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• 201. [Article] Building a Values-Informed Mental Model for New Orleans Climate Risk Management

  Individuals use values to frame their beliefs and simplify their understanding when confronted with complex and uncertain situations. The high complexity and deep uncertainty involved in climate risk management ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Building a Values-Informed Mental Model for New Orleans Climate Risk Management Author: Bessette, Douglas L., Mayer, Lauren A., Cwik, Bryan, Vezer, Martin, Keller, Klaus, Lempert, Robert J., Tuana, Nancy Year: 2017 Individuals use values to frame their beliefs and simplify their understanding when confronted with complex and uncertain situations. The high complexity and deep uncertainty involved in climate risk management (CRM) lead to individuals’ values likely being coupled to and contributing to their understanding of specific climate risk factors and management strategies. Most mental model approaches, however, which are commonly used to inform our understanding of people's beliefs, ignore values. In response, we developed a “Values-informed Mental Model” research approach, or ViMM, to elicit individuals’ values alongside their beliefs and determine which values people use to understand and assess specific climate risk factors and CRM strategies. Our results show that participants consistently used one of three values to frame their understanding of risk factors and CRM strategies in New Orleans: (1) fostering a healthy economy, wealth, and job creation, (2) protecting and promoting healthy ecosystems and biodiversity, and (3) preserving New Orleans’ unique culture, traditions, and historically significant neighborhoods. While the first value frame is common in analyses of CRM strategies, the latter two are often ignored, despite their mirroring commonly accepted pillars of sustainability. Other values like distributive justice and fairness were prioritized differently depending on the risk factor or strategy being discussed. These results suggest that the ViMM method could be a critical first step in CRM decision-support processes and may encourage adoption of CRM strategies more in line with stakeholders’ values. Title: Building a Values-Informed Mental Model for New Orleans Climate Risk Management Author: Bessette, Douglas L., Mayer, Lauren A., Cwik, Bryan, Vezer, Martin, Keller, Klaus, Lempert, Robert J., Tuana, Nancy Year: 2017 Individuals use values to frame their beliefs and simplify their understanding when confronted with complex and uncertain situations. The high complexity and deep uncertainty involved in climate risk management (CRM) lead to individuals’ values likely being coupled to and contributing to their understanding of specific climate risk factors and management strategies. Most mental model approaches, however, which are commonly used to inform our understanding of people's beliefs, ignore values. In response, we developed a “Values-informed Mental Model” research approach, or ViMM, to elicit individuals’ values alongside their beliefs and determine which values people use to understand and assess specific climate risk factors and CRM strategies. Our results show that participants consistently used one of three values to frame their understanding of risk factors and CRM strategies in New Orleans: (1) fostering a healthy economy, wealth, and job creation, (2) protecting and promoting healthy ecosystems and biodiversity, and (3) preserving New Orleans’ unique culture, traditions, and historically significant neighborhoods. While the first value frame is common in analyses of CRM strategies, the latter two are often ignored, despite their mirroring commonly accepted pillars of sustainability. Other values like distributive justice and fairness were prioritized differently depending on the risk factor or strategy being discussed. These results suggest that the ViMM method could be a critical first step in CRM decision-support processes and may encourage adoption of CRM strategies more in line with stakeholders’ values. Close

• 202. [Article] An investment valuation and risk assessment of high-density sweet cherry orchards

  A supply and demand model for the sweet cherry industry in Wasco County, Oregon and two investment valuation models are used to value and assess the risk of investments in high-density sweet cherry orchard ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investment valuation and risk assessment of high-density sweet cherry orchards Author: West, Tyler T. A supply and demand model for the sweet cherry industry in Wasco County, Oregon and two investment valuation models are used to value and assess the risk of investments in high-density sweet cherry orchard establishment and production from the producer perspective. The supply and demand estimation finds the cherry price and cherry supply relationship in Wasco County to be significant and negative. A discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation model and a real options valuation model are used to value four investment scenarios. The inverse price supply relationship is modeled stochastically using Monte Carlo Simulation producing a distribution of investment values that allow for risk to be assessed. The DCF valuation model values a fixed investment in orchard establishment, while the real options valuation model values the option to defer making an investment in orchard establishment. The results of the DCF valuation model using the stochastic process indicate that price variables dominate the price yield tradeoff and drive mean investment value and investment risk. The real options valuation finds that investments that are currently not profitable gain value from the deferral option. Whereas currently profitable investments may gain value depending on how large their current value is relative to the deferral cost. Title: An investment valuation and risk assessment of high-density sweet cherry orchards Author: West, Tyler T. A supply and demand model for the sweet cherry industry in Wasco County, Oregon and two investment valuation models are used to value and assess the risk of investments in high-density sweet cherry orchard establishment and production from the producer perspective. The supply and demand estimation finds the cherry price and cherry supply relationship in Wasco County to be significant and negative. A discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation model and a real options valuation model are used to value four investment scenarios. The inverse price supply relationship is modeled stochastically using Monte Carlo Simulation producing a distribution of investment values that allow for risk to be assessed. The DCF valuation model values a fixed investment in orchard establishment, while the real options valuation model values the option to defer making an investment in orchard establishment. The results of the DCF valuation model using the stochastic process indicate that price variables dominate the price yield tradeoff and drive mean investment value and investment risk. The real options valuation finds that investments that are currently not profitable gain value from the deferral option. Whereas currently profitable investments may gain value depending on how large their current value is relative to the deferral cost. Close

• 203. [Article] Cooperation for Sustainable Business Development – The Case of the Skipjack Tuna Value Chain in Nha Trang, Vietnam

  Research Paper and Presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cooperation for Sustainable Business Development – The Case of the Skipjack Tuna Value Chain in Nha Trang, Vietnam Author: Nguyen Thi, Kim Anh, Nguyen Ngoc, Duy Research Paper and Presentation Title: Cooperation for Sustainable Business Development – The Case of the Skipjack Tuna Value Chain in Nha Trang, Vietnam Author: Nguyen Thi, Kim Anh, Nguyen Ngoc, Duy Research Paper and Presentation Close

• 204. [Article] Cooperation for Sustainable Business Development – The Case of Value Chain of Skipjack Tuna in Vietnam

  Presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cooperation for Sustainable Business Development – The Case of Value Chain of Skipjack Tuna in Vietnam Author: Nguyen, Kimanh, Nguyen Ngoc, Duy Presentation Title: Cooperation for Sustainable Business Development – The Case of Value Chain of Skipjack Tuna in Vietnam Author: Nguyen, Kimanh, Nguyen Ngoc, Duy Presentation Close

• 205. [Article] A study of the educational values of high school newspapers through an analysis of their contents

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of the educational values of high school newspapers through an analysis of their contents Author: Lake, Adelaide Valeta Title: A study of the educational values of high school newspapers through an analysis of their contents Author: Lake, Adelaide Valeta Close

• 206. [Article] Biofuels: Innovation Growth and Adoption in the United States

  Biofuels production has had several effects on the agriculture, land use, rural economics and also in environmental aspects. This is because in one way or another, some agricultural products have had their ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biofuels: Innovation Growth and Adoption in the United States Author: Upadhyay, Jubin, Ju, Jiali, Alzamil, Ziyad, Alyamani, Badr Year: 2011 Biofuels production has had several effects on the agriculture, land use, rural economics and also in environmental aspects. This is because in one way or another, some agricultural products have had their prize increased due to their high demand in the industrial sector, domestic sector, and the energy industry. For instance, the prize of corn has gone high because there has been a high demand for corn to be used in ethanol production. On the other hand, this situation has provided economic incentives for some producers to devote additional land to corn production (Gaffigan 2009). This means that there are potential effects of biofuels production in the future. The potential future effects of expanded biofuels production in the U.S also include production of new energy crops for advanced biofuels. It must be understood that these new crops may affect the production of other crops and livestock on agricultural land. The increasing corn ethanol production has had mixed effects on land use, crop selection and livestock production. For instance, in 2007, increased corn prizes led farmers to devote more land for corn and less for soybeans. It is therefore necessary to formulate policies that will harmonize the production of energy and food in the same land. Production of biofuels must be encouraged in a controlled manner in order to reduce overdependence on fossil fuel and at the same time make sure that the acreage of land devoted for agricultural produce is not reduced to the advantage of biofuels production. Title: Biofuels: Innovation Growth and Adoption in the United States Author: Upadhyay, Jubin, Ju, Jiali, Alzamil, Ziyad, Alyamani, Badr Year: 2011 Biofuels production has had several effects on the agriculture, land use, rural economics and also in environmental aspects. This is because in one way or another, some agricultural products have had their prize increased due to their high demand in the industrial sector, domestic sector, and the energy industry. For instance, the prize of corn has gone high because there has been a high demand for corn to be used in ethanol production. On the other hand, this situation has provided economic incentives for some producers to devote additional land to corn production (Gaffigan 2009). This means that there are potential effects of biofuels production in the future. The potential future effects of expanded biofuels production in the U.S also include production of new energy crops for advanced biofuels. It must be understood that these new crops may affect the production of other crops and livestock on agricultural land. The increasing corn ethanol production has had mixed effects on land use, crop selection and livestock production. For instance, in 2007, increased corn prizes led farmers to devote more land for corn and less for soybeans. It is therefore necessary to formulate policies that will harmonize the production of energy and food in the same land. Production of biofuels must be encouraged in a controlled manner in order to reduce overdependence on fossil fuel and at the same time make sure that the acreage of land devoted for agricultural produce is not reduced to the advantage of biofuels production. Close

• 207. [Article] Assigned variables associated with university sophomore housing choices

  The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to examine the choice of living setting of university sophomore women in relation to their value preferences and in relation to selected settings, socioeconomic background, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assigned variables associated with university sophomore housing choices Author: Reckendorf, Elisabeth Steidel The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to examine the choice of living setting of university sophomore women in relation to their value preferences and in relation to selected settings, socioeconomic background, and circumstance factors surrounding their choices. The secondary aim of the study was to investigate how the members of the various living groups perceive the value preferences of their immediate living group in relation to their own value preferences, and whether or not these perceptions correspond to the actual preferences expressed by their immediate living group. The data for this study came from two sources, the subjects' responses to the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values, and a personal data sheet. The Study of Values was administered twice to each subject; the first time the subjects responded in light of their own value preferences and the second time they responded as they perceived the members of their immediate living group would respond. A stratified random sample of 21 female sophomores was drawn from each of two of the three major types of living settings on the Oregon State University campus, namely, the residence halls, cooperatives and sororities. In the third setting, the co-operatives, it was necessary to use the entire population of sophomores in order to achieve an equal number from all settings. The following hypotheses were tested: I. There is no difference among the three types of living groups with regard to the degree of preference expressed concerning each of six values. II. a) Choice of living setting is independent of setting characteristics. b) Choice of living setting is independent of socioeconomic characteristics. c) Choice of living setting is independent of selected circumstance characteristics. III. There is no relationship between an individual's score on each of six values and those scores for her specific group as perceived by her. IV. Perceived group value preferences do not differ from actual group value preferences on each of six values. An heirarchical analysis of variance was used to analyze the data for hypothesis one. There was insufficient evidence to reject the hypothesis of no difference among preferences expressed by members in three settings on each of the six values, with the exception of the aesthetic value. Co-operative members expressed aesthetic value preferences differently from those expressed by the residence hall and sorority members, which were highly similar to each other. In order to test hypothesis two, the chi-square test of independence was used. The significant results obtained indicate that choice of living setting is dependent upon the setting characteristics of proximity to campus, cost, atmosphere and prestige, size of group, mothers' education, family income, and amount of self-support. The choice of a living setting was independent of the influence of a significant other. Analysis of covariance was applied to the data for the test of hypothesis three; the correlation coefficients obtained were not significant, indicating that there is no reason to suspect that individuals perceive their living group's value preferences to be similar to their own. The test results for hypothesis four, tested by an heirarchical analysis of variance, indicated that subjects in the three settings perceive the economic, religious and political value preferences of their immediate living group inaccurately. However, there was not sufficient evidence to conclude that they did not perceive aesthetic, theoretical and social value preferences of their immediate living group accurately. These findings suggest that choice of living setting is a complex phenomenon dependent upon personal characteristics, setting characteristics, and contemporaneous circumstance variables which warrant further research design more stringent than the one employed in the present study. Title: Assigned variables associated with university sophomore housing choices Author: Reckendorf, Elisabeth Steidel The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to examine the choice of living setting of university sophomore women in relation to their value preferences and in relation to selected settings, socioeconomic background, and circumstance factors surrounding their choices. The secondary aim of the study was to investigate how the members of the various living groups perceive the value preferences of their immediate living group in relation to their own value preferences, and whether or not these perceptions correspond to the actual preferences expressed by their immediate living group. The data for this study came from two sources, the subjects' responses to the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values, and a personal data sheet. The Study of Values was administered twice to each subject; the first time the subjects responded in light of their own value preferences and the second time they responded as they perceived the members of their immediate living group would respond. A stratified random sample of 21 female sophomores was drawn from each of two of the three major types of living settings on the Oregon State University campus, namely, the residence halls, cooperatives and sororities. In the third setting, the co-operatives, it was necessary to use the entire population of sophomores in order to achieve an equal number from all settings. The following hypotheses were tested: I. There is no difference among the three types of living groups with regard to the degree of preference expressed concerning each of six values. II. a) Choice of living setting is independent of setting characteristics. b) Choice of living setting is independent of socioeconomic characteristics. c) Choice of living setting is independent of selected circumstance characteristics. III. There is no relationship between an individual's score on each of six values and those scores for her specific group as perceived by her. IV. Perceived group value preferences do not differ from actual group value preferences on each of six values. An heirarchical analysis of variance was used to analyze the data for hypothesis one. There was insufficient evidence to reject the hypothesis of no difference among preferences expressed by members in three settings on each of the six values, with the exception of the aesthetic value. Co-operative members expressed aesthetic value preferences differently from those expressed by the residence hall and sorority members, which were highly similar to each other. In order to test hypothesis two, the chi-square test of independence was used. The significant results obtained indicate that choice of living setting is dependent upon the setting characteristics of proximity to campus, cost, atmosphere and prestige, size of group, mothers' education, family income, and amount of self-support. The choice of a living setting was independent of the influence of a significant other. Analysis of covariance was applied to the data for the test of hypothesis three; the correlation coefficients obtained were not significant, indicating that there is no reason to suspect that individuals perceive their living group's value preferences to be similar to their own. The test results for hypothesis four, tested by an heirarchical analysis of variance, indicated that subjects in the three settings perceive the economic, religious and political value preferences of their immediate living group inaccurately. However, there was not sufficient evidence to conclude that they did not perceive aesthetic, theoretical and social value preferences of their immediate living group accurately. These findings suggest that choice of living setting is a complex phenomenon dependent upon personal characteristics, setting characteristics, and contemporaneous circumstance variables which warrant further research design more stringent than the one employed in the present study. Close

• 208. [Image] Integrated land management on Tule Lake Wildlife Refuge: an alternative management strategy developed by the Integrated Land Management Working Group: promoting productive wetland habitats and sustainable agriculture on Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge

  	EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document describes the rationale for and implementation of an Integrated Land Management (ILM) Plan for the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). The proposal is the recommendation ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrated land management on Tule Lake Wildlife Refuge: an alternative management strategy developed by the Integrated Land Management Working Group: promoting productive wetland habitats and sustainable agriculture on Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge Author: Integrated Land Management Working Group (Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Calif.) Year: 2000, 2006, 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document describes the rationale for and implementation of an Integrated Land Management (ILM) Plan for the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). The proposal is the recommendation of 5 representative stakeholders in the Tule Lake area. During the 1950fs, 1960fs, and early 1970's, Tule Lake NWR was considered the single most important waterfowl refuge in North America when peak populations exceeded 2.5 million ducks and 1.0 million geese. The Kuchel Act of 1964 was enacted to preserve these waterfowl values as well as the local agricultural economy dependent on Refuge lands. However, restrictive management of wetlands and water levels under the Kuchel Act has eliminated the ecological processes critical to the Refuge's sustained wetland diversity and productivity. Currently, Tule Lake NWR supports a fraction of its past waterfowl use, species diversity has declined, and its value to endangered species has diminished. Agricultural sustainability is also thre Title: Integrated land management on Tule Lake Wildlife Refuge: an alternative management strategy developed by the Integrated Land Management Working Group: promoting productive wetland habitats and sustainable agriculture on Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge Author: Integrated Land Management Working Group (Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Calif.) Year: 2000, 2006, 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document describes the rationale for and implementation of an Integrated Land Management (ILM) Plan for the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). The proposal is the recommendation of 5 representative stakeholders in the Tule Lake area. During the 1950fs, 1960fs, and early 1970's, Tule Lake NWR was considered the single most important waterfowl refuge in North America when peak populations exceeded 2.5 million ducks and 1.0 million geese. The Kuchel Act of 1964 was enacted to preserve these waterfowl values as well as the local agricultural economy dependent on Refuge lands. However, restrictive management of wetlands and water levels under the Kuchel Act has eliminated the ecological processes critical to the Refuge's sustained wetland diversity and productivity. Currently, Tule Lake NWR supports a fraction of its past waterfowl use, species diversity has declined, and its value to endangered species has diminished. Agricultural sustainability is also thre Close

