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• 41. [Article] Child support decisions when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide, part 2

  Revised November 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Child support decisions when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide, part 2 Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Revised November 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Child support decisions when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide, part 2 Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Revised November 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 42. [Article] Parenting after divorce

  Published January 1996. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Parenting after divorce Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Hare, Jan, Doescher, Sue, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 1996. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Parenting after divorce Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Hare, Jan, Doescher, Sue, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 1996. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 43. [Article] Softly to the East

  Growing up on a ranch in eastern Oregon, life is hard. Adelaide Stevens knows this at sixteen, when her father shoots her wounded horse and her mother divorces him. Five years later, Addie returns from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Softly to the East Author: Hector, Rachel Claus Growing up on a ranch in eastern Oregon, life is hard. Adelaide Stevens knows this at sixteen, when her father shoots her wounded horse and her mother divorces him. Five years later, Addie returns from college to her small town to take care of her ailing mother, and over the course of a week is confronted by memories of her growing up years. Softly to the East is told in both the present and the past, a frame story about depression, discovery, and compassion when times are hard. Title: Softly to the East Author: Hector, Rachel Claus Growing up on a ranch in eastern Oregon, life is hard. Adelaide Stevens knows this at sixteen, when her father shoots her wounded horse and her mother divorces him. Five years later, Addie returns from college to her small town to take care of her ailing mother, and over the course of a week is confronted by memories of her growing up years. Softly to the East is told in both the present and the past, a frame story about depression, discovery, and compassion when times are hard. Close

• 44. [Article] Commercial

  This novel-in-progress is an attempt to struggle with the complicated process of forging one’s identity in the murk of urban Northwest life. The protagonist of this piece is confused, to put it lightly: ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Commercial Author: Aguilar, Joseph R. This novel-in-progress is an attempt to struggle with the complicated process of forging one’s identity in the murk of urban Northwest life. The protagonist of this piece is confused, to put it lightly: bi-racial, torn between the affections of divorced parents, unsure about his religious views, and baffled by his own corpulence. Yet, he longs with all his generous heart to make sense of it all, and he is armed with aptitude- -a unique gift for mentally dismantling his surroundings and reassembling them in illuminating, frightening, funny ways. Set around the turn of the 21 P st P century, this story examines the contradictions that define city life in modern America, the curse and boon of technology, the necessity of remaining loyal to one’s family, the sometimes-frightening compatibility of fundamentalist religion and consumerism, and the singular dilemma of inheriting mixed racial heritage. Craft-wise, this story attempts to grapple with these themes through a highly unique voice, that—ideally—retains its economy without sacrificing its color. The first-person, present-tense perspective affords immediacy, and a narrative drive that gives an active counterbalance to the protagonist’s wash of uncertainty. It is the author’s hope that this rough draft will eventually be hammered into a completed novel. Title: Commercial Author: Aguilar, Joseph R. This novel-in-progress is an attempt to struggle with the complicated process of forging one’s identity in the murk of urban Northwest life. The protagonist of this piece is confused, to put it lightly: bi-racial, torn between the affections of divorced parents, unsure about his religious views, and baffled by his own corpulence. Yet, he longs with all his generous heart to make sense of it all, and he is armed with aptitude- -a unique gift for mentally dismantling his surroundings and reassembling them in illuminating, frightening, funny ways. Set around the turn of the 21 P st P century, this story examines the contradictions that define city life in modern America, the curse and boon of technology, the necessity of remaining loyal to one’s family, the sometimes-frightening compatibility of fundamentalist religion and consumerism, and the singular dilemma of inheriting mixed racial heritage. Craft-wise, this story attempts to grapple with these themes through a highly unique voice, that—ideally—retains its economy without sacrificing its color. The first-person, present-tense perspective affords immediacy, and a narrative drive that gives an active counterbalance to the protagonist’s wash of uncertainty. It is the author’s hope that this rough draft will eventually be hammered into a completed novel. Close

• 45. [Article] A Bioecological Model of Grief Recovery : Theory and Test of the Model

