Search

Search Results

• 151. [Article] Modeling large temperature swings in heat regenerators using orthogonal collocation

  This thesis examines the transient performance of packed bed heat regenerators when very large temperature differences are involved. The effects of gas temperature on the key gas physical properties of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling large temperature swings in heat regenerators using orthogonal collocation Author: Kokron, Carlos J. This thesis examines the transient performance of packed bed heat regenerators when very large temperature differences are involved. The effects of gas temperature on the key gas physical properties of velocity, density and heat capacity were studied via simulation. Three models were developed and compared. The first model (HRKDV) considers heat balances for both solid and gas phases, the second (HRVDV) considers mass balances in addition to the heat balances set up in the first model and the third one (HRASO) considers that the only significant rate of accumulation term is that of the energy of the solid phase. The governing partial differential equations were solved by the method of lines with the spatial discretization accomplished by the method of orthogonal collocation. The findings of this work reveal that whereas the effects of large temperature changes on the gas velocity and density are completely negligible, the effects of temperature on the gas heat capacity must be considered "continuously" when large temperature swings occur. Considering the heat capacity as a constant, even at an average value, leads to significant errors in temperature profiles. Title: Modeling large temperature swings in heat regenerators using orthogonal collocation Author: Kokron, Carlos J. This thesis examines the transient performance of packed bed heat regenerators when very large temperature differences are involved. The effects of gas temperature on the key gas physical properties of velocity, density and heat capacity were studied via simulation. Three models were developed and compared. The first model (HRKDV) considers heat balances for both solid and gas phases, the second (HRVDV) considers mass balances in addition to the heat balances set up in the first model and the third one (HRASO) considers that the only significant rate of accumulation term is that of the energy of the solid phase. The governing partial differential equations were solved by the method of lines with the spatial discretization accomplished by the method of orthogonal collocation. The findings of this work reveal that whereas the effects of large temperature changes on the gas velocity and density are completely negligible, the effects of temperature on the gas heat capacity must be considered "continuously" when large temperature swings occur. Considering the heat capacity as a constant, even at an average value, leads to significant errors in temperature profiles. Close

• 152. [Article] On the abyssal temperatures of the world oceans

  In comparison with solar radiation, the energy of geothermal heat flowing through the sea bottom is extremely small; nevertheless, this energy is not insignificant in the circulation of the bottom water. Calculations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: On the abyssal temperatures of the world oceans Author: Olson, Boyd Ellertson In comparison with solar radiation, the energy of geothermal heat flowing through the sea bottom is extremely small; nevertheless, this energy is not insignificant in the circulation of the bottom water. Calculations indicate that in the deep basins of the South Atlantic the water volume transport necessary to remove this heat is at least one-tenth of the total northward flow of Antarctic Bottom Water. Plots of mean values of near bottom salinity and oxygen versus mean potential temperatures help to trace the movement of the bottom water. Geothermal and adiabatic warming associated with downslope flow combine to produce a deep temperature (in situ) minimum in portions of most of the deep basins of the world. Adiabatic or near adiabatic temperature gradients have been measured near the bottom in many of these basins. Evidence of superadiabatic gradients from temperature measurements made with reversing thermometers is inconclusive; however, careful measurements with closely spaced thermometers suggest that such gradients do exist over vertical distances of a few hundred meters in some of the deepest basins. Decreasing potential density with depth, as found in some of the Atlantic Basins in association with sharp temperature and salinity gradients, is not necessarily an indication of unstable equilibrium. This is demonstrated by the results of stability calculations in the manner prescribed by Hesselberg and Sverdrup (1915). Title: On the abyssal temperatures of the world oceans Author: Olson, Boyd Ellertson In comparison with solar radiation, the energy of geothermal heat flowing through the sea bottom is extremely small; nevertheless, this energy is not insignificant in the circulation of the bottom water. Calculations indicate that in the deep basins of the South Atlantic the water volume transport necessary to remove this heat is at least one-tenth of the total northward flow of Antarctic Bottom Water. Plots of mean values of near bottom salinity and oxygen versus mean potential temperatures help to trace the movement of the bottom water. Geothermal and adiabatic warming associated with downslope flow combine to produce a deep temperature (in situ) minimum in portions of most of the deep basins of the world. Adiabatic or near adiabatic temperature gradients have been measured near the bottom in many of these basins. Evidence of superadiabatic gradients from temperature measurements made with reversing thermometers is inconclusive; however, careful measurements with closely spaced thermometers suggest that such gradients do exist over vertical distances of a few hundred meters in some of the deepest basins. Decreasing potential density with depth, as found in some of the Atlantic Basins in association with sharp temperature and salinity gradients, is not necessarily an indication of unstable equilibrium. This is demonstrated by the results of stability calculations in the manner prescribed by Hesselberg and Sverdrup (1915). Close

• 153. [Article] The effect of temperature and salinity acclimation on the respiration rate of a marine polychaete, Serpula vermicularis L.

  In January 1970, collections of Serpula vermicularis L. were obtained from Bray Point, Oregon, for the purpose of determining the effect of acclimation to salinity and temperature on its rate of respiration. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of temperature and salinity acclimation on the respiration rate of a marine polychaete, Serpula vermicularis L. Author: Ikkanda, John Martin In January 1970, collections of Serpula vermicularis L. were obtained from Bray Point, Oregon, for the purpose of determining the effect of acclimation to salinity and temperature on its rate of respiration. The worms were removed from their tubes and acclimated to one of three salinities (28.8%₀, 31.1%₀, or 35.9%₀) and one of two temperatures (10°C or 15°C). Following a two-week acclimation period, measurements of the rates of respiration were made at 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C. The results of these measurements revealed that acclimation to salinity has no effect on the rate of respiration of Serpula vermicularis. This indicates that the serpulids had undergone complete compensation to these salinities. In comparing the rates of respiration of serpulids acclimated to different temperatures, it was found that the cold acclimated worms had higher rates of respiration than the warm acclimated worms at all experimental temperatures. The results of acclimation to temperature might be used to compare serpulids from different geographical areas. Perhaps such experiments would enable the researcher to gain insight into the variability of temperature regimes in different geographical locations by measuring the rates of respiration of serpulids collected in these areas. Title: The effect of temperature and salinity acclimation on the respiration rate of a marine polychaete, Serpula vermicularis L. Author: Ikkanda, John Martin In January 1970, collections of Serpula vermicularis L. were obtained from Bray Point, Oregon, for the purpose of determining the effect of acclimation to salinity and temperature on its rate of respiration. The worms were removed from their tubes and acclimated to one of three salinities (28.8%₀, 31.1%₀, or 35.9%₀) and one of two temperatures (10°C or 15°C). Following a two-week acclimation period, measurements of the rates of respiration were made at 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C. The results of these measurements revealed that acclimation to salinity has no effect on the rate of respiration of Serpula vermicularis. This indicates that the serpulids had undergone complete compensation to these salinities. In comparing the rates of respiration of serpulids acclimated to different temperatures, it was found that the cold acclimated worms had higher rates of respiration than the warm acclimated worms at all experimental temperatures. The results of acclimation to temperature might be used to compare serpulids from different geographical areas. Perhaps such experiments would enable the researcher to gain insight into the variability of temperature regimes in different geographical locations by measuring the rates of respiration of serpulids collected in these areas. Close

• 154. [Article] The Effect of Human Serum Albumin and Hematocrit on the Cake Collapse Temperature of Lyophilized Red Blood Cells

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., and can be found at: http://www.liebertpub.com/overview...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effect of Human Serum Albumin and Hematocrit on the Cake Collapse Temperature of Lyophilized Red Blood Cells Author: Higgins, Adam Z., Runyon, Daniel E. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., and can be found at: http://www.liebertpub.com/overview/biopreservation-and-biobanking/110/ Title: The Effect of Human Serum Albumin and Hematocrit on the Cake Collapse Temperature of Lyophilized Red Blood Cells Author: Higgins, Adam Z., Runyon, Daniel E. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., and can be found at: http://www.liebertpub.com/overview/biopreservation-and-biobanking/110/ Close

• 155. [Article] First principles study of finite temperature phase stability in (Cu,Ag,Au)In₂ and Al₂Cu alloys

  The common choice in computational approximations, from 0 K to room temperature, of solid materials is to assume the structure remains unchanged at low temperatures. Often such an approximation is a very ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: First principles study of finite temperature phase stability in (Cu,Ag,Au)In₂ and Al₂Cu alloys Author: Holmes, Aleczander S. The common choice in computational approximations, from 0 K to room temperature, of solid materials is to assume the structure remains unchanged at low temperatures. Often such an approximation is a very reasonable assumption. However, this approximation is not absolute and can break down even for relatively simple materials such as the four metal alloys CuIn₂, AgIn₂, AuIn₂ and AlIn₂,. All the material's structures were explored at varying temperatures using the C1 and C16 structures. The contribution to the free energy from lattice vibrations in CuIn₂, AgIn₂ and AlIn₂ causes the structures to change from C1 to C16 at high enough finite temperatures, while AuIn₂,, despite very similar bonding structure, remained in its initial state all the way until melting temperatures. In addition the phonon density of state and phonon distributions of all tested materials was found computationally and lightly explored to confirm changes in structure. Title: First principles study of finite temperature phase stability in (Cu,Ag,Au)In₂ and Al₂Cu alloys Author: Holmes, Aleczander S. The common choice in computational approximations, from 0 K to room temperature, of solid materials is to assume the structure remains unchanged at low temperatures. Often such an approximation is a very reasonable assumption. However, this approximation is not absolute and can break down even for relatively simple materials such as the four metal alloys CuIn₂, AgIn₂, AuIn₂ and AlIn₂,. All the material's structures were explored at varying temperatures using the C1 and C16 structures. The contribution to the free energy from lattice vibrations in CuIn₂, AgIn₂ and AlIn₂ causes the structures to change from C1 to C16 at high enough finite temperatures, while AuIn₂,, despite very similar bonding structure, remained in its initial state all the way until melting temperatures. In addition the phonon density of state and phonon distributions of all tested materials was found computationally and lightly explored to confirm changes in structure. Close

• 156. [Article] Response of Sagebrush Steppe Species to Elevated CO2 and Soil Temperature

  Elevated atmospheric CO2 may cause long-term changes in the productivity and species composition of the sagebrush steppe. Few studies, however, have evaluated the effects of increased CO2 on growth and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response of Sagebrush Steppe Species to Elevated CO2 and Soil Temperature Author: Lucash, Melissa S., Farnsworth, Blake, Winner, William E. Year: 2005 Elevated atmospheric CO2 may cause long-term changes in the productivity and species composition of the sagebrush steppe. Few studies, however, have evaluated the effects of increased CO2 on growth and physiology of species important to this ecosystem. Since the response of plants to elevated CO2 may be limited by environmental factors, soil temperature was also examined to determine if low soil temperatures limit CO2 response. To determine how CO2 and soil temperature affect the growth of species native to the sagebrush steppe, bottlebrush squirreltail [Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey], Thurber needlegrass (Stipa thurberiana Piper), and Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis Beetle) were grown in ambient (374 mL L–1) or high (567 mL L–1) CO2 and low (13°C) or high (18°C) soil temperature for approximately 4 months. Although soil temperature affected the growth of squirreltail and needlegrass, temperature did not modify their response to elevated CO2. Total biomass of sagebrush was consistent across soil temperature and CO2 treatments, reflecting its slow-growing strategy. All 3 species had higher leaf water-use efficiency at elevated CO2 due to higher net photosynthesis and lower transpiration rates. We conclude that elevated CO2 and soil warming may increase the growth of grasses more than shrubs. Field studies in the sagebrush steppe are necessary to determine if differences in biomass, resulting from changes in CO2 and soil temperature, are exhibited in the field. Title: Response of Sagebrush Steppe Species to Elevated CO2 and Soil Temperature Author: Lucash, Melissa S., Farnsworth, Blake, Winner, William E. Year: 2005 Elevated atmospheric CO2 may cause long-term changes in the productivity and species composition of the sagebrush steppe. Few studies, however, have evaluated the effects of increased CO2 on growth and physiology of species important to this ecosystem. Since the response of plants to elevated CO2 may be limited by environmental factors, soil temperature was also examined to determine if low soil temperatures limit CO2 response. To determine how CO2 and soil temperature affect the growth of species native to the sagebrush steppe, bottlebrush squirreltail [Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey], Thurber needlegrass (Stipa thurberiana Piper), and Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis Beetle) were grown in ambient (374 mL L–1) or high (567 mL L–1) CO2 and low (13°C) or high (18°C) soil temperature for approximately 4 months. Although soil temperature affected the growth of squirreltail and needlegrass, temperature did not modify their response to elevated CO2. Total biomass of sagebrush was consistent across soil temperature and CO2 treatments, reflecting its slow-growing strategy. All 3 species had higher leaf water-use efficiency at elevated CO2 due to higher net photosynthesis and lower transpiration rates. We conclude that elevated CO2 and soil warming may increase the growth of grasses more than shrubs. Field studies in the sagebrush steppe are necessary to determine if differences in biomass, resulting from changes in CO2 and soil temperature, are exhibited in the field. Close

• 157. [Article] Seasonal Patterns of Photosynthesis in Douglas Fir Seedlings During the Third and Fourth Year of Exposure to Elevated CO2 and Temperature

  The interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature on seasonal patterns of photosynthesis in Douglas fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were examined. Seedlings were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal Patterns of Photosynthesis in Douglas Fir Seedlings During the Third and Fourth Year of Exposure to Elevated CO2 and Temperature Author: Lewis, James D., Lucash, Melissa S., Olszyk, David M., Tingey, David T. Year: 2001 The interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature on seasonal patterns of photosynthesis in Douglas fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were examined. Seedlings were grown in sunlit chambers controlled to track either ambient (~400 p.p.m.) CO2 or ambient +200 p.p.m. CO2, and either ambient temperature or ambient +4 °C. Light-saturated net photosynthetic rates were measured approximately monthly over a 21 month period. Elevated CO2 increased net photosynthetic rates by an average of 21% across temperature treatments during both the 1996 hydrologic year, the third year of exposure, and the 1997 hydrologic year. Elevated mean annual temperature increased net photosynthetic rates by an average of 33% across CO2 treatments during both years. Seasonal temperature changes also affected net photosynthetic rates. Across treatments, net photosynthetic rates were highest in the spring and autumn, and lowest in July, August and December–January. Seasonal increases in temperature were not correlated with increases in the relative photosynthetic response to elevated CO2. Seasonal shifts in the photosynthetic temperature optimum reduced temperature effects on the relative response to elevated CO2. These results suggest that the effects of elevated CO2 on net photosynthetic rates in Douglas fir are largely independent of temperature. Title: Seasonal Patterns of Photosynthesis in Douglas Fir Seedlings During the Third and Fourth Year of Exposure to Elevated CO2 and Temperature Author: Lewis, James D., Lucash, Melissa S., Olszyk, David M., Tingey, David T. Year: 2001 The interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature on seasonal patterns of photosynthesis in Douglas fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were examined. Seedlings were grown in sunlit chambers controlled to track either ambient (~400 p.p.m.) CO2 or ambient +200 p.p.m. CO2, and either ambient temperature or ambient +4 °C. Light-saturated net photosynthetic rates were measured approximately monthly over a 21 month period. Elevated CO2 increased net photosynthetic rates by an average of 21% across temperature treatments during both the 1996 hydrologic year, the third year of exposure, and the 1997 hydrologic year. Elevated mean annual temperature increased net photosynthetic rates by an average of 33% across CO2 treatments during both years. Seasonal temperature changes also affected net photosynthetic rates. Across treatments, net photosynthetic rates were highest in the spring and autumn, and lowest in July, August and December–January. Seasonal increases in temperature were not correlated with increases in the relative photosynthetic response to elevated CO2. Seasonal shifts in the photosynthetic temperature optimum reduced temperature effects on the relative response to elevated CO2. These results suggest that the effects of elevated CO2 on net photosynthetic rates in Douglas fir are largely independent of temperature. Close

• 158. [Article] The effects of temperature on growth, development and settlement of northern rock sole larvae (Lepidopsetta polyxystra)

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of temperature on growth, development and settlement of northern rock sole larvae (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) Author: Haines, Scott, Laurel, Benjamin J., Danley, Courtney To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2419. Title: The effects of temperature on growth, development and settlement of northern rock sole larvae (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) Author: Haines, Scott, Laurel, Benjamin J., Danley, Courtney To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2419. Close

• 159. [Article] Variations in air and ground temperature and the POM-SAT model: Results from the Northern Hemisphere

