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• 41. [Article] Winter grain mite: a fall and winter pest of cereals and grasses in Oregon

  Published March 2009. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Winter grain mite: a fall and winter pest of cereals and grasses in Oregon Author: Fisher, G., Tuck, Brain V., Bohle, Mylen G., Dreves, A., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published March 2009. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Winter grain mite: a fall and winter pest of cereals and grasses in Oregon Author: Fisher, G., Tuck, Brain V., Bohle, Mylen G., Dreves, A., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published March 2009. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 42. [Article] Maintaining fertility of Grande Ronde Valley soils

  Published March 1933. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Maintaining fertility of Grande Ronde Valley soils Author: Richards, D. E. (Dale Everette), 1892-, Oregon State Agricultural College. Agricultural Experiment Station, Powers, W. L. (Wilbur Louis), b. 1887 Published March 1933. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Maintaining fertility of Grande Ronde Valley soils Author: Richards, D. E. (Dale Everette), 1892-, Oregon State Agricultural College. Agricultural Experiment Station, Powers, W. L. (Wilbur Louis), b. 1887 Published March 1933. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 43. [Article] Writing Chinuk Wawa: A Materials Development Case Study

  This study explored the development of new texts by fluent non-native speakers of Chinuk Wawa, an endangered indigenous contact language of the Pacific Northwest United States. The texts were developed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Writing Chinuk Wawa: A Materials Development Case Study Author: Hamilton, Sarah A. Braun Year: 2010 This study explored the development of new texts by fluent non-native speakers of Chinuk Wawa, an endangered indigenous contact language of the Pacific Northwest United States. The texts were developed as part of the language and culture program of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon for use in university-sponsored language classes. The collaborative process of developing 12 texts was explored through detailed revision analysis and interviews with the materials developers and other stakeholders. Fluent non-native speakers relied on collaboration, historical documentation, reference materials, grammatical models, and their own intuitions and cultural sensibilities to develop texts that would be both faithful to the speech of previous generations and effective for instruction. The texts studied were stories and cultural information developed through research-based composition, translation from interlinear and narrative English in ethnographic sources, and editing of transcribed oral narrative. The revision analysis identified points of discussion in the lexical development and grammatical standardization of the language. The preferred strategy for developing new vocabulary was use of language-internal resources such as compounding although borrowing and loan translation from other local Native languages were also sometimes considered appropriate. The multifunctionality of the lexicon and evidence of dialectal and idiolectal usage problematicized the description of an “ideal” language for pedagogical purposes. Concerns were also expressed about detailed grammatical modeling due to potential influence on non-native speaker intuitions and the non-utility of such models for revitalization goals. Decisions made in the process of developing texts contributed to the development of a written form of Chinuk Wawa that would honor and perpetuate the oral language while adapting it for the requirements of inscription. The repeated inclusion of discourse markers and the frequent removal of nominal reference brought final versions of texts closer to oral style, while inclusion of background information and the avoidance of shortened pronouns and auxiliaries customized the presentation for a reading audience. The results of this study comprise a sketch of one aspect of the daily work of language revitalization, in which non-native speakers shoulder responsibility for the growth of a language and its transfer to new generations of speakers. Title: Writing Chinuk Wawa: A Materials Development Case Study Author: Hamilton, Sarah A. Braun Year: 2010 This study explored the development of new texts by fluent non-native speakers of Chinuk Wawa, an endangered indigenous contact language of the Pacific Northwest United States. The texts were developed as part of the language and culture program of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon for use in university-sponsored language classes. The collaborative process of developing 12 texts was explored through detailed revision analysis and interviews with the materials developers and other stakeholders. Fluent non-native speakers relied on collaboration, historical documentation, reference materials, grammatical models, and their own intuitions and cultural sensibilities to develop texts that would be both faithful to the speech of previous generations and effective for instruction. The texts studied were stories and cultural information developed through research-based composition, translation from interlinear and narrative English in ethnographic sources, and editing of transcribed oral narrative. The revision analysis identified points of discussion in the lexical development and grammatical standardization of the language. The preferred strategy for developing new vocabulary was use of language-internal resources such as compounding although borrowing and loan translation from other local Native languages were also sometimes considered appropriate. The multifunctionality of the lexicon and evidence of dialectal and idiolectal usage problematicized the description of an “ideal” language for pedagogical purposes. Concerns were also expressed about detailed grammatical modeling due to potential influence on non-native speaker intuitions and the non-utility of such models for revitalization goals. Decisions made in the process of developing texts contributed to the development of a written form of Chinuk Wawa that would honor and perpetuate the oral language while adapting it for the requirements of inscription. The repeated inclusion of discourse markers and the frequent removal of nominal reference brought final versions of texts closer to oral style, while inclusion of background information and the avoidance of shortened pronouns and auxiliaries customized the presentation for a reading audience. The results of this study comprise a sketch of one aspect of the daily work of language revitalization, in which non-native speakers shoulder responsibility for the growth of a language and its transfer to new generations of speakers. Close

