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• 41. [Article] Subtidal Salinity and Velocity in the Hudson River Estuary: Observations and Modeling

  A tidally and cross-sectionally averaged model based on the temporal evolution of the quasi-steady Hansen and Rattray equations is applied to simulate the salinity distribution and vertical exchange flow ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Subtidal Salinity and Velocity in the Hudson River Estuary: Observations and Modeling Author: Ralston, David K., Lerczak, James A., Geyer, W. Rockwell A tidally and cross-sectionally averaged model based on the temporal evolution of the quasi-steady Hansen and Rattray equations is applied to simulate the salinity distribution and vertical exchange flow along the Hudson River estuary. The model achieves high skill at hindcasting salinity and residual velocity variation during a 110-day period in 2004 covering a wide range of river discharges and tidal forcing. The approach is based on an existing model framework that has been modified to improve model skill relative to observations. The external forcing has been modified to capture meteorological time-scale variability in salinity, stratification, and residual velocity due to sea level fluctuations at the open boundary and along-estuary wind stress. To reflect changes in vertical mixing due to stratification, the vertical mixing coefficients have been modified to use the bottom boundary layer height rather than the water depth as an effective mixing length scale. The boundary layer parameterization depends on the tidal amplitude and the local baroclinic pressure gradient through the longitudinal Richardson number, and improves the model response to spring–neap variability in tidal amplitude during periods of high river discharge. Finally, steady-state model solutions are evaluated for both the Hudson River and northern San Francisco Bay over a range of forcing conditions. Agreement between the model and scaling of equilibrium salinity intrusions lends confidence that the approach is transferable to other estuaries, despite significant differences in bathymetry. Discrepancies between the model results and observations at high river discharge are indicative of limits at which the formulation begins to fail, and where an alternative approach that captures two-layer dynamics would be more appropriate. Title: Subtidal Salinity and Velocity in the Hudson River Estuary: Observations and Modeling Author: Ralston, David K., Lerczak, James A., Geyer, W. Rockwell A tidally and cross-sectionally averaged model based on the temporal evolution of the quasi-steady Hansen and Rattray equations is applied to simulate the salinity distribution and vertical exchange flow along the Hudson River estuary. The model achieves high skill at hindcasting salinity and residual velocity variation during a 110-day period in 2004 covering a wide range of river discharges and tidal forcing. The approach is based on an existing model framework that has been modified to improve model skill relative to observations. The external forcing has been modified to capture meteorological time-scale variability in salinity, stratification, and residual velocity due to sea level fluctuations at the open boundary and along-estuary wind stress. To reflect changes in vertical mixing due to stratification, the vertical mixing coefficients have been modified to use the bottom boundary layer height rather than the water depth as an effective mixing length scale. The boundary layer parameterization depends on the tidal amplitude and the local baroclinic pressure gradient through the longitudinal Richardson number, and improves the model response to spring–neap variability in tidal amplitude during periods of high river discharge. Finally, steady-state model solutions are evaluated for both the Hudson River and northern San Francisco Bay over a range of forcing conditions. Agreement between the model and scaling of equilibrium salinity intrusions lends confidence that the approach is transferable to other estuaries, despite significant differences in bathymetry. Discrepancies between the model results and observations at high river discharge are indicative of limits at which the formulation begins to fail, and where an alternative approach that captures two-layer dynamics would be more appropriate. Close

