Search

Search Results

• 31. [Article] Comparative Characterization of Two Nearshore Rocky Reef Areas: A high-use recreational fishing reef vs. an unfished reef

  This project has provided the ODFW Marine Habitat Project with a unique opportunity to make a comparative examination of the habitats and fish communities of a heavily fished reef off of Siletz Bay, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative Characterization of Two Nearshore Rocky Reef Areas: A high-use recreational fishing reef vs. an unfished reef Author: Merems, Arlene, Appy, Marcus, Romsos, Chris, Weeks, Hal, Fox, David, Amend, Mark This project has provided the ODFW Marine Habitat Project with a unique opportunity to make a comparative examination of the habitats and fish communities of a heavily fished reef off of Siletz Bay, and a nearly unfished reef off Cape Perpetua. There are over 17,000 angler trips for groundfish out of Depoe Bay annually, many choosing to fish Siletz Reef. In addition, numerous whale watching and sightseeing charter vessels operate in the vicinity of the reef. Cape Perpetua Reef consists of isolated patches of rock, and is too far from Newport (the nearest port) to receive much fishing effort. This examination of the influences of fishing pressure in nearshore rocky habitat complements, and is embedded in, a broader effort to understand the distribution and character of Oregon’s nearshore rocky reefs, and the species that are dependent upon them for habitat. The ODFW Marine Habitat Project has spent the last eight years working in cooperation with scientists and other resource agencies to develop methods for classifying and mapping nearshore rocky reefs habitats off Oregon. Because nearshore reefs are in state waters, Oregon is responsible for managing these living resources and habitats to sustain their long-term use and productivity. To date, eight reefs have been surveyed and mapped with sidescan and/or multibeam bathymetry at a resolution indicative of fish habitat. ODFW has also been developing non-extractive fish survey techniques to describe fish-habitat associations and estimate fish abundance at the habitat and reef scale. The importance of habitat to reef species cannot be over-stated and is now widely accepted in the scientific community and is the focus of major research efforts in other Pacific coastal states. Better understanding of the degree to which harvest influences relative and absolute abundance, combined with species-habitat relationships, is essential for resource managers to exercise their stewardship responsibilities to protect 5 essential habitat, develop population indices for species at risk, and maintain healthy and productive ecological systems. Title: Comparative Characterization of Two Nearshore Rocky Reef Areas: A high-use recreational fishing reef vs. an unfished reef Author: Merems, Arlene, Appy, Marcus, Romsos, Chris, Weeks, Hal, Fox, David, Amend, Mark This project has provided the ODFW Marine Habitat Project with a unique opportunity to make a comparative examination of the habitats and fish communities of a heavily fished reef off of Siletz Bay, and a nearly unfished reef off Cape Perpetua. There are over 17,000 angler trips for groundfish out of Depoe Bay annually, many choosing to fish Siletz Reef. In addition, numerous whale watching and sightseeing charter vessels operate in the vicinity of the reef. Cape Perpetua Reef consists of isolated patches of rock, and is too far from Newport (the nearest port) to receive much fishing effort. This examination of the influences of fishing pressure in nearshore rocky habitat complements, and is embedded in, a broader effort to understand the distribution and character of Oregon’s nearshore rocky reefs, and the species that are dependent upon them for habitat. The ODFW Marine Habitat Project has spent the last eight years working in cooperation with scientists and other resource agencies to develop methods for classifying and mapping nearshore rocky reefs habitats off Oregon. Because nearshore reefs are in state waters, Oregon is responsible for managing these living resources and habitats to sustain their long-term use and productivity. To date, eight reefs have been surveyed and mapped with sidescan and/or multibeam bathymetry at a resolution indicative of fish habitat. ODFW has also been developing non-extractive fish survey techniques to describe fish-habitat associations and estimate fish abundance at the habitat and reef scale. The importance of habitat to reef species cannot be over-stated and is now widely accepted in the scientific community and is the focus of major research efforts in other Pacific coastal states. Better understanding of the degree to which harvest influences relative and absolute abundance, combined with species-habitat relationships, is essential for resource managers to exercise their stewardship responsibilities to protect 5 essential habitat, develop population indices for species at risk, and maintain healthy and productive ecological systems. Close

• 32. [Article] Restoration of Mountain Big Sagebrush Steppe Following Prescribed Burning to Control Western Juniper

