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• 41. [Article] The effect of various management and policy options on the financial stress situation of Oregon grain and cattle producers

  Agricultural economists have devoted considerable attention to the financial stress situation of agricultural producers. Many studies have been conducted in various regions of the U.S. in an attempt to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of various management and policy options on the financial stress situation of Oregon grain and cattle producers Author: Hewlett, John P. Agricultural economists have devoted considerable attention to the financial stress situation of agricultural producers. Many studies have been conducted in various regions of the U.S. in an attempt to better understand the causes of the problem. The costs associated with farm financial stress imply corresponding benefits to be realized by its reduction. Benefits of studying and resolving farm financial stress reach beyond the farms and ranches to many related sectors such as rural communities, agribusinesses, and lending institutions. The specific hypothesis tested in this thesis is as follows: some but not all farms and ranches which have undergone serious financial stress in the early part of the 1980's in Oregon can be assisted in withstanding fluctuations in economic conditions by adopting specific strategies which promote financial stability and profitability. One of the specific objectives of this thesis was to evaluate the level of financial stress for two different agricultural production units in Oregon under differing leverage positions, and macroeconomic conditions. The production units selected for study were a cattle ranch and a wheat farm, based on their relative importance to Oregon. This first objective was satisfied through analysis of a baseline scenario, which was essentially a continuation of current conditions. Debt levels and growth rates were then altered to reflect the desired study conditions. Changing and considering three leverage ratios (20%, 40%, and 70%) and three sets of macroeconomic conditions (baseline, pessimistic, and optimistic) allowed studying of nine alternative situations to the base firm type or a total of 18 alternatives. Analysis of these different alternative production units was accomplished through a deterministic computer-based simulation model. The model simulates the financial structure and performance of a farm business over a transition period of four years with emphasis placed on the financial transactions of the firm. These transactions include purchases and sales of farm assets, financing terms, debt management, cash flows, tax obligations, consumption levels, and growth rates. The computer-based model made necessary calculations of cash flows and changes in financial statements to derive the ratios used for financial analysis over the planning horizon of four years beyond the present input case and is deterministic in the sense that all essential variables are entered by the researcher. Output from this model includes a set of coordinated financial statements for the firm over the planning horizon: a balance sheet, an income statement, statements for changes in net worth, flow of funds statement, and a fund availability report. The model also calculates profitability, liquidity, and solvency ratios used in financial ratio analysis which are provided on a summary sheet. These statements and reports are provided on an annual basis; thus, financial information is provided on yearly changes in financial position over the four year horizon. Another objective of this thesis was to evaluate various policy and management strategies designed to reduce financial stress. This objective was achieved by analysis of various scenarios designed to reduce stress simultaneously with the baseline case, which served for comparison. The specific scenarios considered were: 35% reduction of debt, 35% reduction of interest rates, two year deferral of debt, sales of 35% of total assets with no lease back, sales of 35% of total assets with lease back arrangements, and an infusion of equity capital equal to 35% of total debt. Results from this analysis were intended to show what, if any, courses of action could be pursued by agricultural firm managers and policy makers to reduce farm financial stress. The best test of the ability of these scenarios to reduce financial stress occurred in application to the high leverage wheat farm situations, as these were the cases with the most financial stress. Appropriate programs could be adopted to strengthen the financial position of the farm; in the case of low liquidity, asset sales-lease back; in cases of low solvency, equity infusions; and in circumstances where profitability needs to be enhanced, interest reductions would