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• 151. [Article] Agroclimatic hazards of the Fort Rock Basin : perceptions and mitigation strategies among cow-calf operators and cash-crop agriculturalists

  A recent surge in the development of irrigated agriculture in the Fort Rock Basin of the Oregon High Desert has resulted in two principal types of agricultural operations in the area: cow-calf operators ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agroclimatic hazards of the Fort Rock Basin : perceptions and mitigation strategies among cow-calf operators and cash-crop agriculturalists Author: Lewis, Michael E. A recent surge in the development of irrigated agriculture in the Fort Rock Basin of the Oregon High Desert has resulted in two principal types of agricultural operations in the area: cow-calf operators and cash-crop agriculturalists. The agroclimatic hazards associated with the present situation and the implications of those hazards for public policy are the topic of this research. A lack of sufficient summer precipitation for field crops and freezing temperatures during the small grain growing season are cited as relevant to the past failure of dry farming under the Revised Homestead Act of 1906. The present situation is characterized by attempts to mitigate the hazards of the past through the use of irrigation technology and/or adoption of a mixed cow-calf and irrigated hay type of operation. A normative comparison of the Fort Rock Basin with other areas of commercial agriculture in eastern Oregon and Washington shows the hazard of freezing temperatures during the alfalfa growing season to be high. Settlement motivations, natural hazard perceptions and mitigation strategies are examined by means of a survey of resident agricultural operators in the area. The survey was a complete census of the population. Cash-crop operators appear to be motivated principally by favorable finance terms related to establishing an operation in the area. Cow-calf operators show a greater emphasis on quality of life as a motivating factor. Both groups gave little initial emphasis to climatic conditions in establishing an operation, but subsequently indicated climatic hazards to be a major source of economic loss. The principal hazard mitigation strategies of the two groups stressed either reliance on irrigation technology and acceptance of the risk of freezing temperatures during the cropping season, or combining hay production with raising livestock. Title: Agroclimatic hazards of the Fort Rock Basin : perceptions and mitigation strategies among cow-calf operators and cash-crop agriculturalists Author: Lewis, Michael E. A recent surge in the development of irrigated agriculture in the Fort Rock Basin of the Oregon High Desert has resulted in two principal types of agricultural operations in the area: cow-calf operators and cash-crop agriculturalists. The agroclimatic hazards associated with the present situation and the implications of those hazards for public policy are the topic of this research. A lack of sufficient summer precipitation for field crops and freezing temperatures during the small grain growing season are cited as relevant to the past failure of dry farming under the Revised Homestead Act of 1906. The present situation is characterized by attempts to mitigate the hazards of the past through the use of irrigation technology and/or adoption of a mixed cow-calf and irrigated hay type of operation. A normative comparison of the Fort Rock Basin with other areas of commercial agriculture in eastern Oregon and Washington shows the hazard of freezing temperatures during the alfalfa growing season to be high. Settlement motivations, natural hazard perceptions and mitigation strategies are examined by means of a survey of resident agricultural operators in the area. The survey was a complete census of the population. Cash-crop operators appear to be motivated principally by favorable finance terms related to establishing an operation in the area. Cow-calf operators show a greater emphasis on quality of life as a motivating factor. Both groups gave little initial emphasis to climatic conditions in establishing an operation, but subsequently indicated climatic hazards to be a major source of economic loss. The principal hazard mitigation strategies of the two groups stressed either reliance on irrigation technology and acceptance of the risk of freezing temperatures during the cropping season, or combining hay production with raising livestock. Close

• 152. [Article] Global agricultural intensification during climate change: a role for genomics

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Society for Experimental Biology and The Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley & Sons ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Global agricultural intensification during climate change: a role for genomics Author: Ogbonnaya, Francis C., Hall, Anthony E., Tuberosa, Roberto, Hori, Kiyosumi, Humphreys, Mike, De Pace, Ciro, Valliyodan, Babu, Edwards, David, Mayes, Sean, Greenland, Andy, Lightfoot, David, Varshney, Rajeev K., Howe, Glenn Thomas, Dempewolf, Hannes, Yano, Masahiro, Cockram, James, Henry, Robert, Cseke, Leland J., Abberton, Michael, Bryant, John, Cai, Hongwei, Ortiz, Rodomiro, Paterson, Andrew H., Batley, Jacqueline, Marshall, Athole, Nguyen, Henry T., Costa de Oliveira, Antonio, Gepts, Paul, Bentley, Alison, Hughes, Stephen This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Society for Experimental Biology and The Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291467-7652 Title: Global agricultural intensification during climate change: a role for genomics Author: Ogbonnaya, Francis C., Hall, Anthony E., Tuberosa, Roberto, Hori, Kiyosumi, Humphreys, Mike, De Pace, Ciro, Valliyodan, Babu, Edwards, David, Mayes, Sean, Greenland, Andy, Lightfoot, David, Varshney, Rajeev K., Howe, Glenn Thomas, Dempewolf, Hannes, Yano, Masahiro, Cockram, James, Henry, Robert, Cseke, Leland J., Abberton, Michael, Bryant, John, Cai, Hongwei, Ortiz, Rodomiro, Paterson, Andrew H., Batley, Jacqueline, Marshall, Athole, Nguyen, Henry T., Costa de Oliveira, Antonio, Gepts, Paul, Bentley, Alison, Hughes, Stephen This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Society for Experimental Biology and The Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291467-7652 Close

• 153. [Image] An examination of the Klamath Basin crisis : restructuring the discourse within an identity-based framework

  	Thesis (B.A.) -- Whitman College, 2002; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An examination of the Klamath Basin crisis : restructuring the discourse within an identity-based framework Author: Dornsife, Alison M. Year: 2002, 2005, 2004 Thesis (B.A.) -- Whitman College, 2002; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83) Title: An examination of the Klamath Basin crisis : restructuring the discourse within an identity-based framework Author: Dornsife, Alison M. Year: 2002, 2005, 2004 Thesis (B.A.) -- Whitman College, 2002; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83) Close

• 154. [Article] Registration of ‘Teamaker’ Hop

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Registration of ‘Teamaker’ Hop Author: Haunold, Alfred, Gent, David H., Parker, Thomas B., Townsend, M. Shaun, Henning, John A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://www.crops.org/publications/jpr. Title: Registration of ‘Teamaker’ Hop Author: Haunold, Alfred, Gent, David H., Parker, Thomas B., Townsend, M. Shaun, Henning, John A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://www.crops.org/publications/jpr. Close

• 155. [Image] Farming practices and water quality in the Upper Klamath Basin : final report to the California State Water Resources Control Board : 205j program

  	Summary The Upper Klamath Basin (UKB) is a high desert region straddling the California-Oregon border east of the Cascade Range. Irrigation and other agricultural practices in the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation's ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farming practices and water quality in the Upper Klamath Basin : final report to the California State Water Resources Control Board : 205j program Author: Danosky, Earl; Kaffka, Stephen Year: 2002, 2007, 2006 Summary The Upper Klamath Basin (UKB) is a high desert region straddling the California-Oregon border east of the Cascade Range. Irrigation and other agricultural practices in the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Project may result in impaired surface water quality, reducing its use for wildlife and fish in important national wildlife refuges that receive drainage water from farms, and in the Klamath River. By 2004, a system of total maximum daily loads (TMDL) for nutrients must be established for the Klamath River. To investigate the relationships among agricultural practices and surface water quality in the Upper Klamath Basin, a two year reconnaissance survey of surface water and agricultural tile drain locations, focusing on nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and mass transfers was conducted. Data was collected at 18 surface locations and 10 tile drain locations. Triplicate samples were taken every ten days during the growing season (April through October) and one or two times a month during the remainder of the months, depending on opportunity. No samples were taken from tile drains during the winter months because there was no irrigation and drainage during that period. Water samples were analyzed for phosphorus (total P, soluble reactive P, total filterable P, and particulate P) and nitrogen (total N, soluble N, Soluble organic N, total filterable N, particulate N, and ammonia N), temperature, pH and electrical conductivity, a measure of salinity or total dissolved solids. Analyses of data, including data quality, estimates of the transfer of nutrients in surface waters in the region, and hypotheses about the relationship between agriculture and water quality are reported. 1. The salt and nutrient content of surface waters increases nearly threefold as water moves through the watershed from the Lost River and J canal diversion to the Klamath Straits Drain. Mean ECW levels in input waters at the J canal diversion were approximately 250 \iS cm1, while water sampled at the D pump increased to 600 ^S cm"1 on average over the sample period. By the time water reenters the Klamath River, salt concentrations have increased to approximately 700 jaS cm1. 2. The ECW values observed in subsurface tile drains were higher on average than in input waters and surface waters elsewhere in the region, especially in the Lease Lands area of the Tulelake Irrigation District (TID). ECW values averaged approximately 2,500 ^S cm"1 . Recycling irrigation water through soils in the TID increases the salinity of the water, especially by the time it reaches and is reused in the Lease Lands area of the Tulelake National Wildlife Refuge (TLNWR). Soils in this part of the Klamath Project area are naturally high in salt. 3. Water temperatures in agricultural subsurface tile drains were significantly lower than surface water temperatures during the growing season when tile drains were active. pH values in tile drains were lower than surface water values. The temperature and pH of tile drains does not influence surface water values. 1. 4. For total phosphorus (TP) input waters at the J canal irrigation diversion for the TED averaged approximately 0.27 mg L1 for the two years reported. Water leaving the Tulelake Sumps at the D pump increases to 0.33 mg L1. Water leaving the Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (LKNWR) sampled at the start of the Klamath Straits Drain, averaged 0.33 mg L1, similar to those at the D pump. TP increased further to 0.40 mg L"1 a the end of the Klamath Straits Drain. The overall increase in P concentration in surface waters was much less than for salt, suggesting that processes other than simple enrichment are occurring, particularly those associated with the exchange of sedimentary P and aquatic plant species. TN increases from 2.3 mg L"1 to 4.0 mg L1 over the same pathway. Atomic ratios (TN:TP) of surface water samples remain constant at approximately 10:1 throughout the system, suggesting that the amount of sediment and other small particulate matter in surface waters affects the values observed. The amount of sediment is influenced in part by the agitation of surface water as it passes through pumps and over weirs. 5. The average seasonal TP value in tile drains beneath farm fields is approximately 0.34 mg L"1 . While average total P values in subsurface tile drains were not different from those found at the D pump and the LKNWR outlet, the range in values was great (0.1 to 0.8 mg L1). Similarly, high NO3 -N values were observed at times in tile drains. Very high values in tile drains lead to the inference that some fertilizer N and P is lost in drainage water, combined with nutrients derived from decaying soil organic matter. The amount estimated as lost is much less than the amount of surplus fertilizer P applied and the amount of P surmised to be mineralized from decaying soil organic matter. P from fertilizer and decaying organic matter appears to be accumulating in soils and lake sediments in the region. 6. Ammonia N concentrations are at or below the limit of detection in subsurface agricultural tile lines and one to two orders of magnitude below the values observed in surface soils. Un ionized ammonia increases with temperature. Values above 0.25 mg L1 were observed in late summer at several locations. 7. Some leaching of soluble salts and nutrients is unavoidable when crops are irrigated. P fertilizer is applied at rates higher than crop removal, while fertilizer n is applied at rates less than crop removal. Reduced fertilizer use can help bring P inputs and outputs into balance and may reduce further any avoidable losses of P. This objective should be the subject of an agronomic research program in the region. 8. Surface waters entering the TDD, the TLNWR, and the LKNWR are already enriched with N and P. It seems unlikely that reducing N and P losses from farming in the TID, if possible, would influence surface water quality sufficiently to make them significantly less eutrophic. For P, the hypothesized threshold concentration limiting algae growth in fresh waters is 5 to 25 times smaller than the values observed in waters entering the TID for irrigation use. The addition of 1. nutrients from agriculture probably does not influence significantly surface water quality in the region. Wetland sediments, large amounts of organic matter in soils, and water introduced for irrigation contain essentially unlimited amounts of nutrients for aquatic plant growth. It is not clear how this circumstance could be changed under any reasonable time frame, if ever. 9. Using a TMDL approach may not result in reduced amounts of nutrients returned to the Klamath River because wetlands and farming practices in the southern portion of the Klamath Project result in the net removal of nutrients from the waters diverted for irrigation on a yearly basis, compared to allowing the same amount of water simply to flow down the river unused. Because of large errors of estimation for the amounts of water transferred, combined with smaller errors associated with estimating nutrient concentrations in water samples, and with year to year climate variation, TMDLs may not be an effective or efficient means of reducing nutrients in return flows to the Klamath River. Rational confidence limits for TMDLs may have to be too broad to be effective. Recycling of some drainage water for irrigation would reduce the amount of nutrients returned to the river more effectively than implementing a TMDL program. Title: Farming practices and water quality in the Upper Klamath Basin : final report to the California State Water Resources Control Board : 205j program Author: Danosky, Earl; Kaffka, Stephen Year: 2002, 2007, 2006 Summary The Upper Klamath Basin (UKB) is a high desert region straddling the California-Oregon border east of the Cascade Range. Irrigation and other agricultural practices in the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Project may result in impaired surface water quality, reducing its use for wildlife and fish in important national wildlife refuges that receive drainage water from farms, and in the Klamath River. By 2004, a system of total maximum daily loads (TMDL) for nutrients must be established for the Klamath River. To investigate the relationships among agricultural practices and surface water quality in the Upper Klamath Basin, a two year reconnaissance survey of surface water and agricultural tile drain locations, focusing on nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and mass transfers was conducted. Data was collected at 18 surface locations and 10 tile drain locations. Triplicate samples were taken every ten days during the growing season (April through October) and one or two times a month during the remainder of the months, depending on opportunity. No samples were taken from tile drains during the winter months because there was no irrigation and drainage during that period. Water samples were analyzed for phosphorus (total P, soluble reactive P, total filterable P, and particulate P) and nitrogen (total N, soluble N, Soluble organic N, total filterable N, particulate N, and ammonia N), temperature, pH and electrical conductivity, a measure of salinity or total dissolved solids. Analyses of data, including data quality, estimates of the transfer of nutrients in surface waters in the region, and hypotheses about the relationship between agriculture and water quality are reported. 1. The salt and nutrient content of surface waters increases nearly threefold as water moves through the watershed from the Lost River and J canal diversion to the Klamath Straits Drain. Mean ECW levels in input waters at the J canal diversion were approximately 250 \iS cm1, while water sampled at the D pump increased to 600 ^S cm"1 on average over the sample period. By the time water reenters the Klamath River, salt concentrations have increased to approximately 700 jaS cm1. 2. The ECW values observed in subsurface tile drains were higher on average than in input waters and surface waters elsewhere in the region, especially in the Lease Lands area of the Tulelake Irrigation District (TID). ECW values averaged approximately 2,500 ^S cm"1 . Recycling irrigation water through soils in the TID increases the salinity of the water, especially by the time it reaches and is reused in the Lease Lands area of the Tulelake National Wildlife Refuge (TLNWR). Soils in this part of the Klamath Project area are naturally high in salt. 3. Water temperatures in agricultural subsurface tile drains were significantly lower than surface water temperatures during the growing season when tile drains were active. pH values in tile drains were lower than surface water values. The temperature and pH of tile drains does not influence surface water values. 1. 4. For total phosphorus (TP) input waters at the J canal irrigation diversion for the TED averaged approximately 0.27 mg L1 for the two years reported. Water leaving the Tulelake Sumps at the D pump increases to 0.33 mg L1. Water leaving the Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (LKNWR) sampled at the start of the Klamath Straits Drain, averaged 0.33 mg L1, similar to those at the D pump. TP increased further to 0.40 mg L"1 a the end of the Klamath Straits Drain. The overall increase in P concentration in surface waters was much less than for salt, suggesting that processes other than simple enrichment are occurring, particularly those associated with the exchange of sedimentary P and aquatic plant species. TN increases from 2.3 mg L"1 to 4.0 mg L1 over the same pathway. Atomic ratios (TN:TP) of surface water samples remain constant at approximately 10:1 throughout the system, suggesting that the amount of sediment and other small particulate matter in surface waters affects the values observed. The amount of sediment is influenced in part by the agitation of surface water as it passes through pumps and over weirs. 5. The average seasonal TP value in tile drains beneath farm fields is approximately 0.34 mg L"1 . While average total P values in subsurface tile drains were not different from those found at the D pump and the LKNWR outlet, the range in values was great (0.1 to 0.8 mg L1). Similarly, high NO3 -N values were observed at times in tile drains. Very high values in tile drains lead to the inference that some fertilizer N and P is lost in drainage water, combined with nutrients derived from decaying soil organic matter. The amount estimated as lost is much less than the amount of surplus fertilizer P applied and the amount of P surmised to be mineralized from decaying soil organic matter. P from fertilizer and decaying organic matter appears to be accumulating in soils and lake sediments in the region. 6. Ammonia N concentrations are at or below the limit of detection in subsurface agricultural tile lines and one to two orders of magnitude below the values observed in surface soils. Un ionized ammonia increases with temperature. Values above 0.25 mg L1 were observed in late summer at several locations. 7. Some leaching of soluble salts and nutrients is unavoidable when crops are irrigated. P fertilizer is applied at rates higher than crop removal, while fertilizer n is applied at rates less than crop removal. Reduced fertilizer use can help bring P inputs and outputs into balance and may reduce further any avoidable losses of P. This objective should be the subject of an agronomic research program in the region. 8. Surface waters entering the TDD, the TLNWR, and the LKNWR are already enriched with N and P. It seems unlikely that reducing N and P losses from farming in the TID, if possible, would influence surface water quality sufficiently to make them significantly less eutrophic. For P, the hypothesized threshold concentration limiting algae growth in fresh waters is 5 to 25 times smaller than the values observed in waters entering the TID for irrigation use. The addition of 1. nutrients from agriculture probably does not influence significantly surface water quality in the region. Wetland sediments, large amounts of organic matter in soils, and water introduced for irrigation contain essentially unlimited amounts of nutrients for aquatic plant growth. It is not clear how this circumstance could be changed under any reasonable time frame, if ever. 9. Using a TMDL approach may not result in reduced amounts of nutrients returned to the Klamath River because wetlands and farming practices in the southern portion of the Klamath Project result in the net removal of nutrients from the waters diverted for irrigation on a yearly basis, compared to allowing the same amount of water simply to flow down the river unused. Because of large errors of estimation for the amounts of water transferred, combined with smaller errors associated with estimating nutrient concentrations in water samples, and with year to year climate variation, TMDLs may not be an effective or efficient means of reducing nutrients in return flows to the Klamath River. Rational confidence limits for TMDLs may have to be too broad to be effective. Recycling of some drainage water for irrigation would reduce the amount of nutrients returned to the river more effectively than implementing a TMDL program. Close