  The POM-SAT model for comparing air and ground temperatures is based on the supposition that surface air temperature (SAT) records provide a good prediction of thermal transients in the shallow subsurface ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variations in air and ground temperature and the POM-SAT model: Results from the Northern Hemisphere Author: Harris, Robert N. The POM-SAT model for comparing air and ground temperatures is based on the supposition that surface air temperature (SAT) records provide a good prediction of thermal transients in the shallow subsurface of the Earth. This model consists of two components, the forcing function and an initial condition, termed the pre-observational mean (POM). I explore the sensitivity of this model as a function of forcing periods at time scales appropriate for climate reconstructions. Synthetic models are designed to replicate comparisons between borehole temperatures contained in the global database of temperature profiles for climate reconstructions and gridded SAT data. I find that the root mean square (RMS) misfit between forcing functions and transient temperature profiles in the subsurface are sensitive to periods longer than about 50 years, are a maximum when the period and the 150-year time series are equal and then decreases for longer periods. The magnitude of the POM is a robust parameter for periods equal to or shorter than the length of this time series. At longer periods there is a tradeoff between the amplitude of the forcing function and the POM. These tests provide guidelines for assessing comparisons between air and ground temperatures at periods appropriate for climate reconstructions. The sensitivity of comparisons between the average Northern Hemisphere gridded SAT record and subsurface temperature-depth profile as a function of forcing period is assessed. This analysis indicates that the Northern Hemisphere extratropical average SAT and reduced temperature-depth profile are in good agreement. By adding modest heat to the subsurface at intermediate periods some improvement in misfit can be made, but this extra heat has negligible influence on the POM. The joint analysis of borehole temperatures and SAT records indicate warming of about 1.1°C over the last 500 years, consistent with previous studies. Title: Variations in air and ground temperature and the POM-SAT model: Results from the Northern Hemisphere Author: Harris, Robert N. The POM-SAT model for comparing air and ground temperatures is based on the supposition that surface air temperature (SAT) records provide a good prediction of thermal transients in the shallow subsurface of the Earth. This model consists of two components, the forcing function and an initial condition, termed the pre-observational mean (POM). I explore the sensitivity of this model as a function of forcing periods at time scales appropriate for climate reconstructions. Synthetic models are designed to replicate comparisons between borehole temperatures contained in the global database of temperature profiles for climate reconstructions and gridded SAT data. I find that the root mean square (RMS) misfit between forcing functions and transient temperature profiles in the subsurface are sensitive to periods longer than about 50 years, are a maximum when the period and the 150-year time series are equal and then decreases for longer periods. The magnitude of the POM is a robust parameter for periods equal to or shorter than the length of this time series. At longer periods there is a tradeoff between the amplitude of the forcing function and the POM. These tests provide guidelines for assessing comparisons between air and ground temperatures at periods appropriate for climate reconstructions. The sensitivity of comparisons between the average Northern Hemisphere gridded SAT record and subsurface temperature-depth profile as a function of forcing period is assessed. This analysis indicates that the Northern Hemisphere extratropical average SAT and reduced temperature-depth profile are in good agreement. By adding modest heat to the subsurface at intermediate periods some improvement in misfit can be made, but this extra heat has negligible influence on the POM. The joint analysis of borehole temperatures and SAT records indicate warming of about 1.1°C over the last 500 years, consistent with previous studies. Close

• 160. [Article] Relationship Between Temperature and Ceratomyxa shasta–Induced Mortality In Klamath River Salmonids

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Society of Parasitologists and can be found at: http://amsocparasit.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationship Between Temperature and Ceratomyxa shasta–Induced Mortality In Klamath River Salmonids Author: Bartholomew, Jerri L., Holt, Richard A., Ray, R. Adam This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Society of Parasitologists and can be found at: http://amsocparasit.org/. Title: Relationship Between Temperature and Ceratomyxa shasta–Induced Mortality In Klamath River Salmonids Author: Bartholomew, Jerri L., Holt, Richard A., Ray, R. Adam This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Society of Parasitologists and can be found at: http://amsocparasit.org/. Close

• 161. [Article] Oregon's Water Temperature Standard and its Application: Causes, Consequences, and Controversies Associated with Stream Temperature

  This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's Water Temperature Standard and its Application: Causes, Consequences, and Controversies Associated with Stream Temperature Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Title: Oregon's Water Temperature Standard and its Application: Causes, Consequences, and Controversies Associated with Stream Temperature Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Close

• 162. [Article] Temperature prediction using energy budget techniques on small mountain streams

  This study is part of the Alsea Basin Logging-Aquatic Resources Study research program. It was initiated to determine the applicability of energy budget theory to stream temperature prediction on small forested ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature prediction using energy budget techniques on small mountain streams Author: Brown, George Wallace, 1939- This study is part of the Alsea Basin Logging-Aquatic Resources Study research program. It was initiated to determine the applicability of energy budget theory to stream temperature prediction on small forested streams. The study was also designed to evaluate the energy budget technique as a tool in the management of mountain streams for the production of high quality water. Temperature predictions were made on four stretches of three streams in the Coast and Cascade Ranges in Oregon during the summers of 1965 and 1966. Three of these stretches were forested. The fourth was completely exposed to direct radiation. Stream temperature change occurring within a stretch of stream was determined by evaluating the radiative, evaporative, and conductive fluxes incident at the surface of the water as it moved down stream. Net radiation was measured directly. Evaporation was computed using a Dalton type equation. Conduction was determined with the Bowen ratio. These fluxes were then added to determine the net flux. Stream temperature change was computed as: [see pdf for equation] Stream temperature was predicted with varying degrees of accuracy on the four stretches. Tests suggested that the predictions could be improved slightly on long stretches by subdivision of the stretch and by separating data into daytime or nighttime units. Additional tests indicated that under a broken canopy. net radiation estimates, and thus stream temperature predictions, may be improved by measuring, or utilizing in the predictive equation, only the diffuse radiation penetrating the canopy. Integration of the net radiation recorded to include occasional spots of sunlight results in an overestimation of temperature change during sunny periods. A stream bottom may act as a heat sink during the day and as a heat source at night. This phenomenon was measured on one stretch. This helped explain predictive errors of about 10° F. The study on the open stretch showed that during the day, conductive and evaporative fluxes were small compared to the radiative flux. This led to modification of the original formula for predicting temperature maxima. This formula is: [see pdf for equation] This permits field personnel to make estimates of maximum temperature changes attainable by opening a stretch of stream. Title: Temperature prediction using energy budget techniques on small mountain streams Author: Brown, George Wallace, 1939- This study is part of the Alsea Basin Logging-Aquatic Resources Study research program. It was initiated to determine the applicability of energy budget theory to stream temperature prediction on small forested streams. The study was also designed to evaluate the energy budget technique as a tool in the management of mountain streams for the production of high quality water. Temperature predictions were made on four stretches of three streams in the Coast and Cascade Ranges in Oregon during the summers of 1965 and 1966. Three of these stretches were forested. The fourth was completely exposed to direct radiation. Stream temperature change occurring within a stretch of stream was determined by evaluating the radiative, evaporative, and conductive fluxes incident at the surface of the water as it moved down stream. Net radiation was measured directly. Evaporation was computed using a Dalton type equation. Conduction was determined with the Bowen ratio. These fluxes were then added to determine the net flux. Stream temperature change was computed as: [see pdf for equation] Stream temperature was predicted with varying degrees of accuracy on the four stretches. Tests suggested that the predictions could be improved slightly on long stretches by subdivision of the stretch and by separating data into daytime or nighttime units. Additional tests indicated that under a broken canopy. net radiation estimates, and thus stream temperature predictions, may be improved by measuring, or utilizing in the predictive equation, only the diffuse radiation penetrating the canopy. Integration of the net radiation recorded to include occasional spots of sunlight results in an overestimation of temperature change during sunny periods. A stream bottom may act as a heat sink during the day and as a heat source at night. This phenomenon was measured on one stretch. This helped explain predictive errors of about 10° F. The study on the open stretch showed that during the day, conductive and evaporative fluxes were small compared to the radiative flux. This led to modification of the original formula for predicting temperature maxima. This formula is: [see pdf for equation] This permits field personnel to make estimates of maximum temperature changes attainable by opening a stretch of stream. Close

• 163. [Article] Spatio – temporal temperature variations during droplet impingement evaporation : effects of nanofluid and nano-structured surface

  Droplet and spray impingement cooling are typically used in high heat flux thermal management. In this thesis, droplet impingement and evaporation heat transfer characteristics are determined from measured ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatio – temporal temperature variations during droplet impingement evaporation : effects of nanofluid and nano-structured surface Author: Graber, Christof Droplet and spray impingement cooling are typically used in high heat flux thermal management. In this thesis, droplet impingement and evaporation heat transfer characteristics are determined from measured spatially- and temporally- varying fluid and surface temperatures. Unique to this study is the documentation of the effects of using a nanofluid and a nano-structured surface for dropwise cooling by comparison of heat transfer characteristics with that of water droplet impingement on a polished surface. Temperatures were determined using radiation intensities recorded using an Infrared (IR) camera. The impingement surface is either comprised of IR transparent silicon, which permits near-surface fluid temperature measurements, or an IR opaque gold coated surface, which permits surface temperature measurements. A range of surface heat fluxes, resulting in both single-phase and boiling conditions are studied. Three different impingement surfaces have been tested, including polished silicon, nano-structured porous silicon, and gold coated polished silicon. The nanofluid is a water-based carbon nanotube suspension. Five major droplet impingement and evaporation stages have been identified: initial impact, boiling (if the surface temperature was sufficiently high), approximately constant diameter evaporation, stepwise fast receding contact line evaporation, and simultaneously decaying diameter and contact angle final dryout period. The surface temperature spatial distribution shows the lowest temperature values within the contact area bulk region and increasing temperature values toward the contact line region and beyond. The basic temperature trends and evaporation behavior are similar for the polished and nano-structured surface while the nanofluid exhibits some distinction. Evaporation times are reduced up to 20% and 37% using the nanostructured surface and nanofluid, respectively. Considering the evaporation time reduction as a measure of droplet cooling performance, the nano-enhanced surface and nanofluid may improve heat transfer in droplet impingement and spray cooling applications. Title: Spatio – temporal temperature variations during droplet impingement evaporation : effects of nanofluid and nano-structured surface Author: Graber, Christof Droplet and spray impingement cooling are typically used in high heat flux thermal management. In this thesis, droplet impingement and evaporation heat transfer characteristics are determined from measured spatially- and temporally- varying fluid and surface temperatures. Unique to this study is the documentation of the effects of using a nanofluid and a nano-structured surface for dropwise cooling by comparison of heat transfer characteristics with that of water droplet impingement on a polished surface. Temperatures were determined using radiation intensities recorded using an Infrared (IR) camera. The impingement surface is either comprised of IR transparent silicon, which permits near-surface fluid temperature measurements, or an IR opaque gold coated surface, which permits surface temperature measurements. A range of surface heat fluxes, resulting in both single-phase and boiling conditions are studied. Three different impingement surfaces have been tested, including polished silicon, nano-structured porous silicon, and gold coated polished silicon. The nanofluid is a water-based carbon nanotube suspension. Five major droplet impingement and evaporation stages have been identified: initial impact, boiling (if the surface temperature was sufficiently high), approximately constant diameter evaporation, stepwise fast receding contact line evaporation, and simultaneously decaying diameter and contact angle final dryout period. The surface temperature spatial distribution shows the lowest temperature values within the contact area bulk region and increasing temperature values toward the contact line region and beyond. The basic temperature trends and evaporation behavior are similar for the polished and nano-structured surface while the nanofluid exhibits some distinction. Evaporation times are reduced up to 20% and 37% using the nanostructured surface and nanofluid, respectively. Considering the evaporation time reduction as a measure of droplet cooling performance, the nano-enhanced surface and nanofluid may improve heat transfer in droplet impingement and spray cooling applications. Close

• 164. [Article] The thermal characteristics of hydrologically intact Type C and E streams in eastern Oregon

  Many streams in eastern Oregon are listed as water quality impaired on the basis of water temperature. However, it is often difficult to predict water temperature for these streams even if there are no ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The thermal characteristics of hydrologically intact Type C and E streams in eastern Oregon Author: Hopkins, Karl T. Many streams in eastern Oregon are listed as water quality impaired on the basis of water temperature. However, it is often difficult to predict water temperature for these streams even if there are no anthropogenic impacts. We measured air and water temperature and stream characteristics on three Type C and E channel streams to determine if stream type can help predict stream thermal characteristics. All six streams were hydrologically intact, assessed as Proper Functioning Condition (PFC), and were located in eastern and south central Oregon. Water and air temperatures and stream geomorphic data were taken during the summer months of 1998 and 1999. Average daily maximum and minimum water temperature and average daily maximum and minimum rates of change in water temperature following normalization of data with estimated water residence time were analyzed. There was more variation within stream type than across groups, which precluded separation of stream types based on thermal characteristics. Most streams regardless of type and year exhibited similar daily mean nighttime recoveries of approximately 0.53°C/hour cooling in the downstream direction following normalization by water residence time. All of the streams heated at least 1.0°C/hour during the day with some streams gaining 2.25°C/hour in the downstream direction following normalization by water residence time. Thermal variation among the streams was likely a result of the daily initial water temperature, the gradient between stream and thermal environment, and the varied physical character of each stream within type. Atmospheric temperature is probably the single most critical factor for characterizing stream temperature behavior during the periods of heating and cooling. Title: The thermal characteristics of hydrologically intact Type C and E streams in eastern Oregon Author: Hopkins, Karl T. Many streams in eastern Oregon are listed as water quality impaired on the basis of water temperature. However, it is often difficult to predict water temperature for these streams even if there are no anthropogenic impacts. We measured air and water temperature and stream characteristics on three Type C and E channel streams to determine if stream type can help predict stream thermal characteristics. All six streams were hydrologically intact, assessed as Proper Functioning Condition (PFC), and were located in eastern and south central Oregon. Water and air temperatures and stream geomorphic data were taken during the summer months of 1998 and 1999. Average daily maximum and minimum water temperature and average daily maximum and minimum rates of change in water temperature following normalization of data with estimated water residence time were analyzed. There was more variation within stream type than across groups, which precluded separation of stream types based on thermal characteristics. Most streams regardless of type and year exhibited similar daily mean nighttime recoveries of approximately 0.53°C/hour cooling in the downstream direction following normalization by water residence time. All of the streams heated at least 1.0°C/hour during the day with some streams gaining 2.25°C/hour in the downstream direction following normalization by water residence time. Thermal variation among the streams was likely a result of the daily initial water temperature, the gradient between stream and thermal environment, and the varied physical character of each stream within type. Atmospheric temperature is probably the single most critical factor for characterizing stream temperature behavior during the periods of heating and cooling. Close

• 165. [Article] The effect of soil temperature and soil moisture stress on S-urea mineralization and ryegrass yield

  A growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine the rate of S-urea mineralization and effect of S-urea on the yield of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) grown in Steiwer soil as influenced by soil temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of soil temperature and soil moisture stress on S-urea mineralization and ryegrass yield Author: Akratanakul, Wanee A growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine the rate of S-urea mineralization and effect of S-urea on the yield of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) grown in Steiwer soil as influenced by soil temperature (60, 75, and 90° F) and soil moisture stress (0. 10, 0.35, and 2.50 bars). Plant yield, nitrogen and sulphur uptake and amount of S-urea mineralized were studied. The optimum conditions for ryegrass growth appeared to vary due to the interaction between soil temperature and moisture status. Increasing root temperature indicated a higher soil moisture content was required for optimum ryegrass growth. High soil temperature and low soil water suction decreased the percent plant nitrogen in 31-day old seedlings. Ryegrass N-uptake was highest in the 31-day old seedlings maintained at 0.35 bar soil water suction and a root temperature of 75° F. Optimum conditions for S-urea mineralization to available NH₄ + NO₃ occurred at a soil temperature of 90° F and moisture stress of 0.10 bar. Moreover, the mineralization exceeded 60 percent of the S-urea added in only 9 days after application under these warm moist soil conditions. The amount of nitrogen mineralized was directly related to plant growth. While SO₄-S mineralized from S-urea varied directly with soil temperature and moisture content unlike nitrogen mineralization no interaction between these two factors was observed. Sulphur and nitrogen status in plants proved to have a close relationship. At low soil temperature and high soil moisture content luxury consumption of sulphate by ryegrass likely occurred. Title: The effect of soil temperature and soil moisture stress on S-urea mineralization and ryegrass yield Author: Akratanakul, Wanee A growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine the rate of S-urea mineralization and effect of S-urea on the yield of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) grown in Steiwer soil as influenced by soil temperature (60, 75, and 90° F) and soil moisture stress (0. 10, 0.35, and 2.50 bars). Plant yield, nitrogen and sulphur uptake and amount of S-urea mineralized were studied. The optimum conditions for ryegrass growth appeared to vary due to the interaction between soil temperature and moisture status. Increasing root temperature indicated a higher soil moisture content was required for optimum ryegrass growth. High soil temperature and low soil water suction decreased the percent plant nitrogen in 31-day old seedlings. Ryegrass N-uptake was highest in the 31-day old seedlings maintained at 0.35 bar soil water suction and a root temperature of 75° F. Optimum conditions for S-urea mineralization to available NH₄ + NO₃ occurred at a soil temperature of 90° F and moisture stress of 0.10 bar. Moreover, the mineralization exceeded 60 percent of the S-urea added in only 9 days after application under these warm moist soil conditions. The amount of nitrogen mineralized was directly related to plant growth. While SO₄-S mineralized from S-urea varied directly with soil temperature and moisture content unlike nitrogen mineralization no interaction between these two factors was observed. Sulphur and nitrogen status in plants proved to have a close relationship. At low soil temperature and high soil moisture content luxury consumption of sulphate by ryegrass likely occurred. Close

• 166. [Article] Temperature-dependent development of strawberry root weevil Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.)

