, largely developed on Holocene colluvium, were identified. Stratigraphic profiles of the excavation trenches indicate a buried A horizon overlying what is thought to be a Pre-Pottery Neolithic B cultural component. Construction of a checkdam stopped site erosion and promoted the burial and preservation of a stratified archaeological sequence. The site is located next to a contact between the Lefkara Formation (limestone) and the Upper Pillow Basalts where vitreous chert commonly occurs on the island. Using the geoarchaeological data collected from Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, satellite imagery and Geographic Information Systems data, a model was built the location of other further Neolithic Quarry sites on the island. The predictive model considers proximity to the contact, proximity to a 4th to 7th order stream, landscape position and relative level of ground disturbance. Over 38 areas were identified on 23 1:5,000 scale maps that could be explored by field survey and sub-surface testing. Close

• 43. [Article] 'Kalos thanatos': The ideology and iconography of the Demosion Sema at Athens in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE

  xiii, 136 p. : ill. (some col.)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 'Kalos thanatos': The ideology and iconography of the Demosion Sema at Athens in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE Author: Masek, Brooke Heather Year: 2011 xiii, 136 p. : ill. (some col.) Title: 'Kalos thanatos': The ideology and iconography of the Demosion Sema at Athens in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE Author: Masek, Brooke Heather Year: 2011 xiii, 136 p. : ill. (some col.) Close

• 44. [Article] Waning magmatic activity along the Southern Explorer Ridge revealed through fault restoration of rift topography

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. American Geophysical Union – Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems - G³ This is the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Waning magmatic activity along the Southern Explorer Ridge revealed through fault restoration of rift topography Author: Chadwick Jr., W. W., Tivey, M. A., Deschamps, A., Embley, R. W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. American Geophysical Union – Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems - G³ This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/gc/. Title: Waning magmatic activity along the Southern Explorer Ridge revealed through fault restoration of rift topography Author: Chadwick Jr., W. W., Tivey, M. A., Deschamps, A., Embley, R. W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. American Geophysical Union – Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems - G³ This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/gc/. Close

• 45. [Article] The evolution of mapping habitat for northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina): A comparison of photo-interpreted, Landsat-based, and lidar-based habitat maps

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The evolution of mapping habitat for northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina): A comparison of photo-interpreted, Landsat-based, and lidar-based habitat maps Author: Ackers, Steven H., Dugger, Katie M., Davis, Raymond J., Olsen, Keith A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/remote-sensing-of-environment. Title: The evolution of mapping habitat for northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina): A comparison of photo-interpreted, Landsat-based, and lidar-based habitat maps Author: Ackers, Steven H., Dugger, Katie M., Davis, Raymond J., Olsen, Keith A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/remote-sensing-of-environment. Close

• 46. [Article] Gritos en el Desierto: Denuncia y Resistencia en las Obras de las Escritoras Wayuu Estercilia Simanca Pushaina y Vicenta Marí­a Siosi Pino