be the best choice. The results also seemed to suggested that public programs can maintain current levels of financial performance for producers under financial stress but do little to improve those positions. Title: The effect of various management and policy options on the financial stress situation of Oregon grain and cattle producers Author: Hewlett, John P. Agricultural economists have devoted considerable attention to the financial stress situation of agricultural producers. Many studies have been conducted in various regions of the U.S. in an attempt to better understand the causes of the problem. The costs associated with farm financial stress imply corresponding benefits to be realized by its reduction. Benefits of studying and resolving farm financial stress reach beyond the farms and ranches to many related sectors such as rural communities, agribusinesses, and lending institutions. The specific hypothesis tested in this thesis is as follows: some but not all farms and ranches which have undergone serious financial stress in the early part of the 1980's in Oregon can be assisted in withstanding fluctuations in economic conditions by adopting specific strategies which promote financial stability and profitability. One of the specific objectives of this thesis was to evaluate the level of financial stress for two different agricultural production units in Oregon under differing leverage positions, and macroeconomic conditions. The production units selected for study were a cattle ranch and a wheat farm, based on their relative importance to Oregon. This first objective was satisfied through analysis of a baseline scenario, which was essentially a continuation of current conditions. Debt levels and growth rates were then altered to reflect the desired study conditions. Changing and considering three leverage ratios (20%, 40%, and 70%) and three sets of macroeconomic conditions (baseline, pessimistic, and optimistic) allowed studying of nine alternative situations to the base firm type or a total of 18 alternatives. Analysis of these different alternative production units was accomplished through a deterministic computer-based simulation model. The model simulates the financial structure and performance of a farm business over a transition period of four years with emphasis placed on the financial transactions of the firm. These transactions include purchases and sales of farm assets, financing terms, debt management, cash flows, tax obligations, consumption levels, and growth rates. The computer-based model made necessary calculations of cash flows and changes in financial statements to derive the ratios used for financial analysis over the planning horizon of four years beyond the present input case and is deterministic in the sense that all essential variables are entered by the researcher. Output from this model includes a set of coordinated financial statements for the firm over the planning horizon: a balance sheet, an income statement, statements for changes in net worth, flow of funds statement, and a fund availability report. The model also calculates profitability, liquidity, and solvency ratios used in financial ratio analysis which are provided on a summary sheet. These statements and reports are provided on an annual basis; thus, financial information is provided on yearly changes in financial position over the four year horizon. Another objective of this thesis was to evaluate various policy and management strategies designed to reduce financial stress. This objective was achieved by analysis of various scenarios designed to reduce stress simultaneously with the baseline case, which served for comparison. The specific scenarios considered were: 35% reduction of debt, 35% reduction of interest rates, two year deferral of debt, sales of 35% of total assets with no lease back, sales of 35% of total assets with lease back arrangements, and an infusion of equity capital equal to 35% of total debt. Results from this analysis were intended to show what, if any, courses of action could be pursued by agricultural firm managers and policy makers to reduce farm financial stress. The best test of the ability of these scenarios to reduce financial stress occurred in application to the high leverage wheat farm situations, as these were the cases with the most financial stress. Appropriate programs could be adopted to strengthen the financial position of the farm; in the case of low liquidity, asset sales-lease back; in cases of low solvency, equity infusions; and in circumstances where profitability needs to be enhanced, interest reductions would be the best choice. The results also seemed to suggested that public programs can maintain current levels of financial performance for producers under financial stress but do little to improve those positions. Close