• 209. [Article] Effects of clothing values on clothing deprivation among high school students

  The present study was a part of a larger research project investigating the relationships between perceived clothing deprivation and selected social-psychological, socio-economic, and social participation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of clothing values on clothing deprivation among high school students Author: Liu, Qin The present study was a part of a larger research project investigating the relationships between perceived clothing deprivation and selected social-psychological, socio-economic, and social participation variables among high school students. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of clothing values and selected demographic characteristics on perceived clothing deprivation among high school students. Survey methodology was employed. Questionnaires were completed by students during class. The sample was composed of 336 ninth through twelfth grade students who were enrolled in home economics classes. The students were aged 13 years to 20 years with the mode being 16 years. About 82 percent of the students were female. The majority of the students were classified into the middle socioeconomic level group. The clothing deprivation measure was developed based on previous studies by Brawley (1971), Brewton (1971), Edwards (1971), Kness (1973), Cheek (1978), and Stuart (1983). The clothing values measure was based on Creekmore's (1966) eight clothing values. Duncan's (1961) socioeconomic index was used as a guide to determine the socioeconomic level of the students according to their reported parents' occupations. Descriptive statistics, oneway ANOVA, MANOVA, Pearson correlations, multiple regression, and Chronbach's Alpha were used to analyze the data. The effects of clothing values on perceived clothing deprivation were tested by using Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed positive relationships between perceived clothing deprivation and the economic and the social clothing values. Also, the economic and the social values accounted for significant proportions of the variance of perceived clothing deprivation. The aesthetic and the political clothing values had negative relationships with perceived clothing deprivation. However, they did not contribute significantly to the variance of perceived clothing deprivation. No relationships existed between perceived clothing deprivation and the exploratory, religious, sensory, and theoretical clothing values. As hypothesized, socioeconomic level had a significant effect on perceived clothing deprivation. The lower socioeconomic level students reported greater perceived clothing deprivation than did the high socioeconomic level students. The effects of grade and sex on perceived clothing deprivation were not significant. These findings partially supported the theoretical framework that clothing deprivation would be influenced by the actual level of clothing ownership which is closely related to socioeconomic level and by personal characteristics such as values. Title: Effects of clothing values on clothing deprivation among high school students Author: Liu, Qin The present study was a part of a larger research project investigating the relationships between perceived clothing deprivation and selected social-psychological, socio-economic, and social participation variables among high school students. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of clothing values and selected demographic characteristics on perceived clothing deprivation among high school students. Survey methodology was employed. Questionnaires were completed by students during class. The sample was composed of 336 ninth through twelfth grade students who were enrolled in home economics classes. The students were aged 13 years to 20 years with the mode being 16 years. About 82 percent of the students were female. The majority of the students were classified into the middle socioeconomic level group. The clothing deprivation measure was developed based on previous studies by Brawley (1971), Brewton (1971), Edwards (1971), Kness (1973), Cheek (1978), and Stuart (1983). The clothing values measure was based on Creekmore's (1966) eight clothing values. Duncan's (1961) socioeconomic index was used as a guide to determine the socioeconomic level of the students according to their reported parents' occupations. Descriptive statistics, oneway ANOVA, MANOVA, Pearson correlations, multiple regression, and Chronbach's Alpha were used to analyze the data. The effects of clothing values on perceived clothing deprivation were tested by using Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed positive relationships between perceived clothing deprivation and the economic and the social clothing values. Also, the economic and the social values accounted for significant proportions of the variance of perceived clothing deprivation. The aesthetic and the political clothing values had negative relationships with perceived clothing deprivation. However, they did not contribute significantly to the variance of perceived clothing deprivation. No relationships existed between perceived clothing deprivation and the exploratory, religious, sensory, and theoretical clothing values. As hypothesized, socioeconomic level had a significant effect on perceived clothing deprivation. The lower socioeconomic level students reported greater perceived clothing deprivation than did the high socioeconomic level students. The effects of grade and sex on perceived clothing deprivation were not significant. These findings partially supported the theoretical framework that clothing deprivation would be influenced by the actual level of clothing ownership which is closely related to socioeconomic level and by personal characteristics such as values. Close

• 210. [Article] Reducing the risk of groundwater contamination from livestock manure management

  Declared out of print March 2010. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstat...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reducing the risk of groundwater contamination from livestock manure management Author: Miner, Ron, Oregon State University. Extension Service Declared out of print March 2010. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Reducing the risk of groundwater contamination from livestock manure management Author: Miner, Ron, Oregon State University. Extension Service Declared out of print March 2010. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 211. [Article] The influence of work values in the life planning of tenth grade girls

  This investigation was concerned with the work values of tenth grade girls and their relationship to the girls' aspirations and expectations for future education and marriage-career roles. The instrument ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of work values in the life planning of tenth grade girls Author: Bowden, Shirley Smith This investigation was concerned with the work values of tenth grade girls and their relationship to the girls' aspirations and expectations for future education and marriage-career roles. The instrument employed for the value measurement was the Work Values Inventory of Super (1968). An original questionnaire was developed by the researcher to determine the subject's age, her aspirations and expectations, and the occupational status of both parents. Nine authorities composing a committee of judges reviewed the questionnaire for its technical aspects and passed upon the ability of this age group to understand the questions as worded. The Work Values Inventory and questionnaire then were pretested. After some revision of the questionnaire, both instruments were administered to 503 tenth grade girls within five randomly selected Oregon high schools. Usable responses were provided by 488 subjects. The conclusions that may be drawn from the descriptive and statistical treatment of the data are as follows: 1. Consistent with Super's (1970) report, the work values most important to girls of this grade level are Way of Life and Altruism. Values least emphasized are Management and Esthetics. 2. Some further education or training beyond high school is the wish of about two-thirds of the girls though the expectation of a slightly smaller percentage. Approximately three-fourths want to delay marriage a year or two after high school graduation in order to obtain such education or in order to be gainfully employed for this time. A slightly greater percentage expect to delay marriage for these reasons. Slightly over 90 percent wish to marry and plan to do so. All but about seven percent want and expect to have children, about half of the group desiring two children and anticipating that they will bear this number. In regard to future work outside of the home, almost 50 percent want to enter occupations in the professional-technical category and slightly over one-third anticipate that they will. The occupations of teacher and nurse account for about 20 percent of all desired occupations and only a slightly smaller percentage of those the girls expect to enter. Secretary is the single occupational title most often mentioned among either aspirations or expectations. Over 95 percent of the girls both want and expect to work outside of the home in the future, about 40 percent wishing to integrate such work with marriage and child-rearing responsibilities in a discontinuous work pattern and about an equal percentage planning to do so. 3. Results of analysis of variance indicate that scores for individual work values differ significantly (p < . 05) among girls who differ in regard to achievement-test scores, the fathers' current employment or unemployment, socioeconomic levels of the fathers' occupations; and either aspirations or expectations regarding future education, time of marriage, child-bearing, work outside of the home, and the integration of marriage and career roles. Individual work-value scores do not differ significantly among girls who differ in regard to age, IQ scores, mothers' employment or unemployment, or socioeconomic levels of the mothers' occupations. 4. Despite significant differences in the scores of individual work values among sub-groups examined, the calculation of Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance (W) revealed a high degree of overall consistency (p < .01) in the work-value hierarchies of girls who differ in regard to age, intelligence or scholastic achievement, parents' employment and the socioeconomic levels of their occupations, and any aspirations or expectations considered. Values ranked as most important or least important by girls of the total sample remain so for those within most sub-groups. 5. Also reported are any relationship of the girls' aspirations and expectations to their age, intelligence or scholastic achievement, parents' current employment and socioeconomic levels of the parents' occupations. Title: The influence of work values in the life planning of tenth grade girls Author: Bowden, Shirley Smith This investigation was concerned with the work values of tenth grade girls and their relationship to the girls' aspirations and expectations for future education and marriage-career roles. The instrument employed for the value measurement was the Work Values Inventory of Super (1968). An original questionnaire was developed by the researcher to determine the subject's age, her aspirations and expectations, and the occupational status of both parents. Nine authorities composing a committee of judges reviewed the questionnaire for its technical aspects and passed upon the ability of this age group to understand the questions as worded. The Work Values Inventory and questionnaire then were pretested. After some revision of the questionnaire, both instruments were administered to 503 tenth grade girls within five randomly selected Oregon high schools. Usable responses were provided by 488 subjects. The conclusions that may be drawn from the descriptive and statistical treatment of the data are as follows: 1. Consistent with Super's (1970) report, the work values most important to girls of this grade level are Way of Life and Altruism. Values least emphasized are Management and Esthetics. 2. Some further education or training beyond high school is the wish of about two-thirds of the girls though the expectation of a slightly smaller percentage. Approximately three-fourths want to delay marriage a year or two after high school graduation in order to obtain such education or in order to be gainfully employed for this time. A slightly greater percentage expect to delay marriage for these reasons. Slightly over 90 percent wish to marry and plan to do so. All but about seven percent want and expect to have children, about half of the group desiring two children and anticipating that they will bear this number. In regard to future work outside of the home, almost 50 percent want to enter occupations in the professional-technical category and slightly over one-third anticipate that they will. The occupations of teacher and nurse account for about 20 percent of all desired occupations and only a slightly smaller percentage of those the girls expect to enter. Secretary is the single occupational title most often mentioned among either aspirations or expectations. Over 95 percent of the girls both want and expect to work outside of the home in the future, about 40 percent wishing to integrate such work with marriage and child-rearing responsibilities in a discontinuous work pattern and about an equal percentage planning to do so. 3. Results of analysis of variance indicate that scores for individual work values differ significantly (p < . 05) among girls who differ in regard to achievement-test scores, the fathers' current employment or unemployment, socioeconomic levels of the fathers' occupations; and either aspirations or expectations regarding future education, time of marriage, child-bearing, work outside of the home, and the integration of marriage and career roles. Individual work-value scores do not differ significantly among girls who differ in regard to age, IQ scores, mothers' employment or unemployment, or socioeconomic levels of the mothers' occupations. 4. Despite significant differences in the scores of individual work values among sub-groups examined, the calculation of Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance (W) revealed a high degree of overall consistency (p < .01) in the work-value hierarchies of girls who differ in regard to age, intelligence or scholastic achievement, parents' employment and the socioeconomic levels of their occupations, and any aspirations or expectations considered. Values ranked as most important or least important by girls of the total sample remain so for those within most sub-groups. 5. Also reported are any relationship of the girls' aspirations and expectations to their age, intelligence or scholastic achievement, parents' current employment and socioeconomic levels of the parents' occupations. Close

• 212. [Article] The classification and structure of marine macrobenthic assemblages at Arthur Harbor, Anvers Island, Antarctica

  In January-February 1971 five replicate 0.07 m² Van Veen grabs were obtained from each of 12 stations in Arthur Harbor and nine Van Veen grabs were obtained from two stations in nearby Bismark Strait. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The classification and structure of marine macrobenthic assemblages at Arthur Harbor, Anvers Island, Antarctica Author: Richardson, M. D. (Michael D.) In January-February 1971 five replicate 0.07 m² Van Veen grabs were obtained from each of 12 stations in Arthur Harbor and nine Van Veen grabs were obtained from two stations in nearby Bismark Strait. The 69 grab samples yielded 78,395 individuals which were separated into 282 taxa, including 108 species of annelids (54.5% of the individuals), 117 species of arthropods (30.3%), 35 species of molluscs (11.3%) and 22 species in other phyla (4.0%). The density of macrofauna (17,522 individuals/m²) found in Arthur Harbor was high compared to other reported areas. This high density was considered to be the result of high organic input from phytoplankton, phytobenthos and attached macroalgae, the efficient utilization of organic matter by macrobenthos and the slow growth rate of macrobenthic species as an indirect result of cold temperatures. Diversity values were moderately high with high species richness values and low evenness values. The high species richness values may be the consequence of seasonal constancy of temperature and salinity in Arthur Harbor, while low evenness values probably result from the physical stress of iceberg grounding coupled with high organic input. Six macrobenthic assemblages (site groups) and 11 species groups were found in the study area by classification analysis (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, group-average sorting). Station groups were described by dominant species, density and diversity. Species groups were described by the dominance, fidelity, constancy, and percent abundance of constituent species restricted to site groups. The existence of discrete assemblages derived from the classification analysis was supported by direct ordination. Assemblages were interpreted to be areas of relative homogeneity which interrupt a general continuum of distribution of species with depth. The depth gradient probably represents several factors including increased constancy of temperature and salinity, lower organic input from attached macroalgae and phytobenthos, and a reduced incidence of iceberg grounding. Diversity, species richness, and evenness values increased with the depth gradient, while density values decreased with depth. The dominant species obtained in this study are widely distributed throughout the Antarctic, and 4% of the 162 taxa identified to species were also found at Terre Adelie, East Antarctica. Thus assemblages found in Arthur Harbor are probably circumpolar. In spite of the stability of temperature and salinity, Arthur Harbor macrobenthic assemblages were moderately stressed by glacial activity Icebergs, which often ground in Arthur Harbor, destroyed the benthos by crushing and churning the sediment. The disturbed area was first repopulated by motile, opportunistic species. These species fed on macroalgae which collected in the depression left by the iceberg. Scavengers and carnivores appeared later to feed on the grazers and macrofauna destroyed by iceberg grounding. Within a year the depression filled, and typical meiobenthic assemblages were re-established. Several years may be required before macrobenthic assemblages are re-established. Station 8, located near the glacial face had the lowest values of diversity, species richness, evenness, and density of any station in Arthur Harbor. These low values resulted from physical stress of glacial calving. Large pieces of ice calved from the glacial face and crushed the sediment by impact with the bottom. The waves created by impact of the calved ice with the water also disturbed the sediment creating an unstable sediment surface. Title: The classification and structure of marine macrobenthic assemblages at Arthur Harbor, Anvers Island, Antarctica Author: Richardson, M. D. (Michael D.) In January-February 1971 five replicate 0.07 m² Van Veen grabs were obtained from each of 12 stations in Arthur Harbor and nine Van Veen grabs were obtained from two stations in nearby Bismark Strait. The 69 grab samples yielded 78,395 individuals which were separated into 282 taxa, including 108 species of annelids (54.5% of the individuals), 117 species of arthropods (30.3%), 35 species of molluscs (11.3%) and 22 species in other phyla (4.0%). The density of macrofauna (17,522 individuals/m²) found in Arthur Harbor was high compared to other reported areas. This high density was considered to be the result of high organic input from phytoplankton, phytobenthos and attached macroalgae, the efficient utilization of organic matter by macrobenthos and the slow growth rate of macrobenthic species as an indirect result of cold temperatures. Diversity values were moderately high with high species richness values and low evenness values. The high species richness values may be the consequence of seasonal constancy of temperature and salinity in Arthur Harbor, while low evenness values probably result from the physical stress of iceberg grounding coupled with high organic input. Six macrobenthic assemblages (site groups) and 11 species groups were found in the study area by classification analysis (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, group-average sorting). Station groups were described by dominant species, density and diversity. Species groups were described by the dominance, fidelity, constancy, and percent abundance of constituent species restricted to site groups. The existence of discrete assemblages derived from the classification analysis was supported by direct ordination. Assemblages were interpreted to be areas of relative homogeneity which interrupt a general continuum of distribution of species with depth. The depth gradient probably represents several factors including increased constancy of temperature and salinity, lower organic input from attached macroalgae and phytobenthos, and a reduced incidence of iceberg grounding. Diversity, species richness, and evenness values increased with the depth gradient, while density values decreased with depth. The dominant species obtained in this study are widely distributed throughout the Antarctic, and 4% of the 162 taxa identified to species were also found at Terre Adelie, East Antarctica. Thus assemblages found in Arthur Harbor are probably circumpolar. In spite of the stability of temperature and salinity, Arthur Harbor macrobenthic assemblages were moderately stressed by glacial activity Icebergs, which often ground in Arthur Harbor, destroyed the benthos by crushing and churning the sediment. The disturbed area was first repopulated by motile, opportunistic species. These species fed on macroalgae which collected in the depression left by the iceberg. Scavengers and carnivores appeared later to feed on the grazers and macrofauna destroyed by iceberg grounding. Within a year the depression filled, and typical meiobenthic assemblages were re-established. Several years may be required before macrobenthic assemblages are re-established. Station 8, located near the glacial face had the lowest values of diversity, species richness, evenness, and density of any station in Arthur Harbor. These low values resulted from physical stress of glacial calving. Large pieces of ice calved from the glacial face and crushed the sediment by impact with the bottom. The waves created by impact of the calved ice with the water also disturbed the sediment creating an unstable sediment surface. Close

• 213. [Article] Effect of glyphosate when applied to grass and legume seeds or preemergence to bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis Sibth.)

