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• 31. [Article] How Mega-Development is Killing the Nature and Culture of Uruguay

  43 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Journalism and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How Mega-Development is Killing the Nature and Culture of Uruguay Author: Reid, Carolina Year: 2014 43 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Journalism and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2014. Title: How Mega-Development is Killing the Nature and Culture of Uruguay Author: Reid, Carolina Year: 2014 43 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Journalism and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2014. Close

• 32. [Article] Territorial behavior in juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) : how redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) influence intraspecific interactions

  Juvenile steelhead are known to associate with shiner groups, though they also compete for food. Steelhead form dominance hierarchies within cohorts and aggressively defend feeding territories against ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Territorial behavior in juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) : how redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) influence intraspecific interactions Author: Tinus, Craig A. Juvenile steelhead are known to associate with shiner groups, though they also compete for food. Steelhead form dominance hierarchies within cohorts and aggressively defend feeding territories against all other fish. This study focused on the differential effect of shiner competition on steelhead of different social standing. Survival of subordinate juvenile steelhead was significantly enhanced by the presence of redside shiner under laboratory conditions. A factorial experiment in 80 L tanks examined the relative effects of 0, 3, and 9 shiner at 15° and 20°C on the growth and survival of 3 juvenile steelhead per tank. No temperature effect was detected and there was no significant difference in steelhead growth though statistical power was low (n=5). The largest steelhead did not die in any treatment and no steelhead died in the presence of 9 shiner. In treatments where no shiner were present mortality in the smallest steelhead was 80% (p-value<0.01). Aggressive interactions between steelhead allowed pathogens to colonize breaks in the skin of stressed fish resulting in death. In 6800 L recirculating stream channels with natural substrate, 10 steelhead were held either alone or with 20 shiner at 15°C. No steelhead died and their growth was not significantly different between treatments, but, in the absence of shiner fin damage was 16 times greater (p-value<0.01) in the smallest three steelhead. If a shiner group was present the smallest steelhead appeared to shoal with shiner to avoid attack by dominant steelhead. Title: Territorial behavior in juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) : how redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) influence intraspecific interactions Author: Tinus, Craig A. Juvenile steelhead are known to associate with shiner groups, though they also compete for food. Steelhead form dominance hierarchies within cohorts and aggressively defend feeding territories against all other fish. This study focused on the differential effect of shiner competition on steelhead of different social standing. Survival of subordinate juvenile steelhead was significantly enhanced by the presence of redside shiner under laboratory conditions. A factorial experiment in 80 L tanks examined the relative effects of 0, 3, and 9 shiner at 15° and 20°C on the growth and survival of 3 juvenile steelhead per tank. No temperature effect was detected and there was no significant difference in steelhead growth though statistical power was low (n=5). The largest steelhead did not die in any treatment and no steelhead died in the presence of 9 shiner. In treatments where no shiner were present mortality in the smallest steelhead was 80% (p-value<0.01). Aggressive interactions between steelhead allowed pathogens to colonize breaks in the skin of stressed fish resulting in death. In 6800 L recirculating stream channels with natural substrate, 10 steelhead were held either alone or with 20 shiner at 15°C. No steelhead died and their growth was not significantly different between treatments, but, in the absence of shiner fin damage was 16 times greater (p-value<0.01) in the smallest three steelhead. If a shiner group was present the smallest steelhead appeared to shoal with shiner to avoid attack by dominant steelhead. Close

• 33. [Article] Habitat utilization by spotted owls in the West-Central Cascades of Oregon

