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• 41. [Article] Influence of different nitrogen and moisture levels on the expression of grain yield and protein content in selected wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) and barley (Hordeum vulagre, L. em Lam.) cultivars

  This investigation was conducted to provide information regarding 1) the relationship between the nitrogen percentage in the vegetative tissue of wheat and barley at various growth stages with grain protein and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of different nitrogen and moisture levels on the expression of grain yield and protein content in selected wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) and barley (Hordeum vulagre, L. em Lam.) cultivars Author: Gomez-Pando, Luz This investigation was conducted to provide information regarding 1) the relationship between the nitrogen percentage in the vegetative tissue of wheat and barley at various growth stages with grain protein and 2) to evaluate the possible association between grain yield and grain protein as influenced by different cultivars, nitrogen levels and available moisture. Five wheat and four barley cultivars were selected based on their diverse genetic backgrounds and potential differences for the 12 attributes measured. These experimental materials were grown at low and high rainfall sites and under two different nitrogen levels. In wheat a decrease in the percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves was found as the plants developed. The highest values were observed at the boot stage. In contrast, the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves of barley was observed at anthesis. Wheat cultivars which had the greatest genetic potential for grain protein usually had the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves at the boot stage and the lowest percentage in the vegetative tissue at harvest. This was especially true under high rainfall conditions. A similar relationship was found for the barley cultivars. At both experimental sites higher grain yields were accompanied by negative associations with grain protein for wheat. However, for barley no association was found between these two traits at either site or fertility level. Higher grain protein values were found for both wheat and barley at the high rainfall site. Title: Influence of different nitrogen and moisture levels on the expression of grain yield and protein content in selected wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. em Thell) and barley (Hordeum vulagre, L. em Lam.) cultivars Author: Gomez-Pando, Luz This investigation was conducted to provide information regarding 1) the relationship between the nitrogen percentage in the vegetative tissue of wheat and barley at various growth stages with grain protein and 2) to evaluate the possible association between grain yield and grain protein as influenced by different cultivars, nitrogen levels and available moisture. Five wheat and four barley cultivars were selected based on their diverse genetic backgrounds and potential differences for the 12 attributes measured. These experimental materials were grown at low and high rainfall sites and under two different nitrogen levels. In wheat a decrease in the percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves was found as the plants developed. The highest values were observed at the boot stage. In contrast, the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves of barley was observed at anthesis. Wheat cultivars which had the greatest genetic potential for grain protein usually had the highest percentage of nitrogen in the flag leaves at the boot stage and the lowest percentage in the vegetative tissue at harvest. This was especially true under high rainfall conditions. A similar relationship was found for the barley cultivars. At both experimental sites higher grain yields were accompanied by negative associations with grain protein for wheat. However, for barley no association was found between these two traits at either site or fertility level. Higher grain protein values were found for both wheat and barley at the high rainfall site. Close

• 42. [Article] Developing Winter Food Barley for the Pacific Northwest of the US

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://dl.sciencesoci...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Developing Winter Food Barley for the Pacific Northwest of the US Author: Kongraksawech, Teepakorn, Meints, Brigid, Cuesta-Marcos, Alfonso, Hayes, Patrick M., Marshall, Juliet M., Fisk, Scott, Ross, Andrew S., Murphy, Kevin This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/cs Title: Developing Winter Food Barley for the Pacific Northwest of the US Author: Kongraksawech, Teepakorn, Meints, Brigid, Cuesta-Marcos, Alfonso, Hayes, Patrick M., Marshall, Juliet M., Fisk, Scott, Ross, Andrew S., Murphy, Kevin This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/cs Close