  Paraquat (1,11-dimethy1-4,4'-bipyridinium ion) and glyphosate [N (phosphonomethyl)glycine] are herbicides utilized for chemical seedbed preparation in the establishment of grass and legume seed crops. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of glyphosate when applied to grass and legume seeds or preemergence to bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis Sibth.) Author: Salazar, Luis Carlos Paraquat (1,11-dimethy1-4,4'-bipyridinium ion) and glyphosate [N (phosphonomethyl)glycine] are herbicides utilized for chemical seedbed preparation in the establishment of grass and legume seed crops. When these herbicides are applied after seeding the crop, seeds which are not protected by a layer of soil could be exposed to the herbicide. Effects of paraquat on exposed seeds have been studied previously, but more information was needed on effects from glyphosate. Greenhouse studies were conducted using direct applications of glyphosate and paraquat over exposed seeds of six grass species: Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, bentgrass, tall fescue, fine fescue, and orchardgrass; and two legume species, alfalfa and red clover. Glyphosate tended to be toxic to all species tested, reducing germination and particularly seedling growth. Paraquat was toxic only to grasses and did not affect legumes. The major detrimental effect of glyphosate on legume seeds and seedlings was caused by direct contact of the herbicide with seeds, but a minor effect was detected when untreated seeds were transferred to treated soil, indicating that glyphosate was not inactivated in soil as fast as paraquat. These results indicate that the use of glyphosate in chemical seedbed preparation may be detrimental to the new crop if the herbicide is applied directly to exposed seeds. Glyphosate has been reported by many research workers to be inactivated almost immediately upon contact with the soil. However, a few growers in western Oregon have reported phytotoxic effects on grass seedlings when glyphosate applications were made shortly before emergence of the crop. Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine whether glyphosate could have herbicidal activity when applied directly to soil prior to bentgrass emergence (from 1 to 5 days) and to examine some soil factors involved. Soil activity of glyphosate differed considerably among three high-organic soils and one mineral soil. The soils in which glyphosate was most active contained the highest levels of organic matter (64% and 28%), but there was no strong correlation with organic matter content in the other soils or in soil blends containing various levels of organic matter. Varying phosphorus levels did not significantly influence activity of glyphosate. There was no evidence that glyphosate formed an inactive complex with Fe or Al. The two soils in which glyphosate was most active, organic soils No. 3 and 4, contained the highest levels of Fe and at least equal levels of Al. Increasing pH increased glyphosate activity markedly in the mineral soil and one high-organic soil, while slightly decreasing activity in two high-organic soils. Although none of these soil factors proved conclusively to be entirely responsible for variations in glyphosate soil activity, general results from the series of experiments indicated that glyphosate can definitely be taken up from soil by crop plants and produce injury. The herbicide remained available in the soil solution for sufficient time to cause significant plant growth reduction. Consequently, a waiting period of several days should elapse from glyphosate treatment to emergence of a crop. Title: Effect of glyphosate when applied to grass and legume seeds or preemergence to bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis Sibth.) Author: Salazar, Luis Carlos Paraquat (1,11-dimethy1-4,4'-bipyridinium ion) and glyphosate [N (phosphonomethyl)glycine] are herbicides utilized for chemical seedbed preparation in the establishment of grass and legume seed crops. When these herbicides are applied after seeding the crop, seeds which are not protected by a layer of soil could be exposed to the herbicide. Effects of paraquat on exposed seeds have been studied previously, but more information was needed on effects from glyphosate. Greenhouse studies were conducted using direct applications of glyphosate and paraquat over exposed seeds of six grass species: Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, bentgrass, tall fescue, fine fescue, and orchardgrass; and two legume species, alfalfa and red clover. Glyphosate tended to be toxic to all species tested, reducing germination and particularly seedling growth. Paraquat was toxic only to grasses and did not affect legumes. The major detrimental effect of glyphosate on legume seeds and seedlings was caused by direct contact of the herbicide with seeds, but a minor effect was detected when untreated seeds were transferred to treated soil, indicating that glyphosate was not inactivated in soil as fast as paraquat. These results indicate that the use of glyphosate in chemical seedbed preparation may be detrimental to the new crop if the herbicide is applied directly to exposed seeds. Glyphosate has been reported by many research workers to be inactivated almost immediately upon contact with the soil. However, a few growers in western Oregon have reported phytotoxic effects on grass seedlings when glyphosate applications were made shortly before emergence of the crop. Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine whether glyphosate could have herbicidal activity when applied directly to soil prior to bentgrass emergence (from 1 to 5 days) and to examine some soil factors involved. Soil activity of glyphosate differed considerably among three high-organic soils and one mineral soil. The soils in which glyphosate was most active contained the highest levels of organic matter (64% and 28%), but there was no strong correlation with organic matter content in the other soils or in soil blends containing various levels of organic matter. Varying phosphorus levels did not significantly influence activity of glyphosate. There was no evidence that glyphosate formed an inactive complex with Fe or Al. The two soils in which glyphosate was most active, organic soils No. 3 and 4, contained the highest levels of Fe and at least equal levels of Al. Increasing pH increased glyphosate activity markedly in the mineral soil and one high-organic soil, while slightly decreasing activity in two high-organic soils. Although none of these soil factors proved conclusively to be entirely responsible for variations in glyphosate soil activity, general results from the series of experiments indicated that glyphosate can definitely be taken up from soil by crop plants and produce injury. The herbicide remained available in the soil solution for sufficient time to cause significant plant growth reduction. Consequently, a waiting period of several days should elapse from glyphosate treatment to emergence of a crop. Close

• 214. [Article] Role of Gender in Global Fishery Value Chains: A feminist Perspective on Activity, Access and Control Profile

  This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Role of Gender in Global Fishery Value Chains: A feminist Perspective on Activity, Access and Control Profile Author: De Silva, Achini, Bjorndal, Trond, Lem, Audun This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Title: Role of Gender in Global Fishery Value Chains: A feminist Perspective on Activity, Access and Control Profile Author: De Silva, Achini, Bjorndal, Trond, Lem, Audun This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Close

• 215. [Article] Comparing Market Orientation and Success of Fresh Cod Value Chains

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparing Market Orientation and Success of Fresh Cod Value Chains Author: Nøstvold, Bjørg Helen, Voldnes, Gøril Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Comparing Market Orientation and Success of Fresh Cod Value Chains Author: Nøstvold, Bjørg Helen, Voldnes, Gøril Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 216. [Article] Water relations in red and white clover seed crops

  Both red (Trifolium pratense L.) and white (Trifolium repens L.) clover seed yields can be highly variable and low in western Oregon. The objectives of this study were to: i) determine crop water requirements ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water relations in red and white clover seed crops Author: Oliva, Ruben N. Both red (Trifolium pratense L.) and white (Trifolium repens L.) clover seed yields can be highly variable and low in western Oregon. The objectives of this study were to: i) determine crop water requirements and supplemental irrigation timing, and ii) quantify the effects of soil and water status on inflorescence production, seed yield and seed yield components for red and white clover seed crops. In each species, five supplemental irrigation treatments were applied in 1990 and 1991 to first and second year seed crops grown on a Woodburn silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Aquultic Argixeroll) near Corvallis, OR. Non-irrigated controls were also maintained. In red clover, increased plant water stress reduced the duration of the season-long bud and flower production, stem length, potential floral capacity (PFC), and seed yield (SY). Root rot index (RRI) increased with increasing levels of plant water stress, indicating that supplemental water applications reduced second-year root rot severity. The reduction in SY from increasing plant water stress was primarily caused by a decrease in floral fertility, and less conclusively by reductions in inflorescence number per unit area. One irrigation to fill the soil active profile during peak flowering provided adequate water to maintain efficient seed production. In white clover, SY was maximum in 1990 when water application was delayed until 68% of the available soil-water was used by the crop which maintained an even flush of flowers and restricted vegetative growth. In 1991, all irrigation treatments yielded the same or less than the non-watered control. This was due to the excessive vegetative growth from stolons that had grown between the planted rows the previous and present crop year. In both years excessive amounts of irrigation water favored profuse vegetative growth and reduced SY. Inflorescence density was increased by constraining soil-water in 1990 and was the yield component that most affected SY both years. Crop water stress index (CWSI) was a useful indicator of plant stress status and can be used to schedule irrigations in red and white clovers grown for seed under typical climatic conditions of western Oregon. Title: Water relations in red and white clover seed crops Author: Oliva, Ruben N. Both red (Trifolium pratense L.) and white (Trifolium repens L.) clover seed yields can be highly variable and low in western Oregon. The objectives of this study were to: i) determine crop water requirements and supplemental irrigation timing, and ii) quantify the effects of soil and water status on inflorescence production, seed yield and seed yield components for red and white clover seed crops. In each species, five supplemental irrigation treatments were applied in 1990 and 1991 to first and second year seed crops grown on a Woodburn silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Aquultic Argixeroll) near Corvallis, OR. Non-irrigated controls were also maintained. In red clover, increased plant water stress reduced the duration of the season-long bud and flower production, stem length, potential floral capacity (PFC), and seed yield (SY). Root rot index (RRI) increased with increasing levels of plant water stress, indicating that supplemental water applications reduced second-year root rot severity. The reduction in SY from increasing plant water stress was primarily caused by a decrease in floral fertility, and less conclusively by reductions in inflorescence number per unit area. One irrigation to fill the soil active profile during peak flowering provided adequate water to maintain efficient seed production. In white clover, SY was maximum in 1990 when water application was delayed until 68% of the available soil-water was used by the crop which maintained an even flush of flowers and restricted vegetative growth. In 1991, all irrigation treatments yielded the same or less than the non-watered control. This was due to the excessive vegetative growth from stolons that had grown between the planted rows the previous and present crop year. In both years excessive amounts of irrigation water favored profuse vegetative growth and reduced SY. Inflorescence density was increased by constraining soil-water in 1990 and was the yield component that most affected SY both years. Crop water stress index (CWSI) was a useful indicator of plant stress status and can be used to schedule irrigations in red and white clovers grown for seed under typical climatic conditions of western Oregon. Close

• 217. [Article] The soil persistence and crop selectivity of 3, 6-dichloropicolinic acid

  Field studies were conducted in 1973 and 1974 to determine the soil persistence of the herbicide M-3785 (containing 0.5 lb a.e. Dowco 290 + 2.0 lb a.e. 214D/gallon). under cropping situations. Spring barley ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The soil persistence and crop selectivity of 3, 6-dichloropicolinic acid Author: Olson, David Lloyd Field studies were conducted in 1973 and 1974 to determine the soil persistence of the herbicide M-3785 (containing 0.5 lb a.e. Dowco 290 + 2.0 lb a.e. 214D/gallon). under cropping situations. Spring barley (Hordeum distichon L. 'Hannchen') was grown at Corvallis, Oregon and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Nugaines.') was planted at Pendleton, Oregon. Both the barley and the wheat were treated with M-3785 in the spring of 1973. The M-3785 treatments produced no significant reductions in grain yield from the check in either 1973 or 1974 Crops sensitive to Dowco 290 [peas (Pisum sativum L.), soybeans (Glycine max L. 'Merit'), and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)) were planted in the spring of 1974 to areas treated with M-3785 in 1973. The susceptible crops showed no signs of injury symptoms. Bioassays were conducted in growth chambers on soil samples collected 16 weeks, 8 weeks, 4 weeks, 2 weeks, 1 week, and immediately after spraying from the Corvallis field trial and on soil sprayed and stored in the greenhouse. Safflower was used as the bioassay crop. Safflower injury was visually detectable at a concentration of 0.0039 ppmw. Safflower was not injured when grown in soil collected in the field 16 weeks after treatment with M-3785. The greenhouse samples were still causing safflower injury at 8 weeks after treatment; however the 1/16 1/4 lb/A rate was causing much less injury at 8 weeks then at earlier sampling times. Several greenhouse experiments were conducted to compare the sensitivity of several crops to different rates of Dowco 290, M-3785, 214-D and dicamba applied as foliar sprays. Dowco 290 decreased growth more on broadleaf plants than on grasses. It caused growth reductions similar to those of dicamba and 2,4 -I) in several crops, but on some crops there were significant differences between the herbicides. Dowco 290 caused significantly less growth at lower rates of application on peas and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. 'DuPuits'). At theligher rates significantly less growth reduction was observed on sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L. 'SL9100363x2161)x SP6322-0') and watermelons (Citrullus lanatus [Thumb.] Mansf. 'Striped Klondike') when compared with 214-D and dicamba. The M-3785 treatments tended to cause more growth reduction than Dowco 290 or 2,4-D applied alone; however, this difference was usually not significant. M-3785 applied to winter wheat in the greenhouse caused greater growth reductions compared to 214-D applied alone. A field experiment was conducted to study the decreased growth of winter wheat growing under field conditions. No significant differences were found for the 1/16 + 1/4 lb/A rate. M -3785 at 1/8 + 1/2 lb/A caused a highly significant reduction in yield when com pared to Dowco 290 at 1/8 lb/A and 214D at 1/2 lb/A. Title: The soil persistence and crop selectivity of 3, 6-dichloropicolinic acid Author: Olson, David Lloyd Field studies were conducted in 1973 and 1974 to determine the soil persistence of the herbicide M-3785 (containing 0.5 lb a.e. Dowco 290 + 2.0 lb a.e. 214D/gallon). under cropping situations. Spring barley (Hordeum distichon L. 'Hannchen') was grown at Corvallis, Oregon and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Nugaines.') was planted at Pendleton, Oregon. Both the barley and the wheat were treated with M-3785 in the spring of 1973. The M-3785 treatments produced no significant reductions in grain yield from the check in either 1973 or 1974 Crops sensitive to Dowco 290 [peas (Pisum sativum L.), soybeans (Glycine max L. 'Merit'), and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)) were planted in the spring of 1974 to areas treated with M-3785 in 1973. The susceptible crops showed no signs of injury symptoms. Bioassays were conducted in growth chambers on soil samples collected 16 weeks, 8 weeks, 4 weeks, 2 weeks, 1 week, and immediately after spraying from the Corvallis field trial and on soil sprayed and stored in the greenhouse. Safflower was used as the bioassay crop. Safflower injury was visually detectable at a concentration of 0.0039 ppmw. Safflower was not injured when grown in soil collected in the field 16 weeks after treatment with M-3785. The greenhouse samples were still causing safflower injury at 8 weeks after treatment; however the 1/16 1/4 lb/A rate was causing much less injury at 8 weeks then at earlier sampling times. Several greenhouse experiments were conducted to compare the sensitivity of several crops to different rates of Dowco 290, M-3785, 214-D and dicamba applied as foliar sprays. Dowco 290 decreased growth more on broadleaf plants than on grasses. It caused growth reductions similar to those of dicamba and 2,4 -I) in several crops, but on some crops there were significant differences between the herbicides. Dowco 290 caused significantly less growth at lower rates of application on peas and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. 'DuPuits'). At theligher rates significantly less growth reduction was observed on sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L. 'SL9100363x2161)x SP6322-0') and watermelons (Citrullus lanatus [Thumb.] Mansf. 'Striped Klondike') when compared with 214-D and dicamba. The M-3785 treatments tended to cause more growth reduction than Dowco 290 or 2,4-D applied alone; however, this difference was usually not significant. M-3785 applied to winter wheat in the greenhouse caused greater growth reductions compared to 214-D applied alone. A field experiment was conducted to study the decreased growth of winter wheat growing under field conditions. No significant differences were found for the 1/16 + 1/4 lb/A rate. M -3785 at 1/8 + 1/2 lb/A caused a highly significant reduction in yield when com pared to Dowco 290 at 1/8 lb/A and 214D at 1/2 lb/A. Close

• 218. [Article] Andean roots, coca, and grassroots development in the Bolivian Yungas : food sovereignty and agrarian change for native farmers

