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• 2401. [Image] Annual project history and O. & M. report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1918

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials and contracts, land acquired, land leased, project organization chart, litigations, photographs, maps, hydrographs, etc.; Includes ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual project history and O. & M. report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1918 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1918, 2008, 2004 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials and contracts, land acquired, land leased, project organization chart, litigations, photographs, maps, hydrographs, etc.; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years for 1918 – 1943; Description based on Annual project history and O.M. report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California Annual for calendar year 1918; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Annual project history and O. & M. report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1918 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1918, 2008, 2004 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials and contracts, land acquired, land leased, project organization chart, litigations, photographs, maps, hydrographs, etc.; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years for 1918 – 1943; Description based on Annual project history and O.M. report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California Annual for calendar year 1918; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 2402. [Image] Annual report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1917

  	Photographs, maps, and tables for land acquired, hydrographs, contracts, etc.; Description based on Annual Report of the Klamath project: Oregon and California for calendar year 1914; Title covers: calendar ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1917 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1917, 2008, 2005 Photographs, maps, and tables for land acquired, hydrographs, contracts, etc.; Description based on Annual Report of the Klamath project: Oregon and California for calendar year 1914; Title covers: calendar years for 1913 - 1917; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Title: Annual report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1917 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1917, 2008, 2005 Photographs, maps, and tables for land acquired, hydrographs, contracts, etc.; Description based on Annual Report of the Klamath project: Oregon and California for calendar year 1914; Title covers: calendar years for 1913 - 1917; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Close

• 2403. [Image] The Bull trout (salvelinus confluentus) population within Crater Lake National Park: summarized information relating to its conservation and perpetuation

  	ill.,; Report title; "On October 7 and 8, 1991 an advisory panel\recovery team met at Crater Lake National Park to review the status of the park's only native fish population, and to develop recommendations ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Bull trout (salvelinus confluentus) population within Crater Lake National Park: summarized information relating to its conservation and perpetuation Author: Pister, Edwin P. Year: 1992, 2010 ill.,; Report title; "On October 7 and 8, 1991 an advisory panel\recovery team met at Crater Lake National Park to review the status of the park's only native fish population, and to develop recommendations for a recovery program to restore the Sun Creek Bull Trout population to historic range and abundance within Crater Lake National Park." - P. [ii].; Title: The Bull trout (salvelinus confluentus) population within Crater Lake National Park: summarized information relating to its conservation and perpetuation Author: Pister, Edwin P. Year: 1992, 2010 ill.,; Report title; "On October 7 and 8, 1991 an advisory panel\recovery team met at Crater Lake National Park to review the status of the park's only native fish population, and to develop recommendations for a recovery program to restore the Sun Creek Bull Trout population to historic range and abundance within Crater Lake National Park." - P. [ii].; Close

• 2404. [Image] Bull trout restoration and brook trout eradication at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill., 1 map (sketched) ; Report title; "Drought conditions are continuing in 1994, at the writing of this report in March of 1994, Crater Lake National Park had received approximately 50% of the annual ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bull trout restoration and brook trout eradication at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Buktenica, Mark. Year: 1994, 2008, 2009 ill., 1 map (sketched) ; Report title; "Drought conditions are continuing in 1994, at the writing of this report in March of 1994, Crater Lake National Park had received approximately 50% of the annual average accumulated precipatation to date." - P. 17.; Title: Bull trout restoration and brook trout eradication at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Buktenica, Mark. Year: 1994, 2008, 2009 ill., 1 map (sketched) ; Report title; "Drought conditions are continuing in 1994, at the writing of this report in March of 1994, Crater Lake National Park had received approximately 50% of the annual average accumulated precipatation to date." - P. 17.; Close

• 2405. [Article] Automated information retrieval systems for legal research

  Purpose. This study of automated information retrieval systems was undertaken to attempt to ascertain the extent and development of a total legal information system. Overview. Historically, lawyers have ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Automated information retrieval systems for legal research Author: Baylor, Robert G. Year: 1970 Purpose. This study of automated information retrieval systems was undertaken to attempt to ascertain the extent and development of a total legal information system. Overview. Historically, lawyers have searched the statutes and case law in the traditionally manual method. Given consistent high standards of editing, not too complex materials, and a collection of manageable size, this manual method will work to reasonable satisfaction, so long as a document never changes in meaning or significance. Lawyers point out that the present manual system is inadequate because with 30,000 new judicial decisions and 15,000 new statutes being promulgated each year it is becoming increasingly difficult to search the law. Methodology. The writer surveyed a selected sample of legal firms to determine the methods or aids used in the area of major management concern: (1) word processing, (2) bookkeeping, (3) timekeeping, (4) library, (5) filing, and (6) legal research. Correspondence and interviews revealed that only five firms are using a mechanical search system, while only one firm was on-line with a computer legal research system. Because law firms began addressing themselves to administrative problems only since 1960 it was necessary to make an investigation of the literature to develop an information base for this study. The proceedings of national law office management seminars were studied. Interviews were held with law firm managers, interested lawyers, the Chief Clerk of the Supreme Court of Oregon, the Administrator for the Oregon Justice Department, and computer and accounting system salesmen. Discussion. The use of the computer as the tool to use in a system for automated information retrieval for legal research was first demonstrated in 1960 at the American Bar Association's Annual Meeting in Washington, D. C. Several experiments and studies conducted since that time are discussed in this study. Two new systems seem to offer significant promise for automated legal searches, (1) the OBAR System, and (2) the Aspen System. Each is computer-oriented and offers full text ("word for word") searches. Resistance by lawyers to use an automated legal research system is expected due to professional conservatism. Recommendations and Conclusion. Law firms must continue upgrading their administrative functions in order to be ready for a sophisticated automated information retrieval system. A national organization such as the American Bar Association will have to organize a joint effort for implementation of a full information system. Law school curriculum will have to include a study of system analysis and computer technology. Law firms will have to develop a new concept of organization and work habits will need to be changed. The use of automated information retrieval systems for legal research will make lawyers more efficient and more profitable, without the need to increase client fees. Title: Automated information retrieval systems for legal research Author: Baylor, Robert G. Year: 1970 Purpose. This study of automated information retrieval systems was undertaken to attempt to ascertain the extent and development of a total legal information system. Overview. Historically, lawyers have searched the statutes and case law in the traditionally manual method. Given consistent high standards of editing, not too complex materials, and a collection of manageable size, this manual method will work to reasonable satisfaction, so long as a document never changes in meaning or significance. Lawyers point out that the present manual system is inadequate because with 30,000 new judicial decisions and 15,000 new statutes being promulgated each year it is becoming increasingly difficult to search the law. Methodology. The writer surveyed a selected sample of legal firms to determine the methods or aids used in the area of major management concern: (1) word processing, (2) bookkeeping, (3) timekeeping, (4) library, (5) filing, and (6) legal research. Correspondence and interviews revealed that only five firms are using a mechanical search system, while only one firm was on-line with a computer legal research system. Because law firms began addressing themselves to administrative problems only since 1960 it was necessary to make an investigation of the literature to develop an information base for this study. The proceedings of national law office management seminars were studied. Interviews were held with law firm managers, interested lawyers, the Chief Clerk of the Supreme Court of Oregon, the Administrator for the Oregon Justice Department, and computer and accounting system salesmen. Discussion. The use of the computer as the tool to use in a system for automated information retrieval for legal research was first demonstrated in 1960 at the American Bar Association's Annual Meeting in Washington, D. C. Several experiments and studies conducted since that time are discussed in this study. Two new systems seem to offer significant promise for automated legal searches, (1) the OBAR System, and (2) the Aspen System. Each is computer-oriented and offers full text ("word for word") searches. Resistance by lawyers to use an automated legal research system is expected due to professional conservatism. Recommendations and Conclusion. Law firms must continue upgrading their administrative functions in order to be ready for a sophisticated automated information retrieval system. A national organization such as the American Bar Association will have to organize a joint effort for implementation of a full information system. Law school curriculum will have to include a study of system analysis and computer technology. Law firms will have to develop a new concept of organization and work habits will need to be changed. The use of automated information retrieval systems for legal research will make lawyers more efficient and more profitable, without the need to increase client fees. Close

• 2406. [Article] Orestes A. Brownson: An American Traditionalist

  Orestes A. Brownson was an American journalist who converted to Catholicism in 1844, at the age of forty-one. He had been writing editorials and occasionally managing publications since 1828 in connection ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Orestes A. Brownson: An American Traditionalist Author: Oswald, Marianne Year: 1973 Orestes A. Brownson was an American journalist who converted to Catholicism in 1844, at the age of forty-one. He had been writing editorials and occasionally managing publications since 1828 in connection with religious activities as minister to various sects, Brownson, from the 1830's on, read, reviewed, and kept abreast of European literature concerned with philosophy, social, political, and economic theory. It was assumed that he continued that practice after his conversion in 1844 and that he would enlist the aid of European Catholic theorists to develop an acceptable Catholic system of thought—particularly since American Catholic literature in the mid-nineteenth century was mainly devoid of theoretical works. A brief scanning of Brownson's works written after 1844 revealed the names of several French Catholic writers who were part of a group known as Traditionalists--De Maistre, Bonald, Lamennais, Veuillot, Donoso Cortes, Bonnetty, and others. The problem evolved from this discovery to determine whether Traditionalists had influenced Brownson's Catholic theorizing, and if so, to what extent. The main source of reference for this research problem was the twenty-volume collection Henry Brownson had compiled of his father's Catholic journalistic efforts. Henry Brownson also published a three volume biography of his father, and I obtained the first volume, Early Life. Other biographies on Brownson have been written by Theodore Maynard, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and Doran Whalen, which were useful for background material. A variety of articles have been written about Brownson, but none related him to Traditionalism; their usefulness, therefore, was limited. I relied on secondary sources for interpretations of the French Traditionalists: Quinlan's thesis and Cohen's article on Bonald; works from Lively, Greffer, and Koyre on de Maistre; and a variety of French historical surveys. I also consulted materials which would provide background information on the Enlightenment--a necessity since Traditionalists and Brownson continually attacked Enlightenment ideas. I compared the social, political, and economic aspects of Brownson's ideas to those of the Traditionalists. The conclusion arrived at was that Brownson had used Traditionalist theory almost exclusively as a foundation for his own work. Brownson not only displayed ideas similar to the Traditionalists, he featured their exact terminology: "germ of perfection theory", "divine origin of language", and "generative principle of constitution.” He referred to them as the "illustrious Bonald" and "illustrious de Maistre”l and occasionally stated that he was sympathetic to Traditionalist ideas. Brownson's deviation from Traditionalist theory was usually a result of translating French ideas to American society. He was careful to make the point that the ideas he altered remained valid for France, and Traditionalists were essentially correct in their entire assessment of society. Title: Orestes A. Brownson: An American Traditionalist Author: Oswald, Marianne Year: 1973 Orestes A. Brownson was an American journalist who converted to Catholicism in 1844, at the age of forty-one. He had been writing editorials and occasionally managing publications since 1828 in connection with religious activities as minister to various sects, Brownson, from the 1830's on, read, reviewed, and kept abreast of European literature concerned with philosophy, social, political, and economic theory. It was assumed that he continued that practice after his conversion in 1844 and that he would enlist the aid of European Catholic theorists to develop an acceptable Catholic system of thought—particularly since American Catholic literature in the mid-nineteenth century was mainly devoid of theoretical works. A brief scanning of Brownson's works written after 1844 revealed the names of several French Catholic writers who were part of a group known as Traditionalists--De Maistre, Bonald, Lamennais, Veuillot, Donoso Cortes, Bonnetty, and others. The problem evolved from this discovery to determine whether Traditionalists had influenced Brownson's Catholic theorizing, and if so, to what extent. The main source of reference for this research problem was the twenty-volume collection Henry Brownson had compiled of his father's Catholic journalistic efforts. Henry Brownson also published a three volume biography of his father, and I obtained the first volume, Early Life. Other biographies on Brownson have been written by Theodore Maynard, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and Doran Whalen, which were useful for background material. A variety of articles have been written about Brownson, but none related him to Traditionalism; their usefulness, therefore, was limited. I relied on secondary sources for interpretations of the French Traditionalists: Quinlan's thesis and Cohen's article on Bonald; works from Lively, Greffer, and Koyre on de Maistre; and a variety of French historical surveys. I also consulted materials which would provide background information on the Enlightenment--a necessity since Traditionalists and Brownson continually attacked Enlightenment ideas. I compared the social, political, and economic aspects of Brownson's ideas to those of the Traditionalists. The conclusion arrived at was that Brownson had used Traditionalist theory almost exclusively as a foundation for his own work. Brownson not only displayed ideas similar to the Traditionalists, he featured their exact terminology: "germ of perfection theory", "divine origin of language", and "generative principle of constitution.” He referred to them as the "illustrious Bonald" and "illustrious de Maistre”l and occasionally stated that he was sympathetic to Traditionalist ideas. Brownson's deviation from Traditionalist theory was usually a result of translating French ideas to American society. He was careful to make the point that the ideas he altered remained valid for France, and Traditionalists were essentially correct in their entire assessment of society. Close

• 2407. [Article] Coordination in social service systems: the Area Agency on Aging as a case study

  It is the purpose of this research to examine the interactions between organizations and the work of coordinating agencies in influencing those interactions using social exchange theory. A model was developed, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coordination in social service systems: the Area Agency on Aging as a case study Author: Wetle, Terrie Todd Year: 1976 It is the purpose of this research to examine the interactions between organizations and the work of coordinating agencies in influencing those interactions using social exchange theory. A model was developed, incorporating elements of exchange theory, and the components of that model examined in the community. Techniques of change and the outcomes of activities of the coordinating agency were examined in an effort to develop a "case study" of a coordinating agency's activity in the community. Historically, social services were provided in the community through informal, often familial, networks. With the urbanization of society, social services have become more formalized and specialized with a remarkable increase in the number of individual agencies. Movement from a "growth" to a scarcity economy and new federalism as well as concern with duplication, overlap, and gaps in services have led to an interest in the coordination of these activities. The Area Agency on Aging, considered by many to be a forerunner to the Allied Services Act, was implemented in 1973 by the federal government for the purpose of coordinating services to the elderly in the community. The goal of the Area Agency is the development of a comprehensive coordinated community service system. The activities of six such coordinating agencies as well as the social service organizations in their areas were studied to determine the explanatory value of social exchange theory. Additionally, attitudes of service providers toward various tactics for community change as well as the perceived outcomes of coordinating agency activities were investigated. The study of the Area Agency on Aging as a coordinating agency in the community was accomplished in two waves of data collection. The first, consisting of indepth interviews with 84 individuals in six areas, took place from May through July of 1975. The second wave involved indepth interviews and a mailed survey. Data were collected from 191 individuals in 126 agencies in three areas, urban, rural and urban/rural mixed. The data were coded and analyzed by computer to determine trends and relationships. The interview schedules were analyzed for specific cases. These objective and subjective data were used to "reconstruct" this study of interaction and coordination. A model, Organizational Interaction Model, was derived utilizing social exchange theory. This model contains the elements of commodities: funding, information, access to influentials, clients, staff and technology; valuing criteria: integration, status, world view, autonomy, domain and power; and arenas of exchange: planning, contracts and letters of agreement, hearings and meetings, evaluation and monitoring, and client transfers. These elements were examined, and their explanatory value for activities in the community involving organizations and coordinating agencies was determined. Change techniques, involving varying types as well as levels of intervention, were studied in terms of their perceived appropriateness by community organizations. The data suggested changes in activities of coordinating agencies, social planners, and makers of policy. Perceived outcomes of coordinating agency activity over the past three years show positive impacts in the community generally, though individual impacts vary. Finally, the implications of these findings are discussed for coordinating agencies as well as local and federal policy makers, with suggestions for future research. Social exchange theory offers rich ground for the study of community service systems and the coordination of interactions within corrrnunities. Title: Coordination in social service systems: the Area Agency on Aging as a case study Author: Wetle, Terrie Todd Year: 1976 It is the purpose of this research to examine the interactions between organizations and the work of coordinating agencies in influencing those interactions using social exchange theory. A model was developed, incorporating elements of exchange theory, and the components of that model examined in the community. Techniques of change and the outcomes of activities of the coordinating agency were examined in an effort to develop a "case study" of a coordinating agency's activity in the community. Historically, social services were provided in the community through informal, often familial, networks. With the urbanization of society, social services have become more formalized and specialized with a remarkable increase in the number of individual agencies. Movement from a "growth" to a scarcity economy and new federalism as well as concern with duplication, overlap, and gaps in services have led to an interest in the coordination of these activities. The Area Agency on Aging, considered by many to be a forerunner to the Allied Services Act, was implemented in 1973 by the federal government for the purpose of coordinating services to the elderly in the community. The goal of the Area Agency is the development of a comprehensive coordinated community service system. The activities of six such coordinating agencies as well as the social service organizations in their areas were studied to determine the explanatory value of social exchange theory. Additionally, attitudes of service providers toward various tactics for community change as well as the perceived outcomes of coordinating agency activities were investigated. The study of the Area Agency on Aging as a coordinating agency in the community was accomplished in two waves of data collection. The first, consisting of indepth interviews with 84 individuals in six areas, took place from May through July of 1975. The second wave involved indepth interviews and a mailed survey. Data were collected from 191 individuals in 126 agencies in three areas, urban, rural and urban/rural mixed. The data were coded and analyzed by computer to determine trends and relationships. The interview schedules were analyzed for specific cases. These objective and subjective data were used to "reconstruct" this study of interaction and coordination. A model, Organizational Interaction Model, was derived utilizing social exchange theory. This model contains the elements of commodities: funding, information, access to influentials, clients, staff and technology; valuing criteria: integration, status, world view, autonomy, domain and power; and arenas of exchange: planning, contracts and letters of agreement, hearings and meetings, evaluation and monitoring, and client transfers. These elements were examined, and their explanatory value for activities in the community involving organizations and coordinating agencies was determined. Change techniques, involving varying types as well as levels of intervention, were studied in terms of their perceived appropriateness by community organizations. The data suggested changes in activities of coordinating agencies, social planners, and makers of policy. Perceived outcomes of coordinating agency activity over the past three years show positive impacts in the community generally, though individual impacts vary. Finally, the implications of these findings are discussed for coordinating agencies as well as local and federal policy makers, with suggestions for future research. Social exchange theory offers rich ground for the study of community service systems and the coordination of interactions within corrrnunities. Close

• 2408. [Article] Evaluation of Pre-Apprenticeship and Retention Services in the Construction Trades in Oregon

