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• 31. [Article] Smallholder farmers’ decision making in farm tree growing in the highlands of Ethiopia

  Past afforestation programs launched to promote private and community woodlots in rural Ethiopia have not been based on clear understanding of the incentives and constraints of smallholder farmers. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Smallholder farmers’ decision making in farm tree growing in the highlands of Ethiopia Author: Ayele, Zeleke Ewnetu Past afforestation programs launched to promote private and community woodlots in rural Ethiopia have not been based on clear understanding of the incentives and constraints of smallholder farmers. This study investigated the characteristic differences between tree-growing and non-tree-growing farm households and identified factors influencing farmers’ tree-growing decisions from a farming systems perspective in two highland regions of the country. The analysis was based on a survey of 150 household heads in each of the mixed cereal-livestock and the cereal-enset-coffee-livestock farming systems of Basona Werena and Sodo Zuriya woredas, respectively. A logistic regression model was employed to analyze the determinants of the farmers’ initial decisions of growing trees. Using the tree-growing household data, a linear regression model was employed to identify determinants of the extent of tree growing once the farmer has decided to grow trees. Results indicated significant differences between tree-growing and non-tree-growing households. Relative to non-tree-growing households, tree-growing households were found to have higher human capital, more physical assets and income. Our study identified that gender of the household head, farmers’ training, size and productivity of landholding, household income, proximity to a road, and tenure security were strong determinants of farmers’ tree-growing decisions. We found that femaleheaded households were less likely to grow trees than male-headed households. Femaleheaded households also owned fewer trees per household than male-headed households and the difference was significant in the cereal-enset-coffee-livestock farming system of Sodo Zuriya. The impact of landholding size was consistently positive on farmers’ initial tree growing decisions as well as on the number of trees grown in both sites. A positive perception of land tenure security was also positively and significantly associated with the number of trees planted. The results suggest the need for appropriate policies and extension programs that are aimed at addressing the specificity of female farmers, improving the productivity and reducing the fragmentation of land, and strengthening the security of tenure in order to encourage tree growing by smallholder farmers. Title: Smallholder farmers’ decision making in farm tree growing in the highlands of Ethiopia Author: Ayele, Zeleke Ewnetu Past afforestation programs launched to promote private and community woodlots in rural Ethiopia have not been based on clear understanding of the incentives and constraints of smallholder farmers. This study investigated the characteristic differences between tree-growing and non-tree-growing farm households and identified factors influencing farmers’ tree-growing decisions from a farming systems perspective in two highland regions of the country. The analysis was based on a survey of 150 household heads in each of the mixed cereal-livestock and the cereal-enset-coffee-livestock farming systems of Basona Werena and Sodo Zuriya woredas, respectively. A logistic regression model was employed to analyze the determinants of the farmers’ initial decisions of growing trees. Using the tree-growing household data, a linear regression model was employed to identify determinants of the extent of tree growing once the farmer has decided to grow trees. Results indicated significant differences between tree-growing and non-tree-growing households. Relative to non-tree-growing households, tree-growing households were found to have higher human capital, more physical assets and income. Our study identified that gender of the household head, farmers’ training, size and productivity of landholding, household income, proximity to a road, and tenure security were strong determinants of farmers’ tree-growing decisions. We found that femaleheaded households were less likely to grow trees than male-headed households. Femaleheaded households also owned fewer trees per household than male-headed households and the difference was significant in the cereal-enset-coffee-livestock farming system of Sodo Zuriya. The impact of landholding size was consistently positive on farmers’ initial tree growing decisions as well as on the number of trees grown in both sites. A positive perception of land tenure security was also positively and significantly associated with the number of trees planted. The results suggest the need for appropriate policies and extension programs that are aimed at addressing the specificity of female farmers, improving the productivity and reducing the fragmentation of land, and strengthening the security of tenure in order to encourage tree growing by smallholder farmers. Close

• 32. [Article] Housing Needs Study for the Portland Metropolitan Area Final Report

