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• 41. [Article] Integrating land use planning & biodiversity

  Bounding coordinates: West Bounding Coordinate: -130; East Bounding Coordinate: -64; North Bounding Coordinate: 50; South Bounding Coordinate: 24.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrating land use planning & biodiversity Author: Lerner, Jeffrey A., Cohn, Jeffrey P. Bounding coordinates: West Bounding Coordinate: -130; East Bounding Coordinate: -64; North Bounding Coordinate: 50; South Bounding Coordinate: 24. Title: Integrating land use planning & biodiversity Author: Lerner, Jeffrey A., Cohn, Jeffrey P. Bounding coordinates: West Bounding Coordinate: -130; East Bounding Coordinate: -64; North Bounding Coordinate: 50; South Bounding Coordinate: 24. Close

• 42. [Article] Toward a Positive Feedback between Fish Abundance and Dense Forest to Enhance Biodiversity: Responsible Fisheries from a Viewpoint of Nutrient Cycling

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Toward a Positive Feedback between Fish Abundance and Dense Forest to Enhance Biodiversity: Responsible Fisheries from a Viewpoint of Nutrient Cycling Author: Murota, Takeshi Research Paper Title: Toward a Positive Feedback between Fish Abundance and Dense Forest to Enhance Biodiversity: Responsible Fisheries from a Viewpoint of Nutrient Cycling Author: Murota, Takeshi Research Paper Close

• 43. [Article] Effects of scale properties on biodiversity mapping in Oregon

  The effect of scale is an important concern in mapping of biodiversity. Scale issues include the grid cell size used for analysis and the effect of the extent and internal boundaries. Because biodiversity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of scale properties on biodiversity mapping in Oregon Author: Kennelly, Patrick J., (Patrick Joseph) The effect of scale is an important concern in mapping of biodiversity. Scale issues include the grid cell size used for analysis and the effect of the extent and internal boundaries. Because biodiversity analysis involves combinatorial processes, determining the proper scale is data dependent and cannot be predicted from the initial data values and their distribution. Biodiversity analysis often samples combinations of species within geopolitical boundaries. The effects of ecoregion boundaries on prioritization analysis was analyzed in two ways. This study determined that prioritization hexagons for Oregon do not fall preferentially on ecoregion boundaries. This research also concluded that results of prioritization analysis are geographically stable with the elimination of hexagons on ecoregion boundaries from analysis. Species maps based on the Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) grid were analyzed. Grid cells 7 times as large result in species richness maps statistically similar to maps made with the EMAP grid. Patterns of localized variation between grid cells indicate no one area is contributing to the overall variation. Prioritization maps, however, show different patterns of selected hexagons. Grid cells 49 times as large show a loss of species richness variation and a different pattern of prioritization hexagons. Richness maps based on wildlife habitat relations were used to map species richness at seven different three-fold compositions and decompositions of the EMAP grid. Analysis of statistics indicates that no scale shows a small relative decrease in coefficient of variation(CV), indicating no scale is relatively superior for richness mapping. Prioritization analysis was performed on the new combinations of species lists for five grid cell sizes ranging from 1/9 to 9X's the size of the EMAP grid. Efficiency of prioritization and map patterns of prioritization areas indicate that grid cells 1/3 the size of the EMAP hexagons are optimal. Comparisons can be made between the two biodiversity analyses at the EMAP scale for wildlife habitat vs. EMAP grid based species range maps. CV values have increased and the efficiency of prioritization is enhanced. This can be attributed to finer resolution sampling capturing additional information. Title: Effects of scale properties on biodiversity mapping in Oregon Author: Kennelly, Patrick J., (Patrick Joseph) The effect of scale is an important concern in mapping of biodiversity. Scale issues include the grid cell size used for analysis and the effect of the extent and internal boundaries. Because biodiversity analysis involves combinatorial processes, determining the proper scale is data dependent and cannot be predicted from the initial data values and their distribution. Biodiversity analysis often samples combinations of species within geopolitical boundaries. The effects of ecoregion boundaries on prioritization analysis was analyzed in two ways. This study determined that prioritization hexagons for Oregon do not fall preferentially on ecoregion boundaries. This research also concluded that results of prioritization analysis are geographically stable with the elimination of hexagons on ecoregion boundaries from analysis. Species maps based on the Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) grid were analyzed. Grid cells 7 times as large result in species richness maps statistically similar to maps made with the EMAP grid. Patterns of localized variation between grid cells indicate no one area is contributing to the overall variation. Prioritization maps, however, show different patterns of selected hexagons. Grid cells 49 times as large show a loss of species richness variation and a different pattern of prioritization hexagons. Richness maps based on wildlife habitat relations were used to map species richness at seven different three-fold compositions and decompositions of the EMAP grid. Analysis of statistics indicates that no scale shows a small relative decrease in coefficient of variation(CV), indicating no scale is relatively superior for richness mapping. Prioritization analysis was performed on the new combinations of species lists for five grid cell sizes ranging from 1/9 to 9X's the size of the EMAP grid. Efficiency of prioritization and map patterns of prioritization areas indicate that grid cells 1/3 the size of the EMAP hexagons are optimal. Comparisons can be made between the two biodiversity analyses at the EMAP scale for wildlife habitat vs. EMAP grid based species range maps. CV values have increased and the efficiency of prioritization is enhanced. This can be attributed to finer resolution sampling capturing additional information. Close