  Eight adult spotted owls (Strix occidentalis) on the west slope of the Cascade Range in Oregon were fitted with radio transmitters and observed for periods ranging from 271 to 383 days. Mean home range ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat utilization by spotted owls in the West-Central Cascades of Oregon Author: Forsman, Eric D. Eight adult spotted owls (Strix occidentalis) on the west slope of the Cascade Range in Oregon were fitted with radio transmitters and observed for periods ranging from 271 to 383 days. Mean home range size for the owls was 1,177 ha (range = 920-1,376 ha). There was no significant difference between home range size of males and females. On the average, home ranges of individuals occupying adjacent territories overlapped by 12 percent (range = 3-25 percent). Home ranges of paired individuals overlapped by 50 to 73 percent. The size and shape of home ranges varied on a seasonal basis; generally, the largest home ranges were observed during winter. Nest sites were centrally located within the home ranges utilized by the owls. On the radiotelemetry study area, the mean nearest neighbor distance between nests of adjacent pairs was 2.88 km. On 11 other areas in western Oregon where suitable habitat was available, mean nearest neighbor distances ranged from 1.68 to 3.04 km. The overall mean nearest neighbor distance for the 12 areas was 2.42 km. Home ranges occupied by the radio tagged owls were so large that consistent defense of the entire home range was impossible. Territorial defense appeared to take the form of a decreasing zone of influence centered around the nest; areas near each nest were defended consistently, but defense became increasingly inconsistent with distance from the nest. Discrete territorial boundaries could not be determined and probably did not exist. Territorial interactions between individuals of the same sex were much more aggressive than interactions between individuals of opposite sex. Spotted owls may have responded less aggressively toward individuals of the opposite sex because the advantage of allowing potential mate replacements to remain within the territory outweighed other considerations. Except for a few instances in which 2 of the owls foraged in recently clear-cut areas or in rock talus, virtually all foraging occurred in forests over 30 years old. Old-growth forests, which covered 36 to 64 percent of the area on individual owl home ranges, were strongly preferred for foraging by all of the owls; 92 percent of all foraging occurred in such forests. Utilization of younger forests (30 to 200 years old) was generally either less than or not significantly different than expected, indicating that younger forests were less desirable for foraging than old-growth stands. Old-growth forests were also preferred for roosting (97 percent of all roosts). Large old trees apparently were preferred for roosting during inclement weather because they provided better overhead protection from rain and snow. Small trees in the understory were preferred during warm weather because they provided greater protection from high temperatures and solar radiation. Spotted owls were primarily nocturnal. On the average, they left their day roasts to begin foraging at 14 minutes after sunset and stopped foraging at 21 minutes before sunrise. Diurnal foraging was limited primarily to opportunistic attempts to capture animals that wandered into roost areas. The usual method of foraging was to move from perch to perch at night, watching and listening for potential prey. The average rate of movement while foraging in this manner was 247 m/hr, and the average distance moved per nightly foraging period was 2,782 meters (range = 320-8,895 m). Seven species of mammals comprised the nucleus of the diet, the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus), red tree vole (Phenacomys longicaudus), western red-backed vole (Clethrionomys occidentalis), deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), western pocket gopher (Thomomys mazama), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), and bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea). The flying squirrel, the most common animal in the diet, comprised 42 percent of all prey captured. During mid-winter, 85 percent of the prey captured were arboreal mammals. During the rest of the year, terrestrial prey became more abundant in the diet, but the flying squirrel remained the most common animal in the diet. Mean prey size and dietary composition for male and female spotted owls were not significantly different; this suggested that males and females did not partition the prey resource on the basis of size or species. Estimates of biomass consumed per owl per day on the study area ranged from 77.6 to 164.8 g, but the latter estimate was probably inflated. Four hypotheses are presented to explain why spotted owls foraged primarily in older forests and avoided recently cutover areas: (1) the biomass of prey preferred by the owls may have been greater in older forests than in cutover areas, (2) switching from arboreal mammals in older forests to terrestrial mammals in cutover areas might have resulted in increased competition with other nocturnal predators, (3) prey may have been less accessible in the dense vegetation that developed on cutover areas, and (4) spotted owls may have been more susceptible to predation in cutover areas where escape cover was absent. Title: Habitat utilization by spotted owls in the West-Central Cascades of Oregon Author: Forsman, Eric D. Eight adult spotted owls (Strix occidentalis) on the west slope of the Cascade Range in Oregon were fitted with radio transmitters and observed for periods ranging from 271 to 383 days. Mean home range size for the owls was 1,177 ha (range = 920-1,376 ha). There was no significant difference between home range size of males and females. On the average, home ranges of individuals occupying adjacent territories overlapped by 12 percent (range = 3-25 percent). Home ranges of paired individuals overlapped by 50 to 73 percent. The size and shape of home ranges varied on a seasonal basis; generally, the largest home ranges were observed during winter. Nest sites were centrally located within the home ranges utilized by the owls. On the radiotelemetry study area, the mean nearest neighbor distance between nests of adjacent pairs was 2.88 km. On 11 other areas in western Oregon where suitable habitat was available, mean nearest neighbor distances ranged from 1.68 to 3.04 km. The overall mean nearest neighbor distance for the 12 areas was 2.42 km. Home ranges occupied by the radio tagged owls were so large that consistent defense of the entire home range was impossible. Territorial defense appeared to take the form of a decreasing zone of influence centered around the nest; areas near each nest were defended consistently, but defense became increasingly inconsistent with distance from the nest. Discrete territorial boundaries could not be determined and probably did not exist. Territorial interactions between individuals of the same sex were much more aggressive than interactions between individuals of opposite sex. Spotted owls may have responded less aggressively toward individuals of the opposite sex because the advantage of allowing potential mate replacements to remain within the territory outweighed other considerations. Except for a few instances in which 2 of the owls foraged in recently clear-cut areas or in rock talus, virtually all foraging occurred in forests over 30 years old. Old-growth forests, which covered 36 to 64 percent of the area on individual owl home ranges, were strongly preferred for foraging by all of the owls; 92 percent of all foraging occurred in such forests. Utilization of younger forests (30 to 200 years old) was generally either less than or not significantly different than expected, indicating that younger forests were less desirable for foraging than old-growth stands. Old-growth forests were also preferred for roosting (97 percent of all roosts). Large old trees apparently were preferred for roosting during inclement weather because they provided better overhead protection from rain and snow. Small trees in the understory were preferred during warm weather because they provided greater protection from high temperatures and solar radiation. Spotted owls were primarily nocturnal. On the average, they left their day roasts to begin foraging at 14 minutes after sunset and stopped foraging at 21 minutes before sunrise. Diurnal foraging was limited primarily to opportunistic attempts to capture animals that wandered into roost areas. The usual method of foraging was to move from perch to perch at night, watching and listening for potential prey. The average rate of movement while foraging in this manner was 247 m/hr, and the average distance moved per nightly foraging period was 2,782 meters (range = 320-8,895 m). Seven species of mammals comprised the nucleus of the diet, the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus), red tree vole (Phenacomys longicaudus), western red-backed vole (Clethrionomys occidentalis), deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), western pocket gopher (Thomomys mazama), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), and bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea). The flying squirrel, the most common animal in the diet, comprised 42 percent of all prey captured. During mid-winter, 85 percent of the prey captured were arboreal mammals. During the rest of the year, terrestrial prey became more abundant in the diet, but the flying squirrel remained the most common animal in the diet. Mean prey size and dietary composition for male and female spotted owls were not significantly different; this suggested that males and females did not partition the prey resource on the basis of size or species. Estimates of biomass consumed per owl per day on the study area ranged from 77.6 to 164.8 g, but the latter estimate was probably inflated. Four hypotheses are presented to explain why spotted owls foraged primarily in older forests and avoided recently cutover areas: (1) the biomass of prey preferred by the owls may have been greater in older forests than in cutover areas, (2) switching from arboreal mammals in older forests to terrestrial mammals in cutover areas might have resulted in increased competition with other nocturnal predators, (3) prey may have been less accessible in the dense vegetation that developed on cutover areas, and (4) spotted owls may have been more susceptible to predation in cutover areas where escape cover was absent. Close