• 44. [Article] Geology of the Columbia River Basalt in Silver Falls State Park, Oregon

  Silver Falls State Park is near the southern extent of the Columbia River Basalt Group as mapped in western Oregon. The flows in the park were identified as belonging to subdivisions of the Columbia River ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology of the Columbia River Basalt in Silver Falls State Park, Oregon Author: Norman, Elizabeth Storm Year: 1980 Silver Falls State Park is near the southern extent of the Columbia River Basalt Group as mapped in western Oregon. The flows in the park were identified as belonging to subdivisions of the Columbia River Basalt Group on the basis of physical characteristics and trace element geochemistry. The sequence of flows present is as follows: 3-4 flows of the Low-Mg chemical type of the Grande Ronde Basalt, 2 flows of the High-Mg chemical type of the Grande Ronde Basalt, 3 flows of the Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapum Basalt, and one flow of anomolous geochemistry. The flows dip west to southwest two to three degrees on the limb of an open anticline. Two related trends are represented in the jointing pattern of the flows, N 20 W and N 70 E. A paleostream appearing to follow one of these trends eroded 90 m into the Low-Mg and High-Mg flows before its valley was obscured by the incursion of a Frenchman Springs flow. The possibility arises that this stream drainage may provide access to the coast via the coast range for the Frenchman Springs basalts. Title: Geology of the Columbia River Basalt in Silver Falls State Park, Oregon Author: Norman, Elizabeth Storm Year: 1980 Silver Falls State Park is near the southern extent of the Columbia River Basalt Group as mapped in western Oregon. The flows in the park were identified as belonging to subdivisions of the Columbia River Basalt Group on the basis of physical characteristics and trace element geochemistry. The sequence of flows present is as follows: 3-4 flows of the Low-Mg chemical type of the Grande Ronde Basalt, 2 flows of the High-Mg chemical type of the Grande Ronde Basalt, 3 flows of the Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapum Basalt, and one flow of anomolous geochemistry. The flows dip west to southwest two to three degrees on the limb of an open anticline. Two related trends are represented in the jointing pattern of the flows, N 20 W and N 70 E. A paleostream appearing to follow one of these trends eroded 90 m into the Low-Mg and High-Mg flows before its valley was obscured by the incursion of a Frenchman Springs flow. The possibility arises that this stream drainage may provide access to the coast via the coast range for the Frenchman Springs basalts. Close

• 45. [Article] The stratigraphy and structure of the Columbia River basalt in the Clackamas River drainage

  The Clackamas River drainage within the western Cascade Range is approximately aligned with a northwest trending lineation defined by the Portland Hills and the Brothers Fault zone. This area is occupied ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The stratigraphy and structure of the Columbia River basalt in the Clackamas River drainage Author: Anderson, James Lee Year: 1978 The Clackamas River drainage within the western Cascade Range is approximately aligned with a northwest trending lineation defined by the Portland Hills and the Brothers Fault zone. This area is occupied by an extensive Columbia River Basalt sequence that is deeply incised by the Clackamas River and its tributaries. Two major basalt units of the Yakima Basalt Subgroup, including the Grande Ronde Basalt and the Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapurn Basalt, are distinguishable in a 515 meter to 550 meter accumulation. Of particular interest is the presence of five trending right-lateral strike-slip faults is consistent with a stress model of north-south compression and east-west extension. Title: The stratigraphy and structure of the Columbia River basalt in the Clackamas River drainage Author: Anderson, James Lee Year: 1978 The Clackamas River drainage within the western Cascade Range is approximately aligned with a northwest trending lineation defined by the Portland Hills and the Brothers Fault zone. This area is occupied by an extensive Columbia River Basalt sequence that is deeply incised by the Clackamas River and its tributaries. Two major basalt units of the Yakima Basalt Subgroup, including the Grande Ronde Basalt and the Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapurn Basalt, are distinguishable in a 515 meter to 550 meter accumulation. Of particular interest is the presence of five trending right-lateral strike-slip faults is consistent with a stress model of north-south compression and east-west extension. Close

• 46. [Article] Foodways at Fort Yamhill, 1856-1866 : an archaeological and archival perspective