• 156. [Article] Property Values, Transit, and the Recession: A Case Study of L.A. Metro’s Gold Line in Pasadena, California

  30 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Property Values, Transit, and the Recession: A Case Study of L.A. Metro’s Gold Line in Pasadena, California Author: Bernhardt, Adams Year: 2014 30 pages Title: Property Values, Transit, and the Recession: A Case Study of L.A. Metro’s Gold Line in Pasadena, California Author: Bernhardt, Adams Year: 2014 30 pages Close

• 157. [Article] From the Oregon Wolfe Barley to fall-sown food barley : markers, maps, marker-assisted selection and quantitative trait loci

  Understanding complex traits is a fundamental challenge in plant genetics and a prerequisite for molecular breeding. Tools for trait dissection are markers, maps, and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: From the Oregon Wolfe Barley to fall-sown food barley : markers, maps, marker-assisted selection and quantitative trait loci Author: Chutimanitsakun, Yada Understanding complex traits is a fundamental challenge in plant genetics and a prerequisite for molecular breeding. Tools for trait dissection are markers, maps, and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is an application that integrates these tools. In this thesis research, a new sequence-based marker was evaluated, maps were constructed and used, and QTLs were detected using two types of populations. Marker-assisted selection was used to develop a novel class of barley. Restriction-site Associated DNA (RAD), a sequence based-marker technology, allows for simultaneous high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery and genotyping. We assessed the value of RAD markers for linkage map construction using the Oregon Wolfe Barley (OWB) mapping population. We compared a RAD-based map to a map generated using Illumina GoldenGate Assay (EST-based SNPs). The RAD markers generated a high quality map with complete genome coverage. We then used the RAD map to locate QTL for agronomic fitness traits. A paper describing this research was published (Chutimanitsakun et al., 2011). Marker-assisted selection was used to rapidly develop fall-sown barley germplasm for human food uses. The target traits were high grain β-glucan, vernalization sensitivity (VS) and low temperature tolerance (LTT). The target loci were WX and VRN-H2. Marker-assisted selection was effective in fixing target alleles at both loci and waxy starch led to increase in grain β-glucan. Unexpected segregation at VRN-H1 and VRN-H3, revealed by genome-wide association mapping (GW-AM), led to unanticipated phenotypic variation in VS and LTT. We found that GW-AM is an efficient and powerful method for identifying the genome coordinates of genes determining target traits. Precise information is obtained with perfect markers; additional research may be needed when multiple alleles are segregating at target loci and significant associations are with markers in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the target loci. A paper describing this research will be submitted for publication. Title: From the Oregon Wolfe Barley to fall-sown food barley : markers, maps, marker-assisted selection and quantitative trait loci Author: Chutimanitsakun, Yada Understanding complex traits is a fundamental challenge in plant genetics and a prerequisite for molecular breeding. Tools for trait dissection are markers, maps, and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is an application that integrates these tools. In this thesis research, a new sequence-based marker was evaluated, maps were constructed and used, and QTLs were detected using two types of populations. Marker-assisted selection was used to develop a novel class of barley. Restriction-site Associated DNA (RAD), a sequence based-marker technology, allows for simultaneous high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery and genotyping. We assessed the value of RAD markers for linkage map construction using the Oregon Wolfe Barley (OWB) mapping population. We compared a RAD-based map to a map generated using Illumina GoldenGate Assay (EST-based SNPs). The RAD markers generated a high quality map with complete genome coverage. We then used the RAD map to locate QTL for agronomic fitness traits. A paper describing this research was published (Chutimanitsakun et al., 2011). Marker-assisted selection was used to rapidly develop fall-sown barley germplasm for human food uses. The target traits were high grain β-glucan, vernalization sensitivity (VS) and low temperature tolerance (LTT). The target loci were WX and VRN-H2. Marker-assisted selection was effective in fixing target alleles at both loci and waxy starch led to increase in grain β-glucan. Unexpected segregation at VRN-H1 and VRN-H3, revealed by genome-wide association mapping (GW-AM), led to unanticipated phenotypic variation in VS and LTT. We found that GW-AM is an efficient and powerful method for identifying the genome coordinates of genes determining target traits. Precise information is obtained with perfect markers; additional research may be needed when multiple alleles are segregating at target loci and significant associations are with markers in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the target loci. A paper describing this research will be submitted for publication. Close

• 158. [Article] Practical two-stage pipe expansions for centrifugal pump irrigation

  Centrifugal irrigation pumps discharge fluids at high velocities that must be slowed to minimize energy losses due to friction. Pipe expansions make the transition to larger pipes associated with slower ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Practical two-stage pipe expansions for centrifugal pump irrigation Author: Fazio, John A Centrifugal irrigation pumps discharge fluids at high velocities that must be slowed to minimize energy losses due to friction. Pipe expansions make the transition to larger pipes associated with slower velocities. Expansions convert the upstream velocity head to static head in the downstream pipe. The transition to a larger pipe is commonly an abrupt or single-stage conical pipe expansion. Two-stage conical pipe expansions have been shown to be more efficient and a potential alternative. Four two-stage pipe expansions using standardly available materials were constructed and tested at common irrigation flow rates. These expansions require less space and cost less than optimum two-stage expansions. Pressure change across the pipe expansions were measured. The calculated head loss coefficients were compared to published values of abrupt, single-stage, and optimum two-stage pipe expansions. Head loss coefficients for the 50 - 100 mm and 75 - 150 mm two-stage expansions averaged 0.32 and 0.28 respectively. Loss coefficients for the 100 - 200 mm and 125 - 250 rim two-stage expansions averaged 0.16 and 0.17 respectively. The two-stage expansions operated more efficiently than abrupt and single-stage expansions and were economically practical for many pumping situations. The 50 - 100 mm two-stage expansion was only a slight improvement over a single-stage welding cone expansion. The fitting was economical as electricity prices rose over $0.05/kWh for crops requiring 3000 annual operating hours. The larger fittings became progressively better. The 75 - 150 mm expansion became economically practical at $0.03/kWh when operating more than 1,600 hours. The 100 - 200 mm and 125 - 250 mm two-stage fittings were always practical. Beginning with the 75 - 150 mm size and increasingly with the next two larger sizes, optimum two-stage fittings became economically competitive. Optimum two-stage expansions operated most efficiently, but because of their high cost were only practical for high electricity costs and long irrigation seasons. The three largest two-stage expansions tested are improvements over abrupt or single-stage expansions when constructing a pump discharge. Replacing an existing, less efficient expansion may not be cost effective because the existing fitting cost is lost. While only a small part of an irrigation system, these two-stage expansions can improve system performance with little extra cost and without requiring difficult to obtain components. Title: Practical two-stage pipe expansions for centrifugal pump irrigation Author: Fazio, John A Centrifugal irrigation pumps discharge fluids at high velocities that must be slowed to minimize energy losses due to friction. Pipe expansions make the transition to larger pipes associated with slower velocities. Expansions convert the upstream velocity head to static head in the downstream pipe. The transition to a larger pipe is commonly an abrupt or single-stage conical pipe expansion. Two-stage conical pipe expansions have been shown to be more efficient and a potential alternative. Four two-stage pipe expansions using standardly available materials were constructed and tested at common irrigation flow rates. These expansions require less space and cost less than optimum two-stage expansions. Pressure change across the pipe expansions were measured. The calculated head loss coefficients were compared to published values of abrupt, single-stage, and optimum two-stage pipe expansions. Head loss coefficients for the 50 - 100 mm and 75 - 150 mm two-stage expansions averaged 0.32 and 0.28 respectively. Loss coefficients for the 100 - 200 mm and 125 - 250 rim two-stage expansions averaged 0.16 and 0.17 respectively. The two-stage expansions operated more efficiently than abrupt and single-stage expansions and were economically practical for many pumping situations. The 50 - 100 mm two-stage expansion was only a slight improvement over a single-stage welding cone expansion. The fitting was economical as electricity prices rose over $0.05/kWh for crops requiring 3000 annual operating hours. The larger fittings became progressively better. The 75 - 150 mm expansion became economically practical at $0.03/kWh when operating more than 1,600 hours. The 100 - 200 mm and 125 - 250 mm two-stage fittings were always practical. Beginning with the 75 - 150 mm size and increasingly with the next two larger sizes, optimum two-stage fittings became economically competitive. Optimum two-stage expansions operated most efficiently, but because of their high cost were only practical for high electricity costs and long irrigation seasons. The three largest two-stage expansions tested are improvements over abrupt or single-stage expansions when constructing a pump discharge. Replacing an existing, less efficient expansion may not be cost effective because the existing fitting cost is lost. While only a small part of an irrigation system, these two-stage expansions can improve system performance with little extra cost and without requiring difficult to obtain components. Close

• 159. [Article] Interrelation of the components of grain yield in a cross between dwarf and semidwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars

  Parents and progeny populations from a cross of 'Stephens'x 'Tibet dwarf' were grown in a spaced-planted experiment to obtain information concerning the nature of inheritance and possible associations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interrelation of the components of grain yield in a cross between dwarf and semidwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Author: Medina, Luis E. Parents and progeny populations from a cross of 'Stephens'x 'Tibet dwarf' were grown in a spaced-planted experiment to obtain information concerning the nature of inheritance and possible associations between grain yield and the components of yield. Agronomic traits measured on an individual plant basis were: heading date, days to maturity, grain filling period, plant height, biological yield, number of spikes per plant, total length of spikes, spikelets per spike, kernels per spikelet, total kernel number, grain yield, kernel weight, harvest index, and chaff percentage. The nature of gene action was estimated for each trait by comparing broad and narrow sense heritability estimates. Possible associations among traits were determined by phenotypic and genotypic correlations as well as by path coefficient analysis. This latter analysis was based on the genotypic correlations of total grain yield with five other traits. Narrow sense heritability estimates were high for kernel weight, spikelets per spike, heading date, kernels per spikelet, chaff percentage, and total kernel number. Intermediate estimates were found for plant grain yield, spikes per plant, plant height, harvest index, days to maturity and total length of spikes. A low estimate was realized for biological yield. Narrow sense heritability values were higher than broad sense heritability for spikelets per spike, kernel weight, chaff percentage and heading date. These inflated estimates are attributed to sampling errors and/or uneven environmental influence on the various generations. Path coefficient analyses suggested that among the yield components, the number of kernels per spikelet was most closely associated with grain yield, followed by the number of spikelets per plant, the number of spikelets per spike and kernel weight. Low direct associations with grain yield were found for both harvest index and plant height. A moderately high association between harvest index and grain yield was the result of an indirect association via spikelets per spike. As suggested by both narrow sense heritability estimates and path coefficient analysis, selection for number of kernels per spikelet among the F₂ populations of the cross of Stephens and Tibet dwarf would result in increased grain yield in succeeding generations. Path coefficient analysis indicated that the direct relation between grain yield and plant height was low, suggesting that short, high yielding plants could be selected within segregating populations resulting from this cross. Title: Interrelation of the components of grain yield in a cross between dwarf and semidwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Author: Medina, Luis E. Parents and progeny populations from a cross of 'Stephens'x 'Tibet dwarf' were grown in a spaced-planted experiment to obtain information concerning the nature of inheritance and possible associations between grain yield and the components of yield. Agronomic traits measured on an individual plant basis were: heading date, days to maturity, grain filling period, plant height, biological yield, number of spikes per plant, total length of spikes, spikelets per spike, kernels per spikelet, total kernel number, grain yield, kernel weight, harvest index, and chaff percentage. The nature of gene action was estimated for each trait by comparing broad and narrow sense heritability estimates. Possible associations among traits were determined by phenotypic and genotypic correlations as well as by path coefficient analysis. This latter analysis was based on the genotypic correlations of total grain yield with five other traits. Narrow sense heritability estimates were high for kernel weight, spikelets per spike, heading date, kernels per spikelet, chaff percentage, and total kernel number. Intermediate estimates were found for plant grain yield, spikes per plant, plant height, harvest index, days to maturity and total length of spikes. A low estimate was realized for biological yield. Narrow sense heritability values were higher than broad sense heritability for spikelets per spike, kernel weight, chaff percentage and heading date. These inflated estimates are attributed to sampling errors and/or uneven environmental influence on the various generations. Path coefficient analyses suggested that among the yield components, the number of kernels per spikelet was most closely associated with grain yield, followed by the number of spikelets per plant, the number of spikelets per spike and kernel weight. Low direct associations with grain yield were found for both harvest index and plant height. A moderately high association between harvest index and grain yield was the result of an indirect association via spikelets per spike. As suggested by both narrow sense heritability estimates and path coefficient analysis, selection for number of kernels per spikelet among the F₂ populations of the cross of Stephens and Tibet dwarf would result in increased grain yield in succeeding generations. Path coefficient analysis indicated that the direct relation between grain yield and plant height was low, suggesting that short, high yielding plants could be selected within segregating populations resulting from this cross. Close