  Since the 1952 Bolivian agrarian reform, farmer unions have sought to establish themselves as producers for regional markets. Development strategies led by the World Bank and IMF have largely jeopardized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Andean roots, coca, and grassroots development in the Bolivian Yungas : food sovereignty and agrarian change for native farmers Author: Piispanen, Kyle Henry Since the 1952 Bolivian agrarian reform, farmer unions have sought to establish themselves as producers for regional markets. Development strategies led by the World Bank and IMF have largely jeopardized small farmers, and challenged farmers to meet market demands. At present, a new agrarian revolution is being implemented and is conditioned by objectives, which include land redistribution, food sovereignty, and public food enterprises. This research was conducted in the Yungas region of Bolivia in isolated mountain communities that are part of the established traditional and legal area for coca growing and thus clearly integrated into the world "commodities" market via the illicit cocaine economy. Curiously, many farmers continue to grow crops for local markets, their homes, and organic coca for traditional use. Is this part of a greater movement of revolutionary agrarian policy or concern for food sovereignty in local communities? Under this context, I explore how some individual farmers and farming associations have developed a tradition of growing Andean root crops and their lived experience of their involvement in the associations. Through participant observation and ethnographic interviews with members of two Yungueño community associations and with regional technicians, this study explores how associations and individuals negotiate national and international policy, and NGO activity, in order to create specialty niche markets for native crops. This thesis argues that alternative agricultural development that has focused on coca reduction, export-oriented agriculture, and food security has, to a large extent, been a failure. Rather, local initiatives that focus on ecological coca, food sovereignty, and native crops for local markets taken together are meeting some local development goals. This study provides an opportunity for reframing development theory and expanding the literature on food sovereignty. The concept of the La Paz-El Alto food-shed is used as a tool for exploring the potential of reorienting the moral economy around food in re-creating a more sustainable food system. From the perspectives of an Andean root crop association, I explore particular challenges members face in farming in contested lands of commodity coca production. Associations begin by meeting specialty market needs for ritual uses of specialty Andean crops, and may utilize a variety of assistance programs but are determined to maintain a high level of autonomy. Associations are often cautious in searching for assistance because farmers cannot afford to lose time expanding alternative crops that could be better spent in coca production. Failure is common, and few associations achieve goals of significantly increased incomes. Rather semi-subsistence and diversification along with coca growing provide greater autonomy and sovereignty in practical terms when many of the anticipated national reforms are yet to be seen in these particular Yungueño communities. In addition, I briefly explore with farmers the environmental considerations and perspectives to climate, gardening, biodiversity loss, and the concern about the use of chemical applications. Title: Andean roots, coca, and grassroots development in the Bolivian Yungas : food sovereignty and agrarian change for native farmers Author: Piispanen, Kyle Henry Since the 1952 Bolivian agrarian reform, farmer unions have sought to establish themselves as producers for regional markets. Development strategies led by the World Bank and IMF have largely jeopardized small farmers, and challenged farmers to meet market demands. At present, a new agrarian revolution is being implemented and is conditioned by objectives, which include land redistribution, food sovereignty, and public food enterprises. This research was conducted in the Yungas region of Bolivia in isolated mountain communities that are part of the established traditional and legal area for coca growing and thus clearly integrated into the world "commodities" market via the illicit cocaine economy. Curiously, many farmers continue to grow crops for local markets, their homes, and organic coca for traditional use. Is this part of a greater movement of revolutionary agrarian policy or concern for food sovereignty in local communities? Under this context, I explore how some individual farmers and farming associations have developed a tradition of growing Andean root crops and their lived experience of their involvement in the associations. Through participant observation and ethnographic interviews with members of two Yungueño community associations and with regional technicians, this study explores how associations and individuals negotiate national and international policy, and NGO activity, in order to create specialty niche markets for native crops. This thesis argues that alternative agricultural development that has focused on coca reduction, export-oriented agriculture, and food security has, to a large extent, been a failure. Rather, local initiatives that focus on ecological coca, food sovereignty, and native crops for local markets taken together are meeting some local development goals. This study provides an opportunity for reframing development theory and expanding the literature on food sovereignty. The concept of the La Paz-El Alto food-shed is used as a tool for exploring the potential of reorienting the moral economy around food in re-creating a more sustainable food system. From the perspectives of an Andean root crop association, I explore particular challenges members face in farming in contested lands of commodity coca production. Associations begin by meeting specialty market needs for ritual uses of specialty Andean crops, and may utilize a variety of assistance programs but are determined to maintain a high level of autonomy. Associations are often cautious in searching for assistance because farmers cannot afford to lose time expanding alternative crops that could be better spent in coca production. Failure is common, and few associations achieve goals of significantly increased incomes. Rather semi-subsistence and diversification along with coca growing provide greater autonomy and sovereignty in practical terms when many of the anticipated national reforms are yet to be seen in these particular Yungueño communities. In addition, I briefly explore with farmers the environmental considerations and perspectives to climate, gardening, biodiversity loss, and the concern about the use of chemical applications. Close

• 219. [Article] Fracture energies of Zircaloy and some zirconium alloys

  The fracture mechanics of Charpy V-notch specimens of Zircaloy-4 and phosphorus contaminated Zircaloy-4 were investigated. Three-point bend and impact tests with Charpy V-notch samples provided an efficient ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fracture energies of Zircaloy and some zirconium alloys Author: Rawers, James C. The fracture mechanics of Charpy V-notch specimens of Zircaloy-4 and phosphorus contaminated Zircaloy-4 were investigated. Three-point bend and impact tests with Charpy V-notch samples provided an efficient and economical method of fracture evaluation. Fracture failure was monitored by the force-displacement curve. Failure was initially analyzed using fracture toughness values as recommended by ASTM. Zirconium, a ductile material, failed to meet the validity criteria for determining KIC. The force-displacement curves were then dissected into four distinct segments (yield, plastic, crack, and tear) and the integrated energy values determined and analyzed. The combination of stress values, energy values, and surface analyses made it possible to explain the fracture mechanism. Zirconium fracture was studied as a function of (1) thickness (0.7 to 2.0cm), (2) orientation (TL, TS, LS, LT), (3) temperature (-200°C to +100°C), (4) loading rate (static and dynamic), (5) V-notch configuration (blunt, pre-cracked, and side-grooved), and (6) phosphorus concentration (10 to 360 ppm). Fracture toughness criteria could not be met for any orientation, for temperature as low as -200°C, for thickness as great as 2.0cm nor for phosphorus concentration as high as 360 ppm. As a substitute for fracture toughness values, energies were studied. Energy analysis showed that the tear energy (or crack arrest energy) dominated at high temperature. The energy required to initiate cracking was independent of temperature. Phosphorus concentration decreased the tear energy and crack propagation energy but did not affect the energy for crack initiation. Phosphorus did not seriously affect energy values or fracture toughness. Loading rate strongly affected fracture toughness but was unimportant to energy values. Sample orientation strongly affected energy values. SEM studies of different orientations as a function of temperature revealed several fracture mechanisms contributing to failure including micro-void formations microvoid coalescence, and serpentine glide. Charpy V-notch geometries strongly affected the strain constraints and the energy required for crack initiation, propagation, and tear. Sample thickness was independent of all energies except tear energy. Title: Fracture energies of Zircaloy and some zirconium alloys Author: Rawers, James C. The fracture mechanics of Charpy V-notch specimens of Zircaloy-4 and phosphorus contaminated Zircaloy-4 were investigated. Three-point bend and impact tests with Charpy V-notch samples provided an efficient and economical method of fracture evaluation. Fracture failure was monitored by the force-displacement curve. Failure was initially analyzed using fracture toughness values as recommended by ASTM. Zirconium, a ductile material, failed to meet the validity criteria for determining KIC. The force-displacement curves were then dissected into four distinct segments (yield, plastic, crack, and tear) and the integrated energy values determined and analyzed. The combination of stress values, energy values, and surface analyses made it possible to explain the fracture mechanism. Zirconium fracture was studied as a function of (1) thickness (0.7 to 2.0cm), (2) orientation (TL, TS, LS, LT), (3) temperature (-200°C to +100°C), (4) loading rate (static and dynamic), (5) V-notch configuration (blunt, pre-cracked, and side-grooved), and (6) phosphorus concentration (10 to 360 ppm). Fracture toughness criteria could not be met for any orientation, for temperature as low as -200°C, for thickness as great as 2.0cm nor for phosphorus concentration as high as 360 ppm. As a substitute for fracture toughness values, energies were studied. Energy analysis showed that the tear energy (or crack arrest energy) dominated at high temperature. The energy required to initiate cracking was independent of temperature. Phosphorus concentration decreased the tear energy and crack propagation energy but did not affect the energy for crack initiation. Phosphorus did not seriously affect energy values or fracture toughness. Loading rate strongly affected fracture toughness but was unimportant to energy values. Sample orientation strongly affected energy values. SEM studies of different orientations as a function of temperature revealed several fracture mechanisms contributing to failure including micro-void formations microvoid coalescence, and serpentine glide. Charpy V-notch geometries strongly affected the strain constraints and the energy required for crack initiation, propagation, and tear. Sample thickness was independent of all energies except tear energy. Close

• 220. [Article] Prospects for Improving value Chain of aquaculture fish (Tilapia and African Catfish) in Central Uganda

  Abstract Only. This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prospects for Improving value Chain of aquaculture fish (Tilapia and African Catfish) in Central Uganda Author: Hyuha, Theodora, Atukunda, Gertrude Abstract Only. This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Title: Prospects for Improving value Chain of aquaculture fish (Tilapia and African Catfish) in Central Uganda Author: Hyuha, Theodora, Atukunda, Gertrude Abstract Only. This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Close

• 221. [Article] Growing cereal grains for forage

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growing cereal grains for forage Author: Leffel, John Alvan, McGuire, William S., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Hannaway, D. B., Youngberg, Harold Wayne, 1929-, Claypool, D., Adams, H. P. (Holyoke Purinton), 1922- Title: Growing cereal grains for forage Author: Leffel, John Alvan, McGuire, William S., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Hannaway, D. B., Youngberg, Harold Wayne, 1929-, Claypool, D., Adams, H. P. (Holyoke Purinton), 1922- Close

• 222. [Article] Study of the nutritive value of Oregon grass straw

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Study of the nutritive value of Oregon grass straw Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Vough, Lester Ray, 1944-, Youngberg, Harold Wayne, 1929- Title: Study of the nutritive value of Oregon grass straw Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Vough, Lester Ray, 1944-, Youngberg, Harold Wayne, 1929- Close

• 223. [Article] Relationships between work values and job satisfaction amoung college student personnel workers

  This study was undertaken to examine the relationships which exist between the work values and job satisfaction characteristics of college student personnel workers in the states of Oregon, Idaho, Montana ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationships between work values and job satisfaction amoung college student personnel workers Author: Maples, Mary F. This study was undertaken to examine the relationships which exist between the work values and job satisfaction characteristics of college student personnel workers in the states of Oregon, Idaho, Montana and Washington. Work values are viewed as characteristics desired on an ideal job and job satisfaction characteristics are those factors being experienced on the present job. Specifically, the study was designed 1) to survey the work values, job satisfaction characteristics, and amounts of overall job satisfaction among 150 college student personnel workers in the Northwest, 2) to determine the effects of age (under 30 years, 30-40 years, and over 40 years), sex and years of experience (under 5, 5-10, and over 10 years on the present job) won the work values and job satisfaction characteristics of the population, and 3) to determine the significance of the relationship between the work values of Independence, Achievement and Way of Life on comparable job satisfaction characteristics. A random sample was selected from the Directory of the Northwest College Personnel Association. One hundred and one, or 67. 3% of the population participated by completing a Biographical Questionnaire, Super's Work Values Inventory (WVI) and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). Three hypotheses, stated in the null form, required a test of the relationship between work values, job satisfaction characteristics and overall job satisfaction, and the independent variables of age, sex and years of experience. A three-way analysis of variance was computed to test these hypotheses. Three null hypotheses dealt with the relationship between the work values of Achievement, Independence and Way of Life on comparable job satisfaction characteristics. A multiple regression analysis was computed to test these hypotheses. As a result of the hypothesis testing, it was concluded that the men in the population experienced greater amounts of Social Status on their jobs than women. There were no significant differences in job satisfaction characteristics based on age or years of experience. Men in the sample placed a significantly greater weight on the work value of Creativity than women, though Creativity was not a priority value in rank order for the majority of either group. Younger workers (under 30) valued Surroundings to a significantly greater extent than did older workers. No significant differences were found in the amounts of overall job satisfaction based on age, sex or years of experience. No significance was found in the relationship between the work values of Independence and Achievement and the same job satis - faction characteristics, among those highly satisfied on the job, but a significant positive relationship of .048 was determined to exist between Way of Life and Moral Values for those highly satisfied in their work (overall job satisfaction at the 80th percentile). Since the mean score for the population on overall job satisfaction, a composite of the 20 characteristics measured by the MSQ, was the 70th percentile it was concluded that the majority of college student personnel workers in four Northwest states were generally well satisfied in their present jobs. Title: Relationships between work values and job satisfaction amoung college student personnel workers Author: Maples, Mary F. This study was undertaken to examine the relationships which exist between the work values and job satisfaction characteristics of college student personnel workers in the states of Oregon, Idaho, Montana and Washington. Work values are viewed as characteristics desired on an ideal job and job satisfaction characteristics are those factors being experienced on the present job. Specifically, the study was designed 1) to survey the work values, job satisfaction characteristics, and amounts of overall job satisfaction among 150 college student personnel workers in the Northwest, 2) to determine the effects of age (under 30 years, 30-40 years, and over 40 years), sex and years of experience (under 5, 5-10, and over 10 years on the present job) won the work values and job satisfaction characteristics of the population, and 3) to determine the significance of the relationship between the work values of Independence, Achievement and Way of Life on comparable job satisfaction characteristics. A random sample was selected from the Directory of the Northwest College Personnel Association. One hundred and one, or 67. 3% of the population participated by completing a Biographical Questionnaire, Super's Work Values Inventory (WVI) and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). Three hypotheses, stated in the null form, required a test of the relationship between work values, job satisfaction characteristics and overall job satisfaction, and the independent variables of age, sex and years of experience. A three-way analysis of variance was computed to test these hypotheses. Three null hypotheses dealt with the relationship between the work values of Achievement, Independence and Way of Life on comparable job satisfaction characteristics. A multiple regression analysis was computed to test these hypotheses. As a result of the hypothesis testing, it was concluded that the men in the population experienced greater amounts of Social Status on their jobs than women. There were no significant differences in job satisfaction characteristics based on age or years of experience. Men in the sample placed a significantly greater weight on the work value of Creativity than women, though Creativity was not a priority value in rank order for the majority of either group. Younger workers (under 30) valued Surroundings to a significantly greater extent than did older workers. No significant differences were found in the amounts of overall job satisfaction based on age, sex or years of experience. No significance was found in the relationship between the work values of Independence and Achievement and the same job satis - faction characteristics, among those highly satisfied on the job, but a significant positive relationship of .048 was determined to exist between Way of Life and Moral Values for those highly satisfied in their work (overall job satisfaction at the 80th percentile). Since the mean score for the population on overall job satisfaction, a composite of the 20 characteristics measured by the MSQ, was the 70th percentile it was concluded that the majority of college student personnel workers in four Northwest states were generally well satisfied in their present jobs. Close

• 224. [Image] Bolero jacket of gold lamé with high round neckline and 4 self-covered, accent buttons down center-front with concealed snap closure

  	Bolero jacket of gold lamé with high round neckline and 4 self-covered, accent buttons down center-front with concealed snap closure; long sleeves are wide and have shoulder pads; jacket silhouette is ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bolero jacket of gold lamé with high round neckline and 4 self-covered, accent buttons down center-front with concealed snap closure Year: 1980 Bolero jacket of gold lamé with high round neckline and 4 self-covered, accent buttons down center-front with concealed snap closure; long sleeves are wide and have shoulder pads; jacket silhouette is wide and boxy; under arm panel; very few seams; lined in red satin; cropped length. Title: Bolero jacket of gold lamé with high round neckline and 4 self-covered, accent buttons down center-front with concealed snap closure Year: 1980 Bolero jacket of gold lamé with high round neckline and 4 self-covered, accent buttons down center-front with concealed snap closure; long sleeves are wide and have shoulder pads; jacket silhouette is wide and boxy; under arm panel; very few seams; lined in red satin; cropped length. Close

• 225. [Article] Worldview-Based Scenarios Highlight Stakeholder Values and Assumptions

  In lake management, we have the privilege and responsibility to work with the public on highly visible resources. Everybody has an opinion based on his or her personal values and observations. While we ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Worldview-Based Scenarios Highlight Stakeholder Values and Assumptions Author: Rueter, John Year: 2016 In lake management, we have the privilege and responsibility to work with the public on highly visible resources. Everybody has an opinion based on his or her personal values and observations. While we might sometimes consider this plethora of value statements as the bane of our existence, we all realize that public engagement is crucial for the health and future of lakes. Poor lake health is often caused by many little insults that stem from a wide range of legitimate views for how the lake should be treated as a resource. We need a framework to be able to deal with these differing values and assumptions for how lakes should be managed. Title: Worldview-Based Scenarios Highlight Stakeholder Values and Assumptions Author: Rueter, John Year: 2016 In lake management, we have the privilege and responsibility to work with the public on highly visible resources. Everybody has an opinion based on his or her personal values and observations. While we might sometimes consider this plethora of value statements as the bane of our existence, we all realize that public engagement is crucial for the health and future of lakes. Poor lake health is often caused by many little insults that stem from a wide range of legitimate views for how the lake should be treated as a resource. We need a framework to be able to deal with these differing values and assumptions for how lakes should be managed. Close

• 226. [Article] Cumulative effects of riparian disturbances along high desert trout streams of the John Day Basin, Oregon