  Fort Yamhill, located in the eastern foothills of the Oregon Coast Range near modern day Grand Ronde, Oregon, was a U.S. Army post established in March 1856 as part of a three fort system to guard the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Foodways at Fort Yamhill, 1856-1866 : an archaeological and archival perspective Author: Eichelberger, Justin E. Fort Yamhill, located in the eastern foothills of the Oregon Coast Range near modern day Grand Ronde, Oregon, was a U.S. Army post established in March 1856 as part of a three fort system to guard the newly established Coast Reservation and to provide a Union presence in the state during the American Civil War. This thesis examines U.S. Army foodways at Fort Yamhill and provides a basis for future work on the subject. Combining the archaeological and archival data from the site provided the unique opportunity to examine the foodways of the mid-19th century U.S. Army holistically. Results of this research suggests that although the soldiers stationed at Fort Yamhill were at the end of long supply lines and far from populated cities, the diet consumed by the soldiers was adequate and often abundant. Procuring subsistence stores from many sources soldiers were able to procure a steady and healthful diet and often had the opportunity to display social and economic status through their patterns of food consumption. Title: Foodways at Fort Yamhill, 1856-1866 : an archaeological and archival perspective Author: Eichelberger, Justin E. Fort Yamhill, located in the eastern foothills of the Oregon Coast Range near modern day Grand Ronde, Oregon, was a U.S. Army post established in March 1856 as part of a three fort system to guard the newly established Coast Reservation and to provide a Union presence in the state during the American Civil War. This thesis examines U.S. Army foodways at Fort Yamhill and provides a basis for future work on the subject. Combining the archaeological and archival data from the site provided the unique opportunity to examine the foodways of the mid-19th century U.S. Army holistically. Results of this research suggests that although the soldiers stationed at Fort Yamhill were at the end of long supply lines and far from populated cities, the diet consumed by the soldiers was adequate and often abundant. Procuring subsistence stores from many sources soldiers were able to procure a steady and healthful diet and often had the opportunity to display social and economic status through their patterns of food consumption. Close

• 47. [Article] Geology of the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area, southern Clatsop and northernmost Tillamook Counties, northwest Oregon