  While white men have historically dominated the highway construction trades in Oregon, this trend is changing: of those enrolled in apprenticeships in the highway construction trades in 2005, 81% were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of Pre-Apprenticeship and Retention Services in the Construction Trades in Oregon Author: Wilkinson, Lindsey, Kelly, Maura Year: 2017 While white men have historically dominated the highway construction trades in Oregon, this trend is changing: of those enrolled in apprenticeships in the highway construction trades in 2005, 81% were white men; in 2015, this number was 70% (Figure 1). These changes are due in part to recruitment efforts and training offered by pre-apprenticeship programs, which are designed to help individuals build the necessary skills to meet the minimum entry qualifications to enter a trade or apprenticeship program. Pre-apprenticeships can reach not only women and people of color, but also people without family or friends in the trades, which is a common conduit for employment in this sector. Pre-apprenticeship programs also offer ongoing mentoring and support for graduates, through apprenticeship and beyond. Two such pre-apprenticeship programs in Portland are Oregon Tradeswomen Inc. (OTI), which targets women, and Constructing Hope (CH), which primarily serves people of color and those previously incarcerated, providing a second chance in the workforce. These programs work to diversify the pipeline of potential applicants entering registered apprenticeships in Oregon. Pre-apprenticeships are supported in part by funds from the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Bureau of Labor Industries (BOLI) initiative to diversify the skilled highway construction workforce, the Highway Construction Workforce Development Program. This report assesses the effectiveness of pre-apprenticeship programs in 1) preparing preapprentices for entry into the trades or an apprenticeship in the trades; 2) increasing the entry of women and minorities into highway construction trades apprenticeships and 3) increasing the likelihood that women and minority apprentices will complete apprenticeships in the highway construction trades. In order to assess the impact of pre-apprenticeship programs on the skills, perceptions, and career outcomes of women and minorities, PSU researchers designed a longitudinal study of individuals participating in a pre-apprenticeship program through Oregon Tradeswomen Inc. (OTI) or Constructing Hope (CH). PSU also relied on aggregate data from the Oregon Apprenticeship System (OAS) data base to identify OTI or CH graduates entering a registered apprenticeship. This report reflects the findings from three waves of survey data collection (2016-2017) and OAS data from the 2005-2017 cohorts of new apprentices in the state of Oregon. Title: Evaluation of Pre-Apprenticeship and Retention Services in the Construction Trades in Oregon Author: Wilkinson, Lindsey, Kelly, Maura Year: 2017 While white men have historically dominated the highway construction trades in Oregon, this trend is changing: of those enrolled in apprenticeships in the highway construction trades in 2005, 81% were white men; in 2015, this number was 70% (Figure 1). These changes are due in part to recruitment efforts and training offered by pre-apprenticeship programs, which are designed to help individuals build the necessary skills to meet the minimum entry qualifications to enter a trade or apprenticeship program. Pre-apprenticeships can reach not only women and people of color, but also people without family or friends in the trades, which is a common conduit for employment in this sector. Pre-apprenticeship programs also offer ongoing mentoring and support for graduates, through apprenticeship and beyond. Two such pre-apprenticeship programs in Portland are Oregon Tradeswomen Inc. (OTI), which targets women, and Constructing Hope (CH), which primarily serves people of color and those previously incarcerated, providing a second chance in the workforce. These programs work to diversify the pipeline of potential applicants entering registered apprenticeships in Oregon. Pre-apprenticeships are supported in part by funds from the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Bureau of Labor Industries (BOLI) initiative to diversify the skilled highway construction workforce, the Highway Construction Workforce Development Program. This report assesses the effectiveness of pre-apprenticeship programs in 1) preparing preapprentices for entry into the trades or an apprenticeship in the trades; 2) increasing the entry of women and minorities into highway construction trades apprenticeships and 3) increasing the likelihood that women and minority apprentices will complete apprenticeships in the highway construction trades. In order to assess the impact of pre-apprenticeship programs on the skills, perceptions, and career outcomes of women and minorities, PSU researchers designed a longitudinal study of individuals participating in a pre-apprenticeship program through Oregon Tradeswomen Inc. (OTI) or Constructing Hope (CH). PSU also relied on aggregate data from the Oregon Apprenticeship System (OAS) data base to identify OTI or CH graduates entering a registered apprenticeship. This report reflects the findings from three waves of survey data collection (2016-2017) and OAS data from the 2005-2017 cohorts of new apprentices in the state of Oregon. Close

• 2409. [Article] Training "In a Good Way": Evaluating the Effect of a Culturally Responsive Pre-training Intervention on Learning and Motivation

  Employee Training and Development (T&D) is a crucial component to an organization’s success and its ability to remain competitive. Although researchers in the field have discovered ways to enhance the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Training "In a Good Way": Evaluating the Effect of a Culturally Responsive Pre-training Intervention on Learning and Motivation Author: Murry, Adam Thomas Year: 2015 Employee Training and Development (T&D) is a crucial component to an organization’s success and its ability to remain competitive. Although researchers in the field have discovered ways to enhance the effectiveness of training programs through the design, delivery, and evaluation process, research has not provided empirically-based recommendations for how to best train individuals whose cultural backgrounds may influence receptiveness of training curriculum. This is particularly relevant for employees whose cultural groups have been historically discriminated against, where cultural norms implicit in the training design may be met with resistance on behalf of the trainees. In the field of multicultural education, an instructional approach has been suggested to overcome cultural differences between instructor, curriculum writers, and students known as culturally responsive education. I evaluated a pre-training video prime based on this approach in the context of multi-site data-use training program for Native American educational professionals. Data-use training was delivered after exposure to one of two videos that framed the objectives of data use either in a culturally responsive way or in a generic mainstream fashion. Participants filled out surveys after the video but before the training, and then again after the training. Prime type was randomly assigned by training location. I hypothesized that participants who received a culturally responsive training prime would learn more during the data-usage training than participants who did not, and that this effect would be mediated by heightened affective motivators immediately following the culturally responsive prime. None of the hypothesized pathways were supported. There was no direct effect of my prime manipulation on knowledge (Hypothesis 1) or skill acquisition (H2), or on pre-training motivation to learn (H3), research-related self-efficacy (H4), goal-commitment (H5), or identification with research (H6). Furthermore, there were no indirect effects of my manipulation on knowledge (H7) or skill (H8) acquisition through pre-training motivation to learn, self-efficacy, goal-commitment, or identification with research. The motivation to learn subscale for valence had a significant positive direct effect on knowledge and skill acquisition and self-efficacy significantly positively predicted skill acquisition. Goal-commitment and motivation to learn subscales for instrumentality and expectancy had a significant negative relationship with skill acquisition. Lack of support for my hypothesized pathways is explained partially by the failure of my independent variable to influence perceptions of cultural responsiveness. A manipulation check revealed that participants did not appraise my culturally responsive priming video as significantly more relevant or culturally appropriate compared to the alternative mainstream video. Findings on the positive effects of valence and self-efficacy are discussed in support of current literature. Negative effects of expectancy are discussed in terms of stereotype threat. The implications and applications for trainers and researchers in training and minority education are followed by a consideration of this study’s limitations and suggestions for future research. Title: Training "In a Good Way": Evaluating the Effect of a Culturally Responsive Pre-training Intervention on Learning and Motivation Author: Murry, Adam Thomas Year: 2015 Employee Training and Development (T&D) is a crucial component to an organization’s success and its ability to remain competitive. Although researchers in the field have discovered ways to enhance the effectiveness of training programs through the design, delivery, and evaluation process, research has not provided empirically-based recommendations for how to best train individuals whose cultural backgrounds may influence receptiveness of training curriculum. This is particularly relevant for employees whose cultural groups have been historically discriminated against, where cultural norms implicit in the training design may be met with resistance on behalf of the trainees. In the field of multicultural education, an instructional approach has been suggested to overcome cultural differences between instructor, curriculum writers, and students known as culturally responsive education. I evaluated a pre-training video prime based on this approach in the context of multi-site data-use training program for Native American educational professionals. Data-use training was delivered after exposure to one of two videos that framed the objectives of data use either in a culturally responsive way or in a generic mainstream fashion. Participants filled out surveys after the video but before the training, and then again after the training. Prime type was randomly assigned by training location. I hypothesized that participants who received a culturally responsive training prime would learn more during the data-usage training than participants who did not, and that this effect would be mediated by heightened affective motivators immediately following the culturally responsive prime. None of the hypothesized pathways were supported. There was no direct effect of my prime manipulation on knowledge (Hypothesis 1) or skill acquisition (H2), or on pre-training motivation to learn (H3), research-related self-efficacy (H4), goal-commitment (H5), or identification with research (H6). Furthermore, there were no indirect effects of my manipulation on knowledge (H7) or skill (H8) acquisition through pre-training motivation to learn, self-efficacy, goal-commitment, or identification with research. The motivation to learn subscale for valence had a significant positive direct effect on knowledge and skill acquisition and self-efficacy significantly positively predicted skill acquisition. Goal-commitment and motivation to learn subscales for instrumentality and expectancy had a significant negative relationship with skill acquisition. Lack of support for my hypothesized pathways is explained partially by the failure of my independent variable to influence perceptions of cultural responsiveness. A manipulation check revealed that participants did not appraise my culturally responsive priming video as significantly more relevant or culturally appropriate compared to the alternative mainstream video. Findings on the positive effects of valence and self-efficacy are discussed in support of current literature. Negative effects of expectancy are discussed in terms of stereotype threat. The implications and applications for trainers and researchers in training and minority education are followed by a consideration of this study’s limitations and suggestions for future research. Close

• 2410. [Article] Active and Public Transportation Connectivity between North Temple TOD and Jordan Park River Trail

  The project seeks to capitalize on existing community assets—several TOD stations and a regional bike and pedestrian trail system—by studying how these can be linked. The overarching goal of this project ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Active and Public Transportation Connectivity between North Temple TOD and Jordan Park River Trail Author: Zambrana, Ivis Garcia, Oostema, Christie Year: 2017 The project seeks to capitalize on existing community assets—several TOD stations and a regional bike and pedestrian trail system—by studying how these can be linked. The overarching goal of this project is to increase scholarship on networking safe routes that can encourage public and active transportation choices and thus, encourage a healthier lifestyle and advance sustainability. By expanding pedestrian, bicycle and transit connections to green space and offering the most potential for TOD, this proposal clearly demonstrates the greatest priorities of NITC. Moreover, nationwide, communities like Salt Lake’s West Side are in greater need of sustainable transportation choices that foster livability because a high proportion of low-income and minority populations tend to be transit users and/or utilize active transportation facilities. Historically, the West Side has been cut up and cut off from the rest of the city, first by several rail lines, later by two interstate freeways. The city’s new light rail line through the neighborhood begins to stitch the city back together; the Jordan River Parkway, a regional bike/walk path, bisects the rail line and runs through the heart of West Side neighborhoods. This project explored the relationship of these two assets, as well as their significance to local resident use and access using quantitative tools like surveys, GIS mapping and socioeconomic analysis. We also began to understand how to improve neighborhood connections from a resident perspective, using qualitative data, as well as access to the rest of the city and to other West Side amenities via transit and active transportation. When a neighborhood receives regional-scale amenities, like major transit linking downtown and the airport and a regional trail spanning an entire valley, it is important that resident voices are heard, that local leadership gains a voice and that regional amenities become true neighborhood assets. We explored and documented community-engaged ways of learning from the neighborhood in order to improve equity, identify transportation goals and spark local action. Title: Active and Public Transportation Connectivity between North Temple TOD and Jordan Park River Trail Author: Zambrana, Ivis Garcia, Oostema, Christie Year: 2017 The project seeks to capitalize on existing community assets—several TOD stations and a regional bike and pedestrian trail system—by studying how these can be linked. The overarching goal of this project is to increase scholarship on networking safe routes that can encourage public and active transportation choices and thus, encourage a healthier lifestyle and advance sustainability. By expanding pedestrian, bicycle and transit connections to green space and offering the most potential for TOD, this proposal clearly demonstrates the greatest priorities of NITC. Moreover, nationwide, communities like Salt Lake’s West Side are in greater need of sustainable transportation choices that foster livability because a high proportion of low-income and minority populations tend to be transit users and/or utilize active transportation facilities. Historically, the West Side has been cut up and cut off from the rest of the city, first by several rail lines, later by two interstate freeways. The city’s new light rail line through the neighborhood begins to stitch the city back together; the Jordan River Parkway, a regional bike/walk path, bisects the rail line and runs through the heart of West Side neighborhoods. This project explored the relationship of these two assets, as well as their significance to local resident use and access using quantitative tools like surveys, GIS mapping and socioeconomic analysis. We also began to understand how to improve neighborhood connections from a resident perspective, using qualitative data, as well as access to the rest of the city and to other West Side amenities via transit and active transportation. When a neighborhood receives regional-scale amenities, like major transit linking downtown and the airport and a regional trail spanning an entire valley, it is important that resident voices are heard, that local leadership gains a voice and that regional amenities become true neighborhood assets. We explored and documented community-engaged ways of learning from the neighborhood in order to improve equity, identify transportation goals and spark local action. Close

• 2411. [Article] Coordinated Population Forecast for Sherman County, its Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB), and Area Outside UGBs 2016-2066

  Sherman County’s total population has declined since 2000, at an average annual rate of nearly one percent between 2000 and 2010 (Figure 1); however, Wasco UGB, one of its sub-areas, experienced population ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coordinated Population Forecast for Sherman County, its Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB), and Area Outside UGBs 2016-2066 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Ruan, Xiaomin, Proehl, Risa, Jurjevich, Jason R., Rancik, Kevin, Kessi, Janai, Tetrick, David, Michel, Julia Year: 2016 Sherman County’s total population has declined since 2000, at an average annual rate of nearly one percent between 2000 and 2010 (Figure 1); however, Wasco UGB, one of its sub-areas, experienced population growth during the 2000s. Wasco, the most populous UGB, posted an average annual growth rate of a little less than one percent during the 2000 to 2010 period. This translated into a population increase of about 30 persons. Sherman County’s population decline in the 2000s was the direct result of consistent net out-migration and periods of natural decreases (more deaths than births, Figure 12). The county’s aging population has contributed to an increase in deaths, which combined with a relatively steady number of births has resulted in a natural decrease for nine out of the 15 years between 2000 and 2015. While net out-migration and natural decrease were common during the last decade, in more recent years (2010 to 2015) net in-migration has occurred, bringing with it some population growth. Total population in Sherman County is forecast to increase in the near-term (2016 to 2035), a trend that is driven by growth in the two sub-areas of Rufus and Wasco (Figure 1); however population decline is expected for the county over the remaining 31 years of the forecast period. This population decrease is the result of a growing natural decrease, which is expected to exceed net in-migration around 2030. Sherman County’s total population is forecast to increase by about 50 persons over the next 19 years (2016-2035), but will likely see population decline of more than 80 persons during the last 31 years of the forecast period (2035-2066). Sub-areas are expected to generally follow their historical patterns of population increase or decrease over the forecast period. Title: Coordinated Population Forecast for Sherman County, its Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB), and Area Outside UGBs 2016-2066 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Ruan, Xiaomin, Proehl, Risa, Jurjevich, Jason R., Rancik, Kevin, Kessi, Janai, Tetrick, David, Michel, Julia Year: 2016 Sherman County’s total population has declined since 2000, at an average annual rate of nearly one percent between 2000 and 2010 (Figure 1); however, Wasco UGB, one of its sub-areas, experienced population growth during the 2000s. Wasco, the most populous UGB, posted an average annual growth rate of a little less than one percent during the 2000 to 2010 period. This translated into a population increase of about 30 persons. Sherman County’s population decline in the 2000s was the direct result of consistent net out-migration and periods of natural decreases (more deaths than births, Figure 12). The county’s aging population has contributed to an increase in deaths, which combined with a relatively steady number of births has resulted in a natural decrease for nine out of the 15 years between 2000 and 2015. While net out-migration and natural decrease were common during the last decade, in more recent years (2010 to 2015) net in-migration has occurred, bringing with it some population growth. Total population in Sherman County is forecast to increase in the near-term (2016 to 2035), a trend that is driven by growth in the two sub-areas of Rufus and Wasco (Figure 1); however population decline is expected for the county over the remaining 31 years of the forecast period. This population decrease is the result of a growing natural decrease, which is expected to exceed net in-migration around 2030. Sherman County’s total population is forecast to increase by about 50 persons over the next 19 years (2016-2035), but will likely see population decline of more than 80 persons during the last 31 years of the forecast period (2035-2066). Sub-areas are expected to generally follow their historical patterns of population increase or decrease over the forecast period. Close

• 2412. [Article] Coordinated Population Forecast for Harney County, its Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB), and Area Outside UGBs 2016-2066

  Different growth patterns occur in different parts of the County and these local trends within the UGBs and the area outside UGBs collectively influence population growth rates for the county as a whole. Harney ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coordinated Population Forecast for Harney County, its Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB), and Area Outside UGBs 2016-2066 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Ruan, Xiaomin, Proehl, Risa, Jurjevich, Jason R., Rancik, Kevin, Kessi, Janai, Tetrick, David, Michel, Julia Year: 2016 Different growth patterns occur in different parts of the County and these local trends within the UGBs and the area outside UGBs collectively influence population growth rates for the county as a whole. Harney County’s total population has slowly declined since 2000, with an average annual rate of negative 0.2 percent between 2000 and 2010 (Figure 1). Burns is accountable for the county’s overall declining population. All other sub-areas experienced very slight population growths during the 2000 to 2010 period, increasing by a total of 32 persons. Harney County’s population decline in the 2000s was the direct result of frequent net out-migration. The county’s aging population has contributed to an increase in deaths, however, a larger number of births relative to deaths caused a natural increase for 8 out of the 15 years between 2000 and 2015 (Figure 12). Even so, net out-migration outweighed these slight natural increases, causing a slow decrease in the Harney County’s population since 2000. Total population in Harney County as a whole as well as within its sub-areas are forecast to all decrease at a slightly faster rate in the near-term (2016 to 2035) compared to the long-term (Figure 1). The tapering of growth rates is largely driven by an aging population—a demographic trend which is expected to contribute to a natural decrease (more deaths than births). As natural decrease occurs, population growth will become increasingly reliant on net in-migration. Harney County’s total population is forecast to decrease by more than 500 persons over the entire 50-year forecast period (2016-2066), a loss in population mostly happening in areas outside the UGBs. Sub-areas are expected to generally follow historical patterns of population decrease over the forecast period. Title: Coordinated Population Forecast for Harney County, its Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB), and Area Outside UGBs 2016-2066 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Ruan, Xiaomin, Proehl, Risa, Jurjevich, Jason R., Rancik, Kevin, Kessi, Janai, Tetrick, David, Michel, Julia Year: 2016 Different growth patterns occur in different parts of the County and these local trends within the UGBs and the area outside UGBs collectively influence population growth rates for the county as a whole. Harney County’s total population has slowly declined since 2000, with an average annual rate of negative 0.2 percent between 2000 and 2010 (Figure 1). Burns is accountable for the county’s overall declining population. All other sub-areas experienced very slight population growths during the 2000 to 2010 period, increasing by a total of 32 persons. Harney County’s population decline in the 2000s was the direct result of frequent net out-migration. The county’s aging population has contributed to an increase in deaths, however, a larger number of births relative to deaths caused a natural increase for 8 out of the 15 years between 2000 and 2015 (Figure 12). Even so, net out-migration outweighed these slight natural increases, causing a slow decrease in the Harney County’s population since 2000. Total population in Harney County as a whole as well as within its sub-areas are forecast to all decrease at a slightly faster rate in the near-term (2016 to 2035) compared to the long-term (Figure 1). The tapering of growth rates is largely driven by an aging population—a demographic trend which is expected to contribute to a natural decrease (more deaths than births). As natural decrease occurs, population growth will become increasingly reliant on net in-migration. Harney County’s total population is forecast to decrease by more than 500 persons over the entire 50-year forecast period (2016-2066), a loss in population mostly happening in areas outside the UGBs. Sub-areas are expected to generally follow historical patterns of population decrease over the forecast period. Close

• 2413. [Article] Disease resistance and spring phenological characteristics of Ribes L. germplasm

  North American cultivation of Ribes L. may expand as small fruit growers seek species to diversify horticultural crops. The Ribes industry was suppressed for decades out of fear that cultivated black currants ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disease resistance and spring phenological characteristics of Ribes L. germplasm Author: Dalton, Daniel T. North American cultivation of Ribes L. may expand as small fruit growers seek species to diversify horticultural crops. The Ribes industry was suppressed for decades out of fear that cultivated black currants and gooseberries would intensify the fungal disease white pine blister rust (WPBR) on five-needle pine (Pinus L. section Quinquefoliae) species. These pines were historically vital to the timber industry. Today, plant breeders seek to strengthen the Ribes small fruit industry through production of material suitable for North American conditions. Paramount to this effort is the development of resistance against major pests and diseases. Growers must be able to recognize the attributes of available genotypes prior to field establishment. The objectives of this research were to determine disease resistance and phenological characteristics of Ribes selections at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon. Since the early 1930's, plant breeders have used immune black currant (R. nigrum L.) germplasm as a control tactic against the exotic WPBR, caused by the basidiomycete fungus Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer. In 1999, a seedling population was generated at the NCGR from a cross involving susceptible pistillate R. nigrum 'Ben Lomond' and immune staminate parent R. ussuriense Jancz. x R. nigrum 'Consort.' To test the inheritance of resistance in the F₁ population, aeciospore and urediniospore treatments were applied in 2008 to single-leaf softwood cuttings under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Resistant F₁ phenotypes segregated in a 1:1 ratio consistent with the pattern of simple dominant inheritance of a single gene. Artificial inoculations testing aeciospore and urediniospore infectivity produced equivalent disease severity in the experimental Ribes genotypes. Resistance to the native powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera mors-uvae (Schwein.) U. Brown and S. Takamatsu, was also evaluated in the F₁ population. Individuals segregated for resistance in a 1:3 ratio after exposure to elevated disease pressure in the greenhouse. Fifteen F₁ genotypes were resistant to both fungal pathogens and are candidates for further breeding trials. In a second study, five years of spring phenological survey data were analyzed using a growing degree-day (GDD) model, with the objective to identify cultivars adapted to North American conditions. Ribes section Calobotrya was the earliest group to reach "first bloom," followed sequentially by R. [superscript]xnidigrolaria Bauer hybrid species, section Symphocalyx, section Grossularia, section Ribes, and lastly, section Botrycarpum. Early and late-flowering accessions were identified for each taxon. Title: Disease resistance and spring phenological characteristics of Ribes L. germplasm Author: Dalton, Daniel T. North American cultivation of Ribes L. may expand as small fruit growers seek species to diversify horticultural crops. The Ribes industry was suppressed for decades out of fear that cultivated black currants and gooseberries would intensify the fungal disease white pine blister rust (WPBR) on five-needle pine (Pinus L. section Quinquefoliae) species. These pines were historically vital to the timber industry. Today, plant breeders seek to strengthen the Ribes small fruit industry through production of material suitable for North American conditions. Paramount to this effort is the development of resistance against major pests and diseases. Growers must be able to recognize the attributes of available genotypes prior to field establishment. The objectives of this research were to determine disease resistance and phenological characteristics of Ribes selections at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon. Since the early 1930's, plant breeders have used immune black currant (R. nigrum L.) germplasm as a control tactic against the exotic WPBR, caused by the basidiomycete fungus Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer. In 1999, a seedling population was generated at the NCGR from a cross involving susceptible pistillate R. nigrum 'Ben Lomond' and immune staminate parent R. ussuriense Jancz. x R. nigrum 'Consort.' To test the inheritance of resistance in the F₁ population, aeciospore and urediniospore treatments were applied in 2008 to single-leaf softwood cuttings under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Resistant F₁ phenotypes segregated in a 1:1 ratio consistent with the pattern of simple dominant inheritance of a single gene. Artificial inoculations testing aeciospore and urediniospore infectivity produced equivalent disease severity in the experimental Ribes genotypes. Resistance to the native powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera mors-uvae (Schwein.) U. Brown and S. Takamatsu, was also evaluated in the F₁ population. Individuals segregated for resistance in a 1:3 ratio after exposure to elevated disease pressure in the greenhouse. Fifteen F₁ genotypes were resistant to both fungal pathogens and are candidates for further breeding trials. In a second study, five years of spring phenological survey data were analyzed using a growing degree-day (GDD) model, with the objective to identify cultivars adapted to North American conditions. Ribes section Calobotrya was the earliest group to reach "first bloom," followed sequentially by R. [superscript]xnidigrolaria Bauer hybrid species, section Symphocalyx, section Grossularia, section Ribes, and lastly, section Botrycarpum. Early and late-flowering accessions were identified for each taxon. Close