• 34. [Article] Impacts of earlier emerging steelhead fry of hatchery origin on the social structure, distribution, and growth of wild steelhead fry

  Newly emerged steelhead fry (Oncorhynchus mvkiss) of hatchery and wild origins were studied in laboratory stream channels and natural streams. Objectives of the study were to determine if and how earlier emerging ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of earlier emerging steelhead fry of hatchery origin on the social structure, distribution, and growth of wild steelhead fry Author: Noble, Sandra M. (Sandra Marie) Newly emerged steelhead fry (Oncorhynchus mvkiss) of hatchery and wild origins were studied in laboratory stream channels and natural streams. Objectives of the study were to determine if and how earlier emerging hatchery fry influence the emigration, realized densities, growth, habitat use, social structure, and activity patterns of localized populations of wild steelhead fry when the hatchery fry have a competitive advantage conferred by larger size and prior residence. During 1986 and 1987, the above variables were observed daily among hatchery and wild steelhead fry in laboratory stream channels for 8 weeks following emergence in June. The habitat use and social activities for fry of both origins were observed weekly in natural stream reaches from June through August in 1987 to corroborate lab findings. In lab channels, both hatchery and wild fry received 2 treatments: living alone (allopatry) and living together (sympatry). In the lab, fry of hatchery origin emerged 7 to 10 d prior to wild fry and remained larger in size during the 8 weeks of study both years. In natural stream reaches, fry of each origin were observed only in allopatric situations. Wild fry in the field emerged from natural redds while hatchery fry were released in stream reaches as unfed, newly emerged (swim-up) fry. Hatchery and wild fry in lab sections were found to be very similar in their emigration rates, distances to nearest neighbor, growth rates, and use of habitat. Both fry types, regardless of treatment or environment (lab or field), established similar stable social structure and used the same types of aggressive acts. Among all lab groups, once a fry became dominant, it retained that social status to the end of the study period. Significant differences (P<.05 both years) among comparison tests were: 1) in allopatric lab sections, wild fry maintained larger densities than hatchery fry, 2) in sympatry, hatchery fry had a greater tendency to establish stable focal points and social hierarchies more readily, defend larger areas, have better condition, prefer pools with overhead cover more frequently, be more aggressive, and reach stable densities more quickly than the wild fry, 3) fewer hatchery fry in sympatry maintained nomadic positions than wild fry in both treatments, 4) in sympatry, hatchery fry directed more acts of overt aggression toward wild fry than other hatchery fry, 5) wild fry in sympatry usually used defensive or less offensive acts of aggression when interacting with other fry, 6) fry of both origins in natural stream reaches maintained greater distances to their nearest neighbor than fry in allopatric lab sections, 7) dominant hatchery fry in both treatments maintained larger focal areas than subdominant fry, 8) hatchery fry maintained longer lengths than wild fry through the duration of the study, and 9) hatchery fry were more aggressive in sympatry than in allopatry. Potential differences (P<.05 in one year and P<.1 in the other year) were: 1) wild fry in sympatry had lower realized densities, maintained smaller focal areas, had greater proportions of nomadic individuals, and established stable social hierarchies slower than wild fry in allopatric lab sections, 2) wild fry in sympatry had poorer condition than all other fry groups in lab sections, 3) in sympatry, wild fry were the recipients of the majority of aggressive acts perpetrated by hatchery fry and other wild fry and usually assumed the subordinate positions within the social hierarchy, 4) all fry in the lab showed a high preference for pools with overhead cover and low preference for gravel and fines and run areas, and 5) wild fry in allopatric lab sections were more socially active than hatchery fry while the reverse was observed in the natural streams. Any influences that could be attributed to inherent differences between stock origins were probably masked by size differences between fry types. The study would have been more complete had I included sympatric lab sections where wild fry emerged first and where fry types emerged simultaneously, and sympatric reaches in natural streams. Results were further confounded by the limited number of wild adults used for broodstock in the lab segment of this study. Progeny produced from so few adults (5 adults of each sex each year) would have very limited genotypic variation compared to what occurs in natural streams. This may partially explain why some findings from lab sections and natural stream reaches differed. Likewise, genotypic expression among wild fry in lab sections may have varied greatly between years. This could explain differences found between years in behavior of wild fry in similar lab treatments. Although this study does not simulate all possible scenarios, results support suspicions that introductions of hatchery fry of larger size and earlier emergence into