  The middle to late Eocene tholeiitic Tillamook Volcanics compose the oldest rock unit in the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area. Geochemical plots and field relationships indicate that these rocks ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology of the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area, southern Clatsop and northernmost Tillamook Counties, northwest Oregon Author: Rarey, Phillip Jay The middle to late Eocene tholeiitic Tillamook Volcanics compose the oldest rock unit in the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area. Geochemical plots and field relationships indicate that these rocks were produced in an extensional tectonic setting in the developing forearc and formed an extensive tholeiltic oceanic island. The volcanics consi5t of a thick sequence of normally and reversely polarized subaerial basalt and basaltic andesite flows in the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area. The "Gray's River area" Goble Volcanics in southwest Washington are chemically and stratigraphically correlative to the Tillamook Volcanics. Cessation of Tillamook volcanism resulted in thermal subsidence and transgression of the overlying Hamlet formation. Upper Narizian (middle to upper Eccene) nearshore fossiliferous basaltic boulder-pebble conglomerates and basaltic sandstones of the Roy Creek member of the Hamlet formation (informal) were deposited along a rocky basaltic coastline over the subsiding volcanic "island". Scanning electron microscopy shows that radial pore-filling chloritic cement has significantly reduced porosity in Roy Creek member sandstones. Micaceous and carbonaceous silty mudstones and rare thin basaltic turbidite sandstones of the Sweet Home Creek member of the Hamlet formation (informal> were deposited on the outer shelf to upper slope above the Roy Creek member as the basin continued to deepen. The Sweet Home Creek member contains abundant bathyal benthtc foraminifera assignable to the upper Narizian stage. Calcareous nannofossils collected from the unit have been assigned to subzone CP-14a which is in agreement with foraminifera data. The upper part of the Sweet Home Creek member is in part a deep marine correlative to shelf arkosic sandstones of the Cowltiz Formation which pinches out into the Sweet Home Creek member in eastern Clatsop County. Much of the detritus in the Sweet Home Creek member was derived from plutonic and metamorphic sources in contrast to the locally derived Roy Creek member. Calc-alkaline Cole Mountain basalt (informal) intrudes and overlies the Sweet Home Creek member. Cole Mountain basalt was formed in a compressional tectonic environment and emplaced on the outer continental shelf as shallow intrusions and submarine flow. The unit is chemically and petrographically distinct from the Tillamook Volcanics and chemically similar to and stratigraphically correlative to the type Goble Volcanics (e.g. low Ti02 and low P205). Unconformably overlying the Cole Mountain basalt and the Sweet Home Creek member is the bathyal, Refugian (upper Eocene), Jewell member of the Keasey Formation. It consists of three parts a basal glauconitic sandstone-siltstone, a laminated tuffaceous sandstone unit with rare small arkosic sandstone channels and occasional clastic dikes, and an upper laminated to bioturbated tuffaceous silt-mudstone. trkosic sandstones were derived from an ancesteral Columbia River system whereas abundant tuffaceous detritus was derived locally from the Cascade arc. The Refugian lower Smuggler Cove formation (informal) gradationally overlies the Jewell member and consists of bioturbated, tuffaceous, bathyal mudstones. Outer shelf, very fine-grained tuffaceous sandstones of the David Douglas tongue (informal) of the Pittsburg Bluff Formation and deeper marine correlative outer shelf to upper slope glauconitic sanstones of the middle Smuggler Cove formation overlie the lower Smuggler Cove formation. The upper Smuggler Cove formation consists of uppermost Refugian to Zemmorian bathyal, bioturbated, fossiliferous, well-indurated tuffaceous siltstone. Laminated carbonaceous mudetones and thin (<1/2 m) arkosic sandstone beds of the ball park unit in the Smuggler Cove formation overlie and interfinger with (7) the upper Smuggler Cove formation. The ball park unit is late Zemorrian (Oligocene) or Saucesian (Early Miocene) in age. Fluvial-deltaic to shallow marine sandstones and conglomerates of the lower to middle Miocene angora Peek member of the astoria Formation unconformably overlies the Smuggler Cove formation. Numerous middle to upper Miocene basalts and gabbros intrude the sedimentary rocks in the thesis area. The intrusive rocks are chemically, magnetically, petrographically, and chronologically correlative to the Grande Ronde Basalt, Frenchman Springs Member, and Pomona Member of the Columbia River Basalt Group on the Columbia Plateau. The Grande Ronde Basalt intrusives have been divided into three chemical-magnetostratigraphic units in the thesis area and correlated to subaerial Columbia River Basalt flows located approximately 35 km to the northeast. The intrusive rocks are thought to have formed by invasion of voluminous subaerial flows into soft, semiconsolidated marine sediments as first envisioned by Beeson et. al. (1979). Uplift of the Coast Range forearc ridge from late Miocene to present has resulted in subaerial erosion and exposure of rock units. Thin alluvial gravels and sands were deposited in the southeastern corner of the thesis area during the Quaternary. Structure in the thesis area is dominated by a series of east-west trending high angle faults and a younger series of conjugate northeast-and northwest-trending high angle oblique slip faults. Proton precession magnetometer traverses confirm the presence of the faults. The structure may have been produced by partial coupling of the forearc region with the subducting Farallon plate. The thesis area has been actively explored for hydrocarbons. Geologic mapping, however, shows that significant sandstone reservoirs are not present in the subsurface and, therefore, the area has low potential of hydrocarbon production. Mudstones in the thesis area average approximately 0.9-1.1% total organic carbon with vitrinite reflectance values ranging from 0.53% Ro (unbaked) to 