• 160. [Article] Heterosis and inbreeding in the progeney of genetically diverse parental clones of Festuca arundinacea Schreb

  The response of maturity, vigor, plant spread, plant height, three forage harvest yields, and total forage yield to heterosis and inbreeding was studied in tall fescue. Parent clones selected for diverse ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heterosis and inbreeding in the progeney of genetically diverse parental clones of Festuca arundinacea Schreb Author: Johnson, Blaine Earl The response of maturity, vigor, plant spread, plant height, three forage harvest yields, and total forage yield to heterosis and inbreeding was studied in tall fescue. Parent clones selected for diverse anthesis date, origin, and morphology were separated into two groups based on anthesis date, those having early maturity and those having late maturity. Parents, single-cross (SX), and first generation selfed (S₁) progeny were field evaluated. Parents, S₁, and SX progeny were space planted on a . 914 x 1.219 meter basis at the Hyslop Agronomy Field Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, in September, 1969. A randomized block design having four blocks and 14 plant rows as entries was used. Data were collected during the spring, summer, and fall of 1972. Single-cross progeny had a mean performance better than their midparents ' mean performance for all characteristics, with all differences significant except for plant height and third harvest forage yield. Single-cross progeny averaged 7. 03, 13. 18, 13. 50, 3. 89, 42. 93, 51. 72, 15. 14, and 37. 12 percent better than their midparents for maturity rating, vigor rating, plant spread, plant height, first, second, and third harvest forage yield, and forage yield, respectively. There was a greater frequency of individual single-crosses that exhibited significant heterosis in the early x late group than in either the early x early or late x late groups. In addition the average heterotic response of the early x late group was consistently greater than that of either of the other two groups. Thus it appears significant heterosis is more likely to occur, and is likely to be of a greater magnitude, in the progeny of parents having maturity differences, and presumably, greater genetic differences. Significant variation occurred among the single-cross maturity group means for all characteristics with the early x early single crosses most often being the better performers. Consequently the additional heterosis observed in the early x late group was usually insufficient to bring performance of this group up to that of the higher performing but less heterotic early x early single-crosses. This suggests heterosis may be of little practical importance. Inbreeding depression of S₁ progeny was significant for all characteristics. The inbreeding depression was of the greatest magnitude in the progeny of the early parents. Performance of early parents and early S₁ progeny was generally better than that of their late counterparts. Heritability estimates were high, particularly those obtained by regressing single-cross progeny on midparents, although two did not differ significantly from zero. The coefficients of determination for the same associations were likewise high, with over 70 percent of progeny variation being explained by linear association with parents for most characteristics. As superior progeny came from superior parents, this high degree of association suggests clonal evaluation may be an effective screening method in tall fescue. There was strong association among the characteristics of maturity rating, plant spread, plant height, first and third forage yield, and total forage yield, with the lowest of these coefficients of determination, R² = .6031, occurring between maturity rating and plant spread. Vigor rating, second harvest yield, seedling vigor index, and panicle number showed little association among themselves or among the other characteristics, with the highest association, R² = . 3599, occurring between panicle number and third harvest yield. Seed yield was moderately associated with forage characteristics, with R² values of about .5000, but showed no association with panicle number. Title: Heterosis and inbreeding in the progeney of genetically diverse parental clones of Festuca arundinacea Schreb Author: Johnson, Blaine Earl The response of maturity, vigor, plant spread, plant height, three forage harvest yields, and total forage yield to heterosis and inbreeding was studied in tall fescue. Parent clones selected for diverse anthesis date, origin, and morphology were separated into two groups based on anthesis date, those having early maturity and those having late maturity. Parents, single-cross (SX), and first generation selfed (S₁) progeny were field evaluated. Parents, S₁, and SX progeny were space planted on a . 914 x 1.219 meter basis at the Hyslop Agronomy Field Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, in September, 1969. A randomized block design having four blocks and 14 plant rows as entries was used. Data were collected during the spring, summer, and fall of 1972. Single-cross progeny had a mean performance better than their midparents ' mean performance for all characteristics, with all differences significant except for plant height and third harvest forage yield. Single-cross progeny averaged 7. 03, 13. 18, 13. 50, 3. 89, 42. 93, 51. 72, 15. 14, and 37. 12 percent better than their midparents for maturity rating, vigor rating, plant spread, plant height, first, second, and third harvest forage yield, and forage yield, respectively. There was a greater frequency of individual single-crosses that exhibited significant heterosis in the early x late group than in either the early x early or late x late groups. In addition the average heterotic response of the early x late group was consistently greater than that of either of the other two groups. Thus it appears significant heterosis is more likely to occur, and is likely to be of a greater magnitude, in the progeny of parents having maturity differences, and presumably, greater genetic differences. Significant variation occurred among the single-cross maturity group means for all characteristics with the early x early single crosses most often being the better performers. Consequently the additional heterosis observed in the early x late group was usually insufficient to bring performance of this group up to that of the higher performing but less heterotic early x early single-crosses. This suggests heterosis may be of little practical importance. Inbreeding depression of S₁ progeny was significant for all characteristics. The inbreeding depression was of the greatest magnitude in the progeny of the early parents. Performance of early parents and early S₁ progeny was generally better than that of their late counterparts. Heritability estimates were high, particularly those obtained by regressing single-cross progeny on midparents, although two did not differ significantly from zero. The coefficients of determination for the same associations were likewise high, with over 70 percent of progeny variation being explained by linear association with parents for most characteristics. As superior progeny came from superior parents, this high degree of association suggests clonal evaluation may be an effective screening method in tall fescue. There was strong association among the characteristics of maturity rating, plant spread, plant height, first and third forage yield, and total forage yield, with the lowest of these coefficients of determination, R² = .6031, occurring between maturity rating and plant spread. Vigor rating, second harvest yield, seedling vigor index, and panicle number showed little association among themselves or among the other characteristics, with the highest association, R² = . 3599, occurring between panicle number and third harvest yield. Seed yield was moderately associated with forage characteristics, with R² values of about .5000, but showed no association with panicle number. Close

• 161. [Article] Availability of phosphorus in central Oregon soils in comparison with selected Oregon soils

  The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the availability of native and applied P in Central Oregon pumice soils with that in Willamette valley soils and calcareous soils from Eastern Oregon. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Availability of phosphorus in central Oregon soils in comparison with selected Oregon soils Author: Araos, Jose Fernando The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the availability of native and applied P in Central Oregon pumice soils with that in Willamette valley soils and calcareous soils from Eastern Oregon. The experimental work to meet these objectives included laboratory and greenhouse studies. The removal of P from solutions in one hour of eqilibration was much greater in the Willamette valley soils than in the pumice soils, and greater in the pumice soils than in the calcareous soils from Eastern Oregon. The ratio between the P removal by the Willamette valley soils and the removal by the pumice soils increased with the rate of P application, while the ratio between the removal by the pumice soils and that by the calcareous soils was fairly constant at different rates of P application. Generally more P was extracted from these soils by the method of Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 than by the methods of Olsen 1:10 (soil to extractant ratio = 10) and Olsen 1:20, and more P by these methods than by that of Morgan. On the Willamette valley soils the method of Olsen 1:20 extracted about 1.5 times the amount of P extracted by the Olsen 1:10 method, on the pumice soils the Olsen 1:20 method extracted slightly more P than the Olsen 1:10 method, while on the calcareous soils the Olsen 1:10 method extracted almost the same amount of P as the method of Olsen 1:20. When Morgan's procedure was compared with the methods of Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 and both Olsen's procedures, it extracted proportionally more P on the calcareous soils than on the pumice soils, and more P on the pumice soils than on the Willamette valley soils. With any group of soils and with all the soils considered together the values of available P obtained by the methods of Olsen 1:10, Olsen 1:20, and Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 were highly correlated. The correlation between the method of Morgan and the methods of Olsen 1:10, Olsen 1:20, and Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 varied with the group of soils considered, being higher on the Willamette valley soils and lower on the calcareous soils. In greenhouse experiments with oats, P applications did not increase yields but did increase the %P and mg. P/pot in the tops of plants. In most of the experiments, particularly those with the pumice and the calcareous soils, the oat plants showed disorder symptoms which increased with P application. It is possible that these symptoms had been related to an interaction between P and one or more essential nutrients. In the greenhouse experiments with subterranean clover, no disorder symptoms were observed, P application increased yield and %P in tops in almost all the experiments, and the mg. P/pot in all the experiments. Simple correlation coefficients between available P values by different methods and the percent P in tops and the mg. P/pot were in most cases high, but varied depending on the method, effect considered, and crop. The correlation values obtained by the method of Morgan were more variable than those obtained by the Olsen 1:10, Olsen 1:20, and Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 methods. The recovery of P applied to the soils was measured by short equilibration with P solutions, by the methods of Olsen 1:10, Olsen 1:20, Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1, and Morgan, and by oats and subterranean clover in the greenhouse. These different procedures were generally in good agreement with respect to the relative recovery of P from the different soils. The recovery was larger in the calcareous soils, followed by the pumice soils, and last by the Willamette valley soils. The difference in recovery between the calcareous and the pumice soils was smaller than the difference between the pumice and the Willamette valley soils. In most cases a slightly larger percent of the added P was recovered at the rate of 50 ppm. P application than at the rate of 25 ppm. P. The recovery by plants in the greenhouse was more variable than the recovery by the laboratory methods in this respect. Among the different procedures used to measure the recovery of P, both by chemical extraction and by plants in the greenhouse, the highest recovery was obtained by the method of Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 and the smallest recovery was obtained by the method of Morgan. Title: Availability of phosphorus in central Oregon soils in comparison with selected Oregon soils Author: Araos, Jose Fernando The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the availability of native and applied P in Central Oregon pumice soils with that in Willamette valley soils and calcareous soils from Eastern Oregon. The experimental work to meet these objectives included laboratory and greenhouse studies. The removal of P from solutions in one hour of eqilibration was much greater in the Willamette valley soils than in the pumice soils, and greater in the pumice soils than in the calcareous soils from Eastern Oregon. The ratio between the P removal by the Willamette valley soils and the removal by the pumice soils increased with the rate of P application, while the ratio between the removal by the pumice soils and that by the calcareous soils was fairly constant at different rates of P application. Generally more P was extracted from these soils by the method of Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 than by the methods of Olsen 1:10 (soil to extractant ratio = 10) and Olsen 1:20, and more P by these methods than by that of Morgan. On the Willamette valley soils the method of Olsen 1:20 extracted about 1.5 times the amount of P extracted by the Olsen 1:10 method, on the pumice soils the Olsen 1:20 method extracted slightly more P than the Olsen 1:10 method, while on the calcareous soils the Olsen 1:10 method extracted almost the same amount of P as the method of Olsen 1:20. When Morgan's procedure was compared with the methods of Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 and both Olsen's procedures, it extracted proportionally more P on the calcareous soils than on the pumice soils, and more P on the pumice soils than on the Willamette valley soils. With any group of soils and with all the soils considered together the values of available P obtained by the methods of Olsen 1:10, Olsen 1:20, and Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 were highly correlated. The correlation between the method of Morgan and the methods of Olsen 1:10, Olsen 1:20, and Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 varied with the group of soils considered, being higher on the Willamette valley soils and lower on the calcareous soils. In greenhouse experiments with oats, P applications did not increase yields but did increase the %P and mg. P/pot in the tops of plants. In most of the experiments, particularly those with the pumice and the calcareous soils, the oat plants showed disorder symptoms which increased with P application. It is possible that these symptoms had been related to an interaction between P and one or more essential nutrients. In the greenhouse experiments with subterranean clover, no disorder symptoms were observed, P application increased yield and %P in tops in almost all the experiments, and the mg. P/pot in all the experiments. Simple correlation coefficients between available P values by different methods and the percent P in tops and the mg. P/pot were in most cases high, but varied depending on the method, effect considered, and crop. The correlation values obtained by the method of Morgan were more variable than those obtained by the Olsen 1:10, Olsen 1:20, and Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 methods. The recovery of P applied to the soils was measured by short equilibration with P solutions, by the methods of Olsen 1:10, Olsen 1:20, Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1, and Morgan, and by oats and subterranean clover in the greenhouse. These different procedures were generally in good agreement with respect to the relative recovery of P from the different soils. The recovery was larger in the calcareous soils, followed by the pumice soils, and last by the Willamette valley soils. The difference in recovery between the calcareous and the pumice soils was smaller than the difference between the pumice and the Willamette valley soils. In most cases a slightly larger percent of the added P was recovered at the rate of 50 ppm. P application than at the rate of 25 ppm. P. The recovery by plants in the greenhouse was more variable than the recovery by the laboratory methods in this respect. Among the different procedures used to measure the recovery of P, both by chemical extraction and by plants in the greenhouse, the highest recovery was obtained by the method of Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 and the smallest recovery was obtained by the method of Morgan. Close

• 162. [Article] Estimating the dry matter production, nitrogen requirements, and yield of organic farm-grown potatoes

