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• 41. [Article] Geography of Gender and the Gender of Geography in the Roman Imagination

  This paper argues for a profound link between gendered stereotypes and geography in the Graeco-Roman imagination focusing on the early Roman Empire. Hitherto, this link has been mentioned, sometimes assumed, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geography of Gender and the Gender of Geography in the Roman Imagination Author: Howard, Austin Year: 2016 This paper argues for a profound link between gendered stereotypes and geography in the Graeco-Roman imagination focusing on the early Roman Empire. Hitherto, this link has been mentioned, sometimes assumed, and almost never treated as a venture worthy or deeper study or unifying themes, apart from questions of “proto-racism.” Notwithstanding, the links can be drawn comparing how the peoples living in different parts of the empire are described and how stereotypes of gender also appear in historical and literary texts. By careful examination (including cross-examination) of Strabo, Tacitus, Livy, Julius Caesar, and others, I seek the argue for a strong East/West, North/South divide in Roman minds and for a paradoxical self-view by the Italic Romans and that these cardinal directions were often imbued with gendered conceptions of manliness and effeminacy, softness and ruggedness, as well as tameness, and warlike tendencies. Title: Geography of Gender and the Gender of Geography in the Roman Imagination Author: Howard, Austin Year: 2016 This paper argues for a profound link between gendered stereotypes and geography in the Graeco-Roman imagination focusing on the early Roman Empire. Hitherto, this link has been mentioned, sometimes assumed, and almost never treated as a venture worthy or deeper study or unifying themes, apart from questions of “proto-racism.” Notwithstanding, the links can be drawn comparing how the peoples living in different parts of the empire are described and how stereotypes of gender also appear in historical and literary texts. By careful examination (including cross-examination) of Strabo, Tacitus, Livy, Julius Caesar, and others, I seek the argue for a strong East/West, North/South divide in Roman minds and for a paradoxical self-view by the Italic Romans and that these cardinal directions were often imbued with gendered conceptions of manliness and effeminacy, softness and ruggedness, as well as tameness, and warlike tendencies. Close

• 42. [Article] Dear Mr. Hiker Man: Negotiating Gender in a Masculinized American Wilderness

  Nature based spiritual pilgrimage in the form of hiking and backpacking demonstrates a deeply rooted connection between the individual and the environment. However, wilderness as a concept has been constructed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dear Mr. Hiker Man: Negotiating Gender in a Masculinized American Wilderness Author: Cox, Nikki Year: 2017 Nature based spiritual pilgrimage in the form of hiking and backpacking demonstrates a deeply rooted connection between the individual and the environment. However, wilderness as a concept has been constructed through a male lens. Male voices have been championed over their female contemporaries. The rigid gender expectations projected within the binary sex/gender system reinforce the idea that nature is a “boys’ club.” By deconstructing the concept of wilderness, I illuminate a gender bias in outdoor pursuits. I explore the ways women have negotiated their own diverse and intersectional identities within the gendered space of wilderness. Title: Dear Mr. Hiker Man: Negotiating Gender in a Masculinized American Wilderness Author: Cox, Nikki Year: 2017 Nature based spiritual pilgrimage in the form of hiking and backpacking demonstrates a deeply rooted connection between the individual and the environment. However, wilderness as a concept has been constructed through a male lens. Male voices have been championed over their female contemporaries. The rigid gender expectations projected within the binary sex/gender system reinforce the idea that nature is a “boys’ club.” By deconstructing the concept of wilderness, I illuminate a gender bias in outdoor pursuits. I explore the ways women have negotiated their own diverse and intersectional identities within the gendered space of wilderness. Close

• 43. [Article] Why don't kids tell? Gender and the disclosure of abuse.

  37 p. A THESIS Presented to the Department of Psychology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2007....

