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• 201. [Article] vol. 3 [Appendix VI] ocr.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: vol. 3 [Appendix VI] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: vol. 3 [Appendix VI] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 202. [Article] vol. 3 [Appendix V] ocr.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: vol. 3 [Appendix V] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: vol. 3 [Appendix V] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 203. [Article] vol. 3 [Appendix IV-A] ocr.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: vol. 3 [Appendix IV-A] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: vol. 3 [Appendix IV-A] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 204. [Article] vol. 3 [Appendix III] ocr.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: vol. 3 [Appendix III] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: vol. 3 [Appendix III] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 205. [Article] vol. 3 [Appendices I-II] ocr.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: vol. 3 [Appendices I-II] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: vol. 3 [Appendices I-II] ocr.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 206. [Article] Vol.2Chapter17F.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vol.2Chapter17F.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: Vol.2Chapter17F.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 207. [Article] Vol.2Chapters17G-17K.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vol.2Chapters17G-17K.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: Vol.2Chapters17G-17K.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 208. [Article] Vol.2Chapter 17C.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vol.2Chapter 17C.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: Vol.2Chapter 17C.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 209. [Article] Vol.2Chapters17D - 17E.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vol.2Chapters17D - 17E.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Title: Vol.2Chapters17D - 17E.pdf Author: United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Close

• 210. [Article] Identification and characterization of forest communities and habitat types in and adjacent to the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest

  A total of 23 forest communities have been identified and characterized in a preliminary manner. Data used in formulating the classification had previously been collected on 300 reconnaissance plots located ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identification and characterization of forest communities and habitat types in and adjacent to the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest Author: Zobel, Donald B., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Dyrness, C. T., University of Washington, Franklin, Jerry F. A total of 23 forest communities have been identified and characterized in a preliminary manner. Data used in formulating the classification had previously been collected on 300 reconnaissance plots located on the H. J. Andrews Forest and surrounding area. Vegetation classification was facilitated by similarity analysis and stand ordination procedures developed by Dr. Will Moir, formerly of Colorado State University. Results of stand ordination indicate the presence of strong moisture and temperature gradients along which forest stands array themselves. Title: Identification and characterization of forest communities and habitat types in and adjacent to the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest Author: Zobel, Donald B., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Dyrness, C. T., University of Washington, Franklin, Jerry F. A total of 23 forest communities have been identified and characterized in a preliminary manner. Data used in formulating the classification had previously been collected on 300 reconnaissance plots located on the H. J. Andrews Forest and surrounding area. Vegetation classification was facilitated by similarity analysis and stand ordination procedures developed by Dr. Will Moir, formerly of Colorado State University. Results of stand ordination indicate the presence of strong moisture and temperature gradients along which forest stands array themselves. Close

• 211. [Article] Determination of coastal changes in Lincoln County, Oregon using aerial photographic interpretation

  In order for proper land use planning to occur in coastal Lincoln County, Oregon, coastal erosion rates should be determined. This has been accomplished by identifying the location of the Lincoln County ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determination of coastal changes in Lincoln County, Oregon using aerial photographic interpretation Author: Smith, Elaine, C. In order for proper land use planning to occur in coastal Lincoln County, Oregon, coastal erosion rates should be determined. This has been accomplished by identifying the location of the Lincoln County coast in 1939, 1959 -, and 1973 and measuring the amount of change occurring between the years. The area was mapped according to three rate categories of erosion (slight, moderate, and severe) or accretion. Erosion rates can be related to geologic, climatic, and oceanographic factors. Geologic influence is most easily determined and gives the most insight for planning decisions. There are several methods of shore protection. These include the use of vegetation, structural means, and/or zoning. Title: Determination of coastal changes in Lincoln County, Oregon using aerial photographic interpretation Author: Smith, Elaine, C. In order for proper land use planning to occur in coastal Lincoln County, Oregon, coastal erosion rates should be determined. This has been accomplished by identifying the location of the Lincoln County coast in 1939, 1959 -, and 1973 and measuring the amount of change occurring between the years. The area was mapped according to three rate categories of erosion (slight, moderate, and severe) or accretion. Erosion rates can be related to geologic, climatic, and oceanographic factors. Geologic influence is most easily determined and gives the most insight for planning decisions. There are several methods of shore protection. These include the use of vegetation, structural means, and/or zoning. Close

• 212. [Article] The Oregon conservation strategy

  The Oregon Conservation Strategy is an ambitious effort to synthesize the best available data, science, and knowledge into a broad vision and conceptual framework for long-term conservation of Oregon’s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Oregon conservation strategy Author: Oregon. Department of Fish and Wildlife The Oregon Conservation Strategy is an ambitious effort to synthesize the best available data, science, and knowledge into a broad vision and conceptual framework for long-term conservation of Oregon’s native wildlife. It is intended to be a dynamic, living approach that will be adjusted as new information and insights are gained. Therefore the information contained within this archived document may be outdated. Please check for the most recent version of the Oregon Conservation Strategy on the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife website at: http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/ Title: The Oregon conservation strategy Author: Oregon. Department of Fish and Wildlife The Oregon Conservation Strategy is an ambitious effort to synthesize the best available data, science, and knowledge into a broad vision and conceptual framework for long-term conservation of Oregon’s native wildlife. It is intended to be a dynamic, living approach that will be adjusted as new information and insights are gained. Therefore the information contained within this archived document may be outdated. Please check for the most recent version of the Oregon Conservation Strategy on the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife website at: http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/ Close

• 213. [Article] Dams and the problem of migratory fishes : a symposium presented before a joint meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Western Division, and the Western Society of Naturalists, held at Stanford University on June 29, 1939...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dams and the problem of migratory fishes : a symposium presented before a joint meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Western Division, and the Western Society of Naturalists, held at Stanford University on June 29, 1939... Author: Holmes, Harlan B., 1898-1975, Chapman, Wilbert McLeod, 1910-1970, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972, Taft, Alan C., Hanson, Harry A., Sumner, Francis Bertody, 1874-1945 Title: Dams and the problem of migratory fishes : a symposium presented before a joint meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Western Division, and the Western Society of Naturalists, held at Stanford University on June 29, 1939... Author: Holmes, Harlan B., 1898-1975, Chapman, Wilbert McLeod, 1910-1970, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972, Taft, Alan C., Hanson, Harry A., Sumner, Francis Bertody, 1874-1945 Close

• 214. [Article] Schrock's bird records for the Siletz/Logsden area of Lincoln County

  There were 5,776 records during 1981-1986 observations, with 99% of these observations during Schrock's systematic 1982-1985 observations. He found 32 waterbird and 99 landbird species. 16% of the waterbird ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Schrock's bird records for the Siletz/Logsden area of Lincoln County Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Schrock, Floyd There were 5,776 records during 1981-1986 observations, with 99% of these observations during Schrock's systematic 1982-1985 observations. He found 32 waterbird and 99 landbird species. 16% of the waterbird species were noted each year during 1982-1985, and 58% of the landbirds were recorded each year. Semimonthly summaries of the observations are given for each species, along with arrival and departure dates. Title: Schrock's bird records for the Siletz/Logsden area of Lincoln County Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Schrock, Floyd There were 5,776 records during 1981-1986 observations, with 99% of these observations during Schrock's systematic 1982-1985 observations. He found 32 waterbird and 99 landbird species. 16% of the waterbird species were noted each year during 1982-1985, and 58% of the landbirds were recorded each year. Semimonthly summaries of the observations are given for each species, along with arrival and departure dates. Close

• 215. [Article] Pilot experiment of forest fertilization during an outbreak of the western spruce budworm in Northeastern Oregon

  Mixed-conifer stands of grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) were fertilized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pilot experiment of forest fertilization during an outbreak of the western spruce budworm in Northeastern Oregon Author: Torgersen, T.R., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Wickman, B.E., Mason, Richard R., Paul, H.G. Mixed-conifer stands of grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) were fertilized with nitrogen and combination treatments of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur to test their effects on trees and associated insects during an outbreak of the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman). Title: Pilot experiment of forest fertilization during an outbreak of the western spruce budworm in Northeastern Oregon Author: Torgersen, T.R., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Wickman, B.E., Mason, Richard R., Paul, H.G. Mixed-conifer stands of grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) were fertilized with nitrogen and combination treatments of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur to test their effects on trees and associated insects during an outbreak of the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman). Close

• 216. [Article] A contingent valuation study of the value of reducing fire hazards to old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest

  A contingent valuation methodology was applied to old-growth forests and critical habitat units for the Northern Spotted Owl in Oregon to esimate the economic value to the public in knowing that rare and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A contingent valuation study of the value of reducing fire hazards to old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest Author: Gregory, Robin (Robin Scott), Gonzalez-Caban, Armando, Loomis, John B. A contingent valuation methodology was applied to old-growth forests and critical habitat units for the Northern Spotted Owl in Oregon to esimate the economic value to the public in knowing that rare and unique ecosystems will be protected from fire for current and future generations. Generalizing to the whole state, the total annual willingness-to-pay of Oregon residents ranges from $49.6 to $99 million. In terms of old-growth forests protected from fire, the value is $28 per acre. Title: A contingent valuation study of the value of reducing fire hazards to old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest Author: Gregory, Robin (Robin Scott), Gonzalez-Caban, Armando, Loomis, John B. A contingent valuation methodology was applied to old-growth forests and critical habitat units for the Northern Spotted Owl in Oregon to esimate the economic value to the public in knowing that rare and unique ecosystems will be protected from fire for current and future generations. Generalizing to the whole state, the total annual willingness-to-pay of Oregon residents ranges from $49.6 to $99 million. In terms of old-growth forests protected from fire, the value is $28 per acre. Close

• 217. [Article] Synthesis of knowledge on the effects of fire and thinning treatments on understory vegetation in U.S. dry forests

  Published September 2009. Reviewed December 2013. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://exten...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Synthesis of knowledge on the effects of fire and thinning treatments on understory vegetation in U.S. dry forests Author: Bartuszevige, Anne M., Kennedy, Patricia L., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published September 2009. Reviewed December 2013. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Synthesis of knowledge on the effects of fire and thinning treatments on understory vegetation in U.S. dry forests Author: Bartuszevige, Anne M., Kennedy, Patricia L., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published September 2009. Reviewed December 2013. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 218. [Article] Growth and yield of western larch under controlled levels of stocking in the Blue Mountains of Oregon