• 43. [Article] Yield and quality of cereals for winter silage production

  A field study was conducted in 1978 and 1979 at two locations near Corvallis, Oregon, to determine the silage yield and quality of 13 fallsown cereal varieties at two nitrogen fertilizer levels in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yield and quality of cereals for winter silage production Author: Ben Ali, Mohamed Noureddine A field study was conducted in 1978 and 1979 at two locations near Corvallis, Oregon, to determine the silage yield and quality of 13 fallsown cereal varieties at two nitrogen fertilizer levels in the context of a corn-winter cemal double cropping production system. Data on the yield, crude protein (CP) content, acid and neutral detergent fiber (ADF and NDF) contents were collected on Adair, Casbon and FB 73130 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties, Amity, Cayuse and Grey winter oats (Avena Sativa L.), Abruzi and Kung rye (Secale cereale L.), S-72, Sel N-91 and VT 75-229 Triticale (Triticum X Secale) and Stephens and Yamhill wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) varieties. The statistical analysis of the data gave the following results. Dry matter yields ranged on the average from a high of 8327 kg/ha to a low of 4631 ka/ha. Abruzi rye generally yielded the most dry matter. It was followed by Sel N-91 and VT 75-229 Triticales, Kung rye, S-72 Triticale and the wheat varieties. The barley and oats varieties were generally the lowest producers. Crude protein content was within the range of 6,5 to 10.1 percent of the dry matter. It was on the average highest for FB 73130 barley followed by Casbon barley, Stephens wheat, Adair barley, Yamhill wheat and the Triticale varieties. Acid detergent fiber ranged from 30.8 to 46.4 percent of dry matter. The oats varieties had the lowest ADF values, followed by Stephens and Yamhill wheats, FB 73130 and Adair barleys and VT 75-229 Triticale. The average neutral detergent fiber content for the 13 cereal varieties varied from a low of 50.3 to a high of 69.4 percent of D.M. The oats varieties were generally lowest followed by Stephens and Yamhill wheats, FB 73130 barley, VT 75-229 Triticale, Adair barley and Sel N-91 and S-72 Triticales. Covariance analysis indicated that a strong linear relationship existed between the yield and the quality components of the cereal varieties. When CP, ADF and NDF contents were adjusted for the same yield, it was found that the nitrogen fertilizer effect was no longer significant for either ADF or NDF. Title: Yield and quality of cereals for winter silage production Author: Ben Ali, Mohamed Noureddine A field study was conducted in 1978 and 1979 at two locations near Corvallis, Oregon, to determine the silage yield and quality of 13 fallsown cereal varieties at two nitrogen fertilizer levels in the context of a corn-winter cemal double cropping production system. Data on the yield, crude protein (CP) content, acid and neutral detergent fiber (ADF and NDF) contents were collected on Adair, Casbon and FB 73130 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties, Amity, Cayuse and Grey winter oats (Avena Sativa L.), Abruzi and Kung rye (Secale cereale L.), S-72, Sel N-91 and VT 75-229 Triticale (Triticum X Secale) and Stephens and Yamhill wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) varieties. The statistical analysis of the data gave the following results. Dry matter yields ranged on the average from a high of 8327 kg/ha to a low of 4631 ka/ha. Abruzi rye generally yielded the most dry matter. It was followed by Sel N-91 and VT 75-229 Triticales, Kung rye, S-72 Triticale and the wheat varieties. The barley and oats varieties were generally the lowest producers. Crude protein content was within the range of 6,5 to 10.1 percent of the dry matter. It was on the average highest for FB 73130 barley followed by Casbon barley, Stephens wheat, Adair barley, Yamhill wheat and the Triticale varieties. Acid detergent fiber ranged from 30.8 to 46.4 percent of dry matter. The oats varieties had the lowest ADF values, followed by Stephens and Yamhill wheats, FB 73130 and Adair barleys and VT 75-229 Triticale. The average neutral detergent fiber content for the 13 cereal varieties varied from a low of 50.3 to a high of 69.4 percent of D.M. The oats varieties were generally lowest followed by Stephens and Yamhill wheats, FB 73130 barley, VT 75-229 Triticale, Adair barley and Sel N-91 and S-72 Triticales. Covariance analysis indicated that a strong linear relationship existed between the yield and the quality components of the cereal varieties. When CP, ADF and NDF contents were adjusted for the same yield, it was found that the nitrogen fertilizer effect was no longer significant for either ADF or NDF. Close

• 44. [Article] Estimating plant-available nitrogen release from cover crops

  Published November 2012. Reviewed October 2016. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating plant-available nitrogen release from cover crops Author: Andrews, N. (Nick), Oregon State University. Extension Service, Sullivan, Dan M. (Dan Matthew), 1954- Published November 2012. Reviewed October 2016. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Estimating plant-available nitrogen release from cover crops Author: Andrews, N. (Nick), Oregon State University. Extension Service, Sullivan, Dan M. (Dan Matthew), 1954- Published November 2012. Reviewed October 2016. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 45. [Article] Economic evaluation of different cropping patterns under irrigated agriculture : a multidisciplinary approach