  The temperature-dependent development of pupae and adults of strawberry root weevil (SRW) Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) was studied in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. var. 'Totem'). The development of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature-dependent development of strawberry root weevil Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) Author: Umble, Jon R. The temperature-dependent development of pupae and adults of strawberry root weevil (SRW) Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) was studied in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. var. 'Totem'). The development of pupae and adults was investigated at constant temperatures from 3-33°C at 3°C intervals. Major emphasis was on the development of a weighted linear temperature-based pupal prediction model. The predictive ability of this weighted model was compared to a traditional non-weighted linear degree-day model by relating predictions to the observed occurrence of SRW lifestages determined by field sampling. The upper thermal lethal limit for SRW pupae was between 30 and 33°C. Pupae did not eclose below 6°C. Mean pupal duration was 127 d at 6°C and 7 d at 30°C. Rate of development (1/days) was greatest at 30°C. The weighted linear pupal prediction model produced a developmental threshold of 4.3°C and a degree-day requirement of 227.3. The non-weighted linear pupal prediction model produced a developmental threshold of 6.2°C and a degree-day requirement of 163.9. Adults fed at all temperatures from 3-33°C and oviposited at temperatures between 18 and 30°C . The longest preoviposition period (32.8 d) and the least total number of eggs (2.2) were observed at 18°C. The shortest preoviposition period (15.1 d) and the greatest total number of eggs (282.5) were observed at 27°C. A temperature range of 21 to 27°C appeared to be optimum for oviposition; i.e. relative to other temperatures, preoviposition time was short, mortality was low, and total number of eggs laid was high. Title: Temperature-dependent development of strawberry root weevil Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) Author: Umble, Jon R. The temperature-dependent development of pupae and adults of strawberry root weevil (SRW) Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) was studied in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. var. 'Totem'). The development of pupae and adults was investigated at constant temperatures from 3-33°C at 3°C intervals. Major emphasis was on the development of a weighted linear temperature-based pupal prediction model. The predictive ability of this weighted model was compared to a traditional non-weighted linear degree-day model by relating predictions to the observed occurrence of SRW lifestages determined by field sampling. The upper thermal lethal limit for SRW pupae was between 30 and 33°C. Pupae did not eclose below 6°C. Mean pupal duration was 127 d at 6°C and 7 d at 30°C. Rate of development (1/days) was greatest at 30°C. The weighted linear pupal prediction model produced a developmental threshold of 4.3°C and a degree-day requirement of 227.3. The non-weighted linear pupal prediction model produced a developmental threshold of 6.2°C and a degree-day requirement of 163.9. Adults fed at all temperatures from 3-33°C and oviposited at temperatures between 18 and 30°C . The longest preoviposition period (32.8 d) and the least total number of eggs (2.2) were observed at 18°C. The shortest preoviposition period (15.1 d) and the greatest total number of eggs (282.5) were observed at 27°C. A temperature range of 21 to 27°C appeared to be optimum for oviposition; i.e. relative to other temperatures, preoviposition time was short, mortality was low, and total number of eggs laid was high. Close

• 167. [Article] Microchannel steam-methane reforming under constant and variable surface temperature distributions

  Steam-methane reforming is a well understood industrial process used for generating hydrogen and synthesis gas. The reaction is generally carried out with residence times on the order of one second. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Microchannel steam-methane reforming under constant and variable surface temperature distributions Author: Eilers, Benn J. Steam-methane reforming is a well understood industrial process used for generating hydrogen and synthesis gas. The reaction is generally carried out with residence times on the order of one second. By performing this reaction at microscales it is possible to take advantage of increased heat transfer rates and low diffusion times allowing equipment size and residence times to be decreased by an order of magnitude. The energy required for the steam-methane reforming reaction could be supplied by solar energy through the use of a solar collector/receiver, thus providing a "cleaner" pathway for hydrogen generation. In such reactors, it is expected that the heat flux and temperature distribution is non-uniform. This study presents a first step in characterizing reforming performance under such variable temperature conditions. The design of the channel was such that the non-uniform heat flux profile expected inside of a solar receiver could be simulated by a controllable temperature profile along the reactor surface. Experiments were conducted over four catalyst configurations and the effects of average reactor temperature, temperature distribution, residence time, steam-methane ratio, and long duration testing were all evaluated. Results demonstrated over 60% conversion of methane at 900°C and a residence time of 26 milliseconds. Methane conversion was found to be strongly dependent on reactor temperature. Ramping temperature distributions demonstrated a 46% greater hydrogen output than isothermal reactions performed at the same average temperature. This work was performed in conjunction with development of a CFD model of reacting flow through a microchannel [1]. The experiments were used to determine the pre-exponential constants of the global reaction rates. Title: Microchannel steam-methane reforming under constant and variable surface temperature distributions Author: Eilers, Benn J. Steam-methane reforming is a well understood industrial process used for generating hydrogen and synthesis gas. The reaction is generally carried out with residence times on the order of one second. By performing this reaction at microscales it is possible to take advantage of increased heat transfer rates and low diffusion times allowing equipment size and residence times to be decreased by an order of magnitude. The energy required for the steam-methane reforming reaction could be supplied by solar energy through the use of a solar collector/receiver, thus providing a "cleaner" pathway for hydrogen generation. In such reactors, it is expected that the heat flux and temperature distribution is non-uniform. This study presents a first step in characterizing reforming performance under such variable temperature conditions. The design of the channel was such that the non-uniform heat flux profile expected inside of a solar receiver could be simulated by a controllable temperature profile along the reactor surface. Experiments were conducted over four catalyst configurations and the effects of average reactor temperature, temperature distribution, residence time, steam-methane ratio, and long duration testing were all evaluated. Results demonstrated over 60% conversion of methane at 900°C and a residence time of 26 milliseconds. Methane conversion was found to be strongly dependent on reactor temperature. Ramping temperature distributions demonstrated a 46% greater hydrogen output than isothermal reactions performed at the same average temperature. This work was performed in conjunction with development of a CFD model of reacting flow through a microchannel [1]. The experiments were used to determine the pre-exponential constants of the global reaction rates. Close

• 168. [Article] Fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil

  The fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil were investigated in a systematic investigation. There are two main parts in this study, the dry bulk tests (dehydrated crude oil) and the wet bulk tests ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil Author: Lin, Dah-cheng The fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil were investigated in a systematic investigation. There are two main parts in this study, the dry bulk tests (dehydrated crude oil) and the wet bulk tests (to which desalter brine was added). Three barrels of desalted crude oil provided by Amoco Oil Company were studied. For the dry bulk tests, no brine was added to the crude oil. The effects of fluid velocity and surface temperature on fouling were investigated. The higher the surface temperature the greater the fouling was observed. Fouling decreased with an increase of fluid velocity. Fluid velocity had a stronger effect on fouling at low surface temperatures than at high surface temperatures. It was also observed that the fouling behavior of crude oil depended on small difference in composition. The threshold surface temperatures for the initiation of fouling were 400-450 °F (3.0 ft/sec), 525-550 °F (5.5 ft/sec), 550-600 °F (8.0 ft/sec) and about 600 °F (10.0 ft/sec) for Barrel No. 2 and Barrel No. 3. For Barrel No. 1 however, the threshold surface temperatures were about 550 °F (3.0 ft/sec) and 600 °F (5.5 ft/sec). For the wet bulk tests, a certain amount desalter brine (weight percentage = 0.8%) was added to the crude oil for each run. The effects of fluid velocity, surface temperature and the presence of brine on fouling were investigated. Higher surface temperature enhanced fouling considerably. Fouling was reduced as fluid velocity was increased. It was shown that brine had a strong effect on fouling. No fouling occurred for velocities of 5.5 and 8.0 ft/sec at a surface temperature of 350 °F which was a condition for which an aqueous phase was present and the salt remained in solution. Significant fouling occurred for velocities of 5.5 and 8.0 ft/sec at a surface temperature operated at a low 400 °F (Tb = 300 °F) which was a condition for which the aqueous phase at the heat transfer surface was dissolved or boiled to extinction and the salt was deposited on the heat transfer surface. Title: Fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil Author: Lin, Dah-cheng The fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil were investigated in a systematic investigation. There are two main parts in this study, the dry bulk tests (dehydrated crude oil) and the wet bulk tests (to which desalter brine was added). Three barrels of desalted crude oil provided by Amoco Oil Company were studied. For the dry bulk tests, no brine was added to the crude oil. The effects of fluid velocity and surface temperature on fouling were investigated. The higher the surface temperature the greater the fouling was observed. Fouling decreased with an increase of fluid velocity. Fluid velocity had a stronger effect on fouling at low surface temperatures than at high surface temperatures. It was also observed that the fouling behavior of crude oil depended on small difference in composition. The threshold surface temperatures for the initiation of fouling were 400-450 °F (3.0 ft/sec), 525-550 °F (5.5 ft/sec), 550-600 °F (8.0 ft/sec) and about 600 °F (10.0 ft/sec) for Barrel No. 2 and Barrel No. 3. For Barrel No. 1 however, the threshold surface temperatures were about 550 °F (3.0 ft/sec) and 600 °F (5.5 ft/sec). For the wet bulk tests, a certain amount desalter brine (weight percentage = 0.8%) was added to the crude oil for each run. The effects of fluid velocity, surface temperature and the presence of brine on fouling were investigated. Higher surface temperature enhanced fouling considerably. Fouling was reduced as fluid velocity was increased. It was shown that brine had a strong effect on fouling. No fouling occurred for velocities of 5.5 and 8.0 ft/sec at a surface temperature of 350 °F which was a condition for which an aqueous phase was present and the salt remained in solution. Significant fouling occurred for velocities of 5.5 and 8.0 ft/sec at a surface temperature operated at a low 400 °F (Tb = 300 °F) which was a condition for which the aqueous phase at the heat transfer surface was dissolved or boiled to extinction and the salt was deposited on the heat transfer surface. Close

• 169. [Article] Effects of petroleum mulch on soil water content and soil temperature

  Petroleum mulch applied on the soil surface over a row of planted seeds promotes a more rapid and a more uniform germination of seeds, enhances elongation of seedlings and in some cases increases the yield ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of petroleum mulch on soil water content and soil temperature Author: Kowsar, Ahang Petroleum mulch applied on the soil surface over a row of planted seeds promotes a more rapid and a more uniform germination of seeds, enhances elongation of seedlings and in some cases increases the yield of the crop. The beneficial effects of petroleum mulch have usually been attributed to increased soil temperatures below the mulch. Some reports have pointed out that evaporation of soil water is reduced as a result of the mulch application. An experimental arrangement was designed so that changes in soil temperature and soil water content of mulched and unmulched soil, subjected to the same radiation load could be measured under controlled conditions. Soil at a pre-determined water content was packed into boxes with inside dimensions of 4.0 x 40.0 x 48.0 cm. A ten cm wide band of mulch was applied to one side of the slab leaving 30 cm of bare soil. The soil was subjected to a temperature cycle by turning on infra-red heat lamps at 8:00 A.M., increasing the energy output at hourly intervals with a variable transformer until 2:00 P.M. and then decreasing the energy output until the lights were turned off at 8:00 P.M. Soil temperatures were measured at two-hour intervals with calibrated thermistors inserted into the soil slab. Soil water content changes at selected points were measured at regular intervals with a collimated gamma-beam, movable in a vertical as well as a horizontal direction. The heat flux into the soil was measured with heat flux discs. It was observed that an application of petroleum mulch, changes the temperature and water regime of a soil. The mulch covered soil was about 5°C warmer than the bare soil at the time the soil temperatures attained their maximum value. At all other times the temperature difference between mulched and bare soil was smaller. The bare soil rapidly lost water in the upper four centimeters. The mulch covered soil lost water in the upper cm of soil but gained water at depths below this zone. This gain in water was observed in the zone where seedlings are normally placed, indicating that the beneficial effect of petroleum mulch on germination and seedling growth must be attributed to improved soil water conditions as well as to improved soil temperature conditions. Title: Effects of petroleum mulch on soil water content and soil temperature Author: Kowsar, Ahang Petroleum mulch applied on the soil surface over a row of planted seeds promotes a more rapid and a more uniform germination of seeds, enhances elongation of seedlings and in some cases increases the yield of the crop. The beneficial effects of petroleum mulch have usually been attributed to increased soil temperatures below the mulch. Some reports have pointed out that evaporation of soil water is reduced as a result of the mulch application. An experimental arrangement was designed so that changes in soil temperature and soil water content of mulched and unmulched soil, subjected to the same radiation load could be measured under controlled conditions. Soil at a pre-determined water content was packed into boxes with inside dimensions of 4.0 x 40.0 x 48.0 cm. A ten cm wide band of mulch was applied to one side of the slab leaving 30 cm of bare soil. The soil was subjected to a temperature cycle by turning on infra-red heat lamps at 8:00 A.M., increasing the energy output at hourly intervals with a variable transformer until 2:00 P.M. and then decreasing the energy output until the lights were turned off at 8:00 P.M. Soil temperatures were measured at two-hour intervals with calibrated thermistors inserted into the soil slab. Soil water content changes at selected points were measured at regular intervals with a collimated gamma-beam, movable in a vertical as well as a horizontal direction. The heat flux into the soil was measured with heat flux discs. It was observed that an application of petroleum mulch, changes the temperature and water regime of a soil. The mulch covered soil was about 5°C warmer than the bare soil at the time the soil temperatures attained their maximum value. At all other times the temperature difference between mulched and bare soil was smaller. The bare soil rapidly lost water in the upper four centimeters. The mulch covered soil lost water in the upper cm of soil but gained water at depths below this zone. This gain in water was observed in the zone where seedlings are normally placed, indicating that the beneficial effect of petroleum mulch on germination and seedling growth must be attributed to improved soil water conditions as well as to improved soil temperature conditions. Close

• 170. [Article] Viscosity of the Zr₄₁.₂Ti₁₃.₈Cu₁₂.₅Ni₁₀.₀Be₂₂.₅ bulk metallic glass forming alloy above the liquidus temperature

  The viscosity of Zr[subscript 41.2]Ti[subscript 13.8]Cu[subscript 12.5]Ni[subscript 10.0]Be[subscript 22.5] (Vit1) has been measured above the liquidus temperature, T[subscript liq]=1026 K, using a high ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Viscosity of the Zr₄₁.₂Ti₁₃.₈Cu₁₂.₅Ni₁₀.₀Be₂₂.₅ bulk metallic glass forming alloy above the liquidus temperature Author: Way, Christopher D. The viscosity of Zr[subscript 41.2]Ti[subscript 13.8]Cu[subscript 12.5]Ni[subscript 10.0]Be[subscript 22.5] (Vit1) has been measured above the liquidus temperature, T[subscript liq]=1026 K, using a high vacuum high temperature rapid annealing furnace equipped with a Couette Concentric Cylinder Rheometer. Steady state measurements have been taken over a temperature range of 1075-1300 K and a shear rate range of 10⁰-10² s⁻¹. It has previously been discovered that there exists a pronounced decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate which is contrary to the general belief that metallic systems above the liquidus temperature should show Newtonian behavior due to high atomic mobility. This suggests that there is short or medium range order present in the liquid state that can be destroyed by shearing. This current study has discovered that this shear rate dependence of the viscosity of Vit1 decreases with increasing temperature and approaches the Newtonian behavior and viscosities of simple monatomic or binary liquid alloys at 1225 K. Once this state is reached the viscosity will remain Newtonian in the liquid state and no order is reformed until the sample is cooled into the supercooled region. This indicates a strong temperature history dependence of the viscosity. It has also been discovered that initially crystalline Vit1 has an order of magnitude lower viscosity than initially amorphous Vit1 at 1075 K after melting. This difference decreases with increasing temperature until similar viscosities are obtained at 1175 K. The Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann relationship shows decreasing fragility of Vit1 with increasing shear rate and increasing temperature. It was also seen that temperature has a larger and more permanent effect on the fragility than shear rate. The development and results of converting viscosity data to configurational entropy using the Adam-Gibbs entropy model for viscous flow are discussed. This shows that the configurational entropy present after melting is on the order of the entropy of fusion. Title: Viscosity of the Zr₄₁.₂Ti₁₃.₈Cu₁₂.₅Ni₁₀.₀Be₂₂.₅ bulk metallic glass forming alloy above the liquidus temperature Author: Way, Christopher D. The viscosity of Zr[subscript 41.2]Ti[subscript 13.8]Cu[subscript 12.5]Ni[subscript 10.0]Be[subscript 22.5] (Vit1) has been measured above the liquidus temperature, T[subscript liq]=1026 K, using a high vacuum high temperature rapid annealing furnace equipped with a Couette Concentric Cylinder Rheometer. Steady state measurements have been taken over a temperature range of 1075-1300 K and a shear rate range of 10⁰-10² s⁻¹. It has previously been discovered that there exists a pronounced decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate which is contrary to the general belief that metallic systems above the liquidus temperature should show Newtonian behavior due to high atomic mobility. This suggests that there is short or medium range order present in the liquid state that can be destroyed by shearing. This current study has discovered that this shear rate dependence of the viscosity of Vit1 decreases with increasing temperature and approaches the Newtonian behavior and viscosities of simple monatomic or binary liquid alloys at 1225 K. Once this state is reached the viscosity will remain Newtonian in the liquid state and no order is reformed until the sample is cooled into the supercooled region. This indicates a strong temperature history dependence of the viscosity. It has also been discovered that initially crystalline Vit1 has an order of magnitude lower viscosity than initially amorphous Vit1 at 1075 K after melting. This difference decreases with increasing temperature until similar viscosities are obtained at 1175 K. The Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann relationship shows decreasing fragility of Vit1 with increasing shear rate and increasing temperature. It was also seen that temperature has a larger and more permanent effect on the fragility than shear rate. The development and results of converting viscosity data to configurational entropy using the Adam-Gibbs entropy model for viscous flow are discussed. This shows that the configurational entropy present after melting is on the order of the entropy of fusion. Close