  As part of a participatory research project, where farmers and Oregon State University researchers collaborated, aspects of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growing systems were studied. It was determined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating the dry matter production, nitrogen requirements, and yield of organic farm-grown potatoes Author: McQueen, John Paul Gainer As part of a participatory research project, where farmers and Oregon State University researchers collaborated, aspects of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growing systems were studied. It was determined through conversations with the farmers that quantification of certain growth parameters of potato was lacking, including dry matter accumulation, crop nitrogen (N) uptake, and yield. In order to better assist the farmers in making fertilization decisions a study of the systems was undertaken. An important aspect in making fertilization recommendations is estimating the contribution of N by the soil in a growing season. This contribution was estimated in two ways. The first was through a laboratory aerobic incubation. Soil was collected in spring, summer, and post-harvest from the participating farms' potato fields in 2006. The N mineralization incubation was conducted for 63 d at 22°C with subsampling to determine NO₃-N every 21 d beginning with Day 0. The second method was by using a plant bioassay approach. Plant biomass, excluding roots, was harvested three to four times during tuber bulking from plots where no current season amendments were added to the soil (zero-N plots). The concentration of N was determined for the plant residues and N uptake estimated. Petiole samples were analyzed for NO₃-N to monitor the relative N status during the season and to determine if there were N deficiencies. Growth measurements of potato were also conducted on "Intensive Farms" in plots where farmers conducted "typical" nutrient management. Weekly plant samples were removed beginning when tubers were 1 to 3 cm in diameter. From these samples dry matter accumulation, crop N uptake, and fresh tuber yield were estimated. Petiole samples were also taken to determine the relative N status of the plant. Yield was also measured for a second group of farm, "All-Farms". This sampling used an "as-is" approach that consisted of hand-digging sections of row and calculating yield per hectare using row spacing found in the sampled field. In the laboratory, net N mineralization rates were approximately 0.4 to 1.3 NO₃-N mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ during the 63-day incubation at 22°C for soils collected from 11 farms in the spring with a median of 0.7 NO₃-N mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹. The N-supplying capacity of the soils is estimated at 120 to 160 kg N ha⁻¹ for 2000 degree days. The uptake of N by the potato in zero-N plots at harvest was 83 to 237 kg N ha⁻¹ confirming the high amounts of N mineralization observed in the laboratory incubation. The soils on these farms mineralize an estimated 3% of total soil N in less than 1400 degree days (base 0°C). On Intensive Farms, total nitrogen uptake was an estimated 145, 190, and 245 kg N ha⁻¹ for Farms 1, 2, and 3. Despite different levels of N uptake, fresh tuber yields on Intensive Farms were similar between farms with 53 Mg ha⁻¹ on Farm 1, 45 Mg ha⁻¹ on Farm 2, and 43 Mg ha⁻¹ on Farm 3. Higher N levels on Farm 3 did not increase yields and total N in shoots at harvest was highest at 150 kg ha⁻¹ verses Farm 1 with 40 kg ha⁻¹. Tuber bulking rates were 0.8, 0.7, and 1.0 Mg ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ for Farms 1, 2, and 3. Delaying harvest could have resulted in higher yields. For tuber yields of 50 Mg ha⁻¹ farmers can expect a total N uptake of approximately 200 kg N ha⁻¹ with 0.9 m between-row spacing. Fresh tuber yields on All-Farms varied by cultivar and location with a median of 19 Mg ha⁻¹ that reflected in-field between-row spacing. At harvest, medium tubers 85 to 227 g (3 to 8 oz) averaged 50% of fresh tuber yield. To accomplish higher yields, row spacing near 1 m is recommended. Petiole N levels were variable during the season with starting values lower than common recommendations and decreasing rapidly as time progressed. We estimate that the soil at these farms supplies approximately 120 to 160 kg N ha⁻¹ and applications of less than 100 kg of plant-available N should support current yields. Title: Estimating the dry matter production, nitrogen requirements, and yield of organic farm-grown potatoes Author: McQueen, John Paul Gainer As part of a participatory research project, where farmers and Oregon State University researchers collaborated, aspects of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growing systems were studied. It was determined through conversations with the farmers that quantification of certain growth parameters of potato was lacking, including dry matter accumulation, crop nitrogen (N) uptake, and yield. In order to better assist the farmers in making fertilization decisions a study of the systems was undertaken. An important aspect in making fertilization recommendations is estimating the contribution of N by the soil in a growing season. This contribution was estimated in two ways. The first was through a laboratory aerobic incubation. Soil was collected in spring, summer, and post-harvest from the participating farms' potato fields in 2006. The N mineralization incubation was conducted for 63 d at 22°C with subsampling to determine NO₃-N every 21 d beginning with Day 0. The second method was by using a plant bioassay approach. Plant biomass, excluding roots, was harvested three to four times during tuber bulking from plots where no current season amendments were added to the soil (zero-N plots). The concentration of N was determined for the plant residues and N uptake estimated. Petiole samples were analyzed for NO₃-N to monitor the relative N status during the season and to determine if there were N deficiencies. Growth measurements of potato were also conducted on "Intensive Farms" in plots where farmers conducted "typical" nutrient management. Weekly plant samples were removed beginning when tubers were 1 to 3 cm in diameter. From these samples dry matter accumulation, crop N uptake, and fresh tuber yield were estimated. Petiole samples were also taken to determine the relative N status of the plant. Yield was also measured for a second group of farm, "All-Farms". This sampling used an "as-is" approach that consisted of hand-digging sections of row and calculating yield per hectare using row spacing found in the sampled field. In the laboratory, net N mineralization rates were approximately 0.4 to 1.3 NO₃-N mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ during the 63-day incubation at 22°C for soils collected from 11 farms in the spring with a median of 0.7 NO₃-N mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹. The N-supplying capacity of the soils is estimated at 120 to 160 kg N ha⁻¹ for 2000 degree days. The uptake of N by the potato in zero-N plots at harvest was 83 to 237 kg N ha⁻¹ confirming the high amounts of N mineralization observed in the laboratory incubation. The soils on these farms mineralize an estimated 3% of total soil N in less than 1400 degree days (base 0°C). On Intensive Farms, total nitrogen uptake was an estimated 145, 190, and 245 kg N ha⁻¹ for Farms 1, 2, and 3. Despite different levels of N uptake, fresh tuber yields on Intensive Farms were similar between farms with 53 Mg ha⁻¹ on Farm 1, 45 Mg ha⁻¹ on Farm 2, and 43 Mg ha⁻¹ on Farm 3. Higher N levels on Farm 3 did not increase yields and total N in shoots at harvest was highest at 150 kg ha⁻¹ verses Farm 1 with 40 kg ha⁻¹. Tuber bulking rates were 0.8, 0.7, and 1.0 Mg ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ for Farms 1, 2, and 3. Delaying harvest could have resulted in higher yields. For tuber yields of 50 Mg ha⁻¹ farmers can expect a total N uptake of approximately 200 kg N ha⁻¹ with 0.9 m between-row spacing. Fresh tuber yields on All-Farms varied by cultivar and location with a median of 19 Mg ha⁻¹ that reflected in-field between-row spacing. At harvest, medium tubers 85 to 227 g (3 to 8 oz) averaged 50% of fresh tuber yield. To accomplish higher yields, row spacing near 1 m is recommended. Petiole N levels were variable during the season with starting values lower than common recommendations and decreasing rapidly as time progressed. We estimate that the soil at these farms supplies approximately 120 to 160 kg N ha⁻¹ and applications of less than 100 kg of plant-available N should support current yields. Close

• 163. [Article] Asulam for tansy ragwort control in alfalfa : field efficacy and selectivity factors

  Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L. ) is a poisonous weed which infests alfalfa fields in western Oregon. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of asulam (methyl sulfanilylcarbamate)for control ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Asulam for tansy ragwort control in alfalfa : field efficacy and selectivity factors Author: Harper, Delbert Ray Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L. ) is a poisonous weed which infests alfalfa fields in western Oregon. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of asulam (methyl sulfanilylcarbamate)for control of tansy ragwort in alfalfa and to elucidate factors responsible for its selectivity. In seven replicated field trials in 1973 and 1974, 2.2 kg/ha of asulam gave 70% to 90% control of tansy ragwort. No visible injury or yield reductions were recorded in alfalfa treated with rates of asulam up to 9. 0 kg/ha. Varying carrier volume from 38 to 151 L/ha or adding 0. 2% surfactant to the spray solution did not influence tansy ragwort control. In the greenhouse, rates of foliar applications of asulam sodium salt causing growth reductions of 50% (GR₅₀) were calculated by using the least-squares method. Estimated GR₅₀ values for alfalfa were 109 and 55 kg/ha, without and with surfactant, respectively. GR₅₀ values for tansy ragwort were 0.30 kg/ha without surfactant and 0.38 kg/ha with added surfactant. Spray retention by alfalfa and tansy ragwort was measured by using 2% acid red dye solutions and asulam sodium salt solutions. Increasing carrier volume increased spray retention in both species. Tansy ragwort retained an average of 2.5 times as much as alfalfa when no surfactant was added to the spray solution. When surfactant was added, the retention per unit leaf area was the same for each species. Retention by tansy ragwort was not influenced by surfactant but retention by alfalfa was 2.3 times as much with surfactant as without surfactant. The effects of surfactant and time of exposure on the uptake of ¹⁴C asulam solution into foliage of both species was measured. The treated portions were washed, activity in the wash water was measured, and uptake was calculated. Uptake of ¹⁴C asulam in both species was at a maximum 48 hr after treatment. Uptake by tansy ragwort was 1.9 times as high as in alfalfa when no surfactant was added to the spray solution. When surfactant was added, alfalfa absorbed 1.6 times as much asulam as tansy ragwort. The addition of surfactant increased uptake by alfalfa 2.7 times and did not significantly influence uptake by tansy ragwort. Tansy ragwort translocated 2.5 times as much ¹⁴C activity from the treated area as alfalfa when values were expressed as a percentage of the amount taken up. The amount translocated in alfalfa was independent of the amount of uptake; similar amounts of activity were found outside the treated area, even though 2.7 times as much was taken up when surfactant was added. Trans location by tansy ragwort was not affected by addition of surfactant. Metabolism of ¹⁴C asulam applied with surfactant was studied in both species. Plants were harvested 48, 96, and 144 hr after treatment and extracted with acetone. The aqueous residue of the acetone extract was partitioned with ethyl acetate and the ¹⁴C activity in the ethyl acetate phase, the aqueous phase, and the plant residue was determined. The total non-extracted activity was higher in alfalfa residues than tansy ragwort, but when the values were converted to a percentage of the amount of uptake, there were no significant differences between species. Alfalfa had significantly higher percentages of the ¹⁴C activity present in the aqueous phase than did tansy ragwort. There were significantly lower amounts of free ¹⁴C asulam in alfalfa than in tansy ragwort as determined by thin-layer chromatography. An unknown asulam metabolite was present in the ethyl acetate extracts of alfalfa while more than 75% of the ¹⁴C activity in ethyl acetate extracts of tansy ragwort was asulam. The aqueous extracts of both species apparently contained an acid-labile conjugate(s) of asulam. Results of the studies conducted do not completely account for differences in sensitivity found in the greenhouse. Other possible explanations for selectivity are discussed. Title: Asulam for tansy ragwort control in alfalfa : field efficacy and selectivity factors Author: Harper, Delbert Ray Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L. ) is a poisonous weed which infests alfalfa fields in western Oregon. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of asulam (methyl sulfanilylcarbamate)for control of tansy ragwort in alfalfa and to elucidate factors responsible for its selectivity. In seven replicated field trials in 1973 and 1974, 2.2 kg/ha of asulam gave 70% to 90% control of tansy ragwort. No visible injury or yield reductions were recorded in alfalfa treated with rates of asulam up to 9. 0 kg/ha. Varying carrier volume from 38 to 151 L/ha or adding 0. 2% surfactant to the spray solution did not influence tansy ragwort control. In the greenhouse, rates of foliar applications of asulam sodium salt causing growth reductions of 50% (GR₅₀) were calculated by using the least-squares method. Estimated GR₅₀ values for alfalfa were 109 and 55 kg/ha, without and with surfactant, respectively. GR₅₀ values for tansy ragwort were 0.30 kg/ha without surfactant and 0.38 kg/ha with added surfactant. Spray retention by alfalfa and tansy ragwort was measured by using 2% acid red dye solutions and asulam sodium salt solutions. Increasing carrier volume increased spray retention in both species. Tansy ragwort retained an average of 2.5 times as much as alfalfa when no surfactant was added to the spray solution. When surfactant was added, the retention per unit leaf area was the same for each species. Retention by tansy ragwort was not influenced by surfactant but retention by alfalfa was 2.3 times as much with surfactant as without surfactant. The effects of surfactant and time of exposure on the uptake of ¹⁴C asulam solution into foliage of both species was measured. The treated portions were washed, activity in the wash water was measured, and uptake was calculated. Uptake of ¹⁴C asulam in both species was at a maximum 48 hr after treatment. Uptake by tansy ragwort was 1.9 times as high as in alfalfa when no surfactant was added to the spray solution. When surfactant was added, alfalfa absorbed 1.6 times as much asulam as tansy ragwort. The addition of surfactant increased uptake by alfalfa 2.7 times and did not significantly influence uptake by tansy ragwort. Tansy ragwort translocated 2.5 times as much ¹⁴C activity from the treated area as alfalfa when values were expressed as a percentage of the amount taken up. The amount translocated in alfalfa was independent of the amount of uptake; similar amounts of activity were found outside the treated area, even though 2.7 times as much was taken up when surfactant was added. Trans location by tansy ragwort was not affected by addition of surfactant. Metabolism of ¹⁴C asulam applied with surfactant was studied in both species. Plants were harvested 48, 96, and 144 hr after treatment and extracted with acetone. The aqueous residue of the acetone extract was partitioned with ethyl acetate and the ¹⁴C activity in the ethyl acetate phase, the aqueous phase, and the plant residue was determined. The total non-extracted activity was higher in alfalfa residues than tansy ragwort, but when the values were converted to a percentage of the amount of uptake, there were no significant differences between species. Alfalfa had significantly higher percentages of the ¹⁴C activity present in the aqueous phase than did tansy ragwort. There were significantly lower amounts of free ¹⁴C asulam in alfalfa than in tansy ragwort as determined by thin-layer chromatography. An unknown asulam metabolite was present in the ethyl acetate extracts of alfalfa while more than 75% of the ¹⁴C activity in ethyl acetate extracts of tansy ragwort was asulam. The aqueous extracts of both species apparently contained an acid-labile conjugate(s) of asulam. Results of the studies conducted do not completely account for differences in sensitivity found in the greenhouse. Other possible explanations for selectivity are discussed. Close

• 164. [Article] The Biogeochemistry of nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in native shrub ecosystems in Senegal