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Why don't kids tell? Gender and the disclosure of abuse. Author: Spaventa, Kathryn Year: 2007 37 p. A THESIS Presented to the Department of Psychology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2007. Title: Why don't kids tell? Gender and the disclosure of abuse. Author: Spaventa, Kathryn Year: 2007 37 p. A THESIS Presented to the Department of Psychology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2007. Close

• 44. [Article] Fishermen, fisherwoman and Climate Change

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fishermen, fisherwoman and Climate Change Author: Frocklin, Sara, Torre-Castro, Maricela de la, Jiddawi, Narriman, Lindstrom, Lars Abstract Only Title: Fishermen, fisherwoman and Climate Change Author: Frocklin, Sara, Torre-Castro, Maricela de la, Jiddawi, Narriman, Lindstrom, Lars Abstract Only Close

• 45. [Article] The impact of gender-role identity, gender ideology and drinking motivation on binge drinking and behavioral outcomes

  The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in students' drinking patterns and the resultant negative consequences based on gender role identity, gender role ideology and self-reported ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The impact of gender-role identity, gender ideology and drinking motivation on binge drinking and behavioral outcomes Author: Ketcham, Patricia The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in students' drinking patterns and the resultant negative consequences based on gender role identity, gender role ideology and self-reported drinking motivations on a college campus. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 735 university students. Gender identity, gender role ideology and drinking motivations were measured using the following scales: 1) Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ) (Cooper, 1994), 2) Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) (Bem, 1974), and 3) Sex Role Egalitarianism Scale, short version (SRES) (King, Beere, King & Beere, 1984). Results of this study indicated that the vast majority of students (93.2%) had consumed alcohol during the past 30 days and almost three-quarters (74.3%) of the students responding to the survey were binge drinkers. Seventy-seven percentof males and 72. percent of females reported binge drinking. Support was found in this study for the convergence model, as the distribution of binge drinkers and nonbinge drinkers was not significantly different between men and women. Gender identity and gender role ideology were analyzed to provide a possible explanation for lack of difference found between males and females drinking patterns. Students with higher expressive traits were less likely to binge drink and more likely to limit the number of drinks they consumed. Sex role egalitarianism appeared to have some influence on binge drinking behavior. Students with more traditional attitudes towards gender roles were more likely to be binge drinkers. While gender ideology was able to predict the probability of being a binge drinker, gender identity was not a significant predictor of binge drinking. As a result of drinking, a large number of students had experienced negative behavioral consequences within the last six months. Overall 45.4 percent of students experienced 1-4 negative consequences, while 38.6 percent reported 5-13 negative consequences during the previous 6 months. Students who were binge drinkers were almost 3 times as likely to have an alcohol related arrest as nonbingers, and two times as likely to have participated in unplanned or regretted sex. Considering all other independent variables (gender ideology and gender identity), drinking motives were the strongest predictors of student binge drinking and the negative consequences associated with that drinking. Title: The impact of gender-role identity, gender ideology and drinking motivation on binge drinking and behavioral outcomes Author: Ketcham, Patricia The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in students' drinking patterns and the resultant negative consequences based on gender role identity, gender role ideology and self-reported drinking motivations on a college campus. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 735 university students. Gender identity, gender role ideology and drinking motivations were measured using the following scales: 1) Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ) (Cooper, 1994), 2) Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) (Bem, 1974), and 3) Sex Role Egalitarianism Scale, short version (SRES) (King, Beere, King & Beere, 1984). Results of this study indicated that the vast majority of students (93.2%) had consumed alcohol during the past 30 days and almost three-quarters (74.3%) of the students responding to the survey were binge drinkers. Seventy-seven percentof males and 72. percent of females reported binge drinking. Support was found in this study for the convergence model, as the distribution of binge drinkers and nonbinge drinkers was not significantly different between men and women. Gender identity and gender role ideology were analyzed to provide a possible explanation for lack of difference found between males and females drinking patterns. Students with higher expressive traits were less likely to binge drink and more likely to limit the number of drinks they consumed. Sex role egalitarianism appeared to have some influence on binge drinking behavior. Students with more traditional attitudes towards gender roles were more likely to be binge drinkers. While gender ideology was able to predict the probability of being a binge drinker, gender identity was not a significant predictor of binge drinking. As a result of drinking, a large number of students had experienced negative behavioral consequences within the last six months. Overall 45.4 percent of students experienced 1-4 negative consequences, while 38.6 percent reported 5-13 negative consequences during the previous 6 months. Students who were binge drinkers were almost 3 times as likely to have an alcohol related arrest as nonbingers, and two times as likely to have participated in unplanned or regretted sex. Considering all other independent variables (gender ideology and gender identity), drinking motives were the strongest predictors of student binge drinking and the negative consequences associated with that drinking. Close