  In a study of cumulative effects of riparian disturbance by grazing on the trophic structure of high desert trout streams, watersheds with greater riparian canopy had higher standing crops of rainbow trout ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cumulative effects of riparian disturbances along high desert trout streams of the John Day Basin, Oregon Author: Buckhouse, John C., Pearsons, Todd N., Li, Judith L., Li, Hiram W., Lamberti, Gary A., Tait, Cynthia K. In a study of cumulative effects of riparian disturbance by grazing on the trophic structure of high desert trout streams, watersheds with greater riparian canopy had higher standing crops of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, lower daily maximum temperatures (range, 16-23°C compared with 26-31°C), and perennial flow. Watershed aspect influenced the response of trophic structure to grazing influences. Standing crops of rainbow trout were negatively correlated with solar radiation and maximum temperature in watersheds flowing northward. A different relationship was observed for a set of watersheds with a southern aspect, perhaps due to the presence of spring seeps and stream desiccation in the heavily grazed stream. Trout biomass was negatively correlated with solar radiation, whereas positive relationships were found for discharge and depth. Algal biomass was positively correlated with solar insolation (r = 0.91), total invertebrate biomass (r = 0.77), and herbivorous invertebrate biomass (r = 0.79) in all watersheds. Invertebrate biomass was not significantly correlated with rainbow trout standing crop. High irradiance apparently resulted in increased algal biomass and invertebrate abundance. However, temperature elevations to levels close to lethal may impose high metabolic costs on rainbow trout, which may offset higher food availability and affect the availability of prey. Title: Cumulative effects of riparian disturbances along high desert trout streams of the John Day Basin, Oregon Author: Buckhouse, John C., Pearsons, Todd N., Li, Judith L., Li, Hiram W., Lamberti, Gary A., Tait, Cynthia K. In a study of cumulative effects of riparian disturbance by grazing on the trophic structure of high desert trout streams, watersheds with greater riparian canopy had higher standing crops of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, lower daily maximum temperatures (range, 16-23°C compared with 26-31°C), and perennial flow. Watershed aspect influenced the response of trophic structure to grazing influences. Standing crops of rainbow trout were negatively correlated with solar radiation and maximum temperature in watersheds flowing northward. A different relationship was observed for a set of watersheds with a southern aspect, perhaps due to the presence of spring seeps and stream desiccation in the heavily grazed stream. Trout biomass was negatively correlated with solar radiation, whereas positive relationships were found for discharge and depth. Algal biomass was positively correlated with solar insolation (r = 0.91), total invertebrate biomass (r = 0.77), and herbivorous invertebrate biomass (r = 0.79) in all watersheds. Invertebrate biomass was not significantly correlated with rainbow trout standing crop. High irradiance apparently resulted in increased algal biomass and invertebrate abundance. However, temperature elevations to levels close to lethal may impose high metabolic costs on rainbow trout, which may offset higher food availability and affect the availability of prey. Close

• 227. [Article] Public open-space conservation under a budget constraint

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0047...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Public open-space conservation under a budget constraint Author: Wu, JunJie This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00472727. Title: Public open-space conservation under a budget constraint Author: Wu, JunJie This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00472727. Close

• 228. [Article] Oregon's bounty of horticultural crops & landscapes

  Published December 2009. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's bounty of horticultural crops & landscapes Author: Seavert, Clark F., Weeks, Tom, Sugar, David, Castagnoli, S., Chilton, Mike, Brewer, Linda J., Andrews, N. (Nick), White, Linda D. (Linda Dee), Skinkis, P. (Patty), Fletcher, Richard A., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Mertz, Chris, Azarenko, A. N. (Anita Nina), McReynolds, Bob, Strik, Bernadine C. (Bernadine Cornelia), 1962-, Burt, Lawrence A., Regan, Richard, Cook, Thomas W., Olsen, Jeff L., Bondi, Michael C., Oregon State University. Department of Horticulture, Kaiser, C. (Clive) Published December 2009. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Oregon's bounty of horticultural crops & landscapes Author: Seavert, Clark F., Weeks, Tom, Sugar, David, Castagnoli, S., Chilton, Mike, Brewer, Linda J., Andrews, N. (Nick), White, Linda D. (Linda Dee), Skinkis, P. (Patty), Fletcher, Richard A., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Mertz, Chris, Azarenko, A. N. (Anita Nina), McReynolds, Bob, Strik, Bernadine C. (Bernadine Cornelia), 1962-, Burt, Lawrence A., Regan, Richard, Cook, Thomas W., Olsen, Jeff L., Bondi, Michael C., Oregon State University. Department of Horticulture, Kaiser, C. (Clive) Published December 2009. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 229. [Article] Response of selected vegetables to various inorganic and organic nutrient sources

  Fertilizer studies at the Oregon State University Vegetable Research Farm were conducted for two years to evaluate the effect of different nutrient sources on yield and selected quality components. Sources ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response of selected vegetables to various inorganic and organic nutrient sources Author: Simon, James Edward Fertilizer studies at the Oregon State University Vegetable Research Farm were conducted for two years to evaluate the effect of different nutrient sources on yield and selected quality components. Sources of nutrients included sewage sludge, fresh and dried poultry manure, a soybean residue from oil extraction, and several mineral fertilizers. Different rates and time of application were studied to determine optimum response. Most rates were based upon equivalent amounts of total nitrogen. Vegetables grown were bell peppers, cucumbers, radishes, snapbeans, sweet corn, table beets, and tomatoes. The experimental design included a randomized block design of sixteen treatments and four replications on a Chehalis silty clay loam soil. Soil analysis indicated a reasonably fertile soil. The organic materials studied, with the exception of the soybean residue, indicated that they produced yields comparable to equivalent rates of mineral fertilizers. The highest yields were obtained with some of the organic materials on many crops. The soybean residue exhibited phytotoxicities depressing plant grown and yield on both direct seeded and transplanted crops. The cause is presently unknown. Responses to the fertilizer treatments varied from crop to crop. Generally, the main yield response of each crop to nutrient elements was as follows: Bell peppers, N; cucumbers, N, P and K; radishes, P and K; snapbeans, P; sweet corn, N; table beets, N, P and K; and tomatoes, N. When high yields were obtained, little difference was found in selected quality components between nutrient sources, as shown in the bell pepper and tomato flavor evaluation and the tomato fruit nutritional analysis. The chemical analysis of the sewage sludge indicated a low trace element content. Results of the mineral analysis of the radish roots and heavy metal analysis of the sweet corn grain fertilized with sewage sludge compared to an unfertilized control, indicated no trace element and heavy metal accumulation. No strong trends of increased mineral levels from sewage sludge were found from soil and plant tissue analysis. Title: Response of selected vegetables to various inorganic and organic nutrient sources Author: Simon, James Edward Fertilizer studies at the Oregon State University Vegetable Research Farm were conducted for two years to evaluate the effect of different nutrient sources on yield and selected quality components. Sources of nutrients included sewage sludge, fresh and dried poultry manure, a soybean residue from oil extraction, and several mineral fertilizers. Different rates and time of application were studied to determine optimum response. Most rates were based upon equivalent amounts of total nitrogen. Vegetables grown were bell peppers, cucumbers, radishes, snapbeans, sweet corn, table beets, and tomatoes. The experimental design included a randomized block design of sixteen treatments and four replications on a Chehalis silty clay loam soil. Soil analysis indicated a reasonably fertile soil. The organic materials studied, with the exception of the soybean residue, indicated that they produced yields comparable to equivalent rates of mineral fertilizers. The highest yields were obtained with some of the organic materials on many crops. The soybean residue exhibited phytotoxicities depressing plant grown and yield on both direct seeded and transplanted crops. The cause is presently unknown. Responses to the fertilizer treatments varied from crop to crop. Generally, the main yield response of each crop to nutrient elements was as follows: Bell peppers, N; cucumbers, N, P and K; radishes, P and K; snapbeans, P; sweet corn, N; table beets, N, P and K; and tomatoes, N. When high yields were obtained, little difference was found in selected quality components between nutrient sources, as shown in the bell pepper and tomato flavor evaluation and the tomato fruit nutritional analysis. The chemical analysis of the sewage sludge indicated a low trace element content. Results of the mineral analysis of the radish roots and heavy metal analysis of the sweet corn grain fertilized with sewage sludge compared to an unfertilized control, indicated no trace element and heavy metal accumulation. No strong trends of increased mineral levels from sewage sludge were found from soil and plant tissue analysis. Close

• 230. [Article] Weed management in sweet corn and other rotational crops: Research report to the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission, 2007

  SUMMARY • Impact and Laudis herbicides were evaluated for wild proso millet and broadleaf weed control in sweet corn. • The most effective treatments were Impact and Laudis applied with Outlook and atrazine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Weed management in sweet corn and other rotational crops: Research report to the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission, 2007 Author: Peachey, Ed SUMMARY • Impact and Laudis herbicides were evaluated for wild proso millet and broadleaf weed control in sweet corn. • The most effective treatments were Impact and Laudis applied with Outlook and atrazine at V2-3. • Increasing the methylated seed oil (MSO) rate from 0.25% to 1 % was more important for improving weed control efficacy than adding UAN (Figure 1). • Impact + Outlook + atrazine (Tr. 14) provided yields above 11 t/A with exceptional wild proso millet control (Table 2). • Predicting the optimum rate of atrazine to use with these herbicides will be difficult if the objective is optimizing yield. The data suggest that a tankmix of both 2 lbs/A or none will give the same yield of sweet corn when there is a high density of both wild proso millet and broadleaves. • The symptoms normally associated with Impact injury (bleaching) have not been observed on crops planted in the fall or spring following sweet corn. Crop stand and yield may have been reduced in a few sensitive crops such as table beets. However, this only occurred at the 2x rate. There is very little risk of crop injury caused by Impact herbicide carryover. • Insecticides reduced the activity and density of the ground beetle P. melanarius from 2.0 beetles to 0.3 in the strip-till plots and from 1.5 to 0.2 beetles in conventional tillage. There was no effect of the tillage systems on beetle activity-density. • Seed loss due to predation by ground beetles averaged 20% during the month of August. Predation of wild proso millet seeds was influenced by the tillage-insecticide treatments. Insecticide use was the most important factor regulating predation of wild proso millet. Title: Weed management in sweet corn and other rotational crops: Research report to the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission, 2007 Author: Peachey, Ed SUMMARY • Impact and Laudis herbicides were evaluated for wild proso millet and broadleaf weed control in sweet corn. • The most effective treatments were Impact and Laudis applied with Outlook and atrazine at V2-3. • Increasing the methylated seed oil (MSO) rate from 0.25% to 1 % was more important for improving weed control efficacy than adding UAN (Figure 1). • Impact + Outlook + atrazine (Tr. 14) provided yields above 11 t/A with exceptional wild proso millet control (Table 2). • Predicting the optimum rate of atrazine to use with these herbicides will be difficult if the objective is optimizing yield. The data suggest that a tankmix of both 2 lbs/A or none will give the same yield of sweet corn when there is a high density of both wild proso millet and broadleaves. • The symptoms normally associated with Impact injury (bleaching) have not been observed on crops planted in the fall or spring following sweet corn. Crop stand and yield may have been reduced in a few sensitive crops such as table beets. However, this only occurred at the 2x rate. There is very little risk of crop injury caused by Impact herbicide carryover. • Insecticides reduced the activity and density of the ground beetle P. melanarius from 2.0 beetles to 0.3 in the strip-till plots and from 1.5 to 0.2 beetles in conventional tillage. There was no effect of the tillage systems on beetle activity-density. • Seed loss due to predation by ground beetles averaged 20% during the month of August. Predation of wild proso millet seeds was influenced by the tillage-insecticide treatments. Insecticide use was the most important factor regulating predation of wild proso millet. Close

• 231. [Article] A comparative study of work values between selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand

  Purpose This study was designed to determine and compare the work values held by tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand, in order to lay the groundwork for a more systematic approach ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparative study of work values between selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand Author: Sitthiphong, Bularat Suvarnabriksha Purpose This study was designed to determine and compare the work values held by tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand, in order to lay the groundwork for a more systematic approach to career counseling and curriculum planning in the Thai school system. Procedures D. E. Super's work values inventory (WVI) was selected as the research instrument and was translated into Thai for this study. A personal questionnaire was designed and developed by the investigator. During January and February 1980, the WVI and the personal questionnaire were administered to 381 selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok, and to 390 selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai. The demographic data was analyzed and one-way analysis of variance was used in testing null hypotheses in the items of the WVI. The F statistic and t-test, with a 0.05 level of significance, were used to examine differences among the mean scores and to determine the confidence intervals. Findings The following findings were drawn from this study: 1. There were statistically significant differences in the work values identified as "management", "achievement", "altruism", and "intellectual stimulation" between the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and those in Chiangmai. 2. The comparative demographic data showed the following similarities in total sample of the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai: 97.41% were Buddhists, 86.25% were native Thai, and 75.10% were from families whose income was higher than the average per capita income in Thailand. 3. The range of estimated work value mean scores of all tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai for the scale "security" had the highest variation, whereas the range of estimated work value mean scores of all tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai for scale "independence" had the lowest variation, among the 15 scales in the WVI. Recommendations 1. A questionnaire designed to test work values of Thai students should be developed in Thai for Thai students. A questionnaire designed for American students which is translated from English into the Thai language may not adequately test the work values of Thai students. 2. A follow-up study to determine the influences of age, sex, family socioeconomic background, scholastic ability, race or ethnic background, and religion on work values among Thai students should be conducted. 3. The work values of each student should be considered by the high school counselors in order to better help the student plan future study and career possibilities. 4. An examination of differences in career development and career decision-making should be made between those students tested for work values and those students who are not tested. 5. A longitudinal study should be conducted to determine the stability of work values of students between elementary school and college. 6. Additional research should be developed to compare and determine work values of students in other parts of Thailand, including the South and Northeast. 7. Replication of this study with other grade levels of students should be conducted. 8. Further studies about the change which occurs among Thai women, such as the change in values, attitudes, lifestyle and employment status, should be done. 9. Additional investigation also should be conducted to determine reasons why the result of the work value "management" conflicts with the result of the work value "intellectual stimulation" between the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai in the present study. 10. Further investigation should be conducted to determine how and why Bangkok tenth-grade girls are more intangible in orientation to work than are Chiangmai's girls. Title: A comparative study of work values between selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand Author: Sitthiphong, Bularat Suvarnabriksha Purpose This study was designed to determine and compare the work values held by tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand, in order to lay the groundwork for a more systematic approach to career counseling and curriculum planning in the Thai school system. Procedures D. E. Super's work values inventory (WVI) was selected as the research instrument and was translated into Thai for this study. A personal questionnaire was designed and developed by the investigator. During January and February 1980, the WVI and the personal questionnaire were administered to 381 selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok, and to 390 selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai. The demographic data was analyzed and one-way analysis of variance was used in testing null hypotheses in the items of the WVI. The F statistic and t-test, with a 0.05 level of significance, were used to examine differences among the mean scores and to determine the confidence intervals. Findings The following findings were drawn from this study: 1. There were statistically significant differences in the work values identified as "management", "achievement", "altruism", and "intellectual stimulation" between the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and those in Chiangmai. 2. The comparative demographic data showed the following similarities in total sample of the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai: 97.41% were Buddhists, 86.25% were native Thai, and 75.10% were from families whose income was higher than the average per capita income in Thailand. 3. The range of estimated work value mean scores of all tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai for the scale "security" had the highest variation, whereas the range of estimated work value mean scores of all tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai for scale "independence" had the lowest variation, among the 15 scales in the WVI. Recommendations 1. A questionnaire designed to test work values of Thai students should be developed in Thai for Thai students. A questionnaire designed for American students which is translated from English into the Thai language may not adequately test the work values of Thai students. 2. A follow-up study to determine the influences of age, sex, family socioeconomic background, scholastic ability, race or ethnic background, and religion on work values among Thai students should be conducted. 3. The work values of each student should be considered by the high school counselors in order to better help the student plan future study and career possibilities. 4. An examination of differences in career development and career decision-making should be made between those students tested for work values and those students who are not tested. 5. A longitudinal study should be conducted to determine the stability of work values of students between elementary school and college. 6. Additional research should be developed to compare and determine work values of students in other parts of Thailand, including the South and Northeast. 7. Replication of this study with other grade levels of students should be conducted. 8. Further studies about the change which occurs among Thai women, such as the change in values, attitudes, lifestyle and employment status, should be done. 9. Additional investigation also should be conducted to determine reasons why the result of the work value "management" conflicts with the result of the work value "intellectual stimulation" between the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai in the present study. 10. Further investigation should be conducted to determine how and why Bangkok tenth-grade girls are more intangible in orientation to work than are Chiangmai's girls. Close

• 232. [Article] Effect of high temperature drying on bending and shear strengths of western hemlock