streams containing wild stocks could disrupt the social structure and negatively influence the realized densities, spatial distribution, growth, and behavior of wild juveniles in recipient streams. Title: Impacts of earlier emerging steelhead fry of hatchery origin on the social structure, distribution, and growth of wild steelhead fry Author: Noble, Sandra M. (Sandra Marie) Newly emerged steelhead fry (Oncorhynchus mvkiss) of hatchery and wild origins were studied in laboratory stream channels and natural streams. Objectives of the study were to determine if and how earlier emerging hatchery fry influence the emigration, realized densities, growth, habitat use, social structure, and activity patterns of localized populations of wild steelhead fry when the hatchery fry have a competitive advantage conferred by larger size and prior residence. During 1986 and 1987, the above variables were observed daily among hatchery and wild steelhead fry in laboratory stream channels for 8 weeks following emergence in June. The habitat use and social activities for fry of both origins were observed weekly in natural stream reaches from June through August in 1987 to corroborate lab findings. In lab channels, both hatchery and wild fry received 2 treatments: living alone (allopatry) and living together (sympatry). In the lab, fry of hatchery origin emerged 7 to 10 d prior to wild fry and remained larger in size during the 8 weeks of study both years. In natural stream reaches, fry of each origin were observed only in allopatric situations. Wild fry in the field emerged from natural redds while hatchery fry were released in stream reaches as unfed, newly emerged (swim-up) fry. Hatchery and wild fry in lab sections were found to be very similar in their emigration rates, distances to nearest neighbor, growth rates, and use of habitat. Both fry types, regardless of treatment or environment (lab or field), established similar stable social structure and used the same types of aggressive acts. Among all lab groups, once a fry became dominant, it retained that social status to the end of the study period. Significant differences (P<.05 both years) among comparison tests were: 1) in allopatric lab sections, wild fry maintained larger densities than hatchery fry, 2) in sympatry, hatchery fry had a greater tendency to establish stable focal points and social hierarchies more readily, defend larger areas, have better condition, prefer pools with overhead cover more frequently, be more aggressive, and reach stable densities more quickly than the wild fry, 3) fewer hatchery fry in sympatry maintained nomadic positions than wild fry in both treatments, 4) in sympatry, hatchery fry directed more acts of overt aggression toward wild fry than other hatchery fry, 5) wild fry in sympatry usually used defensive or less offensive acts of aggression when interacting with other fry, 6) fry of both origins in natural stream reaches maintained greater distances to their nearest neighbor than fry in allopatric lab sections, 7) dominant hatchery fry in both treatments maintained larger focal areas than subdominant fry, 8) hatchery fry maintained longer lengths than wild fry through the duration of the study, and 9) hatchery fry were more aggressive in sympatry than in allopatry. Potential differences (P<.05 in one year and P<.1 in the other year) were: 1) wild fry in sympatry had lower realized densities, maintained smaller focal areas, had greater proportions of nomadic individuals, and established stable social hierarchies slower than wild fry in allopatric lab sections, 2) wild fry in sympatry had poorer condition than all other fry groups in lab sections, 3) in sympatry, wild fry were the recipients of the majority of aggressive acts perpetrated by hatchery fry and other wild fry and usually assumed the subordinate positions within the social hierarchy, 4) all fry in the lab showed a high preference for pools with overhead cover and low preference for gravel and fines and run areas, and 5) wild fry in allopatric lab sections were more socially active than hatchery fry while the reverse was observed in the natural streams. Any influences that could be attributed to inherent differences between stock origins were probably masked by size differences between fry types. The study would have been more complete had I included sympatric lab sections where wild fry emerged first and where fry types emerged simultaneously, and sympatric reaches in natural streams. Results were further confounded by the limited number of wild adults used for broodstock in the lab segment of this study. Progeny produced from so few adults (5 adults of each sex each year) would have very limited genotypic variation compared to what occurs in natural streams. This may partially explain why some findings from lab sections and natural stream reaches differed. Likewise, genotypic expression among wild fry in lab sections may have varied greatly between years. This could explain differences found between years in behavior of wild fry in similar lab treatments. Although this study does not simulate all possible scenarios, results support suspicions that introductions of hatchery fry of larger size and earlier emergence into streams containing wild stocks could disrupt the social structure and negatively influence the realized densities, spatial distribution, growth, and behavior of wild juveniles in recipient streams. Close