• 42. [Article] Vizio Inc. Product Development Process

  Vizio Inc., which started with only 3 people in 2002, has become the number one shipper of LCD HDTVs to the U.S. consumer electronics market of 2009. They have achieved their fast growth by concentrating ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vizio Inc. Product Development Process Author: Lim, Donggyu, Krampits, Mark, Letts, Matthew, Katarya, Nitin, Shott, Tom Year: 2010 Vizio Inc., which started with only 3 people in 2002, has become the number one shipper of LCD HDTVs to the U.S. consumer electronics market of 2009. They have achieved their fast growth by concentrating on their target segment and market. The founder started in the TV sale business and thought that he could sell to a niche market in the consumer electronic market, especially LCD TV. Therefore, he began to make an inexpensive, but high quality LCD TVs. Another key to his success is that he formed strong relationships with overseas TV manufacturers. While his competitors are selling the same products worldwide, Vizio focuses on the U.S. market. Vizio has developed a solid sales network and has established brand power. It has over 170 employees and over $4 billion in sales in 2009. Vizio is going to introduce a new technology, 3D TV, into their product line. It has been decided that a new process, a Phase Gate Product Life cycle will be followed for this new technology and others that will be produced in the future. Title: Vizio Inc. Product Development Process Author: Lim, Donggyu, Krampits, Mark, Letts, Matthew, Katarya, Nitin, Shott, Tom Year: 2010 Vizio Inc., which started with only 3 people in 2002, has become the number one shipper of LCD HDTVs to the U.S. consumer electronics market of 2009. They have achieved their fast growth by concentrating on their target segment and market. The founder started in the TV sale business and thought that he could sell to a niche market in the consumer electronic market, especially LCD TV. Therefore, he began to make an inexpensive, but high quality LCD TVs. Another key to his success is that he formed strong relationships with overseas TV manufacturers. While his competitors are selling the same products worldwide, Vizio focuses on the U.S. market. Vizio has developed a solid sales network and has established brand power. It has over 170 employees and over $4 billion in sales in 2009. Vizio is going to introduce a new technology, 3D TV, into their product line. It has been decided that a new process, a Phase Gate Product Life cycle will be followed for this new technology and others that will be produced in the future. Close

• 43. [Article] Breaking New Ground: Farmer Perspectives on Organic Transition

  Despite increasing consumer demand for organic food and farm products and double-digit annual sales growth, U.S. organic production is currently flat and unable to meet demand. This report presents findings ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breaking New Ground: Farmer Perspectives on Organic Transition Author: Brown, Sarah, Schreiner, Chris, Gwin, Lauren, Stephenson, Garry Despite increasing consumer demand for organic food and farm products and double-digit annual sales growth, U.S. organic production is currently flat and unable to meet demand. This report presents findings from a national survey of farmers about their experiences with organic transition, exploring motivations, obstacles, and desired resources and support related to the transition process. We found significant variation among farms who had successfully transitioned, who were still in process, who have split operations, and who ultimately decided not to pursue organic farming. Farmers in our study echo long-standing concerns about costs, recordkeeping, on-farm production challenges, infrastructure, and access to profitable markets. We offer a set of specific recommendations, observing that there is plenty of work to do by a wide variety of organizations and agencies that specialize in crop research, infrastructure development, market development, and policy development related to the organic sector. The report is a collaboration between Oregon State University’s Center for Small Farms & Community Food Systems and Oregon Tilth, Inc. Title: Breaking New Ground: Farmer Perspectives on Organic Transition Author: Brown, Sarah, Schreiner, Chris, Gwin, Lauren, Stephenson, Garry Despite increasing consumer demand for organic food and farm products and double-digit annual sales growth, U.S. organic production is currently flat and unable to meet demand. This report presents findings from a national survey of farmers about their experiences with organic transition, exploring motivations, obstacles, and desired resources and support related to the transition process. We found significant variation among farms who had successfully transitioned, who were still in process, who have split operations, and who ultimately decided not to pursue organic farming. Farmers in our study echo long-standing concerns about costs, recordkeeping, on-farm production challenges, infrastructure, and access to profitable markets. We offer a set of specific recommendations, observing that there is plenty of work to do by a wide variety of organizations and agencies that specialize in crop research, infrastructure development, market development, and policy development related to the organic sector. The report is a collaboration between Oregon State University’s Center for Small Farms & Community Food Systems and Oregon Tilth, Inc. Close

• 44. [Article] The Effect of Oyster Farm on the Neighboring Housing Value in Rhode Island