• 171. [Image] Guidance for evaluating and recommending temperature regimes to protect fish

  	Abstract. Procedures are presented for evaluating temperature regimes for fish. Although examples pertain to spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), the principles apply to other species. Basic ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Guidance for evaluating and recommending temperature regimes to protect fish Author: Armour, Carl L. Year: 1991, 2005 Abstract. Procedures are presented for evaluating temperature regimes for fish. Although examples pertain to spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), the principles apply to other species. Basic temperature tolerance relationships for fish are explained and three options are described for comparing alternative temperature regimes. The options are to base comparisons on experimental temperature tolerance results, suitability of a simulated temperature regime for key life stages, or population statistics and predicted responses to simulated temperatures. Key words: Chinook salmon, water temperature, alternative temperature regimes. Title: Guidance for evaluating and recommending temperature regimes to protect fish Author: Armour, Carl L. Year: 1991, 2005 Abstract. Procedures are presented for evaluating temperature regimes for fish. Although examples pertain to spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), the principles apply to other species. Basic temperature tolerance relationships for fish are explained and three options are described for comparing alternative temperature regimes. The options are to base comparisons on experimental temperature tolerance results, suitability of a simulated temperature regime for key life stages, or population statistics and predicted responses to simulated temperatures. Key words: Chinook salmon, water temperature, alternative temperature regimes. Close

• 172. [Article] Analysis and prediction of the water temperature of the McKenzie River, Oregon using the equilibrium temperature approach

  A one dimensional, steady flow, unsteady temperature model is used to evaluate the effects of two U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) dams and resulting reservoirs on hourly water temperatures of the mainstem ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis and prediction of the water temperature of the McKenzie River, Oregon using the equilibrium temperature approach Author: Hansen, R. Peder Year: 1986 A one dimensional, steady flow, unsteady temperature model is used to evaluate the effects of two U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) dams and resulting reservoirs on hourly water temperatures of the mainstem McKenzie River from Delta Park (RM 62.1) to Leaburg Dam (RM 38.8). Both COE projects are on tributaries to the McKenzie River and at present have only bottom withdrawl capabilities. Title: Analysis and prediction of the water temperature of the McKenzie River, Oregon using the equilibrium temperature approach Author: Hansen, R. Peder Year: 1986 A one dimensional, steady flow, unsteady temperature model is used to evaluate the effects of two U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) dams and resulting reservoirs on hourly water temperatures of the mainstem McKenzie River from Delta Park (RM 62.1) to Leaburg Dam (RM 38.8). Both COE projects are on tributaries to the McKenzie River and at present have only bottom withdrawl capabilities. Close

• 173. [Article] The influence of dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature on the survival and growth of chinook salmon embryos and fry

  Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, were reared from fertilization of the eggs to several weeks after complete yolk absorption at dissolved oxygen concentration of 3.5, 5.0, and 7.3 mg/liter and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature on the survival and growth of chinook salmon embryos and fry Author: Eddy, Ronald M. Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, were reared from fertilization of the eggs to several weeks after complete yolk absorption at dissolved oxygen concentration of 3.5, 5.0, and 7.3 mg/liter and air-saturation at temperatures of 10.5, 12.0, 13.5, and 15.0 C. Decrease of either temperature or dissolved oxygen concentration resulted in increase in the median (50%) hatching time of fry. Increase of temperature or decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration decreased mean dry weights of newly hatched fry and survival. Temperatures above 12.0 C resulted in substantially reduced survival at all dissolved oxygen levels tested. Large increases in mortality occurred during late embryonic and sac fry stages, the amount of mortality during each period being directly related to the prevailing test conditions. Title: The influence of dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature on the survival and growth of chinook salmon embryos and fry Author: Eddy, Ronald M. Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, were reared from fertilization of the eggs to several weeks after complete yolk absorption at dissolved oxygen concentration of 3.5, 5.0, and 7.3 mg/liter and air-saturation at temperatures of 10.5, 12.0, 13.5, and 15.0 C. Decrease of either temperature or dissolved oxygen concentration resulted in increase in the median (50%) hatching time of fry. Increase of temperature or decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration decreased mean dry weights of newly hatched fry and survival. Temperatures above 12.0 C resulted in substantially reduced survival at all dissolved oxygen levels tested. Large increases in mortality occurred during late embryonic and sac fry stages, the amount of mortality during each period being directly related to the prevailing test conditions. Close

• 174. [Article] Temperature effects on surface energetic parameters evaluated at solid/liquid interfaces

  Measurable surface parameters which may be related to the response evoked upon contact with biofluids have been suggested to provide direction for characterization, prediction, and ultimate control of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature effects on surface energetic parameters evaluated at solid/liquid interfaces Author: Lee, Euisang Measurable surface parameters which may be related to the response evoked upon contact with biofluids have been suggested to provide direction for characterization, prediction, and ultimate control of biofluid behavior at interfaces. With respect to fouling of heat exchange equipment by biofluids, such properties may be useful for the development of models which include a surface-related term. However, their dependence on temperature has not been adequately studied. Surface energetic parameters for a variety of contact surfaces were recorded at temperatures from 7 to 80°C using contact angle analysis with a modified sessile drop technique. A linear dependence in surface energetic properties with temperature was observed. The observed temperature effect suggests a need for account of this influence in development of models describing biofluid-contact surface interactions outside of the ambient range. Title: Temperature effects on surface energetic parameters evaluated at solid/liquid interfaces Author: Lee, Euisang Measurable surface parameters which may be related to the response evoked upon contact with biofluids have been suggested to provide direction for characterization, prediction, and ultimate control of biofluid behavior at interfaces. With respect to fouling of heat exchange equipment by biofluids, such properties may be useful for the development of models which include a surface-related term. However, their dependence on temperature has not been adequately studied. Surface energetic parameters for a variety of contact surfaces were recorded at temperatures from 7 to 80°C using contact angle analysis with a modified sessile drop technique. A linear dependence in surface energetic properties with temperature was observed. The observed temperature effect suggests a need for account of this influence in development of models describing biofluid-contact surface interactions outside of the ambient range. Close

• 175. [Article] Temperature Effects on the Development of Cheddar Cheese Flavor and Aroma

  Originally published in Journal of Dairy Science: http://journalofdairyscience.org/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature Effects on the Development of Cheddar Cheese Flavor and Aroma Author: Grazier, C. L., Torres, J. A., McDaniel, M. R., Bodyfelt, F. W. Originally published in Journal of Dairy Science: http://journalofdairyscience.org/ Title: Temperature Effects on the Development of Cheddar Cheese Flavor and Aroma Author: Grazier, C. L., Torres, J. A., McDaniel, M. R., Bodyfelt, F. W. Originally published in Journal of Dairy Science: http://journalofdairyscience.org/ Close

• 176. [Article] Thermal Ecology and Movement in the Leopard Lizard, Gambelia Wislizeni, Baird and Girard

  Thermal ecology and movement of the Leopard Lizard, G. wistizeniwere studied at Frog Spring, adjacent to the Alvord Desert, and at various locations throughout the Alvord Basin. Seasonal activity is known ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thermal Ecology and Movement in the Leopard Lizard, Gambelia Wislizeni, Baird and Girard Author: Abts, Marvin Lynn Year: 1976 Thermal ecology and movement of the Leopard Lizard, G. wistizeniwere studied at Frog Spring, adjacent to the Alvord Desert, and at various locations throughout the Alvord Basin. Seasonal activity is known to occur from early May to mid-October, but abundance. gradually decreases after late July. During favorable late spring, and summer weather lizards exhibit a bimodal pattern of diel activity with some activity occurring at all hours of the day between 0600 and 1800 H. At other times activity was unimodal. Emergence was apparently largely temperature dependent and did not occur until sand temperature approximated 21°C. Retreat appeared to be temperature independent, and was initiated by exogenous or endogenous stimuli at sand temperatures often above body temperatures acceptable for normal activity. For the period of study, juveniles exhibited diel activity patterns similar to adults, and were found during all hours in which adults were encountered. Body temperatures of field active lizards, largely affected by the immediate weather conditions, , ranged from 18.6° to 43.4°C. Because of a variety of thermoregulatory response (changes in location, posture, and orientation, color change, burrowing, shade-seeking, and panting), even during unfavorable weather conditions, most body temperatures fell within a narrower range. Nonetheless, the ability of field active lizards to precisely thermoregulate was limited, and the levels of body temperature maintained usually encompassed a broader range than those maintained in a thermal gradient. The mean body temperature of field active lizards during favorable weather conditions, and that of active lizards in a thermal gradient, did not differ significantly, and seemed to indicate a narrow range of body temperature preference. However, prevailing weather conditions were frequently unfavorable, thus limiting the extent of time during which selection of preferred body temperature could occur. Consequently, though activity depended on the attainment of certain temperature levels, G. wislizeni was forced to adapt to a broader range of body temperatures when performing most routine tasks. The necessity of precision thermoregulation is unclear, but apparently physiological efficiency was not greatly diminished over the broad range of body temperatures fiefd active lizards were often accepting. Relatively speaking, movement in G. wislizeni was extensive. Adult males occupied an average area more than twice the size of adult females and juveniles. Plotted polygons, constructed from sighting points, tended to be elongate. The extent to which lizards occupied a definite home range was uncertain. Adult males , continuously expanding the area occupied, probably lacked a home range. Adult females, demonstrating . little area expansion, perhaps maintained a home range. Territoriality by means of intraspecific display or aggression appeared negligible in G. wislizeni.Adult males did not demonstrate such behavior toward one another . Based on a limited extent of area overlap, adult females may have exhibited territoriality toward members of their sex. Movement per hour revealed results similar to area occupied, with adult males traveling an average distance of nearly three times as great as adult females and juveniles. Greatest distances frequently coincided with peak diel activity. Individual moves were frequent in adult males and juveniles, but infrequent in ~ adult females. Adult female long moves were similar in distance to adult males, but exogenous stimuli perhaps linked with home range maintenance restricted the frequency of such jaunts. Movement in G. wislizeni appeared independent of environmental thermal conditions when body temperature was within the range acceptable for normal activity. Diel movement appeared to be random in the species. Seasonal movement in juveniles, based on dispersion data, appeared directional. Title: Thermal Ecology and Movement in the Leopard Lizard, Gambelia Wislizeni, Baird and Girard Author: Abts, Marvin Lynn Year: 1976 Thermal ecology and movement of the Leopard Lizard, G. wistizeniwere studied at Frog Spring, adjacent to the Alvord Desert, and at various locations throughout the Alvord Basin. Seasonal activity is known to occur from early May to mid-October, but abundance. gradually decreases after late July. During favorable late spring, and summer weather lizards exhibit a bimodal pattern of diel activity with some activity occurring at all hours of the day between 0600 and 1800 H. At other times activity was unimodal. Emergence was apparently largely temperature dependent and did not occur until sand temperature approximated 21°C. Retreat appeared to be temperature independent, and was initiated by exogenous or endogenous stimuli at sand temperatures often above body temperatures acceptable for normal activity. For the period of study, juveniles exhibited diel activity patterns similar to adults, and were found during all hours in which adults were encountered. Body temperatures of field active lizards, largely affected by the immediate weather conditions, , ranged from 18.6° to 43.4°C. Because of a variety of thermoregulatory response (changes in location, posture, and orientation, color change, burrowing, shade-seeking, and panting), even during unfavorable weather conditions, most body temperatures fell within a narrower range. Nonetheless, the ability of field active lizards to precisely thermoregulate was limited, and the levels of body temperature maintained usually encompassed a broader range than those maintained in a thermal gradient. The mean body temperature of field active lizards during favorable weather conditions, and that of active lizards in a thermal gradient, did not differ significantly, and seemed to indicate a narrow range of body temperature preference. However, prevailing weather conditions were frequently unfavorable, thus limiting the extent of time during which selection of preferred body temperature could occur. Consequently, though activity depended on the attainment of certain temperature levels, G. wislizeni was forced to adapt to a broader range of body temperatures when performing most routine tasks. The necessity of precision thermoregulation is unclear, but apparently physiological efficiency was not greatly diminished over the broad range of body temperatures fiefd active lizards were often accepting. Relatively speaking, movement in G. wislizeni was extensive. Adult males occupied an average area more than twice the size of adult females and juveniles. Plotted polygons, constructed from sighting points, tended to be elongate. The extent to which lizards occupied a definite home range was uncertain. Adult males , continuously expanding the area occupied, probably lacked a home range. Adult females, demonstrating . little area expansion, perhaps maintained a home range. Territoriality by means of intraspecific display or aggression appeared negligible in G. wislizeni.Adult males did not demonstrate such behavior toward one another . Based on a limited extent of area overlap, adult females may have exhibited territoriality toward members of their sex. Movement per hour revealed results similar to area occupied, with adult males traveling an average distance of nearly three times as great as adult females and juveniles. Greatest distances frequently coincided with peak diel activity. Individual moves were frequent in adult males and juveniles, but infrequent in ~ adult females. Adult female long moves were similar in distance to adult males, but exogenous stimuli perhaps linked with home range maintenance restricted the frequency of such jaunts. Movement in G. wislizeni appeared independent of environmental thermal conditions when body temperature was within the range acceptable for normal activity. Diel movement appeared to be random in the species. Seasonal movement in juveniles, based on dispersion data, appeared directional. Close

• 177. [Article] The value of short run in-stream temperature forecasts : an application to salmonids in the Klamath and John Day Rivers

  Water temperature is an important measure of water quality, as well as a dominant factor affecting aquatic life within the stream environment. Elevated water temperatures can decrease the survival rate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The value of short run in-stream temperature forecasts : an application to salmonids in the Klamath and John Day Rivers Author: Huang, Biao Water temperature is an important measure of water quality, as well as a dominant factor affecting aquatic life within the stream environment. Elevated water temperatures can decrease the survival rate of fish in each life stage. Cold water species, such as salmonids, are particularly susceptible to elevated water temperatures. For example, increased water temperatures are believed to have been the major cause of the large fish kill observed in the Klamath River in September 2002. This thesis examines the economic value of short-term water temperature forecasts for salmonid management. Forecasts may have value if they allow the water resource manager to make more cost-effective water allocation decisions. Specifically, this study considers two applications. One is the case of adult Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) returning to the Lower Klamath River in California, where cold water could be released upstream from the Lewiston Dam into the Trinity River to lower The Klamath River water temperature. Water releases create opportunity costs because of foregone hydropower production and crop irrigation. The second application is to juvenile summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the North Fork John Day River, where water could be purchased from agricultural uses to prevent excessive water temperature increases. This generates opportunity costs in the form of lower crop yields. This thesis incorporates bio-physical models and water temperature distribution data into a Bayesian framework to simulate the potential fish populations after ten generations and the corresponding opportunity cost of water under different forecast accuracies. Simulation results indicate that the marginal cost in the Klamath River decreases from about $80 per fish saved when the forecast standard deviation is 6 to about $40 when the forecast standard deviation is 0(perfect forecast). In the John Day River the marginal cost per fish decreases from $34 for a standard deviation of 6 to $29 for a standard deviation of 0. A key result of the thesis is the pattern of decreasing marginal costs as the forecast accuracy increases, suggesting that provision and use of such stream temperature forecasts would have value to society. Title: The value of short run in-stream temperature forecasts : an application to salmonids in the Klamath and John Day Rivers Author: Huang, Biao Water temperature is an important measure of water quality, as well as a dominant factor affecting aquatic life within the stream environment. Elevated water temperatures can decrease the survival rate of fish in each life stage. Cold water species, such as salmonids, are particularly susceptible to elevated water temperatures. For example, increased water temperatures are believed to have been the major cause of the large fish kill observed in the Klamath River in September 2002. This thesis examines the economic value of short-term water temperature forecasts for salmonid management. Forecasts may have value if they allow the water resource manager to make more cost-effective water allocation decisions. Specifically, this study considers two applications. One is the case of adult Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) returning to the Lower Klamath River in California, where cold water could be released upstream from the Lewiston Dam into the Trinity River to lower The Klamath River water temperature. Water releases create opportunity costs because of foregone hydropower production and crop irrigation. The second application is to juvenile summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the North Fork John Day River, where water could be purchased from agricultural uses to prevent excessive water temperature increases. This generates opportunity costs in the form of lower crop yields. This thesis incorporates bio-physical models and water temperature distribution data into a Bayesian framework to simulate the potential fish populations after ten generations and the corresponding opportunity cost of water under different forecast accuracies. Simulation results indicate that the marginal cost in the Klamath River decreases from about $80 per fish saved when the forecast standard deviation is 6 to about $40 when the forecast standard deviation is 0(perfect forecast). In the John Day River the marginal cost per fish decreases from $34 for a standard deviation of 6 to $29 for a standard deviation of 0. A key result of the thesis is the pattern of decreasing marginal costs as the forecast accuracy increases, suggesting that provision and use of such stream temperature forecasts would have value to society. Close