• 44. [Article] General management principles and a checklist of strategies to guide forest biodiversity conservation

  Many indicators and criteria have been proposed to assess the sustainable management of forests but their scientific validity remains uncertain. Because the effects of forest disturbances (such as logging) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: General management principles and a checklist of strategies to guide forest biodiversity conservation Author: Fischer, J., Lindenmayer, D.B., Franklin, J.F. Many indicators and criteria have been proposed to assess the sustainable management of forests but their scientific validity remains uncertain. Because the effects of forest disturbances (such as logging) are often specific to particular species, sites, landscapes, regions and forest types, management ‘‘shortcuts’’ such as indicator species, focal species and threshold levels of vegetation cover may be of limited generic value. We propose an alternative approach based on a set of five guiding principles for biodiversity conservation that are broadly applicable to any forested area: (1) the maintenance of connectivity; (2) the maintenance of landscape heterogeneity; (3) the maintenance of stand structural complexity; and (4) the maintenance of aquatic ecosystem integrity; (5) the use of natural disturbance regimes to guide human disturbance regimes. We present a checklist of measures for forest biodiversity conservation that reflects the multi-scaled nature of conservation approaches on forested land. At the regional scale, management should ensure the establishment of large ecological reserves. At the landscape scale, off-reserve conservation measures should include: (1) protected areas within production forests; (2) buffers for aquatic ecosystems; (3) appropriately designed and located road networks; (4) the careful spatial and temporal arrangement of harvest units; and (5) appropriate fire management practices. At the stand level, off-reserve conservation measures should include: (1) the retention of key elements of stand structural complexity (e.g., large living and dead trees with hollows, understorey thickets, and large fallen logs); (2) long rotation times (coupled with structural retention at harvest); (3) silvicultural systems alternative to traditional high impact ones (e.g., clearcutting in some forest types); and (4) appropriate fire management practices and practices for the management of other kinds of disturbances. Although the general ecological principles and associated checklist are intuitive, data to evaluate the effectiveness of many specific on-the-ground management actions are limited. Considerable effort is needed to adopt adaptive management ‘‘natural experiments’’ and monitoring to: (1) better identify the impacts of logging operations and other kinds of management activities on biodiversity, and; (2) quantify the effectiveness of impact mitigation strategies; and (3) identify ways to improve management practices. Title: General management principles and a checklist of strategies to guide forest biodiversity conservation Author: Fischer, J., Lindenmayer, D.B., Franklin, J.F. Many indicators and criteria have been proposed to assess the sustainable management of forests but their scientific validity remains uncertain. Because the effects of forest disturbances (such as logging) are often specific to particular species, sites, landscapes, regions and forest types, management ‘‘shortcuts’’ such as indicator species, focal species and threshold levels of vegetation cover may be of limited generic value. We propose an alternative approach based on a set of five guiding principles for biodiversity conservation that are broadly applicable to any forested area: (1) the maintenance of connectivity; (2) the maintenance of landscape heterogeneity; (3) the maintenance of stand structural complexity; and (4) the maintenance of aquatic ecosystem integrity; (5) the use of natural disturbance regimes to guide human disturbance regimes. We present a checklist of measures for forest biodiversity conservation that reflects the multi-scaled nature of conservation approaches on forested land. At the regional scale, management should ensure the establishment of large ecological reserves. At the landscape scale, off-reserve conservation measures should include: (1) protected areas within production forests; (2) buffers for aquatic ecosystems; (3) appropriately designed and located road networks; (4) the careful spatial and temporal arrangement of harvest units; and (5) appropriate fire management practices. At the stand level, off-reserve conservation measures should include: (1) the retention of key elements of stand structural complexity (e.g., large living and dead trees with hollows, understorey thickets, and large fallen logs); (2) long rotation times (coupled with structural retention at harvest); (3) silvicultural systems alternative to traditional high impact ones (e.g., clearcutting in some forest types); and (4) appropriate fire management practices and practices for the management of other kinds of disturbances. Although the general ecological principles and associated checklist are intuitive, data to evaluate the effectiveness of many specific on-the-ground management actions are limited. Considerable effort is needed to adopt adaptive management ‘‘natural experiments’’ and monitoring to: (1) better identify the impacts of logging operations and other kinds of management activities on biodiversity, and; (2) quantify the effectiveness of impact mitigation strategies; and (3) identify ways to improve management practices. Close