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Restoration of Mountain Big Sagebrush Steppe Following Prescribed Burning to Control Western Juniper Author: Nafus, A. M., Davies, K. W., Madsen, M. D., Bates, Jonathan D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/267. Title: Restoration of Mountain Big Sagebrush Steppe Following Prescribed Burning to Control Western Juniper Author: Nafus, A. M., Davies, K. W., Madsen, M. D., Bates, Jonathan D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/267. Close

• 33. [Article] Susceptibility of coast redwood seedlings to Phytophthora ramorum

  Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) (D. Don) Endl. is a host for Phytophthora ramorum but it was unclear if the pathogen represents a significant disease risk to this tree species. In this study the susceptibility ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Susceptibility of coast redwood seedlings to Phytophthora ramorum Author: Lucas, Sunny L. Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) (D. Don) Endl. is a host for Phytophthora ramorum but it was unclear if the pathogen represents a significant disease risk to this tree species. In this study the susceptibility of coast redwood seedlings and the likelihood of sporulation on redwood were examined. Two methods were used to assess susceptibility. Seedling stems were artificially inoculated and pathogen colonization distance was measured in both main stems and side branches after 8 and 16 weeks. Pathogen colonization distance was usually minimal, rarely exceeding 15 mm from the inoculation site. In two seedlings the pathogen colonized tissue greater than 40 mm from the inoculation site. No seedling mortality was observed. However, small side branches (2.4 mm mean diameter) were often killed. A dose response experiment was conducted to determine the minimum zoospore concentration necessary to cause infection. Seedlings exposed to ≥ 5 x 10³ zoospores/mL became symptomatic. Nonetheless, symptom expression was variable unless seedlings were inoculated with > 1 x 10⁵ zoospores/mL. Sporulation was quantified by determining sporangia density (sporangia/cm²) on detached immature and mature foliage of redwood seedlings, and leaves of California bay (Umbellularia californica). In the first trial, significantly more sporangia/cm² were observed on California bay compared to redwood, but in the second trial, the results were reversed. Sporulation density on attached redwood foliage was also determined. Comparisons were again made between young and mature redwood foliage. In the attached branch experiment, sporangia density was higher than previously observed and no significant difference was found between sporangia/cm² necrotic tissue on young vs. mature redwood branches. Sporulation results and implications of these findings are discussed in relation to sporulation levels reported on other hosts. This study highlights the importance of determining both host susceptibility and the risk of P. ramorum spread from hosts to other uninfected plants. Title: Susceptibility of coast redwood seedlings to Phytophthora ramorum Author: Lucas, Sunny L. Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) (D. Don) Endl. is a host for Phytophthora ramorum but it was unclear if the pathogen represents a significant disease risk to this tree species. In this study the susceptibility of coast redwood seedlings and the likelihood of sporulation on redwood were examined. Two methods were used to assess susceptibility. Seedling stems were artificially inoculated and pathogen colonization distance was measured in both main stems and side branches after 8 and 16 weeks. Pathogen colonization distance was usually minimal, rarely exceeding 15 mm from the inoculation site. In two seedlings the pathogen colonized tissue greater than 40 mm from the inoculation site. No seedling mortality was observed. However, small side branches (2.4 mm mean diameter) were often killed. A dose response experiment was conducted to determine the minimum zoospore concentration necessary to cause infection. Seedlings exposed to ≥ 5 x 10³ zoospores/mL became symptomatic. Nonetheless, symptom expression was variable unless seedlings were inoculated with > 1 x 10⁵ zoospores/mL. Sporulation was quantified by determining sporangia density (sporangia/cm²) on detached immature and mature foliage of redwood seedlings, and leaves of California bay (Umbellularia californica). In the first trial, significantly more sporangia/cm² were observed on California bay compared to redwood, but in the second trial, the results were reversed. Sporulation density on attached redwood foliage was also determined. Comparisons were again made between young and mature redwood foliage. In the attached branch experiment, sporangia density was higher than previously observed and no significant difference was found between sporangia/cm² necrotic tissue on young vs. mature redwood branches. Sporulation results and implications of these findings are discussed in relation to sporulation levels reported on other hosts. This study highlights the importance of determining both host susceptibility and the risk of P. ramorum spread from hosts to other uninfected plants. Close