  Two native shrub species (Piliostigma reticulatum and Guiera senegalensis) are prominent vegetation components in farmers’ fields in Senegal. However, their role in nutrient cycling and ecosystem function ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Biogeochemistry of nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in native shrub ecosystems in Senegal Author: Dossa, Ekw'e Lokossou, 1960- Two native shrub species (Piliostigma reticulatum and Guiera senegalensis) are prominent vegetation components in farmers’ fields in Senegal. However, their role in nutrient cycling and ecosystem function has largely been overlooked. A study including both laboratory and field experiments was conducted to evaluate potential biophysical interactions of the two shrub species with soils and crops in Senegal. Carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) mineralization potential of soils incubated with residues of the two shrubs species was studied in laboratory conditions. Additionally, the effect of shrub-residue amendment on P sorption by soils was examined. Under field conditions, the effect of presence or absence of shrubs on crop productivity and nutrient recycling in soil was investigated. Another study examined shrub species effect on spatial distribution of nutrients and P fractions. Results showed shrub residues used as amendments immobilized N and P, which suggested these residues have limited value as immediate nutrient sources for crops. However, soils amended with shrub residues sorbed less P than unamended soils, indicating that when added to P-fixing soils, shrub residues could improve P availability to crops. In the absence of fertilization or when water was limiting, shrubs increased crop yield, likely through a combination of improved soil quality and water conditions associated with the shrub canopy and rhizosphere. The presence of shrubs increased nutrient-use efficiency over sole crop systems. Shrubs were shown to create “islands of fertility” that had greater C, N and P concentrations under their canopies than in open areas. Shrubs differed in their ability to modify soil properties. G. senegalensis had higher soil C and N under its canopy and lower pH than P. reticulatum. Sequential extraction of P fractions showed that NaOH-P, most of which is organic P, was the dominant P fraction in the soils. These results showed that, in the Sahel, shrubs are important components of cropping systems that should be conserved and actively managed. Title: The Biogeochemistry of nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in native shrub ecosystems in Senegal Author: Dossa, Ekw'e Lokossou, 1960- Two native shrub species (Piliostigma reticulatum and Guiera senegalensis) are prominent vegetation components in farmers’ fields in Senegal. However, their role in nutrient cycling and ecosystem function has largely been overlooked. A study including both laboratory and field experiments was conducted to evaluate potential biophysical interactions of the two shrub species with soils and crops in Senegal. Carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) mineralization potential of soils incubated with residues of the two shrubs species was studied in laboratory conditions. Additionally, the effect of shrub-residue amendment on P sorption by soils was examined. Under field conditions, the effect of presence or absence of shrubs on crop productivity and nutrient recycling in soil was investigated. Another study examined shrub species effect on spatial distribution of nutrients and P fractions. Results showed shrub residues used as amendments immobilized N and P, which suggested these residues have limited value as immediate nutrient sources for crops. However, soils amended with shrub residues sorbed less P than unamended soils, indicating that when added to P-fixing soils, shrub residues could improve P availability to crops. In the absence of fertilization or when water was limiting, shrubs increased crop yield, likely through a combination of improved soil quality and water conditions associated with the shrub canopy and rhizosphere. The presence of shrubs increased nutrient-use efficiency over sole crop systems. Shrubs were shown to create “islands of fertility” that had greater C, N and P concentrations under their canopies than in open areas. Shrubs differed in their ability to modify soil properties. G. senegalensis had higher soil C and N under its canopy and lower pH than P. reticulatum. Sequential extraction of P fractions showed that NaOH-P, most of which is organic P, was the dominant P fraction in the soils. These results showed that, in the Sahel, shrubs are important components of cropping systems that should be conserved and actively managed. Close

• 165. [Article] Welfare Effects of the Federal Crop Insurance Program : The Sufficient Statistics Approach

  The publicly subsidized Federal Crop Insurance Program has expanded rapidly in recent decades in the United States. With the reform in the 2014 Farm Bill, the Federal Crop Insurance Program has become ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Welfare Effects of the Federal Crop Insurance Program : The Sufficient Statistics Approach Author: Yu, Jialing The publicly subsidized Federal Crop Insurance Program has expanded rapidly in recent decades in the United States. With the reform in the 2014 Farm Bill, the Federal Crop Insurance Program has become the most important component of U.S. farm policies. The primary goal of the program is to provide risk protections for farmers. However, there is sporadic evidence of welfare costs associated with the program due to moral hazard, adverse selection, deadweight loss from the subsidy transfer and transaction costs. To provide a complete and systematic assessment, it requires a thorough theoretical understandings and credible empirical measurement of the welfare effect of the Federal Crop Insurance Program. We apply the sufficient statistics approach to consolidate various welfare effects of crop insurance and to provide quantitative evidence for the welfare analysis. We analyze a model in a setting where information asymmetry and systemic risk form an adverse environment for private sectors to provide insurance and therefore create a need for government intervention. From the model, we derive the condition for optimal contract and identify key parameters that affect the welfare effects of risk protection, information asymmetry, and premium subsidy. The results not only provide policy implications and but also suggest the key parameters needed for measuring the welfare effect of publically provided crop insurance programs empirically. To measure the welfare effect of the Federal Crop Insurance Program, we need to understand how the program affects the distribution of revenue. To this end, a moment-based approach is used to estimate the reduced-form equations of the first two moments of revenue distributions using farm-level Agricultural Census data from the U.S. Heartland region for 2002, 2007 and 2012. The control function approach is applied to control for the endogeneity problem caused by the self-selection of insurance coverage, under the assumption that selection into different coverage level is based on a set of observed covariates and time-invariant factors. Our results show that increase in coverage level is associated with a lower mean and higher variability of farm revenue per acre. The impacts of insurance coverage on the revenue distribution, as a reduced-form representation of the moral hazard, suggest a welfare loss. Other key parameters affecting marginal welfare effects of the Federal Crop Insurance Program include risk attitude parameters, insurance demand elasticity with respect to price, the impacts of insurance coverage on the production outcomes, marginal welfare cost of deadweight loss, and loading factors. We collect the information on the range of the values of these parameters from existing literatures. The Bootstrap method is applied to estimate marginal welfare effects discussed in the conceptual model. The results suggest that under the current policy setting, the net marginal welfare effects of coverage level and subsidy rate are both negative, suggesting that both the coverage level and the subsidy rate are greater than their optimal level. However, from farmers’ perspectives, the current risk protection level is appropriate. Title: Welfare Effects of the Federal Crop Insurance Program : The Sufficient Statistics Approach Author: Yu, Jialing The publicly subsidized Federal Crop Insurance Program has expanded rapidly in recent decades in the United States. With the reform in the 2014 Farm Bill, the Federal Crop Insurance Program has become the most important component of U.S. farm policies. The primary goal of the program is to provide risk protections for farmers. However, there is sporadic evidence of welfare costs associated with the program due to moral hazard, adverse selection, deadweight loss from the subsidy transfer and transaction costs. To provide a complete and systematic assessment, it requires a thorough theoretical understandings and credible empirical measurement of the welfare effect of the Federal Crop Insurance Program. We apply the sufficient statistics approach to consolidate various welfare effects of crop insurance and to provide quantitative evidence for the welfare analysis. We analyze a model in a setting where information asymmetry and systemic risk form an adverse environment for private sectors to provide insurance and therefore create a need for government intervention. From the model, we derive the condition for optimal contract and identify key parameters that affect the welfare effects of risk protection, information asymmetry, and premium subsidy. The results not only provide policy implications and but also suggest the key parameters needed for measuring the welfare effect of publically provided crop insurance programs empirically. To measure the welfare effect of the Federal Crop Insurance Program, we need to understand how the program affects the distribution of revenue. To this end, a moment-based approach is used to estimate the reduced-form equations of the first two moments of revenue distributions using farm-level Agricultural Census data from the U.S. Heartland region for 2002, 2007 and 2012. The control function approach is applied to control for the endogeneity problem caused by the self-selection of insurance coverage, under the assumption that selection into different coverage level is based on a set of observed covariates and time-invariant factors. Our results show that increase in coverage level is associated with a lower mean and higher variability of farm revenue per acre. The impacts of insurance coverage on the revenue distribution, as a reduced-form representation of the moral hazard, suggest a welfare loss. Other key parameters affecting marginal welfare effects of the Federal Crop Insurance Program include risk attitude parameters, insurance demand elasticity with respect to price, the impacts of insurance coverage on the production outcomes, marginal welfare cost of deadweight loss, and loading factors. We collect the information on the range of the values of these parameters from existing literatures. The Bootstrap method is applied to estimate marginal welfare effects discussed in the conceptual model. The results suggest that under the current policy setting, the net marginal welfare effects of coverage level and subsidy rate are both negative, suggesting that both the coverage level and the subsidy rate are greater than their optimal level. However, from farmers’ perspectives, the current risk protection level is appropriate. Close

• 166. [Article] Varietal differences in response of winter wheat varieties to nitrogen fertilizer and environment

  The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences between winter wheat varieties in response to nitrogen fertilizer. Seven nitrogen fertilizer rate x variety factorial experiments were conducted in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Varietal differences in response of winter wheat varieties to nitrogen fertilizer and environment Author: Ambler, John Richard The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences between winter wheat varieties in response to nitrogen fertilizer. Seven nitrogen fertilizer rate x variety factorial experiments were conducted in several environments. Dry matter and nitrogen yields at boot, soft dough, and harvest and grain yield components were measured. The yield component data were evaluated in terms of storage capacity which is assumed to be proportional to kernels /rn² for a given variety. The kernels /m² was divided into two components, spikes /rn² and kernels/spike. The spikes /m² of each variety were closely related to the boot nitrogen yield, but not to boot dry matter yield or plant nitrogen content. Since the kernels/spike generally remained constant or increased as the boot nitrogen yield increased, the kernels/m² appeared to depend on the boot nitrogen yield. The variety Hyslop had high dry matter and nitrogen yields at boot stage of growth. This appears to allow it to have excellent storage capacity as measured by kernels /m² . Good growth by boot stage appears to lower the nitrogen fertilizer rate needed for maximum grain yields. The variety Nugaines had relatively low growth and nitrogen uptake by boot. This may be the reason why it needs a higher fertilizer rate than Hyslop to obtain adequate storage capacity (kernels/m² ). However; Nugaines had better growth after soft dough stage. At the dryland locations this may be due to slower depletion of the soil water. At the irrigated locations it may be due to greater late tillering. Hyslop and Nugaines differed in the pattern of yield component adjustment to improving environment. Hyslop mainly increased its average kernels/spike rather than spikes/m² . Nugaines had greater increases in spikes/m² but smaller increases in kernels/spike. This may be related to their different cuim sizes and tillering. Hyslop forms a few large culms early in the season, but Nugaines continues to tiller during stem elongation. Coulee was intermediate between Hyslop and Nugaines in patterns of growth over time and pattern of yield component adjustment to improving environment. It had good yields at moderate nitrogen rates, and high nitrogen rates did not appear to be needed for adequate storage capacity. Wanser consistently had low grain yields, which was due to low kernels/m² . Nitrogen fertilizer increased its height more than the shorter varieties and this was associated with reductions in kernels/spike: Thus the height growth of Wanser may compete with its ear development and cause poor storage capacity. Wanser had slightly greater grain nitrogen percentage than other varieties, but this was simply associated with its low grain yield. There were only small varietal differences in the percentage of plant nitrogen translocated to grain. However, environment and nitrogen fertilizer rate greatly affected this. The club wheat Paha yielded well but usually less than some other varieties. It had high dry matter and nitrogen yields, but after soft dough its dry matter yields decreased more than for other varieties. This indicated that it depleted soil moisture earlier than other varieties did. Tx65A1268, a short hard red winter wheat with prolific tillering and small culms, was included in. two experiments. It had the highest grain yield at the low rainfall site. This may be related to its early maturity. However, with irrigation it yielded poorly. This appeared to be due to poor storage capacity since there was no increase in kernels/spike with improving environment. Yamhill, an awnletted wheat, yielded well in the Willamette Valley, but not in eastern Oregon. Estimates of the recovery of fertilizer nitrogen were calculated from the increases in soft dough nitrogen yield caused by each increment of nitrogen fertilizer. At sites with excellent moisture supply the first fertilizer increment was incompletely recovered (44-66%), apparently due to immobilization associated with plant residue decay. With higher fertilizer increments which increased yields, fertilizer recovery values were near 100%. At low rainfall sites under fallow cropping recovery values were 38-56% and decreased with above optimum fertilizer rates. At eastern Oregon sites losses of nitrogen from the plant tops after soft dough ranged from 7-33% depending on variety, location, and fertilizer rate. At maturity the percentage of the total plant top nitrogen in the grain ranged from 60-81%. This percentage decreased with nitrogen fertilization, but was little affected by variety. Title: Varietal differences in response of winter wheat varieties to nitrogen fertilizer and environment Author: Ambler, John Richard The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences between winter wheat varieties in response to nitrogen fertilizer. Seven nitrogen fertilizer rate x variety factorial experiments were conducted in several environments. Dry matter and nitrogen yields at boot, soft dough, and harvest and grain yield components were measured. The yield component data were evaluated in terms of storage capacity which is assumed to be proportional to kernels /rn² for a given variety. The kernels /m² was divided into two components, spikes /rn² and kernels/spike. The spikes /m² of each variety were closely related to the boot nitrogen yield, but not to boot dry matter yield or plant nitrogen content. Since the kernels/spike generally remained constant or increased as the boot nitrogen yield increased, the kernels/m² appeared to depend on the boot nitrogen yield. The variety Hyslop had high dry matter and nitrogen yields at boot stage of growth. This appears to allow it to have excellent storage capacity as measured by kernels /m² . Good growth by boot stage appears to lower the nitrogen fertilizer rate needed for maximum grain yields. The variety Nugaines had relatively low growth and nitrogen uptake by boot. This may be the reason why it needs a higher fertilizer rate than Hyslop to obtain adequate storage capacity (kernels/m² ). However; Nugaines had better growth after soft dough stage. At the dryland locations this may be due to slower depletion of the soil water. At the irrigated locations it may be due to greater late tillering. Hyslop and Nugaines differed in the pattern of yield component adjustment to improving environment. Hyslop mainly increased its average kernels/spike rather than spikes/m² . Nugaines had greater increases in spikes/m² but smaller increases in kernels/spike. This may be related to their different cuim sizes and tillering. Hyslop forms a few large culms early in the season, but Nugaines continues to tiller during stem elongation. Coulee was intermediate between Hyslop and Nugaines in patterns of growth over time and pattern of yield component adjustment to improving environment. It had good yields at moderate nitrogen rates, and high nitrogen rates did not appear to be needed for adequate storage capacity. Wanser consistently had low grain yields, which was due to low kernels/m² . Nitrogen fertilizer increased its height more than the shorter varieties and this was associated with reductions in kernels/spike: Thus the height growth of Wanser may compete with its ear development and cause poor storage capacity. Wanser had slightly greater grain nitrogen percentage than other varieties, but this was simply associated with its low grain yield. There were only small varietal differences in the percentage of plant nitrogen translocated to grain. However, environment and nitrogen fertilizer rate greatly affected this. The club wheat Paha yielded well but usually less than some other varieties. It had high dry matter and nitrogen yields, but after soft dough its dry matter yields decreased more than for other varieties. This indicated that it depleted soil moisture earlier than other varieties did. Tx65A1268, a short hard red winter wheat with prolific tillering and small culms, was included in. two experiments. It had the highest grain yield at the low rainfall site. This may be related to its early maturity. However, with irrigation it yielded poorly. This appeared to be due to poor storage capacity since there was no increase in kernels/spike with improving environment. Yamhill, an awnletted wheat, yielded well in the Willamette Valley, but not in eastern Oregon. Estimates of the recovery of fertilizer nitrogen were calculated from the increases in soft dough nitrogen yield caused by each increment of nitrogen fertilizer. At sites with excellent moisture supply the first fertilizer increment was incompletely recovered (44-66%), apparently due to immobilization associated with plant residue decay. With higher fertilizer increments which increased yields, fertilizer recovery values were near 100%. At low rainfall sites under fallow cropping recovery values were 38-56% and decreased with above optimum fertilizer rates. At eastern Oregon sites losses of nitrogen from the plant tops after soft dough ranged from 7-33% depending on variety, location, and fertilizer rate. At maturity the percentage of the total plant top nitrogen in the grain ranged from 60-81%. This percentage decreased with nitrogen fertilization, but was little affected by variety. Close