  The way we read and interpret literature is frequently influenced by factors that operate beyond the scope of the average reader's awareness. In this thesis, selected works by two Wayuu writers, Estercilia ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gritos en el Desierto: Denuncia y Resistencia en las Obras de las Escritoras Wayuu Estercilia Simanca Pushaina y Vicenta Marí­a Siosi Pino Author: Perwak, Lindsay H. Year: 2016 The way we read and interpret literature is frequently influenced by factors that operate beyond the scope of the average reader's awareness. In this thesis, selected works by two Wayuu writers, Estercilia Simanca Pushaina and Vicenta Maria Siosi Pino, are analyzed and interpreted in an attempt to unveil some of these behind-the-scenes agents and issues, as well as explore how the stories' classification in the children's literature genre reveals a deep-rooted colonial tendency to infantilize indigenous individuals in contemporary Colombia. Despite the fact that the two authors, both mestizo women who self-identify with the Wayuu indigenous group of northern Colombia, prefer to write short stories that highlight the child and adolescent experience, the implicit themes and the complexity of their texts reject the "children's story" label that has been imposed on their literature. Furthermore, this thesis discusses how the two authors utilize the colonial trope of the Indian-as-child to their advantage by capsizing the imagery, thus rejecting the original power of the symbol and claiming it as their own. The first section of this investigation provides certain contextual specifics related to the cultural and social environment of the Wayuu indigenous group, particularly regarding that experienced by women. The second chapter includes an explanation of the impact a book's genre and its "paratext" may have on the reception and interpretation of these texts, and additionally proposes that the colonial practice of infantilizing indigenous people appears in both the assignment of genre as well as in several extratextual elements surrounding the stories. Chapter three offers an in-depth analysis of five selected pieces of the Wayuu authors' writing and explores how the texts may be read on multiple levels. This close reading reveals several examples of overt criticism towards the hegemonic society as well as displays instances of a more subtle rebellion; both explicit and implicit messages effectively expose and protest the current conditions of abuse, oppression and injustice that continue to anguish the Wayuu people. Title: Gritos en el Desierto: Denuncia y Resistencia en las Obras de las Escritoras Wayuu Estercilia Simanca Pushaina y Vicenta Marí­a Siosi Pino Author: Perwak, Lindsay H. Year: 2016 The way we read and interpret literature is frequently influenced by factors that operate beyond the scope of the average reader's awareness. In this thesis, selected works by two Wayuu writers, Estercilia Simanca Pushaina and Vicenta Maria Siosi Pino, are analyzed and interpreted in an attempt to unveil some of these behind-the-scenes agents and issues, as well as explore how the stories' classification in the children's literature genre reveals a deep-rooted colonial tendency to infantilize indigenous individuals in contemporary Colombia. Despite the fact that the two authors, both mestizo women who self-identify with the Wayuu indigenous group of northern Colombia, prefer to write short stories that highlight the child and adolescent experience, the implicit themes and the complexity of their texts reject the "children's story" label that has been imposed on their literature. Furthermore, this thesis discusses how the two authors utilize the colonial trope of the Indian-as-child to their advantage by capsizing the imagery, thus rejecting the original power of the symbol and claiming it as their own. The first section of this investigation provides certain contextual specifics related to the cultural and social environment of the Wayuu indigenous group, particularly regarding that experienced by women. The second chapter includes an explanation of the impact a book's genre and its "paratext" may have on the reception and interpretation of these texts, and additionally proposes that the colonial practice of infantilizing indigenous people appears in both the assignment of genre as well as in several extratextual elements surrounding the stories. Chapter three offers an in-depth analysis of five selected pieces of the Wayuu authors' writing and explores how the texts may be read on multiple levels. This close reading reveals several examples of overt criticism towards the hegemonic society as well as displays instances of a more subtle rebellion; both explicit and implicit messages effectively expose and protest the current conditions of abuse, oppression and injustice that continue to anguish the Wayuu people. Close

• 47. [Article] Antagonistic Cooperation: Prose in American Poetry

  Poets and critics have long agreed that any perceived differences between poetry and prose are not essential to those modes: both are comprised of words, both may be arranged typographically in various ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Antagonistic Cooperation: Prose in American Poetry Author: LeRud, Elizabeth Year: 2017 Poets and critics have long agreed that any perceived differences between poetry and prose are not essential to those modes: both are comprised of words, both may be arranged typographically in various ways—in lines, in paragraphs of sentences, or otherwise—and both draw freely from the complete range of literary styles and tools, like rhythm, sound patterning, focalization, figures, imagery, narration, or address. Yet still, in modern American literature, poetry and prose remain entrenched as a binary, one just as likely to be invoked as fact by writers and scholars as by casual readers. I argue that this binary is not only prevalent but also productive for modern notions of poetry, the root of many formal innovations of the past two centuries, like the prose poem and free verse. Further, for the poets considered in this study, the poetry/prose binary is generative precisely because it is flawed, offering an opportunity for an aesthetic critique. “Antagonistic Cooperation: Prose in American Poetry” uncovers a history of innovative writing that traverses the divide between poetry and prose, writing that critiques the poetry/prose binary by combining conventions of each. These texts reveal how poetry and prose are similar, but they also explore why they seem different and even have different effects. When these writers’ texts examine this binary, they do so not only for aesthetic reasons but also to question the social and political binaries of modern American life—like rich/poor, white/black, male/female, gay/straight, natural/artificial, even living/dead—and these convergences of prose and poetry are a textual “space” each writer creates for representing those explorations. Ultimately, these texts neither choose between poetry and prose nor do they homogenize the two, affirming instead the complex effects that even faulty distinctions may have had historically, and still have, on literature—as on life. By confronting differences without reducing or erasing them, these texts imagine ways to negotiate and overcome modes of ignorance, invisibility, and oppression that may result from these flawed yet powerful dichotomies. Title: Antagonistic Cooperation: Prose in American Poetry Author: LeRud, Elizabeth Year: 2017 Poets and critics have long agreed that any perceived differences between poetry and prose are not essential to those modes: both are comprised of words, both may be arranged typographically in various ways—in lines, in paragraphs of sentences, or otherwise—and both draw freely from the complete range of literary styles and tools, like rhythm, sound patterning, focalization, figures, imagery, narration, or address. Yet still, in modern American literature, poetry and prose remain entrenched as a binary, one just as likely to be invoked as fact by writers and scholars as by casual readers. I argue that this binary is not only prevalent but also productive for modern notions of poetry, the root of many formal innovations of the past two centuries, like the prose poem and free verse. Further, for the poets considered in this study, the poetry/prose binary is generative precisely because it is flawed, offering an opportunity for an aesthetic critique. “Antagonistic Cooperation: Prose in American Poetry” uncovers a history of innovative writing that traverses the divide between poetry and prose, writing that critiques the poetry/prose binary by combining conventions of each. These texts reveal how poetry and prose are similar, but they also explore why they seem different and even have different effects. When these writers’ texts examine this binary, they do so not only for aesthetic reasons but also to question the social and political binaries of modern American life—like rich/poor, white/black, male/female, gay/straight, natural/artificial, even living/dead—and these convergences of prose and poetry are a textual “space” each writer creates for representing those explorations. Ultimately, these texts neither choose between poetry and prose nor do they homogenize the two, affirming instead the complex effects that even faulty distinctions may have had historically, and still have, on literature—as on life. By confronting differences without reducing or erasing them, these texts imagine ways to negotiate and overcome modes of ignorance, invisibility, and oppression that may result from these flawed yet powerful dichotomies. Close