• 46. [Article] Fraternity men's diversity experiences and degree of gender role conflict

  Gender role conflict has been found to be a psychological condition that produces negative outcomes for men as they negotiate the tensions between who they truly are and who they feel they must be based ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fraternity men's diversity experiences and degree of gender role conflict Author: Schalewski, Lucas L. Gender role conflict has been found to be a psychological condition that produces negative outcomes for men as they negotiate the tensions between who they truly are and who they feel they must be based on social expectations (O'Neil, Helms, Gable, David, & Wrightsman, 1986). Recent studies on college men's gender identity development suggests diversity experiences in higher education may influence positive and healthy masculine identities (Harris III, 2010; Edwards & Jones, 2009). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify relationships between fraternity men's diversity experiences and their degree of gender role conflict. The research subjects in the present study include 341 fraternity men at a comprehensive research university in the Pacific Northwest. Data was collected through a survey instrument that measured fraternity men's degree of gender role conflict, interactional diversity experiences, and classroom diversity experiences. Descriptive statistics and inferential analysis is used to evaluate the existence of relationships between fraternity men's diversity experiences and their degree of gender role conflict. Findings indicate there is no significant statistical relationship between gender role conflict and interactional diversity experiences or gender role conflict and classroom diversity experiences. However, results do show college men's interactional diversity experiences may be an indirect negative predictor of gender role conflict because of the identified negative relationship interactional diversity experiences has on two out of the four patterns that make up gender role conflict: Restrictive Emotionality and Restrictive Affectionate Behavior Between Men. These results suggest interactional diversity experiences is one educational opportunity in college that encourages men to make meaning of different social identities in a way that supports the expression of emotions and intimacy between men, which in return, lowers men's degree of gender role conflict. Title: Fraternity men's diversity experiences and degree of gender role conflict Author: Schalewski, Lucas L. Gender role conflict has been found to be a psychological condition that produces negative outcomes for men as they negotiate the tensions between who they truly are and who they feel they must be based on social expectations (O'Neil, Helms, Gable, David, & Wrightsman, 1986). Recent studies on college men's gender identity development suggests diversity experiences in higher education may influence positive and healthy masculine identities (Harris III, 2010; Edwards & Jones, 2009). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify relationships between fraternity men's diversity experiences and their degree of gender role conflict. The research subjects in the present study include 341 fraternity men at a comprehensive research university in the Pacific Northwest. Data was collected through a survey instrument that measured fraternity men's degree of gender role conflict, interactional diversity experiences, and classroom diversity experiences. Descriptive statistics and inferential analysis is used to evaluate the existence of relationships between fraternity men's diversity experiences and their degree of gender role conflict. Findings indicate there is no significant statistical relationship between gender role conflict and interactional diversity experiences or gender role conflict and classroom diversity experiences. However, results do show college men's interactional diversity experiences may be an indirect negative predictor of gender role conflict because of the identified negative relationship interactional diversity experiences has on two out of the four patterns that make up gender role conflict: Restrictive Emotionality and Restrictive Affectionate Behavior Between Men. These results suggest interactional diversity experiences is one educational opportunity in college that encourages men to make meaning of different social identities in a way that supports the expression of emotions and intimacy between men, which in return, lowers men's degree of gender role conflict. Close