• 35. [Image] The Endangered Species Act and claims of property rights "takings"

  	The Endangered Species Act and Claims of Property Rights "Takings" Summary The federal Endangered Species Act (ES A) has long been one of the major flash points in the "property rights" debate. This ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Endangered Species Act and claims of property rights "takings" Author: Meltz, Robert Year: 2005, 2008 The Endangered Species Act and Claims of Property Rights "Takings" Summary The federal Endangered Species Act (ES A) has long been one of the major flash points in the "property rights" debate. This report first outlines the ESA provisions most relevant to the act's impacts on private property, and then surveys the major ESA-relevant principles of Fifth Amendment takings law. The report then proceeds to its core topic: the court decisions adjudicating whether government measures based on the ESA effect a taking of property under the Fifth Amendment. The cases address four kinds of ESA measures: (1) restrictions on land uses that might adversely affect species listed as endangered or threatened; (2) reductions in water delivery to preserve instream flows needed by listed fish; (3) restrictions on the defensive measures a property owner may take to protect his/her property from listed animals; and (4) restrictions on commercial dealings in members of species acquired prior to listing as endangered or threatened. To date, only one of the 12 ESA-based takings decisions revealed by research has found a taking. Title: The Endangered Species Act and claims of property rights "takings" Author: Meltz, Robert Year: 2005, 2008 The Endangered Species Act and Claims of Property Rights "Takings" Summary The federal Endangered Species Act (ES A) has long been one of the major flash points in the "property rights" debate. This report first outlines the ESA provisions most relevant to the act's impacts on private property, and then surveys the major ESA-relevant principles of Fifth Amendment takings law. The report then proceeds to its core topic: the court decisions adjudicating whether government measures based on the ESA effect a taking of property under the Fifth Amendment. The cases address four kinds of ESA measures: (1) restrictions on land uses that might adversely affect species listed as endangered or threatened; (2) reductions in water delivery to preserve instream flows needed by listed fish; (3) restrictions on the defensive measures a property owner may take to protect his/her property from listed animals; and (4) restrictions on commercial dealings in members of species acquired prior to listing as endangered or threatened. To date, only one of the 12 ESA-based takings decisions revealed by research has found a taking. Close