  The purpose of this study is to determine the socioeconomic factors which influence the profitability and adoption of new cropping patterns, and to recommend suitable measures to enhance the crop diversification program ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic evaluation of different cropping patterns under irrigated agriculture : a multidisciplinary approach Author: Mahrouf, Abdul R. M. The purpose of this study is to determine the socioeconomic factors which influence the profitability and adoption of new cropping patterns, and to recommend suitable measures to enhance the crop diversification program in Mahaweli System B, Sri Lanka. The adoption of new cropping patterns is determined by a number of interrelated and mutually reinforcing factors. Hence, a multidisciplinary approach is used in this study to apprehend the different attributes of the new cropping patterns and farmers' decision making environment. The analytical methods include Marginal Cost-Benefit Analysis, Multivariate Analysis of Variance, Factor Analysis and Logit Probability Model. The results from the different techniques are generally in close agreement and complement each other. Results of the Marginal Cost- Benefit Analysis indicates that an increase in current crop yields and output prices may be necessary to increase the profitability of new cropping patterns to a recommendable level. Analysis of the farmers' beliefs suggests that adopters of the new cropping patterns have more positive beliefs towards the profitability and adoption of new cropping patterns when compared to nonadopters. Factor Analysis shows that there is a wide variation between the adopters and non-adopters, and also across the different locations with respect to farm-level variables. The analysis demonstrated that the information provided by 17 selected farm-level variables may be explained by four factors; namely, management factor, social factor, farm resource factor and farm stability factor. The variables highly loaded with the stability factor (number of years of residence, amount of loan obtained for farming, irrigation condition and percentage of rice produced allocated for consumption) are closely associated with the adoption rate. A logit probability model indicates that availability of farm loans significantly increases the probability of the adoption of new cropping patterns. The study results show that the crop yield, output prices, availability of farm loans and farmer beliefs, are the dominant factors which influence the adoption of new cropping patterns. Title: Economic evaluation of different cropping patterns under irrigated agriculture : a multidisciplinary approach Author: Mahrouf, Abdul R. M. The purpose of this study is to determine the socioeconomic factors which influence the profitability and adoption of new cropping patterns, and to recommend suitable measures to enhance the crop diversification program in Mahaweli System B, Sri Lanka. The adoption of new cropping patterns is determined by a number of interrelated and mutually reinforcing factors. Hence, a multidisciplinary approach is used in this study to apprehend the different attributes of the new cropping patterns and farmers' decision making environment. The analytical methods include Marginal Cost-Benefit Analysis, Multivariate Analysis of Variance, Factor Analysis and Logit Probability Model. The results from the different techniques are generally in close agreement and complement each other. Results of the Marginal Cost- Benefit Analysis indicates that an increase in current crop yields and output prices may be necessary to increase the profitability of new cropping patterns to a recommendable level. Analysis of the farmers' beliefs suggests that adopters of the new cropping patterns have more positive beliefs towards the profitability and adoption of new cropping patterns when compared to nonadopters. Factor Analysis shows that there is a wide variation between the adopters and non-adopters, and also across the different locations with respect to farm-level variables. The analysis demonstrated that the information provided by 17 selected farm-level variables may be explained by four factors; namely, management factor, social factor, farm resource factor and farm stability factor. The variables highly loaded with the stability factor (number of years of residence, amount of loan obtained for farming, irrigation condition and percentage of rice produced allocated for consumption) are closely associated with the adoption rate. A logit probability model indicates that availability of farm loans significantly increases the probability of the adoption of new cropping patterns. The study results show that the crop yield, output prices, availability of farm loans and farmer beliefs, are the dominant factors which influence the adoption of new cropping patterns. Close

• 46. [Article] Effect of several apple rootstocks on growth, yield components and leaf area estimates on "Starkspur Supreme Delicious" trees