• 34. [Article] Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project

  Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project Author: Whitehead, Katharine S. Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus nerka), and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been listed as threatened and/or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the U.S. and/or the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in Canada in the years 1991-2007. Considerable time, money and brainpower has been put into salmon recovery with mixed results. The future for wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest remains uncertain. In 2006 Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon was published. The book is made up of 23 essays by 33 authors who were challenged to each develop a comprehensive policy prescription in response to the question: “What specific policies must be implemented in order to have a high probability of sustaining significant runs of wild salmon through 2100 in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia?” A qualitative study was designed to assess whether any of the policy prescriptions presented in Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon are feasible or viable in the real world. A thorough document analysis was conducted of Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon. The Social Construction Framework was used to categorize the target populations, code the policy prescriptions, and identify the benefits and burdens of each policy prescription for each target population. This information was then used to assess the feasibility of each policy prescription, based on the Social Construction Framework. The findings suggest that some of the policy prescriptions are feasible and could be developed for successful implementation in the real world. There is evidence that projects similar to the Salmon 2100 project could provide useful information and potential solutions to other natural resource policy challenges. Title: Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project Author: Whitehead, Katharine S. Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus nerka), and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been listed as threatened and/or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the U.S. and/or the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in Canada in the years 1991-2007. Considerable time, money and brainpower has been put into salmon recovery with mixed results. The future for wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest remains uncertain. In 2006 Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon was published. The book is made up of 23 essays by 33 authors who were challenged to each develop a comprehensive policy prescription in response to the question: “What specific policies must be implemented in order to have a high probability of sustaining significant runs of wild salmon through 2100 in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia?” A qualitative study was designed to assess whether any of the policy prescriptions presented in Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon are feasible or viable in the real world. A thorough document analysis was conducted of Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon. The Social Construction Framework was used to categorize the target populations, code the policy prescriptions, and identify the benefits and burdens of each policy prescription for each target population. This information was then used to assess the feasibility of each policy prescription, based on the Social Construction Framework. The findings suggest that some of the policy prescriptions are feasible and could be developed for successful implementation in the real world. There is evidence that projects similar to the Salmon 2100 project could provide useful information and potential solutions to other natural resource policy challenges. Close

• 35. [Article] Trends in Developed Land Cover Adjacent to Habitat for Threatened Salmon in Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A.

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trends in Developed Land Cover Adjacent to Habitat for Threatened Salmon in Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A. Author: Ford, Michael J., et al., Kennedy, Robert E., Beechie, Timothy J., Bartz, Krista K. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Trends in Developed Land Cover Adjacent to Habitat for Threatened Salmon in Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A. Author: Ford, Michael J., et al., Kennedy, Robert E., Beechie, Timothy J., Bartz, Krista K. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 36. [Article] Overlap of North Pacific albatrosses with the U.S. west coastgroundfish and shrimp fisheries

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Overlap of North Pacific albatrosses with the U.S. west coastgroundfish and shrimp fisheries Author: Ballance, L. T., Jahncke, J., Zamon, J. E., Henry, R. W., Hyrenbach, K. D., Hester, M., Sato, F., Jennings, S. L., Bellman, M. A., Guy, T. J., Roletto, J., Ozaki, K., Geernaert, T. O., Blackie, B. A., Sydeman, W. J., Suryan, R. M., Croll, D. A., Deguchi, T., Melvin, E. F., Kappes, M. A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Title: Overlap of North Pacific albatrosses with the U.S. west coastgroundfish and shrimp fisheries Author: Ballance, L. T., Jahncke, J., Zamon, J. E., Henry, R. W., Hyrenbach, K. D., Hester, M., Sato, F., Jennings, S. L., Bellman, M. A., Guy, T. J., Roletto, J., Ozaki, K., Geernaert, T. O., Blackie, B. A., Sydeman, W. J., Suryan, R. M., Croll, D. A., Deguchi, T., Melvin, E. F., Kappes, M. A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Close

• 37. [Article] Patch dynamics of desert fishes in the arid wetlands of western Utah