  A primary aim of bereavement research is to alleviate suffering and promote well-being at the junction of life and death for the survivor in an attachment relationship. Bereavement research in the last ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Bioecological Model of Grief Recovery : Theory and Test of the Model Author: Romo, Daniel L. A primary aim of bereavement research is to alleviate suffering and promote well-being at the junction of life and death for the survivor in an attachment relationship. Bereavement research in the last decade has focused primarily on examining grief recovery within the context of intrapersonal processes. This emphasis has often ignored peer, family, and cultural influences on adjustment to loss. As a result, targeted grief interventions have largely been limited to adaptive and maladaptive factors within the individual. Evidence from recent research suggests the importance of taking into account contextual factors within the social environment that have bidirectional influences on the individual, and function as potential deficits or resources for grief recovery over time. Thus, a comprehensive framework for the simultaneous consideration of person-environment transactions, rather than just a strict emphasis on intrapersonal processes, is essential to advancing the current understanding of grief recovery. To address this gap, this study presents a bioecological model of grief recovery with the addition of a 'loss system' level of influence--capturing characteristics of the deceased, circumstances of the death, and the relationship between the bereaved and the deceased prior to the death--to simultaneously account for the person- and environment-level systems of influence. The implications of this theoretical model are described for two different types of loss: death of spouse in older adults and death of a child. To move this model from theory to real-world application, the viability of the model was tested by empirically contrasting it with an individual-level (intrapersonal) model of grief recovery as applied to spousal bereavement in later life. An archived longitudinal data set (the Changing Lives of Older Couples data) was the basis for growth curve models examining the trajectory of grief several years after death of spouse. The individual-level model focused on the intrapersonal predictors known to influence grief recovery, while the bioecological model included the same intrapersonal predictors as well as loss system predictors. In sum, the analyses provided evidence that having relatively high levels of death acceptance and religiosity prior to the death of a spouse is associated with improved psychological health in the early stages of widowhood. Although the bioecological growth curve model did not evidence a better fit than the individual model in this study, it remains a useful framework accounting for a broader range of influences, with the loss system as a key to advancing bereavement research. Moreover, psychological adjustment to the death of a loved one is merely one type of life event that can be understood using this model of grief recovery. Although the theoretical and empirical models presented here represent only a limited approximation of the more complex phenomena of a human reaction when a spouse dies, it provides a new, more comprehensive framework for understanding grief and how it changes over time. Perhaps its greatest utility lies in its theoretical conceptualization of a loss system, and how that loss system can be tested using growth curve statistical models as described in Manuscript 2. This novel approach holds great promise for bereavement researchers. In addition, Manuscript 1 showed how researchers can adapt this framework to model different types of loss experiences, particularly those with strong parallels to the death of a loved one, such as relationship dissolution and divorce. Similarly, this model could be applied empirically to loss experiences such as progressive illness, disability, infertility, and disaster. Variables included in the bioecological systems should be modified accordingly to reflect and allow measurement of the type of loss, life circumstances, culture, and context of the population under study. Title: A Bioecological Model of Grief Recovery : Theory and Test of the Model Author: Romo, Daniel L. A primary aim of bereavement research is to alleviate suffering and promote well-being at the junction of life and death for the survivor in an attachment relationship. Bereavement research in the last decade has focused primarily on examining grief recovery within the context of intrapersonal processes. This emphasis has often ignored peer, family, and cultural influences on adjustment to loss. As a result, targeted grief interventions have largely been limited to adaptive and maladaptive factors within the individual. Evidence from recent research suggests the importance of taking into account contextual factors within the social environment that have bidirectional influences on the individual, and function as potential deficits or resources for grief recovery over time. Thus, a comprehensive framework for the simultaneous consideration of person-environment transactions, rather than just a strict emphasis on intrapersonal processes, is essential to advancing the current understanding of grief recovery. To address this gap, this study presents a bioecological model of grief recovery with the addition of a 'loss system' level of influence--capturing characteristics of the deceased, circumstances of the death, and the relationship between the bereaved and the deceased prior to the death--to simultaneously account for the person- and environment-level systems of influence. The implications of this theoretical model are described for two different types of loss: death of spouse in older adults and death of a child. To move this model from theory to real-world application, the viability of the model was tested by empirically contrasting it with an individual-level (intrapersonal) model of grief recovery as applied to spousal bereavement in later life. An archived longitudinal data set (the Changing Lives of Older Couples data) was the basis for growth curve models examining the trajectory of grief several years after death of spouse. The individual-level model focused on the intrapersonal predictors known to influence grief recovery, while the bioecological model included the same intrapersonal predictors as well as loss system predictors. In sum, the analyses provided evidence that having relatively high levels of death acceptance and religiosity prior to the death of a spouse is associated with improved psychological health in the early stages of widowhood. Although the bioecological growth curve model did not evidence a better fit than the individual model in this study, it remains a useful framework accounting for a broader range of influences, with the loss system as a key to advancing bereavement research. Moreover, psychological adjustment to the death of a loved one is merely one type of life event that can be understood using this model of grief recovery. Although the theoretical and empirical models presented here represent only a limited approximation of the more complex phenomena of a human reaction when a spouse dies, it provides a new, more comprehensive framework for understanding grief and how it changes over time. Perhaps its greatest utility lies in its theoretical conceptualization of a loss system, and how that loss system can be tested using growth curve statistical models as described in Manuscript 2. This novel approach holds great promise for bereavement researchers. In addition, Manuscript 1 showed how researchers can adapt this framework to model different types of loss experiences, particularly those with strong parallels to the death of a loved one, such as relationship dissolution and divorce. Similarly, this model could be applied empirically to loss experiences such as progressive illness, disability, infertility, and disaster. Variables included in the bioecological systems should be modified accordingly to reflect and allow measurement of the type of loss, life circumstances, culture, and context of the population under study. Close