• 2414. [Article] Biogeography of nonindigenous species: from description to prediction

  Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biogeography of nonindigenous species: from description to prediction Author: Reusser, Deborah A. Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive transport, (2) survive release, (3) establish a population, and (4) expand their range. To better understand these processes, an integrated framework was designed to capture life history characteristics, environmental preferences, dispersal mechanisms, and geographic distribution information for both native and nonindigenous marine and estuarine flora and fauna. Key aspects of this framework include: 1) consistent terminology; 2) translation of numerical habitat values and physiological requirements into classes; 3) development of classification schemas for natural history, environmental attributes, and geographic distributions; and 4) integration of biotic attributes to allow database queries on single or multiple species across spatial scales. Species data for the North Pacific were collected from the literature, local surveys, and regional databases. Ballast water discharges have been identified as a major source of species introductions. To predict the potential rate of invasion from ballast water, a linear invasion model predicting per capita invasion probabilities (PCIP) of new invaders was developed based on historic invasion rates and ballast discharge volumes for estuaries on the west coast of the United States. While the probability of invasion is likely to vary with ballast discharge values, organism concentrations in the ballast, and invasibility of individual ports, the PCIP provides a quantitative methodology for establishing protective ballast water discharge standards based on organism concentrations, the approach being used to regulate ballast water discharges both nationally and internationally. Habitat or niche models can be used to predict a nonindigenous species’ potential distribution in invaded areas over several spatial scales. The utility of non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) was evaluated for predicting habitat- and estuary-scale distributions of native and nonindigenous species. Results indicate that NPMR generally performs well at both spatial scales and that distributions of nonindigenous species are predicted as well as those of native species. Development of approaches for regulating ballast water and identifying areas at risk through predictive modeling are useful tools in the management of the nonindigenous species threat. Title: Biogeography of nonindigenous species: from description to prediction Author: Reusser, Deborah A. Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive transport, (2) survive release, (3) establish a population, and (4) expand their range. To better understand these processes, an integrated framework was designed to capture life history characteristics, environmental preferences, dispersal mechanisms, and geographic distribution information for both native and nonindigenous marine and estuarine flora and fauna. Key aspects of this framework include: 1) consistent terminology; 2) translation of numerical habitat values and physiological requirements into classes; 3) development of classification schemas for natural history, environmental attributes, and geographic distributions; and 4) integration of biotic attributes to allow database queries on single or multiple species across spatial scales. Species data for the North Pacific were collected from the literature, local surveys, and regional databases. Ballast water discharges have been identified as a major source of species introductions. To predict the potential rate of invasion from ballast water, a linear invasion model predicting per capita invasion probabilities (PCIP) of new invaders was developed based on historic invasion rates and ballast discharge volumes for estuaries on the west coast of the United States. While the probability of invasion is likely to vary with ballast discharge values, organism concentrations in the ballast, and invasibility of individual ports, the PCIP provides a quantitative methodology for establishing protective ballast water discharge standards based on organism concentrations, the approach being used to regulate ballast water discharges both nationally and internationally. Habitat or niche models can be used to predict a nonindigenous species’ potential distribution in invaded areas over several spatial scales. The utility of non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) was evaluated for predicting habitat- and estuary-scale distributions of native and nonindigenous species. Results indicate that NPMR generally performs well at both spatial scales and that distributions of nonindigenous species are predicted as well as those of native species. Development of approaches for regulating ballast water and identifying areas at risk through predictive modeling are useful tools in the management of the nonindigenous species threat. Close

• 2415. [Article] Habitat characteristics associated with abundance of band-tailed pigeons and use of mineral sites in the Pacific Northwest

  Index counts for the Pacific Coast race of the band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata monilis) have declined by -2% per year since survey efforts began in the 1950's and 60's. Mineral sites, important resources ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat characteristics associated with abundance of band-tailed pigeons and use of mineral sites in the Pacific Northwest Author: Overton, Cory T. Index counts for the Pacific Coast race of the band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata monilis) have declined by -2% per year since survey efforts began in the 1950's and 60's. Mineral sites, important resources with high ion concentrations, are regularly visited by band-tailed pigeons which nest in surrounding forest lands. I used both ad hoc measurements of mineral site characteristics and composition and configuration of habitat types adjacent to mineral sites to develop models predicting band-tailed pigeon abundance at mineral sites, in the Pacific Northwest. Band-tailed pigeons were counted weekly during the summers of 2001 and 2002 at 20 mineral sites. Since, many mineral sites have been abandoned by band-tailed pigeons, I tested for an association between land use types mineral site use by band-tailed pigeons using a database of 69 currently used and 20 historically used mineral sites in Oregon. Lastly, I investigated the association between the timing and duration of precipitation on index counts of band-tailed pigeons at 20 mineral sites. Abundance of band-tailed pigeons was positively associated with habitat dominance, (i.e. 1-Shannon's Evenness or homogeneity of landcover types) at a scale larger than band-tailed pigeon home range size and with distance to the nearest adjacent mineral site. Both a quadratic effect of latitude and use of an indicator variable for regional variation in abundance were also present in top ranked models. Both latitudinal effects predicted an increase in birds from central Oregon to southern Washington, then a decrease from central Washington to British Columbia. My findings suggest that: 1) large areas of homogeneous landcover are important for band-tailed pigeons, 2) distribution of mineral sites is associated with the abundance of band-tailed pigeons, and 3) relative density of band-tailed pigeons in the Pacific Northwest exhibits a latitudinal gradient with more birds counted near the middle of their breeding range. Use of mineral sites in Oregon by band-tailed pigeons was associated with both the amount of forest cover (or lack thereof), and the amount of land under either private ownership or under special management to preserve biodiversity. Higher probability of mineral site use was predicted with increasing forest cover and special status land, lower probability of use was predicted with increasing non-forested landcover and private land. Four hot springs in Oregon were known to have once been used by band-tailed pigeons by no longer are, no hot springs are known to be currently used by band-tailed. Title: Habitat characteristics associated with abundance of band-tailed pigeons and use of mineral sites in the Pacific Northwest Author: Overton, Cory T. Index counts for the Pacific Coast race of the band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata monilis) have declined by -2% per year since survey efforts began in the 1950's and 60's. Mineral sites, important resources with high ion concentrations, are regularly visited by band-tailed pigeons which nest in surrounding forest lands. I used both ad hoc measurements of mineral site characteristics and composition and configuration of habitat types adjacent to mineral sites to develop models predicting band-tailed pigeon abundance at mineral sites, in the Pacific Northwest. Band-tailed pigeons were counted weekly during the summers of 2001 and 2002 at 20 mineral sites. Since, many mineral sites have been abandoned by band-tailed pigeons, I tested for an association between land use types mineral site use by band-tailed pigeons using a database of 69 currently used and 20 historically used mineral sites in Oregon. Lastly, I investigated the association between the timing and duration of precipitation on index counts of band-tailed pigeons at 20 mineral sites. Abundance of band-tailed pigeons was positively associated with habitat dominance, (i.e. 1-Shannon's Evenness or homogeneity of landcover types) at a scale larger than band-tailed pigeon home range size and with distance to the nearest adjacent mineral site. Both a quadratic effect of latitude and use of an indicator variable for regional variation in abundance were also present in top ranked models. Both latitudinal effects predicted an increase in birds from central Oregon to southern Washington, then a decrease from central Washington to British Columbia. My findings suggest that: 1) large areas of homogeneous landcover are important for band-tailed pigeons, 2) distribution of mineral sites is associated with the abundance of band-tailed pigeons, and 3) relative density of band-tailed pigeons in the Pacific Northwest exhibits a latitudinal gradient with more birds counted near the middle of their breeding range. Use of mineral sites in Oregon by band-tailed pigeons was associated with both the amount of forest cover (or lack thereof), and the amount of land under either private ownership or under special management to preserve biodiversity. Higher probability of mineral site use was predicted with increasing forest cover and special status land, lower probability of use was predicted with increasing non-forested landcover and private land. Four hot springs in Oregon were known to have once been used by band-tailed pigeons by no longer are, no hot springs are known to be currently used by band-tailed. Close

• 2416. [Article] The great fires : Indian burning and catastrophic forest fire patterns of the Oregon Coast Range, 1491-1951

  The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between land management practices of Indian communities prior to contact with Europeans and the nature or character of subsequent catastrophic forest fires ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The great fires : Indian burning and catastrophic forest fire patterns of the Oregon Coast Range, 1491-1951 Author: Zybach, Bob The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between land management practices of Indian communities prior to contact with Europeans and the nature or character of subsequent catastrophic forest fires in the Oregon Coast Range. The research focus is spatial and temporal patterns of Indian burning across the landscape from 1491 until 1848, and corresponding patterns of catastrophic fire events from 1849 until 1951. Archival and anthropological research methods were used to obtain early surveys, maps, drawings, photographs, interviews, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) inventories, eyewitness accounts and other sources of evidence that document fire history. Data were tabulated, mapped, and digitized as new GIS layers for purposes of comparative analysis. An abundance of historical evidence was found to exist that is useful for reconstructing precontact vegetation patterns and human burning practices in western Oregon. The data also proved useful for documenting local and regional forest fire histories. Precontact Indians used fire to produce landscape patterns of trails, patches, fields, woodlands, forests and grasslands that varied from time to time and place to place, partly due to demographic, cultural, topographic, and climatic differences that existed throughout the Coast Range. Native plants were systematically managed by local Indian families in even-aged stands, usually dominated by a single species, throughout all river basins of the study area. Oak, filberts, camas, wapato, tarweed, yampah, strawberries, huckleberries, brackenfern, nettles, and other plants were raised in select areas by all known tribes, over long periods of time. However, current scientific and policy assumptions regarding the abundance and extent of precontact western Oregon old-growth forests may be in error. This study demonstrates a high rate of coincidence between the land management practices of precontact Indian communities, and the causes, timing, boundaries, severity, and extent of subsequent catastrophic forest fires in the same areas. Information provided by this study should be of value to researchers, wildlife managers, forest landowners, and others with an interest in the history and resources of the Oregon Coast Range. Title: The great fires : Indian burning and catastrophic forest fire patterns of the Oregon Coast Range, 1491-1951 Author: Zybach, Bob The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between land management practices of Indian communities prior to contact with Europeans and the nature or character of subsequent catastrophic forest fires in the Oregon Coast Range. The research focus is spatial and temporal patterns of Indian burning across the landscape from 1491 until 1848, and corresponding patterns of catastrophic fire events from 1849 until 1951. Archival and anthropological research methods were used to obtain early surveys, maps, drawings, photographs, interviews, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) inventories, eyewitness accounts and other sources of evidence that document fire history. Data were tabulated, mapped, and digitized as new GIS layers for purposes of comparative analysis. An abundance of historical evidence was found to exist that is useful for reconstructing precontact vegetation patterns and human burning practices in western Oregon. The data also proved useful for documenting local and regional forest fire histories. Precontact Indians used fire to produce landscape patterns of trails, patches, fields, woodlands, forests and grasslands that varied from time to time and place to place, partly due to demographic, cultural, topographic, and climatic differences that existed throughout the Coast Range. Native plants were systematically managed by local Indian families in even-aged stands, usually dominated by a single species, throughout all river basins of the study area. Oak, filberts, camas, wapato, tarweed, yampah, strawberries, huckleberries, brackenfern, nettles, and other plants were raised in select areas by all known tribes, over long periods of time. However, current scientific and policy assumptions regarding the abundance and extent of precontact western Oregon old-growth forests may be in error. This study demonstrates a high rate of coincidence between the land management practices of precontact Indian communities, and the causes, timing, boundaries, severity, and extent of subsequent catastrophic forest fires in the same areas. Information provided by this study should be of value to researchers, wildlife managers, forest landowners, and others with an interest in the history and resources of the Oregon Coast Range. Close

• 2417. [Article] Curriculum synthesis and amelioration : a case study of undergraduate civil engineering

  The dynamic philosophy of education as applied to the undergraduate Civil Engineering program has been influenced by such factors as the introduction of new theories, the demands and needs of our society ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Curriculum synthesis and amelioration : a case study of undergraduate civil engineering Author: Hamernik, Robert E. The dynamic philosophy of education as applied to the undergraduate Civil Engineering program has been influenced by such factors as the introduction of new theories, the demands and needs of our society and the personnel responsible for teaching. These changes are reflected in the curriculum as witnessed by a historical development leading to the philosophy of the past two decades during which time significant emphasis has been placed on an increased scientific base in undergraduate education. To evaluate this shift and its effect on the educational product, a total of 464 questionnaires were mailed to various private and governmental agencies, and the industry representative was asked to randomly select a respondent with the only limitation being a Civil Engineering graduate of preferably five years or less. A response of 78.7 percent of all the questionnaires mailed was received with the graduates identifying their major work responsibility as either design oriented, management, construction or research. The survey form contained a series of questions developed from two given statements relative to the current philosophy upon which the curriculum is based and also the role of the professor with emphasis on research and teacher preparation. To analyze the input data, a t-Test statistic was derived so that each responsibility composite profile could be tested against the total response. A similar analysis was made for the graduates based on government or private industry employment. In addition, the questionnaire was designed to provide data so that an undergraduate curriculum could be constructed from a mathematical model using the number of semester units per academic subject area as the parameters. A computer program was written to evaluate the subject unit distribution matrix, assuming a curriculum which consisted of 130 units, for the total response and for each of the four work responsibility divisions. These values were compared to a typical curriculum computed from the programs offered by fifty ECPD accredited universities and colleges across the United States. The findings of this study showed that a majority, 81.9 percent of the total response, favored redirecting the primary educational goal of the undergraduate Civil Engineering program to insure adequate exposure to the art of engineering. Likewise, the graduates expressed concern over the lack of student involvement in the engineering program during the first two years of study, improving the quality of teaching and felt a need for additional student-faculty exchange and contact outside the formal classroom activities. Relative to the role of research and its implications to effective teachings the response indicated that practical experience would be more relevant to teaching. In addition the data further revealed that academic advancement should not be so closely dependent upon the research efforts of the professor. The curriculum developed yielded a redistribution of 14 units, equivalent to 10.8 percent of the total units, with the largest increase devoted to additional study in the area of engineering analysis and design. Title: Curriculum synthesis and amelioration : a case study of undergraduate civil engineering Author: Hamernik, Robert E. The dynamic philosophy of education as applied to the undergraduate Civil Engineering program has been influenced by such factors as the introduction of new theories, the demands and needs of our society and the personnel responsible for teaching. These changes are reflected in the curriculum as witnessed by a historical development leading to the philosophy of the past two decades during which time significant emphasis has been placed on an increased scientific base in undergraduate education. To evaluate this shift and its effect on the educational product, a total of 464 questionnaires were mailed to various private and governmental agencies, and the industry representative was asked to randomly select a respondent with the only limitation being a Civil Engineering graduate of preferably five years or less. A response of 78.7 percent of all the questionnaires mailed was received with the graduates identifying their major work responsibility as either design oriented, management, construction or research. The survey form contained a series of questions developed from two given statements relative to the current philosophy upon which the curriculum is based and also the role of the professor with emphasis on research and teacher preparation. To analyze the input data, a t-Test statistic was derived so that each responsibility composite profile could be tested against the total response. A similar analysis was made for the graduates based on government or private industry employment. In addition, the questionnaire was designed to provide data so that an undergraduate curriculum could be constructed from a mathematical model using the number of semester units per academic subject area as the parameters. A computer program was written to evaluate the subject unit distribution matrix, assuming a curriculum which consisted of 130 units, for the total response and for each of the four work responsibility divisions. These values were compared to a typical curriculum computed from the programs offered by fifty ECPD accredited universities and colleges across the United States. The findings of this study showed that a majority, 81.9 percent of the total response, favored redirecting the primary educational goal of the undergraduate Civil Engineering program to insure adequate exposure to the art of engineering. Likewise, the graduates expressed concern over the lack of student involvement in the engineering program during the first two years of study, improving the quality of teaching and felt a need for additional student-faculty exchange and contact outside the formal classroom activities. Relative to the role of research and its implications to effective teachings the response indicated that practical experience would be more relevant to teaching. In addition the data further revealed that academic advancement should not be so closely dependent upon the research efforts of the professor. The curriculum developed yielded a redistribution of 14 units, equivalent to 10.8 percent of the total units, with the largest increase devoted to additional study in the area of engineering analysis and design. Close

• 2418. [Article] Natural history and evolution of a color polymorphism in Rana pipiens, the northern leopard frog

  A primary goal of population genetics is to identify the role of microevolutionary forces in producing observed patterns of molecular and phenotypic variation. I conducted four studies in the northern ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Natural history and evolution of a color polymorphism in Rana pipiens, the northern leopard frog Author: Hoffman, Eric Adam A primary goal of population genetics is to identify the role of microevolutionary forces in producing observed patterns of molecular and phenotypic variation. I conducted four studies in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, to determine just how mutation, migration, genetic drift, and selection influenced, genetic structure of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), nuclear DNA, and a single locus polymorphism that determines dorsal coloration. In the first study, I surveyed the literature concerning color and pattern polymorphisms in anurans. I conclude that anuran polymorphisms remain a rich but largely unexploited system for studying the evolution of phenotypic variation in nature. In the second study, I compared mitochondrial DNA variation from 35 populations distributed across the species' range. A phylogenetic analysis indicated R. pipiens is split into two deeply divergent mtDNA groups, a western group and an eastern group. Phylogeographic and demographic analyses indicated that although restricted gene flow with isolation by distance explained the majority of the processes influencing current genetic structure, population bottlenecks and expansions also played an important role. In the third study, I investigated mtDNA and microsatellite variation in Pacific Northwest populations of R. pipiens, where a recent range contraction had occurred. I found that peripheral populations had reduced levels of genetic variation compared to more interior populations. Moreover, I found that historic samples from peripheral population already had reduced levels of genetic variation. Therefore, low diversity in the remnant populations could not be ascribed to the recent range contraction. In the fourth study, I compared genetic structure from a suite of putatively neutral molecular markers with that derived from the color polymorphism locus. Genetic structure at the color locus, assessed both spatially and temporally, was indistinguishable from structure at neutral loci. This study exemplifies the importance of investigating for evidence of selective maintenance before studies attempt to measure the selective mechanisms maintaining a polymorphism. Overall, my research helps to elucidate how biogeographic and microevolutionary forces influence a wide-spread North American species, R. pipiens. Title: Natural history and evolution of a color polymorphism in Rana pipiens, the northern leopard frog Author: Hoffman, Eric Adam A primary goal of population genetics is to identify the role of microevolutionary forces in producing observed patterns of molecular and phenotypic variation. I conducted four studies in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, to determine just how mutation, migration, genetic drift, and selection influenced, genetic structure of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), nuclear DNA, and a single locus polymorphism that determines dorsal coloration. In the first study, I surveyed the literature concerning color and pattern polymorphisms in anurans. I conclude that anuran polymorphisms remain a rich but largely unexploited system for studying the evolution of phenotypic variation in nature. In the second study, I compared mitochondrial DNA variation from 35 populations distributed across the species' range. A phylogenetic analysis indicated R. pipiens is split into two deeply divergent mtDNA groups, a western group and an eastern group. Phylogeographic and demographic analyses indicated that although restricted gene flow with isolation by distance explained the majority of the processes influencing current genetic structure, population bottlenecks and expansions also played an important role. In the third study, I investigated mtDNA and microsatellite variation in Pacific Northwest populations of R. pipiens, where a recent range contraction had occurred. I found that peripheral populations had reduced levels of genetic variation compared to more interior populations. Moreover, I found that historic samples from peripheral population already had reduced levels of genetic variation. Therefore, low diversity in the remnant populations could not be ascribed to the recent range contraction. In the fourth study, I compared genetic structure from a suite of putatively neutral molecular markers with that derived from the color polymorphism locus. Genetic structure at the color locus, assessed both spatially and temporally, was indistinguishable from structure at neutral loci. This study exemplifies the importance of investigating for evidence of selective maintenance before studies attempt to measure the selective mechanisms maintaining a polymorphism. Overall, my research helps to elucidate how biogeographic and microevolutionary forces influence a wide-spread North American species, R. pipiens. Close