0.72% Ro (baked). Therefore, the mudstones are a marginal to poor source of thermogenic gas but a possible source of methane gas. Title: Geology of the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area, southern Clatsop and northernmost Tillamook Counties, northwest Oregon Author: Rarey, Phillip Jay The middle to late Eocene tholeiitic Tillamook Volcanics compose the oldest rock unit in the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area. Geochemical plots and field relationships indicate that these rocks were produced in an extensional tectonic setting in the developing forearc and formed an extensive tholeiltic oceanic island. The volcanics consi5t of a thick sequence of normally and reversely polarized subaerial basalt and basaltic andesite flows in the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area. The "Gray's River area" Goble Volcanics in southwest Washington are chemically and stratigraphically correlative to the Tillamook Volcanics. Cessation of Tillamook volcanism resulted in thermal subsidence and transgression of the overlying Hamlet formation. Upper Narizian (middle to upper Eccene) nearshore fossiliferous basaltic boulder-pebble conglomerates and basaltic sandstones of the Roy Creek member of the Hamlet formation (informal) were deposited along a rocky basaltic coastline over the subsiding volcanic "island". Scanning electron microscopy shows that radial pore-filling chloritic cement has significantly reduced porosity in Roy Creek member sandstones. Micaceous and carbonaceous silty mudstones and rare thin basaltic turbidite sandstones of the Sweet Home Creek member of the Hamlet formation (informal> were deposited on the outer shelf to upper slope above the Roy Creek member as the basin continued to deepen. The Sweet Home Creek member contains abundant bathyal benthtc foraminifera assignable to the upper Narizian stage. Calcareous nannofossils collected from the unit have been assigned to subzone CP-14a which is in agreement with foraminifera data. The upper part of the Sweet Home Creek member is in part a deep marine correlative to shelf arkosic sandstones of the Cowltiz Formation which pinches out into the Sweet Home Creek member in eastern Clatsop County. Much of the detritus in the Sweet Home Creek member was derived from plutonic and metamorphic sources in contrast to the locally derived Roy Creek member. Calc-alkaline Cole Mountain basalt (informal) intrudes and overlies the Sweet Home Creek member. Cole Mountain basalt was formed in a compressional tectonic environment and emplaced on the outer continental shelf as shallow intrusions and submarine flow. The unit is chemically and petrographically distinct from the Tillamook Volcanics and chemically similar to and stratigraphically correlative to the type Goble Volcanics (e.g. low Ti02 and low P205). Unconformably overlying the Cole Mountain basalt and the Sweet Home Creek member is the bathyal, Refugian (upper Eocene), Jewell member of the Keasey Formation. It consists of three parts a basal glauconitic sandstone-siltstone, a laminated tuffaceous sandstone unit with rare small arkosic sandstone channels and occasional clastic dikes, and an upper laminated to bioturbated tuffaceous silt-mudstone. trkosic sandstones were derived from an ancesteral Columbia River system whereas abundant tuffaceous detritus was derived locally from the Cascade arc. The Refugian lower Smuggler Cove formation (informal) gradationally overlies the Jewell member and consists of bioturbated, tuffaceous, bathyal mudstones. Outer shelf, very fine-grained tuffaceous sandstones of the David Douglas tongue (informal) of the Pittsburg Bluff Formation and deeper marine correlative outer shelf to upper slope glauconitic sanstones of the middle Smuggler Cove formation overlie the lower Smuggler Cove formation. The upper Smuggler Cove formation consists of uppermost Refugian to Zemmorian bathyal, bioturbated, fossiliferous, well-indurated tuffaceous siltstone. Laminated carbonaceous mudetones and thin (<1/2 m) arkosic sandstone beds of the ball park unit in the Smuggler Cove formation overlie and interfinger with (7) the upper Smuggler Cove formation. The ball park unit is late Zemorrian (Oligocene) or Saucesian (Early Miocene) in age. Fluvial-deltaic to shallow marine sandstones and conglomerates of the lower to middle Miocene angora Peek member of the astoria Formation unconformably overlies the Smuggler Cove formation. Numerous middle to upper Miocene basalts and gabbros intrude the sedimentary rocks in the thesis area. The intrusive rocks are chemically, magnetically, petrographically, and chronologically correlative to the Grande Ronde Basalt, Frenchman Springs Member, and Pomona Member of the Columbia River Basalt Group on the Columbia Plateau. The Grande Ronde Basalt intrusives have been divided into three chemical-magnetostratigraphic units in the thesis area and correlated to subaerial Columbia River Basalt flows located approximately 35 km to the northeast. The intrusive rocks are thought to have formed by invasion of voluminous subaerial flows into soft, semiconsolidated marine sediments as first envisioned by Beeson et. al. (1979). Uplift of the Coast Range forearc ridge from late Miocene to present has resulted in subaerial erosion and exposure of rock units. Thin alluvial gravels and sands were deposited in the southeastern corner of the thesis area during the Quaternary. Structure in the thesis area is dominated by a series of east-west trending high angle faults and a younger series of conjugate northeast-and northwest-trending high angle oblique slip faults. Proton precession magnetometer traverses confirm the presence of the faults. The structure may have been produced by partial coupling of the forearc region with the subducting Farallon plate. The thesis area has been actively explored for hydrocarbons. Geologic mapping, however, shows that significant sandstone reservoirs are not present in the subsurface and, therefore, the area has low potential of hydrocarbon production. Mudstones in the thesis area average approximately 0.9-1.1% total organic carbon with vitrinite reflectance values ranging from 0.53% Ro (unbaked) to 0.72% Ro (baked). Therefore, the mudstones are a marginal to poor source of thermogenic gas but a possible source of methane gas. Close