  Growth, yield components and leaf area were evaluated on 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple on nine rootstocks: MAC 24, EMLA 7, EMLA 26, OAR 1, MAC 9, 0.3, EMLA 9, M 9, and EMLA 27. Estimates of planting ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of several apple rootstocks on growth, yield components and leaf area estimates on "Starkspur Supreme Delicious" trees Author: Siller-Cepeda, Jorge H. Growth, yield components and leaf area were evaluated on 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple on nine rootstocks: MAC 24, EMLA 7, EMLA 26, OAR 1, MAC 9, 0.3, EMLA 9, M 9, and EMLA 27. Estimates of planting density based on growth, estimates of leaf area based on four independent variables and the relationships among yield components, fruit quality, growth and leaf area were investigated during 1985. Tree height, tree spread and trunk cross sectional area were highest for trees on MAC 24 followed for EMLA 7 while trees on EMLA 26, OAR 1, MAC 9, 0.3, EMLA 9 and M 9 were less in these values in descending order, with the most dwarfing on EMLA 27. Estimates of planting densities indicated higher densities with tree canopy spread than TCSA based on standard trees of the age except on EMLA 27. The densities for trees on MAC 24 and EMLA 7 were estimated 426 and 496 trees/ha. respectively, while for the rootstocks with intermediate size ranged from 700 to 1000 trees/ha. The highest density was for EMLA 27 with 1824 trees/ha. Flower cluster, fruit number, yield and leaf area were highest in the least size controlling rootstocks MAC 24 and EMLA 7, and in general these were a function of tree size. MAC 9 had the highest flowering density, crop density and yield efficiency followed by 0.3, EMLA 26 and EMLA 9. Potential yields based on the estimated planting density were also highest for MAC 9. Fruit on OAR 1 had greatest soluble solids, firmest at harvest, but were the smallest. Fruit on EMLA 7 which had the lowest soluble solids were largest. A negative correlation between flowering density and fruit set among the rootstocks was found. Crop density influenced fruit size and weight. Fruit on EMLA 7, MAC 24 and EMLA 9 were the largest but these trees had the lowest crop density. There was a high correlation of fruit number with yield indicating this was the main component of yield. The leaf-fruit ratio was negatively correlated with flowering density, crop density and yield efficiency and the ratio was lowest on the more efficient rootstocks MAC 9, 0.3 and M 9 while those of MAC 24 and EMLA 7 were highest. No differences were seen among the regression lines of leaf area and 4 independent variables obtained from trees on various rootstocks and within rootstock. Fresh weight was the best estimate of leaf area but because of greater speed and simplicity, branch cross sectional area was chosen to predict leaf area. Total leaf area per tree decreased from the least size controlling rootstocks to the most dwarfing rootstocks. Tree leaf area index ranged from 1.69 in MAC 24 to 0.87 in 0.3, but it did not always increase proportionately to tree size. Orchard leaf area index from estimated planting densities showed low values in all rootstocks but a slight increase with the tree size. This indicated that trees at the estimated densities are not intercepting the maximum quantity of light. Title: Effect of several apple rootstocks on growth, yield components and leaf area estimates on "Starkspur Supreme Delicious" trees Author: Siller-Cepeda, Jorge H. Growth, yield components and leaf area were evaluated on 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple on nine rootstocks: MAC 24, EMLA 7, EMLA 26, OAR 1, MAC 9, 0.3, EMLA 9, M 9, and EMLA 27. Estimates of planting density based on growth, estimates of leaf area based on four independent variables and the relationships among yield components, fruit quality, growth and leaf area were investigated during 1985. Tree height, tree spread and trunk cross sectional area were highest for trees on MAC 24 followed for EMLA 7 while trees on EMLA 26, OAR 1, MAC 9, 0.3, EMLA 9 and M 9 were less in these values in descending order, with the most dwarfing on EMLA 27. Estimates of planting densities indicated higher densities with tree canopy spread than TCSA based on standard trees of the age except on EMLA 27. The densities for trees on MAC 24 and EMLA 7 were estimated 426 and 496 trees/ha. respectively, while for the rootstocks with intermediate size ranged from 700 to 1000 trees/ha. The highest density was for EMLA 27 with 1824 trees/ha. Flower cluster, fruit number, yield and leaf area were highest in the least size controlling rootstocks MAC 24 and EMLA 7, and in general these were a function of tree size. MAC 9 had the highest flowering density, crop density and yield efficiency followed by 0.3, EMLA 26 and EMLA 9. Potential yields based on the estimated planting density were also highest for MAC 9. Fruit on OAR 1 had greatest soluble solids, firmest at harvest, but were the smallest. Fruit on EMLA 7 which had the lowest soluble solids were largest. A negative correlation between flowering density and fruit set among the rootstocks was found. Crop density influenced fruit size and weight. Fruit on EMLA 7, MAC 24 and EMLA 9 were the largest but these trees had the lowest crop density. There was a high correlation of fruit number with yield indicating this was the main component of yield. The leaf-fruit ratio was negatively correlated with flowering density, crop density and yield efficiency and the ratio was lowest on the more efficient rootstocks MAC 9, 0.3 and M 9 while those of MAC 24 and EMLA 7 were highest. No differences were seen among the regression lines of leaf area and 4 independent variables obtained from trees on various rootstocks and within rootstock. Fresh weight was the best estimate of leaf area but because of greater speed and simplicity, branch cross sectional area was chosen to predict leaf area. Total leaf area per tree decreased from the least size controlling rootstocks to the most dwarfing rootstocks. Tree leaf area index ranged from 1.69 in MAC 24 to 0.87 in 0.3, but it did not always increase proportionately to tree size. Orchard leaf area index from estimated planting densities showed low values in all rootstocks but a slight increase with the tree size. This indicated that trees at the estimated densities are not intercepting the maximum quantity of light. Close

• 47. [Article] Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) to metribuzin and ethyl metribuzin