  The conservation of declining desert fish species requires the identification of relations between fish population dynamics and their environments. Dynamic occupancy modeling, an approach that requires ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patch dynamics of desert fishes in the arid wetlands of western Utah Author: Sáenz, Jessica The conservation of declining desert fish species requires the identification of relations between fish population dynamics and their environments. Dynamic occupancy modeling, an approach that requires less information than traditional mark-recapture studies, may help identify important factors affecting population processes and aid desert fish conservation and restoration efforts. I used dynamic multi-season occupancy models for two analyses (multi-state and multi-species) to evaluate the influence of patch-level characteristics (patch percent open water, average patch depth, patch area), grazing damage, species interactions, population differences, patch connectivity and environmental variation (seasonal precipitation and temperature) on the patch dynamics (colonization, persistence, reproduction) of two desert chub species found in Snake Valley, UT. My results indicate that there was the strongest evidence according to model weights that patch dynamics in this system were influenced by patch-level characteristics (patch percent open water and average patch depth), grazing damage, population differences, biotic interactions, and winter precipitation rather than landscape level features such as connectivity. I observed positive effects of patch percent open water and average patch depth on least chub and Utah chub persistence. I also found that grazing damage increased their persistence at the medium damage level but decreased least chub and Utah chub colonization at the high grazing damage level. Least chub and Utah chub colonization varied between the two populations (study areas) with a higher probability of colonization at Bishop Springs than at Gandy Salt Marsh. In addition, I found some evidence that biotic interactions between least chub and Utah chub may be occurring in this system. Least chub were less likely to colonize patches previously occupied by Utah chub but surprisingly there was little evidence that these species interactions affected least chub persistence. Least chub reproduction increased with winter precipitation and was higher at Gandy Salt Marsh than Bishop Springs. The use of dynamic occupancy modeling in desert spring wetland complexes may provide a valuable tool for managers tasked with conserving at-risk desert fish species. Title: Patch dynamics of desert fishes in the arid wetlands of western Utah Author: Sáenz, Jessica The conservation of declining desert fish species requires the identification of relations between fish population dynamics and their environments. Dynamic occupancy modeling, an approach that requires less information than traditional mark-recapture studies, may help identify important factors affecting population processes and aid desert fish conservation and restoration efforts. I used dynamic multi-season occupancy models for two analyses (multi-state and multi-species) to evaluate the influence of patch-level characteristics (patch percent open water, average patch depth, patch area), grazing damage, species interactions, population differences, patch connectivity and environmental variation (seasonal precipitation and temperature) on the patch dynamics (colonization, persistence, reproduction) of two desert chub species found in Snake Valley, UT. My results indicate that there was the strongest evidence according to model weights that patch dynamics in this system were influenced by patch-level characteristics (patch percent open water and average patch depth), grazing damage, population differences, biotic interactions, and winter precipitation rather than landscape level features such as connectivity. I observed positive effects of patch percent open water and average patch depth on least chub and Utah chub persistence. I also found that grazing damage increased their persistence at the medium damage level but decreased least chub and Utah chub colonization at the high grazing damage level. Least chub and Utah chub colonization varied between the two populations (study areas) with a higher probability of colonization at Bishop Springs than at Gandy Salt Marsh. In addition, I found some evidence that biotic interactions between least chub and Utah chub may be occurring in this system. Least chub were less likely to colonize patches previously occupied by Utah chub but surprisingly there was little evidence that these species interactions affected least chub persistence. Least chub reproduction increased with winter precipitation and was higher at Gandy Salt Marsh than Bishop Springs. The use of dynamic occupancy modeling in desert spring wetland complexes may provide a valuable tool for managers tasked with conserving at-risk desert fish species. Close

• 38. [Article] Effects of esfenvalerate on native macroinvertebrates representative of Pacific Northwest streams