• 2419. [Article] Industrial engineering in America as a guide for industrial engineering education in Kore

  The purpose of this study is to investigate the direction of future Korean industrial engineering education and to suggest how U.S. experiences can guide Korean developments. The leading indicator concept, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Industrial engineering in America as a guide for industrial engineering education in Kore Author: Ro, In Kyu The purpose of this study is to investigate the direction of future Korean industrial engineering education and to suggest how U.S. experiences can guide Korean developments. The leading indicator concept, correlation coefficients are utilized. The following statistical relationships were developed and the following educational and practical industrial engineering trends in the U.S. are surveyed through literature: 1. Statistical relationships between Korean economy and industry during the 1961 - 1970 period and the U.S. experience during the 1948 - 1957 period. 2. Statistical relationships of IE enrollment to seven manufacturing industries in the U.S. during the 1948 - 195 7 period. 3. The trends of industrial engineering curricula in the U. S. from 1958-1959 to 1971-1972. 4. The trends of industrial engineering education and the practices in the U.S. during the 1962 - 1966 period. It is concluded that the U.S. during the 1948 - 19 57 period is a "leading indicator" for economic and industrial developments in Korea during the 1961 - 1970 period. Therefore, unless Korean developments depart radically from historical patterns, the 1962 - 1965 conditions for industrial engineering in the U. S. should suggest what logically to expect in Korea during the 1975 - 1978 period. Based on these conditions, the following suggestions should guide current industrial engineering developments in Korea: 1. Initial efforts should emphasize traditional industrial engineering subjects that are immediately applicable in Korean economy. 2. The curriculum design should make use of the experience of U. S. developments in industrial engineering education which suggest an integration of basic science with engineering subjects and inclusion of humanities and social sciences. 3. After a basic IE program has been established in Korea, more sophisticated mathematical and statistical tools can be added. Revisions must be made to keep the curriculum current. Graduate studies in industrial engineering should not be initiated until production processes in Korean industries become more complex and can benefit from advanced IE techniques. 4. A faculty development program should be implemented. 5. Plans should be developed to show industry what IE's can do and to get support of government and industry for Cooperative programs. 6. Cooperative programs should be started. 7. Staff and educational resources should be improved. 8. Develop IE technicians. 9. Methods for serving small and medium industries should be developed. Many of the obstacles facing the introduction of industrial engineering to Korea can be overcome by actions such as affiliating Korean and U. S. universities, exchanging study teams and consultants, advertising by publications and conferences what can be gained by using IE tools, acquiring IE reference materials and sponsoring IE consultations for small Korean industries. Title: Industrial engineering in America as a guide for industrial engineering education in Kore Author: Ro, In Kyu The purpose of this study is to investigate the direction of future Korean industrial engineering education and to suggest how U.S. experiences can guide Korean developments. The leading indicator concept, correlation coefficients are utilized. The following statistical relationships were developed and the following educational and practical industrial engineering trends in the U.S. are surveyed through literature: 1. Statistical relationships between Korean economy and industry during the 1961 - 1970 period and the U.S. experience during the 1948 - 1957 period. 2. Statistical relationships of IE enrollment to seven manufacturing industries in the U.S. during the 1948 - 195 7 period. 3. The trends of industrial engineering curricula in the U. S. from 1958-1959 to 1971-1972. 4. The trends of industrial engineering education and the practices in the U.S. during the 1962 - 1966 period. It is concluded that the U.S. during the 1948 - 19 57 period is a "leading indicator" for economic and industrial developments in Korea during the 1961 - 1970 period. Therefore, unless Korean developments depart radically from historical patterns, the 1962 - 1965 conditions for industrial engineering in the U. S. should suggest what logically to expect in Korea during the 1975 - 1978 period. Based on these conditions, the following suggestions should guide current industrial engineering developments in Korea: 1. Initial efforts should emphasize traditional industrial engineering subjects that are immediately applicable in Korean economy. 2. The curriculum design should make use of the experience of U. S. developments in industrial engineering education which suggest an integration of basic science with engineering subjects and inclusion of humanities and social sciences. 3. After a basic IE program has been established in Korea, more sophisticated mathematical and statistical tools can be added. Revisions must be made to keep the curriculum current. Graduate studies in industrial engineering should not be initiated until production processes in Korean industries become more complex and can benefit from advanced IE techniques. 4. A faculty development program should be implemented. 5. Plans should be developed to show industry what IE's can do and to get support of government and industry for Cooperative programs. 6. Cooperative programs should be started. 7. Staff and educational resources should be improved. 8. Develop IE technicians. 9. Methods for serving small and medium industries should be developed. Many of the obstacles facing the introduction of industrial engineering to Korea can be overcome by actions such as affiliating Korean and U. S. universities, exchanging study teams and consultants, advertising by publications and conferences what can be gained by using IE tools, acquiring IE reference materials and sponsoring IE consultations for small Korean industries. Close

• 2420. [Article] Age and growth of young-of-the-year Lost River suckers Deltistes luxatus and shortnose suckers Chasmistes brevirostris of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

  Upper Klamath Lake in southern Oregon has two species of lacustrine suckers, Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris that were historically abundant. Results of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Age and growth of young-of-the-year Lost River suckers Deltistes luxatus and shortnose suckers Chasmistes brevirostris of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Logan, Daniel Joseph Upper Klamath Lake in southern Oregon has two species of lacustrine suckers, Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris that were historically abundant. Results of surveys performed in the mid-1980's indicated that populations of both species were declining and ageing with apparent recruitment failure in most years since 1970. In 1988 both species were listed as endangered species and high priority has been placed on investigating recruitment of Upper Klamath Lake suckers. Lapilli are the preferred otolith for ageing suckers. Lapilli form predictably on the day of hatch, have the most conservative morphology of the three otoliths, and deposit easily discernable increments that begin on the day of hatch and proceed daily, and grow in a predictable relationship with somatic growth. Ages estimated by otolith analysis and resulting hatch dates of young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker were consistent annually and consistent with reported spawning period for suckers from Upper Klamath Lake. Otolith increment analysis is necessarily lethal, whereas scale circuli analysis is not lethal. My findings suggest that scale circuli count is an inefficient estimator of daily Daily age estimates for age in young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker. any given circuli count varied by approximately 51 days in Lost River sucker and 30 days Additionally, my results do not accurately predict the size or age at in shortnose sucker. which scales are formed, thereby invalidating an assumption of age and growth models. Consequently, scale circuli analysis cannot be used to produce accurate estimates of age or growth for young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker. Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker achieve a relatively large size by the autumn of their first year, consistent with other members of Catostomidae. Interspecific difference in growth rates was evident in each year with Lost River sucker exhibiting faster growth than shortnose sucker in each year. Abundance of young-of-the-year suckers does not appear to be strongly correlated to somatic growth rate, though hatch date and environmental parameters are highly correlated with abundance. In both Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker, in years with the highest abundance (1991 and 1993), the mean hatch dates of surviving fish were later than in years with the lowest abundance. Also, young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker experienced wide environmental fluctuations in Upper Klamath Lake as seasonal limnological and climatic variation create a dynamic habitat for young suckers. Water temperature, precipitation, air temperature, and minimum lake elevation are all strongly correlated to abundance of young-of-the-year suckers. Title: Age and growth of young-of-the-year Lost River suckers Deltistes luxatus and shortnose suckers Chasmistes brevirostris of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Logan, Daniel Joseph Upper Klamath Lake in southern Oregon has two species of lacustrine suckers, Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris that were historically abundant. Results of surveys performed in the mid-1980's indicated that populations of both species were declining and ageing with apparent recruitment failure in most years since 1970. In 1988 both species were listed as endangered species and high priority has been placed on investigating recruitment of Upper Klamath Lake suckers. Lapilli are the preferred otolith for ageing suckers. Lapilli form predictably on the day of hatch, have the most conservative morphology of the three otoliths, and deposit easily discernable increments that begin on the day of hatch and proceed daily, and grow in a predictable relationship with somatic growth. Ages estimated by otolith analysis and resulting hatch dates of young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker were consistent annually and consistent with reported spawning period for suckers from Upper Klamath Lake. Otolith increment analysis is necessarily lethal, whereas scale circuli analysis is not lethal. My findings suggest that scale circuli count is an inefficient estimator of daily Daily age estimates for age in young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker. any given circuli count varied by approximately 51 days in Lost River sucker and 30 days Additionally, my results do not accurately predict the size or age at in shortnose sucker. which scales are formed, thereby invalidating an assumption of age and growth models. Consequently, scale circuli analysis cannot be used to produce accurate estimates of age or growth for young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker. Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker achieve a relatively large size by the autumn of their first year, consistent with other members of Catostomidae. Interspecific difference in growth rates was evident in each year with Lost River sucker exhibiting faster growth than shortnose sucker in each year. Abundance of young-of-the-year suckers does not appear to be strongly correlated to somatic growth rate, though hatch date and environmental parameters are highly correlated with abundance. In both Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker, in years with the highest abundance (1991 and 1993), the mean hatch dates of surviving fish were later than in years with the lowest abundance. Also, young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker experienced wide environmental fluctuations in Upper Klamath Lake as seasonal limnological and climatic variation create a dynamic habitat for young suckers. Water temperature, precipitation, air temperature, and minimum lake elevation are all strongly correlated to abundance of young-of-the-year suckers. Close

• 2421. [Article] Intraethnic diversity : an exploratory study of ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents

  The purpose of the study was to explore the ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents through the investigation of relationships between ethnic identity and selected demographic, sociocultural, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Intraethnic diversity : an exploratory study of ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents Author: Lee, Phyllis S. The purpose of the study was to explore the ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents through the investigation of relationships between ethnic identity and selected demographic, sociocultural, and psychological characteristics. Data were obtained from 106 Chinese American youth between the ages of 14 and 21 through the use of two instruments designed for the study. Three dimensions of ethnic identity were measured by subscales of the Sinoethnic Identity Scale. Demographic, sociocultural, and psychological data were obtained from the Background Information Survey. The strongest ethnic identities were found in the traditional, or core, dimension which was comprised of fundamental values, customs, and traditions. Weaker ethnic identities were exhibited in the intermediate, or familial, dimension which was responsible for the transmission of the ethnic culture as well as the preparations for interfacing the larger society. It was suspected that this dimension held the greatest potential for intercultural and intragenerational conflicts for Chinese American adolescents. The neutral stance taken in the societal dimension suggested two divergent interpretations: students may be exhibiting ambivalent feelings toward their ethnic identities within the scheme of life, or students may have come to terms with the notion of bicultural identities. Step-wise multiple regression was used to analyze the data. School achievement emerged as the most significant variable in the traditional dimension, suggesting that a Chinese heritage may not ensure school success, but school success contributed to the definition of being Chinese. In the familial dimension it was found that the gender of the subject was the most important variable. Subjects appeared to be highly socialized into ethnically appropriate sex roles, although there were indications of disagreement with the actual practice of these roles. Church attendance was identified as the most significant variable of the societal dimension. Those who attended church exhibited stronger agreement with ethnically appropriate social behaviors and expressed preferences for social activities and relationships within the ethnic community. The findings indicated that ethnic identity was a multidimensional aspect in the lives of Chinese American youth. The three dimensions that comprised Chinese ethnic identity appeared to be differentially affected by demographic, sociocultural, and psychological phenomena. It was also speculated that there was a relationship between the acknowledgement and expression of ethnic identity and historical and contemporary social , economic, and political conditions of society. The range of intraethnic diversity expressed by Chinese American adolescents suggested the need for reexamination of assumptions and expectations currently held by educational personnel. Recommendations for future research which might lead to the provision of educational policies and practices appropriate to Chinese American youth, a more informed understanding of the Chinese experience in the United States, and a greater understanding of the impact of ethnic identity in the lives of minority youth were presented. Title: Intraethnic diversity : an exploratory study of ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents Author: Lee, Phyllis S. The purpose of the study was to explore the ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents through the investigation of relationships between ethnic identity and selected demographic, sociocultural, and psychological characteristics. Data were obtained from 106 Chinese American youth between the ages of 14 and 21 through the use of two instruments designed for the study. Three dimensions of ethnic identity were measured by subscales of the Sinoethnic Identity Scale. Demographic, sociocultural, and psychological data were obtained from the Background Information Survey. The strongest ethnic identities were found in the traditional, or core, dimension which was comprised of fundamental values, customs, and traditions. Weaker ethnic identities were exhibited in the intermediate, or familial, dimension which was responsible for the transmission of the ethnic culture as well as the preparations for interfacing the larger society. It was suspected that this dimension held the greatest potential for intercultural and intragenerational conflicts for Chinese American adolescents. The neutral stance taken in the societal dimension suggested two divergent interpretations: students may be exhibiting ambivalent feelings toward their ethnic identities within the scheme of life, or students may have come to terms with the notion of bicultural identities. Step-wise multiple regression was used to analyze the data. School achievement emerged as the most significant variable in the traditional dimension, suggesting that a Chinese heritage may not ensure school success, but school success contributed to the definition of being Chinese. In the familial dimension it was found that the gender of the subject was the most important variable. Subjects appeared to be highly socialized into ethnically appropriate sex roles, although there were indications of disagreement with the actual practice of these roles. Church attendance was identified as the most significant variable of the societal dimension. Those who attended church exhibited stronger agreement with ethnically appropriate social behaviors and expressed preferences for social activities and relationships within the ethnic community. The findings indicated that ethnic identity was a multidimensional aspect in the lives of Chinese American youth. The three dimensions that comprised Chinese ethnic identity appeared to be differentially affected by demographic, sociocultural, and psychological phenomena. It was also speculated that there was a relationship between the acknowledgement and expression of ethnic identity and historical and contemporary social , economic, and political conditions of society. The range of intraethnic diversity expressed by Chinese American adolescents suggested the need for reexamination of assumptions and expectations currently held by educational personnel. Recommendations for future research which might lead to the provision of educational policies and practices appropriate to Chinese American youth, a more informed understanding of the Chinese experience in the United States, and a greater understanding of the impact of ethnic identity in the lives of minority youth were presented. Close

• 2422. [Article] Why aren't pigeon guillemots in Prince William Sound, Alaska recovering from the Exxon Valdez oil spill?

  The Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba) is now the only species of marine bird in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska that is listed as "not recovering" on the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Trustee Council's ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Why aren't pigeon guillemots in Prince William Sound, Alaska recovering from the Exxon Valdez oil spill? Author: Bixler, Kirsten S. The Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba) is now the only species of marine bird in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska that is listed as "not recovering" on the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Trustee Council's Injured Resources List and has shown no sign of population recovery. During the 20 years since EVOS, the guillemot population in PWS has gradually declined by nearly 50% following the initial mortality event caused by direct contact with spilled oil. This decline has continued even though there is no longer evidence that guillemots are negatively affected by residual oil from EVOS. My objectives in this study were to (1) identify the primary factor now limiting Pigeon Guillemot population recovery at the Naked Island group, the most important historical breeding area for guillemots in PWS, and (2) determine whether guillemot population trends across PWS are consistent with my understanding of the primary limiting factor. I investigated two competing hypotheses for the lack of guillemot recovery at the Naked Island group: availability of high quality prey (i.e., schooling forage fish) and nest predation. The prevalence of schooling forage fish in the diet of Pigeon Guillemots at the Naked Island group has not recovered to pre- EVOS levels. However, data from both aerial surveys and beach seines provided evidence of an increase in abundance of schooling forage fish near the Naked Island group since the late 1990s. Yet between 1990 and 2008, there was a precipitous 12% per annum decline in the guillemot population at the Naked Island group, where mink are present, while at the nearby mink-free Smith Island group guillemot numbers were stable. The mortality rate of guillemot eggs and chicks at the Naked Island group was high during the late 1990s, largely attributable to predation by mink. The weight of evidence indicates that predation by mink is now the primary factor limiting the reproductive success and population recovery of Pigeon Guillemots at the Naked Island group. Differences in guillemot population trends between the Naked Island group and the remainder of PWS are also consistent with the mink predation hypothesis. The median decline in density of Pigeon Guillemots along transects at the Naked Island group was much greater (> 7 times) than the decline along transects throughout the remainder of PWS. The proportion of all guillemots in isolated pairs (as opposed to multi-pair groups) increased substantially only at the Naked Island group. This is consistent with the hypothesis that mink predation negatively affected guillemot colonies more than isolated nesting pairs; perhaps because guillemot nests in colonies were more apparent or more accessible to mink. At other high-density guillemot nesting areas in PWS, average group size of guillemots declined from 12 to 8 individuals suggesting that other factors may play a role in constraining of guillemots on a region-wide scale, perhaps availability of schooling forage fishes. Nevertheless, I conclude that the key to restoring the injured guillemot population at the Naked Island group is to eliminate mink predation pressure on guillemot eggs, nestlings, and attending adults. Title: Why aren't pigeon guillemots in Prince William Sound, Alaska recovering from the Exxon Valdez oil spill? Author: Bixler, Kirsten S. The Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba) is now the only species of marine bird in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska that is listed as "not recovering" on the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Trustee Council's Injured Resources List and has shown no sign of population recovery. During the 20 years since EVOS, the guillemot population in PWS has gradually declined by nearly 50% following the initial mortality event caused by direct contact with spilled oil. This decline has continued even though there is no longer evidence that guillemots are negatively affected by residual oil from EVOS. My objectives in this study were to (1) identify the primary factor now limiting Pigeon Guillemot population recovery at the Naked Island group, the most important historical breeding area for guillemots in PWS, and (2) determine whether guillemot population trends across PWS are consistent with my understanding of the primary limiting factor. I investigated two competing hypotheses for the lack of guillemot recovery at the Naked Island group: availability of high quality prey (i.e., schooling forage fish) and nest predation. The prevalence of schooling forage fish in the diet of Pigeon Guillemots at the Naked Island group has not recovered to pre- EVOS levels. However, data from both aerial surveys and beach seines provided evidence of an increase in abundance of schooling forage fish near the Naked Island group since the late 1990s. Yet between 1990 and 2008, there was a precipitous 12% per annum decline in the guillemot population at the Naked Island group, where mink are present, while at the nearby mink-free Smith Island group guillemot numbers were stable. The mortality rate of guillemot eggs and chicks at the Naked Island group was high during the late 1990s, largely attributable to predation by mink. The weight of evidence indicates that predation by mink is now the primary factor limiting the reproductive success and population recovery of Pigeon Guillemots at the Naked Island group. Differences in guillemot population trends between the Naked Island group and the remainder of PWS are also consistent with the mink predation hypothesis. The median decline in density of Pigeon Guillemots along transects at the Naked Island group was much greater (> 7 times) than the decline along transects throughout the remainder of PWS. The proportion of all guillemots in isolated pairs (as opposed to multi-pair groups) increased substantially only at the Naked Island group. This is consistent with the hypothesis that mink predation negatively affected guillemot colonies more than isolated nesting pairs; perhaps because guillemot nests in colonies were more apparent or more accessible to mink. At other high-density guillemot nesting areas in PWS, average group size of guillemots declined from 12 to 8 individuals suggesting that other factors may play a role in constraining of guillemots on a region-wide scale, perhaps availability of schooling forage fishes. Nevertheless, I conclude that the key to restoring the injured guillemot population at the Naked Island group is to eliminate mink predation pressure on guillemot eggs, nestlings, and attending adults. Close