• 45. [Article] Economic Incentives For Wetland Biodiversity and Fish Conservation: The Case of Chalan Beel (Wetland)

  This is a research paper originally presented at the conference as a poster.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic Incentives For Wetland Biodiversity and Fish Conservation: The Case of Chalan Beel (Wetland) Author: Rahman, Aminur This is a research paper originally presented at the conference as a poster. Title: Economic Incentives For Wetland Biodiversity and Fish Conservation: The Case of Chalan Beel (Wetland) Author: Rahman, Aminur This is a research paper originally presented at the conference as a poster. Close

• 46. [Article] 4 Inches of Living Soil: Teaching Biodiversity in the Learning Gardens–A photo-essay

  In Learning Gardens and Sustainability Education: Bringing Life to Schools and Schools to Life, Williams and Brown (2011) place living soil at the center of the discourse on sustainability education. One ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 4 Inches of Living Soil: Teaching Biodiversity in the Learning Gardens–A photo-essay Author: Williams, Dilafruz R. Year: 2012 In Learning Gardens and Sustainability Education: Bringing Life to Schools and Schools to Life, Williams and Brown (2011) place living soil at the center of the discourse on sustainability education. One of the seven principles that guides their pedagogy of learning gardens is: valuing biocultural diversity. This photo-essay of elementary students in K-8 schools, explores how 4 inches of soil in the learning gardens can teach about life’s diversity. The author urges humble attentiveness to that which is below our feet seemingly hidden and unnoticed yet teeming with life. Title: 4 Inches of Living Soil: Teaching Biodiversity in the Learning Gardens–A photo-essay Author: Williams, Dilafruz R. Year: 2012 In Learning Gardens and Sustainability Education: Bringing Life to Schools and Schools to Life, Williams and Brown (2011) place living soil at the center of the discourse on sustainability education. One of the seven principles that guides their pedagogy of learning gardens is: valuing biocultural diversity. This photo-essay of elementary students in K-8 schools, explores how 4 inches of soil in the learning gardens can teach about life’s diversity. The author urges humble attentiveness to that which is below our feet seemingly hidden and unnoticed yet teeming with life. Close

• 47. [Article] Decision support systems for forest biodiversity management : a review of tools and an analytical-deliberative framework for understanding their successful application