  Repeated thinning to five growing-stock levels resulted in widely differing tree sizes and volumes per acre after 30 years. Largest trees but the least cubic-volume yield per acre were produced in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth and yield of western larch under controlled levels of stocking in the Blue Mountains of Oregon Author: Cochran, P.H. Repeated thinning to five growing-stock levels resulted in widely differing tree sizes and volumes per acre after 30 years. Largest trees but the least cubic-volume yield per acre were produced in the heaviest thinning level, whereas highest board-foot yields were found in intermediate thinning levels. partial defoliation by larch casebearer (Coleophora Iaricella Hubner), drought, and top damage from ice occurred, and site trees grew less in height than expected during the 30-year study. Curvilinear increases in periodic annual increments of both basal area and cubic volume generally occurred with increasing stand density, but increments dropped off at the highest stand densities for some periods. Anticipated patterns for these increments were found after fitting a model that included stand density index, height increments of site trees, and dummy variables for periods as independent variables. heavy thinning did not increase the age of culmination of cubic-volume means annual increment as expected. Thinning stands of larch to densities as low as 50 percent of 'normal' results in little loss of basal-area growth, a moderate loss in volume production, and a large increase in tree diameter. Thinning is necessary in many larch stands to maintain vigorous, rapidly growing trees. Title: Growth and yield of western larch under controlled levels of stocking in the Blue Mountains of Oregon Author: Cochran, P.H. Repeated thinning to five growing-stock levels resulted in widely differing tree sizes and volumes per acre after 30 years. Largest trees but the least cubic-volume yield per acre were produced in the heaviest thinning level, whereas highest board-foot yields were found in intermediate thinning levels. partial defoliation by larch casebearer (Coleophora Iaricella Hubner), drought, and top damage from ice occurred, and site trees grew less in height than expected during the 30-year study. Curvilinear increases in periodic annual increments of both basal area and cubic volume generally occurred with increasing stand density, but increments dropped off at the highest stand densities for some periods. Anticipated patterns for these increments were found after fitting a model that included stand density index, height increments of site trees, and dummy variables for periods as independent variables. heavy thinning did not increase the age of culmination of cubic-volume means annual increment as expected. Thinning stands of larch to densities as low as 50 percent of 'normal' results in little loss of basal-area growth, a moderate loss in volume production, and a large increase in tree diameter. Thinning is necessary in many larch stands to maintain vigorous, rapidly growing trees. Close

• 219. [Article] A procedure for estimating the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems in the former Soviet Union by geographic information system analysis and classification of AVHRR derived Global Vegetation Index

  The purpose of this research was to develop methods for using geographic information system (GIS) analysis and unsupervised classification of Global Vegetation Index (GVI) images to improve carbon budget ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A procedure for estimating the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems in the former Soviet Union by geographic information system analysis and classification of AVHRR derived Global Vegetation Index Author: Gaston, Greg G. The purpose of this research was to develop methods for using geographic information system (GIS) analysis and unsupervised classification of Global Vegetation Index (GVI) images to improve carbon budget estimates of the former Soviet Union (FSU). A GIS was used to locate the geographic distribution and estimate the area of agricultural lands in the FSU. Climatic factors were used to isolate agricultural lands suitable for no-till management. The effects of various tillage practices on the carbon cycle were estimated. Four year average, monthly maximum value GVI composites were clustered on the basis of timing, magnitude, and duration of greenness as recorded by the normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI). The resulting 42 image classes were identified by a variety of quantitative and qualitative methods including expert assessment by scientists with extensive field experience in the FSU and analysis of temporal NDVI response curves. The image classes appear to accurately delineate vegetation/landcover regions. The percent agricultural land, percent forest cover and percent natural nonforest was estimated for each image class. Equivalent ecosystems described in the Bazilevich carbon data base were used to calculate the carbon cycle parameters forest and natural non-forest ecosystems. Carbon estimates for agricultural lands were calculated from production data. Comparisons between areal estimates of land cover from this research and reported statistics are very good. For example, forested land was estimated at 876 million hectares (MHa) forest statistical data from the FSU estimate commercial forests to be 814 MHa. Total agricultural lands are estimated in research to be 211 MHa, the same as reported by the USDA and very close to the 217 MHa reported by statistics from the FSU. Results from carbon budget analysis include: - Complete conversion of all climatically suitable lands to no-till management would sequester over 3 gigatons (Gt) of carbon in the agricultural soils of the FSU. - Phytomass and net primary productivity (NPP) estimates for forest and non-forest ecosystems compare well with carbon budget estimates that used maps to identify carbon quantifiable regions. Title: A procedure for estimating the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems in the former Soviet Union by geographic information system analysis and classification of AVHRR derived Global Vegetation Index Author: Gaston, Greg G. The purpose of this research was to develop methods for using geographic information system (GIS) analysis and unsupervised classification of Global Vegetation Index (GVI) images to improve carbon budget estimates of the former Soviet Union (FSU). A GIS was used to locate the geographic distribution and estimate the area of agricultural lands in the FSU. Climatic factors were used to isolate agricultural lands suitable for no-till management. The effects of various tillage practices on the carbon cycle were estimated. Four year average, monthly maximum value GVI composites were clustered on the basis of timing, magnitude, and duration of greenness as recorded by the normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI). The resulting 42 image classes were identified by a variety of quantitative and qualitative methods including expert assessment by scientists with extensive field experience in the FSU and analysis of temporal NDVI response curves. The image classes appear to accurately delineate vegetation/landcover regions. The percent agricultural land, percent forest cover and percent natural nonforest was estimated for each image class. Equivalent ecosystems described in the Bazilevich carbon data base were used to calculate the carbon cycle parameters forest and natural non-forest ecosystems. Carbon estimates for agricultural lands were calculated from production data. Comparisons between areal estimates of land cover from this research and reported statistics are very good. For example, forested land was estimated at 876 million hectares (MHa) forest statistical data from the FSU estimate commercial forests to be 814 MHa. Total agricultural lands are estimated in research to be 211 MHa, the same as reported by the USDA and very close to the 217 MHa reported by statistics from the FSU. Results from carbon budget analysis include: - Complete conversion of all climatically suitable lands to no-till management would sequester over 3 gigatons (Gt) of carbon in the agricultural soils of the FSU. - Phytomass and net primary productivity (NPP) estimates for forest and non-forest ecosystems compare well with carbon budget estimates that used maps to identify carbon quantifiable regions. Close

• 220. [Article] Plant community and soil relationships on some rangelands of northeastern Nevada

  Relationships between sagebrush-dominated plant communities and soil-site characteristics were examined on 372 relatively undisturbed rangeland sites of the Humboldt National Forest, in northeastern Nevada. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Plant community and soil relationships on some rangelands of northeastern Nevada Author: Jensen, Mark E. Relationships between sagebrush-dominated plant communities and soil-site characteristics were examined on 372 relatively undisturbed rangeland sites of the Humboldt National Forest, in northeastern Nevada. Plant species production data were analyzed by TWINSPAN to develop a hierarchical, floristic-based community type (C.T.) classification. Seventeen C.T.s were identified in this analysis and named by their dominant shrub and grass species. Shrub species were more effective than grass species, which in turn were more effective than forb species in discriminating between C.T.s. Soil temperature and moisture data, collected between 1983 and 1986 on 35 rangeland sites, indicated that aridic soil moisture regimes dominated the study area. The average number of days when soil temperature and moisture were not limiting to plant growth ranged from 28 days on Artemisia arbuscula sites to 70 days on mixed mountain brush sites. Soil temperature and moisture parameters were effective in discriminating between most plant C.T.s, yet their effectiveness varied considerably among types. Soil physical and chemical properties were examined at each of the rangeland sites used in the TWINSPAN analysis. The C.T.s identified in that analysis followed an apparent gradient of increasing soil fertility. A. nova C.T.s commonly occupied the lowest fertility sites. Moderate soil fertility sites supported A. arbuscula, A. longiloba, and A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis C.T.s. Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata and ssp. vaseyana C.T.s occurred on sites with the highest soil fertility levels. Discriminant analysis indicated that 68 percent of the rangeland sites sampled could be correctly assigned to their appropriate C.T. based upon soil and site properties. The percent of sites correctly classified ranged from 25 percent within the A. tridentata ssp. tridentata/Festuca idahoensis C.T. to 100 percent in the A. longiloba/ F. idahoensis C.T. Soil and site factors most useful in discriminating between C.T.s were mollic epipedon thickness, elevation, subsoil clay content, total rock content, percent slope, and total soil depth. This method of relating individual soil and site factors to vegetation provides a useful approach for testing the validity of floristic based ecosystem classifications. Title: Plant community and soil relationships on some rangelands of northeastern Nevada Author: Jensen, Mark E. Relationships between sagebrush-dominated plant communities and soil-site characteristics were examined on 372 relatively undisturbed rangeland sites of the Humboldt National Forest, in northeastern Nevada. Plant species production data were analyzed by TWINSPAN to develop a hierarchical, floristic-based community type (C.T.) classification. Seventeen C.T.s were identified in this analysis and named by their dominant shrub and grass species. Shrub species were more effective than grass species, which in turn were more effective than forb species in discriminating between C.T.s. Soil temperature and moisture data, collected between 1983 and 1986 on 35 rangeland sites, indicated that aridic soil moisture regimes dominated the study area. The average number of days when soil temperature and moisture were not limiting to plant growth ranged from 28 days on Artemisia arbuscula sites to 70 days on mixed mountain brush sites. Soil temperature and moisture parameters were effective in discriminating between most plant C.T.s, yet their effectiveness varied considerably among types. Soil physical and chemical properties were examined at each of the rangeland sites used in the TWINSPAN analysis. The C.T.s identified in that analysis followed an apparent gradient of increasing soil fertility. A. nova C.T.s commonly occupied the lowest fertility sites. Moderate soil fertility sites supported A. arbuscula, A. longiloba, and A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis C.T.s. Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata and ssp. vaseyana C.T.s occurred on sites with the highest soil fertility levels. Discriminant analysis indicated that 68 percent of the rangeland sites sampled could be correctly assigned to their appropriate C.T. based upon soil and site properties. The percent of sites correctly classified ranged from 25 percent within the A. tridentata ssp. tridentata/Festuca idahoensis C.T. to 100 percent in the A. longiloba/ F. idahoensis C.T. Soil and site factors most useful in discriminating between C.T.s were mollic epipedon thickness, elevation, subsoil clay content, total rock content, percent slope, and total soil depth. This method of relating individual soil and site factors to vegetation provides a useful approach for testing the validity of floristic based ecosystem classifications. Close

• 221. [Article] New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report.

  Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Author: Christy, John A., Brophy, Laura, Tully, Rebecca, Cornu, Craig, MacClellan, Megan, Gray, Ayesha, Huang, Lijuan, Adamus, Paul R., Doumbia, Julie Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, Craig; Adamus, Paul R.; Christy, John A.; Gray, Ayesha; Huang, Lijuan; MacClellan, Megan; Doumbia, Julie; Tully, Rebecca (2011): New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9VD6WC0." Title: New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Author: Christy, John A., Brophy, Laura, Tully, Rebecca, Cornu, Craig, MacClellan, Megan, Gray, Ayesha, Huang, Lijuan, Adamus, Paul R., Doumbia, Julie Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, Craig; Adamus, Paul R.; Christy, John A.; Gray, Ayesha; Huang, Lijuan; MacClellan, Megan; Doumbia, Julie; Tully, Rebecca (2011): New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9VD6WC0." Close

• 222. [Article] New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report.

  Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Author: MacClellan, Megan, Gray, Ayesha, Brophy, Laura, Cornu, Craig, Huang, Lijuan, Tully, Rebecca, Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Doumbia, Julie Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, Craig; Adamus, Paul R.; Christy, John A.; Gray, Ayesha; Huang, Lijuan; MacClellan, Megan; Doumbia, Julie; Tully, Rebecca (2011): New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9VD6WC0." Title: New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Author: MacClellan, Megan, Gray, Ayesha, Brophy, Laura, Cornu, Craig, Huang, Lijuan, Tully, Rebecca, Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Doumbia, Julie Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, Craig; Adamus, Paul R.; Christy, John A.; Gray, Ayesha; Huang, Lijuan; MacClellan, Megan; Doumbia, Julie; Tully, Rebecca (2011): New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9VD6WC0." Close

• 223. [Article] Riparian Vegetation Assemblages and Associated Landscape Factors Across an Urbanizing Metropolitan Area

  While diverse, native riparian vegetation provides important functions, it remains unclear to what extent these assemblages can persist in urban areas, and under what conditions. We characterized forested ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Riparian Vegetation Assemblages and Associated Landscape Factors Across an Urbanizing Metropolitan Area Author: Von Behren, Christa, Dietrich, Andrew Evans, Yeakley, J. Alan Year: 2014 While diverse, native riparian vegetation provides important functions, it remains unclear to what extent these assemblages can persist in urban areas, and under what conditions. We characterized forested riparian vegetation communities across an urbanizing metropolitan area and examined their relationships with surrounding land cover. We hypothesized that native and hydrophilic species assemblages would correlate with forest cover in the landscape. For each of 30 sites in the Portland–Vancouver metro area, we recorded vegetation at 1-cm intervals along 3 transects using the line-intercept method. Land cover was characterized at 2 scales: within 500 m of each site and across the entire watershed. Multivariate analyses were used to evaluate relationships between species composition and land cover patterns. A classification tree was created to determine landscape predictors of riparian community type. Results indicated a strong relationship between watershed land cover and vegetation diversity and structural complexity. Our hypothesis of native species association with landscape forest cover in urban riparian areas was supported, but we found no clear relationship between land cover and wetland indicator status. Our results suggest that high watershed forest cover (at least 15%) may enable the persistence of functionally diverse, native riparian vegetation communities in urban landscapes. Keywords: Pacific Northwest, plant diversity, plant ecology, riparian forest, urban ecology, urban watersheds. Title: Riparian Vegetation Assemblages and Associated Landscape Factors Across an Urbanizing Metropolitan Area Author: Von Behren, Christa, Dietrich, Andrew Evans, Yeakley, J. Alan Year: 2014 While diverse, native riparian vegetation provides important functions, it remains unclear to what extent these assemblages can persist in urban areas, and under what conditions. We characterized forested riparian vegetation communities across an urbanizing metropolitan area and examined their relationships with surrounding land cover. We hypothesized that native and hydrophilic species assemblages would correlate with forest cover in the landscape. For each of 30 sites in the Portland–Vancouver metro area, we recorded vegetation at 1-cm intervals along 3 transects using the line-intercept method. Land cover was characterized at 2 scales: within 500 m of each site and across the entire watershed. Multivariate analyses were used to evaluate relationships between species composition and land cover patterns. A classification tree was created to determine landscape predictors of riparian community type. Results indicated a strong relationship between watershed land cover and vegetation diversity and structural complexity. Our hypothesis of native species association with landscape forest cover in urban riparian areas was supported, but we found no clear relationship between land cover and wetland indicator status. Our results suggest that high watershed forest cover (at least 15%) may enable the persistence of functionally diverse, native riparian vegetation communities in urban landscapes. Keywords: Pacific Northwest, plant diversity, plant ecology, riparian forest, urban ecology, urban watersheds. Close

• 224. [Article] Description of the plant communities and succession of the Oregon coast grasslands

  In an effort to describe the plant communities and succession of the Oregon coastal grasslands, vegetation and environmental data were collected from 75 stands at 24 separate locations ranging from Cape ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Description of the plant communities and succession of the Oregon coast grasslands Author: Ripley, James Douglas In an effort to describe the plant communities and succession of the Oregon coastal grasslands, vegetation and environmental data were collected from 75 stands at 24 separate locations ranging from Cape Falcon in Tillamook County to Cape Ferrelo in Curry County. The vegetation data consisted of cover and frequency values for vascular plants and the environmental data included wind and salt spray exposure measurements, slope, aspect and a variety of soil properties. The vascular flora encountered consisted of 249 specific and intraspecific native and introduced taxa representing 166 genera and 55 families. An annotated catalogue of the flora was prepared. The vegetation data were analyzed using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and the TWINSPAN clustering program. These multivariate analyses served as the basis for the classification of the vegetation into seven community types (Carex obnupta, Calamagrostis nutkaensis/Elymus glaucus, Heracleum lanatum/Vicia gigantea, Lomatium martindalei/Koeleria cristata, Danthonia californica/Aira caryophyllea, Holcus lanatus/ Anthoxanthum odoratum and Fragaria chiloensis/Armeria maritima). Using correlations of the DCA scores with environmental variables, the first DCA axis was interpreted as representing a moisture gradient while the second DCA axis was interpreted as representing a latitudinal gradient. Vegetation data were collected from paired transects on grazed and ungrazed grasslands along fence lines in an effort to determine compositional changes with grazing. It was concluded that grazing led to a decrease in shrub cover and substantial increases in the number and cover of annual taxa. Documentation of successional changes in the grassland vegetation was obtained from historical written accounts and photographs. It was concluded that the Oregon coastal grasslands are undergoing a succession to shrub and tree dominated communities due largely to the exclusion of fire. Title: Description of the plant communities and succession of the Oregon coast grasslands Author: Ripley, James Douglas In an effort to describe the plant communities and succession of the Oregon coastal grasslands, vegetation and environmental data were collected from 75 stands at 24 separate locations ranging from Cape Falcon in Tillamook County to Cape Ferrelo in Curry County. The vegetation data consisted of cover and frequency values for vascular plants and the environmental data included wind and salt spray exposure measurements, slope, aspect and a variety of soil properties. The vascular flora encountered consisted of 249 specific and intraspecific native and introduced taxa representing 166 genera and 55 families. An annotated catalogue of the flora was prepared. The vegetation data were analyzed using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and the TWINSPAN clustering program. These multivariate analyses served as the basis for the classification of the vegetation into seven community types (Carex obnupta, Calamagrostis nutkaensis/Elymus glaucus, Heracleum lanatum/Vicia gigantea, Lomatium martindalei/Koeleria cristata, Danthonia californica/Aira caryophyllea, Holcus lanatus/ Anthoxanthum odoratum and Fragaria chiloensis/Armeria maritima). Using correlations of the DCA scores with environmental variables, the first DCA axis was interpreted as representing a moisture gradient while the second DCA axis was interpreted as representing a latitudinal gradient. Vegetation data were collected from paired transects on grazed and ungrazed grasslands along fence lines in an effort to determine compositional changes with grazing. It was concluded that grazing led to a decrease in shrub cover and substantial increases in the number and cover of annual taxa. Documentation of successional changes in the grassland vegetation was obtained from historical written accounts and photographs. It was concluded that the Oregon coastal grasslands are undergoing a succession to shrub and tree dominated communities due largely to the exclusion of fire. Close

• 225. [Article] Multivariate analysis of a tidal marsh ecosystem at Netarts Spit, Tillamook County, Oregon