• 42. [Image] Skyscrapers of New York

  	This picture shows the lower end of Manhattan Island. This is the business and financial center of New York city, and the office buildings are commonly known as skyscrapers because they are so high. The ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Skyscrapers of New York Year: 1920 This picture shows the lower end of Manhattan Island. This is the business and financial center of New York city, and the office buildings are commonly known as skyscrapers because they are so high. The waterfront here is lined with long piers which jut out into the river. Between them are the deep-water docks which receive the largest ocean lines. The city of New York has the largest population of all the cities in the world except Greater London and outranks all others in export and import trade. Its excellent harbor affords a port for the largest vessels. Raw materials may be brought from all parts of the world. This location on the seashore, therefore, is one of the most desirable places in the United States for a city. In addition, New York has the advantage of being at the mouth of an important river. Northward from New York is the busy highway of travel through the valley of the Hudson, and equally important is the valley of the Mohawk, leading westward from Albany. By the Hudson-Mohawk, route supplies of raw material for manufacture, and great quantities of food, are brought from the rich agricultural lands of the interior. During the French and Indian War and the American Revolution the valley of the Hudson was a center of great struggle, for its possession by an enemy meant the separation of the only two thickly settled districts of American and the isolation of New England. In addition to its commerical advantages, New York is but a short distance from a large supply of fuel. From the Appalachian fields coal and oil are quickly and easily brought to the city for the use in the large factories. The leading industries in New York are the manufacture of clothing and machinery, printing and book-making, meat-packing, and the refining of sugar. New York has become the leading financial center of the world. There are many banks and insurance companies with large capital, and most the great industrial houses of American have offices in the city. The borough of Brooklyn developed as a large independent city across the river from New York City, but it has now become a part of the metropolis. It is an important center for the refining of sugar and the roasting and grinding of coffee and spices. Eastward from Brooklyn and northward along the banks of the Hudson River are chains of suburban towns where many of the people live who work each day in the metropolis. To the west, across the Hudson River, are Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. These three cities are in New Jersey, but they have many of the same geographic advantages that New York City has. In addition to the busy industrial and commercial life of the city, New York is one of the leading educational and musical centers of this country, and it is fortunate in having wonderful collections of natural history and art. Title: Skyscrapers of New York Year: 1920 This picture shows the lower end of Manhattan Island. This is the business and financial center of New York city, and the office buildings are commonly known as skyscrapers because they are so high. The waterfront here is lined with long piers which jut out into the river. Between them are the deep-water docks which receive the largest ocean lines. The city of New York has the largest population of all the cities in the world except Greater London and outranks all others in export and import trade. Its excellent harbor affords a port for the largest vessels. Raw materials may be brought from all parts of the world. This location on the seashore, therefore, is one of the most desirable places in the United States for a city. In addition, New York has the advantage of being at the mouth of an important river. Northward from New York is the busy highway of travel through the valley of the Hudson, and equally important is the valley of the Mohawk, leading westward from Albany. By the Hudson-Mohawk, route supplies of raw material for manufacture, and great quantities of food, are brought from the rich agricultural lands of the interior. During the French and Indian War and the American Revolution the valley of the Hudson was a center of great struggle, for its possession by an enemy meant the separation of the only two thickly settled districts of American and the isolation of New England. In addition to its commerical advantages, New York is but a short distance from a large supply of fuel. From the Appalachian fields coal and oil are quickly and easily brought to the city for the use in the large factories. The leading industries in New York are the manufacture of clothing and machinery, printing and book-making, meat-packing, and the refining of sugar. New York has become the leading financial center of the world. There are many banks and insurance companies with large capital, and most the great industrial houses of American have offices in the city. The borough of Brooklyn developed as a large independent city across the river from New York City, but it has now become a part of the metropolis. It is an important center for the refining of sugar and the roasting and grinding of coffee and spices. Eastward from Brooklyn and northward along the banks of the Hudson River are chains of suburban towns where many of the people live who work each day in the metropolis. To the west, across the Hudson River, are Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. These three cities are in New Jersey, but they have many of the same geographic advantages that New York City has. In addition to the busy industrial and commercial life of the city, New York is one of the leading educational and musical centers of this country, and it is fortunate in having wonderful collections of natural history and art. Close

• 43. [Article] Investigation of proposed dredging operations in Yaquina Bay near the ship turning basin

  Gives an Oregon Fish Commission shellfish biologist's response to a request by the C.D. Johnson Lumber Company to dredge in Yaquina Bay. Hand-drawn map shows the proposed location for disposal of dredging ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigation of proposed dredging operations in Yaquina Bay near the ship turning basin Author: Marriage, Lowell D., Oregon Fish Commission. Shellfish Program Gives an Oregon Fish Commission shellfish biologist's response to a request by the C.D. Johnson Lumber Company to dredge in Yaquina Bay. Hand-drawn map shows the proposed location for disposal of dredging spoils. Includes the public notice issued by the Army Corps of Engineers. Title: Investigation of proposed dredging operations in Yaquina Bay near the ship turning basin Author: Marriage, Lowell D., Oregon Fish Commission. Shellfish Program Gives an Oregon Fish Commission shellfish biologist's response to a request by the C.D. Johnson Lumber Company to dredge in Yaquina Bay. Hand-drawn map shows the proposed location for disposal of dredging spoils. Includes the public notice issued by the Army Corps of Engineers. Close