  The complexity of forest management has increased with the scope of resources of concern and the level of scrutiny from stakeholders. The design and use of specialized computer software, often referred ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Decision support systems for forest biodiversity management : a review of tools and an analytical-deliberative framework for understanding their successful application Author: Gordon, Sean N. The complexity of forest management has increased with the scope of resources of concern and the level of scrutiny from stakeholders. The design and use of specialized computer software, often referred to as “decision support systems” (DSS), is one method for helping managers deal with this complexity. DSS have proven helpful in a wide range of fields, including business planning, medical diagnosis, and transportation. In the forestry sector, they have been used intensively for timber supply modeling, but their application to the more diverse and nebulous goals of ecosystem management and sustainable forestry has not been as straightforward. This study investigates the availability and utility of such DSS in relation to questions about forest biodiversity. Part one of this research was based on a written survey of the capabilities of existing decision support systems relevant to forest biodiversity issues (FBDSS). The primary objectives of the survey were to (1) help potential FBDSS users find systems which meet their needs and (2) help FBDSS designers and funders identify unmet needs. Thirty systems met the screening criteria from a pool of over 100 tools generated from previous reviews and other sources. These systems were reviewed against three themes: (1) classes of forest biodiversity indicators used, (2) major forest influences addressed, and (3) abilities to tackle complex political decisions. The results show only one system appears to address the full suite of biodiversity indicator classes based on the Montreal Process Criteria and Indicators. While there are a number of forest modeling tools that evaluate the influences of fire and biological threats on forest ecosystems, these systems do not generally deal with related biodiversity effects, and only one system was found which attempts to integrate the influence of climate change. Very few FBDSS appear to have capabilities explicitly designed to address the often value-based, political nature of forest biodiversity decisions. Part two comprises four in depth case studies on how FBDSS were actually used in different problem solving situations. Participant interviews and available documentation were reviewed using a four-part, qualitative framework. First, participants’ were asked how they judged success of the efforts (success measures) and what factors contributed the most to the outcome (success factors). Contrary to the analytical view of FBDSS, social measures of “stakeholder evaluations” and “contribution to consensus building” were found to be the most popular measures of success. The second part of the framework compared and contrasted the applicability of success factors taken from existing analytical and social theories on these cases. Three analytical factors were drawn from information systems theory (system quality, information quality, and service quality), and four social factors were taken from the environmental assessment literature (participation, communication, translation, and mediation). These factors covered participants’ explanations well and helped reveal additional aspects of the cases not directly expressed. Third, the cases were examined for a “mutual and recursive” pattern of analysis and deliberation. The least successful case also had the most difficulty in realizing this pattern. Fourth, it was hypothesized that participants in less conflicted situations would use fewer social indicators of success, and that as social complexity increased, simpler tools would be more successful. Neither of these expectations were supported by this group of cases. Part three of the study brought together information from the written survey, four in depth case studies, ten more cursory cases, and the literature to construct a framework help practicioners think about the “why, when, what, how, and who” of adoption and use of FBDSS. Important threads through these considerations include the question(s) of interest, the decision context, and the available capacity and time. The social and political uses of FBDSS should be explicitly considered because, as shown in the Part II case studies, these uses can be as important as the more traditionally recognized analytical benefits. A number of authors have suggested guidelines for choosing decision making methods (e.g. computation, expert judgment, stakeholder negotiation, integrated deliberation) best suited to different types of decision contexts. Lack of value agreement on and a dearth of knowledge about biodiversity means that these guidelines will rarely recommend a purely analytical approach. Therefore, I argue that if a DSS is used, it should be explicitly structured to serve the more preferred decision method. Reviewing the cases in this study has also provided some more specific suggestions on DSS use, such as understanding the (not necessarily scientific) information credibility demands of decision makers, the importance of incorporating local information, and how DSS can help structure group work and accumulate results. Finally, further research is suggested in the taxonomy of biodiversity decisions, the ability of DSS to address the more unique aspects of ecosystem management, and ways to gauge compatibility between different analytic and deliberative methods. Title: Decision support systems for forest biodiversity management : a review of tools and an analytical-deliberative framework for understanding their successful application Author: Gordon, Sean N. The complexity of forest management has increased with the scope of resources of concern and the level of scrutiny from stakeholders. The design and use of specialized computer software, often referred to as “decision support systems” (DSS), is one method for helping managers deal with this complexity. DSS have proven helpful in a wide range of fields, including business planning, medical diagnosis, and transportation. In the forestry sector, they have been used intensively for timber supply modeling, but their application to the more diverse and nebulous goals of ecosystem management and sustainable forestry has not been as straightforward. This study investigates the availability and utility of such DSS in relation to questions about forest biodiversity. Part one of this research was based on a written survey of the capabilities of existing decision support systems relevant to forest biodiversity issues (FBDSS). The primary objectives of the survey were to (1) help potential FBDSS users find systems which meet their needs and (2) help FBDSS designers and funders identify unmet needs. Thirty systems met the screening criteria from a pool of over 100 tools generated from previous reviews and other sources. These systems were reviewed against three themes: (1) classes of forest biodiversity indicators used, (2) major forest influences addressed, and (3) abilities to tackle complex political decisions. The results show only one system appears to address the full suite of biodiversity indicator classes based on the Montreal Process Criteria and Indicators. While there are a number of forest modeling tools that evaluate the influences of fire and biological threats on forest ecosystems, these systems do not generally deal with related biodiversity effects, and only one system was found which attempts to integrate the influence of climate change. Very few FBDSS appear to have capabilities explicitly designed to address the often value-based, political nature of forest biodiversity decisions. Part two comprises four in depth case studies on how FBDSS were actually used in different problem solving situations. Participant interviews and available documentation were reviewed using a four-part, qualitative framework. First, participants’ were asked how they judged success of the efforts (success measures) and what factors contributed the most to the outcome (success factors). Contrary to the analytical view of FBDSS, social measures of “stakeholder evaluations” and “contribution to consensus building” were found to be the most popular measures of success. The second part of the framework compared and contrasted the applicability of success factors taken from existing analytical and social theories on these cases. Three analytical factors were drawn from information systems theory (system quality, information quality, and service quality), and four social factors were taken from the environmental assessment literature (participation, communication, translation, and mediation). These factors covered participants’ explanations well and helped reveal additional aspects of the cases not directly expressed. Third, the cases were examined for a “mutual and recursive” pattern of analysis and deliberation. The least successful case also had the most difficulty in realizing this pattern. Fourth, it was hypothesized that participants in less conflicted situations would use fewer social indicators of success, and that as social complexity increased, simpler tools would be more successful. Neither of these expectations were supported by this group of cases. Part three of the study brought together information from the written survey, four in depth case studies, ten more cursory cases, and the literature to construct a framework help practicioners think about the “why, when, what, how, and who” of adoption and use of FBDSS. Important threads through these considerations include the question(s) of interest, the decision context, and the available capacity and time. The social and political uses of FBDSS should be explicitly considered because, as shown in the Part II case studies, these uses can be as important as the more traditionally recognized analytical benefits. A number of authors have suggested guidelines for choosing decision making methods (e.g. computation, expert judgment, stakeholder negotiation, integrated deliberation) best suited to different types of decision contexts. Lack of value agreement on and a dearth of knowledge about biodiversity means that these guidelines will rarely recommend a purely analytical approach. Therefore, I argue that if a DSS is used, it should be explicitly structured to serve the more preferred decision method. Reviewing the cases in this study has also provided some more specific suggestions on DSS use, such as understanding the (not necessarily scientific) information credibility demands of decision makers, the importance of incorporating local information, and how DSS can help structure group work and accumulate results. Finally, further research is suggested in the taxonomy of biodiversity decisions, the ability of DSS to address the more unique aspects of ecosystem management, and ways to gauge compatibility between different analytic and deliberative methods. Close