• 178. [Article] Sensitivity of Disease Management Decision Aids to Temperature Input Errors Associated with Sampling Interval and Out-of-Canopy Sensor Placement

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sensitivity of Disease Management Decision Aids to Temperature Input Errors Associated with Sampling Interval and Out-of-Canopy Sensor Placement Author: Gent, D. H., Mahaffee, W. F., Pfender, W. F. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://www.apsnet.org/Pages/default.aspx. Title: Sensitivity of Disease Management Decision Aids to Temperature Input Errors Associated with Sampling Interval and Out-of-Canopy Sensor Placement Author: Gent, D. H., Mahaffee, W. F., Pfender, W. F. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://www.apsnet.org/Pages/default.aspx. Close

• 179. [Article] Summertime water temperature trends in Steamboat Creek Basin, Umpqua National Forest

  The Steamboat Creek basin drains 227 mi² (588 km²) of steep forested terrain into the North Umpqua River of Southwest Oregon, 39 mi (63 km) northeast of Roseburg. Summer base flows for Steamboat Creek ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summertime water temperature trends in Steamboat Creek Basin, Umpqua National Forest Author: Holaday, Steven A. The Steamboat Creek basin drains 227 mi² (588 km²) of steep forested terrain into the North Umpqua River of Southwest Oregon, 39 mi (63 km) northeast of Roseburg. Summer base flows for Steamboat Creek average 83 cfs (2.35 m³/sec). Steamboat Creek and its tributaries are considered important to the production of summer-run steelhead; the basin has been closed to angling since 1932. Harvesting has occurred in every subdrainage of the Steamboat Creek basin. Trees were routinely removed from riparian areas when harvesting in the basin began in 1955. Since the mid-1970s to early-1980s, however, buffer strips were left adjacent to streams. In addition, the floods of 1964-65 caused significant damage to riparian vegetation in the basin. This study was undertaken to: (1) determine long-term trends over the period 1969-90 of summertime water temperatures in the mainstem of Steamboat Creek, selected tributaries, and in Boulder Creek, an unharvested control stream in an adjacent watershed and (2) evaluate spacial patterns of maximum water temperatures in the Steamboat Creek basin during the summer of 1990. Significant (P≤0.10) trends of decreasing maximum daily summertime stream temperatures on Steamboat Creek and tributaries occurred from 1969-90. In contrast, an unharvested control stream showed a small, but nonsignificant, increasing trend in stream temperatures. The largest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (7 to 11°F, 3.9 to 6.1°C) occurred on small streams with summer base flows less than 6 cfs (0.17 m³/sec). These streams also had the highest proportion of stream length adjacent to harvesting activities before 1974. The smallest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (0 to 3°F, 0 to 1.7°C) occurred on streams with little or no history of timber harvest activity along riparian areas, or at locations where summer base flows were greater than 15 cfs (0.42 m³/sec). Since no trends in either air temperature or streamflow were apparent over the 1969-90 period, regrowth of riparian vegetation that was previously removed by flooding, debris torrents, or streamside harvesting, appears to be the major cause of trends in decreasing maximum summer stream temperature. Regrowth of riparian vegetation provides shade over small streams, decreasing energy input to the stream from solar radiation. Maximum daily stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek did not change significantly during the 1969-90 study period and stream temperature data in 1960 indicates that maximum stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek have historically been high. Any cooling effects by groundwater or tributaries are largely negated by the large volume of water in the main channel. Also, the large stream width renders riparian vegetation relatively ineffective in protecting the stream from solar radiation. Minimum stream temperatures decreased during the 1969-90 study period for all of the long-term stations in the Steamboat Creek basin while the control stream showed a slight increasing trend. Similarly, diurnal stream temperature fluctuations decreased for several tributaries. Title: Summertime water temperature trends in Steamboat Creek Basin, Umpqua National Forest Author: Holaday, Steven A. The Steamboat Creek basin drains 227 mi² (588 km²) of steep forested terrain into the North Umpqua River of Southwest Oregon, 39 mi (63 km) northeast of Roseburg. Summer base flows for Steamboat Creek average 83 cfs (2.35 m³/sec). Steamboat Creek and its tributaries are considered important to the production of summer-run steelhead; the basin has been closed to angling since 1932. Harvesting has occurred in every subdrainage of the Steamboat Creek basin. Trees were routinely removed from riparian areas when harvesting in the basin began in 1955. Since the mid-1970s to early-1980s, however, buffer strips were left adjacent to streams. In addition, the floods of 1964-65 caused significant damage to riparian vegetation in the basin. This study was undertaken to: (1) determine long-term trends over the period 1969-90 of summertime water temperatures in the mainstem of Steamboat Creek, selected tributaries, and in Boulder Creek, an unharvested control stream in an adjacent watershed and (2) evaluate spacial patterns of maximum water temperatures in the Steamboat Creek basin during the summer of 1990. Significant (P≤0.10) trends of decreasing maximum daily summertime stream temperatures on Steamboat Creek and tributaries occurred from 1969-90. In contrast, an unharvested control stream showed a small, but nonsignificant, increasing trend in stream temperatures. The largest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (7 to 11°F, 3.9 to 6.1°C) occurred on small streams with summer base flows less than 6 cfs (0.17 m³/sec). These streams also had the highest proportion of stream length adjacent to harvesting activities before 1974. The smallest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (0 to 3°F, 0 to 1.7°C) occurred on streams with little or no history of timber harvest activity along riparian areas, or at locations where summer base flows were greater than 15 cfs (0.42 m³/sec). Since no trends in either air temperature or streamflow were apparent over the 1969-90 period, regrowth of riparian vegetation that was previously removed by flooding, debris torrents, or streamside harvesting, appears to be the major cause of trends in decreasing maximum summer stream temperature. Regrowth of riparian vegetation provides shade over small streams, decreasing energy input to the stream from solar radiation. Maximum daily stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek did not change significantly during the 1969-90 study period and stream temperature data in 1960 indicates that maximum stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek have historically been high. Any cooling effects by groundwater or tributaries are largely negated by the large volume of water in the main channel. Also, the large stream width renders riparian vegetation relatively ineffective in protecting the stream from solar radiation. Minimum stream temperatures decreased during the 1969-90 study period for all of the long-term stations in the Steamboat Creek basin while the control stream showed a slight increasing trend. Similarly, diurnal stream temperature fluctuations decreased for several tributaries. Close

• 180. [Article] Monitoring river restoration using fiber optic temperature measurements in a modeling framework

  The Middle Fork of the John Day River (MFJD) in Northeastern Oregon contains important spawning grounds for spring Chinook and summer steelhead of the Columbia River Basin. In the summer of 2008 phase ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring river restoration using fiber optic temperature measurements in a modeling framework Author: Huff, Julie A. The Middle Fork of the John Day River (MFJD) in Northeastern Oregon contains important spawning grounds for spring Chinook and summer steelhead of the Columbia River Basin. In the summer of 2008 phase one of a river restoration project was completed which included the addition of engineered log jams (ELJs) and scour pools. The restoration focuses on increasing habitat diversity and decreasing peak summer temperatures which, perhaps, had been degraded due to anthropogenic activities such as dredge mining, cattle grazing, channelization and deforestation. This study utilized Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) technology to measure the temperature the MFJD study site before and after restoration during the summer of 2008. The temperature data along with other physical and climatic data were modeled using a physically based stream temperature model which incorporated groundwater inflows and an average depth of hyporheic exchange over the entire study reach. The root mean square errors for the pre- and post-restoration model are 0.57°C and 0.47°C, respectively. An average depth of the thermal mass associated with hyporheic exchange was calculated within the model to be 11m for pre- restoration and 1.6m for post-restoration. It is unclear as to whether the hyporheic exchange increased due to restoration or is an artifact of high flows during the pre-restoration period. A statistical analysis was completed on the longitudinal temperature profiles of the MFJD to identify lengths of the river whose temperatures are different upstream and downstream. Groundwater inflow was defined as locations with cooler day time and night time temperatures than the surroundings whereas hyporheic discharge was defined as locations with cooler day time temperatures but warmer night time temperature than the surroundings. Statistically significant locations were highlighted for both pre- and post-restoration and equated to an average decrease in local temperature of 0.08°C pre-restoration and 1.18°C post-restoration. This equates to 0.004 m³/s and 0.012 m³/s of groundwater inflow for pre- and post-restoration, respectively. Again, these differences could be artifacts of high flows during pre-restoration and cannot conclusively be linked to the restoration efforts. However, the largest groundwater inflow (0.004 m³/s) can be associated with one ELJ structure and its corresponding scour pool. Title: Monitoring river restoration using fiber optic temperature measurements in a modeling framework Author: Huff, Julie A. The Middle Fork of the John Day River (MFJD) in Northeastern Oregon contains important spawning grounds for spring Chinook and summer steelhead of the Columbia River Basin. In the summer of 2008 phase one of a river restoration project was completed which included the addition of engineered log jams (ELJs) and scour pools. The restoration focuses on increasing habitat diversity and decreasing peak summer temperatures which, perhaps, had been degraded due to anthropogenic activities such as dredge mining, cattle grazing, channelization and deforestation. This study utilized Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) technology to measure the temperature the MFJD study site before and after restoration during the summer of 2008. The temperature data along with other physical and climatic data were modeled using a physically based stream temperature model which incorporated groundwater inflows and an average depth of hyporheic exchange over the entire study reach. The root mean square errors for the pre- and post-restoration model are 0.57°C and 0.47°C, respectively. An average depth of the thermal mass associated with hyporheic exchange was calculated within the model to be 11m for pre- restoration and 1.6m for post-restoration. It is unclear as to whether the hyporheic exchange increased due to restoration or is an artifact of high flows during the pre-restoration period. A statistical analysis was completed on the longitudinal temperature profiles of the MFJD to identify lengths of the river whose temperatures are different upstream and downstream. Groundwater inflow was defined as locations with cooler day time and night time temperatures than the surroundings whereas hyporheic discharge was defined as locations with cooler day time temperatures but warmer night time temperature than the surroundings. Statistically significant locations were highlighted for both pre- and post-restoration and equated to an average decrease in local temperature of 0.08°C pre-restoration and 1.18°C post-restoration. This equates to 0.004 m³/s and 0.012 m³/s of groundwater inflow for pre- and post-restoration, respectively. Again, these differences could be artifacts of high flows during pre-restoration and cannot conclusively be linked to the restoration efforts. However, the largest groundwater inflow (0.004 m³/s) can be associated with one ELJ structure and its corresponding scour pool. Close

• 181. [Article] Floral and vegetative development in Dactylis glomerata as influenced by different temperature levels and durations

  Growth chamber and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different temperature levels and durations on floral induction and vegetative growth in orchardgrass. Propagules of two ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Floral and vegetative development in Dactylis glomerata as influenced by different temperature levels and durations Author: Von Amsberg, Hans Joachim Growth chamber and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different temperature levels and durations on floral induction and vegetative growth in orchardgrass. Propagules of two clones, XLI-8 (clone R) and MID-5 (clone 0), from the synthetic variety Pennlate, were used in all experiments. Clone R plants were less dependent than clone 0 plants on extended low temperature exposure for floral induction. Temperature regimes in the growth chambers, where daily maxima were above 65°F for the durations of exposure used in these experiments, did not induce clone 0 propagules. However, clone R plants were induced to some degree with all temperature regimes except where the maximum temperature reached over 90°F for 10 hours each day. The longer the exposure periods of inductive regimes, the higher the percentage of plants initiating an inflorescence and the larger the number of tillers induced. Clone R plants were usually induced in a shorter time than was true for clone 0. A positive linear relationship between floral induction and exposure time through the longest duration of 10 weeks suggests that the optimum duration of exposure under growth chamber conditions was not reached. Constant 38°F and alternating 38°-60°F induced the highest percentage of plants of both clones. Cyclic daily temperatures of 15 hours at 38°F and 5 hours at 60°F temperatures gave the highest number of inflorescences per plant for clone 0. This effect appeared to be due in part to the more favorable conditions for tillering with alternating temperatures, which resulted in more potentially inducible tillers. Alternating temperatures of 38°-60°F did not show a similar advantage over 38°F constant in number of inflorescence per plant for clone R, but did increase the number of tillers per plant. Cyclic temperatures with high temperature maxima usually favored tiller development, both in the controlled environment chamber and after they had been transferred to the greenhouse. Constant 38°F temperatures were less promotive to tillering and reduced leaf development on the main tiller. Leaf development was accelerated by high temperatures with response related to the duration of high temperature received in each cyclic regime. Field results indicated that the earlier the plant were transplanted to the field, the larger were the number of inflorescences. Differences in the number of floral primordia were more pronounced for clone 0 than they were for clone R plants. Earlier planting dates for either clone resulted in earlier inflorescence exsertion. Inflorescence exsertion started about a week earlier for clone 0 than for clone R. Clone 0 plants were superior to clone R plants in number of reproductive primordia, as well as in the total number of tillers developed in the field for early dates of planting. These differences were smaller or nonexistent with the later planting dates. Title: Floral and vegetative development in Dactylis glomerata as influenced by different temperature levels and durations Author: Von Amsberg, Hans Joachim Growth chamber and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different temperature levels and durations on floral induction and vegetative growth in orchardgrass. Propagules of two clones, XLI-8 (clone R) and MID-5 (clone 0), from the synthetic variety Pennlate, were used in all experiments. Clone R plants were less dependent than clone 0 plants on extended low temperature exposure for floral induction. Temperature regimes in the growth chambers, where daily maxima were above 65°F for the durations of exposure used in these experiments, did not induce clone 0 propagules. However, clone R plants were induced to some degree with all temperature regimes except where the maximum temperature reached over 90°F for 10 hours each day. The longer the exposure periods of inductive regimes, the higher the percentage of plants initiating an inflorescence and the larger the number of tillers induced. Clone R plants were usually induced in a shorter time than was true for clone 0. A positive linear relationship between floral induction and exposure time through the longest duration of 10 weeks suggests that the optimum duration of exposure under growth chamber conditions was not reached. Constant 38°F and alternating 38°-60°F induced the highest percentage of plants of both clones. Cyclic daily temperatures of 15 hours at 38°F and 5 hours at 60°F temperatures gave the highest number of inflorescences per plant for clone 0. This effect appeared to be due in part to the more favorable conditions for tillering with alternating temperatures, which resulted in more potentially inducible tillers. Alternating temperatures of 38°-60°F did not show a similar advantage over 38°F constant in number of inflorescence per plant for clone R, but did increase the number of tillers per plant. Cyclic temperatures with high temperature maxima usually favored tiller development, both in the controlled environment chamber and after they had been transferred to the greenhouse. Constant 38°F temperatures were less promotive to tillering and reduced leaf development on the main tiller. Leaf development was accelerated by high temperatures with response related to the duration of high temperature received in each cyclic regime. Field results indicated that the earlier the plant were transplanted to the field, the larger were the number of inflorescences. Differences in the number of floral primordia were more pronounced for clone 0 than they were for clone R plants. Earlier planting dates for either clone resulted in earlier inflorescence exsertion. Inflorescence exsertion started about a week earlier for clone 0 than for clone R. Clone 0 plants were superior to clone R plants in number of reproductive primordia, as well as in the total number of tillers developed in the field for early dates of planting. These differences were smaller or nonexistent with the later planting dates. Close

• 182. [Article] Temperature-modulated 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)antheracene carcinogenicity in rainbow trout