  The purpose of this report is to respond to the recommendations of the Regional Housing Choice Task Force by providing information to guide housing choice policy for the Metro Council. In particular, the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Housing Needs Study for the Portland Metropolitan Area Final Report Author: Hough, George C., Jr., Martin, Sheila A., Mildner, Gerard C., Proehl, Risa Year: 2008 The purpose of this report is to respond to the recommendations of the Regional Housing Choice Task Force by providing information to guide housing choice policy for the Metro Council. In particular, the objectives of this project were to: Estimate current and future affordable housing need for the Metro region; Describe the distribution of households by income, age, and size across the metro region; Describe the tenure of these households and the type of housing they will choose; Identify and describe those household types that are most likely to struggle to meet the cost of housing based on their income; and Make recommendations for improving analysis of affordable housing need in the future. Our approach to this task was to use output from the Metroscope model, using the base case scenario, to forecast the housing consumption decisions of households from 2005 to 2035. We chose the Metroscope model after also considering the State of Oregon?s Housing/Land Needs model. We concluded from examining the assumptions and abilities of each model that Metroscope is better able to offer the Metro Council the insight into the housing market required to inform housing choice policy. The Metroscope model incorporates housing supply and demand for the entire four-county metropolitan region (Multnomah, Washington, Clackamas, and Clark counties). The region comprises a single housing market; residents travel throughout the region to work, shop, and socialize. Thus, it makes little sense to examine any one county in isolation. Given the assumptions of the Metroscope model (described in Section 2), we address several questions, including: Where will household growth occur? What kinds of households will grow? What kinds of housing will these households live in? What percentage of their income will they pay for housing? What demographic groups are most cost-burdened and where do those households reside? Title: Housing Needs Study for the Portland Metropolitan Area Final Report Author: Hough, George C., Jr., Martin, Sheila A., Mildner, Gerard C., Proehl, Risa Year: 2008 The purpose of this report is to respond to the recommendations of the Regional Housing Choice Task Force by providing information to guide housing choice policy for the Metro Council. In particular, the objectives of this project were to: Estimate current and future affordable housing need for the Metro region; Describe the distribution of households by income, age, and size across the metro region; Describe the tenure of these households and the type of housing they will choose; Identify and describe those household types that are most likely to struggle to meet the cost of housing based on their income; and Make recommendations for improving analysis of affordable housing need in the future. Our approach to this task was to use output from the Metroscope model, using the base case scenario, to forecast the housing consumption decisions of households from 2005 to 2035. We chose the Metroscope model after also considering the State of Oregon?s Housing/Land Needs model. We concluded from examining the assumptions and abilities of each model that Metroscope is better able to offer the Metro Council the insight into the housing market required to inform housing choice policy. The Metroscope model incorporates housing supply and demand for the entire four-county metropolitan region (Multnomah, Washington, Clackamas, and Clark counties). The region comprises a single housing market; residents travel throughout the region to work, shop, and socialize. Thus, it makes little sense to examine any one county in isolation. Given the assumptions of the Metroscope model (described in Section 2), we address several questions, including: Where will household growth occur? What kinds of households will grow? What kinds of housing will these households live in? What percentage of their income will they pay for housing? What demographic groups are most cost-burdened and where do those households reside? Close

• 33. [Article] Assessing the Impact of Water Filters and Improved Cook Stoves on Drinking Water Quality and Household Air Pollution: A Randomised Controlled Trial in Rwanda

  Diarrhea and respiratory infections remain the biggest killers of children under 5 years in developing countries. We conducted a 5-month household randomised controlled trial among 566 households in rural ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the Impact of Water Filters and Improved Cook Stoves on Drinking Water Quality and Household Air Pollution: A Randomised Controlled Trial in Rwanda Author: Rosa, Ghislaine, Majorin, Fiona, Boisson, Sophie, Barstow, Christina, Johnson, Michael, Kirby, Miles, Ngabo, Fidele, Thomas, Evan A., Clasen, Thomas Year: 2014 Diarrhea and respiratory infections remain the biggest killers of children under 5 years in developing countries. We conducted a 5-month household randomised controlled trial among 566 households in rural Rwanda to assess uptake, compliance and impact on environmental exposures of a combined intervention delivering high-performance water filters and improved stoves for free. Compliance was measured monthly by self-report and spot-check observations. Semicontinuous 24-h PM2.5 monitoring of the cooking area was conducted in a random subsample of 121 households to assess household air pollution, while samples of drinking water from all households were collected monthly to assess the levels of thermotolerant coliforms. Adoption was generally high, with most householders reporting the filters as their primary source of drinking water and the intervention stoves as their primary cooking stove. However, some householders continued to drink untreated water and most continued to cook on traditional stoves. The intervention was associated with a 97.5% reduction in mean fecal indicator bacteria (Williams means 0.5 vs. 20.2 TTC/100 mL, p,0.001) and a median reduction of 48% of 24-h PM2.5 concentrations in the cooking area (p = 0.005). Further studies to increase compliance should be undertaken to better inform large-scale interventions. Title: Assessing the Impact of Water Filters and Improved Cook Stoves on Drinking Water Quality and Household Air Pollution: A Randomised Controlled Trial in Rwanda Author: Rosa, Ghislaine, Majorin, Fiona, Boisson, Sophie, Barstow, Christina, Johnson, Michael, Kirby, Miles, Ngabo, Fidele, Thomas, Evan A., Clasen, Thomas Year: 2014 Diarrhea and respiratory infections remain the biggest killers of children under 5 years in developing countries. We conducted a 5-month household randomised controlled trial among 566 households in rural Rwanda to assess uptake, compliance and impact on environmental exposures of a combined intervention delivering high-performance water filters and improved stoves for free. Compliance was measured monthly by self-report and spot-check observations. Semicontinuous 24-h PM2.5 monitoring of the cooking area was conducted in a random subsample of 121 households to assess household air pollution, while samples of drinking water from all households were collected monthly to assess the levels of thermotolerant coliforms. Adoption was generally high, with most householders reporting the filters as their primary source of drinking water and the intervention stoves as their primary cooking stove. However, some householders continued to drink untreated water and most continued to cook on traditional stoves. The intervention was associated with a 97.5% reduction in mean fecal indicator bacteria (Williams means 0.5 vs. 20.2 TTC/100 mL, p,0.001) and a median reduction of 48% of 24-h PM2.5 concentrations in the cooking area (p = 0.005). Further studies to increase compliance should be undertaken to better inform large-scale interventions. Close