• 2423. [Article] Community-based sea turtle conservation in Baja, Mexico : integrating science and culture

  This thesis discusses both theoretical and practical considerations inherent in conducting community-based research within a case study of sea turtle conservation in Baja California, Mexico. A brief background, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community-based sea turtle conservation in Baja, Mexico : integrating science and culture Author: Bird, Kristin E. This thesis discusses both theoretical and practical considerations inherent in conducting community-based research within a case study of sea turtle conservation in Baja California, Mexico. A brief background, including the general ecology, status and distribution of sea turtles of the Baja peninsula is presented, with an overview of the current and historic use and management of sea turtles. Several sets of theories provide the context within which the case example is analyzed. A discussion of how concepts of "science" and "knowledge" are shaped and how these perceptions impact choices made in natural resource management and planning is presented. This includes a brief discussion of conservation ethics and conservation rationale, as well as a review of the debates surrounding indigenous knowledge and its application in conservation. A review of community-based efforts in sea turtle conservation is also presented. The data and analysis offered in this thesis is the result of two field seasons working as a member of an interdisciplinary sea turtle conservation team: conducting biological studies, surveys, informal and semi-structured interviews and participant observation. The major goal of this research project was to evaluate a people-oriented approach to conservation. The objectives of the Baja sea turtle conservation project included: the involvement of fishing communities in the development of conservation projects, the involvement of local students and fishermen in the collection of data and the public sharing of research results on a regular basis. Results of this case study suggest that through dependence on the host community for food, equipment, labor and guidance a special connection was established, fostering trust and building the partnerships necessary for long-term conservation success. For this reason, fishermen and other members of the local host communities were more willing to cooperate with outsiders and share their intimate knowledge of their environment - including information on the daily movements and distribution of sea turtles. It is crucial that the fishermen feel empowered before they choose to participate in the sea turtle conservation efforts. They must be viewed, and view themselves, as an integral part of the conservation team contributing valuable knowledge and ideas, not just acting as boat drivers and guides for outside researchers within the host community. Community meetings served as an outlet to voice concerns and share information. The active involvement and participation of local communities is a highly effective tool in the sea turtle conservation efforts in the region. Title: Community-based sea turtle conservation in Baja, Mexico : integrating science and culture Author: Bird, Kristin E. This thesis discusses both theoretical and practical considerations inherent in conducting community-based research within a case study of sea turtle conservation in Baja California, Mexico. A brief background, including the general ecology, status and distribution of sea turtles of the Baja peninsula is presented, with an overview of the current and historic use and management of sea turtles. Several sets of theories provide the context within which the case example is analyzed. A discussion of how concepts of "science" and "knowledge" are shaped and how these perceptions impact choices made in natural resource management and planning is presented. This includes a brief discussion of conservation ethics and conservation rationale, as well as a review of the debates surrounding indigenous knowledge and its application in conservation. A review of community-based efforts in sea turtle conservation is also presented. The data and analysis offered in this thesis is the result of two field seasons working as a member of an interdisciplinary sea turtle conservation team: conducting biological studies, surveys, informal and semi-structured interviews and participant observation. The major goal of this research project was to evaluate a people-oriented approach to conservation. The objectives of the Baja sea turtle conservation project included: the involvement of fishing communities in the development of conservation projects, the involvement of local students and fishermen in the collection of data and the public sharing of research results on a regular basis. Results of this case study suggest that through dependence on the host community for food, equipment, labor and guidance a special connection was established, fostering trust and building the partnerships necessary for long-term conservation success. For this reason, fishermen and other members of the local host communities were more willing to cooperate with outsiders and share their intimate knowledge of their environment - including information on the daily movements and distribution of sea turtles. It is crucial that the fishermen feel empowered before they choose to participate in the sea turtle conservation efforts. They must be viewed, and view themselves, as an integral part of the conservation team contributing valuable knowledge and ideas, not just acting as boat drivers and guides for outside researchers within the host community. Community meetings served as an outlet to voice concerns and share information. The active involvement and participation of local communities is a highly effective tool in the sea turtle conservation efforts in the region. Close

• 2424. [Article] A study of health insurance coverage and health care utilization in North Dakota

  Access to health care in North Dakota, a frontier state, has been a widely debated policy issue. Historically, the focus of North Dakota health policy efforts has been directed to issues pertaining to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of health insurance coverage and health care utilization in North Dakota Author: Knudson-Buresh, Alana Access to health care in North Dakota, a frontier state, has been a widely debated policy issue. Historically, the focus of North Dakota health policy efforts has been directed to issues pertaining to the provision of health care services. During the economic recession of the I 980s, an out-migration of North Dakota residents left the state with a smaller population in 1990 than it had in 1930, the only state to experience this population shift. In response to these demographic shifts, the North Dakota Health Task Force was formed to develop a health care reform strategy that addressed geographical and financial health care access issues. Over 2,000 North Dakota families were surveyed to provide the Task Force and other policy makers with information about North Dakota residents' health insurance coverage and health care utilization. The purpose of this research was to examine what variables impact access to health insurance coverage and utilization of health care services in North Dakota. Three access areas were addressed: financial, geographical and cultural. To examine financial access, health insurance coverage was examined. Among the non-institutionalized ND residents, the greatest proportion of uninsured were young adults; although, all North Dakotans were found to be at risk. The health insurance findings mirrored many other studies' findings in which males, part-time workers and rural dwellers were the most likely to go without insurance. In addition, health insurance appears to serve as a gatekeeper for obtaining health care services. A surprising finding was that geographic barriers were not a hindrance to obtaining health care. Yet, Native Americans covered by Indian Health Service were less likely to obtain health care than the uninsured indicating there may be some cultural barriers for this population. Other findings included: the uninsured go without health care and report lower health status more frequently than the insured; poverty level is positively correlated with health status; among those with no regular source of health care, the insured report they do not need health care while the uninsured report they cannot afford it. Comparisons of rural and urban dwellers also are included in the analyses. Title: A study of health insurance coverage and health care utilization in North Dakota Author: Knudson-Buresh, Alana Access to health care in North Dakota, a frontier state, has been a widely debated policy issue. Historically, the focus of North Dakota health policy efforts has been directed to issues pertaining to the provision of health care services. During the economic recession of the I 980s, an out-migration of North Dakota residents left the state with a smaller population in 1990 than it had in 1930, the only state to experience this population shift. In response to these demographic shifts, the North Dakota Health Task Force was formed to develop a health care reform strategy that addressed geographical and financial health care access issues. Over 2,000 North Dakota families were surveyed to provide the Task Force and other policy makers with information about North Dakota residents' health insurance coverage and health care utilization. The purpose of this research was to examine what variables impact access to health insurance coverage and utilization of health care services in North Dakota. Three access areas were addressed: financial, geographical and cultural. To examine financial access, health insurance coverage was examined. Among the non-institutionalized ND residents, the greatest proportion of uninsured were young adults; although, all North Dakotans were found to be at risk. The health insurance findings mirrored many other studies' findings in which males, part-time workers and rural dwellers were the most likely to go without insurance. In addition, health insurance appears to serve as a gatekeeper for obtaining health care services. A surprising finding was that geographic barriers were not a hindrance to obtaining health care. Yet, Native Americans covered by Indian Health Service were less likely to obtain health care than the uninsured indicating there may be some cultural barriers for this population. Other findings included: the uninsured go without health care and report lower health status more frequently than the insured; poverty level is positively correlated with health status; among those with no regular source of health care, the insured report they do not need health care while the uninsured report they cannot afford it. Comparisons of rural and urban dwellers also are included in the analyses. Close

• 2425. [Article] A methodology for analysis of historic textiles Ancon, Peru

  Twenty-four woven Pre-Columbian textiles in the Apparel, Interiors and Merchandising Department (AIM) of Oregon State University were reported to be from Ancon, Peru. A methodology was developed to confirm ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A methodology for analysis of historic textiles Ancon, Peru Author: Ishikawa, Sally Jo Twenty-four woven Pre-Columbian textiles in the Apparel, Interiors and Merchandising Department (AIM) of Oregon State University were reported to be from Ancon, Peru. A methodology was developed to confirm the exact provenance of the AIM textiles. Technical fabrication characteristics were utilized to describe certain known Ancon woven textiles and to analyze the twenty-four AIM textiles; then comparisons were attempted between the two groups to determine if internal patterns for each were identical. A literature and collection survey identified ten documented reports of known Ancon woven textiles. The previously recorded information of the known Ancon pieces was summarized. Technical fabrication characteristics for each AIM textile were observed and recorded. The technical fabrication characteristics included weave structure, thread count, fiber content, direction of spin, ply, degree of twist, yarn diameter, color and motif. Frequencies and especially developed analysis tools were utilized to identify internal patterns. Hypothesis 1 stated that information about the technical fabrication elements of Ancon woven textiles in certain other collections can be organized into integrated patterns. Hypothesis 1 was not supported because data recorded on Ancon woven textiles was incomplete, and therefore only able to give limited frequencies. Hypothesis 2 was supported: The twenty-four woven Pre-Columbian textiles from the Costume and Textile Collection of the Apparel, Interiors and Merchandising Department of Oregon State University will have similar patterns in technical fabrication elements. An analysis tool was developed to show patterns within technical fabrication elements. Thread count, direction of spin, ply, and degree of twist exhibited internal patterns. Hypothesis 3 stated that the provenance of twenty-four woven Pre-Columbian textiles, from the Costume and Textile Collection of the Apparel, Interiors and Merchandising Department of Oregon State University is Ancon, Peru. This hypothesis could not be tested because technical fabrication patterns for the known Ancon weavings were not complete and could not be statistically analyzed. Even though the two sets of data populations (data from known Ancon textiles and data from the AIM collection) could not be compared statistically, some information was gained by a review and comparison of simple frequencies of internal patterns. Thread count frequencies for both populations exhibited internal patterns. Title: A methodology for analysis of historic textiles Ancon, Peru Author: Ishikawa, Sally Jo Twenty-four woven Pre-Columbian textiles in the Apparel, Interiors and Merchandising Department (AIM) of Oregon State University were reported to be from Ancon, Peru. A methodology was developed to confirm the exact provenance of the AIM textiles. Technical fabrication characteristics were utilized to describe certain known Ancon woven textiles and to analyze the twenty-four AIM textiles; then comparisons were attempted between the two groups to determine if internal patterns for each were identical. A literature and collection survey identified ten documented reports of known Ancon woven textiles. The previously recorded information of the known Ancon pieces was summarized. Technical fabrication characteristics for each AIM textile were observed and recorded. The technical fabrication characteristics included weave structure, thread count, fiber content, direction of spin, ply, degree of twist, yarn diameter, color and motif. Frequencies and especially developed analysis tools were utilized to identify internal patterns. Hypothesis 1 stated that information about the technical fabrication elements of Ancon woven textiles in certain other collections can be organized into integrated patterns. Hypothesis 1 was not supported because data recorded on Ancon woven textiles was incomplete, and therefore only able to give limited frequencies. Hypothesis 2 was supported: The twenty-four woven Pre-Columbian textiles from the Costume and Textile Collection of the Apparel, Interiors and Merchandising Department of Oregon State University will have similar patterns in technical fabrication elements. An analysis tool was developed to show patterns within technical fabrication elements. Thread count, direction of spin, ply, and degree of twist exhibited internal patterns. Hypothesis 3 stated that the provenance of twenty-four woven Pre-Columbian textiles, from the Costume and Textile Collection of the Apparel, Interiors and Merchandising Department of Oregon State University is Ancon, Peru. This hypothesis could not be tested because technical fabrication patterns for the known Ancon weavings were not complete and could not be statistically analyzed. Even though the two sets of data populations (data from known Ancon textiles and data from the AIM collection) could not be compared statistically, some information was gained by a review and comparison of simple frequencies of internal patterns. Thread count frequencies for both populations exhibited internal patterns. Close

• 2426. [Article] Women of valor : the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur, St. Paul, Oregon, 1844-1852

  In 1986, researchers from Oregon State University, led by Dr. David Brauner, came to the small Catholic community of St. Paul, Oregon as part of ongoing research on the French-Canadian inhabitants of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Women of valor : the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur, St. Paul, Oregon, 1844-1852 Author: Poet, Rebecca McClelland In 1986, researchers from Oregon State University, led by Dr. David Brauner, came to the small Catholic community of St. Paul, Oregon as part of ongoing research on the French-Canadian inhabitants of the Willamette Valley between 1829 and the mid-1860s. They were searching for the remains of the first Catholic Mission in the Pacific Northwest. What they found was a cellar belonging to nuns who ran a boarding school for the daughters of the French-Canadians between 1844 and 1852. These women were upper-middle class Belgians belonging to the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur order. The purpose of this research was to examine the archaeological data recovered from this project to see whether this novel situation was recognizable in the archaeological record. Secondly the objective was to intensively review the written record to determine details regarding the daily lives of these women. The final objective was to see what the combination of literature and archaeology can reveal about the texture of their lives. The research was divided into three phases: field archaeology, literature search, and artifact analysis. Field archaeology was accomplished over two field seasons and included pedestrian survey and surface collection and test pit and block excavation. Artifact analysis was loosely structured on a functional classification developed by Roderick Sprague. Artifacts were broken into three study units: block excavation, surface collection, and test pit excavation. Six Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur set foot on the shores of the Oregon Territory on August 1, 1844. They were the first Catholic nuns to come to the Pacific Northwest. Coming at the invitation of Father Francis Norbert Blanchet, they set up a boarding school for the daughters of the retired French-Canadian fur trappers who had settled in the Willamette Valley. Their school was in the small Catholic community of St. Paul. During their short stay in St. Paul they taught school while learning to survive. They developed skills such as bread-making, clothes washing, carpentry, livestock husbandry, and gardening. They left the Willamette Valley in 1852 and moved to San Jose in California where they established a college. The written record shows that the site where the Sisters lived served a dual function as a religious and educational facility and as a homestead. Archaeological evidence exists for the educational facility and homestead, but the religious aspect of the site was not apparent. The historical record shows that the inhabitants of the site were unique individuals within the location of French Prairie. The archaeology supports this, but does not definitively indicate gender, class, or ethnicity. Title: Women of valor : the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur, St. Paul, Oregon, 1844-1852 Author: Poet, Rebecca McClelland In 1986, researchers from Oregon State University, led by Dr. David Brauner, came to the small Catholic community of St. Paul, Oregon as part of ongoing research on the French-Canadian inhabitants of the Willamette Valley between 1829 and the mid-1860s. They were searching for the remains of the first Catholic Mission in the Pacific Northwest. What they found was a cellar belonging to nuns who ran a boarding school for the daughters of the French-Canadians between 1844 and 1852. These women were upper-middle class Belgians belonging to the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur order. The purpose of this research was to examine the archaeological data recovered from this project to see whether this novel situation was recognizable in the archaeological record. Secondly the objective was to intensively review the written record to determine details regarding the daily lives of these women. The final objective was to see what the combination of literature and archaeology can reveal about the texture of their lives. The research was divided into three phases: field archaeology, literature search, and artifact analysis. Field archaeology was accomplished over two field seasons and included pedestrian survey and surface collection and test pit and block excavation. Artifact analysis was loosely structured on a functional classification developed by Roderick Sprague. Artifacts were broken into three study units: block excavation, surface collection, and test pit excavation. Six Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur set foot on the shores of the Oregon Territory on August 1, 1844. They were the first Catholic nuns to come to the Pacific Northwest. Coming at the invitation of Father Francis Norbert Blanchet, they set up a boarding school for the daughters of the retired French-Canadian fur trappers who had settled in the Willamette Valley. Their school was in the small Catholic community of St. Paul. During their short stay in St. Paul they taught school while learning to survive. They developed skills such as bread-making, clothes washing, carpentry, livestock husbandry, and gardening. They left the Willamette Valley in 1852 and moved to San Jose in California where they established a college. The written record shows that the site where the Sisters lived served a dual function as a religious and educational facility and as a homestead. Archaeological evidence exists for the educational facility and homestead, but the religious aspect of the site was not apparent. The historical record shows that the inhabitants of the site were unique individuals within the location of French Prairie. The archaeology supports this, but does not definitively indicate gender, class, or ethnicity. Close

• 2427. [Article] The effect of precipitation variation on soil moisture, soil nitrogen, nitrogen response and winter wheat yields in eastern Oregon

  The semi-arid regions of the Pacific Northwest are characterized by a high degree of annual temperature and precipitation variation. As a result of this climatic variation, dryland nitrogen fertilizer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of precipitation variation on soil moisture, soil nitrogen, nitrogen response and winter wheat yields in eastern Oregon Author: Glenn, D. M. (David Michael) The semi-arid regions of the Pacific Northwest are characterized by a high degree of annual temperature and precipitation variation. As a result of this climatic variation, dryland nitrogen fertilizer trials on fallow- ,wheat rotations typically demonstrate a variable response. Wheat growers in the area must not only cope with this climatic variation and its sundry effects upon their livelihood, they must also make decisions regarding the future level of anticipated climatic variation. The specific objectives were to: 1) develop a climatically responsive yield potential prediction model for soft white winter wheat from historical data at the Sherman Branch Experiment Station (Moro, OR); 2) modify this model for use on commercial fields; 3) field simulate five fallow-crop precipitation patterns characteristic of the variation found in the Sherman county area of eastern Oregon in order to test the yield potential model: 4) examine the effects of precipitation variation on nitrogen fertilizer responses, moisture storage and depletion and nitrogen mineralization; and 5) establish a quantitative relationship between precipitation/ soil moisture and nitrate accumulation in both the fallow and crop seasons. Two interacting regression models were developed to estimate grain yield levels in the 250-350 mm precipitation zone of eastern Oregon. The first model estimates yield potential from monthly precipitation and temperature values. The second model estimates the percent grain reduction due to delayed crop emergence. The grain yield model was adapted to commercial fields using a Productivity Index factor (PI). The PI is a measure of the productivity of other locations in relation to the Sherman Branch Experiment Station, using water-use-efficiency (WUE) as the basis of comparison. The field simulation of five fallow-crop precipitation patterns demonstrated that the maximum grain yield response occurred at 40 kg N (soil + fertilizer)/metric ton. The grain yield model demonstrated a 15% level of accuracy on a commercial field basis in both field trials and a survey of past production levels (1972-1980). It was hypothesized that the distribution of precipitation in the fallow and crop periods had an effect on both the amount and distribution of stored soil moisture. The field simulation demonstrated that more soil moisture was stored at the 90-240 cm depths by the patterns with more fallow season precipitation when measured in March of the crop year. Soil moisture storage and storage efficiencies fluctuated throughout the fallow and crop periods. At the cessation of the winter precipitation season in both the fallow and crop periods (March), the storage efficiency was highest when low levels of precipitation occurred. At this point in time, the mean crop period storage efficiency was 10% below the mean fallow period storage efficiency (34 and 44%, respectively) in both simulation studies. Soil moisture, temperature and immobilization requirements of crop residues interact to affect the net amount of nitrogen mineralization. The mineralization model proposed by Stanford and Smith (1972) was tested under field conditions. When the nitrogen immobilization requirement of the crop residues was included, the actual and predicted values were in agreement at the close of the 1978 fallow period. A nitrogen deficit was predicted at the 0-30 cm depth at the close of the 1980 fallow; however, the actual levels indicated a net accumulation of nitrate-nitrogen. Crop season mineralization, inferred from Mitscherlick and a-value extrapolations, in 1979 demonstrated that there was a decreasing amount of net mineralization during the crop season with increasing amounts of both fallow and crop season precipitation. Crop season mineralization in 1980 indicated that there was no net accumulation of nitrogen, rather a tie-up of 14 kg N/ha. This result reflects both the unsatisfied immobilization requirement predicted for the 1979 fallow season and crop season denitrification. Title: The effect of precipitation variation on soil moisture, soil nitrogen, nitrogen response and winter wheat yields in eastern Oregon Author: Glenn, D. M. (David Michael) The semi-arid regions of the Pacific Northwest are characterized by a high degree of annual temperature and precipitation variation. As a result of this climatic variation, dryland nitrogen fertilizer trials on fallow- ,wheat rotations typically demonstrate a variable response. Wheat growers in the area must not only cope with this climatic variation and its sundry effects upon their livelihood, they must also make decisions regarding the future level of anticipated climatic variation. The specific objectives were to: 1) develop a climatically responsive yield potential prediction model for soft white winter wheat from historical data at the Sherman Branch Experiment Station (Moro, OR); 2) modify this model for use on commercial fields; 3) field simulate five fallow-crop precipitation patterns characteristic of the variation found in the Sherman county area of eastern Oregon in order to test the yield potential model: 4) examine the effects of precipitation variation on nitrogen fertilizer responses, moisture storage and depletion and nitrogen mineralization; and 5) establish a quantitative relationship between precipitation/ soil moisture and nitrate accumulation in both the fallow and crop seasons. Two interacting regression models were developed to estimate grain yield levels in the 250-350 mm precipitation zone of eastern Oregon. The first model estimates yield potential from monthly precipitation and temperature values. The second model estimates the percent grain reduction due to delayed crop emergence. The grain yield model was adapted to commercial fields using a Productivity Index factor (PI). The PI is a measure of the productivity of other locations in relation to the Sherman Branch Experiment Station, using water-use-efficiency (WUE) as the basis of comparison. The field simulation of five fallow-crop precipitation patterns demonstrated that the maximum grain yield response occurred at 40 kg N (soil + fertilizer)/metric ton. The grain yield model demonstrated a 15% level of accuracy on a commercial field basis in both field trials and a survey of past production levels (1972-1980). It was hypothesized that the distribution of precipitation in the fallow and crop periods had an effect on both the amount and distribution of stored soil moisture. The field simulation demonstrated that more soil moisture was stored at the 90-240 cm depths by the patterns with more fallow season precipitation when measured in March of the crop year. Soil moisture storage and storage efficiencies fluctuated throughout the fallow and crop periods. At the cessation of the winter precipitation season in both the fallow and crop periods (March), the storage efficiency was highest when low levels of precipitation occurred. At this point in time, the mean crop period storage efficiency was 10% below the mean fallow period storage efficiency (34 and 44%, respectively) in both simulation studies. Soil moisture, temperature and immobilization requirements of crop residues interact to affect the net amount of nitrogen mineralization. The mineralization model proposed by Stanford and Smith (1972) was tested under field conditions. When the nitrogen immobilization requirement of the crop residues was included, the actual and predicted values were in agreement at the close of the 1978 fallow period. A nitrogen deficit was predicted at the 0-30 cm depth at the close of the 1980 fallow; however, the actual levels indicated a net accumulation of nitrate-nitrogen. Crop season mineralization, inferred from Mitscherlick and a-value extrapolations, in 1979 demonstrated that there was a decreasing amount of net mineralization during the crop season with increasing amounts of both fallow and crop season precipitation. Crop season mineralization in 1980 indicated that there was no net accumulation of nitrogen, rather a tie-up of 14 kg N/ha. This result reflects both the unsatisfied immobilization requirement predicted for the 1979 fallow season and crop season denitrification. Close