• 46. [Article] Job-related expenditures of gainfully employed female household heads in Corvallis, Oregon

  The purpose of this study was to examine the job-related expenditures of female household heads. Also examined were levels of education, occupations, presence of dependent children, employment benefits ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Job-related expenditures of gainfully employed female household heads in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Blackburn, Virginia Lee The purpose of this study was to examine the job-related expenditures of female household heads. Also examined were levels of education, occupations, presence of dependent children, employment benefits and reasons for working. A random sample of 75 female household heads was drawn from the 1973 Polk's Corvallis City Directory. The sample was composed of 28 divorced, 3 separated, 15 single and 28 widowed women living in Corvallis, Oregon. The interviews were conducted during March and April of 1974. The median age for the 75 household heads was 51 years. They had completed a mean of 15 years of schooling. Single household heads were both younger, with a median age of 32, and had a higher level of education, 17 years, than widows and divorced women. Forty-nine percent of the female household heads were professional workers; 39 percent were clerical and sales workers; and the remaining 12 percent were semiskilled workers. Eighty percent of the single household heads were employed in professional occupations, compared with 45 percent of the widows and 38 percent of the divorced and separated women. Median employment income for all 75 household heads was $7, 249. For the 68 women who had worked the entire year, the median employment income was $7, 500 and the mean, $8, 162. Hypothesis 1. Hypothesis 1, there is no relationship between level of education of the female household head and amount of earnings, was not supported by the data and it was rejected. As the level of education increased, the employment income also increased. Household heads who had not completed high school were employed in the lowest-paying occupations. Full-time workers who were college graduates earned 52 percent more than high school graduates and 14 percent more than household heads with some college education. Household heads who had master's degrees earned 36 percent more than college graduates. Household heads with doctoral degrees earned 28 percent more than those with master's degrees. Hypothesis 2. Hypothesis 2, between 40 and 50 percent of the employed female household heads' income from gainful employment was absorbed by job-related expenditures, was not supported by the data. There was a significant difference at the .01 level and the hypothesis was rejected. Female household heads in the study reported 35.8 percent of their cash employment income was used for job-related expenditures or a mean of $2, 930. Payroll deductions absorbed the highest percentage of employment income, 26.5 percent or a mean of $2, 164. Federal income taxes were the highest reported expense, 13.7 percent, with a mean of $1, 122 and a range of $1. 15 to $4, 441. Directly-related expenses were reported as 5.2 percent of the employment income. Education related to the job and transportation were the highest directly-related expenses, 1.5 and 1.6 percent, respectively. Indirectly-related expenses amounted to 4.1 percent of the employment income. Clothing needed for work was the most expensive indirectly-related expense reported, 1.5 percent. Hypothesis 3. Hypothesis 3, there is no difference in percentage of employment income spent for job-related expenses of female household heads with dependent children aged 18 and under and those without dependent children, was accepted since no significant difference in the percentage of income spent was found at the .025 level in a two-tailed "t" test. Female household heads with dependent children reported 36.9 percent of their employment income was spent on job-related expenses and those without children reported 35. 8 percent. Hypothesis 4. For female household heads with dependent children aged 18 and under, there is no difference in the percentage of employment income spent for job-related expenses of household heads with preschool children and those with no preschool children. Hypothesis 4 was not tested. Only two household heads in the study had children of preschool age. Female household heads reported receiving a mean dollar value of $168 in employment benefits. Eighty-three percent of the 75 workers reported receiving health insurance with a mean value of $79. Cash bonuses were valued at a mean of $22 and employer discounts at $21 for all workers. A combined mean dollar value of $44 was received for meals, coffee and snacks, life insurance, gifts from the employer, laundering and drycleaning of work clothing and discounts from other organizations. Only