• 34. [Article] Out-migration, income and poverty in nonmetropolitan America

  Why do rural households leave for urban places? And how does this decision affect their economic well-being? Rural places in the United States have higher poverty and unemployment rates and lower levels ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Out-migration, income and poverty in nonmetropolitan America Author: Marre, Alexander Why do rural households leave for urban places? And how does this decision affect their economic well-being? Rural places in the United States have higher poverty and unemployment rates and lower levels of educational attainment relative to urban places. Does leaving a rural place for a city offer a pathway out of poverty and to greater income? This dissertation examines these questions with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Four models of household economic outcomes are estimated for three periods: 1979 to 1985, 1985 to 1991, and 1991 to 1997. These models estimate the nonmetropolitan out-migration decision and the following economic outcomes: household poverty, cost-of-housing adjusted household poverty, household income, and cost-of-housing adjusted household income. All four models include an instrumental variable or variables to control for possible endogeneity between the migration decision and economic outcomes. Empirical results indicate that nonmetropolitan out-migration increased poverty risk in the 1979 to 1985 period, yet had no statistically significant effect on any economic outcome during the latter periods. Educational attainment was found to be a significant, in the statistical and economic sense, determinant of economic outcomes. These findings suggest that human capital and other individual and household characteristics explained household poverty risk and income from 1985 to 1997 and that migrating out of nonmetropolitan counties had no effect. The evidence from this study indicates that rural anti-poverty policy should focus on human capital development. It does not support place-based policy. Title: Out-migration, income and poverty in nonmetropolitan America Author: Marre, Alexander Why do rural households leave for urban places? And how does this decision affect their economic well-being? Rural places in the United States have higher poverty and unemployment rates and lower levels of educational attainment relative to urban places. Does leaving a rural place for a city offer a pathway out of poverty and to greater income? This dissertation examines these questions with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Four models of household economic outcomes are estimated for three periods: 1979 to 1985, 1985 to 1991, and 1991 to 1997. These models estimate the nonmetropolitan out-migration decision and the following economic outcomes: household poverty, cost-of-housing adjusted household poverty, household income, and cost-of-housing adjusted household income. All four models include an instrumental variable or variables to control for possible endogeneity between the migration decision and economic outcomes. Empirical results indicate that nonmetropolitan out-migration increased poverty risk in the 1979 to 1985 period, yet had no statistically significant effect on any economic outcome during the latter periods. Educational attainment was found to be a significant, in the statistical and economic sense, determinant of economic outcomes. These findings suggest that human capital and other individual and household characteristics explained household poverty risk and income from 1985 to 1997 and that migrating out of nonmetropolitan counties had no effect. The evidence from this study indicates that rural anti-poverty policy should focus on human capital development. It does not support place-based policy. Close

• 35. [Article] Factors that influence energy conservation alterations in Oregon households

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors that influence energy conservation alterations in Oregon households Author: Johnson-Carroll, Karen J. A. Title: Factors that influence energy conservation alterations in Oregon households Author: Johnson-Carroll, Karen J. A. Close