  From 2000 onwards, the United States saw an increasing trend for the shellfish aquaculture practices especially along the Northeast coast. Despite the supporting majority of public regarding the shellfish ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effect of Oyster Farm on the Neighboring Housing Value in Rhode Island Author: Uchida, Hiro, Sudhakaran, Pratheesh O., Opaluch, Jim, Puggioni, Gavino From 2000 onwards, the United States saw an increasing trend for the shellfish aquaculture practices especially along the Northeast coast. Despite the supporting majority of public regarding the shellfish aquaculture operations, these operations are sometimes opposed by local communities claiming the devaluation of housing property due to the construction of oyster farm. Since the uproars against the devaluing of housing property is directly affecting the lives of public, it is critically important to study the effect of construction of oyster farm on its value. A difference-in-difference (DoD) model within hedonic price model (HPM) was used to evaluate the effect of oyster farm on property value. We collected the details of the oyster farms operated in Rhode Island from the Coastal Resource Management Council (CRMC). Our housing sales data lists all the housing transactions in Rhode Island between 2000 and 2013. We used a linear mixed model with lot size as unit level fixed effect and city as random effect. The result showed that the DoD coefficient associated with interaction of distance bands and the construction of oyster farm, was statistically insignificant. The statistical insignificance of the coefficients suggests that there is not much change in housing value due to the construction of oyster farm. The analysis shows that houses further away from coastline will reduce the value of the property. One of the caveats of this study is lesser housing transactions since the construction of oyster farm happened in recent years. Title: The Effect of Oyster Farm on the Neighboring Housing Value in Rhode Island Author: Uchida, Hiro, Sudhakaran, Pratheesh O., Opaluch, Jim, Puggioni, Gavino From 2000 onwards, the United States saw an increasing trend for the shellfish aquaculture practices especially along the Northeast coast. Despite the supporting majority of public regarding the shellfish aquaculture operations, these operations are sometimes opposed by local communities claiming the devaluation of housing property due to the construction of oyster farm. Since the uproars against the devaluing of housing property is directly affecting the lives of public, it is critically important to study the effect of construction of oyster farm on its value. A difference-in-difference (DoD) model within hedonic price model (HPM) was used to evaluate the effect of oyster farm on property value. We collected the details of the oyster farms operated in Rhode Island from the Coastal Resource Management Council (CRMC). Our housing sales data lists all the housing transactions in Rhode Island between 2000 and 2013. We used a linear mixed model with lot size as unit level fixed effect and city as random effect. The result showed that the DoD coefficient associated with interaction of distance bands and the construction of oyster farm, was statistically insignificant. The statistical insignificance of the coefficients suggests that there is not much change in housing value due to the construction of oyster farm. The analysis shows that houses further away from coastline will reduce the value of the property. One of the caveats of this study is lesser housing transactions since the construction of oyster farm happened in recent years. Close

• 45. [Article] An analysis of the growth and development of the 'Tangent Grange Oil Company' as a case study