• 167. [Article] Factors affecting the action of 1,8 naphthalic anhydride in corn treated with s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC)

  The antidote (1, 8 naphthalic anhydride) is recommended for corn protection against EPTC injury where the antidote is applied at a half percent by weight of corn seeds before planting. Studies were conducted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors affecting the action of 1,8 naphthalic anhydride in corn treated with s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) Author: Guneyli, Ercan The antidote (1, 8 naphthalic anhydride) is recommended for corn protection against EPTC injury where the antidote is applied at a half percent by weight of corn seeds before planting. Studies were conducted to determine the factors affecting the action of antidote in corn (Zea mays L. var. NB 501D) treated with s-ethyl dipropylthio- carbamate (EPTC). The antidote did not affect germination percentage and germination rate index of corn treated with 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ppm of EPTC. There was slight stimulation of corn germination by EPTC. Emergence of antidote-treated corn was slow from Bashaw clay loam, Chehalis sandy loam and Woodburn silty loam soils that were treated with 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 lb/A of EPTC. Slight stimulation of corn emergence percentage and rate index values were caused by EPTC at 3, 6 and 9 lb/A rates. Emergence percentage of corn was 88, 91 and 92 percent for clay loam, silty loam, and sandy loam soils, respectively. When the corn root and shoot length was measured six days after corn germination at 0, 4 and 8 ppm of EPTC it was found that EPTC increased shoot length whereas antidote reduced it. There was slight reduction in the root length of antidote treated and non- treated corn seedlings at 8 ppm of EPTC. When the shoot development of corn was used as a criterion for antidote action at the 12 lb/A rate of EPTC it was found that antidote was the most effective during the first 48 hours of seedling development. Uptake studies with antidote suggested that it is absorbed by corn seed, shoot and roots. However, the root application of antidote was inhibitory to the first primary root of corn. When antidote was applied at 40 lb/A rate to the root zone and soil surface, there was 5 and 12 percent protection, respectively. The seed application of antidote completely protected corn from the herbicidal injury of EPTC applied at 12 lb/A rate. Studies with clay loam, silty loam and sandy loam soils showed that clay loam retained most of the EPTC applied at 3, 6, 9 and 12 lb/A rate without subsequently injuring corn. Antidote-treated plants seemed to be more injured by EPTC than the non-treated ones. However, antidote protected corn in sandy loam and silty loam soils at every level of EPTC. Low and high light intensities did not affect the action of antidote in corn treated with 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 lb/A of EPTC. Antidote did not protect corn from EPTC injury at low temperature (20 C) at both low and high light intensity (1800 vs. 800 ft-c). On the contrary antidote-treated plants were injured more than the non-treated ones at 20 C. Antidote successfully protected corn from EPTC injury at high temperature (30 C). The light intensity was not a factor affecting the action of antidote in corn. Applications of antidote at 0, 1, 2, and 4 days indicated that protection by antidote was not complete after the 2nd day of applica- tion. Antidote was most protective when applied at 0 and 1 day after subjecting corn to 12 lb/A rate of EPTC. When 12 lb/A rate of EPTC was applied to antidote-treated and non-treated corn at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 day intervals it was found that antidote would protect corn at every application period. Antidote-treated corn seedlings absorbed more ¹⁴C-EPTC than non-treated ones. However, antidote-treated corn plants were also stimulated in metabolizing EPTC. When ¹⁴C-EPTC-treated corn seedlings were harvested and separated into root, shoot and seed sections at 1, 3, 6 and 9 day intervals it was found that antidote-treated plants metabolized 12 lb/A rate of EPTC more than the non-treated ones. It could be assumed that antidote activated the enzyme system(s) responsible for EPTC breakdown in corn seedlings. Thin layer chromatography studies showed five to six major metabolite peaks for 1 and 3-day old corn seedlings treated with ¹⁴C-EPTC. The peaks had the same R[subscript f] values both for antidote- treated and non-treated plants. Scanning of the radioactive peaks also indicated a higher rate of EPTC metabolism in corn seedlings that were treated with antidote than the non-treated ones. Studies were also conducted to check the possibility of gibber- ellic acid involvement as a regulator of the EPTC-metabolizing enzyme system. Findings indicated that GA₃ alone partially protected corn from EPTC injury whereas GA₃ along with antidote treatment significantly increased the corn dry matter production. However, CCC (cycocel) treatments of corn seeds significantly induced EPTC injury to corn. Title: Factors affecting the action of 1,8 naphthalic anhydride in corn treated with s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) Author: Guneyli, Ercan The antidote (1, 8 naphthalic anhydride) is recommended for corn protection against EPTC injury where the antidote is applied at a half percent by weight of corn seeds before planting. Studies were conducted to determine the factors affecting the action of antidote in corn (Zea mays L. var. NB 501D) treated with s-ethyl dipropylthio- carbamate (EPTC). The antidote did not affect germination percentage and germination rate index of corn treated with 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ppm of EPTC. There was slight stimulation of corn germination by EPTC. Emergence of antidote-treated corn was slow from Bashaw clay loam, Chehalis sandy loam and Woodburn silty loam soils that were treated with 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 lb/A of EPTC. Slight stimulation of corn emergence percentage and rate index values were caused by EPTC at 3, 6 and 9 lb/A rates. Emergence percentage of corn was 88, 91 and 92 percent for clay loam, silty loam, and sandy loam soils, respectively. When the corn root and shoot length was measured six days after corn germination at 0, 4 and 8 ppm of EPTC it was found that EPTC increased shoot length whereas antidote reduced it. There was slight reduction in the root length of antidote treated and non- treated corn seedlings at 8 ppm of EPTC. When the shoot development of corn was used as a criterion for antidote action at the 12 lb/A rate of EPTC it was found that antidote was the most effective during the first 48 hours of seedling development. Uptake studies with antidote suggested that it is absorbed by corn seed, shoot and roots. However, the root application of antidote was inhibitory to the first primary root of corn. When antidote was applied at 40 lb/A rate to the root zone and soil surface, there was 5 and 12 percent protection, respectively. The seed application of antidote completely protected corn from the herbicidal injury of EPTC applied at 12 lb/A rate. Studies with clay loam, silty loam and sandy loam soils showed that clay loam retained most of the EPTC applied at 3, 6, 9 and 12 lb/A rate without subsequently injuring corn. Antidote-treated plants seemed to be more injured by EPTC than the non-treated ones. However, antidote protected corn in sandy loam and silty loam soils at every level of EPTC. Low and high light intensities did not affect the action of antidote in corn treated with 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 lb/A of EPTC. Antidote did not protect corn from EPTC injury at low temperature (20 C) at both low and high light intensity (1800 vs. 800 ft-c). On the contrary antidote-treated plants were injured more than the non-treated ones at 20 C. Antidote successfully protected corn from EPTC injury at high temperature (30 C). The light intensity was not a factor affecting the action of antidote in corn. Applications of antidote at 0, 1, 2, and 4 days indicated that protection by antidote was not complete after the 2nd day of applica- tion. Antidote was most protective when applied at 0 and 1 day after subjecting corn to 12 lb/A rate of EPTC. When 12 lb/A rate of EPTC was applied to antidote-treated and non-treated corn at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 day intervals it was found that antidote would protect corn at every application period. Antidote-treated corn seedlings absorbed more ¹⁴C-EPTC than non-treated ones. However, antidote-treated corn plants were also stimulated in metabolizing EPTC. When ¹⁴C-EPTC-treated corn seedlings were harvested and separated into root, shoot and seed sections at 1, 3, 6 and 9 day intervals it was found that antidote-treated plants metabolized 12 lb/A rate of EPTC more than the non-treated ones. It could be assumed that antidote activated the enzyme system(s) responsible for EPTC breakdown in corn seedlings. Thin layer chromatography studies showed five to six major metabolite peaks for 1 and 3-day old corn seedlings treated with ¹⁴C-EPTC. The peaks had the same R[subscript f] values both for antidote- treated and non-treated plants. Scanning of the radioactive peaks also indicated a higher rate of EPTC metabolism in corn seedlings that were treated with antidote than the non-treated ones. Studies were also conducted to check the possibility of gibber- ellic acid involvement as a regulator of the EPTC-metabolizing enzyme system. Findings indicated that GA₃ alone partially protected corn from EPTC injury whereas GA₃ along with antidote treatment significantly increased the corn dry matter production. However, CCC (cycocel) treatments of corn seeds significantly induced EPTC injury to corn. Close

• 168. [Article] Inheritance of plant height in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Emed. LAM.)

  Four, six-rowed, spring barley cultivars were used as parental material in this study. The parents were distinctly different in plant height. Washington-6124-62 is a standard height selection while Short ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Inheritance of plant height in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Emed. LAM.) Author: Bayraktar, Ali Four, six-rowed, spring barley cultivars were used as parental material in this study. The parents were distinctly different in plant height. Washington-6124-62 is a standard height selection while Short Wocus and Minn. 66-102 are intermediate. The fourth parent was a dwarf selection obtained from India. The two intermediate cultivars and the dwarf cultivar were crossed to the tall parent, Wa-6124-62, with a portion of the F₁ progeny backcrossed to the shorter parent. In addition, the intermediate parent, Short Wocus, was crossed to Indian Dwarf. The following generations were available for study: parents, BC₁F₁, F₁, and F₂. The purpose of this study was to obtain information concerning the inheritance of plant height and to determine when selection for this trait could be made in the breeding program most effectively. To achieve this objective heritability and the mode of gene action were studied as well as number of genes segregating for plant height. The effect of temperature on plant height was also investigated in a growth chamber utilizing two temperature levels, 19° C and 30° C. Plant height was recorded on an individual plant basis at two sites that were distinctly different environmentally and in the growth chamber. The number of nodes were counted, and the length of internodes measured for genetic interpretation of culm length. Broad sense heritability values for plant height of each cross were estimated by using the variance of parents, F₁'s and F₂' s. Heritability values were quite high in the F₂ generation ranging from 50 to 90 percent, and suggest that plant phenotype gave a relatively good indication of the genotype for plant height. Height of the F₁ plants was between the mid-parent and tall parent indicating partial dominance for tall culm length. In earlier studies, many investigators found that additive gene action was the major component of genetic variability for plant height. Results obtained from this study suggest that the nature of gene action is a function of the parents used. Where large differences exist between parents, plant height appeared to be largely influenced by non-additive gene action. When the parents were similar in height the trait was controlled mainly by additive gene action. Fairly discrete height classes in the segregating populations indicated that plant height was controlled by only a few genetic factors in these populations. Ratios obtained from segregating populations suggested the presence of three recessive genetic factors for short height in the dwarf parent (Indian Dwarf). The tall parent, Wa-6124-62, and intermediate parent, Minn. 66-102, appeared to differ for plant height by one major genetic factor. Difference in height among the cultivars was mostly due to difference in internode length rather than the number of nodes. It was concluded that the rather simple inheritance of plant height in barley will allow effective selection in the F₂ generation for short stature, and progress to develop semi-dwarf barley cultivars should be possible if stiffness of straw can also be obtained along with short stature. In the cross between the tall and dwarf parent, selection for intermediate plant height would be more effective if delayed for several generations of selfing due to the relatively large dominance component of genetic variance. Title: Inheritance of plant height in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Emed. LAM.) Author: Bayraktar, Ali Four, six-rowed, spring barley cultivars were used as parental material in this study. The parents were distinctly different in plant height. Washington-6124-62 is a standard height selection while Short Wocus and Minn. 66-102 are intermediate. The fourth parent was a dwarf selection obtained from India. The two intermediate cultivars and the dwarf cultivar were crossed to the tall parent, Wa-6124-62, with a portion of the F₁ progeny backcrossed to the shorter parent. In addition, the intermediate parent, Short Wocus, was crossed to Indian Dwarf. The following generations were available for study: parents, BC₁F₁, F₁, and F₂. The purpose of this study was to obtain information concerning the inheritance of plant height and to determine when selection for this trait could be made in the breeding program most effectively. To achieve this objective heritability and the mode of gene action were studied as well as number of genes segregating for plant height. The effect of temperature on plant height was also investigated in a growth chamber utilizing two temperature levels, 19° C and 30° C. Plant height was recorded on an individual plant basis at two sites that were distinctly different environmentally and in the growth chamber. The number of nodes were counted, and the length of internodes measured for genetic interpretation of culm length. Broad sense heritability values for plant height of each cross were estimated by using the variance of parents, F₁'s and F₂' s. Heritability values were quite high in the F₂ generation ranging from 50 to 90 percent, and suggest that plant phenotype gave a relatively good indication of the genotype for plant height. Height of the F₁ plants was between the mid-parent and tall parent indicating partial dominance for tall culm length. In earlier studies, many investigators found that additive gene action was the major component of genetic variability for plant height. Results obtained from this study suggest that the nature of gene action is a function of the parents used. Where large differences exist between parents, plant height appeared to be largely influenced by non-additive gene action. When the parents were similar in height the trait was controlled mainly by additive gene action. Fairly discrete height classes in the segregating populations indicated that plant height was controlled by only a few genetic factors in these populations. Ratios obtained from segregating populations suggested the presence of three recessive genetic factors for short height in the dwarf parent (Indian Dwarf). The tall parent, Wa-6124-62, and intermediate parent, Minn. 66-102, appeared to differ for plant height by one major genetic factor. Difference in height among the cultivars was mostly due to difference in internode length rather than the number of nodes. It was concluded that the rather simple inheritance of plant height in barley will allow effective selection in the F₂ generation for short stature, and progress to develop semi-dwarf barley cultivars should be possible if stiffness of straw can also be obtained along with short stature. In the cross between the tall and dwarf parent, selection for intermediate plant height would be more effective if delayed for several generations of selfing due to the relatively large dominance component of genetic variance. Close

• 169. [Article] Linking soluble C to microbial community composition and dynamics during decomposition of ¹³C-labeled ryegrass