  Temperature influences the incidence of chemically induced cancer in fish, with warmer temperatures being associated with higher cancer incidence. The mechanisms of temperature-modulated chemical carcinogenesis ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature-modulated 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)antheracene carcinogenicity in rainbow trout Author: Zahr, Camille Reda Temperature influences the incidence of chemically induced cancer in fish, with warmer temperatures being associated with higher cancer incidence. The mechanisms of temperature-modulated chemical carcinogenesis in fish, however, have not been described in detail. Therefore, one primary objective of this study was increased understanding of how temperature-modulated genotoxicity of 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) corresponded with tumor response. The second entails the potential of temperature to modulate cancer promotion. Rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) (2 g) were acclimated at 10, 14 or 18°C for one month and then exposed to 1.0 ppm DMBA in their water for 20 hr. Exposures were at respective acclimation temperatures or 10 and 18°C acclimated fish were shifted to 14°C for DMBA exposures. Adduction of [³H]DMBA to hepatic DNA 21 days after exposure was higher in 10°C than 18°C fish exposed at their respective acclimation temperatures. However, in fish shifted to 14°C, the concentration of hepatic [³H]DMBA DNA adducts was similar in 10°C and 18°C acclimated fish at that time. Temperature effects on tumor incidence were assessed 9 months after DMBA waterborne exposures. Incidence of stomach, liver and swim-bladder cancer increased with rearing temperature. Differences in tumor incidence were less marked in fish reared at the same temperature (14°C). Retrospective analyses of livers from a tumor study initiated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was conducted with antibodies to endogenous proliferating nuclear antigen (PCNA). Proliferating cells were scored by counting labeled nuclei in 5 random 10x fields using an image analysis program (BIOQUANT SYSTEM IV). There was no significant increase in numbers of PCNA labeled hepatocytes with temperature. The influence of acclimation temperature on plasma mitogens that stimulate cell division was assessed in cultured Chinook salmon embryo cells (CHSE-214). Plasma from rainbow trout (120-150 g) acclimated to either 10 or 18°C for at least four weeks stimulated in vitro proliferation of CHSE-214 cells to the same extent. This study demonstrated that chemically induced tumors in fish were modulated by temperature not only through genotoxin disposition and formation but also through persistence of DNA adducts. It also discounted the role of mitogenesis in temperature-modulated chemical carcinogenesis. Title: Temperature-modulated 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)antheracene carcinogenicity in rainbow trout Author: Zahr, Camille Reda Temperature influences the incidence of chemically induced cancer in fish, with warmer temperatures being associated with higher cancer incidence. The mechanisms of temperature-modulated chemical carcinogenesis in fish, however, have not been described in detail. Therefore, one primary objective of this study was increased understanding of how temperature-modulated genotoxicity of 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) corresponded with tumor response. The second entails the potential of temperature to modulate cancer promotion. Rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) (2 g) were acclimated at 10, 14 or 18°C for one month and then exposed to 1.0 ppm DMBA in their water for 20 hr. Exposures were at respective acclimation temperatures or 10 and 18°C acclimated fish were shifted to 14°C for DMBA exposures. Adduction of [³H]DMBA to hepatic DNA 21 days after exposure was higher in 10°C than 18°C fish exposed at their respective acclimation temperatures. However, in fish shifted to 14°C, the concentration of hepatic [³H]DMBA DNA adducts was similar in 10°C and 18°C acclimated fish at that time. Temperature effects on tumor incidence were assessed 9 months after DMBA waterborne exposures. Incidence of stomach, liver and swim-bladder cancer increased with rearing temperature. Differences in tumor incidence were less marked in fish reared at the same temperature (14°C). Retrospective analyses of livers from a tumor study initiated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was conducted with antibodies to endogenous proliferating nuclear antigen (PCNA). Proliferating cells were scored by counting labeled nuclei in 5 random 10x fields using an image analysis program (BIOQUANT SYSTEM IV). There was no significant increase in numbers of PCNA labeled hepatocytes with temperature. The influence of acclimation temperature on plasma mitogens that stimulate cell division was assessed in cultured Chinook salmon embryo cells (CHSE-214). Plasma from rainbow trout (120-150 g) acclimated to either 10 or 18°C for at least four weeks stimulated in vitro proliferation of CHSE-214 cells to the same extent. This study demonstrated that chemically induced tumors in fish were modulated by temperature not only through genotoxin disposition and formation but also through persistence of DNA adducts. It also discounted the role of mitogenesis in temperature-modulated chemical carcinogenesis. Close

• 183. [Article] Temperature Evolution of Spark Kernels in Quiescent and Cross-flow Conditions

  Numerous physical and chemical processes are required for successful ignition of a flammable mixture, many of which have been well characterized. However, one aspect of the ignition process that has received ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature Evolution of Spark Kernels in Quiescent and Cross-flow Conditions Author: Okhovat, Sebastian Numerous physical and chemical processes are required for successful ignition of a flammable mixture, many of which have been well characterized. However, one aspect of the ignition process that has received limited consideration is understanding the temperature of the spark kernel. A spark kernel is the volume of heated gas that develops after plasma formation and dissipation by an electrical discharge. Thermal measurements are critical for determining if reactions become self-sustaining and improving the validity of modeling efforts. The need for quantified kernel temperatures is extended to conditions that approach the flow fields within combustion applications, such as gas turbine engines. Based on the motivation, the focus of this work was to determine the temperature of kernels and investigate the influence a cross-flow has on the temporal temperature evolution. Representative results were compared against kernel temperatures in a quiescent environment to highlight differences between the two flow conditions. In this study, a sunken fire igniter was placed in an open loop wind tunnel and discharged into a non-reacting cross-flow. Kernel temperatures, after the plasma dissipated, were determined from radiation intensity measurements and by solving the radiation transfer equation. The temperature evolution was investigated in a quiescent environment and for a range of cross-flow velocities (5.8-15.6 m/s). For both quiescent and cross-flow conditions, kernels developed into a toroidal vortex. Surrounding air was entrained into the center of the kernel, resulting in relatively lower temperatures compared to the edges. Average peak kernel temperatures in quiescent conditions were 950 K, whereas kernels in a cross-flow approached 1250 K. The higher peak temperatures were attributed to a reduced relative velocity of the vortex caused by the interaction with the cross-flow. This resulted in decreased entrainment, particularly located at the upstream side of the kernel. Most of the temperature evolution of kernels was experienced within 1.3 ms after plasma was no longer detected; up to a 500 K difference was determined between 0.6 and 1.3 ms. Kernels beyond 1.3 ms reached a uniform temperature near 600 K and had little to no variation as radiation intensities dissipated beyond optical detection. Bifurcation of kernels was detected in one-third of all spark events for both quiescent and cross-flow conditions. The sensible energy of kernels was reported to decrease with time for all cases. Higher cross-flow velocities resulted in less sensible energy. This was attributed to a reduction in apparent kernel volume even with higher temperatures. Title: Temperature Evolution of Spark Kernels in Quiescent and Cross-flow Conditions Author: Okhovat, Sebastian Numerous physical and chemical processes are required for successful ignition of a flammable mixture, many of which have been well characterized. However, one aspect of the ignition process that has received limited consideration is understanding the temperature of the spark kernel. A spark kernel is the volume of heated gas that develops after plasma formation and dissipation by an electrical discharge. Thermal measurements are critical for determining if reactions become self-sustaining and improving the validity of modeling efforts. The need for quantified kernel temperatures is extended to conditions that approach the flow fields within combustion applications, such as gas turbine engines. Based on the motivation, the focus of this work was to determine the temperature of kernels and investigate the influence a cross-flow has on the temporal temperature evolution. Representative results were compared against kernel temperatures in a quiescent environment to highlight differences between the two flow conditions. In this study, a sunken fire igniter was placed in an open loop wind tunnel and discharged into a non-reacting cross-flow. Kernel temperatures, after the plasma dissipated, were determined from radiation intensity measurements and by solving the radiation transfer equation. The temperature evolution was investigated in a quiescent environment and for a range of cross-flow velocities (5.8-15.6 m/s). For both quiescent and cross-flow conditions, kernels developed into a toroidal vortex. Surrounding air was entrained into the center of the kernel, resulting in relatively lower temperatures compared to the edges. Average peak kernel temperatures in quiescent conditions were 950 K, whereas kernels in a cross-flow approached 1250 K. The higher peak temperatures were attributed to a reduced relative velocity of the vortex caused by the interaction with the cross-flow. This resulted in decreased entrainment, particularly located at the upstream side of the kernel. Most of the temperature evolution of kernels was experienced within 1.3 ms after plasma was no longer detected; up to a 500 K difference was determined between 0.6 and 1.3 ms. Kernels beyond 1.3 ms reached a uniform temperature near 600 K and had little to no variation as radiation intensities dissipated beyond optical detection. Bifurcation of kernels was detected in one-third of all spark events for both quiescent and cross-flow conditions. The sensible energy of kernels was reported to decrease with time for all cases. Higher cross-flow velocities resulted in less sensible energy. This was attributed to a reduction in apparent kernel volume even with higher temperatures. Close

• 184. [Image] Influences of human activity on stream temperatures and existence of cold-water fish in streams with elevated temperature: report of a workshop: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Corvallis, OR, October 5-6, 2000

  	Executive Summary The Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (IMST) convened a panel of experts on stream temperature and fish ecology on October 5-6, 2000 for a scientific workshop on human influences ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influences of human activity on stream temperatures and existence of cold-water fish in streams with elevated temperature: report of a workshop: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Corvallis, OR, October 5-6, 2000 Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Oregon) Year: 2000, 2008, 2005 Executive Summary The Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (IMST) convened a panel of experts on stream temperature and fish ecology on October 5-6, 2000 for a scientific workshop on human influences on stream temperature and responses by salmonids. The workshop was designed to review and discuss scientifically credible data and publications about 1) factors related to human activity that influence stream temperature and 2) behavioral, physical, and ecological mechanisms of cold water fish species for existing in streams with elevated temperatures. The goal of the workshop was to review empirical evidence and to identify points of agreement, disagreement, and knowledge gaps within the scientific community concerning the factors that influence stream temperature and fish responses to elevated temperatures. This information will assist the IMST in preparing a broader temperature report on Oregon's stream temperature water quality standards and their implementation. This report is prepared by the IMST. It was reviewed by workshop participants and revised by the IMST accordingly. The report includes abstracts of plenary presentations on factors that influence stream temperatures and fish responses, and the results of group discussions. The workshop participants focused on three main questions and were asked to list statements of agreement and disagreement, and to identify gaps in the scientific knowledge related to each question: ? How and where does riparian vegetation influence stream temperature? ? Do other changes in streams cause increases in stream temperature? ? How can apparently healthy fish populations exist in streams with temperatures higher than laboratory and field studies would indicate as healthy? The workshop participants provided answers to the questions in the form of bullets. The answers below represent the IMST's summation of the workshop findings and were reviewed by the participants. Several gaps in the scientific basis for specific questions or relationships were identified. The participants found no areas of disagreement for which technical information was available. They noted that any disagreements were not related to scientific interpretation, but were based on concerns or opinions about application, regulation, and management. How and where does riparian vegetation influence stream temperature? The influence of riparian vegetation on stream temperature is cumulative and complex, varying by site, over time, and across regions. Riparian vegetation can directly affect stream temperature by intercepting solar radiation and reducing stream heating. The influence of riparian shade in controlling temperature declines as streams widen in downstream reaches, but the role of riparian vegetation in providing water quality and fish habitat benefits continues to be important. Besides providing shade, riparian vegetation can also indirectly affect stream temperature by influencing microclimate, affecting channel morphology, affecting stream flow, influencing wind speed, affecting humidity, affecting soil temperature, using water, influencing air temperature, enhancing infiltration, and influencing thermal radiation. It is critical to know the site potential to understand what vegetation a site can support. There is not a good scientific understanding of how much vegetation shading is required to affect stream temperature. 1 This lack of understanding may be due to the spatial and temporal variability in landscape components, and the resulting variability in both the direct and indirect influences of vegetation on stream temperature. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize about the effects of vegetation on stream temperature. Do other changes in streams cause increases in stream temperature? The answer to this question is yes, other physical changes in the stream system can modify stream temperatures. Stream temperature is a product of complex interactions between geomorphology, soil, hydrology, vegetation, and climate within a watershed. Changes in these factors will result in changes in stream temperature. Human activities influence stream temperature by affecting one or more of four major components: riparian vegetation, channel morphology, hydrology, and surface/subsurface interactions. Stream systems vary substantially across the landscape, and site-specific information is critical to understanding stream temperature responses to human activities. How can apparently healthy fish populations exist in streams with temperatures higher than laboratory and field studies would indicate as healthy? Workshop participants identified several mechanisms that might explain the ability of fish populations to exist at higher than expected temperatures. The first mechanism was that the fish may have physiological adaptations to survive exposures to high temperatures. A second possibility was that stream habitats may contain cooler microhabitats that fish can occupy as refuge from higher temperatures. A third consideration is that ecological interactions may be different under differing thermal conditions resulting, for example, in changes in disease virulence or cumulative effects of stressors. Finally, since substantial differences exist between laboratory and field studies, it is difficult to apply results of laboratory studies to fish responses in the field. It is important to note that these proposed mechanisms are speculative and, as the list of gaps indicates, substantial experimental work is required to establish their influences on fish in different stream systems. Workshop Summaiy Workshop participants recognized gaps in the available science. Additional knowledge about human influences on stream temperatures and, consequently, influences on cold-water fish populations, will improve our ability to prevent further degradation of stream habitat and will enhance efforts geared towards the recovery of depressed fish populations. Even with these gaps, there was enough agreement on factors that influence stream temperature to indicate information is available to start developing and implementing management practices that are designed to reduce stream warming. It was suggested that managers should consider riparian vegetation, channel morphology, and hydrology, and should account for site differences. Title: Influences of human activity on stream temperatures and existence of cold-water fish in streams with elevated temperature: report of a workshop: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Corvallis, OR, October 5-6, 2000 Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Oregon) Year: 2000, 2008, 2005 Executive Summary The Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (IMST) convened a panel of experts on stream temperature and fish ecology on October 5-6, 2000 for a scientific workshop on human influences on stream temperature and responses by salmonids. The workshop was designed to review and discuss scientifically credible data and publications about 1) factors related to human activity that influence stream temperature and 2) behavioral, physical, and ecological mechanisms of cold water fish species for existing in streams with elevated temperatures. The goal of the workshop was to review empirical evidence and to identify points of agreement, disagreement, and knowledge gaps within the scientific community concerning the factors that influence stream temperature and fish responses to elevated temperatures. This information will assist the IMST in preparing a broader temperature report on Oregon's stream temperature water quality standards and their implementation. This report is prepared by the IMST. It was reviewed by workshop participants and revised by the IMST accordingly. The report includes abstracts of plenary presentations on factors that influence stream temperatures and fish responses, and the results of group discussions. The workshop participants focused on three main questions and were asked to list statements of agreement and disagreement, and to identify gaps in the scientific knowledge related to each question: ? How and where does riparian vegetation influence stream temperature? ? Do other changes in streams cause increases in stream temperature? ? How can apparently healthy fish populations exist in streams with temperatures higher than laboratory and field studies would indicate as healthy? The workshop participants provided answers to the questions in the form of bullets. The answers below represent the IMST's summation of the workshop findings and were reviewed by the participants. Several gaps in the scientific basis for specific questions or relationships were identified. The participants found no areas of disagreement for which technical information was available. They noted that any disagreements were not related to scientific interpretation, but were based on concerns or opinions about application, regulation, and management. How and where does riparian vegetation influence stream temperature? The influence of riparian vegetation on stream temperature is cumulative and complex, varying by site, over time, and across regions. Riparian vegetation can directly affect stream temperature by intercepting solar radiation and reducing stream heating. The influence of riparian shade in controlling temperature declines as streams widen in downstream reaches, but the role of riparian vegetation in providing water quality and fish habitat benefits continues to be important. Besides providing shade, riparian vegetation can also indirectly affect stream temperature by influencing microclimate, affecting channel morphology, affecting stream flow, influencing wind speed, affecting humidity, affecting soil temperature, using water, influencing air temperature, enhancing infiltration, and influencing thermal radiation. It is critical to know the site potential to understand what vegetation a site can support. There is not a good scientific understanding of how much vegetation shading is required to affect stream temperature. 1 This lack of understanding may be due to the spatial and temporal variability in landscape components, and the resulting variability in both the direct and indirect influences of vegetation on stream temperature. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize about the effects of vegetation on stream temperature. Do other changes in streams cause increases in stream temperature? The answer to this question is yes, other physical changes in the stream system can modify stream temperatures. Stream temperature is a product of complex interactions between geomorphology, soil, hydrology, vegetation, and climate within a watershed. Changes in these factors will result in changes in stream temperature. Human activities influence stream temperature by affecting one or more of four major components: riparian vegetation, channel morphology, hydrology, and surface/subsurface interactions. Stream systems vary substantially across the landscape, and site-specific information is critical to understanding stream temperature responses to human activities. How can apparently healthy fish populations exist in streams with temperatures higher than laboratory and field studies would indicate as healthy? Workshop participants identified several mechanisms that might explain the ability of fish populations to exist at higher than expected temperatures. The first mechanism was that the fish may have physiological adaptations to survive exposures to high temperatures. A second possibility was that stream habitats may contain cooler microhabitats that fish can occupy as refuge from higher temperatures. A third consideration is that ecological interactions may be different under differing thermal conditions resulting, for example, in changes in disease virulence or cumulative effects of stressors. Finally, since substantial differences exist between laboratory and field studies, it is difficult to apply results of laboratory studies to fish responses in the field. It is important to note that these proposed mechanisms are speculative and, as the list of gaps indicates, substantial experimental work is required to establish their influences on fish in different stream systems. Workshop Summaiy Workshop participants recognized gaps in the available science. Additional knowledge about human influences on stream temperatures and, consequently, influences on cold-water fish populations, will improve our ability to prevent further degradation of stream habitat and will enhance efforts geared towards the recovery of depressed fish populations. Even with these gaps, there was enough agreement on factors that influence stream temperature to indicate information is available to start developing and implementing management practices that are designed to reduce stream warming. It was suggested that managers should consider riparian vegetation, channel morphology, and hydrology, and should account for site differences. Close