  Aquatic insects are essential components of healthy stream ecosystems, contributing to nutrient cycling, trophic dynamics and other ecological functions. Aquatic insect species, particularly those in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of esfenvalerate on native macroinvertebrates representative of Pacific Northwest streams Author: Johnson, Katherine R. Aquatic insects are essential components of healthy stream ecosystems, contributing to nutrient cycling, trophic dynamics and other ecological functions. Aquatic insect species, particularly those in the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT taxa) are however, extremely sensitive to insecticide contamination. Given that urban and agricultural use of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are increasing, there is concern that aquatic contamination by these compounds may pose a risk to aquatic insect species. The overarching hypothesis of this research is that specific aquatic insect life history attributes may increase their susceptibility to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, through an exacerbation of toxic effects and/or enhancement of exposure. The goals of this work were (a) to determine if egg morphology affects esfenvalerate sensitivity, (b) to ascertain the impact of dietary exposure to esfenvalerate among different functional feeding groups, (c) to determine the effect of esfenvalerate intoxication on larval caddisfly case maintenance, and (d) to establish the effects of late-stage esfenvalerate exposure on emergence. Four different aquatic insect species were utilized during the course of these studies; Cinygmula reticulata McDonough (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae), Hesperoperla pacifica Banks (Plecoptera: Perlidae), and Brachycentrus americanus Banks (Trichoptera: Brachycentridae) were used in the majority of the experiments. Baetis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) egg clutches were utilized as a surrogate for the difficult-to-obtain C. reticulata eggs. Esfenvalerate toxicity testing with aquatic insect eggs indicated that 48h esfenvalerate exposures ranging between 0.07 and 0.5 μg/L caused significant Baetis sp egg mortality. Exposure to lower concentrations immediately preceding hatch resulted in behavioral aberrations in first instar mayflies. The gelatinous clutch structure of caddisfly eggs proved to be the most susceptible egg morphology tested, with significant within-clutch mortality occurring following esfenvalerate exposures of 0.035 μg/L. No toxic effect was observed in H. pacifica eggs exposed to up to 1.0 μg/L esfenvalerate. Esfenvalerate-contaminated food caused adverse effects in both C. reticulata and B. americanus insects, but not in H. pacifica nymphs. A significant decrease in growth was observed in small C. reticulata nymphs reared on 0.05 μg/L esfenvalerate-exposed algae, and a decrease in egg production in final-instar nymphs reared on 0.1 μg/L esfenvalerate-exposed algae. Diet items exposed to esfenvalerate concentrations ranging between 0.5 to 1.0 μg/L induced case-abandonment in fourth-instar B. americanus larvae. None of the aquatic insect species differentiated between esfenvalerate-contaminated and clean food sources during feeding. 48h waterborne exposures of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 μg/L esfenvalerate also caused fourth-instar larvae to abandon cases, and impaired their ability to rebuild these protective structures. Finally, C. reticulata emergence was disrupted by esfenvalerate exposures ranging from 0.005 to 0.015 μg/L, resulting in significant mortality. B. americanus pupal exposures of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 μg/L esfenvalerate significantly reduced successful adult emergence and resulted in decreased egg weight of emerged females. A comparison of life stage esfenvalerate sensitivities of C. reticulata and B. americanus reveals that analogous life stages did not exhibit the same relative susceptibilities, with final-instar nymphs the most sensitive C. reticulata life stage tested, and egg clutches as the most sensitive B. americanus life stage. Title: Effects of esfenvalerate on native macroinvertebrates representative of Pacific Northwest streams Author: Johnson, Katherine R. Aquatic insects are essential components of healthy stream ecosystems, contributing to nutrient cycling, trophic dynamics and other ecological functions. Aquatic insect species, particularly those in the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT taxa) are however, extremely sensitive to insecticide contamination. Given that urban and agricultural use of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are increasing, there is concern that aquatic contamination by these compounds may pose a risk to aquatic insect species. The overarching hypothesis of this research is that specific aquatic insect life history attributes may increase their susceptibility to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, through an exacerbation of toxic effects and/or enhancement of exposure. The goals of this work were (a) to determine if egg morphology affects esfenvalerate sensitivity, (b) to ascertain the impact of dietary exposure to esfenvalerate among different functional feeding groups, (c) to determine the effect of esfenvalerate intoxication on larval caddisfly case maintenance, and (d) to establish the effects of late-stage esfenvalerate exposure on emergence. Four different aquatic insect species were utilized during the course of these studies; Cinygmula reticulata McDonough (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae), Hesperoperla pacifica Banks (Plecoptera: Perlidae), and Brachycentrus americanus Banks (Trichoptera: Brachycentridae) were used in the majority of the experiments. Baetis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) egg clutches were utilized as a surrogate for the difficult-to-obtain C. reticulata eggs. Esfenvalerate toxicity testing with aquatic insect eggs indicated that 48h esfenvalerate exposures ranging between 0.07 and 0.5 μg/L caused significant Baetis sp egg mortality. Exposure to lower concentrations immediately preceding hatch resulted in behavioral aberrations in first instar mayflies. The gelatinous clutch structure of caddisfly eggs proved to be the most susceptible egg morphology tested, with significant within-clutch mortality occurring following esfenvalerate exposures of 0.035 μg/L. No toxic effect was observed in H. pacifica eggs exposed to up to 1.0 μg/L esfenvalerate. Esfenvalerate-contaminated food caused adverse effects in both C. reticulata and B. americanus insects, but not in H. pacifica nymphs. A significant decrease in growth was observed in small C. reticulata nymphs reared on 0.05 μg/L esfenvalerate-exposed algae, and a decrease in egg production in final-instar nymphs reared on 0.1 μg/L esfenvalerate-exposed algae. Diet items exposed to esfenvalerate concentrations ranging between 0.5 to 1.0 μg/L induced case-abandonment in fourth-instar B. americanus larvae. None of the aquatic insect species differentiated between esfenvalerate-contaminated and clean food sources during feeding. 48h waterborne exposures of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 μg/L esfenvalerate also caused fourth-instar larvae to abandon cases, and impaired their ability to rebuild these protective structures. Finally, C. reticulata emergence was disrupted by esfenvalerate exposures ranging from 0.005 to 0.015 μg/L, resulting in significant mortality. B. americanus pupal exposures of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 μg/L esfenvalerate significantly reduced successful adult emergence and resulted in decreased egg weight of emerged females. A comparison of life stage esfenvalerate sensitivities of C. reticulata and B. americanus reveals that analogous life stages did not exhibit the same relative susceptibilities, with final-instar nymphs the most sensitive C. reticulata life stage tested, and egg clutches as the most sensitive B. americanus life stage. Close