• 48. [Article] Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus : integrating traditional ecological knowledge and contemporary values into conservation planning, and stream substrate associations with larval abundance in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S.A.

  Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus is a valuable icon and traditional food source for Indigenous people of western North America. Native Americans have utilized traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus : integrating traditional ecological knowledge and contemporary values into conservation planning, and stream substrate associations with larval abundance in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Sheoships, Gabe Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus is a valuable icon and traditional food source for Indigenous people of western North America. Native Americans have utilized traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) since time immemorial to guide their ways of life, transmitting cultural values and natural history to further generational knowledge. Pacific lamprey are in decline throughout their range, and have historically been disregarded in western science. The Willamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S.A currently supports a traditional harvest location, Willamette Falls, which continues to persist, despite great losses in adjacent basins and remains a harvest stronghold amongst Columbia River Basin Tribes. To further understand Pacific lamprey, we utilized both Indigenous knowledge and western science to gain information that would aid recovery. My first goal was to determine traditional ecological knowledge and the cultural values of Pacific lamprey to provide guidance for future conservation planning. My second goal was to evaluate the fine scale habitat characteristics of larval Pacific lamprey. To determine tribal values for the purpose of informing conservation planning of Pacific lamprey, I used: 1) oral history interviews of tribal elders, and 2) questionnaires distributed across entire adult (18 years and older) tribal populations. We conducted semi-structured interviews with tribal elders to gain insights into the biology, distribution, and cultural value of lamprey. I interviewed 32 tribal elders, 11 from the Grand Ronde, 10 from the Siletz, and 11 from the Umatilla. To understand modern fishing practices and current values of lamprey, I distributed a standardized questionnaire (n = 753) to a sample of each adult (18 years and older) tribal population, and received a total of 188 responses total: 38 from the Grand Ronde, 60 from the Siletz, and 90 from the Umatilla. From my interviews, I found that each tribe has noticed a decline in Pacific lamprey populations within their ceded areas, and has witnessed traditional harvest locations lost due to population declines and/or anthropogenic damage, leaving Willamette Falls as the sole harvest site for the three tribes. Questionnaire results showed that the strongest issues relating to the traditional usage of Pacific lamprey amongst each tribe are cultural awareness, harvest accessibility, and Pacific lamprey populations. I evaluated two fine scale habitat associations of larval Pacific lamprey in the Willamette River Basin to understand the association of stream sediment and larval abundance. Study objectives were to: 1) evaluate the substrate size most closely associated with larval abundance, and 2) to evaluate the influence of organic material upon larval abundance. We used a backpack electrofisher to enumerate larval lamprey in six wadeable Willamette River tributaries, using a nested two-pass sample design at a lower, middle, and upper reach (each reach composed of ten 1-m² quadrats). Stream sediment cores were collected for subsequent determination of particle size and organic composition content. I used particle size sieve analysis to estimate dominant substrate size class per sample, from the following size classes: silt (< 0.063 mm), very fine sand (0.063–0.125 mm), fine sand (0.125-0.25 mm), medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), coarse sand (0.50-1.0 mm), very coarse sand (1.0-2.36 mm), and fine gravel (>2.36 mm). I analyzed organic content by loss of weight through combustion. Larvae were present in 17 of 18 reaches (94%) 18), but only detected in 37% of the quadrats. Larval Pacific lamprey abundance was highest in habitats with predominantly medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm) substrate. I fit negative binomial mixed models using parameters for sediment depth, percentage of medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), organic material and a random effect for basin. My top model consisted of percentage of medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), organic material and a random effect for basin. At the fine scale, substrate characteristics were associated with the abundance of larval Pacific lamprey. Appropriate conservation measures should be taken to address the restoration of Pacific lamprey, activities that promote natural river flow and distribution of sediment could be of benefit. Efforts that educate mainstream society should be implemented to reduce further species decline. With the continued decline of Pacific lamprey, there is potential for further degradation of tribal cultural values. Conservation work that promotes the restoration of Pacific lamprey is crucial to the tradition and culture of the Grand Ronde, Siletz, and Umatilla Tribes. Title: Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus : integrating traditional ecological knowledge and contemporary values into conservation planning, and stream substrate associations with larval abundance in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Sheoships, Gabe Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus is a valuable icon and traditional food source for Indigenous people of western North America. Native Americans have utilized traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) since time immemorial to guide their ways of life, transmitting cultural values and natural history to further generational knowledge. Pacific lamprey are in decline throughout their range, and have historically been disregarded in western science. The Willamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S.A currently supports a traditional harvest location, Willamette Falls, which continues to persist, despite great losses in adjacent basins and remains a harvest stronghold amongst Columbia River Basin Tribes. To further understand Pacific lamprey, we utilized both Indigenous knowledge and western science to gain information that would aid recovery. My first goal was to determine traditional ecological knowledge and the cultural values of Pacific lamprey to provide guidance for future conservation planning. My second goal was to evaluate the fine scale habitat characteristics of larval Pacific lamprey. To determine tribal values for the purpose of informing conservation planning of Pacific lamprey, I used: 1) oral history interviews of tribal elders, and 2) questionnaires distributed across entire adult (18 years and older) tribal populations. We conducted semi-structured interviews with tribal elders to gain insights into the biology, distribution, and cultural value of lamprey. I interviewed 32 tribal elders, 11 from the Grand Ronde, 10 from the Siletz, and 11 from the Umatilla. To understand modern fishing practices and current values of lamprey, I distributed a standardized questionnaire (n = 753) to a sample of each adult (18 years and older) tribal population, and received a total of 188 responses total: 38 from the Grand Ronde, 60 from the Siletz, and 90 from the Umatilla. From my interviews, I found that each tribe has noticed a decline in Pacific lamprey populations within their ceded areas, and has witnessed traditional harvest locations lost due to population declines and/or anthropogenic damage, leaving Willamette Falls as the sole harvest site for the three tribes. Questionnaire results showed that the strongest issues relating to the traditional usage of Pacific lamprey amongst each tribe are cultural awareness, harvest accessibility, and Pacific lamprey populations. I evaluated two fine scale habitat associations of larval Pacific lamprey in the Willamette River Basin to understand the association of stream sediment and larval abundance. Study objectives were to: 1) evaluate the substrate size most closely associated with larval abundance, and 2) to evaluate the influence of organic material upon larval abundance. We used a backpack electrofisher to enumerate larval lamprey in six wadeable Willamette River tributaries, using a nested two-pass sample design at a lower, middle, and upper reach (each reach composed of ten 1-m² quadrats). Stream sediment cores were collected for subsequent determination of particle size and organic composition content. I used particle size sieve analysis to estimate dominant substrate size class per sample, from the following size classes: silt (< 0.063 mm), very fine sand (0.063–0.125 mm), fine sand (0.125-0.25 mm), medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), coarse sand (0.50-1.0 mm), very coarse sand (1.0-2.36 mm), and fine gravel (>2.36 mm). I analyzed organic content by loss of weight through combustion. Larvae were present in 17 of 18 reaches (94%) 18), but only detected in 37% of the quadrats. Larval Pacific lamprey abundance was highest in habitats with predominantly medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm) substrate. I fit negative binomial mixed models using parameters for sediment depth, percentage of medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), organic material and a random effect for basin. My top model consisted of percentage of medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), organic material and a random effect for basin. At the fine scale, substrate characteristics were associated with the abundance of larval Pacific lamprey. Appropriate conservation measures should be taken to address the restoration of Pacific lamprey, activities that promote natural river flow and distribution of sediment could be of benefit. Efforts that educate mainstream society should be implemented to reduce further species decline. With the continued decline of Pacific lamprey, there is potential for further degradation of tribal cultural values. Conservation work that promotes the restoration of Pacific lamprey is crucial to the tradition and culture of the Grand Ronde, Siletz, and Umatilla Tribes. Close