• 185. [Article] Prospectus for Future Research: Temperature Effects on Green Macroalgae

  Research on temperature change has received attention from scientists. Not only has temperature change attracted scientists who study the Earth’s weather and climate, but also those who study plants and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prospectus for Future Research: Temperature Effects on Green Macroalgae Author: Gonzalez Pelayo, Ana Year: 2016 Research on temperature change has received attention from scientists. Not only has temperature change attracted scientists who study the Earth’s weather and climate, but also those who study plants and animals on land and in oceans. The research being conducted looks at how these temperature changes affect the anatomy and physiology of organisms, but other research also studies how terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have changed and the types of responses that have occurred as a result. For many years, research in terrestrial ecosystems has dominated research in aquatic ecosystems. Limited research has been conducted in aquatic ecosystems involving green macroalgae, which are primary producers and an essential part of these ecosystems. Within the last fifteen years, research regarding the effects of temperature change on green macroalgae has shown that temperature affects photosynthesis and biochemistry. Overall, photosynthesis is almost completely inhibited after sufficient exposure due to damage in Photosystem II. There is also a substantial change in the production of chemical molecules known as reactive oxygen species that caused physical damage to the algal cells as well as a change in structure for proteins that is essential for function. I reviewed the literature within the past fifteen years, regarding the effects of temperature on a variety of green macroalgae species. The results indicated that after sufficient exposure, the photosynthetic rate of macroalgae is reduced significantly and that the change in chemistry lead to alterations in the physiology of green macroalgae. In this thesis, I propose two possible directions for algae research that involves genetic sequencing of a model species to identify a possible temperature tolerance gene, as well as the potential use of green macroalgae in photobioreactors as a source of renewable energy. Title: Prospectus for Future Research: Temperature Effects on Green Macroalgae Author: Gonzalez Pelayo, Ana Year: 2016 Research on temperature change has received attention from scientists. Not only has temperature change attracted scientists who study the Earth’s weather and climate, but also those who study plants and animals on land and in oceans. The research being conducted looks at how these temperature changes affect the anatomy and physiology of organisms, but other research also studies how terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have changed and the types of responses that have occurred as a result. For many years, research in terrestrial ecosystems has dominated research in aquatic ecosystems. Limited research has been conducted in aquatic ecosystems involving green macroalgae, which are primary producers and an essential part of these ecosystems. Within the last fifteen years, research regarding the effects of temperature change on green macroalgae has shown that temperature affects photosynthesis and biochemistry. Overall, photosynthesis is almost completely inhibited after sufficient exposure due to damage in Photosystem II. There is also a substantial change in the production of chemical molecules known as reactive oxygen species that caused physical damage to the algal cells as well as a change in structure for proteins that is essential for function. I reviewed the literature within the past fifteen years, regarding the effects of temperature on a variety of green macroalgae species. The results indicated that after sufficient exposure, the photosynthetic rate of macroalgae is reduced significantly and that the change in chemistry lead to alterations in the physiology of green macroalgae. In this thesis, I propose two possible directions for algae research that involves genetic sequencing of a model species to identify a possible temperature tolerance gene, as well as the potential use of green macroalgae in photobioreactors as a source of renewable energy. Close

• 186. [Article] Stomatal Responses of Douglas-Fir Seedlings to Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Temperature During the Third and Fourth Years of Exposure

  Two major components of climate change, increasing atmospheric [CO2] and increasing temperature, may substantially alter the effects of water availability to plants through effects on the rate of water ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stomatal Responses of Douglas-Fir Seedlings to Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Temperature During the Third and Fourth Years of Exposure Author: Lewis, James D., Lucash, Melissa S., Olszyk, David M., Tingey, David T. Year: 2002 Two major components of climate change, increasing atmospheric [CO2] and increasing temperature, may substantially alter the effects of water availability to plants through effects on the rate of water loss from leaves. We examined the interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and temperature on seasonal patterns of stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E) and instantaneous transpiration efficiency (ITE) in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings. Seedlings were grown in sunlit chambers at either ambient CO2 (AC) or ambient + 180 µmol mol-1 CO2 (EC), and at ambient temperature (AT) or ambient + 3.5° C (ET) in a full-factorial design. Needle gas exchange at the target growth conditions was measured approximately monthly over 21 months. Across the study period and across temperature treatments, growth in elevated [CO2] decreased E by an average of 12% and increased ITE by an average of 46%. The absolute reduction of E associated with elevated [CO2] significantly increased with seasonal increases in the needle-to-air vapour pressure deficit (D). Across CO2 treatments, growth in elevated temperature increased E an average of 37%, and did not affect ITE. Combined, growth in elevated [CO2] and elevated temperature increased E an average of 19% compared with the ACAT treatment. The CO2 supply and growth temperature did not significantly affect stomatal sensitivity to D or the relationship between gs and net photosynthetic rates. This study suggests that elevated [CO2] may not completely ameliorate the effect of elevated temperature on E, and that climate change may substantially alter needle-level water loss and water use efficiency of Douglas-fir seedlings. Title: Stomatal Responses of Douglas-Fir Seedlings to Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Temperature During the Third and Fourth Years of Exposure Author: Lewis, James D., Lucash, Melissa S., Olszyk, David M., Tingey, David T. Year: 2002 Two major components of climate change, increasing atmospheric [CO2] and increasing temperature, may substantially alter the effects of water availability to plants through effects on the rate of water loss from leaves. We examined the interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and temperature on seasonal patterns of stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E) and instantaneous transpiration efficiency (ITE) in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings. Seedlings were grown in sunlit chambers at either ambient CO2 (AC) or ambient + 180 µmol mol-1 CO2 (EC), and at ambient temperature (AT) or ambient + 3.5° C (ET) in a full-factorial design. Needle gas exchange at the target growth conditions was measured approximately monthly over 21 months. Across the study period and across temperature treatments, growth in elevated [CO2] decreased E by an average of 12% and increased ITE by an average of 46%. The absolute reduction of E associated with elevated [CO2] significantly increased with seasonal increases in the needle-to-air vapour pressure deficit (D). Across CO2 treatments, growth in elevated temperature increased E an average of 37%, and did not affect ITE. Combined, growth in elevated [CO2] and elevated temperature increased E an average of 19% compared with the ACAT treatment. The CO2 supply and growth temperature did not significantly affect stomatal sensitivity to D or the relationship between gs and net photosynthetic rates. This study suggests that elevated [CO2] may not completely ameliorate the effect of elevated temperature on E, and that climate change may substantially alter needle-level water loss and water use efficiency of Douglas-fir seedlings. Close

• 187. [Article] Morphogenesis of Douglas Fir Buds is Altered at Elevated Temperature but not at Elevated CO2

  Global climatic change as expressed by increased CO2 and temperature has the potential for dramatic effects on trees. To determine what its effects may be on Pacific Northwest forests, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Morphogenesis of Douglas Fir Buds is Altered at Elevated Temperature but not at Elevated CO2 Author: Apple, Martha E., Lucash, Melissa S., Olszyk, David M., Tingey, David T. Year: 1998 Global climatic change as expressed by increased CO2 and temperature has the potential for dramatic effects on trees. To determine what its effects may be on Pacific Northwest forests, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii ) seedlings were grown in sun-lit controlled environment chambers at ambient or elevated (+4°C above ambient) temperature, and at ambient or elevated (+200 ppm above ambient) CO2. In 1995–1996 and 1996–1997, elevated CO2 had no effect on vegetative bud morphology, while the following unusual morphological characteristics were found with greater frequency at elevated temperature than at ambient: rosetted buds with reflexed and loosened outer scales, convoluted inner scales, clusters of small buds, needles elongating between scales, needle primordia with white, hyaline apical extensions, and buds with hardened scales inside of unbroken buds. Buds became rosetted in elevated temperature chambers after temperatures exceeded 40°C in July, 1996. Rosettes were induced within 48-h in buds placed in a 40°C oven; fewer rosettes formed at 20°C. Induction was reversible in buds transferred from 40 to 20°C, implying that rosetting is a physical rather than a growth phenomenon. It appears that rosettes form after long-term exposure to elevated temperature and after shorter periods of exposure to intense heat. Elevated temperature influences bud morphology and may therefore influence the overall branching structure of Douglas-fir seedlings. Title: Morphogenesis of Douglas Fir Buds is Altered at Elevated Temperature but not at Elevated CO2 Author: Apple, Martha E., Lucash, Melissa S., Olszyk, David M., Tingey, David T. Year: 1998 Global climatic change as expressed by increased CO2 and temperature has the potential for dramatic effects on trees. To determine what its effects may be on Pacific Northwest forests, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii ) seedlings were grown in sun-lit controlled environment chambers at ambient or elevated (+4°C above ambient) temperature, and at ambient or elevated (+200 ppm above ambient) CO2. In 1995–1996 and 1996–1997, elevated CO2 had no effect on vegetative bud morphology, while the following unusual morphological characteristics were found with greater frequency at elevated temperature than at ambient: rosetted buds with reflexed and loosened outer scales, convoluted inner scales, clusters of small buds, needles elongating between scales, needle primordia with white, hyaline apical extensions, and buds with hardened scales inside of unbroken buds. Buds became rosetted in elevated temperature chambers after temperatures exceeded 40°C in July, 1996. Rosettes were induced within 48-h in buds placed in a 40°C oven; fewer rosettes formed at 20°C. Induction was reversible in buds transferred from 40 to 20°C, implying that rosetting is a physical rather than a growth phenomenon. It appears that rosettes form after long-term exposure to elevated temperature and after shorter periods of exposure to intense heat. Elevated temperature influences bud morphology and may therefore influence the overall branching structure of Douglas-fir seedlings. Close

• 188. [Article] Absorption and attenuation of visible and near-infrared light in water: dependence on temperature and salinity

  This paper was published in Applied Optics and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/home.cfm. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Absorption and attenuation of visible and near-infrared light in water: dependence on temperature and salinity Author: Gray, Deric, Zaneveld, J. Ronald V., Pegau, W. Scott This paper was published in Applied Optics and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/home.cfm. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law. Title: Absorption and attenuation of visible and near-infrared light in water: dependence on temperature and salinity Author: Gray, Deric, Zaneveld, J. Ronald V., Pegau, W. Scott This paper was published in Applied Optics and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/home.cfm. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law. Close

• 189. [Article] Climate change on the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah inferred from borehole temperatures

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate change on the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah inferred from borehole temperatures Author: Chapman, David S., Harris, Robert N. Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: Climate change on the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah inferred from borehole temperatures Author: Chapman, David S., Harris, Robert N. Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 190. [Article] Buffer strips for stream temperature control

  During clearcut logging, complete removal of the forest canopy and the shade it provides to small streams can cause large increases in water temperature. Such increases in temperature can be prevented ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Buffer strips for stream temperature control Author: Brown, George Wallace, 1939-, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Brazier, Jon Roger During clearcut logging, complete removal of the forest canopy and the shade it provides to small streams can cause large increases in water temperature. Such increases in temperature can be prevented if buffer strips of vegetation are left along the stream to provide shade. The purposes of this paper are to define the characteristics of buffer strips that are important in regulating the temperature of small streams and to describe a method of designing buffer strips that will insure no change in stream temperature as a result of logging and, at the same time, minimize the amount of commercial timber left in the strip. Commercial timber volume alone is not an important criterion for temperature control. Further, the width of the buffer strip is also not an important criterion. For the small streams studied as part of this research, the maximum shading ability of the average buffer strip was reached within a width of 80 feet. Specifying standard 100- to 200-foot buffer strips for all streams generally will include more timber than necessary. The canopy density along the path of incoming solar radiation best describes the ability of the buffer strip to control stream temperature. An estimate of this value can be obtained easily by foresters laying out buffer strips in the field and will insure proper design of the buffer strip for control of stream temperature. Title: Buffer strips for stream temperature control Author: Brown, George Wallace, 1939-, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Brazier, Jon Roger During clearcut logging, complete removal of the forest canopy and the shade it provides to small streams can cause large increases in water temperature. Such increases in temperature can be prevented if buffer strips of vegetation are left along the stream to provide shade. The purposes of this paper are to define the characteristics of buffer strips that are important in regulating the temperature of small streams and to describe a method of designing buffer strips that will insure no change in stream temperature as a result of logging and, at the same time, minimize the amount of commercial timber left in the strip. Commercial timber volume alone is not an important criterion for temperature control. Further, the width of the buffer strip is also not an important criterion. For the small streams studied as part of this research, the maximum shading ability of the average buffer strip was reached within a width of 80 feet. Specifying standard 100- to 200-foot buffer strips for all streams generally will include more timber than necessary. The canopy density along the path of incoming solar radiation best describes the ability of the buffer strip to control stream temperature. An estimate of this value can be obtained easily by foresters laying out buffer strips in the field and will insure proper design of the buffer strip for control of stream temperature. Close

• 191. [Article] Growth and behavioral responses to elevated temperatures by juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria and the interactive role of food availability

  The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth and behavioral responses to elevated temperatures by juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria and the interactive role of food availability Author: Sogard, Susan M., Olla, Bori L. The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Title: Growth and behavioral responses to elevated temperatures by juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria and the interactive role of food availability Author: Sogard, Susan M., Olla, Bori L. The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Close

• 192. [Article] Above- and Belowground Microclimate of Grow Tubes in an Organic Mulch-incorporated, Raised Bed System for Blueberry

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Institute for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Above- and Belowground Microclimate of Grow Tubes in an Organic Mulch-incorporated, Raised Bed System for Blueberry Author: Strik, Bernadine C., Tarara, Julie M., Chaves, Bernardo To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Institute for Scientific Information and published by the American Society for Horticultural Science. It can be found at: http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/. Title: Above- and Belowground Microclimate of Grow Tubes in an Organic Mulch-incorporated, Raised Bed System for Blueberry Author: Strik, Bernadine C., Tarara, Julie M., Chaves, Bernardo To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Institute for Scientific Information and published by the American Society for Horticultural Science. It can be found at: http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/. Close

• 193. [Article] A study of the seasonal variation in temperature and salinity along the Oregon - Northern California coast

  This study examines the seasonal variability in temperature and salinity of the nearshore waters off Oregon and Northern California. Specifically, temperature and salinity variations during summer and winter ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of the seasonal variation in temperature and salinity along the Oregon - Northern California coast Author: Bourke, Robert H. This study examines the seasonal variability in temperature and salinity of the nearshore waters off Oregon and Northern California. Specifically, temperature and salinity variations during summer and winter were ana1yzed from data gathered at shore stations along the coast and from hydrographic data collected within 25 nautical miles of shore. At each of five shore stations a modal cell technique was used to establish the temperature-salinity characteristics of the "normal" water type existing at each station during summer and winter. A classification scheme was employed to determine what local processes were influential in altering the "normal" T-S characteristics at each station. In summer mixing with Columbia River plume water was found to be the major modifying process along the Northern Oregon coast. Off Central and Southern Oregon local heating and mixing with water from the shelf/slope region were found to be most influential. In winter dilution due to precipitation and subsequent runoff is the major modifying factor along the entire coast except off Northern Oregon where mixing with shelf/slope waters is slightly more influential. The temperature and salinity structure of the near surface waters (< 200 meters) was examined for four latitudinal zones off the Oregon- Northern California coast. Within each zone profiles were constructed at 5, 15, and 25 nautical miles offshore. Surface waters are warmer and more saline in summer than in winter. Surface temperatures increase seaward in both seasons. Surface salinities increase seaward only during winter; in summer the increase is shoreward. Offshore gradients of temperature and salinity are one to two orders of magnitude greater than longshore gradients. A strong thermocline to 30 meters and a strong halocline to 75 meters is present in summer. In winter the water is isothermal to 50 meters while a strong halocline is present to 100 meters. Below these levels temperatures and salinities continue to slowly decrease and increase, respectively, until at 200 meters they become constant throughout the study area. Variability with distance from shore is significant only in summer and is constrained to the upper 150 meters of the water column. Title: A study of the seasonal variation in temperature and salinity along the Oregon - Northern California coast Author: Bourke, Robert H. This study examines the seasonal variability in temperature and salinity of the nearshore waters off Oregon and Northern California. Specifically, temperature and salinity variations during summer and winter were ana1yzed from data gathered at shore stations along the coast and from hydrographic data collected within 25 nautical miles of shore. At each of five shore stations a modal cell technique was used to establish the temperature-salinity characteristics of the "normal" water type existing at each station during summer and winter. A classification scheme was employed to determine what local processes were influential in altering the "normal" T-S characteristics at each station. In summer mixing with Columbia River plume water was found to be the major modifying process along the Northern Oregon coast. Off Central and Southern Oregon local heating and mixing with water from the shelf/slope region were found to be most influential. In winter dilution due to precipitation and subsequent runoff is the major modifying factor along the entire coast except off Northern Oregon where mixing with shelf/slope waters is slightly more influential. The temperature and salinity structure of the near surface waters (< 200 meters) was examined for four latitudinal zones off the Oregon- Northern California coast. Within each zone profiles were constructed at 5, 15, and 25 nautical miles offshore. Surface waters are warmer and more saline in summer than in winter. Surface temperatures increase seaward in both seasons. Surface salinities increase seaward only during winter; in summer the increase is shoreward. Offshore gradients of temperature and salinity are one to two orders of magnitude greater than longshore gradients. A strong thermocline to 30 meters and a strong halocline to 75 meters is present in summer. In winter the water is isothermal to 50 meters while a strong halocline is present to 100 meters. Below these levels temperatures and salinities continue to slowly decrease and increase, respectively, until at 200 meters they become constant throughout the study area. Variability with distance from shore is significant only in summer and is constrained to the upper 150 meters of the water column. Close