  The advantages of high-temperature drying are faster drying, reduced inventory, reduced energy requirements, and reduced equilibrium moisture content. However the disadvantages are higher initial costs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of high temperature drying on bending and shear strengths of western hemlock Author: Thiam, Massamba The advantages of high-temperature drying are faster drying, reduced inventory, reduced energy requirements, and reduced equilibrium moisture content. However the disadvantages are higher initial costs of the kiln, greater power needs, knot dropout, and reduction in some strength properties. The latter was the subject of this study. Three hundred pieces of No.2 and Better nominal 42 by 145 mm (nominal 2 by 6 inches) by 2400 mm western hemlock were kiln-dried at high (116°C dry bulb and 90°C wet bulb) and conventional (82°C dry bulb and 66°C wet bulb) temperatures to a 15 % moisture content. Drying times at the high temperature condition were 50 % less than at the conventional temperature. The lower value of moisture content at equilibrium observed for the wood dried at high temperature was not statistically different from that of the wood dried at conventional temperature. High temperature drying had no significant effect on mean modulus of elasticity or modulus of rupture. However, an increase in temperature resulted in a significant decrease of shear strength. Values determined by static bending and shear parallel to the grain tests are reported. Title: Effect of high temperature drying on bending and shear strengths of western hemlock Author: Thiam, Massamba The advantages of high-temperature drying are faster drying, reduced inventory, reduced energy requirements, and reduced equilibrium moisture content. However the disadvantages are higher initial costs of the kiln, greater power needs, knot dropout, and reduction in some strength properties. The latter was the subject of this study. Three hundred pieces of No.2 and Better nominal 42 by 145 mm (nominal 2 by 6 inches) by 2400 mm western hemlock were kiln-dried at high (116°C dry bulb and 90°C wet bulb) and conventional (82°C dry bulb and 66°C wet bulb) temperatures to a 15 % moisture content. Drying times at the high temperature condition were 50 % less than at the conventional temperature. The lower value of moisture content at equilibrium observed for the wood dried at high temperature was not statistically different from that of the wood dried at conventional temperature. High temperature drying had no significant effect on mean modulus of elasticity or modulus of rupture. However, an increase in temperature resulted in a significant decrease of shear strength. Values determined by static bending and shear parallel to the grain tests are reported. Close

• 233. [Article] Estimating plant-available nitrogen from manure

  Published January 2008. Reviewed January 2015. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating plant-available nitrogen from manure Author: Sullivan, Dan M. (Dan Matthew), 1954-, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 2008. Reviewed January 2015. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Estimating plant-available nitrogen from manure Author: Sullivan, Dan M. (Dan Matthew), 1954-, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 2008. Reviewed January 2015. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 234. [Article] An economic analysis of the onsite benefits and costs of reducing soil erosion through conservation tillage in the Camas Prairie region of northern Idaho

  The onsite costs and benefits of conservation tillage in the Camas Prairie Region of Northern Idaho were estimated. The evaluation of these costs and benefits included a measurement of the long-term effects ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic analysis of the onsite benefits and costs of reducing soil erosion through conservation tillage in the Camas Prairie region of northern Idaho Author: Bauer, Steven Gerard The onsite costs and benefits of conservation tillage in the Camas Prairie Region of Northern Idaho were estimated. The evaluation of these costs and benefits included a measurement of the long-term effects of soil erosion on cropland productivity. A model developed by Daniel Taylor (1982) was used as a base for estimating the onsite costs and benefits of conservation tillage. Although the agronomic relationships of this model were theoretically and empirically consistent, the variable and depreciation cost trends were not. Therefore, this model was revised. A technique for generating site-specific variable and depreciation costs was developed and incorporated into the original Taylor model. The depreciation cost calculation was modified to include Salvage value and modified to correspond with the crop yields used in this analysis. An algorithm to model changes in output prices was added to the model. Heavy tillage, reduced tillage, and no-till were simulated. Reduced tillage was projected to be the most profitable tillage system for farmers with planning horizons of 75 years or longer and personal discount rates of under 7%. Heavy tillage was projected to be the -most profitable tillage system for farmers with planning horizons shorter than 75 years. No-till was always the least profitable tillage system, although the highest yield projections were produced under no-till. A summer fallow crop rotation was simulated and the results were compared with the results of an annual cropping rotation. The summer fallow rotation was projected to be less profitable than the annual cropping rotation. No-till and reduced tillage subsidization and cross compliance pricing were examined as two potential policies which could be used to induce farmers to adopt conservation tillage. Subsidies ranged from zero to $22.97 per acre annually, depending on the planning horizon and personal discount rate of the farmer. Cross compliance prices 11% higher than the normalized prices used in this analysis were needed to induce farmers to adopt no-till practices. Title: An economic analysis of the onsite benefits and costs of reducing soil erosion through conservation tillage in the Camas Prairie region of northern Idaho Author: Bauer, Steven Gerard The onsite costs and benefits of conservation tillage in the Camas Prairie Region of Northern Idaho were estimated. The evaluation of these costs and benefits included a measurement of the long-term effects of soil erosion on cropland productivity. A model developed by Daniel Taylor (1982) was used as a base for estimating the onsite costs and benefits of conservation tillage. Although the agronomic relationships of this model were theoretically and empirically consistent, the variable and depreciation cost trends were not. Therefore, this model was revised. A technique for generating site-specific variable and depreciation costs was developed and incorporated into the original Taylor model. The depreciation cost calculation was modified to include Salvage value and modified to correspond with the crop yields used in this analysis. An algorithm to model changes in output prices was added to the model. Heavy tillage, reduced tillage, and no-till were simulated. Reduced tillage was projected to be the most profitable tillage system for farmers with planning horizons of 75 years or longer and personal discount rates of under 7%. Heavy tillage was projected to be the -most profitable tillage system for farmers with planning horizons shorter than 75 years. No-till was always the least profitable tillage system, although the highest yield projections were produced under no-till. A summer fallow crop rotation was simulated and the results were compared with the results of an annual cropping rotation. The summer fallow rotation was projected to be less profitable than the annual cropping rotation. No-till and reduced tillage subsidization and cross compliance pricing were examined as two potential policies which could be used to induce farmers to adopt conservation tillage. Subsidies ranged from zero to $22.97 per acre annually, depending on the planning horizon and personal discount rate of the farmer. Cross compliance prices 11% higher than the normalized prices used in this analysis were needed to induce farmers to adopt no-till practices. Close

• 235. [Article] Oregon agricultural commodities: 2005 farmgate values and first handler value added

  Published September 2007. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon agricultural commodities: 2005 farmgate values and first handler value added Author: Brewer, Linda J., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Burt, Lawrence A. Published September 2007. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Oregon agricultural commodities: 2005 farmgate values and first handler value added Author: Brewer, Linda J., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Burt, Lawrence A. Published September 2007. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 236. [Article] Production and turnover of fine roots of mature Douglas-fir in relation to site

  Fine roots are a dynamic component of Douglas-fir ecosystems. Changes in standing crops indicate that fine roots require a major portion of the stand's energy resources to fulfill their role in the functioning ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production and turnover of fine roots of mature Douglas-fir in relation to site Author: Santantonio, Daniel Fine roots are a dynamic component of Douglas-fir ecosystems. Changes in standing crops indicate that fine roots require a major portion of the stand's energy resources to fulfill their role in the functioning of these systems. We observed standing crops of live and dead fine (< 1 mm diameter) and small (1-5 mm diameter) roots over a 30-month period based on intact soil core samples taken monthly from grids established in dry, moderate, and wet stands of mature Douglas-fir. Environmental measurements included temperature of soil and air, water potential of soil and xylem at predawn, and potential evaporation. Changes in standing crops of live and dead fine roots in the top 75 cm of soil indicate that seasonal patterns vary from one year to next and can vary by site, but may not. Differences from one year to the next may be greater than differences between sites. Large changes in standing crop can occur within a few months. Fine roots are most abundant in the uppermost layer of soil; 75% are in the top 25 cm of soil. Changes within various layers by depth are statistically significant during seasonal and "long-term" time frames and are most pronounced in upper layers. Counts of "new" root-tips taken from these samples permit an assessment of root activity independent of changes in standing crop. Periods of root-tip activity do not necessarily correspond to changes in standing crop, indicating that fine-root growth and mortality can occur simultaneously in the same area. Based on a simple conceptual model of fine-root dynamics we estimated fine-root production and turnover by inferring transfers needed to account for observed standing crops of live and dead fine roots. When averaged over the entire study period, we estimate fine-root growth as 6.5, 6.3, and 4.8 Mg/ha/yr, fine-root mortality as 7.2, 7.2, and 5.5 Mg/ha/yr, and decomposition of fine roots as 8.2, 8.0, and 6.9 Mg/ha/yr for the dry, moderate, and wet sites, respectively. These values are 3-5 times greater than foliage litterfall. Thus fine roots constitute a major sink of carbohydrates and source of detritus for the belowground ecosystem. Title: Production and turnover of fine roots of mature Douglas-fir in relation to site Author: Santantonio, Daniel Fine roots are a dynamic component of Douglas-fir ecosystems. Changes in standing crops indicate that fine roots require a major portion of the stand's energy resources to fulfill their role in the functioning of these systems. We observed standing crops of live and dead fine (< 1 mm diameter) and small (1-5 mm diameter) roots over a 30-month period based on intact soil core samples taken monthly from grids established in dry, moderate, and wet stands of mature Douglas-fir. Environmental measurements included temperature of soil and air, water potential of soil and xylem at predawn, and potential evaporation. Changes in standing crops of live and dead fine roots in the top 75 cm of soil indicate that seasonal patterns vary from one year to next and can vary by site, but may not. Differences from one year to the next may be greater than differences between sites. Large changes in standing crop can occur within a few months. Fine roots are most abundant in the uppermost layer of soil; 75% are in the top 25 cm of soil. Changes within various layers by depth are statistically significant during seasonal and "long-term" time frames and are most pronounced in upper layers. Counts of "new" root-tips taken from these samples permit an assessment of root activity independent of changes in standing crop. Periods of root-tip activity do not necessarily correspond to changes in standing crop, indicating that fine-root growth and mortality can occur simultaneously in the same area. Based on a simple conceptual model of fine-root dynamics we estimated fine-root production and turnover by inferring transfers needed to account for observed standing crops of live and dead fine roots. When averaged over the entire study period, we estimate fine-root growth as 6.5, 6.3, and 4.8 Mg/ha/yr, fine-root mortality as 7.2, 7.2, and 5.5 Mg/ha/yr, and decomposition of fine roots as 8.2, 8.0, and 6.9 Mg/ha/yr for the dry, moderate, and wet sites, respectively. These values are 3-5 times greater than foliage litterfall. Thus fine roots constitute a major sink of carbohydrates and source of detritus for the belowground ecosystem. Close

• 237. [Article] Field evaluation of passive capillary samplers in monitoring the leaching of agrochemicals

  Soil solution samplers have certain inadequacies that limit their range of possible applications. Passive Capillary Samplers (PCAPS), which apply suction to the soil pore-water via a fiber glass wick, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Field evaluation of passive capillary samplers in monitoring the leaching of agrochemicals Author: Brandi-Dohrn, Florian M. Soil solution samplers have certain inadequacies that limit their range of possible applications. Passive Capillary Samplers (PCAPS), which apply suction to the soil pore-water via a fiber glass wick, have shown promising results in preliminary experiments in regard to collection efficiency of water and of bromide tracers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate PCAPS under non-steady state field conditions with respect to (1) effect of installation procedure and operational characteristics, (2) ability to estimate the soil-water flux, and (3) ability to estimate the mean concentration of agrochemicals. At the same time, samplers were used to (4) evaluate the effect of a cereal rye (Secale cereale (L.)) cover crop on NO₃⁻ leaching. Thirty-two PCAPS and 32 suction cup samplers were installed below the root zone at a depth of 120 cm in a Willamette Variant loam wet soil (fine loamy mixed mesic Pachic Ultic Argixeroll). Samplers were installed in an ongoing cover crop/crop rotation study. Regarding overall performance, flux measurements were within 20 % of the native values as determined by a water balance. The air release from the sample bottles was a point of concern and might have slowed down the sampling rate. The installation procedure introduced bias into volume and concentration measurements of the part of the PCAPS closest to the refilled trench. The leachate concentration as calculated using the arithmetic mean of suction cup sampler measurements holds a significant bias, deviating by up to 97 % for bromide concentrations. Phosphate was not detected by the suction cup samplers indicating that ceramic cups should not be used for phosphate sampling. Matrix and preferential flow could clearly be distinguished using the PCAPS, showing that PCAPS are a valuable tool to assess the hydrology and solute transport mechanisms of a field site. The cover crop reduced NO₃⁻-N leaching significantly at the recommended N rate as evaluated by PCAPS. The cover crop reduced the seasonal mean NO₃⁻-N concentration at the recommended N rate from 13.5 mg LI to 8.1 mg L⁻¹, which is under the E.P.A. drinking water quality standard of 10 mg L⁻¹. The total NO₃⁻-N mass lost under the fallow treatment at the recommended N rate was 48 kg N ha⁻' which compares to 32 kg N ha⁻' under the cover crop treatment. Given the increasing problems with nitrate contamination of ground water, programs to support the cultivation of catch crops in conjunction with nitrogen soil testing should be considered as a relatively easy, effective, and biologically sound means to reduce nitrate concentrations in the recharge to the ground water in agricultural settings. Title: Field evaluation of passive capillary samplers in monitoring the leaching of agrochemicals Author: Brandi-Dohrn, Florian M. Soil solution samplers have certain inadequacies that limit their range of possible applications. Passive Capillary Samplers (PCAPS), which apply suction to the soil pore-water via a fiber glass wick, have shown promising results in preliminary experiments in regard to collection efficiency of water and of bromide tracers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate PCAPS under non-steady state field conditions with respect to (1) effect of installation procedure and operational characteristics, (2) ability to estimate the soil-water flux, and (3) ability to estimate the mean concentration of agrochemicals. At the same time, samplers were used to (4) evaluate the effect of a cereal rye (Secale cereale (L.)) cover crop on NO₃⁻ leaching. Thirty-two PCAPS and 32 suction cup samplers were installed below the root zone at a depth of 120 cm in a Willamette Variant loam wet soil (fine loamy mixed mesic Pachic Ultic Argixeroll). Samplers were installed in an ongoing cover crop/crop rotation study. Regarding overall performance, flux measurements were within 20 % of the native values as determined by a water balance. The air release from the sample bottles was a point of concern and might have slowed down the sampling rate. The installation procedure introduced bias into volume and concentration measurements of the part of the PCAPS closest to the refilled trench. The leachate concentration as calculated using the arithmetic mean of suction cup sampler measurements holds a significant bias, deviating by up to 97 % for bromide concentrations. Phosphate was not detected by the suction cup samplers indicating that ceramic cups should not be used for phosphate sampling. Matrix and preferential flow could clearly be distinguished using the PCAPS, showing that PCAPS are a valuable tool to assess the hydrology and solute transport mechanisms of a field site. The cover crop reduced NO₃⁻-N leaching significantly at the recommended N rate as evaluated by PCAPS. The cover crop reduced the seasonal mean NO₃⁻-N concentration at the recommended N rate from 13.5 mg LI to 8.1 mg L⁻¹, which is under the E.P.A. drinking water quality standard of 10 mg L⁻¹. The total NO₃⁻-N mass lost under the fallow treatment at the recommended N rate was 48 kg N ha⁻' which compares to 32 kg N ha⁻' under the cover crop treatment. Given the increasing problems with nitrate contamination of ground water, programs to support the cultivation of catch crops in conjunction with nitrogen soil testing should be considered as a relatively easy, effective, and biologically sound means to reduce nitrate concentrations in the recharge to the ground water in agricultural settings. Close

• 238. [Article] Back to Production: Labor-Value Commodity Chains and the Imperialist World Economy

  Despite the complexities and decentralization that characterize global supply chains in today’s world economy, imperialist relations of exchange continue to prevail, due to the fact that the differences ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Back to Production: Labor-Value Commodity Chains and the Imperialist World Economy Author: Suwandi, Intan Year: 2017 Despite the complexities and decentralization that characterize global supply chains in today’s world economy, imperialist relations of exchange continue to prevail, due to the fact that the differences between wages of North and South is greater than the difference of their productivities. This dissertation examines the global exploitation of labor that mostly occurs in the global South, as a form of such imperialist relations, particularly under the domination of multinational firms emanating primarily from the core of the system. I start by laying out the theoretical and empirical groundwork for the labor-value commodity chains framework that puts labor, along with the question of control and class, at the center of its formulation. By incorporating a calculation of cross-national variation in unit labor costs in manufacturing—a measurement that combines labor productivity with wage costs in a manner closely related to Marx’s theory of exploitation—the labor-value chains framework is a means to operationalize exploitation within the framework of the labor theory of value. Findings show that the global organization of labor-value chains is a means to extract surplus value through the exploitation of workers in the global South, where not only are wages low, but productivity is also high. I then show the concrete processes of how global North capital, personified in multinational corporations, captures value from the global South by applying systemic rationalization and flexible systems as mechanisms to exert control over their dependent suppliers in labor-value commodity chains. The burden of such mechanisms is borne by the workers —the direct producers of commodities—employed by these dependent suppliers. Case studies of two Indonesian companies that supply to multinationals are presented to illustrate these phenomena at the point of production. This observation further suggests that labor-value commodity chains are a form of unequal exchange and thus reveal the imperialistic characteristics of the world economy. This dissertation includes both previously published and coauthored materials. Title: Back to Production: Labor-Value Commodity Chains and the Imperialist World Economy Author: Suwandi, Intan Year: 2017 Despite the complexities and decentralization that characterize global supply chains in today’s world economy, imperialist relations of exchange continue to prevail, due to the fact that the differences between wages of North and South is greater than the difference of their productivities. This dissertation examines the global exploitation of labor that mostly occurs in the global South, as a form of such imperialist relations, particularly under the domination of multinational firms emanating primarily from the core of the system. I start by laying out the theoretical and empirical groundwork for the labor-value commodity chains framework that puts labor, along with the question of control and class, at the center of its formulation. By incorporating a calculation of cross-national variation in unit labor costs in manufacturing—a measurement that combines labor productivity with wage costs in a manner closely related to Marx’s theory of exploitation—the labor-value chains framework is a means to operationalize exploitation within the framework of the labor theory of value. Findings show that the global organization of labor-value chains is a means to extract surplus value through the exploitation of workers in the global South, where not only are wages low, but productivity is also high. I then show the concrete processes of how global North capital, personified in multinational corporations, captures value from the global South by applying systemic rationalization and flexible systems as mechanisms to exert control over their dependent suppliers in labor-value commodity chains. The burden of such mechanisms is borne by the workers —the direct producers of commodities—employed by these dependent suppliers. Case studies of two Indonesian companies that supply to multinationals are presented to illustrate these phenomena at the point of production. This observation further suggests that labor-value commodity chains are a form of unequal exchange and thus reveal the imperialistic characteristics of the world economy. This dissertation includes both previously published and coauthored materials. Close