  Downy brome (Bromus tectorum. L.), a serious grass weed in eastern Oregon can be partially controlled in wheat by metribuzin [4-amino-6-tertbutyl- 3-(methylthio)-as triazin -5(4H)-one]. However, cultivars ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) to metribuzin and ethyl metribuzin Author: Munir, Muhammad Downy brome (Bromus tectorum. L.), a serious grass weed in eastern Oregon can be partially controlled in wheat by metribuzin [4-amino-6-tertbutyl- 3-(methylthio)-as triazin -5(4H)-one]. However, cultivars of many crops Lave been reported to differ in their level of tolerance to metribuzin. This lack of tolerance has led to the investigation of other compounds, such as the ethylthio analog of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyI-3-(ethylthio)-as-triazin- 5(4H)-on], for selective control of downy brome in wheat. Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments on wheat, growing in soil or nutrient solution showed that: 1) GR50 values for Stephens, Hill 81, Yanahill, and Malcolm in soil were 0.41, 0.23, 0.25, and 0.44 kg/ha, respectively, for metribuzin and 1.89, 1.29, 1.37, and 1.97 kg/ha, respectively, for ethyl metribuzin; 2) GR50 values for these cultivars in nutrient solution were 3.26, 1.17, 1.32, and 3.87 uM, respectively, for metribuzin and 12.69, 7.20, 7.19, and 13.41 uM, respectively, for ethyl metribuzin; 3) Uptake of both herbicides.; by wheat was through the roots; 4) Cultivars did not show any differences in herbicide absorption from the nutrient solution. Therefore, differences in varietal tolerance may be are due to biochemical or physiological reasons, but are not due to differences in herbicide uptake. Increased growth at lower concentrations of these herbicides was observed in all cultivars studied. Metribuzin was five times more active than ethyl metribuzin. Both of these herbicides can be applied as an early postemergence treatment at the 3 leaf stage of wheat for effective control of downy brome. Yield components of the four cultivars were measured in response to metribuzin and ethyl metribuzin at two ecologically different sites. The susceptible cultivars (Hill 81 and Yamhill) showed greater injury in the lighter soils with high pH and lower organic matter content. Visual estimates of crop injury were generally higher than the actual reduction in final yield. Crop injury ratings up to 25% generally did not show a significant reduction in final grain yield. A positive correlation between protein content and concentration of these herbicides was noted. A study on the joint action of these two herbicides in the field and greenhouse showed that the combination of the two, increased the control of downy brome at lower rates. Their combined action was studied by using Colby's method and isobole method of Tammes. The reaction was calculated as additive. Downy brome was 8, 5, 5, and 9 times more sensitive to metribuzin and 6, 4, 4, and 6, times more sensitive to ethyl metribuzin than were the cultivars Stephens, Hill 81, Yamhill, and Malcolm, respectively. The use of these two herbicides to control downy brome in the cultivars Hill 81 and Yamhill should be avoided unless careful attention is given to soil properties and environmental conditions. Title: Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) to metribuzin and ethyl metribuzin Author: Munir, Muhammad Downy brome (Bromus tectorum. L.), a serious grass weed in eastern Oregon can be partially controlled in wheat by metribuzin [4-amino-6-tertbutyl- 3-(methylthio)-as triazin -5(4H)-one]. However, cultivars of many crops Lave been reported to differ in their level of tolerance to metribuzin. This lack of tolerance has led to the investigation of other compounds, such as the ethylthio analog of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyI-3-(ethylthio)-as-triazin- 5(4H)-on], for selective control of downy brome in wheat. Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments on wheat, growing in soil or nutrient solution showed that: 1) GR50 values for Stephens, Hill 81, Yanahill, and Malcolm in soil were 0.41, 0.23, 0.25, and 0.44 kg/ha, respectively, for metribuzin and 1.89, 1.29, 1.37, and 1.97 kg/ha, respectively, for ethyl metribuzin; 2) GR50 values for these cultivars in nutrient solution were 3.26, 1.17, 1.32, and 3.87 uM, respectively, for metribuzin and 12.69, 7.20, 7.19, and 13.41 uM, respectively, for ethyl metribuzin; 3) Uptake of both herbicides.; by wheat was through the roots; 4) Cultivars did not show any differences in herbicide absorption from the nutrient solution. Therefore, differences in varietal tolerance may be are due to biochemical or physiological reasons, but are not due to differences in herbicide uptake. Increased growth at lower concentrations of these herbicides was observed in all cultivars studied. Metribuzin was five times more active than ethyl metribuzin. Both of these herbicides can be applied as an early postemergence treatment at the 3 leaf stage of wheat for effective control of downy brome. Yield components of the four cultivars were measured in response to metribuzin and ethyl metribuzin at two ecologically different sites. The susceptible cultivars (Hill 81 and Yamhill) showed greater injury in the lighter soils with high pH and lower organic matter content. Visual estimates of crop injury were generally higher than the actual reduction in final yield. Crop injury ratings up to 25% generally did not show a significant reduction in final grain yield. A positive correlation between protein content and concentration of these herbicides was noted. A study on the joint action of these two herbicides in the field and greenhouse showed that the combination of the two, increased the control of downy brome at lower rates. Their combined action was studied by using Colby's method and isobole method of Tammes. The reaction was calculated as additive. Downy brome was 8, 5, 5, and 9 times more sensitive to metribuzin and 6, 4, 4, and 6, times more sensitive to ethyl metribuzin than were the cultivars Stephens, Hill 81, Yamhill, and Malcolm, respectively. The use of these two herbicides to control downy brome in the cultivars Hill 81 and Yamhill should be avoided unless careful attention is given to soil properties and environmental conditions. Close

• 48. [Article] Performance of Leucaena, sorghum or cowpea and resource sharing in an agrisilviculture system in semi-arid India