two reasons for working were given by more than 50 percent of the 75 household heads, These reasons were to pay for current living expenses and because they enjoyed working. Title: Job-related expenditures of gainfully employed female household heads in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Blackburn, Virginia Lee The purpose of this study was to examine the job-related expenditures of female household heads. Also examined were levels of education, occupations, presence of dependent children, employment benefits and reasons for working. A random sample of 75 female household heads was drawn from the 1973 Polk's Corvallis City Directory. The sample was composed of 28 divorced, 3 separated, 15 single and 28 widowed women living in Corvallis, Oregon. The interviews were conducted during March and April of 1974. The median age for the 75 household heads was 51 years. They had completed a mean of 15 years of schooling. Single household heads were both younger, with a median age of 32, and had a higher level of education, 17 years, than widows and divorced women. Forty-nine percent of the female household heads were professional workers; 39 percent were clerical and sales workers; and the remaining 12 percent were semiskilled workers. Eighty percent of the single household heads were employed in professional occupations, compared with 45 percent of the widows and 38 percent of the divorced and separated women. Median employment income for all 75 household heads was $7, 249. For the 68 women who had worked the entire year, the median employment income was $7, 500 and the mean, $8, 162. Hypothesis 1. Hypothesis 1, there is no relationship between level of education of the female household head and amount of earnings, was not supported by the data and it was rejected. As the level of education increased, the employment income also increased. Household heads who had not completed high school were employed in the lowest-paying occupations. Full-time workers who were college graduates earned 52 percent more than high school graduates and 14 percent more than household heads with some college education. Household heads who had master's degrees earned 36 percent more than college graduates. Household heads with doctoral degrees earned 28 percent more than those with master's degrees. Hypothesis 2. Hypothesis 2, between 40 and 50 percent of the employed female household heads' income from gainful employment was absorbed by job-related expenditures, was not supported by the data. There was a significant difference at the .01 level and the hypothesis was rejected. Female household heads in the study reported 35.8 percent of their cash employment income was used for job-related expenditures or a mean of $2, 930. Payroll deductions absorbed the highest percentage of employment income, 26.5 percent or a mean of $2, 164. Federal income taxes were the highest reported expense, 13.7 percent, with a mean of $1, 122 and a range of $1. 15 to $4, 441. Directly-related expenses were reported as 5.2 percent of the employment income. Education related to the job and transportation were the highest directly-related expenses, 1.5 and 1.6 percent, respectively. Indirectly-related expenses amounted to 4.1 percent of the employment income. Clothing needed for work was the most expensive indirectly-related expense reported, 1.5 percent. Hypothesis 3. Hypothesis 3, there is no difference in percentage of employment income spent for job-related expenses of female household heads with dependent children aged 18 and under and those without dependent children, was accepted since no significant difference in the percentage of income spent was found at the .025 level in a two-tailed "t" test. Female household heads with dependent children reported 36.9 percent of their employment income was spent on job-related expenses and those without children reported 35. 8 percent. Hypothesis 4. For female household heads with dependent children aged 18 and under, there is no difference in the percentage of employment income spent for job-related expenses of household heads with preschool children and those with no preschool children. Hypothesis 4 was not tested. Only two household heads in the study had children of preschool age. Female household heads reported receiving a mean dollar value of $168 in employment benefits. Eighty-three percent of the 75 workers reported receiving health insurance with a mean value of $79. Cash bonuses were valued at a mean of $22 and employer discounts at $21 for all workers. A combined mean dollar value of $44 was received for meals, coffee and snacks, life insurance, gifts from the employer, laundering and drycleaning of work clothing and discounts from other organizations. Only two reasons for working were given by more than 50 percent of the 75 household heads, These reasons were to pay for current living expenses and because they enjoyed working. Close