• 239. [Article] Drip irrigation: an introduction

  Published October 2006. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drip irrigation: an introduction Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Shock, C. C. (Clinton C.) Published October 2006. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Drip irrigation: an introduction Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Shock, C. C. (Clinton C.) Published October 2006. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 240. [Article] Evaluation and cost analysis of alternative residue management methods for Kentucky bluegrass seed production in the Grande Ronde Valley

  The production of high quality grass seed is important to the agricultural economy of the Grande Ronde Valley (GRV) of eastern Oregon. The predominate grass seed crops grown in the area are Kentucky bluegrass ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation and cost analysis of alternative residue management methods for Kentucky bluegrass seed production in the Grande Ronde Valley Author: Walenta, Darrin L., 1968-, Diebel, Penelope L., 1961-, Gow, Laura R., Kiemnec, Gary L. The production of high quality grass seed is important to the agricultural economy of the Grande Ronde Valley (GRV) of eastern Oregon. The predominate grass seed crops grown in the area are Kentucky bluegrass and fine fescues. Historically, open-field burning has been an effective, economical means by which to remove residue and maintain seed yield and quality. The continued concern for air quality and public health have led to the adoption of alternative residue management methods that place less reliance on open-field burning of full straw residue loads. Title: Evaluation and cost analysis of alternative residue management methods for Kentucky bluegrass seed production in the Grande Ronde Valley Author: Walenta, Darrin L., 1968-, Diebel, Penelope L., 1961-, Gow, Laura R., Kiemnec, Gary L. The production of high quality grass seed is important to the agricultural economy of the Grande Ronde Valley (GRV) of eastern Oregon. The predominate grass seed crops grown in the area are Kentucky bluegrass and fine fescues. Historically, open-field burning has been an effective, economical means by which to remove residue and maintain seed yield and quality. The continued concern for air quality and public health have led to the adoption of alternative residue management methods that place less reliance on open-field burning of full straw residue loads. Close

• 241. [Article] Registration of ‘Alba’ Barley

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America, Inc. and can be found at: https://dl.scien...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Registration of ‘Alba’ Barley Author: Cuesta-Marcos, Alfonso, Hayes, Patrick M., Jones, Stephen S., Graebner, Ryan C., Fisk, Scott, Brouwer, Brook O. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America, Inc. and can be found at: https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jpr Title: Registration of ‘Alba’ Barley Author: Cuesta-Marcos, Alfonso, Hayes, Patrick M., Jones, Stephen S., Graebner, Ryan C., Fisk, Scott, Brouwer, Brook O. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America, Inc. and can be found at: https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jpr Close

• 242. [Article] Estimating nitrogen mineralization in organic potato production

  Published January 2008. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating nitrogen mineralization in organic potato production Author: Horneck, Donald Arthur, Sullivan, Dan M. (Dan Matthew), 1954-, McQueen, John Paul Gainer, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 2008. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Estimating nitrogen mineralization in organic potato production Author: Horneck, Donald Arthur, Sullivan, Dan M. (Dan Matthew), 1954-, McQueen, John Paul Gainer, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 2008. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 243. [Article] Winter wheat and spring grains in continuous cropping systems (low precipitation zone)

  Revised November 2006. Reviewed July 2012. Please check for active titles in the OSU Extension Service Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Winter wheat and spring grains in continuous cropping systems (low precipitation zone) Author: Wysocki, Donald John, 1952-, Lutcher, L. K. (Lawrence K.), Horneck, Donald Arthur, Oregon State University. Extension Service Revised November 2006. Reviewed July 2012. Please check for active titles in the OSU Extension Service Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Winter wheat and spring grains in continuous cropping systems (low precipitation zone) Author: Wysocki, Donald John, 1952-, Lutcher, L. K. (Lawrence K.), Horneck, Donald Arthur, Oregon State University. Extension Service Revised November 2006. Reviewed July 2012. Please check for active titles in the OSU Extension Service Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 244. [Article] Species Composition and Diversity on Northwestern Bunchgrass Prairie Rangelands

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  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Species Composition and Diversity on Northwestern Bunchgrass Prairie Rangelands Author: Damiran, Daalkhaijav, Clark, Abe, Taylor, Robert, Darambazar, Enkhjargal, DelCurto, Timothy pdf Title: Species Composition and Diversity on Northwestern Bunchgrass Prairie Rangelands Author: Damiran, Daalkhaijav, Clark, Abe, Taylor, Robert, Darambazar, Enkhjargal, DelCurto, Timothy pdf Close

• 245. [Article] Strengthening the Resiliency of Dryland Forest-Based Livelihoods in Ethiopia and South Sudan: A Review of Literature on the Interaction Between Dryland Forests, Livelihoods and Forest Governance

  Dry forests account for nearly half of the world’s tropical and subtropical forests and provide a multitude of ecological services. They contribute to hydrological cycles and livestock and wildlife provisioning; ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Strengthening the Resiliency of Dryland Forest-Based Livelihoods in Ethiopia and South Sudan: A Review of Literature on the Interaction Between Dryland Forests, Livelihoods and Forest Governance Author: Lawry, Steven, McLain, Rebecca J., Kassa, Habtemariam Year: 2015 Dry forests account for nearly half of the world’s tropical and subtropical forests and provide a multitude of ecological services. They contribute to hydrological cycles and livestock and wildlife provisioning; and host pollinators and wild plants. They are also important ecological zones for dryland agriculture and pastoral livelihood strategies that support hundreds of millions of people around the world. Dry forests cover large areas and their biomass stores carbon and helps mitigate climate change. Dry forests are particularly important to people in Africa. They provide wood for construction and energy, contribute to local diets with wild fruits, vegetables, nuts, edible insects and bushmeat. Wild, edible plants provide essential nutrients, particularly during times of food scarcity. Yet dry forests are subject to high rates of deforestation and degradation driven mainly by agricultural expansion and growing energy demands. Other challenges include limited information on dry forests (their inventories, changes over time, major drivers of deforestation and recovery, etc.), their biophysical aspects and ecosystem services and the potential roles they could play in increasing the sustainability of crop and livestock farming. Governments, development partners and communities are looking for options to better manage these resources at the landscape level. Dry forests are complex ecosystems that are not fully understood. Scientific knowledge to better manage dry forests and sustain the livelihoods of people that depend on these ecosystems remains scanty as research to inform policy and practice is still very limited. The knowledge gap is even more pronounced in northeastern Africa, notably Ethiopia and South Sudan where these forest types are important in terms of areas coverage and in supporting rural livelihoods. Ethiopia and South Sudan share histories of political unrest and conflict that have contributed to famines; large-scale land acquisition for investment and agricultural expansion by smallholders are resulting in major and rapid land-use changes in their dry forested areas. Ethiopia’s two decades of peace and stability and its experience in managing its natural resources could inform post-conflict intervention measures in South Sudan. This study was conducted as an effort to help fill the knowledge gap in dry forest-based livelihoods through a critical review of the available literature. It used publications from CIFOR’s work on dry forests and product marketing in Ethiopia and from other sources, including gray literature. The study assessed the socio-ecological context, including relevant laws and strategies, with an emphasis on the biophysical characteristics of the dryland forests of Ethiopia and South Sudan and the major causes of deforestation and forest degradation. Using livelihood systems as an analytical framework, it examined (i) major livelihood strategies; (ii) the contribution of dry forests to livelihoods; (iii) forest product markets and value chains; and (iv) forest and land governance with an emphasis on the relationship between political, economic and resource management policies and the level of degradation of dry forests and their contributions to the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities in Ethiopia and South Sudan. It also identified major threats to dry, forest-based livelihoods and key issues for policy, research and practice that need to be addressed to maintain the multifunctionality of dryland forests while also ensuring the well-being of communities dependent on these landscapes. Title: Strengthening the Resiliency of Dryland Forest-Based Livelihoods in Ethiopia and South Sudan: A Review of Literature on the Interaction Between Dryland Forests, Livelihoods and Forest Governance Author: Lawry, Steven, McLain, Rebecca J., Kassa, Habtemariam Year: 2015 Dry forests account for nearly half of the world’s tropical and subtropical forests and provide a multitude of ecological services. They contribute to hydrological cycles and livestock and wildlife provisioning; and host pollinators and wild plants. They are also important ecological zones for dryland agriculture and pastoral livelihood strategies that support hundreds of millions of people around the world. Dry forests cover large areas and their biomass stores carbon and helps mitigate climate change. Dry forests are particularly important to people in Africa. They provide wood for construction and energy, contribute to local diets with wild fruits, vegetables, nuts, edible insects and bushmeat. Wild, edible plants provide essential nutrients, particularly during times of food scarcity. Yet dry forests are subject to high rates of deforestation and degradation driven mainly by agricultural expansion and growing energy demands. Other challenges include limited information on dry forests (their inventories, changes over time, major drivers of deforestation and recovery, etc.), their biophysical aspects and ecosystem services and the potential roles they could play in increasing the sustainability of crop and livestock farming. Governments, development partners and communities are looking for options to better manage these resources at the landscape level. Dry forests are complex ecosystems that are not fully understood. Scientific knowledge to better manage dry forests and sustain the livelihoods of people that depend on these ecosystems remains scanty as research to inform policy and practice is still very limited. The knowledge gap is even more pronounced in northeastern Africa, notably Ethiopia and South Sudan where these forest types are important in terms of areas coverage and in supporting rural livelihoods. Ethiopia and South Sudan share histories of political unrest and conflict that have contributed to famines; large-scale land acquisition for investment and agricultural expansion by smallholders are resulting in major and rapid land-use changes in their dry forested areas. Ethiopia’s two decades of peace and stability and its experience in managing its natural resources could inform post-conflict intervention measures in South Sudan. This study was conducted as an effort to help fill the knowledge gap in dry forest-based livelihoods through a critical review of the available literature. It used publications from CIFOR’s work on dry forests and product marketing in Ethiopia and from other sources, including gray literature. The study assessed the socio-ecological context, including relevant laws and strategies, with an emphasis on the biophysical characteristics of the dryland forests of Ethiopia and South Sudan and the major causes of deforestation and forest degradation. Using livelihood systems as an analytical framework, it examined (i) major livelihood strategies; (ii) the contribution of dry forests to livelihoods; (iii) forest product markets and value chains; and (iv) forest and land governance with an emphasis on the relationship between political, economic and resource management policies and the level of degradation of dry forests and their contributions to the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities in Ethiopia and South Sudan. It also identified major threats to dry, forest-based livelihoods and key issues for policy, research and practice that need to be addressed to maintain the multifunctionality of dryland forests while also ensuring the well-being of communities dependent on these landscapes. Close

• 246. [Article] Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook & Arn.) Rehd.) root dieback : below- and aboveground site occupancy by stump-sprouts in southwest Oregon

  Residual roots from previous stand components are often cited as a major benefit to stump-sprouts of tanoak in southwest Oregon and northern California. Established patterns of belowground carbon allocation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook & Arn.) Rehd.) root dieback : below- and aboveground site occupancy by stump-sprouts in southwest Oregon Author: Ahrens, Glenn R. Residual roots from previous stand components are often cited as a major benefit to stump-sprouts of tanoak in southwest Oregon and northern California. Established patterns of belowground carbon allocation and root/shoot maintenance suggest that residual root systems of stumps will be reduced by carbohydrate depletion and root mortality and by shifts in allocation priority. A chronosequence approach was taken to relate changes in tanoak fine-root biomass to aboveground development during the first ten years after cutting of mature tanoak stands. Tanoak stump sprouts did not maintain preexisting fine roots. Proportional to values in the mature forest, root surface area for 3-year sprouts was 15, 52, and 82% in root diameter classes <.25, .25-1, and 1-2 mm respectively. A strong correlation between elevated soil temperature and dead root proportions suggests that increased respiratory depletion of carbohydrate supplies is the major cause of root mortality. Root dieback increased (in relative and absolute terms) with decreasing root size, which emphasizes the importance of high resolution in belowground studies. As a result of increased root mortality and reduced root growth relative to shoot growth, the new sprout stands regained the root/shoot equilibrium found in mature forests within 4 years. This supports a general theory of functional equilibrium between root and shoot. Rapid initial rates of leaf area growth declined to a lower, stable level of relative growth rate by age 4, coinciding with the time of minimum tanoak root density and root/shoot recovery. This may be the time of minimum dominance potential for tanoak stump-sprouts. The link between aboveground and belowground growth suggests that more extensive studies of tanoak dominance potential may be focused on aboveground characteristics. In combination with the overall decrease in tanoak roots, a pattern of increased dieback in openings between sprout clumps (until age 4) suggests that competition from residual tanoak roots will not entirely preclude the benefits of increased light for other species in openings. However, invading herbs (primarily bracken fern) may account for substantial soil moisture depletion during tanoak sprout recovery. Compared to the fully occupied mature forest, soil moisture depletion in sprout stands was substantially reduced only in the first summer after burning. To meet conifer management objectives, tanoak control treatments may be most effective if applied when sprout stands reach minimum root occupancy (age 4 in this study). In terms of competition, compensatory effects of invading herbs and shrubs are very important in moderating interactions between long-term dominants. Douglas-fir is the major potential crop tree on tanoak dominated sites. To effectively shift dominance to Douglas-fir in tanoak sprout stands, planting of large seedlings and herbaceous weed control are recommended in addition to tanoak control measures. Title: Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook & Arn.) Rehd.) root dieback : below- and aboveground site occupancy by stump-sprouts in southwest Oregon Author: Ahrens, Glenn R. Residual roots from previous stand components are often cited as a major benefit to stump-sprouts of tanoak in southwest Oregon and northern California. Established patterns of belowground carbon allocation and root/shoot maintenance suggest that residual root systems of stumps will be reduced by carbohydrate depletion and root mortality and by shifts in allocation priority. A chronosequence approach was taken to relate changes in tanoak fine-root biomass to aboveground development during the first ten years after cutting of mature tanoak stands. Tanoak stump sprouts did not maintain preexisting fine roots. Proportional to values in the mature forest, root surface area for 3-year sprouts was 15, 52, and 82% in root diameter classes <.25, .25-1, and 1-2 mm respectively. A strong correlation between elevated soil temperature and dead root proportions suggests that increased respiratory depletion of carbohydrate supplies is the major cause of root mortality. Root dieback increased (in relative and absolute terms) with decreasing root size, which emphasizes the importance of high resolution in belowground studies. As a result of increased root mortality and reduced root growth relative to shoot growth, the new sprout stands regained the root/shoot equilibrium found in mature forests within 4 years. This supports a general theory of functional equilibrium between root and shoot. Rapid initial rates of leaf area growth declined to a lower, stable level of relative growth rate by age 4, coinciding with the time of minimum tanoak root density and root/shoot recovery. This may be the time of minimum dominance potential for tanoak stump-sprouts. The link between aboveground and belowground growth suggests that more extensive studies of tanoak dominance potential may be focused on aboveground characteristics. In combination with the overall decrease in tanoak roots, a pattern of increased dieback in openings between sprout clumps (until age 4) suggests that competition from residual tanoak roots will not entirely preclude the benefits of increased light for other species in openings. However, invading herbs (primarily bracken fern) may account for substantial soil moisture depletion during tanoak sprout recovery. Compared to the fully occupied mature forest, soil moisture depletion in sprout stands was substantially reduced only in the first summer after burning. To meet conifer management objectives, tanoak control treatments may be most effective if applied when sprout stands reach minimum root occupancy (age 4 in this study). In terms of competition, compensatory effects of invading herbs and shrubs are very important in moderating interactions between long-term dominants. Douglas-fir is the major potential crop tree on tanoak dominated sites. To effectively shift dominance to Douglas-fir in tanoak sprout stands, planting of large seedlings and herbaceous weed control are recommended in addition to tanoak control measures. Close

• 247. [Article] Effects of irrigation scheduling, using remotely sensed canopy-air temperature differentials, on water relations, yield, and quality of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