• 2428. [Article] Synecological features of a natural headland prairie on the Oregon coast

  The study of the vegetation of one of the natural coastal prairies in Oregon was undertaken for the purpose of describing some of its synecological features. Specific objectives of the study were to describe ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Synecological features of a natural headland prairie on the Oregon coast Author: Davidson, Eric Duncan The study of the vegetation of one of the natural coastal prairies in Oregon was undertaken for the purpose of describing some of its synecological features. Specific objectives of the study were to describe certain plant assemblages in the study area, present phenological relationships on some of the assemblages, and discuss and illustrate some examples of evidence of succession on the study area. The study area is a prairie located on a headland about one mile north of the Tillamook-Lincoln county line (Sec. 3 in T6S, R11W). This prairie is one of the many situated on the headland bluffs and slopes along the northern Pacific coast. During an initial period of reconnaissance, familiarization with the plant species and communities in the study area was gained. Several surveys along most of the Oregon coast were made to compare the study area with other coastal prairies. A total of 38 distinctive stands of vegetation within the prairie were sampled in a series of five repetitive sessions from January to October in 1966. Presence and vegetative cover of species were recorded. In addition, soil depths in these stands were recorded. Seven transects from the prairie through the ecotone to the forest were established and the presence of species along them was recorded. With the aid of an association table five distinctive communities were differentiated in the sampled stands. These were: 1. Equisetum maximum community, restricted to sites with high soil moisture during the entire year. 2. Polystichum munitum-Rubus parviflorus community, usually on soils 18 inches deep or less. Species in this community form the major part of the ecotone vegetation. 3. Carex obnupta community, usually on soils 12 inches deep or less. Carex is the only important species in this community. 4. Artemisia suksdorfii-Solidago canadensis community, found on the exposed, south-facing end of the prairie on deep soils. It is a community found commonly in prairies farther north on the coast. 5. Solidago canadensis community, situated farther up in the prairie than the Artemisia-Solidago community, on deep soils. It was judged to be an earlier successional stage of the Artemisia-Solidago community. Two more groups were apparent in the table, but these were judged not to be distinct communities in the field. These were: 6. Lupinus littoralis group, considered part of the internal pattern of one or more of the large grassy communities not sampled. The peculiar grouping of Lupinus littoralis is attributed to the large, heavy seeds of that species which always drop directly to the ground, rather than being distributed farther by the wind. 7. Angelica lucida-Rubus spectabilis group, judged to be an aberrant form of the Polystichum-Rubus parviflorus community. A discussion of successional aspects of this and other coastal prairies on the Pacific coast was based on the results of field work carried out during this study, a knowledge of activities on this prairie from 1916 to the present time, and on historical accounts and old photographs concerning the coastal vegetation. It was tentatively concluded that the coastal prairies were maintained for long periods in the past mostly by fires set by the coastal Indians who lived on them. When the white settlers arrived with their cattle and sheep, many prairies, including the study area, were maintained by grazing pressure, and the spread of hardy introduced grasses was encouraged. The stands sampled in the study area were thought to have become established during a period of no stock grazing from 1938 to the present time. It was suggested that the Polystichum munitum-Rubus parviflorus community may provide sites for the growth of Picea sitchensis within this prairie. Title: Synecological features of a natural headland prairie on the Oregon coast Author: Davidson, Eric Duncan The study of the vegetation of one of the natural coastal prairies in Oregon was undertaken for the purpose of describing some of its synecological features. Specific objectives of the study were to describe certain plant assemblages in the study area, present phenological relationships on some of the assemblages, and discuss and illustrate some examples of evidence of succession on the study area. The study area is a prairie located on a headland about one mile north of the Tillamook-Lincoln county line (Sec. 3 in T6S, R11W). This prairie is one of the many situated on the headland bluffs and slopes along the northern Pacific coast. During an initial period of reconnaissance, familiarization with the plant species and communities in the study area was gained. Several surveys along most of the Oregon coast were made to compare the study area with other coastal prairies. A total of 38 distinctive stands of vegetation within the prairie were sampled in a series of five repetitive sessions from January to October in 1966. Presence and vegetative cover of species were recorded. In addition, soil depths in these stands were recorded. Seven transects from the prairie through the ecotone to the forest were established and the presence of species along them was recorded. With the aid of an association table five distinctive communities were differentiated in the sampled stands. These were: 1. Equisetum maximum community, restricted to sites with high soil moisture during the entire year. 2. Polystichum munitum-Rubus parviflorus community, usually on soils 18 inches deep or less. Species in this community form the major part of the ecotone vegetation. 3. Carex obnupta community, usually on soils 12 inches deep or less. Carex is the only important species in this community. 4. Artemisia suksdorfii-Solidago canadensis community, found on the exposed, south-facing end of the prairie on deep soils. It is a community found commonly in prairies farther north on the coast. 5. Solidago canadensis community, situated farther up in the prairie than the Artemisia-Solidago community, on deep soils. It was judged to be an earlier successional stage of the Artemisia-Solidago community. Two more groups were apparent in the table, but these were judged not to be distinct communities in the field. These were: 6. Lupinus littoralis group, considered part of the internal pattern of one or more of the large grassy communities not sampled. The peculiar grouping of Lupinus littoralis is attributed to the large, heavy seeds of that species which always drop directly to the ground, rather than being distributed farther by the wind. 7. Angelica lucida-Rubus spectabilis group, judged to be an aberrant form of the Polystichum-Rubus parviflorus community. A discussion of successional aspects of this and other coastal prairies on the Pacific coast was based on the results of field work carried out during this study, a knowledge of activities on this prairie from 1916 to the present time, and on historical accounts and old photographs concerning the coastal vegetation. It was tentatively concluded that the coastal prairies were maintained for long periods in the past mostly by fires set by the coastal Indians who lived on them. When the white settlers arrived with their cattle and sheep, many prairies, including the study area, were maintained by grazing pressure, and the spread of hardy introduced grasses was encouraged. The stands sampled in the study area were thought to have become established during a period of no stock grazing from 1938 to the present time. It was suggested that the Polystichum munitum-Rubus parviflorus community may provide sites for the growth of Picea sitchensis within this prairie. Close

• 2429. [Article] Hybrid approach to estimating nearshore bathymetry using remote sensing

  The characterization of bathymetry and its time evolution is very important for both oceanographic science applications, and for societal reasons relating to coastal engineering and development. Historically, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hybrid approach to estimating nearshore bathymetry using remote sensing Author: Catalán Mondaca, Patricio A. The characterization of bathymetry and its time evolution is very important for both oceanographic science applications, and for societal reasons relating to coastal engineering and development. Historically, the process of depth surveying has been costly and labor-intensive. This is especially true in nearshore regions, hence a method that is both economic and reliable is of great interest. In this regard, depth inversion techniques take advantage of the interaction between the surface wave field and the underlying bathymetry such that observations of surface wave propagation can be coupled with a dispersion relation to infer bathymetry. Using field measurements, several different types of wave observation data have been tested in inversion methods, e.g. arrays of pressure sensors (Holland, 2001), marine radar (Bell, 1999), aerial photogrammetry (Dugan et al., 2001) and video imagery (Stockdon and Holman, 2000). Typically, these studies use the linear wave dispersion relation and measured wave phase speeds (c) to perform the inversion, and agreement is generally good in intermediate water depths in the absence of currents; errors increase as waves enter shallow water, increase in nonlinearity, and eventually break. In addition, numerical techniques exist that account for some nonlinear processes (e.g. Kennedy et al., 2000b; Misra et al., 2003) but they require more input data, usually in the form of high resolution free surface measurements. These nonlinear methods can potentially make improved depth estimates, however, they have only been tested with synthetic data. In this study, we undertake a novel approach for investigating phase speeds of nonlinear waves and the potential for using them for depth inversions. The approach is novel in the sense that our observational data set consists of both in situ and remotely sensed data and also high resolution numerical data for interpolating between the in situ measurements. Our observations were made from a set of laboratory experiments conducted in large scale wave flume. Laboratory wave conditions included both regular and random waves and a range of wave heights and periods were considered. The final data set used for the depth inversion algorithm was reduced to regular cases only. The wave height profile H(x) is simulated with high spatial resolution using a combined refraction/difraction model REF/DIF1 (Kirby and Dairymple, 1994), where the in situ data is used for calibration. Next, wave parameters such as phase speed, wavenumber and frequency are estimated based on the remote video measurements. The resulting hybrid data set is used as input for performing depth inversion including nonlinearity using the composite dispersion relation of Kirby and Dalrymple (1986). Results indicate that inclusion of nonlinearity significantly improves the retrieved depths, especially in shallow water. The resulting degree of accuracy is comparable with previous observations for intermediate water. Analysis of the error suggests that the main source of error can be attributed to the phase speed estimation, thus it is apparent that the composite dispersion equation is capable of explaining the principal physical process well. Title: Hybrid approach to estimating nearshore bathymetry using remote sensing Author: Catalán Mondaca, Patricio A. The characterization of bathymetry and its time evolution is very important for both oceanographic science applications, and for societal reasons relating to coastal engineering and development. Historically, the process of depth surveying has been costly and labor-intensive. This is especially true in nearshore regions, hence a method that is both economic and reliable is of great interest. In this regard, depth inversion techniques take advantage of the interaction between the surface wave field and the underlying bathymetry such that observations of surface wave propagation can be coupled with a dispersion relation to infer bathymetry. Using field measurements, several different types of wave observation data have been tested in inversion methods, e.g. arrays of pressure sensors (Holland, 2001), marine radar (Bell, 1999), aerial photogrammetry (Dugan et al., 2001) and video imagery (Stockdon and Holman, 2000). Typically, these studies use the linear wave dispersion relation and measured wave phase speeds (c) to perform the inversion, and agreement is generally good in intermediate water depths in the absence of currents; errors increase as waves enter shallow water, increase in nonlinearity, and eventually break. In addition, numerical techniques exist that account for some nonlinear processes (e.g. Kennedy et al., 2000b; Misra et al., 2003) but they require more input data, usually in the form of high resolution free surface measurements. These nonlinear methods can potentially make improved depth estimates, however, they have only been tested with synthetic data. In this study, we undertake a novel approach for investigating phase speeds of nonlinear waves and the potential for using them for depth inversions. The approach is novel in the sense that our observational data set consists of both in situ and remotely sensed data and also high resolution numerical data for interpolating between the in situ measurements. Our observations were made from a set of laboratory experiments conducted in large scale wave flume. Laboratory wave conditions included both regular and random waves and a range of wave heights and periods were considered. The final data set used for the depth inversion algorithm was reduced to regular cases only. The wave height profile H(x) is simulated with high spatial resolution using a combined refraction/difraction model REF/DIF1 (Kirby and Dairymple, 1994), where the in situ data is used for calibration. Next, wave parameters such as phase speed, wavenumber and frequency are estimated based on the remote video measurements. The resulting hybrid data set is used as input for performing depth inversion including nonlinearity using the composite dispersion relation of Kirby and Dalrymple (1986). Results indicate that inclusion of nonlinearity significantly improves the retrieved depths, especially in shallow water. The resulting degree of accuracy is comparable with previous observations for intermediate water. Analysis of the error suggests that the main source of error can be attributed to the phase speed estimation, thus it is apparent that the composite dispersion equation is capable of explaining the principal physical process well. Close

• 2430. [Article] Hollywood at the Tipping Point: Blockbuster Cinema, Globalization, and the Cultural Logic of Ecology

  x, 180 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hollywood at the Tipping Point: Blockbuster Cinema, Globalization, and the Cultural Logic of Ecology Author: Rust, Stephen A. Year: 2012, 2014 x, 180 pages Title: Hollywood at the Tipping Point: Blockbuster Cinema, Globalization, and the Cultural Logic of Ecology Author: Rust, Stephen A. Year: 2012, 2014 x, 180 pages Close

• 2431. [Article] Independent Filmmaking in the Pacific Northwest: A Critical Analysis of the Regional Film Landscape

  xvii, 397 p. : ill., maps.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Independent Filmmaking in the Pacific Northwest: A Critical Analysis of the Regional Film Landscape Author: Erickson, Mary P. A., 1977- Year: 2011 xvii, 397 p. : ill., maps. Title: Independent Filmmaking in the Pacific Northwest: A Critical Analysis of the Regional Film Landscape Author: Erickson, Mary P. A., 1977- Year: 2011 xvii, 397 p. : ill., maps. Close

• 2432. [Article] Beyond the comfort zone: Monolingual ideologies, bilingual U.S. Latino texts

  xii, 206 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beyond the comfort zone: Monolingual ideologies, bilingual U.S. Latino texts Author: Burrows, Sonja S., 1973- Year: 2010 xii, 206 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: Beyond the comfort zone: Monolingual ideologies, bilingual U.S. Latino texts Author: Burrows, Sonja S., 1973- Year: 2010 xii, 206 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 2433. [Article] Curses and laughter: The ethics of political invective in the comic poetry of high and late medieval Italy

  xiv, 479 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Curses and laughter: The ethics of political invective in the comic poetry of high and late medieval Italy Author: Applauso, Nicolino Year: 2010 xiv, 479 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: Curses and laughter: The ethics of political invective in the comic poetry of high and late medieval Italy Author: Applauso, Nicolino Year: 2010 xiv, 479 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 2434. [Article] The contribution of large, slow-moving landslides to landscape evolution

  xvi, 136 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The contribution of large, slow-moving landslides to landscape evolution Author: Mackey, Benjamin Hunter Year: 2010, 2009 xvi, 136 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: The contribution of large, slow-moving landslides to landscape evolution Author: Mackey, Benjamin Hunter Year: 2010, 2009 xvi, 136 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 2435. [Article] Tidal and atmospheric forcing of the upper ocean in the Gulf of California, Part 2: Surface heat flux

  Satellite infrared imagery and coastal meteorological data for March 1984 through February 1985 are used to estimate the net annual surface heat flux for the northern Gulf of California. The average annual ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tidal and atmospheric forcing of the upper ocean in the Gulf of California, Part 2: Surface heat flux Author: Abbott, Mark R., Winant, Clinton D., Paden, Cynthia A. Satellite infrared imagery and coastal meteorological data for March 1984 through February 1985 are used to estimate the net annual surface heat flux for the northern Gulf of California. The average annual surface heat flux for the area north of Guaymas and Santa Rosalia is estimated to be +74 W m-2 for the 1984–1985 time period. This is comparable to the +20–50 W m-2 previously obtained from heat and freshwater transport estimates made with hydrographic surveys from different years and months. The spatial distribution of the net surface heat flux shows a net gain of heat over the whole northern gulf. Except for a local maximum near San Esteban Island, the largest heat gain (+110–120 W m-2) occurs in the Ballenas and Salsipuedes channels, where strong tidal mixing produces anomalously cold sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over much of the year. The lowest heat gain occurs in the Guaymas Basin (+40–50 W m-2), where SSTs are consistently warmer. In the relatively shallow northern basin the net surface heat flux is fairly uniform, with a net annual gain of approximately +70 W m-2. A local minimum in heat gain (approximately +60 W m-2) is observed over the shelf in the northwest, where spring and summer surface temperatures are particularly high. A similar minimum in heat gain over the shelf was observed in a separate study in which historical SSTs and 7 years (1979–1986) of meteorological data from Puerto Penasco were used to estimate the net surface heat flux for the northern basin. In that study, however, the heat fluxes were higher, with a gain of +100 W m-2 over the shelf and +114 W m-2 in the northern basin. These larger values are directly attributable to the higher humidities in the 1979–1986 study compared to the 1984-1985 satellite study. Significant interannual variations in humidity appear to occur in the northern gulf, with relatively high humidities during El Niño years and low humidities during anti-El Niño years. High humidities reduce evaporation and the associated latent heat loss, promoting a net annual heat gain. In the northern Gulf of California, however, tidal mixing appears to play a key role in the observed gain of heat. Deep mixing in the island region produces a persistent pool of cold water which is mixed horizontally by the large-scale circulation, lowering surface temperatures over most of the northern gulf. These cold SSTs decrease evaporation by reducing the saturation vapor pressure of the overlying air. As a result, heat loss is substantially reduced, even when humidities are low. By removing heat from the surface, tidal mixing alters the time scale of air-sea interaction and reduces or possibly even inhibits the formation of deep water masses via convection. Over climatological timescales, it may be tidal mixing that ultimately maintains the estuarinelike circulation in the northern Gulf of California, differentiating it from the Mediterranean and Red seas, which lose heat to the atmosphere. Title: Tidal and atmospheric forcing of the upper ocean in the Gulf of California, Part 2: Surface heat flux Author: Abbott, Mark R., Winant, Clinton D., Paden, Cynthia A. Satellite infrared imagery and coastal meteorological data for March 1984 through February 1985 are used to estimate the net annual surface heat flux for the northern Gulf of California. The average annual surface heat flux for the area north of Guaymas and Santa Rosalia is estimated to be +74 W m-2 for the 1984–1985 time period. This is comparable to the +20–50 W m-2 previously obtained from heat and freshwater transport estimates made with hydrographic surveys from different years and months. The spatial distribution of the net surface heat flux shows a net gain of heat over the whole northern gulf. Except for a local maximum near San Esteban Island, the largest heat gain (+110–120 W m-2) occurs in the Ballenas and Salsipuedes channels, where strong tidal mixing produces anomalously cold sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over much of the year. The lowest heat gain occurs in the Guaymas Basin (+40–50 W m-2), where SSTs are consistently warmer. In the relatively shallow northern basin the net surface heat flux is fairly uniform, with a net annual gain of approximately +70 W m-2. A local minimum in heat gain (approximately +60 W m-2) is observed over the shelf in the northwest, where spring and summer surface temperatures are particularly high. A similar minimum in heat gain over the shelf was observed in a separate study in which historical SSTs and 7 years (1979–1986) of meteorological data from Puerto Penasco were used to estimate the net surface heat flux for the northern basin. In that study, however, the heat fluxes were higher, with a gain of +100 W m-2 over the shelf and +114 W m-2 in the northern basin. These larger values are directly attributable to the higher humidities in the 1979–1986 study compared to the 1984-1985 satellite study. Significant interannual variations in humidity appear to occur in the northern gulf, with relatively high humidities during El Niño years and low humidities during anti-El Niño years. High humidities reduce evaporation and the associated latent heat loss, promoting a net annual heat gain. In the northern Gulf of California, however, tidal mixing appears to play a key role in the observed gain of heat. Deep mixing in the island region produces a persistent pool of cold water which is mixed horizontally by the large-scale circulation, lowering surface temperatures over most of the northern gulf. These cold SSTs decrease evaporation by reducing the saturation vapor pressure of the overlying air. As a result, heat loss is substantially reduced, even when humidities are low. By removing heat from the surface, tidal mixing alters the time scale of air-sea interaction and reduces or possibly even inhibits the formation of deep water masses via convection. Over climatological timescales, it may be tidal mixing that ultimately maintains the estuarinelike circulation in the northern Gulf of California, differentiating it from the Mediterranean and Red seas, which lose heat to the atmosphere. Close