  In an agrisilviculture system, trees and crops compete for above and below ground resources. This study aimed at quantifying the effect of shoot pruning and root barriers around pollarded trees on the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance of Leucaena, sorghum or cowpea and resource sharing in an agrisilviculture system in semi-arid India Author: Osman, Mohammed, 1960- In an agrisilviculture system, trees and crops compete for above and below ground resources. This study aimed at quantifying the effect of shoot pruning and root barriers around pollarded trees on the production of crop and tree components with and without application of fertilizer to the crop. Sorghum (1991 & 1992) and cowpea (1993 & 1994) were grown as intercrops with Lezicaena trees on a shallow red soil (alfisol) under rain fed conditions at Hyderabad, India. Crops grown with pruned trees had higher leaf area index and dry matter than did those with unpruned trees. The grain yield of sorghum was 76% and 39% of the pure crop yield (1553 kg ha⁻¹) with pruned and unpruned trees with no root barriers. The corresponding values for cowpea were 49% and 26% of the pure crop yield (1075 kg ha⁻¹). Intercropped sorghum and cowpea responded to fertilizer application more strongly than their respective pure crops, suggesting a need for fertilizer application in an agrisilvi-system. impact of root bamers was not significant on either crop. The study suggested that competition for light was stronger than for soil water. Straw and grain yield of sorghum, and dry matter yield of cowpea were found to be roughly proportional to the amount of light intercepted by the crop at harvest. Pruning of trees twice during the cropping season reduced tree diameter growth and branch and foliage yield compared to no pruning. Unpruned trees yielded 5643 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of branches and foliage compared to 2028 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ by pruned trees. Pruning eliminated litter fall and nutrient input to the soil nutrient pool because pruned material was utilized as fodder. Unpruned trees contributed 103 kg of nitrogen and 6.4 kg of phosphorus per hectare annually to the soil nutrient pool through litter fall. During the cropping season, soil water content was higher near the surface in tree plots compared to pure crop plots. Tree transpiration declined only after more than half of the leaf area was removed. Pruning of roots to a depth of 60 cm caused no decline in transpiration suggesting trees can draw water equally well from deeper or shallow soil layers. The study highlighted the competitive interaction between trees and crops. The agrisilvi-system produced about 50% more biomass with unpruned trees than with pure crop or pure tree. Based on cash value (fodder yield equivalent) it would require 1.55 times as much land if trees and crops were grown separately compared to agrisilvi-system with unpruned trees. Soil nitrogen economy and stability of fodder and fuelwood production can be achieved with pollarded-unpruned leucaena trees in an agrisilvi-system but grain crop yields are severely depressed. Thus, there was little advantage of the agrisilvi-system over pure cropping for meeting the present and increasing demand of food production. For this agrisilvi-system to be adopted by subsistence farmers in India further refinements must be developed so that crop yields are maintained. Title: Performance of Leucaena, sorghum or cowpea and resource sharing in an agrisilviculture system in semi-arid India Author: Osman, Mohammed, 1960- In an agrisilviculture system, trees and crops compete for above and below ground resources. This study aimed at quantifying the effect of shoot pruning and root barriers around pollarded trees on the production of crop and tree components with and without application of fertilizer to the crop. Sorghum (1991 & 1992) and cowpea (1993 & 1994) were grown as intercrops with Lezicaena trees on a shallow red soil (alfisol) under rain fed conditions at Hyderabad, India. Crops grown with pruned trees had higher leaf area index and dry matter than did those with unpruned trees. The grain yield of sorghum was 76% and 39% of the pure crop yield (1553 kg ha⁻¹) with pruned and unpruned trees with no root barriers. The corresponding values for cowpea were 49% and 26% of the pure crop yield (1075 kg ha⁻¹). Intercropped sorghum and cowpea responded to fertilizer application more strongly than their respective pure crops, suggesting a need for fertilizer application in an agrisilvi-system. impact of root bamers was not significant on either crop. The study suggested that competition for light was stronger than for soil water. Straw and grain yield of sorghum, and dry matter yield of cowpea were found to be roughly proportional to the amount of light intercepted by the crop at harvest. Pruning of trees twice during the cropping season reduced tree diameter growth and branch and foliage yield compared to no pruning. Unpruned trees yielded 5643 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of branches and foliage compared to 2028 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ by pruned trees. Pruning eliminated litter fall and nutrient input to the soil nutrient pool because pruned material was utilized as fodder. Unpruned trees contributed 103 kg of nitrogen and 6.4 kg of phosphorus per hectare annually to the soil nutrient pool through litter fall. During the cropping season, soil water content was higher near the surface in tree plots compared to pure crop plots. Tree transpiration declined only after more than half of the leaf area was removed. Pruning of roots to a depth of 60 cm caused no decline in transpiration suggesting trees can draw water equally well from deeper or shallow soil layers. The study highlighted the competitive interaction between trees and crops. The agrisilvi-system produced about 50% more biomass with unpruned trees than with pure crop or pure tree. Based on cash value (fodder yield equivalent) it would require 1.55 times as much land if trees and crops were grown separately compared to agrisilvi-system with unpruned trees. Soil nitrogen economy and stability of fodder and fuelwood production can be achieved with pollarded-unpruned leucaena trees in an agrisilvi-system but grain crop yields are severely depressed. Thus, there was little advantage of the agrisilvi-system over pure cropping for meeting the present and increasing demand of food production. For this agrisilvi-system to be adopted by subsistence farmers in India further refinements must be developed so that crop yields are maintained. Close