• 47. [Article] Child support contributions made by divorced male and female parents to the direct consumption costs of dependent children

  Identification of the contribution made by the divorced male and female parent to the direct consumption costs of dependent children was the central purpose of the research study. Relationships between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Child support contributions made by divorced male and female parents to the direct consumption costs of dependent children Author: Gregerson, Donna Marie Identification of the contribution made by the divorced male and female parent to the direct consumption costs of dependent children was the central purpose of the research study. Relationships between the parents' contributions to the consumption costs and specified demographic characteristics at the time of divorce, methods of determining support and property settlements received were investigated. The Bureau of Labor Statistics' Estimated Urban Family Budgets for the Seattle-Everett, Washington area and Revised Equivalence Scales served as the basis for determining the families' level of living and the consumptions costs of dependent children. A sample of 242 divorce cases involving minor children from Marion County, Oregon between 1 January 1975 and 31 December 1976 was randomly drawn from the Vital Statistics Section of the Oregon State Health Division in Portland, Oregon. In half of these cases the male parent's name was drawn; in the other half the female parent's name was drawn. A mailed questionnaire concerning the family's child support and economic situation was sent to the above sample. Fifteen responses from male parents and 30 responses from female parents were received and served as the data base for this research. Parents' mean age was somewhat over 30 years with both having some post high school education as the median educational level. The mean number of children per family was 2.16. At the time of divorce the families' median income level was between $12, 000 and $13, 999 with 87 percent of the male parents and 51 percent of the female parents employed full time. Male parents generally experienced increases in their income following divorce while responding females reported decreases in income levels. Most male respondents estimated their share of property to be less than half while 50 percent of responding females estimated their share to be more than half. In 93 percent of the families, the female parent had custody of all the dependent children with the mean amount of child support awarded per dependent child being $102. 50 per month. In two cases the male parent had custody of all the dependent children and in neither case was child support awarded. In one family each parent had custody of half the family's children with neither receiving child support. In approximately one-third of the families, the non-custodial parent was reported to be paying some expenses for dependent children in addition to child support. The amount of child support awarded was reported to be determined by courts, mutual agreements of parents, lawyers and former spouses. Over half the parents responded that child support paid or received was adequate but in almost all cases no provision was made for increases in the amount of child support awarded. A difference was observed between the male and female parent's contribution to the consumption costs of dependent children. The parent's contribution to consumption costs was found to be dependent upon the educational level of the female parent, the employment status of the male parent, and the income level of the family. It was not found to be dependent on the number of dependent children in the family, the age of parents, the educational level of the male parent, nor the employment status of the female parent. Data did suggest that a dependency relation might exist between the parent's contribution and the method of determining child support. No dependency was observed between the property settlement at time of divorce received and the parent's contribution to child support. Title: Child support contributions made by divorced male and female parents to the direct consumption costs of dependent children Author: Gregerson, Donna Marie Identification of the contribution made by the divorced male and female parent to the direct consumption costs of dependent children was the central purpose of the research study. Relationships between the parents' contributions to the consumption costs and specified demographic characteristics at the time of divorce, methods of determining support and property settlements received were investigated. The Bureau of Labor Statistics' Estimated Urban Family Budgets for the Seattle-Everett, Washington area and Revised Equivalence Scales served as the basis for determining the families' level of living and the consumptions costs of dependent children. A sample of 242 divorce cases involving minor children from Marion County, Oregon between 1 January 1975 and 31 December 1976 was randomly drawn from the Vital Statistics Section of the Oregon State Health Division in Portland, Oregon. In half of these cases the male parent's name was drawn; in the other half the female parent's name was drawn. A mailed questionnaire concerning the family's child support and economic situation was sent to the above sample. Fifteen responses from male parents and 30 responses from female parents were received and served as the data base for this research. Parents' mean age was somewhat over 30 years with both having some post high school education as the median educational level. The mean number of children per family was 2.16. At the time of divorce the families' median income level was between $12, 000 and $13, 999 with 87 percent of the male parents and 51 percent of the female parents employed full time. Male parents generally experienced increases in their income following divorce while responding females reported decreases in income levels. Most male respondents estimated their share of property to be less than half while 50 percent of responding females estimated their share to be more than half. In 93 percent of the families, the female parent had custody of all the dependent children with the mean amount of child support awarded per dependent child being $102. 50 per month. In two cases the male parent had custody of all the dependent children and in neither case was child support awarded. In one family each parent had custody of half the family's children with neither receiving child support. In approximately one-third of the families, the non-custodial parent was reported to be paying some expenses for dependent children in addition to child support. The amount of child support awarded was reported to be determined by courts, mutual agreements of parents, lawyers and former spouses. Over half the parents responded that child support paid or received was adequate but in almost all cases no provision was made for increases in the amount of child support awarded. A difference was observed between the male and female parent's contribution to the consumption costs of dependent children. The parent's contribution to consumption costs was found to be dependent upon the educational level of the female parent, the employment status of the male parent, and the income level of the family. It was not found to be dependent on the number of dependent children in the family, the age of parents, the educational level of the male parent, nor the employment status of the female parent. Data did suggest that a dependency relation might exist between the parent's contribution and the method of determining child support. No dependency was observed between the property settlement at time of divorce received and the parent's contribution to child support. Close