• 47. [Article] A literary discourse on the evolution of gender & sexuality in the first & second waves of feminism : Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" deconstructs established gender roles as Willa Cather's "Paul's Case" reconstructs them

  The two literary touchstones of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Willa Cather examined in this thesis anchored a larger discussion of the discourse about gender and sexuality during the First and Second Waves ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A literary discourse on the evolution of gender & sexuality in the first & second waves of feminism : Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" deconstructs established gender roles as Willa Cather's "Paul's Case" reconstructs them Author: Hotard, Tami The two literary touchstones of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Willa Cather examined in this thesis anchored a larger discussion of the discourse about gender and sexuality during the First and Second Waves of feminism in America. "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Gilman deconstructed the notion of "femininity" manifested at the turn of the century in America, while Cather's "Paul's Case" reconstructed the notion of "masculinity." Both Cather and Gilman wrote their short stories at the turn of the century in America during the First Wave of Feminism yet they resurfaced in discussions about gender and sexuality in the Second Wave of Feminism. Readings of both Cather and Gilman's writings have evolved with the First and Second Waves because their protagonists defied and undercut the established social norms enabling them to be re-examined much after their publication date. Although their writing styles are different, Gilman and Cather share a complex understanding of gender and sexuality that earmark the social position of women in America which can be interpreted by the most contemporary critics of present date. During the First Wave of Feminism, women discussed how their ability to reproduce contributed to unbalanced gender relations, caused middle and upper class women to remain confined to the household, and economically dependent upon their husbands. This devaluation of women's participation in valued economic work sickened many women and left them reliant on their physician's care as well. Challenging this social structure, Gilman recorded her experience after being diagnosed with neurasthenia by Dr. Mitchell, ordered to remain in bed for months while consuming fatty foods and with no support from friends. Meanwhile, Cather expressed her discontent with the social construction of gender in America by asserting a male character that reconsidered the established norms for men and women of Victorian America. When the Second Wave of Feminism emerged in America, the discussions about gender and sexuality reread these touchstone texts of Gilman and Cather as flexible visions of reality but in different discursive contexts depending on the social time frame in which they reviewed them. In the 1960s, the Women's Rights Movement and the Women's Liberation Movement generated most theoretical discussions on the condition of women themselves, the issues pertaining to women's confinement like establishing a political voice and the "problem with no name." While in the 1970s, discussions about gender and sexuality concluded that the "sex/gender system," also known as patriarchy, defeated their purpose toward complete liberation because of its economic structure aimed at benefiting men. Although they appreciated the notion of a collective voice for all women, the development of individual voices among women played a more significant role in the 1970's discourses about gender and sexuality. Because men have predominantly controlled the medical field, women in the 1970s, who wrote about gender and sexuality then, also attacked physicians like Dr. Mitchell who diagnosed women with strange treatments and also worked for the prohibition of the practice of mid-wifery in America at the turn of the century. Other critics of the 1970s decided that Cather's life reflected that of a lesbian, so that by the 1980s, literary discourses involving gender and sexuality began asking questions about the purpose of Cather and Gilman's writings. If female authors like Cather and Gilman lived such politically conscious lives, then why did they not create narratives that reflected their political agendas? After questioning their narratives, some critics decided that Cather and Gilman carried a "duplicitous nature" or a twofold message in their short yet complex stories. This duplicitous style of writing explained how that by the 1990s discussions about gender and sexuality had evolved into the "crafting of characters" that resulted in "gender performances," and one acting out one's gender. While First and Second Wavers fought for the elimination of binary gender divisions and a balance in gender relations