• 2436. [Article] The Political Economy of Medical Marijuana

  This study aims to shed light on several vexing questions surrounding marijuana at various levels of analysis. Why have some states adopted medical laws when others have not, and what are the implications ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Political Economy of Medical Marijuana Author: Crawford, Seth Year: 2013 This study aims to shed light on several vexing questions surrounding marijuana at various levels of analysis. Why have some states adopted medical laws when others have not, and what are the implications of these adoptions for elites at the federal level? Why are certain areas within states hotbeds of marijuana use and production? Why, in the face of serious penalties, do certain individuals continue to use, produce, and sell this particular drug? How is the marijuana market structured and how much economic impact does it have? Possible sociopolitical factors responsible for passage (or failure) of marijuana-related voter initiatives and legislation in states are examined and the process of policy diffusion occurring between states that adopt such measures is detailed. An analysis of geographic variations in medical cardholder rates in Oregon is conducted using longitudinal data. Using a Respondent-Driven Sample and a detailed survey of legal and illegal marijuana users in Oregon, I identify differences between the two groups, elucidate differences between marijuana users and the general population, and estimate the economic impact of marijuana on Oregon's informal economy. Overall, the study finds that innovative, Democratically dominated states tend to pass medical marijuana laws and are the most at risk of doing so in the future. Within Oregon, county-level participation in the medical marijuana program is associated with Democratic party members, unemployment rates, and timber harvest levels. The Oregon marijuana market consists of a robust network of small producers, with individual users primarily managing distribution of the drug. Economic estimates indicate that the legalization of marijuana could generate between $37 million and $153 million per year in taxes for the state. Finally, historical evidence suggests that legalization of this drug could lead to its control; however, doing so could structurally transition the market from a robust network of small producers into tight oligopolic control by a limited number of producers, thereby disenfranchising small, artisan growers, communities traditionally reliant on marijuana for revenue, consumers who seek variety, and the plant's genetic diversity. Title: The Political Economy of Medical Marijuana Author: Crawford, Seth Year: 2013 This study aims to shed light on several vexing questions surrounding marijuana at various levels of analysis. Why have some states adopted medical laws when others have not, and what are the implications of these adoptions for elites at the federal level? Why are certain areas within states hotbeds of marijuana use and production? Why, in the face of serious penalties, do certain individuals continue to use, produce, and sell this particular drug? How is the marijuana market structured and how much economic impact does it have? Possible sociopolitical factors responsible for passage (or failure) of marijuana-related voter initiatives and legislation in states are examined and the process of policy diffusion occurring between states that adopt such measures is detailed. An analysis of geographic variations in medical cardholder rates in Oregon is conducted using longitudinal data. Using a Respondent-Driven Sample and a detailed survey of legal and illegal marijuana users in Oregon, I identify differences between the two groups, elucidate differences between marijuana users and the general population, and estimate the economic impact of marijuana on Oregon's informal economy. Overall, the study finds that innovative, Democratically dominated states tend to pass medical marijuana laws and are the most at risk of doing so in the future. Within Oregon, county-level participation in the medical marijuana program is associated with Democratic party members, unemployment rates, and timber harvest levels. The Oregon marijuana market consists of a robust network of small producers, with individual users primarily managing distribution of the drug. Economic estimates indicate that the legalization of marijuana could generate between $37 million and $153 million per year in taxes for the state. Finally, historical evidence suggests that legalization of this drug could lead to its control; however, doing so could structurally transition the market from a robust network of small producers into tight oligopolic control by a limited number of producers, thereby disenfranchising small, artisan growers, communities traditionally reliant on marijuana for revenue, consumers who seek variety, and the plant's genetic diversity. Close

• 2437. [Article] Anions and electron-deficient aromatic rings

  xx, 281 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Anions and electron-deficient aromatic rings Author: Berryman, Orion Boyd, 1981- Year: 2008 xx, 281 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: Anions and electron-deficient aromatic rings Author: Berryman, Orion Boyd, 1981- Year: 2008 xx, 281 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 2438. [Article] Paleo-archaic broad spectrum adaptations at the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary in Far Western North America

  xx, 463 p. : ill., maps. Two print copies of this title are available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT E61 .W72 1989

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Paleo-archaic broad spectrum adaptations at the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary in Far Western North America Author: Willig, Judith A. (Judith Ann), 1953- Year: 2009, 1989 xx, 463 p. : ill., maps. Two print copies of this title are available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT E61 .W72 1989 Title: Paleo-archaic broad spectrum adaptations at the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary in Far Western North America Author: Willig, Judith A. (Judith Ann), 1953- Year: 2009, 1989 xx, 463 p. : ill., maps. Two print copies of this title are available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT E61 .W72 1989 Close

• 2439. [Article] Impacts of climate change and adaptation strategy selection under constrained conditions in Ben Tre province, Vietnam

  EEPSEA and World Fish Center

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of climate change and adaptation strategy selection under constrained conditions in Ben Tre province, Vietnam Author: Le, Huyen Trang EEPSEA and World Fish Center Title: Impacts of climate change and adaptation strategy selection under constrained conditions in Ben Tre province, Vietnam Author: Le, Huyen Trang EEPSEA and World Fish Center Close

• 2440. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2001 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2001. The main objective of this report is to document and evaluate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2001 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2001. The main objective of this report is to document and evaluate salmon culture performance for spring Chinook salmon hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 1999 and 2000 cohorts of juvenile Chinook salmon, the collection, spawning, and adult characteristics for the 2001 return of adult Chinook salmon, and the collection of eggs for the 2001 cohort. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2001 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2001. The main objective of this report is to document and evaluate salmon culture performance for spring Chinook salmon hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 1999 and 2000 cohorts of juvenile Chinook salmon, the collection, spawning, and adult characteristics for the 2001 return of adult Chinook salmon, and the collection of eggs for the 2001 cohort. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2441. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2002 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2002. The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2002 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2002. The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate salmon culture performance for spring Chinook salmon hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2000 and 2001 cohorts of juvenile Chinook salmon, the collection, spawning and adult characteristics for the 2002 return of adult Chinook salmon, and the collection of eggs for the 2002 cohort. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2002 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2002. The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate salmon culture performance for spring Chinook salmon hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2000 and 2001 cohorts of juvenile Chinook salmon, the collection, spawning and adult characteristics for the 2002 return of adult Chinook salmon, and the collection of eggs for the 2002 cohort. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2442. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2003 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2003. The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2003 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2003. The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate salmon culture performance for spring Chinook salmon hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, and smolt-to-adult survival rate, as well as to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2001 cohort of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection, spawning, and adult characteristics for the 2003 return of adult Chinook salmon, and the collection of eggs for the 2003 cohort. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2003 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2003. The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate salmon culture performance for spring Chinook salmon hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, and smolt-to-adult survival rate, as well as to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2001 cohort of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection, spawning, and adult characteristics for the 2003 return of adult Chinook salmon, and the collection of eggs for the 2003 cohort. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2443. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2004 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2004. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring data collected ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2004 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2004. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, and smolt-to-adult survival rate, as well as to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2002 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection, spawning, and adult characteristics for the 2004 return of adult Chinook salmon, and the collection of eggs for the 2004 brood year. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2004 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2004. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, and smolt-to-adult survival rate, as well as to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2002 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection, spawning, and adult characteristics for the 2004 return of adult Chinook salmon, and the collection of eggs for the 2004 brood year. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 2444. [Article] Dynamics of Vector-Host Interactions in Avian Communities in Four Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Foci in the Northeastern US

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://journals.plos.org/...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dynamics of Vector-Host Interactions in Avian Communities in Four Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Foci in the Northeastern US Author: Molaei, Goudarz, Andreadis, Theodore G., Armstrong, Philip M., Muller, Tim, Thomas, Michael C., Shepard, John J., Medlock, Jan This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/ Title: Dynamics of Vector-Host Interactions in Avian Communities in Four Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Foci in the Northeastern US Author: Molaei, Goudarz, Andreadis, Theodore G., Armstrong, Philip M., Muller, Tim, Thomas, Michael C., Shepard, John J., Medlock, Jan This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/ Close

• 2445. [Article] Canyon Grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area : How have they changed over time and what is their future trajectory?

  The canyon grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area (HCNRA) are a unique ecosystem within the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Region (PNWBR) with a long history of natural and anthropogenic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Canyon Grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area : How have they changed over time and what is their future trajectory? Author: Pack, Samantha J. The canyon grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area (HCNRA) are a unique ecosystem within the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Region (PNWBR) with a long history of natural and anthropogenic disturbances including fire, invasive species introduction, historical livestock grazing, and cultivation. Even with this history, these canyon grasslands contain some of the last remnants of the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Region. For thousands of years, these grasslands were occupied by the Nez Perce Tribe and have been grazed since the 1700s. In addition to grazing, settlers cultivated many parts of the HCNRA and some of these homesteads can still be seen today. Both historical and current land uses are strongly influenced by the natural topography of these canyon grasslands, with the highest concentration of land use centered on benchlands while steep canyon slopes avoided cultivation and were used less by livestock. The different plant associations of these grasslands are also influenced by the unique topography of the HCNRA due to the relationships between soil moisture and depth and abrupt alterations in aspect, slope, and elevation. Very few studies have examined the plant associations of the canyon grasslands of the HCNRA, even fewer have asked how they have changed over time, and there are no studies looking into their future trajectory by assessing the seed bank. The first study in my thesis (Chapter 2) focused on how canyon grasslands have changed over time using a repeated survey of vegetation from four different plant associations within the Lower Imnaha Subbasin. From the original study conducted in 1981, a total of 19 different plots in four plant associations were chosen to be resampled in 2014. Since the original study was used to classify seral stages within the plant associations, these successional stages were used to determine if the plant communities had transitioned between the seral classes over the 33 year-time-period. In addition, given the importance of topography to these grasslands, elevation, slope, and aspect were evaluated for their relationship to successional changes. Both Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) and Indicator Species Analysis were used to verify the seral stage classifications for each plot in 1981 and 2014. To evaluate how each association had changed between sampling years, Multi-response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) and NMS were used. Most of these plant associations were relatively stable and had, for the most part, remained at the same seral stage or transitioned to a later seral stage. Among the plant associations, slope was the topographical variable that appeared most related to the transitions in seral stages. Steeper slopes either remained at the same seral stage or transitioned to a later one, while gentler slopes (< 20%) tended to shift from later to earlier seral stages. A relatively new introduced annual grass to the region, Ventenata dubia (not present in the 1981 sampling), was found in three of the four plant associations and was most abundant on the benchlands. The results of this resurvey suggest that topography is related to both the distribution of plant associations and which sites will shift in seral stage over time across the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin. The second study of my thesis (Chapter 3) focused on using a seed bank study as one of the many ways to examine the future trajectory of the plant communities in the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin, with a particular focus on the benchlands. The seed bank contains the regenerative pool for plant communities and represents the potential for a community to respond to disturbances. The seed bank from benchland sites in one plant association was evaluated in relation to the standing vegetation, successional stage, and historical cultivation. To my knowledge, this was the first seed bank study for the grasslands of this region. Vegetation cover and soil samples were collected from 8 sites, including two previously cultivated and two reference noncultivated sites. NMS was used to extract the strongest community gradients, which naturally separated out the seral stage classifications of the vegetation. To evaluate differences between the vegetation and the seed bank, between successional stages, and between cultivation histories, MRPP was used. Results from the seed bank study are consistent with many other studies around the world in perennial grasslands showing that the vegetation and seed bank are often dissimilar. Similarities between the vegetation and seed bank were highest in the annual grass dominated stage compared to the early seral stage. The effects of cultivation appear to still be evident in the seed bank, where cultivated sites have significantly more introduced grasses compared to noncultivated sites (p < 0.05). There was an overall greater abundance of introduced annual forb and grass species in the seed bank on these benchland sites, suggesting that they may be native seed limited and could easily shift to invasive species dominance after further disturbance, especially on previously cultivated areas. The results of both of these studies suggest that benchlands and lower sloped sites surrounding them in the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin may less resistant and resilient to disturbance. Priorities for future research and management may also need to focus on the plant communities of benchlands in these unique grasslands. Title: Canyon Grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area : How have they changed over time and what is their future trajectory? Author: Pack, Samantha J. The canyon grasslands of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area (HCNRA) are a unique ecosystem within the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Region (PNWBR) with a long history of natural and anthropogenic disturbances including fire, invasive species introduction, historical livestock grazing, and cultivation. Even with this history, these canyon grasslands contain some of the last remnants of the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Region. For thousands of years, these grasslands were occupied by the Nez Perce Tribe and have been grazed since the 1700s. In addition to grazing, settlers cultivated many parts of the HCNRA and some of these homesteads can still be seen today. Both historical and current land uses are strongly influenced by the natural topography of these canyon grasslands, with the highest concentration of land use centered on benchlands while steep canyon slopes avoided cultivation and were used less by livestock. The different plant associations of these grasslands are also influenced by the unique topography of the HCNRA due to the relationships between soil moisture and depth and abrupt alterations in aspect, slope, and elevation. Very few studies have examined the plant associations of the canyon grasslands of the HCNRA, even fewer have asked how they have changed over time, and there are no studies looking into their future trajectory by assessing the seed bank. The first study in my thesis (Chapter 2) focused on how canyon grasslands have changed over time using a repeated survey of vegetation from four different plant associations within the Lower Imnaha Subbasin. From the original study conducted in 1981, a total of 19 different plots in four plant associations were chosen to be resampled in 2014. Since the original study was used to classify seral stages within the plant associations, these successional stages were used to determine if the plant communities had transitioned between the seral classes over the 33 year-time-period. In addition, given the importance of topography to these grasslands, elevation, slope, and aspect were evaluated for their relationship to successional changes. Both Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) and Indicator Species Analysis were used to verify the seral stage classifications for each plot in 1981 and 2014. To evaluate how each association had changed between sampling years, Multi-response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) and NMS were used. Most of these plant associations were relatively stable and had, for the most part, remained at the same seral stage or transitioned to a later seral stage. Among the plant associations, slope was the topographical variable that appeared most related to the transitions in seral stages. Steeper slopes either remained at the same seral stage or transitioned to a later one, while gentler slopes (< 20%) tended to shift from later to earlier seral stages. A relatively new introduced annual grass to the region, Ventenata dubia (not present in the 1981 sampling), was found in three of the four plant associations and was most abundant on the benchlands. The results of this resurvey suggest that topography is related to both the distribution of plant associations and which sites will shift in seral stage over time across the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin. The second study of my thesis (Chapter 3) focused on using a seed bank study as one of the many ways to examine the future trajectory of the plant communities in the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin, with a particular focus on the benchlands. The seed bank contains the regenerative pool for plant communities and represents the potential for a community to respond to disturbances. The seed bank from benchland sites in one plant association was evaluated in relation to the standing vegetation, successional stage, and historical cultivation. To my knowledge, this was the first seed bank study for the grasslands of this region. Vegetation cover and soil samples were collected from 8 sites, including two previously cultivated and two reference noncultivated sites. NMS was used to extract the strongest community gradients, which naturally separated out the seral stage classifications of the vegetation. To evaluate differences between the vegetation and the seed bank, between successional stages, and between cultivation histories, MRPP was used. Results from the seed bank study are consistent with many other studies around the world in perennial grasslands showing that the vegetation and seed bank are often dissimilar. Similarities between the vegetation and seed bank were highest in the annual grass dominated stage compared to the early seral stage. The effects of cultivation appear to still be evident in the seed bank, where cultivated sites have significantly more introduced grasses compared to noncultivated sites (p < 0.05). There was an overall greater abundance of introduced annual forb and grass species in the seed bank on these benchland sites, suggesting that they may be native seed limited and could easily shift to invasive species dominance after further disturbance, especially on previously cultivated areas. The results of both of these studies suggest that benchlands and lower sloped sites surrounding them in the canyon grasslands of the Lower Imnaha Subbasin may less resistant and resilient to disturbance. Priorities for future research and management may also need to focus on the plant communities of benchlands in these unique grasslands. Close

• 2446. [Image] A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

  	Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005 Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-374. Portland, OR; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. A framework for ecosystem management is proposed. This framework assumes the purpose of ecosystem management is to maintain the integrity of ecosystems over time and space. It is based on four ecosystem principles: ecosystems are dynamic, can be viewed as hierarchies with temporal and spatial dimensions, have limits, and are relatively unpredictable. This approach recognizes that people are part of ecosystems and that stewardship must be able to resolve tough challenges including how to meet multiple demands with finite resources. The framework describes a general planning model for ecosystem management that has four iterative steps: monitoring, assessment, decision-making, and implementation. Since ecosystems cross jurisdictional lines, the implementation of the framework depends on partnerships among land managers, the scientific community, and stakeholders. It proposes that decision-making be based on information provided by the best available science and the most appropriate technologies for land management. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, ecosystem principles, ecosystem management, planning models, management goals, risk analysis. Title: A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Year: 1996, 2005 Haynes, Richard W.; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech. eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin including portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-374. Portland, OR; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. A framework for ecosystem management is proposed. This framework assumes the purpose of ecosystem management is to maintain the integrity of ecosystems over time and space. It is based on four ecosystem principles: ecosystems are dynamic, can be viewed as hierarchies with temporal and spatial dimensions, have limits, and are relatively unpredictable. This approach recognizes that people are part of ecosystems and that stewardship must be able to resolve tough challenges including how to meet multiple demands with finite resources. The framework describes a general planning model for ecosystem management that has four iterative steps: monitoring, assessment, decision-making, and implementation. Since ecosystems cross jurisdictional lines, the implementation of the framework depends on partnerships among land managers, the scientific community, and stakeholders. It proposes that decision-making be based on information provided by the best available science and the most appropriate technologies for land management. Keywords: Ecosystem assessment, ecosystem principles, ecosystem management, planning models, management goals, risk analysis. Close

• 2447. [Image] Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus... Draft Recovery Plan, Chapter 2, Klamath River Recovery Unit...U.S. Department Of The Interior