  Variability of plant species distributions, plant connunities, soil and hydrological factors in an area of the Netarts Spit tidal marsh are examined. The purpose is to advance general understanding of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multivariate analysis of a tidal marsh ecosystem at Netarts Spit, Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Liverman, Marc C. Variability of plant species distributions, plant connunities, soil and hydrological factors in an area of the Netarts Spit tidal marsh are examined. The purpose is to advance general understanding of Oregon's tidal marsh ecosystems in terms of plant coninunities and functio'nal habitat conditions and make a contribution to the conceptual and technical framework used by regulatory agencies to manage wetlands. Vegetation, soil and hydrological attributes were measured periodically from May, 1978 to March, 1979 along three transects extending parallel to the elevation gradient. Each transect began at point bayward of the lower limit of marsh vegetation and continued to a point shoreward of the perceived upper limit of the marsh on the narrow, stabilized dune ridge separating Netarts Spit from the ocean. Plant species distribution and abundance by cover class was recorded in microplots located at increments of five meters or less along each transect. Soil and hydrological observations at intervals of approximately six weeks were made at 29 primary sampling sites located at increments of 15 meters or less along the transects. Water table fluctuations and soil moisture tension were examined in situ. Soil cores were extracted from the marsh for analysis of interstitial soil moisture content and salinity, soil texture, pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium content. Data on tidal inundation frequency and duration were provided by the National Ocean Survey from a tide gauge located at Netarts public boat dock. Weather data were obtained from continuously recording hygrothermographs and an accumulating rain gauge located in the ecotone between marsh and upland. Comparative climatic data were obtained from published National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Data Center Bulletins. Analysis of individual environmental gradients was initiated by arranging the data matrix into a composite transect ordered by elevation. Each attribute was then plotted against elevation using graphically comparable scales. Data synthesis was accomplished using a combination of reciprocal averaging ordination (to identify coimlunity gradients) and cluster analysis (for sampling site classification) applied to hierarchical data sets composed of combinations of physical, chemical, and vegetative sampling site attributes. Habitat at lower elevations of the study area (0.70 m below mean high water) is dominated by tidal factors which decrease steadily as one approaches extreme higher high water (0.52 m above mean high water). Fine textured sediments are saturated near the middle elevations of the study area (-0.25 to 1.00 m above mean high water), with the lower and higher elevations dominated by sand. Hydrologic factors (water table depth and soil moisture tension) dominate the highest elevations of the study area but decrease steadily as one approaches mean high water. The remaining environmental factors (interstitial soil moisture content and salinity, cation exchange capacity, specific ion concentrations, organic matter, and pH) may each be interpreted as variants of one or more of the three primary environmental gradients: tides, sediment texture, and hydrology. Interstitial soil moisture salinity, soil moisture tension, and water table depth all show maxima during months with high daily temperatures and low precipitation (Aug.-Sep.,) and minima during months with low daily temperatures and high precipitation (Dec.-Mar.). Interstitial soil moisture content shows the reverse relationship with minima during Aug.-Sep. and maxima during Dec.- Mar. Plant community structure of the tidal marsh may be best understood as a species continuum beginning at about 0.60 m below mean high water characterized by snecies dominance at low elevation (_0.51) to 0.40 m above mean hiah water) givinG way to soecies diversity at higher elevations. This continuum may be locally qraduated into three or more subdivisions or plant communities by the dynamic reltionshi of intertidal deposition and erosion processes. Community structure of the associated dune upland is distinguishable environmentally and floristically as distinct from the tidal marsh at about 0.90 m above mean hich water although no attempt is made to resolve finer details of urland community structure beyond the marsh interface. Title: Multivariate analysis of a tidal marsh ecosystem at Netarts Spit, Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Liverman, Marc C. Variability of plant species distributions, plant connunities, soil and hydrological factors in an area of the Netarts Spit tidal marsh are examined. The purpose is to advance general understanding of Oregon's tidal marsh ecosystems in terms of plant coninunities and functio'nal habitat conditions and make a contribution to the conceptual and technical framework used by regulatory agencies to manage wetlands. Vegetation, soil and hydrological attributes were measured periodically from May, 1978 to March, 1979 along three transects extending parallel to the elevation gradient. Each transect began at point bayward of the lower limit of marsh vegetation and continued to a point shoreward of the perceived upper limit of the marsh on the narrow, stabilized dune ridge separating Netarts Spit from the ocean. Plant species distribution and abundance by cover class was recorded in microplots located at increments of five meters or less along each transect. Soil and hydrological observations at intervals of approximately six weeks were made at 29 primary sampling sites located at increments of 15 meters or less along the transects. Water table fluctuations and soil moisture tension were examined in situ. Soil cores were extracted from the marsh for analysis of interstitial soil moisture content and salinity, soil texture, pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium content. Data on tidal inundation frequency and duration were provided by the National Ocean Survey from a tide gauge located at Netarts public boat dock. Weather data were obtained from continuously recording hygrothermographs and an accumulating rain gauge located in the ecotone between marsh and upland. Comparative climatic data were obtained from published National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Data Center Bulletins. Analysis of individual environmental gradients was initiated by arranging the data matrix into a composite transect ordered by elevation. Each attribute was then plotted against elevation using graphically comparable scales. Data synthesis was accomplished using a combination of reciprocal averaging ordination (to identify coimlunity gradients) and cluster analysis (for sampling site classification) applied to hierarchical data sets composed of combinations of physical, chemical, and vegetative sampling site attributes. Habitat at lower elevations of the study area (0.70 m below mean high water) is dominated by tidal factors which decrease steadily as one approaches extreme higher high water (0.52 m above mean high water). Fine textured sediments are saturated near the middle elevations of the study area (-0.25 to 1.00 m above mean high water), with the lower and higher elevations dominated by sand. Hydrologic factors (water table depth and soil moisture tension) dominate the highest elevations of the study area but decrease steadily as one approaches mean high water. The remaining environmental factors (interstitial soil moisture content and salinity, cation exchange capacity, specific ion concentrations, organic matter, and pH) may each be interpreted as variants of one or more of the three primary environmental gradients: tides, sediment texture, and hydrology. Interstitial soil moisture salinity, soil moisture tension, and water table depth all show maxima during months with high daily temperatures and low precipitation (Aug.-Sep.,) and minima during months with low daily temperatures and high precipitation (Dec.-Mar.). Interstitial soil moisture content shows the reverse relationship with minima during Aug.-Sep. and maxima during Dec.- Mar. Plant community structure of the tidal marsh may be best understood as a species continuum beginning at about 0.60 m below mean high water characterized by snecies dominance at low elevation (_0.51) to 0.40 m above mean hiah water) givinG way to soecies diversity at higher elevations. This continuum may be locally qraduated into three or more subdivisions or plant communities by the dynamic reltionshi of intertidal deposition and erosion processes. Community structure of the associated dune upland is distinguishable environmentally and floristically as distinct from the tidal marsh at about 0.90 m above mean hich water although no attempt is made to resolve finer details of urland community structure beyond the marsh interface. Close

• 226. [Article] Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) Population and Habitat Survey in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette Basins, 2001

  Our study area includes the three McKenzie populations, and a reintroduced population in the Middle Fork Willamette and tributaries above Hills Creek Reservoir. We monitored bull trout populations in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) Population and Habitat Survey in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette Basins, 2001 Author: Taylor, Greg Our study area includes the three McKenzie populations, and a reintroduced population in the Middle Fork Willamette and tributaries above Hills Creek Reservoir. We monitored bull trout populations in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette basins using a combination of sampling techniques that include spawning surveys, juvenile trapping, electronic fish counters, and night snorkeling. We continued to reintroduce bull trout fry from Anderson Creek (McKenzie Basin) to the Middle Fork Willamette above Hills Creek Reservoir in an attempt to rehabilitate the bull trout population in the Middle Fork Willamette Basin. By monitoring population trends and determining life history characteristics of bull trout in McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette basins, we can make informed management decisions that will help maintain long term and sustainable bull trout populations in the upper Willamette Basin. Title: Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) Population and Habitat Survey in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette Basins, 2001 Author: Taylor, Greg Our study area includes the three McKenzie populations, and a reintroduced population in the Middle Fork Willamette and tributaries above Hills Creek Reservoir. We monitored bull trout populations in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette basins using a combination of sampling techniques that include spawning surveys, juvenile trapping, electronic fish counters, and night snorkeling. We continued to reintroduce bull trout fry from Anderson Creek (McKenzie Basin) to the Middle Fork Willamette above Hills Creek Reservoir in an attempt to rehabilitate the bull trout population in the Middle Fork Willamette Basin. By monitoring population trends and determining life history characteristics of bull trout in McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette basins, we can make informed management decisions that will help maintain long term and sustainable bull trout populations in the upper Willamette Basin. Close

• 227. [Article] A conservation assessment of West Coast (USA) estuaries

  A hierarchical classification system was developed for West Coast estuaries that identified three regions (based on climate, latitude, and oceanography) and four estuary types distinguished by the relative ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A conservation assessment of West Coast (USA) estuaries Author: Newkirk, Sarah, Dye, Paul, Webb, Megan, Beck, Michael W., Carter, Jena, Cox, Robin, Howard, Jeanette, Taylor, Bethany, Vander Schaaf, Dick, Merrifield, Matthew S., Fuller, Roger, Gleason, Mary G., Stranko, Brian, Koepcke, Jennifer A hierarchical classification system was developed for West Coast estuaries that identified three regions (based on climate, latitude, and oceanography) and four estuary types distinguished by the relative degree of influence of the hydrodynamic forcing mechanisms of waves, tides, and rivers. Title: A conservation assessment of West Coast (USA) estuaries Author: Newkirk, Sarah, Dye, Paul, Webb, Megan, Beck, Michael W., Carter, Jena, Cox, Robin, Howard, Jeanette, Taylor, Bethany, Vander Schaaf, Dick, Merrifield, Matthew S., Fuller, Roger, Gleason, Mary G., Stranko, Brian, Koepcke, Jennifer A hierarchical classification system was developed for West Coast estuaries that identified three regions (based on climate, latitude, and oceanography) and four estuary types distinguished by the relative degree of influence of the hydrodynamic forcing mechanisms of waves, tides, and rivers. Close

• 228. [Article] Waterbird records for West and East Ponds, South Beach Peninsula, Lincoln County

  In 1984-1986, Bayer made 171 and 67 waterbird censuses at West Pond and East Pond, respectively. From 1974 through June 1992, Bayer and others also made an additional 138 and 110 observations at West Pond ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Waterbird records for West and East Ponds, South Beach Peninsula, Lincoln County Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- In 1984-1986, Bayer made 171 and 67 waterbird censuses at West Pond and East Pond, respectively. From 1974 through June 1992, Bayer and others also made an additional 138 and 110 observations at West Pond and East Pond, respectively. A total of 48 waterbird taxa were reported at West Pond, and 23 waterbird taxa were discovered at East Pond. At both Ponds, Great Blue Herons and Belted Kingfishers were common, but no waterbirds were observed nesting. The records for each census or observation are given, as well as each taxon's monthly maximal abundance. Title: Waterbird records for West and East Ponds, South Beach Peninsula, Lincoln County Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- In 1984-1986, Bayer made 171 and 67 waterbird censuses at West Pond and East Pond, respectively. From 1974 through June 1992, Bayer and others also made an additional 138 and 110 observations at West Pond and East Pond, respectively. A total of 48 waterbird taxa were reported at West Pond, and 23 waterbird taxa were discovered at East Pond. At both Ponds, Great Blue Herons and Belted Kingfishers were common, but no waterbirds were observed nesting. The records for each census or observation are given, as well as each taxon's monthly maximal abundance. Close

• 229. [Article] Status of Oregon's Bull Trout. Distribution, Life History, Limiting Factors, Management Considerations, and Status