• 48. [Article] How Might Ecologists Make the World Safe for Biodiversity Without Getting Fired?

  This essay raises the following questions: What if conservation success depends less on speaking truth to power than on organizing a political force that can bring more pressure to bear on decision makers ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How Might Ecologists Make the World Safe for Biodiversity Without Getting Fired? Author: Johns, David Year: 2012 This essay raises the following questions: What if conservation success depends less on speaking truth to power than on organizing a political force that can bring more pressure to bear on decision makers than their opponents? But what if natural scientists, by virtue of their knowledge, passion, commitment, are pretty much the only group that can be trusted with the fate of biodiversity and leading humankind out of their destructive ways? What if begging policy makers to do the right thing means barren oceans, the end of many species, and the end of wild places (not to mention a more dreary human existence)? What if halting the loss of biodiversity and healing the wounds to species and ecosystems depends on altering the human trajectory of conquest and instead adapting human societies to them? While the essay cannot answer the grand questions it instead provides important context for discussing ways scientists can increase their effectiveness. Title: How Might Ecologists Make the World Safe for Biodiversity Without Getting Fired? Author: Johns, David Year: 2012 This essay raises the following questions: What if conservation success depends less on speaking truth to power than on organizing a political force that can bring more pressure to bear on decision makers than their opponents? But what if natural scientists, by virtue of their knowledge, passion, commitment, are pretty much the only group that can be trusted with the fate of biodiversity and leading humankind out of their destructive ways? What if begging policy makers to do the right thing means barren oceans, the end of many species, and the end of wild places (not to mention a more dreary human existence)? What if halting the loss of biodiversity and healing the wounds to species and ecosystems depends on altering the human trajectory of conquest and instead adapting human societies to them? While the essay cannot answer the grand questions it instead provides important context for discussing ways scientists can increase their effectiveness. Close