  The foundation upon which any cooperative rests is the economic need for it as a business enterprise. The existence of such a need cannot by itself provide the basis for a thriving cooperative. Not only ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of the growth and development of the 'Tangent Grange Oil Company' as a case study Author: Maina, Francis Mugoiyo The foundation upon which any cooperative rests is the economic need for it as a business enterprise. The existence of such a need cannot by itself provide the basis for a thriving cooperative. Not only mus.t the need exist, but the members or the promoters must through realistic and diligent investigations establish convincingly that: (1) the particular needs will be better met by cooperative action, (2) enough business and capital will be forthcoming for efficient and economic operations, (3) members as the chief source of business and risk capital, will obtain benefits not otherwise obtainable. This includes goods and services not available in their area or available but at unreasonable prices or inferior quality. The rapid evolution of Grange Oil Company int a financially stable business enterprise is proof of the need and the demand that existed for its services. Agricultural recovery during World War II and the subsequent demand for agricultural products in the postwar years, had a great impact on the growth and development of many cooperatives started during or soon after the great depression in the early 1930's. High agricultural prices relative to non-farm prices, facilitated relatively large net margins and therefore greater capital accumulation. Cooperatives were able to build and to consolidate their net-worth position in readiness for the problems that beset agriculture in the 1950's. In the decade 1952 to 1961, agriculture entered an era of price-cost squeeze. Improvements in farm technology and greater use of commercial fertilizers induced greater farm output. Consequently, prices received by farmers declined 20 percent while prices paid increased 5 percent. Narrowing net margins, caused by generally increasing operating expenses triggered sizeable sales promotion efforts. Increased sales, by virtue of their ability to keep plant overhead costs down, facilitated low per dollar expenses and enabled Grange Oil Company to make substantial savings for its members in the period 1950 to 1959. Sales alone cannot be expected to keep expenses down indefinitely. Other methods of holding down expenses have to be sought. There is a limit to the amount of inventory that present plant facilities can hold. A sales-expenses oriented plant size could prove uneconomic to run for many years. Present and future plant requirements must therefore take into account not only the sales-expenses relationship, but also current economic trends, future business expectations, size of the market and the possible degree of competition. The long run firm plans should provide for expansion when the need arises but the current plant capacity should be related to short run business expectations. The present Grange Oil Company's plant capacity exceeds the ability of the association to increase business volume in the next few years. This problem must be overcome before further expansion is contemplated. This study revealed four important points: (1) The environment in which a cooperative is launched has a great influence on its success; (2) Cooperatives need to broaden their equity capital base. More capital should be raised from members in good years for financing business and plant expansions; (3) Success hinges, among other things, on the ability of the cooperative to keep pace with the changes in the market or the industry which it serves; (4) Good effective and efficient management and employees are vital for successful operations. Title: An analysis of the growth and development of the 'Tangent Grange Oil Company' as a case study Author: Maina, Francis Mugoiyo The foundation upon which any cooperative rests is the economic need for it as a business enterprise. The existence of such a need cannot by itself provide the basis for a thriving cooperative. Not only mus.t the need exist, but the members or the promoters must through realistic and diligent investigations establish convincingly that: (1) the particular needs will be better met by cooperative action, (2) enough business and capital will be forthcoming for efficient and economic operations, (3) members as the chief source of business and risk capital, will obtain benefits not otherwise obtainable. This includes goods and services not available in their area or available but at unreasonable prices or inferior quality. The rapid evolution of Grange Oil Company int a financially stable business enterprise is proof of the need and the demand that existed for its services. Agricultural recovery during World War II and the subsequent demand for agricultural products in the postwar years, had a great impact on the growth and development of many cooperatives started during or soon after the great depression in the early 1930's. High agricultural prices relative to non-farm prices, facilitated relatively large net margins and therefore greater capital accumulation. Cooperatives were able to build and to consolidate their net-worth position in readiness for the problems that beset agriculture in the 1950's. In the decade 1952 to 1961, agriculture entered an era of price-cost squeeze. Improvements in farm technology and greater use of commercial fertilizers induced greater farm output. Consequently, prices received by farmers declined 20 percent while prices paid increased 5 percent. Narrowing net margins, caused by generally increasing operating expenses triggered sizeable sales promotion efforts. Increased sales, by virtue of their ability to keep plant overhead costs down, facilitated low per dollar expenses and enabled Grange Oil Company to make substantial savings for its members in the period 1950 to 1959. Sales alone cannot be expected to keep expenses down indefinitely. Other methods of holding down expenses have to be sought. There is a limit to the amount of inventory that present plant facilities can hold. A sales-expenses oriented plant size could prove uneconomic to run for many years. Present and future plant requirements must therefore take into account not only the sales-expenses relationship, but also current economic trends, future business expectations, size of the market and the possible degree of competition. The long run firm plans should provide for expansion when the need arises but the current plant capacity should be related to short run business expectations. The present Grange Oil Company's plant capacity exceeds the ability of the association to increase business volume in the next few years. This problem must be overcome before further expansion is contemplated. This study revealed four important points: (1) The environment in which a cooperative is launched has a great influence on its success; (2) Cooperatives need to broaden their equity capital base. More capital should be raised from members in good years for financing business and plant expansions; (3) Success hinges, among other things, on the ability of the cooperative to keep pace with the changes in the market or the industry which it serves; (4) Good effective and efficient management and employees are vital for successful operations. Close