• 39. [Article] Seasonal movement, residency, and migration patterns of Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) across the annual cycle in the Willamette Valley of Oregon.

  Studies of avian movement ecology afford essential insights regarding species' life histories, population dynamics, habitat and resource requirements, and other ecological relationships. While it is widely ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal movement, residency, and migration patterns of Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) across the annual cycle in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Author: Cline, Brittany B. Studies of avian movement ecology afford essential insights regarding species' life histories, population dynamics, habitat and resource requirements, and other ecological relationships. While it is widely recognized that events in different stages of the annual cycle have important implications for processes in avian ecology, evolution, and conservation, challenges associated with quantifying migratory connectivity frequently constrain annual-cycle approaches to the study of avian movement. The majority of cross-seasonal movement studies have been conducted to either (1) establish linkages between geographically distinct wintering, breeding and migratory stopover locations; or (2) assess site fidelity and movement within fractions of the annual cycle (i.e. individual seasons). Far fewer studies employ annual-cycle approaches to investigate how local and regional movement patterns of individuals change seasonally within an area of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Within western Oregon’s Willamette Valley in 2007, I quantified the intra- and inter-seasonal movement patterns, fidelity (regional/local), and migratory strategies of 37 radio-marked Wilson’s Snipe (Gallinago delicata) to elucidate residency status in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Available evidence indicated the potential for a variety of possible migratory behaviors for this relatively understudied migratory species; results revealed that the group monitored constituted winter residents (74%), winter transients (14%), summer residents (9%), and one year-round resident breeder (3%). Findings indicated a lack of connectivity between populations captured during winter and summer, scant evidence of partial migration (one year-round resident), as well as the first documentation of between-season fidelity of snipe to the region (return of winter resident in subsequent fall). Spring migration chronology of radio-marked winter residents indicated a strong sex differential in timing of migration, with males departing an average of 9.68 days earlier than females (20.11 days including winter transients). In contrast, fall migration patterns were suggestive of inverse chronology (females departing before males). Male-biased winter sex ratios were consistent with observed latitudinal clines for other nonbreeding shorebird populations. The protracted spring migration periods resulted in gradual dispersal consistent with energy minimization migration strategies. Across seasons, the extent of movements and use of multiple wetland sites suggested that snipe were capable of exploratory movements, but more regularly perceived local and fine-scale segments of the landscape as connected. There were no differences in the areal extent of individual home-ranges, number of sites visited, individual mobility, or distances detected from capture sites by individual sex (or interaction of sex × season). However, movements differed significantly by season and residency, with individuals exhibiting contracted movements during late winter, and most expansive movements during precipitation-limited periods (late spring, summer, fall 2007). Mean home-range size was 3.52 ± 0.93 km2 (100% MCP) and 1.57 ± 0.42 km2 (95% fixed kernel), and did not vary by sex; however, home-range varied markedly by season (range 100% MCP = 1.04 – 7.56 km2). Overall results indicated variable fidelity patterns (e.g., prolonged periods of within-season residency, transient behavior, between-season fidelity, partial migration), which were indicative of a complex regional population structure. Wilson’s Snipe demonstrated striking differences in movement patterns, vagility and local site fidelity across seasons in the Willamette Valley, while previous studies of shorebird movement and habitat use in the region focused solely on winter and precipitation-copious periods. Furthermore, by highlighting the seasonal changes in snipe movement metrics, this study provides the first cross-seasonal profile of a shorebird species’ space-use in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Results provide insight on the regional and local fidelity and movement patterns of shorebirds in a spatiotemporally dynamic wetland landscape, across multiple seasons. Furthermore, findings indicate that single-season approaches to wetland management in the region present the risk of mischaracterizing