• 36. [Image] The Endangered Species Act and its impact on agricultural producers: hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research of the Committee on Agriculture, House of representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, July 26, 2004, Greely, CO.

  	CONTENTS Lucas, Hon. Frank, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oklahoma, opening statement .................................................................................... 1 Musgrave, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Endangered Species Act and its impact on agricultural producers: hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research of the Committee on Agriculture, House of representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, July 26, 2004, Greely, CO. Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research. Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS Lucas, Hon. Frank, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oklahoma, opening statement .................................................................................... 1 Musgrave, Hon. Marilyn N., a Representative in Congress from the State of Colorado, opening statement........................................................................... 2 Witnesses Foutz, Alan, president, Colorado Farm Bureau, Centennial, CO ........................ 10 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 38 George, Russell, executive director, Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Denver, CO............................................................................................. 4 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 29 Palmer, William, executive director, Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, Brighton, CO ........................................................................................................ 16 Prepared statement.......................................................................................... 60 Sims, James T., executive director, Western Business Roundtable, Golden, CO.......................................................................................................................... 13 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 43 Stetson, Jean, co-chairman, Endangered Species Committee, Colorado Cattlemen, Craig, CO..................................................................................................... 7 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 36 Submitted Material Weege, Merle, secretary, Ginseng Board of Wisconsin, statement...................... 65 Title: The Endangered Species Act and its impact on agricultural producers: hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research of the Committee on Agriculture, House of representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, July 26, 2004, Greely, CO. Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development, and Research. Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS Lucas, Hon. Frank, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oklahoma, opening statement .................................................................................... 1 Musgrave, Hon. Marilyn N., a Representative in Congress from the State of Colorado, opening statement........................................................................... 2 Witnesses Foutz, Alan, president, Colorado Farm Bureau, Centennial, CO ........................ 10 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 38 George, Russell, executive director, Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Denver, CO............................................................................................. 4 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 29 Palmer, William, executive director, Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, Brighton, CO ........................................................................................................ 16 Prepared statement.......................................................................................... 60 Sims, James T., executive director, Western Business Roundtable, Golden, CO.......................................................................................................................... 13 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 43 Stetson, Jean, co-chairman, Endangered Species Committee, Colorado Cattlemen, Craig, CO..................................................................................................... 7 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 36 Submitted Material Weege, Merle, secretary, Ginseng Board of Wisconsin, statement...................... 65 Close

• 37. [Image] An examination of the Klamath Basin crisis : restructuring the discourse within an identity-based framework

  	Thesis (B.A.) -- Whitman College, 2002; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An examination of the Klamath Basin crisis : restructuring the discourse within an identity-based framework Author: Dornsife, Alison M. Year: 2002, 2005, 2004 Thesis (B.A.) -- Whitman College, 2002; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83) Title: An examination of the Klamath Basin crisis : restructuring the discourse within an identity-based framework Author: Dornsife, Alison M. Year: 2002, 2005, 2004 Thesis (B.A.) -- Whitman College, 2002; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83) Close

• 38. [Image] Water allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001 : an assessment of natural resource, economic, social, and institutional issues with a focus on the Upper Klamath Basin

  	"Reprinted May 2003."; Includes bibliographical references; Also available at http://eesc.oregonstate.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/sr/sr1037/sr1037.html
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001 : an assessment of natural resource, economic, social, and institutional issues with a focus on the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Braunworth, William S. Year: 2003, 2004 "Reprinted May 2003."; Includes bibliographical references; Also available at http://eesc.oregonstate.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/sr/sr1037/sr1037.html Title: Water allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001 : an assessment of natural resource, economic, social, and institutional issues with a focus on the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Braunworth, William S. Year: 2003, 2004 "Reprinted May 2003."; Includes bibliographical references; Also available at http://eesc.oregonstate.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/sr/sr1037/sr1037.html Close