• 48. [Article] Virtual constellations for global terrestrial monitoring

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Virtual constellations for global terrestrial monitoring Author: Wulder, Michael A., Hilker, Thomas, et al., White, Joanne C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/remote-sensing-of-environment/ Title: Virtual constellations for global terrestrial monitoring Author: Wulder, Michael A., Hilker, Thomas, et al., White, Joanne C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/remote-sensing-of-environment/ Close

• 49. [Article] The Interaction of Emotion and Gender on the Social Amplification of Risk: Why Twitter?

  Micro blogging sites such as Twitter have fundamentally changed the way that individuals communicate and spread information, with greater speed and greater representation of how affected individuals feel ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Interaction of Emotion and Gender on the Social Amplification of Risk: Why Twitter? Author: Morganstern, Arielle Year: 2016 Micro blogging sites such as Twitter have fundamentally changed the way that individuals communicate and spread information, with greater speed and greater representation of how affected individuals feel about given situations. By seeking information that is available on Twitter, individuals are constructing their opinions based on a large source of data from their peers. Laypeople are now influential amplification agents during unfolding crises. Factors that amplify or attenuate perceptions of risk may have far-reaching implications for risk communication research within emerging new social media contexts. In order to explore these factors, we experimentally manipulated content about risk information, specific emotion, and emotional imagery via hypothetical Twitter community event pages and measured risk perceptions, behavioral intentions, and subjective emotions that may accompany the amplification or attenuation of risk through social media. Across three experimental studies, emotion increased the seeking and sharing of information and behavior associated with risk prevention and regulation during crisis communication via experimental Twitter feeds. Gender was a substantial factor that impacted subjective emotion, risk, and behavior. Females demonstrated higher scores than males on the majority of these dependent measures when anger and sadness were induced (Studies 1 and 2) and when only anger was manipulated (Study 3). This attests to the significant impact that gender has for processing emotion in crisis communication. Emotion and risk influenced each other recursively for information seeking and sharing behavior, and emotion content increased subjective emotion compared to information content. Spokesperson strategies effectively reduced negative emotion, information seeking and sharing, information generation, and regulatory action related to the risk event. The present research suggests that evidence-based strategies may be applicable in the domain of social media crisis management. It is imperative that we further investigate the interplay of emotion and information as underlying mechanisms in relation to how information diffusion operates in new social media, as we do not know how perceptions of risk may be generated or altered in this relatively unexplored domain. Title: The Interaction of Emotion and Gender on the Social Amplification of Risk: Why Twitter? Author: Morganstern, Arielle Year: 2016 Micro blogging sites such as Twitter have fundamentally changed the way that individuals communicate and spread information, with greater speed and greater representation of how affected individuals feel about given situations. By seeking information that is available on Twitter, individuals are constructing their opinions based on a large source of data from their peers. Laypeople are now influential amplification agents during unfolding crises. Factors that amplify or attenuate perceptions of risk may have far-reaching implications for risk communication research within emerging new social media contexts. In order to explore these factors, we experimentally manipulated content about risk information, specific emotion, and emotional imagery via hypothetical Twitter community event pages and measured risk perceptions, behavioral intentions, and subjective emotions that may accompany the amplification or attenuation of risk through social media. Across three experimental studies, emotion increased the seeking and sharing of information and behavior associated with risk prevention and regulation during crisis communication via experimental Twitter feeds. Gender was a substantial factor that impacted subjective emotion, risk, and behavior. Females demonstrated higher scores than males on the majority of these dependent measures when anger and sadness were induced (Studies 1 and 2) and when only anger was manipulated (Study 3). This attests to the significant impact that gender has for processing emotion in crisis communication. Emotion and risk influenced each other recursively for information seeking and sharing behavior, and emotion content increased subjective emotion compared to information content. Spokesperson strategies effectively reduced negative emotion, information seeking and sharing, information generation, and regulatory action related to the risk event. The present research suggests that evidence-based strategies may be applicable in the domain of social media crisis management. It is imperative that we further investigate the interplay of emotion and information as underlying mechanisms in relation to how information diffusion operates in new social media, as we do not know how perceptions of risk may be generated or altered in this relatively unexplored domain. Close