• 48. [Article] Family food patterns and dietary change in an intervention study : the Family Heart Study

  Division of labor in household food preparation tasks is of interest in dietary intervention projects. Randomly selected families were recruited to participate in a 5-year family-based study. A small group ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Family food patterns and dietary change in an intervention study : the Family Heart Study Author: Becker, Nancy J. Division of labor in household food preparation tasks is of interest in dietary intervention projects. Randomly selected families were recruited to participate in a 5-year family-based study. A small group format that emphasized family involvement was used to promote change from the American diet (40% fat, 500 mg cholesterol P/S = .05) to the Alternative diet (20% fat, 100 mg cholesterol, P/S = 1.0). The change of division of labor in the households was evaluated from baseline to 60 months. A subsample of 109 male-female couples who were not divorced, pregnant or ill, responded to a questionnaire regarding who does the cooking, shopping and deciding what the family will eat. Plasma lipids and dietary intake were assessed at baseline and at 60 months. At baseline, the majority of men and women indicated that the wives did most of the cooking, deciding and shopping, although both women and men indicated that they did more of the task than their spouse said they did. The overall distribution of labor in cooking and deciding did not significantly change after 5 years of dietary intervention at the family level; however, there was a trend towards increased participation by the men in these tasks. Men's participation in shopping, however, significantly increased. The couples were grouped according the husbands' reported increase or decrease in involvement in these tasks, and diet and lipid changes were evaluated. Increased involvement in household food preparation tasks did not lead to significantly greater dietary change except for consumption of polyunsaturated fat. The wives of men who increased their shopping reported an increase in total fat and saturated fat when compared to changes seen in the other wives. Taken as a group, both husbands and wives decreased their reported fat, cholesterol and saturated fat consumption and increased their reported carbohydrate intake in a manner similar to that suggested in Phase 1 of the Alternative diet. Plasma lipids remained stable in both men and women. Household food-related task performance does not profoundly change when couples participate in a family-based intervention project, and the small changes seen do not have an effect on the outcome variables. Title: Family food patterns and dietary change in an intervention study : the Family Heart Study Author: Becker, Nancy J. Division of labor in household food preparation tasks is of interest in dietary intervention projects. Randomly selected families were recruited to participate in a 5-year family-based study. A small group format that emphasized family involvement was used to promote change from the American diet (40% fat, 500 mg cholesterol P/S = .05) to the Alternative diet (20% fat, 100 mg cholesterol, P/S = 1.0). The change of division of labor in the households was evaluated from baseline to 60 months. A subsample of 109 male-female couples who were not divorced, pregnant or ill, responded to a questionnaire regarding who does the cooking, shopping and deciding what the family will eat. Plasma lipids and dietary intake were assessed at baseline and at 60 months. At baseline, the majority of men and women indicated that the wives did most of the cooking, deciding and shopping, although both women and men indicated that they did more of the task than their spouse said they did. The overall distribution of labor in cooking and deciding did not significantly change after 5 years of dietary intervention at the family level; however, there was a trend towards increased participation by the men in these tasks. Men's participation in shopping, however, significantly increased. The couples were grouped according the husbands' reported increase or decrease in involvement in these tasks, and diet and lipid changes were evaluated. Increased involvement in household food preparation tasks did not lead to significantly greater dietary change except for consumption of polyunsaturated fat. The wives of men who increased their shopping reported an increase in total fat and saturated fat when compared to changes seen in the other wives. Taken as a group, both husbands and wives decreased their reported fat, cholesterol and saturated fat consumption and increased their reported carbohydrate intake in a manner similar to that suggested in Phase 1 of the Alternative diet. Plasma lipids remained stable in both men and women. Household food-related task performance does not profoundly change when couples participate in a family-based intervention project, and the small changes seen do not have an effect on the outcome variables. Close