• 194. [Article] Effects of water quality and surface temperature on the scaling characteristics of cooling tower water

  The fouling of cooling tower water was investigated as a function of heater surface temperature and water quality. In particular, the effects on fouling of the addition of calcium in excess of the amounts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of water quality and surface temperature on the scaling characteristics of cooling tower water Author: Lahm, Lawrence The fouling of cooling tower water was investigated as a function of heater surface temperature and water quality. In particular, the effects on fouling of the addition of calcium in excess of the amounts required for saturation were examined. First, the average bulk water temperature was 97 ± 1 degree F, water velocities ranged from 3 to 8ft/s, heated surface temperatures varied from 105 to 165 degrees F, and the average effective calcium hardness ranged from 560 to 780 ppm as CaCO₃. Additionally, the effects of pH in the range 7 to 9 were observed for water with lower levels of calcium. For these runs, the average bulk water temperature ranged from 97 to 106 degrees F. Water velocities of 3 and 5 ft/s were used, and the surface temperatures were in the range 155 to 5 ft/s were used:and the surface temperatures were in the range 155 to 185 degrees F. The average measured calcium hardness varied from 290 to 400 ppm as CaCO₃. Of the runs with excess calcium, only one had significant fouling, suggesting fouling was suppressed. From the pH runs it appears that there is a minimum in the fouling tendency at a pH near 8. For the runs for which the deposits were not primarily CaCO₃, the surface temperature effects on the asymptotic fouling resistance to heat transfer corresponded well with predictions in the literature. For deposits which were almost pure calcium carbonate, no temperature dependence of the fouling factor could be shown. The material deposited was found to correspond strongly with the Ryznar stability index, with each material deposited in a unique, limited range of the index. Title: Effects of water quality and surface temperature on the scaling characteristics of cooling tower water Author: Lahm, Lawrence The fouling of cooling tower water was investigated as a function of heater surface temperature and water quality. In particular, the effects on fouling of the addition of calcium in excess of the amounts required for saturation were examined. First, the average bulk water temperature was 97 ± 1 degree F, water velocities ranged from 3 to 8ft/s, heated surface temperatures varied from 105 to 165 degrees F, and the average effective calcium hardness ranged from 560 to 780 ppm as CaCO₃. Additionally, the effects of pH in the range 7 to 9 were observed for water with lower levels of calcium. For these runs, the average bulk water temperature ranged from 97 to 106 degrees F. Water velocities of 3 and 5 ft/s were used, and the surface temperatures were in the range 155 to 5 ft/s were used:and the surface temperatures were in the range 155 to 185 degrees F. The average measured calcium hardness varied from 290 to 400 ppm as CaCO₃. Of the runs with excess calcium, only one had significant fouling, suggesting fouling was suppressed. From the pH runs it appears that there is a minimum in the fouling tendency at a pH near 8. For the runs for which the deposits were not primarily CaCO₃, the surface temperature effects on the asymptotic fouling resistance to heat transfer corresponded well with predictions in the literature. For deposits which were almost pure calcium carbonate, no temperature dependence of the fouling factor could be shown. The material deposited was found to correspond strongly with the Ryznar stability index, with each material deposited in a unique, limited range of the index. Close

• 195. [Article] Development of nickel aluminide (NiAl) microchannel array devices for high-temperature applications

  The miniaturization of Microtechnology-based Energy, Chemical and Biological Systems (MECS) is made possible by the use of high aspect ratio microchannel arrays to increase the surface-area-to-volume ratio ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of nickel aluminide (NiAl) microchannel array devices for high-temperature applications Author: Kanlayasiri, Kannachai The miniaturization of Microtechnology-based Energy, Chemical and Biological Systems (MECS) is made possible by the use of high aspect ratio microchannel arrays to increase the surface-area-to-volume ratio of the flow conduits within the devices, resulting in an improvement in the heat and mass transfer performance of the devices. However, advantages of the MECS concept cannot be applied to high-temperature applications (above 650°C) due to lack of high-temperature MECS devices; therefore, the development of high-temperature MECS devices is necessary to overcome this bottleneck. This dissertation involves the development of high-temperature MECS devices from a high-temperature material, nickel aluminide (NiAl). NiAl foil was synthesized from elemental nickel (Ni) and aluminum (Al) foils through a two step process--tack bonding and reactive diffusion. The elemental foils were tack bonded at 500°C, 3.9 MPa for 15 minutes. The reactive diffusion process was then performed through a heat treatment at 1000°C for a period of time corresponding to the thickness of the composite foil. The synthesized NiAl foil showed an atomic ratio of Al to Ni up to 0.96. The foil also showed a decent flatness and surface roughness. This dissertation proposes a reactive diffusion bonding as a joining technique of nickel aluminides. An investigation of bonding parameter effects on the warpage of nickel aluminide fins in the reactive diffusion bonding process was performed. Results showed that bonding time and temperature had significant effects on warpage of the fin. The fin warpage increased with the increase of bonding time and bonding temperature. Results also suggested that the bonding pressure had an effect on the fin warpage. However, chemical compositions of the fin were not significant to the warpage. This research also proposes a new fabrication procedure for producing NiAl MECS devices. NiAl foils were used as the starting material, and the reactive diffusion bonding technique was employed as the joining technique. The research outcome indicated the viability of the proposed method in fabricating NiAl MECS devices. This method achieved leak-tight devices with a reasonable fin flatness. Title: Development of nickel aluminide (NiAl) microchannel array devices for high-temperature applications Author: Kanlayasiri, Kannachai The miniaturization of Microtechnology-based Energy, Chemical and Biological Systems (MECS) is made possible by the use of high aspect ratio microchannel arrays to increase the surface-area-to-volume ratio of the flow conduits within the devices, resulting in an improvement in the heat and mass transfer performance of the devices. However, advantages of the MECS concept cannot be applied to high-temperature applications (above 650°C) due to lack of high-temperature MECS devices; therefore, the development of high-temperature MECS devices is necessary to overcome this bottleneck. This dissertation involves the development of high-temperature MECS devices from a high-temperature material, nickel aluminide (NiAl). NiAl foil was synthesized from elemental nickel (Ni) and aluminum (Al) foils through a two step process--tack bonding and reactive diffusion. The elemental foils were tack bonded at 500°C, 3.9 MPa for 15 minutes. The reactive diffusion process was then performed through a heat treatment at 1000°C for a period of time corresponding to the thickness of the composite foil. The synthesized NiAl foil showed an atomic ratio of Al to Ni up to 0.96. The foil also showed a decent flatness and surface roughness. This dissertation proposes a reactive diffusion bonding as a joining technique of nickel aluminides. An investigation of bonding parameter effects on the warpage of nickel aluminide fins in the reactive diffusion bonding process was performed. Results showed that bonding time and temperature had significant effects on warpage of the fin. The fin warpage increased with the increase of bonding time and bonding temperature. Results also suggested that the bonding pressure had an effect on the fin warpage. However, chemical compositions of the fin were not significant to the warpage. This research also proposes a new fabrication procedure for producing NiAl MECS devices. NiAl foils were used as the starting material, and the reactive diffusion bonding technique was employed as the joining technique. The research outcome indicated the viability of the proposed method in fabricating NiAl MECS devices. This method achieved leak-tight devices with a reasonable fin flatness. Close

• 196. [Article] Demonstration of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to differentiate cold water refuge between ground water inflows and hyporheic exchange

  Recent developments in Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) have allowed new insight into the surface-to-ground water interaction. The continuous temperature measurement by the DTS allows for cool water ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demonstration of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to differentiate cold water refuge between ground water inflows and hyporheic exchange Author: Collier, Michael W. Recent developments in Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) have allowed new insight into the surface-to-ground water interaction. The continuous temperature measurement by the DTS allows for cool water inflows to be located during warm summer months. These cool water inflows can then be differentiated between ground water and hyporheic exchange. The cool water inflows are important to many species that inhabit the rivers of the Western United States. As temperatures increase due to climate change the importance of cool water inflows will grow. This study used fiber optic cable and the DTS system to measure the temperature in 2km of the Walla Walla River, near Milton-Freewater, Oregon. The temperature data was split into nighttime and daytime averages. The correlation between these two data sets was calculated to reveal when the daytime and nighttime data followed the same cooling pattern (evidence of ground water inflow) or when the nighttime temperature increased, but the daytime temperature decreased (evidence of hyporheic exchange). Nine areas of apparent ground water inflow and nine areas of expected hyporheic exchange were identified. The average quantity of inflow at each ground water site was calculated as 0.04 m3/s. The computed average hyporheic exchange depth along the 2000 m channel was 0.32 m. The located cold water inflows were compared to salmon and trout location from a US Fish and Wildlife Survey. This comparison showed that the cool mid-day inflows (either ground water or hyporheic exchange locations) made up 1/3 of the study reach length and had approximately 60% of the cold water fish. Half of the cool water inflow sites did not have fish present during the survey which suggests that while influent cool water is a major factor for fish congregation, it is not the sole factor. Title: Demonstration of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to differentiate cold water refuge between ground water inflows and hyporheic exchange Author: Collier, Michael W. Recent developments in Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) have allowed new insight into the surface-to-ground water interaction. The continuous temperature measurement by the DTS allows for cool water inflows to be located during warm summer months. These cool water inflows can then be differentiated between ground water and hyporheic exchange. The cool water inflows are important to many species that inhabit the rivers of the Western United States. As temperatures increase due to climate change the importance of cool water inflows will grow. This study used fiber optic cable and the DTS system to measure the temperature in 2km of the Walla Walla River, near Milton-Freewater, Oregon. The temperature data was split into nighttime and daytime averages. The correlation between these two data sets was calculated to reveal when the daytime and nighttime data followed the same cooling pattern (evidence of ground water inflow) or when the nighttime temperature increased, but the daytime temperature decreased (evidence of hyporheic exchange). Nine areas of apparent ground water inflow and nine areas of expected hyporheic exchange were identified. The average quantity of inflow at each ground water site was calculated as 0.04 m3/s. The computed average hyporheic exchange depth along the 2000 m channel was 0.32 m. The located cold water inflows were compared to salmon and trout location from a US Fish and Wildlife Survey. This comparison showed that the cool mid-day inflows (either ground water or hyporheic exchange locations) made up 1/3 of the study reach length and had approximately 60% of the cold water fish. Half of the cool water inflow sites did not have fish present during the survey which suggests that while influent cool water is a major factor for fish congregation, it is not the sole factor. Close

• 197. [Article] Dynamic mechanical analysis of wood and wood-based composites

  Wood and wood-based composites are being used in either new or more demanding applications. A means is needed to successfully analyze new materials and to predict their long-term performance. Two techniques, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dynamic mechanical analysis of wood and wood-based composites Author: Gao, Hong Wood and wood-based composites are being used in either new or more demanding applications. A means is needed to successfully analyze new materials and to predict their long-term performance. Two techniques, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and time-temperature superposition (TTS) offer a means to accomplish this objective. The outcome of this study is an analysis method that could be used to evaluate the structural characteristics of wood, resin, and wood-based composites as affected by temperature, frequency, and humidity, and the possibility of using this information to define changes in the production process or product. Dynamic mechanical analysis characterizes a material's properties in terms of the deformation response to periodic forces. To accomplish this analysis, small samples of material were subjected to sinusoidal loads in the center point while the temperature was varied in a controlled manner. The dynamic mechanical properties such as storage modulus, loss modulus, and internal friction were determined, in addition to the glass transition temperature, all as a function of temperature, frequency and moisture content. The applicability of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and time-temperature superposition (TTS) was investigated. The time-temperature superposition principle provides a much broader effective range of frequency by making measurements of the dynamic properties at different temperatures and by shifting the data to construct a master curve. Verification studies confirmed the applicability of DMA/TTS. Dynamic properties of wood and its components of earlywood and latewood were measured. The data was used to successfully predict the properties of wood. The properties of particulate wood-based composites indicate that adhesives play an important role in the temperature dependence of the dynamic properties of wood-based composites. The relationship between dynamic internal friction and static internal bond strength was also investigated. The internal friction measurement is suggested as a potential bonding characterization of wood-based composites. Title: Dynamic mechanical analysis of wood and wood-based composites Author: Gao, Hong Wood and wood-based composites are being used in either new or more demanding applications. A means is needed to successfully analyze new materials and to predict their long-term performance. Two techniques, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and time-temperature superposition (TTS) offer a means to accomplish this objective. The outcome of this study is an analysis method that could be used to evaluate the structural characteristics of wood, resin, and wood-based composites as affected by temperature, frequency, and humidity, and the possibility of using this information to define changes in the production process or product. Dynamic mechanical analysis characterizes a material's properties in terms of the deformation response to periodic forces. To accomplish this analysis, small samples of material were subjected to sinusoidal loads in the center point while the temperature was varied in a controlled manner. The dynamic mechanical properties such as storage modulus, loss modulus, and internal friction were determined, in addition to the glass transition temperature, all as a function of temperature, frequency and moisture content. The applicability of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and time-temperature superposition (TTS) was investigated. The time-temperature superposition principle provides a much broader effective range of frequency by making measurements of the dynamic properties at different temperatures and by shifting the data to construct a master curve. Verification studies confirmed the applicability of DMA/TTS. Dynamic properties of wood and its components of earlywood and latewood were measured. The data was used to successfully predict the properties of wood. The properties of particulate wood-based composites indicate that adhesives play an important role in the temperature dependence of the dynamic properties of wood-based composites. The relationship between dynamic internal friction and static internal bond strength was also investigated. The internal friction measurement is suggested as a potential bonding characterization of wood-based composites. Close

• 198. [Article] Norwegian Salmonid Farming and Global Warming: Spatial Distribution and Value Adding

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Norwegian Salmonid Farming and Global Warming: Spatial Distribution and Value Adding Author: Heen, Knut, Hermansen, Øystein Abstract only. Title: Norwegian Salmonid Farming and Global Warming: Spatial Distribution and Value Adding Author: Heen, Knut, Hermansen, Øystein Abstract only. Close

• 199. [Article] Response of western Oregon stream temperatures to contemporary forest management

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final draft as accepted by the publisher. The final version is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at the Forest Ecology and Management website: http://www.elsev...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response of western Oregon stream temperatures to contemporary forest management Author: Madsen, Lisa J., Dent, Liz, Groom, Jeremiah D., Fleuret, Jennifer This is the author's peer-reviewed final draft as accepted by the publisher. The final version is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at the Forest Ecology and Management website: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503310/description Title: Response of western Oregon stream temperatures to contemporary forest management Author: Madsen, Lisa J., Dent, Liz, Groom, Jeremiah D., Fleuret, Jennifer This is the author's peer-reviewed final draft as accepted by the publisher. The final version is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at the Forest Ecology and Management website: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503310/description Close

• 200. [Article] Isolating the effects of storm events on arctic aquatic bacteria: temperature, nutrients, and community composition as controls on bacterial productivity

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Frontiers Research Foundation. The published article can be found at: http://www.frontiersin.org/Microbiology. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Isolating the effects of storm events on arctic aquatic bacteria: temperature, nutrients, and community composition as controls on bacterial productivity Author: Crump, Byron C., Adams, Heather E., Kling, George W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Frontiers Research Foundation. The published article can be found at: http://www.frontiersin.org/Microbiology. Supporting Information can be found at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00250/full#h9. Title: Isolating the effects of storm events on arctic aquatic bacteria: temperature, nutrients, and community composition as controls on bacterial productivity Author: Crump, Byron C., Adams, Heather E., Kling, George W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Frontiers Research Foundation. The published article can be found at: http://www.frontiersin.org/Microbiology. Supporting Information can be found at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00250/full#h9. Close