• 44. [Image] Fort Vancouver in 1845

  	In 1824 Dr. John McLoughlin built the first Fort Vancouver on a broad high prairie nearly a mile back from the river. It had no block houses, which is evidence of the amicable relations between Dr. McLoughlin ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fort Vancouver in 1845 Year: 1900 In 1824 Dr. John McLoughlin built the first Fort Vancouver on a broad high prairie nearly a mile back from the river. It had no block houses, which is evidence of the amicable relations between Dr. McLoughlin and the Indians. They called him "White Eagle Chief". In 1828 he built a new fort near the river - just out of reach of higher water. The sketch shown here is of this fort at about the time Dr. McLoughlin resigned from the service of the Hudson Bay Co., after having been its Chief Factor and the outstanding figure in the history of the Northwest for more than two decades. Title: Fort Vancouver in 1845 Year: 1900 In 1824 Dr. John McLoughlin built the first Fort Vancouver on a broad high prairie nearly a mile back from the river. It had no block houses, which is evidence of the amicable relations between Dr. McLoughlin and the Indians. They called him "White Eagle Chief". In 1828 he built a new fort near the river - just out of reach of higher water. The sketch shown here is of this fort at about the time Dr. McLoughlin resigned from the service of the Hudson Bay Co., after having been its Chief Factor and the outstanding figure in the history of the Northwest for more than two decades. Close

• 45. [Article] Investigation of proposed work project by the Yaquina Dock and Dredge Co. in Yaquina Bay near Newport, Oregon

  Yaquina Dock and Dredge Company had applied for a permit to construct a dike, bulkheads, a groin and to dredge at Sally's Bend in Yaquina Bay. The Fish Commission investigated to ascertain the effects ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigation of proposed work project by the Yaquina Dock and Dredge Co. in Yaquina Bay near Newport, Oregon Author: Marriage, Lowell D., Oregon Fish Commission. Shellfish Program Yaquina Dock and Dredge Company had applied for a permit to construct a dike, bulkheads, a groin and to dredge at Sally's Bend in Yaquina Bay. The Fish Commission investigated to ascertain the effects of the work on natural resources. Includes a public notice from the Army Corps of Engineers. Title: Investigation of proposed work project by the Yaquina Dock and Dredge Co. in Yaquina Bay near Newport, Oregon Author: Marriage, Lowell D., Oregon Fish Commission. Shellfish Program Yaquina Dock and Dredge Company had applied for a permit to construct a dike, bulkheads, a groin and to dredge at Sally's Bend in Yaquina Bay. The Fish Commission investigated to ascertain the effects of the work on natural resources. Includes a public notice from the Army Corps of Engineers. Close

• 46. [Article] Investigation of proposed dike construction in Coos Bay at Eastside, Coos County, Oregon

  Reports on an investigation of a proposal by the Evans Products Company of Coos Bay to construct a dike in the bay. Investigators found negligible quantities of the Eastern soft-shell clam, and therefore ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigation of proposed dike construction in Coos Bay at Eastside, Coos County, Oregon Author: Marriage, Lowell D., Oregon. Fish Commission. Shellfish Program Reports on an investigation of a proposal by the Evans Products Company of Coos Bay to construct a dike in the bay. Investigators found negligible quantities of the Eastern soft-shell clam, and therefore did not oppose the proposed dredging and construction. Includes a hand-drawn map and a survey report. Title: Investigation of proposed dike construction in Coos Bay at Eastside, Coos County, Oregon Author: Marriage, Lowell D., Oregon. Fish Commission. Shellfish Program Reports on an investigation of a proposal by the Evans Products Company of Coos Bay to construct a dike in the bay. Investigators found negligible quantities of the Eastern soft-shell clam, and therefore did not oppose the proposed dredging and construction. Includes a hand-drawn map and a survey report. Close