• 46. [Article] Farm machinery merchandising : farmer and dealer preferences concerning used equipment guarantees, farm service centers and information services

  Many changes have been taking place in Oregon's agriculture. Average size of farms has increased. The trend is toward fewer but larger, highly mechanized farms, leading to changed demand for farm machinery ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm machinery merchandising : farmer and dealer preferences concerning used equipment guarantees, farm service centers and information services Author: Singh, Ashok K. Many changes have been taking place in Oregon's agriculture. Average size of farms has increased. The trend is toward fewer but larger, highly mechanized farms, leading to changed demand for farm machinery and consequently changes in farm machinery firms to meet the changing demands of farmers. In general, the research question of interest was: "What are the most effective and efficient ways farm machinery firms might adjust to the changing demands of farmers for used farm machinery and related products and services. The specific purposes of this study were to 1) evaluate farmers' and dealers' attitudes and preferences relative to guarantees on used equipment, farm service centers and information services, 2) to evaluate inconsistencies between farmers and dealer attitudes and preferences, and 3) to evaluate which of selected farm, farmer, dealer, and dealership characteristics may or may not be related to respective attitudes and preferences of farmers and dealers. Farm machinery dealers in Oregon, Washington and Western Idaho were sent questionnaires. Questionnaires were also sent to a sample of all Oregon farmers. The relationships of interest were tested for significance via a computerized contingency analysis. The farmers' attitudes and preferences suggest strongly that gross sales of used equipment could be increased if machinery dealers would provide guarantees more acceptable to farmers. Apparently, smaller farmers in particular might be induced to purchase more used equipment if guarantees were more acceptable to them. Farmers in general indicated a preference for used equipment guarantees that cover all breakdowns for a longer period, with larger farmers preferring guarantees covering only major breakdowns. Farmers were divided as to whether used equipment guarantees should cover all or half the labor costs of repairing breakdowns, but felt more strongly that guarantees should cover all parts costs. They were also divided as to whether the guarantee period should be 30, 60 or 90 days. Dealers, however, strongly preferred guarantees covering 30 days and 1/2 the labor and parts costs. Farmers preferred to have more acceptable guarantees rather than lower prices, which suggests a willingness to pay some price for the added services. Farmers indicated farm service centers would be more convenient for them. Smaller farmers were more inclined than larger farmers to prefer doing business with a farm service center. The study indicates about 2/5 of a service centers' customers would be within 25 miles and 4/5 within 50 miles. Farmers much preferred to have service centers house competing suppliers of products and services, and decidedly felt the service center should be located outside the city limits of towns. Farmers were divided as to whether the service center should be operated as a farmers' cooperative, as independent business or as a combination of both. Three fourths or more of the farmers preferred that farm service centers carry the following products, listed in order of priority, highest priority first: Farm machinery; fertilizer; chemicals; hardware and power tools; tires, batteries and accessories; and feed, followed closely by a preference for a blacksmith and machine shop, and irrigation supplies. Farmers indicated a substantial preference for machinery related information/educational services, with primary preference for material relating to machinery and equipment maintenance, minor engine repairs, equipment leasing and engine tune-ups. The information/ educational services appealed particularly to larger farmers, farmers planning larger machinery expenditures and younger farmers. Title: Farm machinery merchandising : farmer and dealer preferences concerning used equipment guarantees, farm service centers and information services Author: Singh, Ashok K. Many changes have been taking place in Oregon's agriculture. Average size of farms has increased. The trend is toward fewer but larger, highly mechanized farms, leading to changed demand for farm machinery and consequently changes in farm machinery firms to meet the changing demands of farmers. In general, the research question of interest was: "What are the most effective and efficient ways farm machinery firms might adjust to the changing demands of farmers for used farm machinery and related products and services. The specific purposes of this study were to 1) evaluate farmers' and dealers' attitudes and preferences relative to guarantees on used equipment, farm service centers and information services, 2) to evaluate inconsistencies between farmers and dealer attitudes and preferences, and 3) to evaluate which of selected farm, farmer, dealer, and dealership characteristics may or may not be related to respective attitudes and preferences of farmers and dealers. Farm machinery dealers in Oregon, Washington and Western Idaho were sent questionnaires. Questionnaires were also sent to a sample of all Oregon farmers. The relationships of interest were tested for significance via a computerized contingency analysis. The farmers' attitudes and preferences suggest strongly that gross sales of used equipment could be increased if machinery dealers would provide guarantees more acceptable to farmers. Apparently, smaller farmers in particular might be induced to purchase more used equipment if guarantees were more acceptable to them. Farmers in general indicated a preference for used equipment guarantees that cover all breakdowns for a longer period, with larger farmers preferring guarantees covering only major breakdowns. Farmers were divided as to whether used equipment guarantees should cover all or half the labor costs of repairing breakdowns, but felt more strongly that guarantees should cover all parts costs. They were also divided as to whether the guarantee period should be 30, 60 or 90 days. Dealers, however, strongly preferred guarantees covering 30 days and 1/2 the labor and parts costs. Farmers preferred to have more acceptable guarantees rather than lower prices, which suggests a willingness to pay some price for the added services. Farmers indicated farm service centers would be more convenient for them. Smaller farmers were more inclined than larger farmers to prefer doing business with a farm service center. The study indicates about 2/5 of a service centers' customers would be within 25 miles and 4/5 within 50 miles. Farmers much preferred to have service centers house competing suppliers of products and services, and decidedly felt the service center should be located outside the city limits of towns. Farmers were divided as to whether the service center should be operated as a farmers' cooperative, as independent business or as a combination of both. Three fourths or more of the farmers preferred that farm service centers carry the following products, listed in order of priority, highest priority first: Farm machinery; fertilizer; chemicals; hardware and power tools; tires, batteries and accessories; and feed, followed closely by a preference for a blacksmith and machine shop, and irrigation supplies. Farmers indicated a substantial preference for machinery related information/educational services, with primary preference for material relating to machinery and equipment maintenance, minor engine repairs, equipment leasing and engine tune-ups. The information/ educational services appealed particularly to larger farmers, farmers planning larger machinery expenditures and younger farmers. Close