• 36. [Article] A study of household management practices of married graduates, School of Home Economics, Oregon State College, 1925-1929 and 1935-1939

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of household management practices of married graduates, School of Home Economics, Oregon State College, 1925-1929 and 1935-1939 Author: Carter, Myrtle Miller Title: A study of household management practices of married graduates, School of Home Economics, Oregon State College, 1925-1929 and 1935-1939 Author: Carter, Myrtle Miller Close

• 37. [Article] Contribution of Fishing to Households' Economy - Evidence From Fisher-Farmer Communities in Congo

  Small-scale fisheries in developing countries have often been perceived as a low-productivity, backward informal sector. As a result they are rarely considered as a possible entry point in poverty reduction ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Contribution of Fishing to Households' Economy - Evidence From Fisher-Farmer Communities in Congo Author: Béné, Christophe Small-scale fisheries in developing countries have often been perceived as a low-productivity, backward informal sector. As a result they are rarely considered as a possible entry point in poverty reduction and rural development planning. Data collected in Democratic Republic of Congo show that this perception may not reflect the empirical reality. Through group and individual household interviews we investigate the dual role of fish as food and cash-crop in this very remote rural area of Congo. The data show that - like in a majority of inland fisheries- fishing is operated seasonally as part of a household-based multiactivity livelihood strategy. Analysis shows that the poorest households rely more heavily on fishing for their supply of protein-rich food, in particular through the fish caught by women. Fishing also appears to be the main source of cash income for the majority of the households, including farmers. In fact households which have the opportunity to engage in fishing often display a higher income than nonfishing households. Based on these findings the paper argues that small-scale fisheries can play a fundamental role in local economy, especially in remote rural areas where they can contribute to strengthen the livelihoods of people through both food security and cash-income generation. Title: Contribution of Fishing to Households' Economy - Evidence From Fisher-Farmer Communities in Congo Author: Béné, Christophe Small-scale fisheries in developing countries have often been perceived as a low-productivity, backward informal sector. As a result they are rarely considered as a possible entry point in poverty reduction and rural development planning. Data collected in Democratic Republic of Congo show that this perception may not reflect the empirical reality. Through group and individual household interviews we investigate the dual role of fish as food and cash-crop in this very remote rural area of Congo. The data show that - like in a majority of inland fisheries- fishing is operated seasonally as part of a household-based multiactivity livelihood strategy. Analysis shows that the poorest households rely more heavily on fishing for their supply of protein-rich food, in particular through the fish caught by women. Fishing also appears to be the main source of cash income for the majority of the households, including farmers. In fact households which have the opportunity to engage in fishing often display a higher income than nonfishing households. Based on these findings the paper argues that small-scale fisheries can play a fundamental role in local economy, especially in remote rural areas where they can contribute to strengthen the livelihoods of people through both food security and cash-income generation. Close

• 38. [Article] Determinants of Land Leasing Decisions for Shrimp Farming: A Case Study of Smallholders' Shrimp Farming In India

  Using primary data collected from 208 shrimp farming households and 69 households leasing-out land for shrimp farming, this paper explores the demographic and economic factors influencing the land leasing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determinants of Land Leasing Decisions for Shrimp Farming: A Case Study of Smallholders' Shrimp Farming In India Author: Bhattacharya, Poulomi Using primary data collected from 208 shrimp farming households and 69 households leasing-out land for shrimp farming, this paper explores the demographic and economic factors influencing the land leasing decisions for traditional and scientific shrimp farming in West Bengal, India, applying Tobit Model. The results indicate that size of households‟ land holding is positively related with the extent of land leased-in for traditional shrimp farming whereas for scientific shrimp farming the association was found to be negative. This signifies that land leasing market does not facilitate the households having lesser landholding to lease-in land for shrimp culture in the case of traditional shrimp farming whereas in the case of scientific shrimp farming it does facilitate such households. In the case of traditional shrimp farming households‟ association with other fisheries related activities was also found to have positive influence on their leasing-in decisions . On the supply side, variables like number of adult male members, households‟ association with fisheries related activities and non-farm assets were found to have positive, negative and positive association respectively with the extent of land leased-out for traditional shrimp farming. The analysis also exhibits that the age of the household head has negative relationship with the extent of land leased-out by them both in the case of traditional and scientific shrimp farming. This signifies that existing institutional arrangements in shrimp farming of West Bengal are not considerably successful to motivate young rural people to undertake shrimp farming on their own instead of leasing-out land for shrimp culture and aquaculture policies should address this aspect. Title: Determinants of Land Leasing Decisions for Shrimp Farming: A Case Study of Smallholders' Shrimp Farming In India Author: Bhattacharya, Poulomi Using primary data collected from 208 shrimp farming households and 69 households leasing-out land for shrimp farming, this paper explores the demographic and economic factors influencing the land leasing decisions for traditional and scientific shrimp farming in West Bengal, India, applying Tobit Model. The results indicate that size of households‟ land holding is positively related with the extent of land leased-in for traditional shrimp farming whereas for scientific shrimp farming the association was found to be negative. This signifies that land leasing market does not facilitate the households having lesser landholding to lease-in land for shrimp culture in the case of traditional shrimp farming whereas in the case of scientific shrimp farming it does facilitate such households. In the case of traditional shrimp farming households‟ association with other fisheries related activities was also found to have positive influence on their leasing-in decisions . On the supply side, variables like number of adult male members, households‟ association with fisheries related activities and non-farm assets were found to have positive, negative and positive association respectively with the extent of land leased-out for traditional shrimp farming. The analysis also exhibits that the age of the household head has negative relationship with the extent of land leased-out by them both in the case of traditional and scientific shrimp farming. This signifies that existing institutional arrangements in shrimp farming of West Bengal are not considerably successful to motivate young rural people to undertake shrimp farming on their own instead of leasing-out land for shrimp culture and aquaculture policies should address this aspect. Close