• 39. [Image] Endangered Species Act : successes and challenges in agency collaboration and the use of scientific information in the decision making process : testimony before the Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife and Water, Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate / statement of Robin M. Nazzaro

  	Summary In summary, we found that federal agencies have taken steps to improve collaboration as a way to reduce conflicts that often occur between species protections and other resource uses, but that ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Endangered Species Act : successes and challenges in agency collaboration and the use of scientific information in the decision making process : testimony before the Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife and Water, Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate / statement of Robin M. Nazzaro Author: Nazzaro, Robin M Year: 2005, 2007 Summary In summary, we found that federal agencies have taken steps to improve collaboration as a way to reduce conflicts that often occur between species protections and other resource uses, but that more could be done to promote routine use of collaboration and clarify agencies' responsibilities under the Endangered Species Act. In September 2003, we reported on efforts taken by the Department of Defense (DOD) to coordinate with other federal land managers in order to reduce the impact of species protections on military activities. We found several cases where such efforts were successful. For example, at the Barry M. Goldwater range in Arizona, Air Force officials worked with officials at FWS and the National Park Service to enhance food sources for the endangered Sonoran pronghorn in locations away from military training areas. As a result, the Air Force was able to minimize the impact of restrictions on training missions due to the presence of the pronghorn. However, such cases were few and far between because, among other things, there were no procedures or centralized information sources for facilitating such collaboration. In March 2004, we reported on collaboration that takes place pursuant to section 7(a)(2) of the act?referred to as the consultation process?in the Pacific Northwest. In this area, large numbers of protected species and vast amounts of federal land conspire to make balancing species protection and resource use a contentious endeavor. We found that steps the Services and other federal agencies had taken made the consultation process run smoother and contributed to improved interagency relationships. However, some problems have persisted. For example, some agencies disagree with the Services about when consultation is necessary and how much analysis is required to determine potential impacts on protected species. In each of these reports, we made recommendations intended to further improve collaboration among federal agencies with regard to balancing species protections and other resource uses, and?in the March 2004 report?to resolve disagreements about the consultations process. DOD and FWS have begun discussing an implementation strategy to improve collaboration regarding species protection on military and other federal lands and development of a training program. With regard to the consultation process, while FWS and NMFS have continued to take steps to expand their collaboration processes, the agencies did not believe that disagreements about the consultation process require additional steps. They believe that current training and guidance is sufficient to address questions about the process. With regard to the use of science, we have found that FWS generally used the best available information in key Endangered Species Act decisions, although the agency was not always integrating new research into ongoing species management decisions. In addition, we identified concerns with the adequacy of the information available to make critical habitat decisions. In December 2002, we reported on many aspects of the decision making for species protections regarding the Mojave Desert tortoise. We found that the decision to list the tortoise as threatened, its critical habitat designation, and the recommended steps in the species' recovery plan, were based on the best available information. However, despite over $100 million in expenditures on recovery actions and research over the past 25 years, it is still unclear what the status of the tortoise is and what effect, if any, recovery actions are having on the species because research has not been coordinated in a way to provide essential management information. Such information is critically important as some of the protective actions, such as restrictions on grazing and off road vehicle use, are vigorously opposed by interest groups who question whether they are necessary for the tortoise's recovery. Accordingly, we recommended that FWS better link land management decisions with research results to ensure that conservation actions and land use restrictions actually benefit the tortoise. In response, FWS recently established a new office with a tortoise recovery coordinator and plans to create an advisory committee to ensure that monitoring and recovery actions are fed back into management decisions. In August 2003, we found that, similar to the decision making regarding the tortoise, FWS decisions about listing species for protection under the act were generally based on the best available information. However, while most critical habitat designations also appeared to be based on the best available information, there were concerns about the adequacy of the information available at the time these decisions are made. Specifically, critical habitat decisions require detailed information of a species' life history and habitat needs and the economic impacts of such decisions?information that is often not available and that FWS is unable to gather before it is obligated under the act to make the decision. As a result, we recommended that the Secretary of the Interior clarify how and when critical habitat should be designated and identify if any policy, regulatory, or legislative changes are required to enable the department to make better informed designations. FWS has not responded to our recommendation. Title: Endangered Species Act : successes and challenges in agency collaboration and the use of scientific information