species’ spatial requirements, and highlight the need to consider: (1) cross-seasonal effects, and (2) inter-specific differences in shorebird life histories when developing regional wetland conservation plans. Title: Seasonal movement, residency, and migration patterns of Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) across the annual cycle in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Author: Cline, Brittany B. Studies of avian movement ecology afford essential insights regarding species' life histories, population dynamics, habitat and resource requirements, and other ecological relationships. While it is widely recognized that events in different stages of the annual cycle have important implications for processes in avian ecology, evolution, and conservation, challenges associated with quantifying migratory connectivity frequently constrain annual-cycle approaches to the study of avian movement. The majority of cross-seasonal movement studies have been conducted to either (1) establish linkages between geographically distinct wintering, breeding and migratory stopover locations; or (2) assess site fidelity and movement within fractions of the annual cycle (i.e. individual seasons). Far fewer studies employ annual-cycle approaches to investigate how local and regional movement patterns of individuals change seasonally within an area of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Within western Oregon’s Willamette Valley in 2007, I quantified the intra- and inter-seasonal movement patterns, fidelity (regional/local), and migratory strategies of 37 radio-marked Wilson’s Snipe (Gallinago delicata) to elucidate residency status in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Available evidence indicated the potential for a variety of possible migratory behaviors for this relatively understudied migratory species; results revealed that the group monitored constituted winter residents (74%), winter transients (14%), summer residents (9%), and one year-round resident breeder (3%). Findings indicated a lack of connectivity between populations captured during winter and summer, scant evidence of partial migration (one year-round resident), as well as the first documentation of between-season fidelity of snipe to the region (return of winter resident in subsequent fall). Spring migration chronology of radio-marked winter residents indicated a strong sex differential in timing of migration, with males departing an average of 9.68 days earlier than females (20.11 days including winter transients). In contrast, fall migration patterns were suggestive of inverse chronology (females departing before males). Male-biased winter sex ratios were consistent with observed latitudinal clines for other nonbreeding shorebird populations. The protracted spring migration periods resulted in gradual dispersal consistent with energy minimization migration strategies. Across seasons, the extent of movements and use of multiple wetland sites suggested that snipe were capable of exploratory movements, but more regularly perceived local and fine-scale segments of the landscape as connected. There were no differences in the areal extent of individual home-ranges, number of sites visited, individual mobility, or distances detected from capture sites by individual sex (or interaction of sex × season). However, movements differed significantly by season and residency, with individuals exhibiting contracted movements during late winter, and most expansive movements during precipitation-limited periods (late spring, summer, fall 2007). Mean home-range size was 3.52 ± 0.93 km2 (100% MCP) and 1.57 ± 0.42 km2 (95% fixed kernel), and did not vary by sex; however, home-range varied markedly by season (range 100% MCP = 1.04 – 7.56 km2). Overall results indicated variable fidelity patterns (e.g., prolonged periods of within-season residency, transient behavior, between-season fidelity, partial migration), which were indicative of a complex regional population structure. Wilson’s Snipe demonstrated striking differences in movement patterns, vagility and local site fidelity across seasons in the Willamette Valley, while previous studies of shorebird movement and habitat use in the region focused solely on winter and precipitation-copious periods. Furthermore, by highlighting the seasonal changes in snipe movement metrics, this study provides the first cross-seasonal profile of a shorebird species’ space-use in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Results provide insight on the regional and local fidelity and movement patterns of shorebirds in a spatiotemporally dynamic wetland landscape, across multiple seasons. Furthermore, findings indicate that single-season approaches to wetland management in the region present the risk of mischaracterizing species’ spatial requirements, and highlight the need to consider: (1) cross-seasonal effects, and (2) inter-specific differences in shorebird life histories when developing regional wetland conservation plans. Close