• 39. [Article] Gender and housework : postretirement change

  Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender and housework : postretirement change Author: Richards, Catherine M. Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the majority of household labor. Women's responsibility for household labor follows the traditional dual sphere ideology, which is that women are responsible for the home and family and men are responsible for providing income. The transition to retirement may change the division of household labor and the relationship between gender attitudes and how much men and women invest in household labor. This issue was addressed using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The sample consisted of 172 married men and women who were not working full time and who self-identified as retired. Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks before and after the retirement transition. For this sample, gender attitude and investment in routine tasks were stable over time. Results show that the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks was not significant for men but marginally significant for women. Women who had an egalitarian attitude before retirement increased their investment in routine tasks after retirement, which was opposite of the expected relationship. Housework may be used as a source of power for these women who may increase their investment to keep a power balance in their marriage. The results suggest that the retirement transition does not greatly influence the relationship between gender attitude and household labor. Further study should assess the influence of situational factors on this relationship. Situational pressures, such as external group norms or health complications, may affect the influence of gender attitudes on housework investment. Additionally, structural differences, such as remarriage or gay and lesbian relationships, may be important contexts in which to examine this relationship. Examining situational influences and researching different contexts are important future directions in the study of the division of household labor. Title: Gender and housework : postretirement change Author: Richards, Catherine M. Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the majority of household labor. Women's responsibility for household labor follows the traditional dual sphere ideology, which is that women are responsible for the home and family and men are responsible for providing income. The transition to retirement may change the division of household labor and the relationship between gender attitudes and how much men and women invest in household labor. This issue was addressed using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The sample consisted of 172 married men and women who were not working full time and who self-identified as retired. Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks before and after the retirement transition. For this sample, gender attitude and investment in routine tasks were stable over time. Results show that the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks was not significant for men but marginally significant for women. Women who had an egalitarian attitude before retirement increased their investment in routine tasks after retirement, which was opposite of the expected relationship. Housework may be used as a source of power for these women who may increase their investment to keep a power balance in their marriage. The results suggest that the retirement transition does not greatly influence the relationship between gender attitude and household labor. Further study should assess the influence of situational factors on this relationship. Situational pressures, such as external group norms or health complications, may affect the influence of gender attitudes on housework investment. Additionally, structural differences, such as remarriage or gay and lesbian relationships, may be important contexts in which to examine this relationship. Examining situational influences and researching different contexts are important future directions in the study of the division of household labor. Close

• 40. [Article] Fresh Fish Attributes and Consumers’ Preference Ranking in Rural and Urban Households in Ondo State, Nigeria

  Presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fresh Fish Attributes and Consumers’ Preference Ranking in Rural and Urban Households in Ondo State, Nigeria Author: Mafimisebi, Ojuotimi, Mafimisebi, Taiwo, Osuntunde, A.O Presentation Title: Fresh Fish Attributes and Consumers’ Preference Ranking in Rural and Urban Households in Ondo State, Nigeria Author: Mafimisebi, Ojuotimi, Mafimisebi, Taiwo, Osuntunde, A.O Presentation Close