  Field experiments were conducted in 1981 and 1982 to develop a method for using remotely measured leaf canopy-air temperature differences (stress-degree-days (SDD)) to schedule irrigations and to evaluate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of irrigation scheduling, using remotely sensed canopy-air temperature differentials, on water relations, yield, and quality of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Author: Bonanno, A. Richard Field experiments were conducted in 1981 and 1982 to develop a method for using remotely measured leaf canopy-air temperature differences (stress-degree-days (SDD)) to schedule irrigations and to evaluate the effects of differential irrigation on snap bean cultivars, 'Oregon 1604' and 'Galamor'. Effects on soil water potential (SWP), leaf water potential (Ψ), leaf osmotic potential (fir ), leaf turgor potential (Ψp), leaf transpiration, leaf diffusive resistance, plant growth and development, yield components, and pod quality factors were measured. To schedule irrigations, various levels of positive SDD's, measured daily at midday, were allowed to accumulate between irrigations. When air vapor pressure deficits (VPD) were small, water stressed plants had positive. SDD's and well watered plants had negative SDD's. When VPD's were large, SDD's were always negative (i.e., canopy temperatures were cooler than air temperature). At these high VPD's, temperature differences between leaves of well watered and stressed plants were as much as 5-7 C. A model is presented in which SDD's can be adjusted based on the expected SDD of well watered plants at a given VPD. With this modification, irrigations can be adequately scheduled using only canopy temperatures, air temperatures, and relative humidity measurements. In both seasons, yield was strongly related to average SWP at 0-45 cm depth. In 1981, evaporative demand on the crop was much higher than in 1982. As a result, yields in 1982 were at least 5 t/ha greater at a given SWP than in 1981. Under water stress, total leaf area per plant was reduced more by a decrease in area per leaf than by a reduction in leaf number. Leaf water potential was not consistent with level of plant water stress. Although some osmotic adjustment occurred in stressed plants, Ψp was still generally lower than in well watered plants throughout the day. As Ψ decreased from early morning through midday, transpiration rates increased due to increasing evaporative demand. Leaf diffusive resistance also increased with decreasing V, but a "threshold value" for stomatal closure was not demonstrated. Title: Effects of irrigation scheduling, using remotely sensed canopy-air temperature differentials, on water relations, yield, and quality of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Author: Bonanno, A. Richard Field experiments were conducted in 1981 and 1982 to develop a method for using remotely measured leaf canopy-air temperature differences (stress-degree-days (SDD)) to schedule irrigations and to evaluate the effects of differential irrigation on snap bean cultivars, 'Oregon 1604' and 'Galamor'. Effects on soil water potential (SWP), leaf water potential (Ψ), leaf osmotic potential (fir ), leaf turgor potential (Ψp), leaf transpiration, leaf diffusive resistance, plant growth and development, yield components, and pod quality factors were measured. To schedule irrigations, various levels of positive SDD's, measured daily at midday, were allowed to accumulate between irrigations. When air vapor pressure deficits (VPD) were small, water stressed plants had positive. SDD's and well watered plants had negative SDD's. When VPD's were large, SDD's were always negative (i.e., canopy temperatures were cooler than air temperature). At these high VPD's, temperature differences between leaves of well watered and stressed plants were as much as 5-7 C. A model is presented in which SDD's can be adjusted based on the expected SDD of well watered plants at a given VPD. With this modification, irrigations can be adequately scheduled using only canopy temperatures, air temperatures, and relative humidity measurements. In both seasons, yield was strongly related to average SWP at 0-45 cm depth. In 1981, evaporative demand on the crop was much higher than in 1982. As a result, yields in 1982 were at least 5 t/ha greater at a given SWP than in 1981. Under water stress, total leaf area per plant was reduced more by a decrease in area per leaf than by a reduction in leaf number. Leaf water potential was not consistent with level of plant water stress. Although some osmotic adjustment occurred in stressed plants, Ψp was still generally lower than in well watered plants throughout the day. As Ψ decreased from early morning through midday, transpiration rates increased due to increasing evaporative demand. Leaf diffusive resistance also increased with decreasing V, but a "threshold value" for stomatal closure was not demonstrated. Close

• 248. [Article] Evaluation of early generation testing in a diallel cross involving four winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum Vill., host)

  Factors which influence the effectiveness of making early generation selections within bulk populations were investigated. Material utilized included the parents, F₁, and F₂ through F₅ bulk populations resulting ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of early generation testing in a diallel cross involving four winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum Vill., host) Author: Daaloul, Abderrazak Factors which influence the effectiveness of making early generation selections within bulk populations were investigated. Material utilized included the parents, F₁, and F₂ through F₅ bulk populations resulting from a diallel cross. Information concerning the response of two traits, plant height and grain yield, was obtained for these populations at three diverse experimental sites. Estimates of gene action were determined by calculating heterosis, inbreeding depression, narrow-sense heritability, and combining ability values. Results obtained suggested that selections for plant height could be effectively made as early as the F₂ generation since this trait was largely controlled by additive gene action. Grain yield was found to be influenced significantly by non-additive gene action; however most populations were stabilized by the F₃ generations where high yielding populations could be identified and effective selection practiced. Results from this study suggested that genotype x environment interaction could influence early generation selection by masking the additive genetic effects. Under very favorable growing conditions the non-additive gene action x environment interaction dominated the additive effects for grain yield and to a lesser degree plant height. However, under dry land conditions both non-additive and additive genetic effects were masked by the environment and could not be expressed fully for grain yield. It is evident that for simply inherited traits like plant height, selection in the F₂ generation must be practiced under an environment where there is full expression for that trait, while selection for grain yield must be conducted under the same environments where the potential varieties are to be grown. The use of Average Combining Ability as an indirect method to evaluate the contribution of parents to performance of the progency was found to be valid by the predicted results obtained for the simply inherited trait plant height. This method could be used with some confidence to estimate contribution of parents for a complex trait like grain yield. Two parents were identified as the best combiners for grain yield. This confirms what was learned about them after fifteen years of actual experience indicating the importance of a technique whereby the breeder can determine in a very short period of time which parents to cross and then concentrate his efforts within the more promising segregating populations. Title: Evaluation of early generation testing in a diallel cross involving four winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum Vill., host) Author: Daaloul, Abderrazak Factors which influence the effectiveness of making early generation selections within bulk populations were investigated. Material utilized included the parents, F₁, and F₂ through F₅ bulk populations resulting from a diallel cross. Information concerning the response of two traits, plant height and grain yield, was obtained for these populations at three diverse experimental sites. Estimates of gene action were determined by calculating heterosis, inbreeding depression, narrow-sense heritability, and combining ability values. Results obtained suggested that selections for plant height could be effectively made as early as the F₂ generation since this trait was largely controlled by additive gene action. Grain yield was found to be influenced significantly by non-additive gene action; however most populations were stabilized by the F₃ generations where high yielding populations could be identified and effective selection practiced. Results from this study suggested that genotype x environment interaction could influence early generation selection by masking the additive genetic effects. Under very favorable growing conditions the non-additive gene action x environment interaction dominated the additive effects for grain yield and to a lesser degree plant height. However, under dry land conditions both non-additive and additive genetic effects were masked by the environment and could not be expressed fully for grain yield. It is evident that for simply inherited traits like plant height, selection in the F₂ generation must be practiced under an environment where there is full expression for that trait, while selection for grain yield must be conducted under the same environments where the potential varieties are to be grown. The use of Average Combining Ability as an indirect method to evaluate the contribution of parents to performance of the progency was found to be valid by the predicted results obtained for the simply inherited trait plant height. This method could be used with some confidence to estimate contribution of parents for a complex trait like grain yield. Two parents were identified as the best combiners for grain yield. This confirms what was learned about them after fifteen years of actual experience indicating the importance of a technique whereby the breeder can determine in a very short period of time which parents to cross and then concentrate his efforts within the more promising segregating populations. Close

• 249. [Article] Mechanisms of uptake and some factors influencing the toxicity of 2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor) for selected plant species

  A number of studies with ¹⁴C-labeled 2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl- N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor) were conducted to obtain information about the mechanisms of uptake of this herbicide. In other studies, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mechanisms of uptake and some factors influencing the toxicity of 2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor) for selected plant species Author: Groenwold, Bareld Egge, 1939- A number of studies with ¹⁴C-labeled 2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl- N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor) were conducted to obtain information about the mechanisms of uptake of this herbicide. In other studies, technical alachlor as well as the emulsifiable concentrate formulation of the chemical were used to investigate the effect of several factors on the toxicity of the herbicide. Corn and oats absorbed alachor primarily in a passive way. The uptake of the herbicide in both species was slightly reduced in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. The reduction was somewhat stronger in corn than in oats. A raise in temperature increased the uptake of alachlor only slightly. Q₁₀ values of about 1.2 were found. The part of the total uptake affected by metabolic inhibitors followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics over the alachlor concentration range of 0.1 mM to 0.5 mM. Uptake of alachlor was measured in the presence of an analog, propachlor. Propachlor reduced the uptake of alachlor at a concentra- tion of 0.3 mM for both chemicals. At a concentration of 0.03 mM for each herbicide alachlor uptake was less reduced. Total uptake by corn and oats was nearly identical up to a concentration of 0.1 mM. At higher concentrations alachlor absorption by oats was about twice as high as by corn. This would suggest that selective uptake by the two species could at least partly account for the difference in tolerance towards alachlor. A study was conducted to determine if P, K and Ca levels in oat plants were affected by alachlor treatment. P and Ca content was not affected by the presence of alachlor, but a gradual decrease in K level with increasing herbicide concentrations was observed. Uptake of alachlor through the shoot region exceeded absorption by the roots in the two monocotyledonous species, corn and oats. Two dictos, soybean and cucumber, absorbed higher amounts of the herbicide through the roots. Shoot exposure of corn and cucumber was most damaging to the plant, while root exposure was more damaging to oats and soybean. The effect of alachlor on the growth of oats and cucumber at various levels of sub-irrigation and carrier volume could be explained on the basis of differences in effective absorption regions in the plants. Photoperiod had, in contrast with light intensity, no effect on the activity of the herbicide to corn, cucumber and oats. An increase in light intensity up to 1600 ft-c increased the toxicity of alachlor in corn and cucumber, but not in oats. The activity at 2000 ft-c was only slightly higher than at 60 ft-c, and less than at 660 ft-c. In the case of cucumber, an increase in alachlor concentration had very little effect at 2000 ft-c, in contrast with the other light intensities. Title: Mechanisms of uptake and some factors influencing the toxicity of 2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor) for selected plant species Author: Groenwold, Bareld Egge, 1939- A number of studies with ¹⁴C-labeled 2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl- N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor) were conducted to obtain information about the mechanisms of uptake of this herbicide. In other studies, technical alachlor as well as the emulsifiable concentrate formulation of the chemical were used to investigate the effect of several factors on the toxicity of the herbicide. Corn and oats absorbed alachor primarily in a passive way. The uptake of the herbicide in both species was slightly reduced in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. The reduction was somewhat stronger in corn than in oats. A raise in temperature increased the uptake of alachlor only slightly. Q₁₀ values of about 1.2 were found. The part of the total uptake affected by metabolic inhibitors followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics over the alachlor concentration range of 0.1 mM to 0.5 mM. Uptake of alachlor was measured in the presence of an analog, propachlor. Propachlor reduced the uptake of alachlor at a concentra- tion of 0.3 mM for both chemicals. At a concentration of 0.03 mM for each herbicide alachlor uptake was less reduced. Total uptake by corn and oats was nearly identical up to a concentration of 0.1 mM. At higher concentrations alachlor absorption by oats was about twice as high as by corn. This would suggest that selective uptake by the two species could at least partly account for the difference in tolerance towards alachlor. A study was conducted to determine if P, K and Ca levels in oat plants were affected by alachlor treatment. P and Ca content was not affected by the presence of alachlor, but a gradual decrease in K level with increasing herbicide concentrations was observed. Uptake of alachlor through the shoot region exceeded absorption by the roots in the two monocotyledonous species, corn and oats. Two dictos, soybean and cucumber, absorbed higher amounts of the herbicide through the roots. Shoot exposure of corn and cucumber was most damaging to the plant, while root exposure was more damaging to oats and soybean. The effect of alachlor on the growth of oats and cucumber at various levels of sub-irrigation and carrier volume could be explained on the basis of differences in effective absorption regions in the plants. Photoperiod had, in contrast with light intensity, no effect on the activity of the herbicide to corn, cucumber and oats. An increase in light intensity up to 1600 ft-c increased the toxicity of alachlor in corn and cucumber, but not in oats. The activity at 2000 ft-c was only slightly higher than at 60 ft-c, and less than at 660 ft-c. In the case of cucumber, an increase in alachlor concentration had very little effect at 2000 ft-c, in contrast with the other light intensities. Close

• 250. [Article] The incidence of infection and decay caused by Heterobasidion annosum in managed second-growth noble fir on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon

  Improved accessibility in remote noble fir (Abies procera Rehd.) stands and the realization of the value of noble fir wood have led to increased pressure to enter and actively manage noble fir stands in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The incidence of infection and decay caused by Heterobasidion annosum in managed second-growth noble fir on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon Author: Sullivan, Kelly F. Improved accessibility in remote noble fir (Abies procera Rehd.) stands and the realization of the value of noble fir wood have led to increased pressure to enter and actively manage noble fir stands in Oregon and Washington. This study examined the incidence of infection and decay caused by Heterobasidion annosum Bref. in two previously thinned and wounded noble fir stands. The project was designed to gain a better understanding of the biology and population structure of H. annosum on a little studied host, and ultimately to provide land managers with a means for reducing the incidence and severity of annosus root and butt rot. Data for the study were collected from two study sites on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation (WSIR), Oregon. Thirty potential crop trees per stand, both wounded and unwounded, were selected. Trees were sampled using the following techniques: 1) collection of basic tree data; 2) destructive tree dissections or non-destructive wood chip extraction with subsequent isolation analysis; and 3) thirty foot circular stump plots collecting pertinent stump data. Vegetative compatibility (VC) tests were conducted to analyze the clonal distribution of H. annosum within individual trees and ultimately to examine the relative importance of primary and secondary spread. Many VC groups were present in individual trees suggesting the importance of primary spore infection. Starch gel electrophoresis was used to analyze isozyme patterns and determine the intersterility group (biological species) of a subsample of H. annosum isolates recovered from live noble fir trees. All isolates belonged to the S type intersterility group. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine if tree, stump and wound variables were associated with H. annosum infection and decay. Results suggested that percent H. annosum infection increased as the total surface area of wounds below breast height and total tree height increased. Additionally, percent decay volume increased as the mean diameter of surrounding true fir stumps and mean wound age increased. The major conclusions of this study are as follows: 1) the incidence of H. annosum infection is high in thinned and wounded noble fir stands; 2) wounded trees are significantly more decayed than unwounded trees, however, the presence of H. annosum was not significantly associated with the presence of wounds and/or decay columns; 3) both wounds and stumps are involved in disease spread, and wounds may exacerbate the decay process; 4) decay volumes steadily increase with time; and 5) manager's should treat stumps with borax, or an equivalent protectant, and take measures to minimize wounding. Title: The incidence of infection and decay caused by Heterobasidion annosum in managed second-growth noble fir on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon Author: Sullivan, Kelly F. Improved accessibility in remote noble fir (Abies procera Rehd.) stands and the realization of the value of noble fir wood have led to increased pressure to enter and actively manage noble fir stands in Oregon and Washington. This study examined the incidence of infection and decay caused by Heterobasidion annosum Bref. in two previously thinned and wounded noble fir stands. The project was designed to gain a better understanding of the biology and population structure of H. annosum on a little studied host, and ultimately to provide land managers with a means for reducing the incidence and severity of annosus root and butt rot. Data for the study were collected from two study sites on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation (WSIR), Oregon. Thirty potential crop trees per stand, both wounded and unwounded, were selected. Trees were sampled using the following techniques: 1) collection of basic tree data; 2) destructive tree dissections or non-destructive wood chip extraction with subsequent isolation analysis; and 3) thirty foot circular stump plots collecting pertinent stump data. Vegetative compatibility (VC) tests were conducted to analyze the clonal distribution of H. annosum within individual trees and ultimately to examine the relative importance of primary and secondary spread. Many VC groups were present in individual trees suggesting the importance of primary spore infection. Starch gel electrophoresis was used to analyze isozyme patterns and determine the intersterility group (biological species) of a subsample of H. annosum isolates recovered from live noble fir trees. All isolates belonged to the S type intersterility group. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine if tree, stump and wound variables were associated with H. annosum infection and decay. Results suggested that percent H. annosum infection increased as the total surface area of wounds below breast height and total tree height increased. Additionally, percent decay volume increased as the mean diameter of surrounding true fir stumps and mean wound age increased. The major conclusions of this study are as follows: 1) the incidence of H. annosum infection is high in thinned and wounded noble fir stands; 2) wounded trees are significantly more decayed than unwounded trees, however, the presence of H. annosum was not significantly associated with the presence of wounds and/or decay columns; 3) both wounds and stumps are involved in disease spread, and wounds may exacerbate the decay process; 4) decay volumes steadily increase with time; and 5) manager's should treat stumps with borax, or an equivalent protectant, and take measures to minimize wounding. Close