• 50. [Article] The Tension of the Real: Visuality in Nineteenth Century British Realism

  This dissertation begins from the problem that is built into realism as a literary genre: its commitment to capturing the unfiltered circumstances of human life will always be at odds with the artifice ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Tension of the Real: Visuality in Nineteenth Century British Realism Author: Cornwall, Amanda Year: 2015 This dissertation begins from the problem that is built into realism as a literary genre: its commitment to capturing the unfiltered circumstances of human life will always be at odds with the artifice of its representational constructs and its fiction. In this study, I consider visuality as a central, productive part of this problem and seek intensely visual moments within realist novels where realism wages its own struggle with itself as it attempts to navigate its limitations and push forward its possibilities. These moments pause the narrative as they prioritize picture over action. As descriptive moments work to render visual images through words on the printed page, they are fraught with realism’s struggle to use the artifice of fiction as a means for approximating an ostensible reality. Facing this difficulty, realist practitioners take up vastly different strategies. In this project, I investigate why and how visuality is deployed so differently by those who chose to write in this mode. I seek that which is piercing in the nineteenth-century realist novel by locating moments of crisis and tension, both within the plot and also within the strategies of the stories’ delivery. These are moments where the novel becomes troubled by the visual, revealing the potential and limit of the image. In realism, visuality encompasses a broad and varied array of strategies, including instances of enargeia and ekphrasis, passages that seek to evoke a sense of place or milieu through a rich catalog of visual detail, expressive self-renderings in the dialog and inner monologs of the characters, explorations of the embodied act of seeing, and moments where perception fails or visual description exposes itself as insufficient. I consider a small group of canonical authors: George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, Henry James, and Joseph Conrad, who are of critical importance to this genre and to nineteenth century realism, as it moves towards modernism. By examining moments in their novels where descriptive imagery is at its most acute, I seek to explain how moments of intense visuality are crucial nodes where each author, using unique and distinctive methods, negotiates the problem of realist representation. Title: The Tension of the Real: Visuality in Nineteenth Century British Realism Author: Cornwall, Amanda Year: 2015 This dissertation begins from the problem that is built into realism as a literary genre: its commitment to capturing the unfiltered circumstances of human life will always be at odds with the artifice of its representational constructs and its fiction. In this study, I consider visuality as a central, productive part of this problem and seek intensely visual moments within realist novels where realism wages its own struggle with itself as it attempts to navigate its limitations and push forward its possibilities. These moments pause the narrative as they prioritize picture over action. As descriptive moments work to render visual images through words on the printed page, they are fraught with realism’s struggle to use the artifice of fiction as a means for approximating an ostensible reality. Facing this difficulty, realist practitioners take up vastly different strategies. In this project, I investigate why and how visuality is deployed so differently by those who chose to write in this mode. I seek that which is piercing in the nineteenth-century realist novel by locating moments of crisis and tension, both within the plot and also within the strategies of the stories’ delivery. These are moments where the novel becomes troubled by the visual, revealing the potential and limit of the image. In realism, visuality encompasses a broad and varied array of strategies, including instances of enargeia and ekphrasis, passages that seek to evoke a sense of place or milieu through a rich catalog of visual detail, expressive self-renderings in the dialog and inner monologs of the characters, explorations of the embodied act of seeing, and moments where perception fails or visual description exposes itself as insufficient. I consider a small group of canonical authors: George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, Henry James, and Joseph Conrad, who are of critical importance to this genre and to nineteenth century realism, as it moves towards modernism. By examining moments in their novels where descriptive imagery is at its most acute, I seek to explain how moments of intense visuality are crucial nodes where each author, using unique and distinctive methods, negotiates the problem of realist representation. Close