  	KLAMATH RIVER RECOVERY UNIT CHAPTER OF THE BULL TROUT RECOVERY PLAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CURRENT SPECIES STATUS Klamath River bull trout were listed as a distinct population segment ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus... Draft Recovery Plan, Chapter 2, Klamath River Recovery Unit...U.S. Department Of The Interior Year: 2008, 2005 KLAMATH RIVER RECOVERY UNIT CHAPTER OF THE BULL TROUT RECOVERY PLAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CURRENT SPECIES STATUS Klamath River bull trout were listed as a distinct population segment in 1998 (63 FR 31647) because they are physically isolated from other bull trout by the Pacific Ocean and several small mountain ranges in central Oregon. Recovery of bull trout in the Klamath River Recovery Unit, which includes three core areas and nine currently identified local populations, will require cooperation from Federal, State, and local agencies, and Tribal and private entities. Within the Klamath River Recovery Unit, abundance has been severely reduced and remaining populations are fragmented. HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITING FACTORS Watershed disruption has played a major role in the decline of bull trout in the Klamath River basin. The effects of historical land use on fish habitat in the larger tributaries and mainstem rivers of the Klamath River basin have been profound. Channelization, water withdrawals, removal of streamside vegetation, and other disturbances have altered the aquatic environment by elevating water temperatures, reducing water quantity and quality, and increasing sedimentation. Changes in or disruptions to watershed processes that influence characteristics of stream channels have also influenced the dynamics and persistence of bull trout populations. Klamath River basin bull trout are threatened by habitat degradation, past and present land use management practices, agricultural water diversions, and competition or hybridization from normative brown and brook trout. As a result of past land and resource management practices, bull trout populations in the Klamath River Recovery Unit are small, disjunct, and face a high risk of extirpation. IV RECOVERY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES The goal of the bull trout recovery plan is to ensure the long-term persistence of self-sustaining, complex interacting groups of bull trout distributed across the species range, so that the species can be delisted. In order to recover bull trout in the Klamath River, the following objectives need to be met: ? Maintain current distribution of bull trout and restore distribution in previously occupied areas within the Klamath River Recovery Unit, as noted in Appendix A. ? Maintain stable or increasing trends in abundance of bull trout within the Klamath River. This objective includes the expression of all life history strategies including resident, fluvial, and adfluvial forms in the Upper Klamath Lake core area and resident and fluvial forms in the Sycan River and Upper Sprague River core areas. ? Restore and maintain suitable habitat conditions for all bull trout life history stages and strategies. In core areas and migration corridors, stable or upward trends in habitat quality are achieved through landscape-level adjustments in land management strategies designed to maintain and/or enhance structural and functional attributes of upslope, riparian, and fluvial systems. ? Conserve genetic diversity and provide opportunity for interchange of genetic material among appropriate core populations. RECOVERY CRITERIA Recovery criteria for the Klamath River Recovery Unit reflect the stated objectives and consideration of population and habitat characteristics within the recovery unit. Using four population and habitat elements, the Klamath River Recovery Unit Team categorized bull trout into three groups of relative risk: diminished, intermediate, and increased. Team members evaluated bull trout under current and potential recovered conditions based on the number of local populations, adult abundance, population trends and variability, and connectivity of the system. These elements were derived from the best scientific information available concerning bull trout population and habitat requirements. Evaluation of these elements under a recovered condition assumed that actions identified within this chapter had been implemented. 1. Distribution criteria will be met when current distribution of bull trout in the 12 local populations is maintained and distribution is expanded by establishing bull trout in areas identified as suitable for potential local populations. The number of existing local populations by core area are as follows: Upper Klamath Lake, 3; Sycan River, 2; and Upper Sprague River, 7. Achieving criterion 1 entails maintaining existing local populations and establishing additional potential local populations in all core areas in the recovery unit to maintain current and recovered distribution. To achieve criterion 1 and to ensure a core area population of no fewer than 100 adult bull trout, establishing at least 5 to 7 local populations in the Klamath Lake core area among 15 potential local populations (2 to 5 new local populations), at least 5 to 7 local populations in the Sycan River core area from among 15 potential local populations (3 to 5 new local populations), and at least 10 to 12 local populations in the Upper Sprague River core area from among 25 potential local populations (3 to 5 new local populations) is necessary. 2. Abundance criteria will be met when the estimated number of adult bull trout is at least 8,250 individuals distributed among the Upper Klamath Lake, Sycan River, and Upper Sprague River core areas, based on 10 years of monitoring data. 3. Trend criteria will be met when adult bull trout exhibit stable or increasing trends in abundance in the Upper Klamath Lake, Sycan River, and Upper Sprague River core areas, based on 2 generations (10 years) of monitoring data. VI 4. Connectivity criteria will be met when specific barriers to bull trout migration in the Klamath River Recovery Unit have been addressed. In the Klamath River Recovery Unit, this objective means addressing passage: 1) existing culverts that impede passage should be replaced, including those on Threemile Creek at U.S. Forest Service Road 110 crossing, Brownsworth Creek at U.S. Forest Service Road 34 crossing, and Brownsworth Creek both 0.75 mile and 1.25 miles above U.S. Forest Service Road 34; the culvert 0.25 mile below U.S. Forest Service Road 34 (to prevent repeated washout); the large-diameter culvert at the Boulder Creek road crossing; culverts in the upper Sycan River watershed that are identified in the Fremont National Forest inventory; and several in the North Fork Sprague River drainage, namely, on North Fork Sprague River (2), Boulder Creek (1), Dead Cow Creek (1), and Sheepy Creek (1); 2) fish passage structures should be installed at water diversions on bull trout streams, and barriers should be removed, including on Cherry, Sevenmile, Sun, and Threemile Creeks; 3) fish screens should be installed to prevent fish from entering diversion canals or pipes, including on Long, Deming, Threemile, Sun, Sevenmile, and Cherry Creeks; 4) manmade barriers and entrainment should be evaluated and remedied to promote migratory bull trout; priority watersheds include Threemile, Long, Deming, Sevenmile, Cherry, Sun, and Long Creeks. The Klamath River Recovery Unit team expects that the recovery process will be dynamic and will be refined as more information becomes available. Future adaptive management will play a major role in recovery implementation and refinement of recovery criteria. The recovery unit criteria listed above will be used to determine when the Klamath River Recovery Unit is fully contributing to recovery of the Klamath River population segment. vn ACTIONS NEEDED Recovery for bull trout will entail reducing threats to the long-term persistence of populations and their habitats, ensuring the security of multiple interacting groups of bull trout, and providing habitat and access to conditions that allow for the expression of various life history forms. The seven categories are listed in Chapter 1; tasks specific to this recovery unit are provided in this chapter. ESTIMATED COST OF RECOVERY Total cost of bull trout recovery in the Klamath River Recovery Unit is estimated at about $26 million spread over a 25-year recovery period. Successful recovery of bull trout in the recovery unit is contingent on removing threats from nonnative species, eliminating barriers to fish movement, and improving habitat conditions within the Klamath River basin. Total cost includes estimates of expenditures by local, Tribal, State, and Federal governments and by private business and individuals. Cost estimates are not provided for tasks which are normal agency responsibilities under existing authorities. The estimated costs are attributed to bull trout conservation, but other aquatic species will also benefit. ESTIMATED DATE OF RECOVERY Time required to achieve recovery depends on bull trout status, factors affecting bull trout, implementation and effectiveness of recovery tasks, and responses to recovery tasks. A tremendous amount of work will be required to restore impaired habitat, reconnect habitat, and eliminate threats from nonnative species. Three to five bull trout generations (15 to 25 years), or possibly longer, may be necessary before identified threats to the species can be significantly reduced and bull trout can be considered eligible for delisting. vin Title: Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus... Draft Recovery Plan, Chapter 2, Klamath River Recovery Unit...U.S. Department Of The Interior Year: 2008, 2005 KLAMATH RIVER RECOVERY UNIT CHAPTER OF THE BULL TROUT RECOVERY PLAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CURRENT SPECIES STATUS Klamath River bull trout were listed as a distinct population segment in 1998 (63 FR 31647) because they are physically isolated from other bull trout by the Pacific Ocean and several small mountain ranges in central Oregon. Recovery of bull trout in the Klamath River Recovery Unit, which includes three core areas and nine currently identified local populations, will require cooperation from Federal, State, and local agencies, and Tribal and private entities. Within the Klamath River Recovery Unit, abundance has been severely reduced and remaining populations are fragmented. HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITING FACTORS Watershed disruption has played a major role in the decline of bull trout in the Klamath River basin. The effects of historical land use on fish habitat in the larger tributaries and mainstem rivers of the Klamath River basin have been profound. Channelization, water withdrawals, removal of streamside vegetation, and other disturbances have altered the aquatic environment by elevating water temperatures, reducing water quantity and quality, and increasing sedimentation. Changes in or disruptions to watershed processes that influence characteristics of stream channels have also influenced the dynamics and persistence of bull trout populations. Klamath River basin bull trout are threatened by habitat degradation, past and present land use management practices, agricultural water diversions, and competition or hybridization from normative brown and brook trout. As a result of past land and resource management practices, bull trout populations in the Klamath River Recovery Unit are small, disjunct, and face a high risk of extirpation. IV RECOVERY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES The goal of the bull trout recovery plan is to ensure the long-term persistence of self-sustaining, complex interacting groups of bull trout distributed across the species range, so that the species can be delisted. In order to recover bull trout in the Klamath River, the following objectives need to be met: ? Maintain current distribution of bull trout and restore distribution in previously occupied areas within the Klamath River Recovery Unit, as noted in Appendix A. ? Maintain stable or increasing trends in abundance of bull trout within the Klamath River. This objective includes the expression of all life history strategies including resident, fluvial, and adfluvial forms in the Upper Klamath Lake core area and resident and fluvial forms in the Sycan River and Upper Sprague River core areas. ? Restore and maintain suitable habitat conditions for all bull trout life history stages and strategies. In core areas and migration corridors, stable or upward trends in habitat quality are achieved through landscape-level adjustments in land management strategies designed to maintain and/or enhance structural and functional attributes of upslope, riparian, and fluvial systems. ? Conserve genetic diversity and provide opportunity for interchange of genetic material among appropriate core populations. RECOVERY CRITERIA Recovery criteria for the Klamath River Recovery Unit reflect the stated objectives and consideration of population and habitat characteristics within the recovery unit. Using four population and habitat elements, the Klamath River Recovery Unit Team categorized bull trout into three groups of relative risk: diminished, intermediate, and increased. Team members evaluated bull trout under current and potential recovered conditions based on the number of local populations, adult abundance, population trends and variability, and connectivity of the system. These elements were derived from the best scientific information available concerning bull trout population and habitat requirements. Evaluation of these elements under a recovered condition assumed that actions identified within this chapter had been implemented. 1. Distribution criteria will be met when current distribution of bull trout in the 12 local populations is maintained and distribution is expanded by establishing bull trout in areas identified as suitable for potential local populations. The number of existing local populations by core area are as follows: Upper Klamath Lake, 3; Sycan River, 2; and Upper Sprague River, 7. Achieving criterion 1 entails maintaining existing local populations and establishing additional potential local populations in all core areas in the recovery unit to maintain current and recovered distribution. To achieve criterion 1 and to ensure a core area population of no fewer than 100 adult bull trout, establishing at least 5 to 7 local populations in the Klamath Lake core area among 15 potential local populations (2 to 5 new local populations), at least 5 to 7 local populations in the Sycan River core area from among 15 potential local populations (3 to 5 new local populations), and at least 10 to 12 local populations in the Upper Sprague River core area from among 25 potential local populations (3 to 5 new local populations) is necessary. 2. Abundance criteria will be met when the estimated number of adult bull trout is at least 8,250 individuals distributed among the Upper Klamath Lake, Sycan River, and Upper Sprague River core areas, based on 10 years of monitoring data. 3. Trend criteria will be met when adult bull trout exhibit stable or increasing trends in abundance in the Upper Klamath Lake, Sycan River, and Upper Sprague River core areas, based on 2 generations (10 years) of monitoring data. VI 4. Connectivity criteria will be met when specific barriers to bull trout migration in the Klamath River Recovery Unit have been addressed. In the Klamath River Recovery Unit, this objective means addressing passage: 1) existing culverts that impede passage should be replaced, including those on Threemile Creek at U.S. Forest Service Road 110 crossing, Brownsworth Creek at U.S. Forest Service Road 34 crossing, and Brownsworth Creek both 0.75 mile and 1.25 miles above U.S. Forest Service Road 34; the culvert 0.25 mile below U.S. Forest Service Road 34 (to prevent repeated washout); the large-diameter culvert at the Boulder Creek road crossing; culverts in the upper Sycan River watershed that are identified in the Fremont National Forest inventory; and several in the North Fork Sprague River drainage, namely, on North Fork Sprague River (2), Boulder Creek (1), Dead Cow Creek (1), and Sheepy Creek (1); 2) fish passage structures should be installed at water diversions on bull trout streams, and barriers should be removed, including on Cherry, Sevenmile, Sun, and Threemile Creeks; 3) fish screens should be installed to prevent fish from entering diversion canals or pipes, including on Long, Deming, Threemile, Sun, Sevenmile, and Cherry Creeks; 4) manmade barriers and entrainment should be evaluated and remedied to promote migratory bull trout; priority watersheds include Threemile, Long, Deming, Sevenmile, Cherry, Sun, and Long Creeks. The Klamath River Recovery Unit team expects that the recovery process will be dynamic and will be refined as more information becomes available. Future adaptive management will play a major role in recovery implementation and refinement of recovery criteria. The recovery unit criteria listed above will be used to determine when the Klamath River Recovery Unit is fully contributing to recovery of the Klamath River population segment. vn ACTIONS NEEDED Recovery for bull trout will entail reducing threats to the long-term persistence of populations and their habitats, ensuring the security of multiple interacting groups of bull trout, and providing habitat and access to conditions that allow for the expression of various life history forms. The seven categories are listed in Chapter 1; tasks specific to this recovery unit are provided in this chapter. ESTIMATED COST OF RECOVERY Total cost of bull trout recovery in the Klamath River Recovery Unit is estimated at about $26 million spread over a 25-year recovery period. Successful recovery of bull trout in the recovery unit is contingent on removing threats from nonnative species, eliminating barriers to fish movement, and improving habitat conditions within the Klamath River basin. Total cost includes estimates of expenditures by local, Tribal, State, and Federal governments and by private business and individuals. Cost estimates are not provided for tasks which are normal agency responsibilities under existing authorities. The estimated costs are attributed to bull trout conservation, but other aquatic species will also benefit. ESTIMATED DATE OF RECOVERY Time required to achieve recovery depends on bull trout status, factors affecting bull trout, implementation and effectiveness of recovery tasks, and responses to recovery tasks. A tremendous amount of work will be required to restore impaired habitat, reconnect habitat, and eliminate threats from nonnative species. Three to five bull trout generations (15 to 25 years), or possibly longer, may be necessary before identified threats to the species can be significantly reduced and bull trout can be considered eligible for delisting. vin Close

• 2448. [Image] Geological limnology of Crater Lake, Oregon

  	ill.; Three folded plates in pocket; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Minnesota, 1961; Bibliography: leaves 168-175
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geological limnology of Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Nelson, C. Hans (Carlton Hans), 1937- Year: 1961, 2008 ill.; Three folded plates in pocket; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Minnesota, 1961; Bibliography: leaves 168-175 Title: Geological limnology of Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Nelson, C. Hans (Carlton Hans), 1937- Year: 1961, 2008 ill.; Three folded plates in pocket; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Minnesota, 1961; Bibliography: leaves 168-175 Close

• 2449. [Image] Geology and ground-water resources of the Swan Lake-Yonna Valleys area, Klamath County, Oregon

  	Abstract The Swan Lake-Yonna Valleys area consists of two intermountain valleys with their subordinate side valleys adjoining slopes, and mountainous boundary ridges, In all the area covered is about 256 ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology and ground-water resources of the Swan Lake-Yonna Valleys area, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Meyers, Joseph D. Year: 1952, 2007, 2005 Abstract The Swan Lake-Yonna Valleys area consists of two intermountain valleys with their subordinate side valleys adjoining slopes, and mountainous boundary ridges, In all the area covered is about 256 square miles but the essential agricultural sections are restricted to the floors of Swan Lake and Yonna valleys with their respective subsidiary extensions of Pine Flats and Alkali Lake flats, a valley-floor area totaling about 90 square miles The floors of Swan Lake Valley and Yonna Valley lie at an altitude of about U52OO feet but the mountainous boundary ridges rise generally to 6000 feeto Yonna Valley is largely drained to Lost River by Buck Creek but also in part to Alkali Lakeo Swan Lake Valley and Pine Flats have only internal drainage. The Swan Lake Valley floor is the top of a deep alluvial fill, while Yonna Valley floor is mainly an erosional surface sloping to lines of through drainage Precipitation is about lit inches annually on the valley floors 9 but must be much more, possibly 18 to 24 inches, on the higher parts of the drainage basins. The growing season is short and killing frosts do occur in late spring and early fall. The rock units forming the bedrock structure of the area are consolidated or semiconsolidated rocks of Tertiary age and are largely of volcanic-flow and volcanic-sedimentary originc They consist of three main elements, a lower lava-rock unit, a sedimentary and volcanic-sedimentary unit, and an upper lava-rock unito The unconsolidated deposits are the older alluvium of Quaternary (and in part of late-Tertiary) age and the younger alluvium of Quaternary age0 The bedrock is faulted and deformed particularly so along a northwest-southeast set of fault lines that have given a remarkable linearity to the topography. Unpublished records subject to revision Ground water occurs below a regional water table that slopes south-ward to the level of the Lost Rivero The upper lava rocks and the lower lava rocks contain the principal permeable zones that occur beneath the areao Breccia and other porous zones in those rocks in places yield water to wells at a rate as large as 35OOO gallons per minute with but 1 or 2 feet of drawdowno The economical construction of irrigation wells requires the determination of the best possible location at which those rocks may be tapped at shallow depth below the level of the water tableo The ground water in general relatively low in dissolved mineral matter and is but slightly to moderately hard and would be considered chemically satisfactory for most uaeso Irrigation is the principal use of the ground water in the area north of the Horsefly Irrigation Districto There 3? wells supplied about 6,000 acre-feet of water to about 3800 acres of land in 1950. Water-level records obtained since 19U8 and approximations of the probable annual recharge from precipitation indicate that the present withdrawals are considerably less than the annual increment of the ground-water recharge, Rough estimates indicate that an increase in withdrawals of as much as 100 percent or more can take place before ground-water levels, by a persistent lowering, will begin to indicate that the annual replenishment is being exceeded. Title: Geology and ground-water resources of the Swan Lake-Yonna Valleys area, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Meyers, Joseph D. Year: 1952, 2007, 2005 Abstract The Swan Lake-Yonna Valleys area consists of two intermountain valleys with their subordinate side valleys adjoining slopes, and mountainous boundary ridges, In all the area covered is about 256 square miles but the essential agricultural sections are restricted to the floors of Swan Lake and Yonna valleys with their respective subsidiary extensions of Pine Flats and Alkali Lake flats, a valley-floor area totaling about 90 square miles The floors of Swan Lake Valley and Yonna Valley lie at an altitude of about U52OO feet but the mountainous boundary ridges rise generally to 6000 feeto Yonna Valley is largely drained to Lost River by Buck Creek but also in part to Alkali Lakeo Swan Lake Valley and Pine Flats have only internal drainage. The Swan Lake Valley floor is the top of a deep alluvial fill, while Yonna Valley floor is mainly an erosional surface sloping to lines of through drainage Precipitation is about lit inches annually on the valley floors 9 but must be much more, possibly 18 to 24 inches, on the higher parts of the drainage basins. The growing season is short and killing frosts do occur in late spring and early fall. The rock units forming the bedrock structure of the area are consolidated or semiconsolidated rocks of Tertiary age and are largely of volcanic-flow and volcanic-sedimentary originc They consist of three main elements, a lower lava-rock unit, a sedimentary and volcanic-sedimentary unit, and an upper lava-rock unito The unconsolidated deposits are the older alluvium of Quaternary (and in part of late-Tertiary) age and the younger alluvium of Quaternary age0 The bedrock is faulted and deformed particularly so along a northwest-southeast set of fault lines that have given a remarkable linearity to the topography. Unpublished records subject to revision Ground water occurs below a regional water table that slopes south-ward to the level of the Lost Rivero The upper lava rocks and the lower lava rocks contain the principal permeable zones that occur beneath the areao Breccia and other porous zones in those rocks in places yield water to wells at a rate as large as 35OOO gallons per minute with but 1 or 2 feet of drawdowno The economical construction of irrigation wells requires the determination of the best possible location at which those rocks may be tapped at shallow depth below the level of the water tableo The ground water in general relatively low in dissolved mineral matter and is but slightly to moderately hard and would be considered chemically satisfactory for most uaeso Irrigation is the principal use of the ground water in the area north of the Horsefly Irrigation Districto There 3? wells supplied about 6,000 acre-feet of water to about 3800 acres of land in 1950. Water-level records obtained since 19U8 and approximations of the probable annual recharge from precipitation indicate that the present withdrawals are considerably less than the annual increment of the ground-water recharge, Rough estimates indicate that an increase in withdrawals of as much as 100 percent or more can take place before ground-water levels, by a persistent lowering, will begin to indicate that the annual replenishment is being exceeded. Close

• 2450. [Image] Scientific disagreement regarding coho salmon status under the ESA

  	Internal memo between staff of the National Marine Fisheries Service dated September 27, 1996 which summarizes the issues of scientific disagreement related to the listing of three coho salmon as an endangered ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scientific disagreement regarding coho salmon status under the ESA Author: Varanasi, Usha; Tillman, Michael Year: 1996, 2005 Internal memo between staff of the National Marine Fisheries Service dated September 27, 1996 which summarizes the issues of scientific disagreement related to the listing of three coho salmon as an endangered species Title: Scientific disagreement regarding coho salmon status under the ESA Author: Varanasi, Usha; Tillman, Michael Year: 1996, 2005 Internal memo between staff of the National Marine Fisheries Service dated September 27, 1996 which summarizes the issues of scientific disagreement related to the listing of three coho salmon as an endangered species Close