• 40. [Article] Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids

  Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids Author: Janney, Philip Kenton Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Risk to listed Pacific salmonid species can be assessed by evaluating the spatial and temporal co-occurrence of salmonid species at sensitive life stages and pesticide concentrations at levels that may elicit adverse effects. Understanding the potential for the co-occurrence requires knowledge of pesticide use patterns and application methods, pesticide properties that influence environmental fate, as well as landscape/land management, edaphic, and climatic factors that influence off-site movement into surface water. Reported here is the use of a passive sampling device to monitor selected current use pesticides in surface water on a continuous basis. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) were deployed continuously in 5 watersheds within the Pudding River subbasin, critical habitat for the Upper Willamette River Chinook and Steelhead ESUs, between June 2010 and October 2011 in order to characterize the temporal trends in surface water concentrations. PSDs were deployed in off-channel habitats preferred by juvenile salmonids. The majority of the monitoring results were well below EPA aquatic life benchmarks, as well as levels of concern for listed salmonids. Using the EPA ecoregion framework watershed sensitivity to pesticide surface water loading was characterized. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the relationship between land management practices and PSD monitoring data collected in the Zollner Creek watershed. SWAT was evaluated under different parameterization scenarios representing increasing levels of local knowledge of the system in order to evaluate model performance in relation to average daily stream flow. Using spatially distributed precipitation data and incorporating engineered drainage features into model parameterization resulted in a satisfactory fit of average daily stream flow indicating satisfactory characterization of the watershed hydrology. SWAT was then used to simulate the fate of chlorpyrifos and trifluralin, the two most commonly detected pesticides in the PSD monitoring. The pattern of simulated time-weighted average (TWA) pesticide concentrations was similar to measured values. However, simulated pesticide TWA concentrations consistently underestimated measured values. The most likely source of this bias is underrepresented pesticide use practices. Title: Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids Author: Janney, Philip Kenton Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Risk to listed Pacific salmonid species can be assessed by evaluating the spatial and temporal co-occurrence of salmonid species at sensitive life stages and pesticide concentrations at levels that may elicit adverse effects. Understanding the potential for the co-occurrence requires knowledge of pesticide use patterns and application methods, pesticide properties that influence environmental fate, as well as landscape/land management, edaphic, and climatic factors that influence off-site movement into surface water. Reported here is the use of a passive sampling device to monitor selected current use pesticides in surface water on a continuous basis. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) were deployed continuously in 5 watersheds within the Pudding River subbasin, critical habitat for the Upper Willamette River Chinook and Steelhead ESUs, between June 2010 and October 2011 in order to characterize the temporal trends in surface water concentrations. PSDs were deployed in off-channel habitats preferred by juvenile salmonids. The majority of the monitoring results were well below EPA aquatic life benchmarks, as well as levels of concern for listed salmonids. Using the EPA ecoregion framework watershed sensitivity to pesticide surface water loading was characterized. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the relationship between land management practices and PSD monitoring data collected in the Zollner Creek watershed. SWAT was evaluated under different parameterization scenarios representing increasing levels of local knowledge of the system in order to evaluate model performance in relation to average daily stream flow. Using spatially distributed precipitation data and incorporating engineered drainage features into model parameterization resulted in a satisfactory fit of average daily stream flow indicating satisfactory characterization of the watershed hydrology. SWAT was then used to simulate the fate of chlorpyrifos and trifluralin, the two most commonly detected pesticides in the PSD monitoring. The pattern of simulated time-weighted average (TWA) pesticide concentrations was similar to measured values. However, simulated pesticide TWA concentrations consistently underestimated measured values. The most likely source of this bias is underrepresented pesticide use practices. Close