• 49. [Article] Observations on the purchase, inspection, and preparation of vegetables for group feeding at certain army air bases

  Since vegetables are of such importance in the nutrition of human beings, it is natural that they should play a large part in Army feeding. They are high in food value. The different kinds vary widely ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Observations on the purchase, inspection, and preparation of vegetables for group feeding at certain army air bases Author: McIntyre, Ethel Mae Since vegetables are of such importance in the nutrition of human beings, it is natural that they should play a large part in Army feeding. They are high in food value. The different kinds vary widely in their energy values; some-- like potatoes--are high in carbohydrates, others--like lettuce and cucumbers-- are low. Fresh or canned they are high in minerals and vitamins, low in protein and fat, and are valuable for bulk and palatability. When purchasing fresh produce it was necessary to know something of quality, appearance, and texture. Quality is made up of many characteristics-- some external, internal, chemical, and physical. Appearance is concerned with shape, color, freedom from blemishes and dirt. Texture contrasts hard or soft, smooth or granular, stringy and fibrous or free from fiber, crisp or flabby, wilted or tough. The flavor of vegetables is due to several constituents: sugar, organic acids, mineral salts, and aromatic compounds. A combination of these gives flavors that make vegetables palatable and attractive. The nutritive value of a given vegetable depends on the part of the plant to be used, as well, as the variety, climate, soil in which it is grown, conditions of storage, and preparation. The leaf, stem, flower, seed, and fruit are all edible parts. When purchasing vegetables for the Army it was well to know that the initial price was by no means the ultimate cost as there was a wide margin between the cost as purchased and edible-portion cost. Waste in preparation, storage, and losses in the cooking of highly perishable produce would cost six cents per pound as purchased and thirty cents per pound edible portion. The condition of the vegetables when delivered has a great influence on the probable yield. When purchasing canned vegetables, grades were used as purchasing guides. Samples of each grade of produce were requested for testing to find out if the product was satisfactory. The highest grade was not purchased for general use; Grade B or Standard was acceptable for the Army mess. Fresh and frozen vegetables were used largely in Army camps and fields in the United States. Canned and dehydrated products were to be used in combat areas overseas because they were easy to prepare, there was little or no waste, and the nutritive value was fairly well retained. The problem of storage was not difficult, and shipping space was saved when dehydrated food was shipped because of its lightness and lack of bulk. The Army food purchasing officer needed to be familiar with the local vegetable supply and market center facilities. A knowledge of standardizing, grading, packaging, sorting, and transporting produce was necessary in order to purchase food economically and intelligently. Because of uncertainty of crops due to curtailed planting and harvesting occasioned by labor shortages, it was difficult for producers and distributors to cooperate at all times. The Quartermaster's office arranged with local marketing centers for information on prices, substitutions, and quantities of local produce available, several days in advance, so that suitable substitutions could be made on menus if sufficient fresh vegetables were not obtainable. Inspection of all food on delivery was required, and if low grade or unsatisfactory produce was discovered it was returned to the dealers or an adjustment requested. This was done to determine whether or not supplies met the contract requirements for quality and conditions specified by the Army. Title: Observations on the purchase, inspection, and preparation of vegetables for group feeding at certain army air bases Author: McIntyre, Ethel Mae Since vegetables are of such importance in the nutrition of human beings, it is natural that they should play a large part in Army feeding. They are high in food value. The different kinds vary widely in their energy values; some-- like potatoes--are high in carbohydrates, others--like lettuce and cucumbers-- are low. Fresh or canned they are high in minerals and vitamins, low in protein and fat, and are valuable for bulk and palatability. When purchasing fresh produce it was necessary to know something of quality, appearance, and texture. Quality is made up of many characteristics-- some external, internal, chemical, and physical. Appearance is concerned with shape, color, freedom from blemishes and dirt. Texture contrasts hard or soft, smooth or granular, stringy and fibrous or free from fiber, crisp or flabby, wilted or tough. The flavor of vegetables is due to several constituents: sugar, organic acids, mineral salts, and aromatic compounds. A combination of these gives flavors that make vegetables palatable and attractive. The nutritive value of a given vegetable depends on the part of the plant to be used, as well, as the variety, climate, soil in which it is grown, conditions of storage, and preparation. The leaf, stem, flower, seed, and fruit are all edible parts. When purchasing vegetables for the Army it was well to know that the initial price was by no means the ultimate cost as there was a wide margin between the cost as purchased and edible-portion cost. Waste in preparation, storage, and losses in the cooking of highly perishable produce would cost six cents per pound as purchased and thirty cents per pound edible portion. The condition of the vegetables when delivered has a great influence on the probable yield. When purchasing canned vegetables, grades were used as purchasing guides. Samples of each grade of produce were requested for testing to find out if the product was satisfactory. The highest grade was not purchased for general use; Grade B or Standard was acceptable for the Army mess. Fresh and frozen vegetables were used largely in Army camps and fields in the United States. Canned and dehydrated products were to be used in combat areas overseas because they were easy to prepare, there was little or no waste, and the nutritive value was fairly well retained. The problem of storage was not difficult, and shipping space was saved when dehydrated food was shipped because of its lightness and lack of bulk. The Army food purchasing officer needed to be familiar with the local vegetable supply and market center facilities. A knowledge of standardizing, grading, packaging, sorting, and transporting produce was necessary in order to purchase food economically and intelligently. Because of uncertainty of crops due to curtailed planting and harvesting occasioned by labor shortages, it was difficult for producers and distributors to cooperate at all times. The Quartermaster's office arranged with local marketing centers for information on prices, substitutions, and quantities of local produce available, several days in advance, so that suitable substitutions could be made on menus if sufficient fresh vegetables were not obtainable. Inspection of all food on delivery was required, and if low grade or unsatisfactory produce was discovered it was returned to the dealers or an adjustment requested. This was done to determine whether or not supplies met the contract requirements for quality and conditions specified by the Army. Close