• 47. [Image] PH036_1343 Lee Moorhouse photographs

  	[Hinkle irrigation canal running through ranch near Pendleton.]
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_1343 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1907 [Hinkle irrigation canal running through ranch near Pendleton.] Title: PH036_1343 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1907 [Hinkle irrigation canal running through ranch near Pendleton.] Close

• 48. [Article] Marketing management: guidelines for farm level wheat sales decisions

  Published June 1983. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marketing management: guidelines for farm level wheat sales decisions Author: Cornelius, James C. (James Conley), Oregon State University. Extension Service Published June 1983. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Marketing management: guidelines for farm level wheat sales decisions Author: Cornelius, James C. (James Conley), Oregon State University. Extension Service Published June 1983. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 49. [Article] Agriculture in Oregon counties : farm sales and general characteristics

  Published June 1971. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agriculture in Oregon counties : farm sales and general characteristics Author: Oregon State University. Cooperative Extension Service Published June 1971. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Agriculture in Oregon counties : farm sales and general characteristics Author: Oregon State University. Cooperative Extension Service Published June 1971. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 50. [Article] Potential expansion of fresh market sales as an outlet for Oregon-grown vegetables

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential expansion of fresh market sales as an outlet for Oregon-grown vegetables Author: Gorman, William David Title: Potential expansion of fresh market sales as an outlet for Oregon-grown vegetables Author: Gorman, William David Close