• 49. [Article] An investigation of the causes of absenteeism in an inner-city school

  The study attempted to accomplish the following: 1. Identify the causes of absenteeism in an inner-city high school. 2. Investigate and compare the reasons for absenteeism of: (a) boys vs. girls, (b) students ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation of the causes of absenteeism in an inner-city school Author: Dexter, Ronald L. The study attempted to accomplish the following: 1. Identify the causes of absenteeism in an inner-city high school. 2. Investigate and compare the reasons for absenteeism of: (a) boys vs. girls, (b) students with divorced parents vs. students with parents who are not divorced, and (c) bused students vs. resident students. 3. Complete a statistical study to determine whether or not a significant difference exists between the mean scores of reading achievement tests for students with attendance problems and students without attendance problems. 4. Complete a statistical study to determine whether or not a significant difference exists between the mean scores of mathematic achievement tests for students with attendance problems and students without attendance problems. 5. Develop a conceptual framework which might enable parents and educators to have a better understanding of the causes of absenteeism in inner-city schools. Conclusions 1. Students with attendance problems attribute their absenteeism to the following major factors: a. In-school factors (1) Poor relationships with teachers (2) Class assignments lack meaning (3) Unsatisfied with course schedule b. Personal factors (1) Social pressure to cut class (2) Lack of motivation 2. Students with divorced parents are less likely to blame the school for their absenteeism problems than students with parents who are not divorced. 3. "Caring for family members" and "Transportation" affect the attendance of bused students more than resident students. 4. Family factors contributing to poor school attendance include "Problems relating to fighting among family members" and "Problems relating to divorced parents." 5. The F statistic, using the one-way analysis of variance, indicated: a. There was no difference, at the .01 level of significance, in the mean scores of reading achievement tests for freshmen students with attendance problems and freshmen students without attendance problems. b. There was a significant difference, at the .01 level of significance, in the mean scores of reading achievement tests for sophomore students with attendance problems and sophomore students without attendance problems. c. There was a significant difference, at the .01 level of significance, in the mean scores of mathematic achievement tests for freshmen and sophomore students with attendance problems and freshmen and sophomore students without attendance problems. Title: An investigation of the causes of absenteeism in an inner-city school Author: Dexter, Ronald L. The study attempted to accomplish the following: 1. Identify the causes of absenteeism in an inner-city high school. 2. Investigate and compare the reasons for absenteeism of: (a) boys vs. girls, (b) students with divorced parents vs. students with parents who are not divorced, and (c) bused students vs. resident students. 3. Complete a statistical study to determine whether or not a significant difference exists between the mean scores of reading achievement tests for students with attendance problems and students without attendance problems. 4. Complete a statistical study to determine whether or not a significant difference exists between the mean scores of mathematic achievement tests for students with attendance problems and students without attendance problems. 5. Develop a conceptual framework which might enable parents and educators to have a better understanding of the causes of absenteeism in inner-city schools. Conclusions 1. Students with attendance problems attribute their absenteeism to the following major factors: a. In-school factors (1) Poor relationships with teachers (2) Class assignments lack meaning (3) Unsatisfied with course schedule b. Personal factors (1) Social pressure to cut class (2) Lack of motivation 2. Students with divorced parents are less likely to blame the school for their absenteeism problems than students with parents who are not divorced. 3. "Caring for family members" and "Transportation" affect the attendance of bused students more than resident students. 4. Family factors contributing to poor school attendance include "Problems relating to fighting among family members" and "Problems relating to divorced parents." 5. The F statistic, using the one-way analysis of variance, indicated: a. There was no difference, at the .01 level of significance, in the mean scores of reading achievement tests for freshmen students with attendance problems and freshmen students without attendance problems. b. There was a significant difference, at the .01 level of significance, in the mean scores of reading achievement tests for sophomore students with attendance problems and sophomore students without attendance problems. c. There was a significant difference, at the .01 level of significance, in the mean scores of mathematic achievement tests for freshmen and sophomore students with attendance problems and freshmen and sophomore students without attendance problems. Close