  The purpose of this document is to summarize the best scientific information presently available for bull trout (Salvelimus confluentus) throughout Oregon and to review their historical and current status. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Status of Oregon's Bull Trout. Distribution, Life History, Limiting Factors, Management Considerations, and Status Author: Hooton, Robert M., Buchanan, David V., Hanson, Mary L., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife The purpose of this document is to summarize the best scientific information presently available for bull trout (Salvelimus confluentus) throughout Oregon and to review their historical and current status. What started out as a relatively simple exercise to review and update the status report by Ratliff and Howell (1992) based on recent data collection efforts, soon mushroomed into a more comprehensive treatment of all available data on bull trout populations in Oregon, Thus the foundation laid in Ratliff and Howell (1992) has been expanded for that section of the bull trout's range that includes Oregon. A draft of this document received extensive review and additions from professionals within Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, U.S. Forest Service, Oregon Chapter of The American Fisheries Society, Portland General Electric Company, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Plum Creek Timber Company, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation, Idaho, Department of Fish and Game, ,and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. One of the reviewers wanted to see 'more objective and numerical rating criteria' used to assess status. The authors agree that this is a useful 'next' step and that work should begin on developing the necessary quantitative criteria to evaluate status. Title: Status of Oregon's Bull Trout. Distribution, Life History, Limiting Factors, Management Considerations, and Status Author: Hooton, Robert M., Buchanan, David V., Hanson, Mary L., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife The purpose of this document is to summarize the best scientific information presently available for bull trout (Salvelimus confluentus) throughout Oregon and to review their historical and current status. What started out as a relatively simple exercise to review and update the status report by Ratliff and Howell (1992) based on recent data collection efforts, soon mushroomed into a more comprehensive treatment of all available data on bull trout populations in Oregon, Thus the foundation laid in Ratliff and Howell (1992) has been expanded for that section of the bull trout's range that includes Oregon. A draft of this document received extensive review and additions from professionals within Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, U.S. Forest Service, Oregon Chapter of The American Fisheries Society, Portland General Electric Company, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Plum Creek Timber Company, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation, Idaho, Department of Fish and Game, ,and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. One of the reviewers wanted to see 'more objective and numerical rating criteria' used to assess status. The authors agree that this is a useful 'next' step and that work should begin on developing the necessary quantitative criteria to evaluate status. Close

• 230. [Article] A Cross-sectional Study of US Rural Adults’ Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables: Do They Consume at Least Five Servings Daily?

  Background: Rural residents are increasingly identified as being at greater risk for health disparities. These inequities may be related to health behaviors such as adequate fruits and vegetable consumption. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Cross-sectional Study of US Rural Adults’ Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables: Do They Consume at Least Five Servings Daily? Author: Lutfiyya, M. Nawal, Chang, Linda F., Lipsky, Martin S. Year: 2012 Background: Rural residents are increasingly identified as being at greater risk for health disparities. These inequities may be related to health behaviors such as adequate fruits and vegetable consumption. There is little national-level population-based research about the prevalence of fruit and vegetable consumption by US rural population adults. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence differences between US rural and non-rural adults in consuming at least five daily servings of combined fruits and vegetables. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of weighted 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) data using bivariate and multivariate techniques. 52,259,789 US adults were identified as consuming at least five daily servings of fruits and vegetables of which 8,983,840 were identified as living in rural locales. Results: Bivariate analysis revealed that in comparison to non-rural US adults, rural adults were less likely to consume five or more daily servings of fruits and vegetables (OR = 1.161, 95% CI 1.160-1.162). Logistic regression analysis revealed that US rural adults consuming at least five daily servings of fruits and vegetables were more likely to be female, non-Caucasian, married or living with a partner, living in a household without children, living in a household whose annual income was>$35,000, and getting at least moderate physical activity. They were also more likely to have a BMI of Conclusions: This enhanced understanding of fruit and vegetable consumption should prove useful to those seeking to lessen the disparity or inequity between rural and non-rural adults. Additionally, those responsible for health-related planning could benefit from the knowledge of how their state ranks in comparison to others vis-à-vis the consumption of fruits and vegetables by rural adults—a population increasingly being identified as one at risk for health disparities. Title: A Cross-sectional Study of US Rural Adults’ Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables: Do They Consume at Least Five Servings Daily? Author: Lutfiyya, M. Nawal, Chang, Linda F., Lipsky, Martin S. Year: 2012 Background: Rural residents are increasingly identified as being at greater risk for health disparities. These inequities may be related to health behaviors such as adequate fruits and vegetable consumption. There is little national-level population-based research about the prevalence of fruit and vegetable consumption by US rural population adults. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence differences between US rural and non-rural adults in consuming at least five daily servings of combined fruits and vegetables. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of weighted 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) data using bivariate and multivariate techniques. 52,259,789 US adults were identified as consuming at least five daily servings of fruits and vegetables of which 8,983,840 were identified as living in rural locales. Results: Bivariate analysis revealed that in comparison to non-rural US adults, rural adults were less likely to consume five or more daily servings of fruits and vegetables (OR = 1.161, 95% CI 1.160-1.162). Logistic regression analysis revealed that US rural adults consuming at least five daily servings of fruits and vegetables were more likely to be female, non-Caucasian, married or living with a partner, living in a household without children, living in a household whose annual income was>$35,000, and getting at least moderate physical activity. They were also more likely to have a BMI of Conclusions: This enhanced understanding of fruit and vegetable consumption should prove useful to those seeking to lessen the disparity or inequity between rural and non-rural adults. Additionally, those responsible for health-related planning could benefit from the knowledge of how their state ranks in comparison to others vis-à-vis the consumption of fruits and vegetables by rural adults—a population increasingly being identified as one at risk for health disparities. Close

• 231. [Article] Seasonal comparison of fecal coliform concentrations in the Trask River and a study of the survival of Escherichia coli in Tillamook Bay water : final report to the Tillamook Bay National Estuary Project, Garibaldi, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal comparison of fecal coliform concentrations in the Trask River and a study of the survival of Escherichia coli in Tillamook Bay water : final report to the Tillamook Bay National Estuary Project, Garibaldi, Oregon Author: Alexander, David B., Koretsky, Tara J. Title: Seasonal comparison of fecal coliform concentrations in the Trask River and a study of the survival of Escherichia coli in Tillamook Bay water : final report to the Tillamook Bay National Estuary Project, Garibaldi, Oregon Author: Alexander, David B., Koretsky, Tara J. Close

• 232. [Article] East Maury fuels and vegetation management project record of decision

  19 pp. Tables, appendix. Township 17 South, Ranges 20 and 21 East, and Township 18 South, Ranges 20 and 21 East. Captured August 12, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: East Maury fuels and vegetation management project record of decision Author: Lookout Mountain Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008 19 pp. Tables, appendix. Township 17 South, Ranges 20 and 21 East, and Township 18 South, Ranges 20 and 21 East. Captured August 12, 2008. Title: East Maury fuels and vegetation management project record of decision Author: Lookout Mountain Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008 19 pp. Tables, appendix. Township 17 South, Ranges 20 and 21 East, and Township 18 South, Ranges 20 and 21 East. Captured August 12, 2008. Close

• 233. [Article] Spatial and temporal distributions of western juniper in John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon

  Post-settlement juniper expansion in the western states has been reported for decades, including western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook ssp. occidentalis) woodlands in the northwestern states. A ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial and temporal distributions of western juniper in John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon Author: Chen, Ya-Chian Post-settlement juniper expansion in the western states has been reported for decades, including western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook ssp. occidentalis) woodlands in the northwestern states. A 15 km2 study area in the Sheep Rock Unit of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument in eastern Oregon was selected to study spatial and temporal distribution patterns of western junipers, and build statistical models for the patterns. Environmental characteristic data are from soil, vegetation and contour maps. Western juniper data are from aerial photos. Image processing techniques and geographical information system (GIS) were used to process data. Nonparametric statistical methods, including Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks, Spearman rank correlation coefficient, chi-square test and chi-square partitioning, and classification and regression tree (CART) were used for data analysis and building statistical models. The results show a clustering spatial distribution pattern. Western juniper is more abundant above elevations of about 900 to 1,000 meters MSL, on sites with soil type 15f- Gwin-Rock outcrop complex or 43f- Simas-Badlanci association, and on medium slopes, but probabilities of juniper occurrence on less steep slopes are higher at lower elevations. Northeastern aspects have significantly lower juniper abundances than other aspects. Junipers prefer sites with higher surface flow accumulation, except extremely high flow accumulation supporting only low juniper abundances. The CART spatial model shows three density classes classified by four out of five environmental characteristics with a misclassification rate of 0.27. Temporally, juniper density in the study area has increased from 37 junipers/ km2 to 1,404 junipers/ km2 during the last century. However, relationships of this expanding pattern to environmental characteristics are obscure. There is no conspicuous difference between habitats of young and old jumpers, except perhaps soil types. The likelihood for finding mature or old junipers is higher in sites with soil type 41e- Simas very stony clay loani, 43f- Simas-Badland association or 46f- Snell-Anatone complex. The spatioteniporal distribution pattern of western juniper in the study area could be described as a clustering pattern with chronologically increased abundances. Juniper may continue to increase its abundance and expand from high density areas to low density or non-juniper areas. Unless juniper density is controlled, it seems likely that junipers will dominate most of the monument's landscape in the future. Title: Spatial and temporal distributions of western juniper in John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon Author: Chen, Ya-Chian Post-settlement juniper expansion in the western states has been reported for decades, including western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook ssp. occidentalis) woodlands in the northwestern states. A 15 km2 study area in the Sheep Rock Unit of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument in eastern Oregon was selected to study spatial and temporal distribution patterns of western junipers, and build statistical models for the patterns. Environmental characteristic data are from soil, vegetation and contour maps. Western juniper data are from aerial photos. Image processing techniques and geographical information system (GIS) were used to process data. Nonparametric statistical methods, including Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks, Spearman rank correlation coefficient, chi-square test and chi-square partitioning, and classification and regression tree (CART) were used for data analysis and building statistical models. The results show a clustering spatial distribution pattern. Western juniper is more abundant above elevations of about 900 to 1,000 meters MSL, on sites with soil type 15f- Gwin-Rock outcrop complex or 43f- Simas-Badlanci association, and on medium slopes, but probabilities of juniper occurrence on less steep slopes are higher at lower elevations. Northeastern aspects have significantly lower juniper abundances than other aspects. Junipers prefer sites with higher surface flow accumulation, except extremely high flow accumulation supporting only low juniper abundances. The CART spatial model shows three density classes classified by four out of five environmental characteristics with a misclassification rate of 0.27. Temporally, juniper density in the study area has increased from 37 junipers/ km2 to 1,404 junipers/ km2 during the last century. However, relationships of this expanding pattern to environmental characteristics are obscure. There is no conspicuous difference between habitats of young and old jumpers, except perhaps soil types. The likelihood for finding mature or old junipers is higher in sites with soil type 41e- Simas very stony clay loani, 43f- Simas-Badland association or 46f- Snell-Anatone complex. The spatioteniporal distribution pattern of western juniper in the study area could be described as a clustering pattern with chronologically increased abundances. Juniper may continue to increase its abundance and expand from high density areas to low density or non-juniper areas. Unless juniper density is controlled, it seems likely that junipers will dominate most of the monument's landscape in the future. Close