  Ryegrass residue consists of three main C fractions: readily available soluble C, intermediately available cellulose and hemicellulose, and slowly available lignin. Changes in chemical composition during ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Linking soluble C to microbial community composition and dynamics during decomposition of ¹³C-labeled ryegrass Author: McMahon, Shawna K. Ryegrass residue consists of three main C fractions: readily available soluble C, intermediately available cellulose and hemicellulose, and slowly available lignin. Changes in chemical composition during decomposition influence rate of degradation as well as composition of the microbial community involved. Use of ¹³C-labeled plant material coupled with analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLEA) by isotope ratio mass spectrometry results in a powerful tool for linking microbial community structure and C cycling processes during decomposition. The objective was to investigate the role of soluble C in the decomposition of ryegrass straw. We wanted to determine (i) if the presence or absence of labile C in straw affects C mineralization by the microbial community, (ii) if community structure would differ based on the presence of labile C, and (iii) if community structure would shift as decomposition progressed. Residue was added to soil microcosms at rates that reflect field loads. Treatments were unleached straw (US), leached straw (LS), and leachate (L), plus an unamended control (C). Added substrates had δ¹³C values between 120% and 180% the native soil signature was 26%. Respiration was measured every 4 to 6 hours for the first 5 d, and weekly thereafter. Destructive sampling took place after 0.6, 1 .6, 1 5, 1 8. 50, and 80 d of incubation and microbial biomass '³C (MBC) and PLFAs were analyzed. The soluble component of ryegrass straw strongly influenced C mineralization and assimilation, as well as microbial community composition and dynamics. CO2 evolution rates and ¹³C signatures were similar in US and L during the first 3 d of incubation. Most soluble C from leachate was consumed during that time, indicated by the rapid decrease in δ¹³C value of CO2 evolved from L treatment. Substrate-derived C moved quickly into and through the microbial biomass. Distinct temporal shifts occurred in community composition. Early communities in amended soils were dominated by short and branched-chain PLFAs such as 15:Oa. Later samples contained more complex and longer PLFAs. 19:Ocy was an indicator for late succession communities in US and L, and 18:2w6,9 characterized late samples in LS. Soluble C affected when the temporal shift occurred in LS and L, communities shifted earlier than in US. Lipids were differentially enriched with ¹³C. Fungi, as indicated by 18:2w6,9, were more effective at incorporating substrate C into cellular lipids, as this was the most highly labeled of all PLFAs. Title: Linking soluble C to microbial community composition and dynamics during decomposition of ¹³C-labeled ryegrass Author: McMahon, Shawna K. Ryegrass residue consists of three main C fractions: readily available soluble C, intermediately available cellulose and hemicellulose, and slowly available lignin. Changes in chemical composition during decomposition influence rate of degradation as well as composition of the microbial community involved. Use of ¹³C-labeled plant material coupled with analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLEA) by isotope ratio mass spectrometry results in a powerful tool for linking microbial community structure and C cycling processes during decomposition. The objective was to investigate the role of soluble C in the decomposition of ryegrass straw. We wanted to determine (i) if the presence or absence of labile C in straw affects C mineralization by the microbial community, (ii) if community structure would differ based on the presence of labile C, and (iii) if community structure would shift as decomposition progressed. Residue was added to soil microcosms at rates that reflect field loads. Treatments were unleached straw (US), leached straw (LS), and leachate (L), plus an unamended control (C). Added substrates had δ¹³C values between 120% and 180% the native soil signature was 26%. Respiration was measured every 4 to 6 hours for the first 5 d, and weekly thereafter. Destructive sampling took place after 0.6, 1 .6, 1 5, 1 8. 50, and 80 d of incubation and microbial biomass '³C (MBC) and PLFAs were analyzed. The soluble component of ryegrass straw strongly influenced C mineralization and assimilation, as well as microbial community composition and dynamics. CO2 evolution rates and ¹³C signatures were similar in US and L during the first 3 d of incubation. Most soluble C from leachate was consumed during that time, indicated by the rapid decrease in δ¹³C value of CO2 evolved from L treatment. Substrate-derived C moved quickly into and through the microbial biomass. Distinct temporal shifts occurred in community composition. Early communities in amended soils were dominated by short and branched-chain PLFAs such as 15:Oa. Later samples contained more complex and longer PLFAs. 19:Ocy was an indicator for late succession communities in US and L, and 18:2w6,9 characterized late samples in LS. Soluble C affected when the temporal shift occurred in LS and L, communities shifted earlier than in US. Lipids were differentially enriched with ¹³C. Fungi, as indicated by 18:2w6,9, were more effective at incorporating substrate C into cellular lipids, as this was the most highly labeled of all PLFAs. Close

• 170. [Article] Population-based diallel analyses among nine historically recognized alfalfa germplasms

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Population-based diallel analyses among nine historically recognized alfalfa germplasms Author: Segovia-Lerma, A., Ray, I. M., Townsend, M. S., Murray, L. W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/122. Title: Population-based diallel analyses among nine historically recognized alfalfa germplasms Author: Segovia-Lerma, A., Ray, I. M., Townsend, M. S., Murray, L. W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/122. Close

• 171. [Article] Nature of inheritance, genotype-environment interaction and association of selected agronomic characters in crosses of winter X spring wheats (triticum aestivum L. em Thell)

  This investigation was motivated by the apparent increase in genetic variability resulting from the systematic combining of gene pools represented by winter and spring types of wheats. It was the objective ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nature of inheritance, genotype-environment interaction and association of selected agronomic characters in crosses of winter X spring wheats (triticum aestivum L. em Thell) Author: Brajcich, P. This investigation was motivated by the apparent increase in genetic variability resulting from the systematic combining of gene pools represented by winter and spring types of wheats. It was the objective of this study to provide information regarding the nature of this genetic variability for nine agronomic characters in populations resulting from winter x spring crosses. Evaluations were made for: 1) the amount of total genetic variability; 2) the nature of the gene action making up this genetic variability using parent-progeny regression and combining ability analysis and 3) possible direct and indirect associations for traits which influence grain yield. Experimental populations which involved parents, Fl, F2 and backcross generations were grown at two locations where a spring and a winter environment could be utilized. At the winter site, the research was evaluated over a two year period. When the two experimental sites were compared, greater genetic diversity was observed at the spring site for maturity date, plant height, tillers per plant, kernel weight and grain yield. At the winter site, heading date, grain filling period, harvest index and kernels per spike were found to have more total genetic variation. From the expected mean square values, it would appear that the winter parents contributed more to the total genetic variation for most traits measured at both locations. A large genotype-location interaction was also noted suggesting that estimates of gene action and selection for adapted plant types can be done only at the specific winter or spring site. A large portion of the total genetic variation controlling the traits measured was due to additive gene action. However, at the winter site there was also a large influence of non-additive gene action associated with heading date, plant height, harvest index, tillers per plant, kernel weight, kernels per spike and grain yield. Of special interest was that at the winter site the most promising parental combinations could be predicted based on the general combining ability effects of the individual cultivars for each trait studied. Such data were not available for the spring site. Consistent and high correlations were observed between tillers per plant, kernels per spike and, to a lesser extent, kernel weight and grain yield at the winter location. Some negative associations were observed at the spring location between these traits and grain yield suggesting that yield component compensations were involved in the final expression of grain yield. The other characters measured did not reflect significant correlations with yield. When the correlation values were considered in terms of direct and indirect effects for specific traits, a large direct effect was noted for the three components and grain yield. The other traits exhibited small or no direct effects on grain yield but did have a slight influence on grain yield through tillers per plant, kernels per spike or kernel weight. Title: Nature of inheritance, genotype-environment interaction and association of selected agronomic characters in crosses of winter X spring wheats (triticum aestivum L. em Thell) Author: Brajcich, P. This investigation was motivated by the apparent increase in genetic variability resulting from the systematic combining of gene pools represented by winter and spring types of wheats. It was the objective of this study to provide information regarding the nature of this genetic variability for nine agronomic characters in populations resulting from winter x spring crosses. Evaluations were made for: 1) the amount of total genetic variability; 2) the nature of the gene action making up this genetic variability using parent-progeny regression and combining ability analysis and 3) possible direct and indirect associations for traits which influence grain yield. Experimental populations which involved parents, Fl, F2 and backcross generations were grown at two locations where a spring and a winter environment could be utilized. At the winter site, the research was evaluated over a two year period. When the two experimental sites were compared, greater genetic diversity was observed at the spring site for maturity date, plant height, tillers per plant, kernel weight and grain yield. At the winter site, heading date, grain filling period, harvest index and kernels per spike were found to have more total genetic variation. From the expected mean square values, it would appear that the winter parents contributed more to the total genetic variation for most traits measured at both locations. A large genotype-location interaction was also noted suggesting that estimates of gene action and selection for adapted plant types can be done only at the specific winter or spring site. A large portion of the total genetic variation controlling the traits measured was due to additive gene action. However, at the winter site there was also a large influence of non-additive gene action associated with heading date, plant height, harvest index, tillers per plant, kernel weight, kernels per spike and grain yield. Of special interest was that at the winter site the most promising parental combinations could be predicted based on the general combining ability effects of the individual cultivars for each trait studied. Such data were not available for the spring site. Consistent and high correlations were observed between tillers per plant, kernels per spike and, to a lesser extent, kernel weight and grain yield at the winter location. Some negative associations were observed at the spring location between these traits and grain yield suggesting that yield component compensations were involved in the final expression of grain yield. The other characters measured did not reflect significant correlations with yield. When the correlation values were considered in terms of direct and indirect effects for specific traits, a large direct effect was noted for the three components and grain yield. The other traits exhibited small or no direct effects on grain yield but did have a slight influence on grain yield through tillers per plant, kernels per spike or kernel weight. Close

• 172. [Article] Possible association of grain protein content, harvest index and biological yield in winter wheat populations

  A negative relation between grain protein content and grain yield is frequently observed in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) i.e. as grain yield increases, grain protein decreases. It has been suggested ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Possible association of grain protein content, harvest index and biological yield in winter wheat populations Author: Costa, Jose Maria A negative relation between grain protein content and grain yield is frequently observed in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) i.e. as grain yield increases, grain protein decreases. It has been suggested that the inverse relation between grain yield and protein is in part the result of developing high yielding semi-dwarf wheat cultivars with an increased harvest index. This investigation was undertaken to determine the nature of the possible association of grain yield and protein content as influenced by harvest index, biological yield, plant height and kernel weight in winter wheat populations grown in Oregon. Progenies derived from three crosses of winter wheat were solid-planted in two environments during two seasons. Phenotypic correlations showed a moderate negative association of grain protein content with both grain yield and harvest index. The magnitude of the genetic correlations suggested the presence of genetic relationships among these traits. Selection for harvest index among these crosses could cause a correlated reduction of grain protein content. To investigate if the relationships between grain protein content and selected plant growth traits were similar when grown under space-planted and solid seeded stands, progenies of two winter wheat crosses were evaluated during two seasons. Performance for grain yield and grain protein content was different under contrasting sowing densities as values were not correlated between sowing densities. This indicates the need to evaluate these traits in solid-seeded stands. Harvest index, as well as plant height and heading date, could be effectively selected under space-planted or solid seeded conditions. Associations among traits were reliably estimated in space-planted stands. To evaluate the effect on grain protein content when grain yield and harvest index are modified, the plant growth regulator Paclobutrazol was applied to selected winter wheat genotypes under field and greenhouse conditions. Paclobutrazol increased grain yield and harvest index values of all genotypes in the greenhouse, while only some genotypes improved these traits under field conditions. Grain protein content, however, remained unchanged. Higher grain yields were obtained in both greenhouse and field experiments. Title: Possible association of grain protein content, harvest index and biological yield in winter wheat populations Author: Costa, Jose Maria A negative relation between grain protein content and grain yield is frequently observed in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) i.e. as grain yield increases, grain protein decreases. It has been suggested that the inverse relation between grain yield and protein is in part the result of developing high yielding semi-dwarf wheat cultivars with an increased harvest index. This investigation was undertaken to determine the nature of the possible association of grain yield and protein content as influenced by harvest index, biological yield, plant height and kernel weight in winter wheat populations grown in Oregon. Progenies derived from three crosses of winter wheat were solid-planted in two environments during two seasons. Phenotypic correlations showed a moderate negative association of grain protein content with both grain yield and harvest index. The magnitude of the genetic correlations suggested the presence of genetic relationships among these traits. Selection for harvest index among these crosses could cause a correlated reduction of grain protein content. To investigate if the relationships between grain protein content and selected plant growth traits were similar when grown under space-planted and solid seeded stands, progenies of two winter wheat crosses were evaluated during two seasons. Performance for grain yield and grain protein content was different under contrasting sowing densities as values were not correlated between sowing densities. This indicates the need to evaluate these traits in solid-seeded stands. Harvest index, as well as plant height and heading date, could be effectively selected under space-planted or solid seeded conditions. Associations among traits were reliably estimated in space-planted stands. To evaluate the effect on grain protein content when grain yield and harvest index are modified, the plant growth regulator Paclobutrazol was applied to selected winter wheat genotypes under field and greenhouse conditions. Paclobutrazol increased grain yield and harvest index values of all genotypes in the greenhouse, while only some genotypes improved these traits under field conditions. Grain protein content, however, remained unchanged. Higher grain yields were obtained in both greenhouse and field experiments. Close

• 173. [Article] Soil-diffusive gradient in thin films partition coefficients estimate metal bioavailability to crops at fertilized field sites

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and can be found at: http...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil-diffusive gradient in thin films partition coefficients estimate metal bioavailability to crops at fertilized field sites Author: Anderson, Kim A., Pérez, Angela L. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291552-8618. Title: Soil-diffusive gradient in thin films partition coefficients estimate metal bioavailability to crops at fertilized field sites Author: Anderson, Kim A., Pérez, Angela L. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291552-8618. Close

• 174. [Article] AppleMgr, a prototype decision aid for apple pest management

  Computer decision aids can help integrate and apply diverse sources of information and expertise to problems of integrated pest management (IPM) in agriculture and forestry. AppleMgr combines a rule-based ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AppleMgr, a prototype decision aid for apple pest management Author: Haley, Sue Computer decision aids can help integrate and apply diverse sources of information and expertise to problems of integrated pest management (IPM) in agriculture and forestry. AppleMgr combines a rule-based expert system with databases and spreadsheets in a prototype decision aid intended to be expanded and modified for use by extension workers in the Northwest U.S. The program requires an IBMcompatible microcomputer with hard disk. AppleMgr concentrates on the two most important insect pests on apple in the Northwest--codling moth, Cydia, pomonella (L.), and San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, and on phytophagous mites, whose control largely depends on predators. The primary goal of AppleMgr is to demonstrate an improved process of decision making in apple IPM. AppleMgr is composed of modules for diagnosis of pest injury, identification of pest and natural enemy specimens, and management. The first two modules arrive at conclusions through backward-chaining inference from user observations. The management module uses backward chaining supplemented with external calculation programs to find the net benefit of a pesticide application. A method is included to predict yield and fruit size from crop samples. Cullage from codling moth and San Jose scale, mite effect on fruit size, probability of biological mite control and pesticide efficacy are predicted from researchers' data and estimates. Selected relative beneficial and adverse side effects of pesticides are presented in spreadsheets. An analysis of packing house records for apple crops from eight orchards at three yields using 1987 and 1988 prices and packing charges showed that net crop value varied by up to $8000 per acre. The variability in crop value and the importance of adverse side effects of pesticides suggest that the commonly-used "action thresholds" for treatment are seriously inadequate. AppleMgr may point the way toward more dynamic and realistic methods of IPM decision making. Title: AppleMgr, a prototype decision aid for apple pest management Author: Haley, Sue Computer decision aids can help integrate and apply diverse sources of information and expertise to problems of integrated pest management (IPM) in agriculture and forestry. AppleMgr combines a rule-based expert system with databases and spreadsheets in a prototype decision aid intended to be expanded and modified for use by extension workers in the Northwest U.S. The program requires an IBMcompatible microcomputer with hard disk. AppleMgr concentrates on the two most important insect pests on apple in the Northwest--codling moth, Cydia, pomonella (L.), and San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, and on phytophagous mites, whose control largely depends on predators. The primary goal of AppleMgr is to demonstrate an improved process of decision making in apple IPM. AppleMgr is composed of modules for diagnosis of pest injury, identification of pest and natural enemy specimens, and management. The first two modules arrive at conclusions through backward-chaining inference from user observations. The management module uses backward chaining supplemented with external calculation programs to find the net benefit of a pesticide application. A method is included to predict yield and fruit size from crop samples. Cullage from codling moth and San Jose scale, mite effect on fruit size, probability of biological mite control and pesticide efficacy are predicted from researchers' data and estimates. Selected relative beneficial and adverse side effects of pesticides are presented in spreadsheets. An analysis of packing house records for apple crops from eight orchards at three yields using 1987 and 1988 prices and packing charges showed that net crop value varied by up to $8000 per acre. The variability in crop value and the importance of adverse side effects of pesticides suggest that the commonly-used "action thresholds" for treatment are seriously inadequate. AppleMgr may point the way toward more dynamic and realistic methods of IPM decision making. Close