• 50. [Article] Differences between young adult perceptions of family environment, family values, sexual behavior, sexual attitudes and attitude toward divorce by gender and family type

  Four questions were examined concerning student perceptions of their launching family environment, expected family environment, family values, sexual attitudes and behavior, and attitudes toward divorce. A ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Differences between young adult perceptions of family environment, family values, sexual behavior, sexual attitudes and attitude toward divorce by gender and family type Author: Ladd, Linda Darmer Four questions were examined concerning student perceptions of their launching family environment, expected family environment, family values, sexual attitudes and behavior, and attitudes toward divorce. A total of 383 college students from three family types participated in this study: intact (298, 77.8%), divorced (47, 12.3%), and remarried (38, 9.9%). The sample was evenly split between males (185; 48.9%) and females (198; 51.1%). Using a 2 x 3 Manova for gender by family type, no gender differences were found on the Moos Family Environment Scale (R). Differences between family type were revealed on two of ten subscales: Moral-Religious Emphasis and Organization. Student reports of their expectations of their future families were compared on the Moos Family Environment Scale (E), but family type differences were revealed subscale: Control. Gender differences were found on five of the ten Moos FES(E) subscales: Cohesion, Expressiveness, Intellectual-Cultural Orientation, Active-Recreational Orientation, and Moral-Religious emphasis. On a second question, family type differences were found when students evaluated three questions comprising the Attitude Toward Divorce Scale (Ladd & Pratt, 1988). Students from divorced families were more accepting of divorce than students from the other two family groups, and students from remarried families were more accepting of divorce than students from intact families. On a third question, no gender or family type differences were found on the Hudson Short Form of the Sexual Attitude Scale or student first sexual behaviors. A fourth question, an attempt to measure student values on the Family Value Index proved insignificant. Examination of descriptive statistics indicates that students from all three family types consider family values to be very important. In conclusion, it appears that gender is more discriminating than family type on how family social environment is perceived. The experience of living in a particular family type does effect student attitudes toward divorce, but no judgment can be made about future divorce behavior. Title: Differences between young adult perceptions of family environment, family values, sexual behavior, sexual attitudes and attitude toward divorce by gender and family type Author: Ladd, Linda Darmer Four questions were examined concerning student perceptions of their launching family environment, expected family environment, family values, sexual attitudes and behavior, and attitudes toward divorce. A total of 383 college students from three family types participated in this study: intact (298, 77.8%), divorced (47, 12.3%), and remarried (38, 9.9%). The sample was evenly split between males (185; 48.9%) and females (198; 51.1%). Using a 2 x 3 Manova for gender by family type, no gender differences were found on the Moos Family Environment Scale (R). Differences between family type were revealed on two of ten subscales: Moral-Religious Emphasis and Organization. Student reports of their expectations of their future families were compared on the Moos Family Environment Scale (E), but family type differences were revealed subscale: Control. Gender differences were found on five of the ten Moos FES(E) subscales: Cohesion, Expressiveness, Intellectual-Cultural Orientation, Active-Recreational Orientation, and Moral-Religious emphasis. On a second question, family type differences were found when students evaluated three questions comprising the Attitude Toward Divorce Scale (Ladd & Pratt, 1988). Students from divorced families were more accepting of divorce than students from the other two family groups, and students from remarried families were more accepting of divorce than students from intact families. On a third question, no gender or family type differences were found on the Hudson Short Form of the Sexual Attitude Scale or student first sexual behaviors. A fourth question, an attempt to measure student values on the Family Value Index proved insignificant. Examination of descriptive statistics indicates that students from all three family types consider family values to be very important. In conclusion, it appears that gender is more discriminating than family type on how family social environment is perceived. The experience of living in a particular family type does effect student attitudes toward divorce, but no judgment can be made about future divorce behavior. Close