• 234. [Image] Report on the vegetation type survey of Crater Lake National Park

  	ill.; "Field work was completed on August 15, 1936, and the office work connected with the survey done at the Berkeley office of the Branch of Forestry during the winter months." - P. 1.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report on the vegetation type survey of Crater Lake National Park Author: Crater Lake National Park (Agency: U.S.) Year: 2009 ill.; "Field work was completed on August 15, 1936, and the office work connected with the survey done at the Berkeley office of the Branch of Forestry during the winter months." - P. 1. Title: Report on the vegetation type survey of Crater Lake National Park Author: Crater Lake National Park (Agency: U.S.) Year: 2009 ill.; "Field work was completed on August 15, 1936, and the office work connected with the survey done at the Berkeley office of the Branch of Forestry during the winter months." - P. 1. Close

• 235. [Article] H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest reference stand system : establishment and use history

  Nineteen l/4-hectare reference stands have been established in the central western Cascade Mountains of Oregon to represent widespread and important portions of the vegetation continuum. Their species ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest reference stand system : establishment and use history Author: Hawk, Glenn M., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome Nineteen l/4-hectare reference stands have been established in the central western Cascade Mountains of Oregon to represent widespread and important portions of the vegetation continuum. Their species diversity, cover, and structure are described here. The stands provide points of reference for visiting scientists and researchers who wish to design experiments around the natural stratification of vegetation provided by the differing habitat types. Several studies have tested theory about certain plant community-environment relations and given credence to the classification of habitat types in use in many northwest forests. This work reviews the methods for establishment, mapping, and collection of data on vegetation and the six-year history of use of the reference stands for 1972-1977. Title: H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest reference stand system : establishment and use history Author: Hawk, Glenn M., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome Nineteen l/4-hectare reference stands have been established in the central western Cascade Mountains of Oregon to represent widespread and important portions of the vegetation continuum. Their species diversity, cover, and structure are described here. The stands provide points of reference for visiting scientists and researchers who wish to design experiments around the natural stratification of vegetation provided by the differing habitat types. Several studies have tested theory about certain plant community-environment relations and given credence to the classification of habitat types in use in many northwest forests. This work reviews the methods for establishment, mapping, and collection of data on vegetation and the six-year history of use of the reference stands for 1972-1977. Close

• 236. [Article] Aspen planning area vegetation management environmental assessment

  105 pp. Tables, maps, appendices, glossary, bibliography. Township 22 South, Range 16 East, Sections 26-28,33-35; Township 23 South, Range 15, Sections 12,13,24,25,36; and Township 23 South, Range 16 East, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aspen planning area vegetation management environmental assessment Author: Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2004 105 pp. Tables, maps, appendices, glossary, bibliography. Township 22 South, Range 16 East, Sections 26-28,33-35; Township 23 South, Range 15, Sections 12,13,24,25,36; and Township 23 South, Range 16 East, Sections 2-4,7-11,14-23,28-33. Captured May 17, 2007. Title: Aspen planning area vegetation management environmental assessment Author: Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2004 105 pp. Tables, maps, appendices, glossary, bibliography. Township 22 South, Range 16 East, Sections 26-28,33-35; Township 23 South, Range 15, Sections 12,13,24,25,36; and Township 23 South, Range 16 East, Sections 2-4,7-11,14-23,28-33. Captured May 17, 2007. Close

• 237. [Article] Aspen planning area vegetation management decision notice and finding of no significant impact

  9 pp. T. 22 S., R. 16 E., Sections 26-28,33-35; T. 23 S., R. 15, Sections 12,13,24,25,36; and T. 23 S., R. 16 East, Sections 2-4,7-11,14-23,28-33. Captured May 18, 2007.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aspen planning area vegetation management decision notice and finding of no significant impact Author: Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2005 9 pp. T. 22 S., R. 16 E., Sections 26-28,33-35; T. 23 S., R. 15, Sections 12,13,24,25,36; and T. 23 S., R. 16 East, Sections 2-4,7-11,14-23,28-33. Captured May 18, 2007. Title: Aspen planning area vegetation management decision notice and finding of no significant impact Author: Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2005 9 pp. T. 22 S., R. 16 E., Sections 26-28,33-35; T. 23 S., R. 15, Sections 12,13,24,25,36; and T. 23 S., R. 16 East, Sections 2-4,7-11,14-23,28-33. Captured May 18, 2007. Close

• 238. [Article] Bear Wallow Creek culvert

  This pipe was installed in 2005 by Johnson Rock Products. The culvert has aluminized weir plates welded to the inside of the pipe at 10-foot intervals. The tributary on which this culvert was installed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bear Wallow Creek culvert Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers This pipe was installed in 2005 by Johnson Rock Products. The culvert has aluminized weir plates welded to the inside of the pipe at 10-foot intervals. The tributary on which this culvert was installed flows into Paradise Creek, a tributary to the main Umpqua west of Drain. Title: Bear Wallow Creek culvert Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers This pipe was installed in 2005 by Johnson Rock Products. The culvert has aluminized weir plates welded to the inside of the pipe at 10-foot intervals. The tributary on which this culvert was installed flows into Paradise Creek, a tributary to the main Umpqua west of Drain. Close

• 239. [Article] Jack Creek culvert replacement

  Two Rapid-Span bridges were installed on property owned by Donna Woolley. The total project cost was $130,000. The bridges have concrete running surfaces over two large I-beams.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jack Creek culvert replacement Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Two Rapid-Span bridges were installed on property owned by Donna Woolley. The total project cost was $130,000. The bridges have concrete running surfaces over two large I-beams. Title: Jack Creek culvert replacement Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Two Rapid-Span bridges were installed on property owned by Donna Woolley. The total project cost was $130,000. The bridges have concrete running surfaces over two large I-beams. Close

• 240. [Article] Comparative effects of precommercial thinning, urea fertilizer, and red alder in a site 11, coast Douglas-fir plantation

  The authors varied the number of red alder retained with 300 Douglas-fir per acre on a high-quality site in coastal Oregon. Alder densities of 0, 20, 40, and 80 per acre were tested. The authors' fifth ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative effects of precommercial thinning, urea fertilizer, and red alder in a site 11, coast Douglas-fir plantation Author: Obermeyer, Edmund L., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Anderson, Harry William, Miller, Richard E. The authors varied the number of red alder retained with 300 Douglas-fir per acre on a high-quality site in coastal Oregon. Alder densities of 0, 20, 40, and 80 per acre were tested. The authors' fifth treatment eliminated nitrogen-fixing alder, but substantial nitrogen fertilizer. Treatment 6 had neither thinning nor alder control. Treatments were randomly assigned within each of three blocks in a 9-year-old plantation. Stand density was reduced within 15 of these 18 experimental units. Surplus conifers were cut, but surplus red alder were controlled by the 'hack-and-squirt' method. Because numerous trees of other species regenerated naturally, combined density of all species before thinning ranged from 1,400 to 5,700 trees per acre. Subsequent 17-year change in number, average height, basal area, and volume of Douglas-fir were compared. Retaining 20, 40, or 80 alder per acre reduced numbers of associated Douglas-fir by about 10, 17, and 23 percent, respectively. In pur Douglas-fir plots, gross volume growth was similar for nonfertilized and fertilized plots, indicating no measureable benefits of additional nitrogen. in mixed stands, red alder reduced yield of associated Douglas-fir, but not yield of combined species. Similar comparisons are needed at other locations, especially those with known nitrogen deficiency. Title: Comparative effects of precommercial thinning, urea fertilizer, and red alder in a site 11, coast Douglas-fir plantation Author: Obermeyer, Edmund L., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Anderson, Harry William, Miller, Richard E. The authors varied the number of red alder retained with 300 Douglas-fir per acre on a high-quality site in coastal Oregon. Alder densities of 0, 20, 40, and 80 per acre were tested. The authors' fifth treatment eliminated nitrogen-fixing alder, but substantial nitrogen fertilizer. Treatment 6 had neither thinning nor alder control. Treatments were randomly assigned within each of three blocks in a 9-year-old plantation. Stand density was reduced within 15 of these 18 experimental units. Surplus conifers were cut, but surplus red alder were controlled by the 'hack-and-squirt' method. Because numerous trees of other species regenerated naturally, combined density of all species before thinning ranged from 1,400 to 5,700 trees per acre. Subsequent 17-year change in number, average height, basal area, and volume of Douglas-fir were compared. Retaining 20, 40, or 80 alder per acre reduced numbers of associated Douglas-fir by about 10, 17, and 23 percent, respectively. In pur Douglas-fir plots, gross volume growth was similar for nonfertilized and fertilized plots, indicating no measureable benefits of additional nitrogen. in mixed stands, red alder reduced yield of associated Douglas-fir, but not yield of combined species. Similar comparisons are needed at other locations, especially those with known nitrogen deficiency. Close

• 241. [Article] Measurement, modeling, and remote sensing of snow cover in areas of heterogeneous vegetation