that supported the economic development of all women in America, Cather and Gilman's writings facilitated discussions during both Waves that contributed to the reasons why the social construction of gender and sexuality did not result in equal human treatment, and should therefore be reconstructed. The literature concerning women during the First and Second Waves of Feminism can be summarized as a tactfully-formulated, continuing rumination on the question of the nature and genesis of women's oppression and social subordination, and how to change its effects on the future of the human race. What started off as strictly constructed and enforced gender roles in Victorian America evolved into gender performativity in the latter part of this century. This socio-sexuo evolution lies within the protagonists' discontent and total rebellion in Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" and Cather's "Paul's Case," whose stories both surfaced at the turn of the 20th century in America, when socially-conscious citizens inspected these rigid Victorian ideals, and whose stories later resurfaced again during the Second Wave of Feminism at the middle to end of the 20th century, when individuals re-enacted these same socially constructed gender roles, and deconstructed them. Lather's "Paul's Case" functions as a touchstone of her short fiction that even Cather agreed valued notice, since she only allowed it to be reprinted of all her other stories. With consideration toward conducting future research, a more thorough examination of say The Professor's House and A Lost Lady as well as My Antonia to explore more glimpses of Cather confirming this fluctuating, non-conforming, even elusive authorial approach toward gender and sexuality that has made her reputation outlast herself, should reveal even a deeper sense of her literary complexities. Gilman's utopian novels, Moving the Mountain, Herland, and With Her in Ourland, that came after "The Yellow Wallpaper" deserve a closer look in the same respect as she struggled to portray the possibilities and barriers facing a woman who attempted to combine love and work. The movement in Gilman's writing progressively develops the possibilities and highlights the key barriers for a woman: female resistance to social change and male incomprehension concerning the necessity for love and work in a woman's life. She visualized the transition from the present to the future as one of internal conversion to an egalitarian society. This is a dual process of women awakening to their own interior power and men renouncing oppressive power structures as individuals and as a society. Perhaps too this is why Gilman, like Cather, switched to a male narrator in order to express her utopian vision. Title: A literary discourse on the evolution of gender & sexuality in the first & second waves of feminism : Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" deconstructs established gender roles as Willa Cather's "Paul's Case" reconstructs them Author: Hotard, Tami The two literary touchstones of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Willa Cather examined in this thesis anchored a larger discussion of the discourse about gender and sexuality during the First and Second Waves of feminism in America. "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Gilman deconstructed the notion of "femininity" manifested at the turn of the century in America, while Cather's "Paul's Case" reconstructed the notion of "masculinity." Both Cather and Gilman wrote their short stories at the turn of the century in America during the First Wave of Feminism yet they resurfaced in discussions about gender and sexuality in the Second Wave of Feminism. Readings of both Cather and Gilman's writings have evolved with the First and Second Waves because their protagonists defied and undercut the established social norms enabling them to be re-examined much after their publication date. Although their writing styles are different, Gilman and Cather share a complex understanding of gender and sexuality that earmark the social position of women in America which can be interpreted by the most contemporary critics of present date. During the First Wave of Feminism, women discussed how their ability to reproduce contributed to unbalanced gender relations, caused middle and upper class women to remain confined to the household, and economically dependent upon their husbands. This devaluation of women's participation in valued economic work sickened many women and left them reliant on their physician's care as well. Challenging this social structure, Gilman recorded her experience after being diagnosed with neurasthenia by Dr. Mitchell, ordered to remain in bed for months while consuming fatty foods and with no support from friends. Meanwhile, Cather expressed her discontent with the social construction of gender in America by asserting a male character that reconsidered the established norms for men and women