• 49. [Article] How is biodiversity affected by cheatgrass invasion : a preliminary survey of terrestrial arthropods

  Poster from 2006 Cascades student poster session.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How is biodiversity affected by cheatgrass invasion : a preliminary survey of terrestrial arthropods Author: Elliott, Stacie Poster from 2006 Cascades student poster session. Title: How is biodiversity affected by cheatgrass invasion : a preliminary survey of terrestrial arthropods Author: Elliott, Stacie Poster from 2006 Cascades student poster session. Close

• 50. [Article] The Sociology of Landowner Interest in Restoring Fire-adapted, Biodiverse Habitats in the Wildland-Urban Interface Of Oregon's Willamette Valley Ecoregion

  In many parts of the world, the combined effects of wildfire, climate change, and population growth in the wildland-urban interface pose increasing risks to both people and biodiversity. These risks are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Sociology of Landowner Interest in Restoring Fire-adapted, Biodiverse Habitats in the Wildland-Urban Interface Of Oregon's Willamette Valley Ecoregion Author: Nielsen-Pincus, Max Year: 2011 In many parts of the world, the combined effects of wildfire, climate change, and population growth in the wildland-urban interface pose increasing risks to both people and biodiversity. These risks are exemplified in western Oregon’s Willamette Valley Ecoregion, where population is projected to double by 2050 and climate change is expected to increase wildfire risk. Restoring elements of the region’s historic fire-adapted prairie, savanna, and woodland habitats may help to reduce future wildfire risk and help conserve the region’s threatened biodiversity. We report on a mail survey (n = 939) examining the socio-demographic factors influencing private landowners’ likelihood of restoring fire-adapted habitats in the future. We found that newer landowners, landowners with a liberal political ideology, and landowners who have experienced wildfire are more likely to restore fire-adapted habitats in the future than their long-time owner, conservative, or inexperienced counterparts. However, experience with wildfire ceased to be a significant influence when we controlled for underlying landowner motivations for owning their property. Our findings can help planners and scientists better understand and account for the effects of a dynamic human population’s influence on landscape patterns, structures, and composition. Title: The Sociology of Landowner Interest in Restoring Fire-adapted, Biodiverse Habitats in the Wildland-Urban Interface Of Oregon's Willamette Valley Ecoregion Author: Nielsen-Pincus, Max Year: 2011 In many parts of the world, the combined effects of wildfire, climate change, and population growth in the wildland-urban interface pose increasing risks to both people and biodiversity. These risks are exemplified in western Oregon’s Willamette Valley Ecoregion, where population is projected to double by 2050 and climate change is expected to increase wildfire risk. Restoring elements of the region’s historic fire-adapted prairie, savanna, and woodland habitats may help to reduce future wildfire risk and help conserve the region’s threatened biodiversity. We report on a mail survey (n = 939) examining the socio-demographic factors influencing private landowners’ likelihood of restoring fire-adapted habitats in the future. We found that newer landowners, landowners with a liberal political ideology, and landowners who have experienced wildfire are more likely to restore fire-adapted habitats in the future than their long-time owner, conservative, or inexperienced counterparts. However, experience with wildfire ceased to be a significant influence when we controlled for underlying landowner motivations for owning their property. Our findings can help planners and scientists better understand and account for the effects of a dynamic human population’s influence on landscape patterns, structures, and composition. Close