  Numerous studies have demonstrated that vegetation canopies affect snow accumulation and ablation processes. In addition, estimates of remotely sensed snow covered area can be biased by the presence of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measurement, modeling, and remote sensing of snow cover in areas of heterogeneous vegetation Author: Selkowitz, David Numerous studies have demonstrated that vegetation canopies affect snow accumulation and ablation processes. In addition, estimates of remotely sensed snow covered area can be biased by the presence of an overlying vegetation canopy. Consequently, any attempts to measure, model, or map the distribution of snow in a region with heterogeneous vegetation cover would benefit from a more complete understanding of both the relationship between vegetation density and snow cover on the ground as well as the relationship between remotely sensed snow covered area and actual snow covered area under various vegetation densities. The research presented here explores both of these relationships. Chapter 2 describes, qualitatively and quantitatively, the relationship between canopy gap fraction (the inverse of canopy density) and snow accumulation at fine spatial scales in Glacier National Park, Montana. Gap fraction and snow cover data from two winters were compared along eight vegetation-snow transects representing a range of landscape types, including dense forest, variable density forests with openings, forest-grassland mosaics, and burned-unburned forest mosaics. The data suggest that the relationship between gap fraction and snow accumulation depends on the range of gap fraction values considered. For gap fraction values less than 40%, a significant positive linear relationship exists between gap fraction and snow accumulation. For gap fraction values between 40% and 90%, the relationship is poorly defined, most likely due to the influence of the spatial patterning of vegetation on wind scouring/deposition of snow which cannot be captured by a simple metric such as gap fraction. When gap fraction exceeds - 90%, snow cover is almost always shallow or nonexistent due to wind scouring and high solar radiation loads. The poorly defined relationship between gap fraction and snow accumulation in the range of 40-90% gap fraction is not highly problematic because this gap fraction range represents only 24% of the landscape, and the 60-90% range of gap fraction where the gap fraction-snow accumulation relationship is least pronounced represents only 5% of the landscape. The results from these vegetation-snow surveys indicate that at fine spatial scales where topographic variability is minimal, canopy density can explain a substantial portion of the variability in snow accumulation that would otherwise remain unexplained. The high variance in snow accumulation in the 60-90% gap fraction range and the relatively small sample size presented here make it unrealistic, however, to infer an optimum gap fraction for snow accumulation in Glacier National Park or anywhere else. Chapter 3 provides an assessment of methods for modeling and mapping spatiotemporal variability in snow cover in Glacier National Park. SnowModel, a relatively new physically-based snow evolution model that accounts for the influence of vegetation on snow processes, was used to simulate the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent at hourly time steps for an 850 km2 model domain in eastern Glacier National Park. The standard implementation of SnowModel uses an image of land cover type to adjust snow accumulation and ablation for the effects of vegetation. In this non-standard implementation, the model was parameterized using a weighting scheme that allowed the model to utilize a Landsat-derived image of gap fraction to adjust snow accumulation and ablation in a more precise manner than would have been possible if only land cover type information was available. In situ measurements suggest the model did a reasonable job simulating snow evolution patterns and the differences in snow evolution associated with different vegetation densities. Weaknesses in this implementation of SnowModel appear to be its tendency to overestimate snow in the easternmost portion of the model domain (where a significant rain shadow effect exists) and overestimate snow in exposed areas. Due to a lack of in situ measurements at the scale of the model output, it was not possible to conclusively determine if the incorporation of fine scale (28.5 m pixel) information on forest canopy density improved model accuracy. MODIS-derived images of binary and fractional snow covered area were also evaluated. The binary product consistently mapped a higher percentage of the study area as snow covered than the fractional product. Spatial patterns of snow covered area were similar for the MODIS-derived products and the results from the implementation of SnowModel. Unfortunately, the remotely sensed snow covered area products could not be used to evaluate the model's treatment of snow evolution under different vegetation conditions because gap fraction influences the mapping of snow covered area for the remotely sensed products. Understanding how remotely sensed estimates of snow covered area are influenced by gap fraction density will hopefully allow for these products to be used as a validation tool for spatially distributed model results in areas of heterogeneous vegetation in the future. Title: Measurement, modeling, and remote sensing of snow cover in areas of heterogeneous vegetation Author: Selkowitz, David Numerous studies have demonstrated that vegetation canopies affect snow accumulation and ablation processes. In addition, estimates of remotely sensed snow covered area can be biased by the presence of an overlying vegetation canopy. Consequently, any attempts to measure, model, or map the distribution of snow in a region with heterogeneous vegetation cover would benefit from a more complete understanding of both the relationship between vegetation density and snow cover on the ground as well as the relationship between remotely sensed snow covered area and actual snow covered area under various vegetation densities. The research presented here explores both of these relationships. Chapter 2 describes, qualitatively and quantitatively, the relationship between canopy gap fraction (the inverse of canopy density) and snow accumulation at fine spatial scales in Glacier National Park, Montana. Gap fraction and snow cover data from two winters were compared along eight vegetation-snow transects representing a range of landscape types, including dense forest, variable density forests with openings, forest-grassland mosaics, and burned-unburned forest mosaics. The data suggest that the relationship between gap fraction and snow accumulation depends on the range of gap fraction values considered. For gap fraction values less than 40%, a significant positive linear relationship exists between gap fraction and snow accumulation. For gap fraction values between 40% and 90%, the relationship is poorly defined, most likely due to the influence of the spatial patterning of vegetation on wind scouring/deposition of snow which cannot be captured by a simple metric such as gap fraction. When gap fraction exceeds - 90%, snow cover is almost always shallow or nonexistent due to wind scouring and high solar radiation loads. The poorly defined relationship between gap fraction and snow accumulation in the range of 40-90% gap fraction is not highly problematic because this gap fraction range represents only 24% of the landscape, and the 60-90% range of gap fraction where the gap fraction-snow accumulation relationship is least pronounced represents only 5% of the landscape. The results from these vegetation-snow surveys indicate that at fine spatial scales where topographic variability is minimal, canopy density can explain a substantial portion of the variability in snow accumulation that would otherwise remain unexplained. The high variance in snow accumulation in the 60-90% gap fraction range and the relatively small sample size presented here make it unrealistic, however, to infer an optimum gap fraction for snow accumulation in Glacier National Park or anywhere else. Chapter 3 provides an assessment of methods for modeling and mapping spatiotemporal variability in snow cover in Glacier National Park. SnowModel, a relatively new physically-based snow evolution model that accounts for the influence of vegetation on snow processes, was used to simulate the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent at hourly time steps for an 850 km2 model domain in eastern Glacier National Park. The standard implementation of SnowModel uses an image of land cover type to adjust snow accumulation and ablation for the effects of vegetation. In this non-standard implementation, the model was parameterized using a weighting scheme that allowed the model to utilize a Landsat-derived image of gap fraction to adjust snow accumulation and ablation in a more precise manner than would have been possible if only land cover type information was available. In situ measurements suggest the model did a reasonable job simulating snow evolution patterns and the differences in snow evolution associated with different vegetation densities. Weaknesses in this implementation of SnowModel appear to be its tendency to overestimate snow in the easternmost portion of the model domain (where a significant rain shadow effect exists) and overestimate snow in exposed areas. Due to a lack of in situ measurements at the scale of the model output, it was not possible to conclusively determine if the incorporation of fine scale (28.5 m pixel) information on forest canopy density improved model accuracy. MODIS-derived images of binary and fractional snow covered area were also evaluated. The binary product consistently mapped a higher percentage of the study area as snow covered than the fractional product. Spatial patterns of snow covered area were similar for the MODIS-derived products and the results from the implementation of SnowModel. Unfortunately, the remotely sensed snow covered area products could not be used to evaluate the model's treatment of snow evolution under different vegetation conditions because gap fraction influences the mapping of snow covered area for the remotely sensed products. Understanding how remotely sensed estimates of snow covered area are influenced by gap fraction density will hopefully allow for these products to be used as a validation tool for spatially distributed model results in areas of heterogeneous vegetation in the future. Close

• 242. [Article] Analyzing fire mosaics in temperate coniferous forests with GIS and remote sensing

  This investigation on fire mosaics addressed several aspects: (1) quantifying the role of terrain variables in fire-related mortality and historical mean fire return interval (MFRI), (2) comparing post-burn ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analyzing fire mosaics in temperate coniferous forests with GIS and remote sensing Author: Kushla, John D. This investigation on fire mosaics addressed several aspects: (1) quantifying the role of terrain variables in fire-related mortality and historical mean fire return interval (MFRI), (2) comparing post-burn Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, TM difference imagery, and aerial photo interpretation to map forest survival after wildfire, and (3) to describe and discuss wildfire effects on successional stage patterns and wildlife habitat. The two study sites were located on the Willamette National Forest in the Oregon Cascades. The Warner Creek burn was the location of a 1991 wildfire covering 3669 ha; the Upper McKenzie site was the location of ecological and historical fire studies. Historical MFRI, terrain, and vegetation data were input into a geographical information system. Random sampling was conducted on all layers, and was also used to ground truth forest survival, primarily with aerial photography. Relationships of terrain to forest survival and historical MFRI were analyzed with regression. Regression was also used to model forest survival with TM data. Error matrices were used to compare classified TM data and aerial photo interpretation in mapping survival. At both sites, terrain variables accounted for more variation in forest survival (12-62%) or historical MFRI (4.8-21.9%) within individual physiographic areas, than across the respective study areas. Moreover, the significant topographic variables differed among individual physiographic areas. Regressions of TM band transformations were used to evaluate forest survival. The TM difference imagery with stratification by pre-f ire tasseled cap (TC) wetness explained 75% of the variation in live canopy ratio, and post-burn TM Structural Index (SI) accounted for 72%. Classification of the TM difference imagery with pre-f ire TC wetness had an overall accuracy of 68%, that of the post-burn SI was 63%, and that from aerial photo interpretation was 56%. Before the burn, landscape matrix was closed mature/old-growth. After the burn, the early seral/rock stage expanded, the open mature/old-growth stage was created, and the closed mature/old-growth was reduced and fragmented. Thus, overall habitat diversity and edge increased, but interior habitat decreased. Also, patches of early seral/rock were more variable in size and complex in shape than staggered setting clearcuts on public lands. Title: Analyzing fire mosaics in temperate coniferous forests with GIS and remote sensing Author: Kushla, John D. This investigation on fire mosaics addressed several aspects: (1) quantifying the role of terrain variables in fire-related mortality and historical mean fire return interval (MFRI), (2) comparing post-burn Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, TM difference imagery, and aerial photo interpretation to map forest survival after wildfire, and (3) to describe and discuss wildfire effects on successional stage patterns and wildlife habitat. The two study sites were located on the Willamette National Forest in the Oregon Cascades. The Warner Creek burn was the location of a 1991 wildfire covering 3669 ha; the Upper McKenzie site was the location of ecological and historical fire studies. Historical MFRI, terrain, and vegetation data were input into a geographical information system. Random sampling was conducted on all layers, and was also used to ground truth forest survival, primarily with aerial photography. Relationships of terrain to forest survival and historical MFRI were analyzed with regression. Regression was also used to model forest survival with TM data. Error matrices were used to compare classified TM data and aerial photo interpretation in mapping survival. At both sites, terrain variables accounted for more variation in forest survival (12-62%) or historical MFRI (4.8-21.9%) within individual physiographic areas, than across the respective study areas. Moreover, the significant topographic variables differed among individual physiographic areas. Regressions of TM band transformations were used to evaluate forest survival. The TM difference imagery with stratification by pre-f ire tasseled cap (TC) wetness explained 75% of the variation in live canopy ratio, and post-burn TM Structural Index (SI) accounted for 72%. Classification of the TM difference imagery with pre-f ire TC wetness had an overall accuracy of 68%, that of the post-burn SI was 63%, and that from aerial photo interpretation was 56%. Before the burn, landscape matrix was closed mature/old-growth. After the burn, the early seral/rock stage expanded, the open mature/old-growth stage was created, and the closed mature/old-growth was reduced and fragmented. Thus, overall habitat diversity and edge increased, but interior habitat decreased. Also, patches of early seral/rock were more variable in size and complex in shape than staggered setting clearcuts on public lands. Close