in the decision making process : testimony before the Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife and Water, Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate / statement of Robin M. Nazzaro Author: Nazzaro, Robin M Year: 2005, 2007 Summary In summary, we found that federal agencies have taken steps to improve collaboration as a way to reduce conflicts that often occur between species protections and other resource uses, but that more could be done to promote routine use of collaboration and clarify agencies' responsibilities under the Endangered Species Act. In September 2003, we reported on efforts taken by the Department of Defense (DOD) to coordinate with other federal land managers in order to reduce the impact of species protections on military activities. We found several cases where such efforts were successful. For example, at the Barry M. Goldwater range in Arizona, Air Force officials worked with officials at FWS and the National Park Service to enhance food sources for the endangered Sonoran pronghorn in locations away from military training areas. As a result, the Air Force was able to minimize the impact of restrictions on training missions due to the presence of the pronghorn. However, such cases were few and far between because, among other things, there were no procedures or centralized information sources for facilitating such collaboration. In March 2004, we reported on collaboration that takes place pursuant to section 7(a)(2) of the act?referred to as the consultation process?in the Pacific Northwest. In this area, large numbers of protected species and vast amounts of federal land conspire to make balancing species protection and resource use a contentious endeavor. We found that steps the Services and other federal agencies had taken made the consultation process run smoother and contributed to improved interagency relationships. However, some problems have persisted. For example, some agencies disagree with the Services about when consultation is necessary and how much analysis is required to determine potential impacts on protected species. In each of these reports, we made recommendations intended to further improve collaboration among federal agencies with regard to balancing species protections and other resource uses, and?in the March 2004 report?to resolve disagreements about the consultations process. DOD and FWS have begun discussing an implementation strategy to improve collaboration regarding species protection on military and other federal lands and development of a training program. With regard to the consultation process, while FWS and NMFS have continued to take steps to expand their collaboration processes, the agencies did not believe that disagreements about the consultation process require additional steps. They believe that current training and guidance is sufficient to address questions about the process. With regard to the use of science, we have found that FWS generally used the best available information in key Endangered Species Act decisions, although the agency was not always integrating new research into ongoing species management decisions. In addition, we identified concerns with the adequacy of the information available to make critical habitat decisions. In December 2002, we reported on many aspects of the decision making for species protections regarding the Mojave Desert tortoise. We found that the decision to list the tortoise as threatened, its critical habitat designation, and the recommended steps in the species' recovery plan, were based on the best available information. However, despite over $100 million in expenditures on recovery actions and research over the past 25 years, it is still unclear what the status of the tortoise is and what effect, if any, recovery actions are having on the species because research has not been coordinated in a way to provide essential management information. Such information is critically important as some of the protective actions, such as restrictions on grazing and off road vehicle use, are vigorously opposed by interest groups who question whether they are necessary for the tortoise's recovery. Accordingly, we recommended that FWS better link land management decisions with research results to ensure that conservation actions and land use restrictions actually benefit the tortoise. In response, FWS recently established a new office with a tortoise recovery coordinator and plans to create an advisory committee to ensure that monitoring and recovery actions are fed back into management decisions. In August 2003, we found that, similar to the decision making regarding the tortoise, FWS decisions about listing species for protection under the act were generally based on the best available information. However, while most critical habitat designations also appeared to be based on the best available information, there were concerns about the adequacy of the information available at the time these decisions are made. Specifically, critical habitat decisions require detailed information of a species' life history and habitat needs and the economic impacts of such decisions?information that is often not available and that FWS is unable to gather before it is obligated under the act to make the decision. As a result, we recommended that the Secretary of the Interior clarify how and when critical habitat should be designated and identify if any policy, regulatory, or legislative changes are required to enable the department to make better informed designations. FWS has not responded to our recommendation. Close

• 40. [Image] The Water Report - The ESA, salmon, and Western water law

  	Only portions of issues of The Water Report are available in the Klamath Waters Digital Library. See the full report at http://www.thewaterreport.com/.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Water Report - The ESA, salmon, and Western water law Author: Envirotech Publications Year: 2004, 2008, 2006 Only portions of issues of The Water Report are available in the Klamath Waters Digital Library. See the full report at http://www.thewaterreport.com/. Title: The Water Report - The ESA, salmon, and Western water law Author: Envirotech Publications Year: 2004, 2008, 2006 Only portions of issues of The Water Report are available in the Klamath Waters Digital Library. See the full report at http://www.thewaterreport.com/. Close