• 49. [Article] Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and petrology of neogene rocks in the Deschutes basin, central Oregon : a record of continental-margin volcanism and its influence on fluvial sedimentation in an arc-adjacent basin

  Neogene rocks of the Deschutes basin include the middle Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group and Simtustus Formation, and late Miocene to early Pliocene Deschutes Formation. Assignment of Prineville chemical-type ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and petrology of neogene rocks in the Deschutes basin, central Oregon : a record of continental-margin volcanism and its influence on fluvial sedimentation in an arc-adjacent basin Author: Smith, Gary Allen Neogene rocks of the Deschutes basin include the middle Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group and Simtustus Formation, and late Miocene to early Pliocene Deschutes Formation. Assignment of Prineville chemical-type flows to the Grande Ronde Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group is based upon correlation of these lavas from their type area, through the Deschutes basin, and onto the Columbia Plateau where they have been previously mapped as Grande Ronde Basalt. Simtustus Formation is a newly defined unit intercalated with and conformable upon these basalts and is unconformably overlain by Deschutes Formation. Burial of mature topography by middle Miocene basalts raised local base levels and initiated aggradation by low-gradient streams within the basin represented by the tuffaceous sandstones and mudstones of the Simtustus Formation. These sediments are enriched in pyroclastic constituents relative to contemporary Western Cascades volcanics reflecting preferential incorporation of easily eroded and more widespread pyroclastic debris in distal sedimentary sequences compared to epiclastic contributions from lavas. Following a 5 to 7 m.y. hiatus, aggradation was renewed at about 7.5 Ma when coarse-grained volcanogenic sediments, lava flows and ignimbrites from the early High Cascades entered the basin for 2 m.y. The proximal Deschutes Formation is primarily basalt and basaltic andesite lava flows but andesite to rhyolite ignimbrites are the primary volcanic constitutents in the sedimentary-dominated section farther east. Deposition on a broad, eastward-tapering alluvial plain was by debris flows, sheetfloods, and hyperconcentrated flood flows. Episodic aggradation correlates to periods of sediment influx following eruptions' of widespread pyroclastic debris and was separated by periods of incision. The abundance of basalts, combined with the paucity of hydrous minerals and FeO and TiO₂ enrichment in intermediate lavas characterize early High Cascade yolcanics as atypical for convergent-margin arcs. These petrologic characteristics are consistent with high-level fractionation in an extensional regime. Extension culminated in the development of an intra-arc graben which ended Deschutes Formation deposition by structurally isolating the basin from the High Cascade source area. Intra-arc extension may represent invasion of Basin and Range tectonism into the Cascades, or may relate to plate-margin processes, particularly decreasing convergence rate and highly oblique convergence vector. Title: Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and petrology of neogene rocks in the Deschutes basin, central Oregon : a record of continental-margin volcanism and its influence on fluvial sedimentation in an arc-adjacent basin Author: Smith, Gary Allen Neogene rocks of the Deschutes basin include the middle Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group and Simtustus Formation, and late Miocene to early Pliocene Deschutes Formation. Assignment of Prineville chemical-type flows to the Grande Ronde Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group is based upon correlation of these lavas from their type area, through the Deschutes basin, and onto the Columbia Plateau where they have been previously mapped as Grande Ronde Basalt. Simtustus Formation is a newly defined unit intercalated with and conformable upon these basalts and is unconformably overlain by Deschutes Formation. Burial of mature topography by middle Miocene basalts raised local base levels and initiated aggradation by low-gradient streams within the basin represented by the tuffaceous sandstones and mudstones of the Simtustus Formation. These sediments are enriched in pyroclastic constituents relative to contemporary Western Cascades volcanics reflecting preferential incorporation of easily eroded and more widespread pyroclastic debris in distal sedimentary sequences compared to epiclastic contributions from lavas. Following a 5 to 7 m.y. hiatus, aggradation was renewed at about 7.5 Ma when coarse-grained volcanogenic sediments, lava flows and ignimbrites from the early High Cascades entered the basin for 2 m.y. The proximal Deschutes Formation is primarily basalt and basaltic andesite lava flows but andesite to rhyolite ignimbrites are the primary volcanic constitutents in the sedimentary-dominated section farther east. Deposition on a broad, eastward-tapering alluvial plain was by debris flows, sheetfloods, and hyperconcentrated flood flows. Episodic aggradation correlates to periods of sediment influx following eruptions' of widespread pyroclastic debris and was separated by periods of incision. The abundance of basalts, combined with the paucity of hydrous minerals and FeO and TiO₂ enrichment in intermediate lavas characterize early High Cascade yolcanics as atypical for convergent-margin arcs. These petrologic characteristics are consistent with high-level fractionation in an extensional regime. Extension culminated in the development of an intra-arc graben which ended Deschutes Formation deposition by structurally isolating the basin from the High Cascade source area. Intra-arc extension may represent invasion of Basin and Range tectonism into the Cascades, or may relate to plate-margin processes, particularly decreasing convergence rate and highly oblique convergence vector. Close