• 243. [Article] Physical habitat classification for conservation planning in the Klamath Mountains region

  I classified the environment of the Klamath Mountains region into physical habitat types using climate and soil variables and a geographic information system (GIS). I used principal components analysis ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Physical habitat classification for conservation planning in the Klamath Mountains region Author: Vance-Borland, Kenneth W. I classified the environment of the Klamath Mountains region into physical habitat types using climate and soil variables and a geographic information system (GIS). I used principal components analysis to find four variables representing most regional climate variation: average annual precipitation, the difference between December and July precipitation, average annual temperature, and the difference between July and January average temperatures. I used soil depth and soil water-holding capacity to represent soil quality. I used the four climate variables and two soil variables for cluster analysis to classify the region into 19 physical habitat types. To test the habitat classification, I surveyed woody vegetation in 97 plots throughout the region. I recorded 29 tree species and 53 shrub species. Mantel tests showed significant correlations between woody vegetation and the environmental variables used in the classification. Muitiresponse permutation procedures (MRPP) showed woody plant assemblages differ significantly between physical habitat types. Overlaying Gap Analysis Program (GAP) vegetation types with the physical habitat types showed multiple physical habitats occurring within most vegetation types, a possible indication of the beta diversity within GAP vegetation types. Wilderness areas covered 14% of the study area, but regional physical habitat diversity was poorly represented in the wilderness reserve system. Five of the 19 physical habitat types had at least 25% of their areas in wilderness, and all 5 of those types were in the mountains. Nine physical habitat types had less than 10% of their areas in wilderness, and 3 low interior fertile types had no area in wilderness. Wilderness areas and Late Successional Reserves (LSRs) made up 40% of the study area, but three lowland physical habitat types had less than 25% of their areas in wilderness and LSRs, and three other lowland physical habitat types had less than 10%of their areas in in wilderness and LSRs. I used conservation planning software to select two examples of more fully representative reserve networks based on existing wilderness areas. One represented at least 10% of each physical habitat type and the other at least 25%. Two-thirds of the region is in public ownership, but private lands would be needed to represent lowland warm fertile habitat types in reserves. GIS and newly available environmental data sets allowed cost-effective mapping of physical habitat diversity for conservation planning. Title: Physical habitat classification for conservation planning in the Klamath Mountains region Author: Vance-Borland, Kenneth W. I classified the environment of the Klamath Mountains region into physical habitat types using climate and soil variables and a geographic information system (GIS). I used principal components analysis to find four variables representing most regional climate variation: average annual precipitation, the difference between December and July precipitation, average annual temperature, and the difference between July and January average temperatures. I used soil depth and soil water-holding capacity to represent soil quality. I used the four climate variables and two soil variables for cluster analysis to classify the region into 19 physical habitat types. To test the habitat classification, I surveyed woody vegetation in 97 plots throughout the region. I recorded 29 tree species and 53 shrub species. Mantel tests showed significant correlations between woody vegetation and the environmental variables used in the classification. Muitiresponse permutation procedures (MRPP) showed woody plant assemblages differ significantly between physical habitat types. Overlaying Gap Analysis Program (GAP) vegetation types with the physical habitat types showed multiple physical habitats occurring within most vegetation types, a possible indication of the beta diversity within GAP vegetation types. Wilderness areas covered 14% of the study area, but regional physical habitat diversity was poorly represented in the wilderness reserve system. Five of the 19 physical habitat types had at least 25% of their areas in wilderness, and all 5 of those types were in the mountains. Nine physical habitat types had less than 10% of their areas in wilderness, and 3 low interior fertile types had no area in wilderness. Wilderness areas and Late Successional Reserves (LSRs) made up 40% of the study area, but three lowland physical habitat types had less than 25% of their areas in wilderness and LSRs, and three other lowland physical habitat types had less than 10%of their areas in in wilderness and LSRs. I used conservation planning software to select two examples of more fully representative reserve networks based on existing wilderness areas. One represented at least 10% of each physical habitat type and the other at least 25%. Two-thirds of the region is in public ownership, but private lands would be needed to represent lowland warm fertile habitat types in reserves. GIS and newly available environmental data sets allowed cost-effective mapping of physical habitat diversity for conservation planning. Close

• 244. [Article] Bald Angel vegetation management project environmental assessment

  273 pp. Tables, appendices, maps, illus. T 6 S, R 41-43 E; T 7 S, R 42-43 E. Captured May 29, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bald Angel vegetation management project environmental assessment Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2006 273 pp. Tables, appendices, maps, illus. T 6 S, R 41-43 E; T 7 S, R 42-43 E. Captured May 29, 2008. Title: Bald Angel vegetation management project environmental assessment Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2006 273 pp. Tables, appendices, maps, illus. T 6 S, R 41-43 E; T 7 S, R 42-43 E. Captured May 29, 2008. Close

• 245. [Article] Bald Angel vegetation management decision notice/FONSI

  19 pp. Tables. T 6 S, R 41-43E; T 7 S, R42-43E. Captured May 29, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bald Angel vegetation management decision notice/FONSI Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 19 pp. Tables. T 6 S, R 41-43E; T 7 S, R42-43E. Captured May 29, 2008. Title: Bald Angel vegetation management decision notice/FONSI Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 19 pp. Tables. T 6 S, R 41-43E; T 7 S, R42-43E. Captured May 29, 2008. Close

• 246. [Article] Bald Angel vegetation management decision notice/FONSI

  19 pp. Tables. T 6 S, R 41-43E; T 7 S, R42-43E. Captured May 29, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bald Angel vegetation management decision notice/FONSI Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 19 pp. Tables. T 6 S, R 41-43E; T 7 S, R42-43E. Captured May 29, 2008. Title: Bald Angel vegetation management decision notice/FONSI Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2007 19 pp. Tables. T 6 S, R 41-43E; T 7 S, R42-43E. Captured May 29, 2008. Close

• 247. [Article] Bald Angel vegetation management project environmental assessment

  273 pp. Tables, appendices, maps, illus. T 6 S, R 41-43 E; T 7 S, R 42-43 E. Captured May 29, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bald Angel vegetation management project environmental assessment Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2006 273 pp. Tables, appendices, maps, illus. T 6 S, R 41-43 E; T 7 S, R 42-43 E. Captured May 29, 2008. Title: Bald Angel vegetation management project environmental assessment Author: La Grande Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008, 2006 273 pp. Tables, appendices, maps, illus. T 6 S, R 41-43 E; T 7 S, R 42-43 E. Captured May 29, 2008. Close

• 248. [Article] Reduction in growth of pole-sized Ponderosa pine related to a Pandora moth outbreak in central Oregon

  A pandora moth (Coloradia pandora Blake) outbreak began in 1991 in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) spacing study area that also included scattered sugar pine (P. lambertiana Dougl). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reduction in growth of pole-sized Ponderosa pine related to a Pandora moth outbreak in central Oregon Author: Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Cochran, P.H. A pandora moth (Coloradia pandora Blake) outbreak began in 1991 in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) spacing study area that also included scattered sugar pine (P. lambertiana Dougl). The relation of defoliation to five tree spacings (with and without understory vegetation) was examined, and stand growth reduction due to defoliation was estimated. Defoliation generally increased as spacing varied from 2 to 5.7 meters and then decreased as spacing increased to 8 meters. Partial defoliation in 1992 reduced stand volume growth, while partial defoliation in 1994 reduced height growth during 1990-94. Basal area growth of nonefoliated sugar pine and partially defoliated ponderosa pine trees outside the outbreak area. Ratios of annual basal area increments for nondefoliated trees to annual increments of partially defoliated ponderosa pine sharply increased after the outbreak. Basal area annual increments of sample trees were reduced by 25 prcent in the first growing season after defoliation (1992), 30 percent the second year after defoliation (1993), and 63 percent after the second defoliation (1994). Title: Reduction in growth of pole-sized Ponderosa pine related to a Pandora moth outbreak in central Oregon Author: Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Cochran, P.H. A pandora moth (Coloradia pandora Blake) outbreak began in 1991 in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) spacing study area that also included scattered sugar pine (P. lambertiana Dougl). The relation of defoliation to five tree spacings (with and without understory vegetation) was examined, and stand growth reduction due to defoliation was estimated. Defoliation generally increased as spacing varied from 2 to 5.7 meters and then decreased as spacing increased to 8 meters. Partial defoliation in 1992 reduced stand volume growth, while partial defoliation in 1994 reduced height growth during 1990-94. Basal area growth of nonefoliated sugar pine and partially defoliated ponderosa pine trees outside the outbreak area. Ratios of annual basal area increments for nondefoliated trees to annual increments of partially defoliated ponderosa pine sharply increased after the outbreak. Basal area annual increments of sample trees were reduced by 25 prcent in the first growing season after defoliation (1992), 30 percent the second year after defoliation (1993), and 63 percent after the second defoliation (1994). Close

• 249. [Image] E.A. Sherman observing dunes, vegetation and trees.

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: E.A. Sherman observing dunes, vegetation and trees. Year: 2013 Title: E.A. Sherman observing dunes, vegetation and trees. Year: 2013 Close

• 250. [Image] Forest vegetation

  	Typical vegetation of Columbia National Forest along Lower Cispus River, near Randle, Washington. Sword ferns, Oxalis, and trillium carpeting Columbia National Forest along lower Cispus River
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forest vegetation Year: 1941 Typical vegetation of Columbia National Forest along Lower Cispus River, near Randle, Washington. Sword ferns, Oxalis, and trillium carpeting Columbia National Forest along lower Cispus River Title: Forest vegetation Year: 1941 Typical vegetation of Columbia National Forest along Lower Cispus River, near Randle, Washington. Sword ferns, Oxalis, and trillium carpeting Columbia National Forest along lower Cispus River Close