• 50. [Article] Feasibility of developing bread wheat cultivars with acceptable protein content for non-traditional areas

  The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the possibility of developing high yielding wheat cultivars whose flour would result in acceptable loaf volumes for non-traditional bread wheat growing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Feasibility of developing bread wheat cultivars with acceptable protein content for non-traditional areas Author: Lorenzo, Ariel The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the possibility of developing high yielding wheat cultivars whose flour would result in acceptable loaf volumes for non-traditional bread wheat growing areas. Spring wheat germplasm employed included high protein hexaploid derivatives from Triticum dicoccoides, and selections from Argentina with good bread milling and baking properties. Winter wheat materials were from the Oregon State University International Winter x Spring Wheat Improvement Program. Elevated protein content was found not to be a prerequisite in obtaining high loaf volumes. Electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE) of the high molecular weight glutenin subunits, and the sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation (SDSS) test proved to be reliable indicators of protein quality. High molecular weight glutenin banding patterns were independent of environmental factors. Bands 5-10 contributed by the D genome, with either bands 1 or 2* from the A genome and bands 7-8 or 17-18 coded by the B genome, appeared to be the most critical in influencing high loaf volume. For the experimental material used, SDSS values were found to be dependent upon variations in protein content. Five grams wholemeal flour samples with 2% SDS, 10 ml/I of 9.6% lactate solution and a reading time of 30 minutes provided the best combination to discriminate between lines with high or low loaf volume. Grain yield was found to be negatively associated with grain protein content in the spring wheat material. In crosses with Argentine lines, high protein "dicoccoides" derivatives, did not contribute major genes for protein content. Grain hardness was found to be a qualitatively inherited trait, and not associated with grain protein content or loaf volume. No single criterion proved of value in improving protein content and grain yield simultaneously, other than delaying selection until later generations. Strong negative associations between harvest index and grain protein content were observed for the winter wheat germplasm. Biological yield and kernel weight were the best selection criteria to improve grain protein without sacrificing grain yield. Early season applications of nitrate nitrogen resulted in a simultaneous increase in protein content and grain yield. Title: Feasibility of developing bread wheat cultivars with acceptable protein content for non-traditional areas Author: Lorenzo, Ariel The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the possibility of developing high yielding wheat cultivars whose flour would result in acceptable loaf volumes for non-traditional bread wheat growing areas. Spring wheat germplasm employed included high protein hexaploid derivatives from Triticum dicoccoides, and selections from Argentina with good bread milling and baking properties. Winter wheat materials were from the Oregon State University International Winter x Spring Wheat Improvement Program. Elevated protein content was found not to be a prerequisite in obtaining high loaf volumes. Electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE) of the high molecular weight glutenin subunits, and the sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation (SDSS) test proved to be reliable indicators of protein quality. High molecular weight glutenin banding patterns were independent of environmental factors. Bands 5-10 contributed by the D genome, with either bands 1 or 2* from the A genome and bands 7-8 or 17-18 coded by the B genome, appeared to be the most critical in influencing high loaf volume. For the experimental material used, SDSS values were found to be dependent upon variations in protein content. Five grams wholemeal flour samples with 2% SDS, 10 ml/I of 9.6% lactate solution and a reading time of 30 minutes provided the best combination to discriminate between lines with high or low loaf volume. Grain yield was found to be negatively associated with grain protein content in the spring wheat material. In crosses with Argentine lines, high protein "dicoccoides" derivatives, did not contribute major genes for protein content. Grain hardness was found to be a qualitatively inherited trait, and not associated with grain protein content or loaf volume. No single criterion proved of value in improving protein content and grain yield simultaneously, other than delaying selection until later generations. Strong negative associations between harvest index and grain protein content were observed for the winter wheat germplasm. Biological yield and kernel weight were the best selection criteria to improve grain protein without sacrificing grain yield. Early season applications of nitrate nitrogen resulted in a simultaneous increase in protein content and grain yield. Close