• 47. [Image] OIMB slide 4646

  	shipbuilding company building and ships
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: OIMB slide 4646 Author: unknown Year: 1974 shipbuilding company building and ships Title: OIMB slide 4646 Author: unknown Year: 1974 shipbuilding company building and ships Close

• 48. [Image] OIMB slide 4671

  	packing company
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: OIMB slide 4671 Author: unknown Year: 1974 packing company Title: OIMB slide 4671 Author: unknown Year: 1974 packing company Close

• 49. [Article] Bottom Topography Mapping via Nonlinear Data Assimilation

  A variational data assimilation method is described for bottom topography mapping in rivers and estuaries using remotely sensed observations of water surface currents. The velocity field and bottom topography ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bottom Topography Mapping via Nonlinear Data Assimilation Author: Zaron, Edward D., Pradal, Marie-Aude, Miller, Patrick D., Blumberg, Alan F., Georgas, Nickitas, Li, Wei, Cornuelle, Julia Muccino Year: 2011 A variational data assimilation method is described for bottom topography mapping in rivers and estuaries using remotely sensed observations of water surface currents. The velocity field and bottom topography are related by the vertically integrated momentum and continuity equations, leading to a nonlinear inverse problem for bottom topography, which is solved using a Picard iteration strategy combined with a nonlinear line search. An illustration of the method is shown for Haverstraw Bay, in the Hudson River, where the known bottom topography is well reconstructed. Once the topography has been estimated, currents and water levels may be forecast. The method makes feasible 1) the estimation of bottom topography in regions where in situ data collection may be impossible, dangerous, or expensive, and 2) the calibration of barotropic shallow-water models via control of the bottom topography. Title: Bottom Topography Mapping via Nonlinear Data Assimilation Author: Zaron, Edward D., Pradal, Marie-Aude, Miller, Patrick D., Blumberg, Alan F., Georgas, Nickitas, Li, Wei, Cornuelle, Julia Muccino Year: 2011 A variational data assimilation method is described for bottom topography mapping in rivers and estuaries using remotely sensed observations of water surface currents. The velocity field and bottom topography are related by the vertically integrated momentum and continuity equations, leading to a nonlinear inverse problem for bottom topography, which is solved using a Picard iteration strategy combined with a nonlinear line search. An illustration of the method is shown for Haverstraw Bay, in the Hudson River, where the known bottom topography is well reconstructed. Once the topography has been estimated, currents and water levels may be forecast. The method makes feasible 1) the estimation of bottom topography in regions where in situ data collection may be impossible, dangerous, or expensive, and 2) the calibration of barotropic shallow-water models via control of the bottom topography. Close

• 50. [Image] Chief No-Shirt Walla Walla Tribe ; No shirt, Walla Walla Indian on horse ; Chief No Shirt, Walla Walla Indian, in costume on horse.

  	A Native American man, identified as Chief No-Shirt of the Walla Walla Tribe, is sitting on a horse in a grass field. An encampment, consisting of tipis, wagons, and horses, appears in the background. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chief No-Shirt Walla Walla Tribe ; No shirt, Walla Walla Indian on horse ; Chief No Shirt, Walla Walla Indian, in costume on horse. Year: 1897 A Native American man, identified as Chief No-Shirt of the Walla Walla Tribe, is sitting on a horse in a grass field. An encampment, consisting of tipis, wagons, and horses, appears in the background. The man is wearing a feathered headdress, necklaces, a sash, and a cloth shirt. He is clasping a brush in his right hand. His right cheek bears a marking that appears to have been painted on his face. The horse is adorned with saddle blankets, furs, and other trappings. Title: Chief No-Shirt Walla Walla Tribe ; No shirt, Walla Walla Indian on horse ; Chief No Shirt, Walla Walla Indian, in costume on horse. Year: 1897 A Native American man, identified as Chief No-Shirt of the Walla Walla Tribe, is sitting on a horse in a grass field. An encampment, consisting of tipis, wagons, and horses, appears in the background. The man is wearing a feathered headdress, necklaces, a sash, and a cloth shirt. He is clasping a brush in his right hand. His right cheek bears a marking that appears to have been painted on his face. The horse is adorned with saddle blankets, furs, and other trappings. Close