of Victorian America. When the Second Wave of Feminism emerged in America, the discussions about gender and sexuality reread these touchstone texts of Gilman and Cather as flexible visions of reality but in different discursive contexts depending on the social time frame in which they reviewed them. In the 1960s, the Women's Rights Movement and the Women's Liberation Movement generated most theoretical discussions on the condition of women themselves, the issues pertaining to women's confinement like establishing a political voice and the "problem with no name." While in the 1970s, discussions about gender and sexuality concluded that the "sex/gender system," also known as patriarchy, defeated their purpose toward complete liberation because of its economic structure aimed at benefiting men. Although they appreciated the notion of a collective voice for all women, the development of individual voices among women played a more significant role in the 1970's discourses about gender and sexuality. Because men have predominantly controlled the medical field, women in the 1970s, who wrote about gender and sexuality then, also attacked physicians like Dr. Mitchell who diagnosed women with strange treatments and also worked for the prohibition of the practice of mid-wifery in America at the turn of the century. Other critics of the 1970s decided that Cather's life reflected that of a lesbian, so that by the 1980s, literary discourses involving gender and sexuality began asking questions about the purpose of Cather and Gilman's writings. If female authors like Cather and Gilman lived such politically conscious lives, then why did they not create narratives that reflected their political agendas? After questioning their narratives, some critics decided that Cather and Gilman carried a "duplicitous nature" or a twofold message in their short yet complex stories. This duplicitous style of writing explained how that by the 1990s discussions about gender and sexuality had evolved into the "crafting of characters" that resulted in "gender performances," and one acting out one's gender. While First and Second Wavers fought for the elimination of binary gender divisions and a balance in gender relations that supported the economic development of all women in America, Cather and Gilman's writings facilitated discussions during both Waves that contributed to the reasons why the social construction of gender and sexuality did not result in equal human treatment, and should therefore be reconstructed. The literature concerning women during the First and Second Waves of Feminism can be summarized as a tactfully-formulated, continuing rumination on the question of the nature and genesis of women's oppression and social subordination, and how to change its effects on the future of the human race. What started off as strictly constructed and enforced gender roles in Victorian America evolved into gender performativity in the latter part of this century. This socio-sexuo evolution lies within the protagonists' discontent and total rebellion in Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" and Cather's "Paul's Case," whose stories both surfaced at the turn of the 20th century in America, when socially-conscious citizens inspected these rigid Victorian ideals, and whose stories later resurfaced again during the Second Wave of Feminism at the middle to end of the 20th century, when individuals re-enacted these same socially constructed gender roles, and deconstructed them. Lather's "Paul's Case" functions as a touchstone of her short fiction that even Cather agreed valued notice, since she only allowed it to be reprinted of all her other stories. With consideration toward conducting future research, a more thorough examination of say The Professor's House and A Lost Lady as well as My Antonia to explore more glimpses of Cather confirming this fluctuating, non-conforming, even elusive authorial approach toward gender and sexuality that has made her reputation outlast herself, should reveal even a deeper sense of her literary complexities. Gilman's utopian novels, Moving the Mountain, Herland, and With Her in Ourland, that came after "The Yellow Wallpaper" deserve a closer look in the same respect as she struggled to portray the possibilities and barriers facing a woman who attempted to combine love and work. The movement in Gilman's writing progressively develops the possibilities and highlights the key barriers for a woman: female resistance to social change and male incomprehension concerning the necessity for love and work in a woman's life. She visualized the transition from the present to the future as one of internal conversion to an egalitarian society. This is a dual process of women awakening to their own interior power and men renouncing oppressive power structures as individuals and as a society. Perhaps too this is why Gilman, like Cather, switched to a male narrator in order to express her utopian vision. Close