• 50. [Article] Partial melting of tonalite at the margins of a Columbia River Basalt Group dike, Wallowa Mountains, northeastern Oregon

  Columbia River Basalt Group dikes cut the tonalite-granodiorite Wallowa Batholith in northeastern Oregon, providing a natural setting in which to examine partial melting. Many dikes have up to 5 m-wide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Partial melting of tonalite at the margins of a Columbia River Basalt Group dike, Wallowa Mountains, northeastern Oregon Author: Petcovic, Heather L. Columbia River Basalt Group dikes cut the tonalite-granodiorite Wallowa Batholith in northeastern Oregon, providing a natural setting in which to examine partial melting. Many dikes have up to 5 m-wide zones of quenched partially melted wallrock at their margins. This paper examines the progressive partial melting reactions in biotite-and hornblende-bearing tonalite at the margin of a near-vertical Grande Ronde dike in the vicinity of Maxwell Lake. Paleodepth at the time of dike emplacement is estimated at 1- 2 km, and dike temperature was about 1140°C. Samples collected from the dike margin represent five successive stages of melt reaction over a distance of about 5 m from unmolten wallrock (Stage 1) to about 40 volume percent (vol%) quenched melt (Stage 5). This melt is now represented by about 31 vol% silicic glass that has undergone little to no devitrification and about 9 vol% plagioclase, pyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxide quench crystals. Whole rock major and trace element bulk compositional data are nearly identical to unmolten rock at each stage, suggesting that the melt did not separate from the restite and each stage represents essentially a chemically closed system. With progressive melting, primary hornblende, biotite, and orthoclase are entirely consumed but residual plagioclase, quartz, Fe-Ti oxides and apatite persist in the restite. Hornblende dehydration initially produces a dusty intergrowth of augite, pigeonite, lesser enstatite, and sparse Fe-Ti oxides. Initial biotite dehydration produces titaniferous magnetite and lesser ilmenite aligned in bands in an intergrowth of enstatite and plagioclase. Andesine plagioclase develops a spongy texture as the albite component is lost to the melt. Reaction of hornblende, quartz, and feldspar produces sparse tonalitic (high-Ca) glass, while the reaction of biotite, quartz, and feldspar produces abundant granitic (high-K) glass. The two glass types are irregularly distributed around mafic reaction sites and in up to 2 mm seams on quartz-feldspar contacts. With progressive melting, replacement phases become compositionally more homogeneous, clinopyroxene is consumed, the proportion of plagioclase decreases, and glasses become slightly more mafic. Granitic and tonalitic glasses persist in just over 31 vol% glass suggesting that deformation is required to mix these melt types. Title: Partial melting of tonalite at the margins of a Columbia River Basalt Group dike, Wallowa Mountains, northeastern Oregon Author: Petcovic, Heather L. Columbia River Basalt Group dikes cut the tonalite-granodiorite Wallowa Batholith in northeastern Oregon, providing a natural setting in which to examine partial melting. Many dikes have up to 5 m-wide zones of quenched partially melted wallrock at their margins. This paper examines the progressive partial melting reactions in biotite-and hornblende-bearing tonalite at the margin of a near-vertical Grande Ronde dike in the vicinity of Maxwell Lake. Paleodepth at the time of dike emplacement is estimated at 1- 2 km, and dike temperature was about 1140°C. Samples collected from the dike margin represent five successive stages of melt reaction over a distance of about 5 m from unmolten wallrock (Stage 1) to about 40 volume percent (vol%) quenched melt (Stage 5). This melt is now represented by about 31 vol% silicic glass that has undergone little to no devitrification and about 9 vol% plagioclase, pyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxide quench crystals. Whole rock major and trace element bulk compositional data are nearly identical to unmolten rock at each stage, suggesting that the melt did not separate from the restite and each stage represents essentially a chemically closed system. With progressive melting, primary hornblende, biotite, and orthoclase are entirely consumed but residual plagioclase, quartz, Fe-Ti oxides and apatite persist in the restite. Hornblende dehydration initially produces a dusty intergrowth of augite, pigeonite, lesser enstatite, and sparse Fe-Ti oxides. Initial biotite dehydration produces titaniferous magnetite and lesser ilmenite aligned in bands in an intergrowth of enstatite and plagioclase. Andesine plagioclase develops a spongy texture as the albite component is lost to the melt. Reaction of hornblende, quartz, and feldspar produces sparse tonalitic (high-Ca) glass, while the reaction of biotite, quartz, and feldspar produces abundant granitic (high-K) glass. The two glass types are irregularly distributed around mafic reaction sites and in up to 2 mm seams on quartz-feldspar contacts. With progressive melting, replacement phases become compositionally more homogeneous, clinopyroxene is consumed, the proportion of plagioclase decreases, and glasses become slightly more mafic. Granitic and tonalitic glasses persist in just over 31 vol% glass suggesting that deformation is required to mix these melt types. Close