• 48. [Article] Learning to Read (Gender): Children’s Animation and the New Heterosexism

  This paper examines and compares two American animated productions targeting elementary and middle school children, and in doing so aims to elucidate the handling of gender in similar television programs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Learning to Read (Gender): Children’s Animation and the New Heterosexism Author: Flowerday, Kaelyn Year: 2014 This paper examines and compares two American animated productions targeting elementary and middle school children, and in doing so aims to elucidate the handling of gender in similar television programs and feature films of the past three decades. These animated works are treated here as a Foucauldian apparatus, one predicated on the force of systematically structured observation, which functions to manipulate power relations in the favor of hetero- and cis-male order. The Disney feature Beauty and the Beast supplies a case for investigating the heterosexist discourses of these contemporary animated media. However, as will be shown, comparatively feminist animated works have proven equally deft in their subversion of patriarchal patterns; for an example of such indirect but radical rereading and rewriting of gender codes we will turn to the television cartoon program Adventure Time. I will advance the argument that American animated children’s media is a crucial force in children’s acquisition of a symbolic vocabulary of gender—linguistic and otherwise—and the associated application of these symbols in the act of gendered observation of their environment and themselves. This is due not only to these media constituting a significant portion of children’s lived experience, but also children’s (rightful) understanding of these story-worlds as legitimate and powerful sites of discourse, adjacent and analogous to real-world discourses. Far from innocent, children’s media in the United States have responded to the pressures of the post secondwave feminist era, reassembling the rhetorical, stylistic and ideological materials from heterosexist children’s media traditions into new and sophisticated forms that act to re-inscribe oppressive systems. Unlike earlier uncamouflaged characterizations of binary genders, the wake of second-wave feminism has seen an adoption of subsurface, but still potent, signaling which tacitly directs observations of gender, which will be referred to here as ‘new heterosexism.’ With animation in particular, the text may play its role in heterosexist sense-making by way of dynamic image, sound (including speech, musical score, and production elements), and language. Buttressing this multimodal signaling stand other apparatuses, circumambient to children, that recreate heterosexism in the young. Title: Learning to Read (Gender): Children’s Animation and the New Heterosexism Author: Flowerday, Kaelyn Year: 2014 This paper examines and compares two American animated productions targeting elementary and middle school children, and in doing so aims to elucidate the handling of gender in similar television programs and feature films of the past three decades. These animated works are treated here as a Foucauldian apparatus, one predicated on the force of systematically structured observation, which functions to manipulate power relations in the favor of hetero- and cis-male order. The Disney feature Beauty and the Beast supplies a case for investigating the heterosexist discourses of these contemporary animated media. However, as will be shown, comparatively feminist animated works have proven equally deft in their subversion of patriarchal patterns; for an example of such indirect but radical rereading and rewriting of gender codes we will turn to the television cartoon program Adventure Time. I will advance the argument that American animated children’s media is a crucial force in children’s acquisition of a symbolic vocabulary of gender—linguistic and otherwise—and the associated application of these symbols in the act of gendered observation of their environment and themselves. This is due not only to these media constituting a significant portion of children’s lived experience, but also children’s (rightful) understanding of these story-worlds as legitimate and powerful sites of discourse, adjacent and analogous to real-world discourses. Far from innocent, children’s media in the United States have responded to the pressures of the post secondwave feminist era, reassembling the rhetorical, stylistic and ideological materials from heterosexist children’s media traditions into new and sophisticated forms that act to re-inscribe oppressive systems. Unlike earlier uncamouflaged characterizations of binary genders, the wake of second-wave feminism has seen an adoption of subsurface, but still potent, signaling which tacitly directs observations of gender, which will be referred to here as ‘new heterosexism.’ With animation in particular, the text may play its role in heterosexist sense-making by way of dynamic image, sound (including speech, musical score, and production elements), and language. Buttressing this multimodal signaling stand other apparatuses, circumambient to children, that recreate heterosexism in the young. Close

• 49. [Article] URAP- Gender differences by SES-draft 2.pptx

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: URAP- Gender differences by SES-draft 2.pptx Author: Gilmore, Brittany D., Duncan, Rob, McClelland, Megan M. Title: URAP- Gender differences by SES-draft 2.pptx Author: Gilmore, Brittany D., Duncan, Rob, McClelland, Megan M. Close

• 50. [Article] URAP- Gender differences by SES-draft 2.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: URAP- Gender differences by SES-draft 2.pdf Author: Gilmore, Brittany D., Duncan, Rob, McClelland, Megan M. Title: URAP- Gender differences by SES-draft 2.pdf Author: Gilmore, Brittany D., Duncan, Rob, McClelland, Megan M. Close