• 175. [Article] Development of Douglas-fir log quality, product yield, and stand value after repeated thinnings in western Oregon

  Forest managers are beginning to take an interest in management of young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in Western Oregon and Washington. Studies have established the relationship between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of Douglas-fir log quality, product yield, and stand value after repeated thinnings in western Oregon Author: Christensen, Glenn A. Forest managers are beginning to take an interest in management of young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in Western Oregon and Washington. Studies have established the relationship between growth and levels-of-growing-stock but few have established a link to wood quality and value. This study used data collected from a long term stocking study and established how log quality, product yield, and stand value were affected by repeated early thinnings across a wide range of stand densities. Methods developed by Briggs and Fight (1992) using the ORGANON and TREEVAL computer models to quantify Douglas-fir log quality, product yield and associated dollar value were used. Five thinning densities were considered on plots which are a part of the levels-of-growing-stock (LOGS) cooperative located west of Corvallis in Western Oregon. At stand age 30 all thinning densities consisted of low quality and value log grades. By stand age 50 log quality improved considerably for all treatments. Projections made to stand age 100 show additional improvements in log quality and dollar value. All thinning treatments had a greater proportion of volume in higher quality logs than the unthinned control. Total standing volume was reduced as thinning intensity increased. Gross stand value was found to be highly related to standing board foot volume. By stand age 100 the lightest thinned treatments had the greatest total value and volume. Product yield recovery was found to be fairly consistent between thinning treatments in the mix of lumber grades produced throughout the 80 year analysis period. This was attributed to little change in limb size between treatments and through time. Gross dollar value of lumber produced was found to be highly related to volume yield. The lightest thinned treatments had the greatest standing volume and value in lumber by stand age 100. Title: Development of Douglas-fir log quality, product yield, and stand value after repeated thinnings in western Oregon Author: Christensen, Glenn A. Forest managers are beginning to take an interest in management of young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in Western Oregon and Washington. Studies have established the relationship between growth and levels-of-growing-stock but few have established a link to wood quality and value. This study used data collected from a long term stocking study and established how log quality, product yield, and stand value were affected by repeated early thinnings across a wide range of stand densities. Methods developed by Briggs and Fight (1992) using the ORGANON and TREEVAL computer models to quantify Douglas-fir log quality, product yield and associated dollar value were used. Five thinning densities were considered on plots which are a part of the levels-of-growing-stock (LOGS) cooperative located west of Corvallis in Western Oregon. At stand age 30 all thinning densities consisted of low quality and value log grades. By stand age 50 log quality improved considerably for all treatments. Projections made to stand age 100 show additional improvements in log quality and dollar value. All thinning treatments had a greater proportion of volume in higher quality logs than the unthinned control. Total standing volume was reduced as thinning intensity increased. Gross stand value was found to be highly related to standing board foot volume. By stand age 100 the lightest thinned treatments had the greatest total value and volume. Product yield recovery was found to be fairly consistent between thinning treatments in the mix of lumber grades produced throughout the 80 year analysis period. This was attributed to little change in limb size between treatments and through time. Gross dollar value of lumber produced was found to be highly related to volume yield. The lightest thinned treatments had the greatest standing volume and value in lumber by stand age 100. Close

• 176. [Article] Three measures of similarity in values

  The study is based on a frame of reference for comparing characteristics of ordered pairs of members of small groups ("relators" in relation to "co-relatives"). An attempt is made to replicate selected findings ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Three measures of similarity in values Author: Hofstetter, Merlin Ivan The study is based on a frame of reference for comparing characteristics of ordered pairs of members of small groups ("relators" in relation to "co-relatives"). An attempt is made to replicate selected findings from a study of the acquaintance process reported by Theodore Newcomb. The effectiveness of three measures of the similarity of values of pairs of persons are compared with respect to efficacy of prediction of attraction of relators to co-relatives in each ordered pair. Value-similarity is measured (1) by comparing subjects; self-made rankings of descriptions of six "values" or "interests", (2) by comparing each relator's self-made ranking with that relator's "objective" judgment of the rank-order of the same values for the co-relative, and (3) by comparing by pairs the consensus rankings derived for subjects by statistical combination of all the objective evaluations made by a given subjects peers. Subjects lived in two home management houses with seven members in each house. Living arrangements were similar to those found in other college co-operative living organizations. All members were women, advanced home economics majors, of approximately equal age and having highly similar formal rights and duties in the group. When familiarity was held constant by partial correlation, the prediction of attraction by the three measures of value-similarity increased in the order in which the three measures are described above. Newcomb's findings concerning the positive association of both value-similarity and familiarity with attraction were supported by findings of the present study. Familiarity was found to be more highly correlated with attraction than was value-similarity. There was a trend towards group consensus on the relative importance of six values in each of the two groups studied. It was concluded that a strategy employing trained, non-participant observers would combine strengths of the two most effective strategies used to measure value-similarity in the present study, while at the same time providing an opportunity to study the step-by-step interpersonal interaction occurring in the acquaintance process. Title: Three measures of similarity in values Author: Hofstetter, Merlin Ivan The study is based on a frame of reference for comparing characteristics of ordered pairs of members of small groups ("relators" in relation to "co-relatives"). An attempt is made to replicate selected findings from a study of the acquaintance process reported by Theodore Newcomb. The effectiveness of three measures of the similarity of values of pairs of persons are compared with respect to efficacy of prediction of attraction of relators to co-relatives in each ordered pair. Value-similarity is measured (1) by comparing subjects; self-made rankings of descriptions of six "values" or "interests", (2) by comparing each relator's self-made ranking with that relator's "objective" judgment of the rank-order of the same values for the co-relative, and (3) by comparing by pairs the consensus rankings derived for subjects by statistical combination of all the objective evaluations made by a given subjects peers. Subjects lived in two home management houses with seven members in each house. Living arrangements were similar to those found in other college co-operative living organizations. All members were women, advanced home economics majors, of approximately equal age and having highly similar formal rights and duties in the group. When familiarity was held constant by partial correlation, the prediction of attraction by the three measures of value-similarity increased in the order in which the three measures are described above. Newcomb's findings concerning the positive association of both value-similarity and familiarity with attraction were supported by findings of the present study. Familiarity was found to be more highly correlated with attraction than was value-similarity. There was a trend towards group consensus on the relative importance of six values in each of the two groups studied. It was concluded that a strategy employing trained, non-participant observers would combine strengths of the two most effective strategies used to measure value-similarity in the present study, while at the same time providing an opportunity to study the step-by-step interpersonal interaction occurring in the acquaintance process. Close

• 177. [Article] An economic model of soil compaction in forestry

  A model is presented which predicts the net present value of a stand level multi-entry harvest plan. The model accounts for potential volume losses due to harvest-related soil compaction. The goal of this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic model of soil compaction in forestry Author: Stewart, Rodney Aloysius A model is presented which predicts the net present value of a stand level multi-entry harvest plan. The model accounts for potential volume losses due to harvest-related soil compaction. The goal of this project was to answer five economic questions about the issue of soil compaction in forestry. The five questions tested the sensitivity of net present value to changes in skid trail spacing, to avoiding compaction altogether by the use of aerial yarding systems, to different assumptions about growth losses adjacent to the skid trails, to initial site quality (high vs. low), and to different discount rates used in the net present value calculations. Given the assumptions used in the applications of the model which are presented here, wider trail spacings were warranted while the use of aerial yarding systems to avoid compaction was not warranted. Net present value in this case was very sensitive to growth losses occurring in the area adjacent to the skid trails. Similar compaction ameliorization techniques were called for when high or low sites were considered and greater ameliorization costs were justified when low discount rates were used in the net present value calculations vs. when high discount rates were used. Forest managers can use this model to gain insight into similar issues about harvest-related soil compaction. The model was formulated as an electronic spreadsheet template that runs on IBM PC microcomputers or IBM PCcompatible microcomputers. Title: An economic model of soil compaction in forestry Author: Stewart, Rodney Aloysius A model is presented which predicts the net present value of a stand level multi-entry harvest plan. The model accounts for potential volume losses due to harvest-related soil compaction. The goal of this project was to answer five economic questions about the issue of soil compaction in forestry. The five questions tested the sensitivity of net present value to changes in skid trail spacing, to avoiding compaction altogether by the use of aerial yarding systems, to different assumptions about growth losses adjacent to the skid trails, to initial site quality (high vs. low), and to different discount rates used in the net present value calculations. Given the assumptions used in the applications of the model which are presented here, wider trail spacings were warranted while the use of aerial yarding systems to avoid compaction was not warranted. Net present value in this case was very sensitive to growth losses occurring in the area adjacent to the skid trails. Similar compaction ameliorization techniques were called for when high or low sites were considered and greater ameliorization costs were justified when low discount rates were used in the net present value calculations vs. when high discount rates were used. Forest managers can use this model to gain insight into similar issues about harvest-related soil compaction. The model was formulated as an electronic spreadsheet template that runs on IBM PC microcomputers or IBM PCcompatible microcomputers. Close

• 178. [Article] Economic analysis of potential Camelina oil crop supplies in the Northwest U.S.

  The demand for biofuels continues to increase due in part to government standards and promotion as well as the ambitious goals set by various companies and industries. Camelina is considered to be an ideal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic analysis of potential Camelina oil crop supplies in the Northwest U.S. Author: Stein, Lukas (Lukas Colin) The demand for biofuels continues to increase due in part to government standards and promotion as well as the ambitious goals set by various companies and industries. Camelina is considered to be an ideal energy crop because of its low input requirements, suitability for marginal soils, and naturally competitiveness with weeds. A partial equilibrium model with a break-even price approach is used to estimate the potential supply curves for Camelina in Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. The supply curves are used to determine if the 50 million gallon goal set by the "Farm to Fly" initiative can be met. Given the current price of Camelina, $0.15/lb, the estimated supply of Camelina in all 4 states is 1,756,076,887 lbs and 1,493,684 acres. This estimation assumes that if the wheat-Camelina rotation is more profitable than the current crop rotation, then all of the acres will be converted to a wheat-Camelina rotation. When a 5% adoption rate is applied to the low and the intermediate rainfall zones and a 1% to the high rainfall zones, the number of acres converted to Camelina decreases to 72,213. These results suggest that given current market conditions, the supply of Camelina in the Northwest is not enough to meet the biofuel goal without an increase in yield and government promotion. Title: Economic analysis of potential Camelina oil crop supplies in the Northwest U.S. Author: Stein, Lukas (Lukas Colin) The demand for biofuels continues to increase due in part to government standards and promotion as well as the ambitious goals set by various companies and industries. Camelina is considered to be an ideal energy crop because of its low input requirements, suitability for marginal soils, and naturally competitiveness with weeds. A partial equilibrium model with a break-even price approach is used to estimate the potential supply curves for Camelina in Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. The supply curves are used to determine if the 50 million gallon goal set by the "Farm to Fly" initiative can be met. Given the current price of Camelina, $0.15/lb, the estimated supply of Camelina in all 4 states is 1,756,076,887 lbs and 1,493,684 acres. This estimation assumes that if the wheat-Camelina rotation is more profitable than the current crop rotation, then all of the acres will be converted to a wheat-Camelina rotation. When a 5% adoption rate is applied to the low and the intermediate rainfall zones and a 1% to the high rainfall zones, the number of acres converted to Camelina decreases to 72,213. These results suggest that given current market conditions, the supply of Camelina in the Northwest is not enough to meet the biofuel goal without an increase in yield and government promotion. Close

• 179. [Article] Potential new protein sources for monogastric animals

  A series of four trials was conducted to evaluate activated sewage sludge (AcSS) as a protein source. In the first trial the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of sun-dried and auto-claved, sun-dried AcSS ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential new protein sources for monogastric animals Author: Kinzell, John Harold A series of four trials was conducted to evaluate activated sewage sludge (AcSS) as a protein source. In the first trial the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of sun-dried and auto-claved, sun-dried AcSS was measured with rats. Growth of AcSS-fed rats was extremely poor as compared to those rats fed casein, brewers yeast or cottonseed meal. Autoclaving did not increase performance. These findings indicate that the protein quality of AcSS is poor. The second trial examined the effects of increasing levels of AcSS (0, 30, 40, 50 percent) on growth rate, feed intake, sodium pentobarbital sleeping times, organ weights and tissue metals accumulation, in male Long-Evans rats. Average daily gain(g) for 30 days was 5.6, 4.9, 5.1 and 4.8 for 0, 30, 40 and 50 percent AcSS. Pentobarbital sleeping time(35 mg pentobarbital/kg body weight) was reduced (P<.01) in the 50 percent AcSS group as compared to the 0 percent AcSS group indicating stimulated hepatic drug metabolism. Liver weight as percent body weight was increased (P<.05) in the 40 and 50 percent AcSS groups. Tissue mercury, lead and cadmium in the liver, kidney, heart and muscle of the 50 percent AcSS-fed rats were 0.10, 0.11, 1.01; 0.78, 0.13, 1.22; 0.23, 0.08, 0.67 and 0.05. 0.03, 0.33 ppm respectively. The diet contained 3.2, 5.2 and 217 ppm mercury, cadmium and lead. These results indicated hepatic metabolism of toxic constituents in AcSS. The performance of zero and 30 percent AcSS-fed rats was assessed over three generations. Birth weight, weaning weights, average daily gain, feed intake and tissue heavy metals accumulation were studied. Birth weights were greater (P<.05) for the 30 percent AcSS -'fed groups; apparently average litter sizes were slightly less. Post weaning average daily gain was lower (P<.05) for the F3 male and female 30 percent AcSS-fed rats than the zero percent AcSS-fed rats. Performance and tissue heavy metals accumulation in this and the previous trial are sufficiently low that AcSS appears to have minimal use as a feed ingredient. A fourth trial was conducted to determine the general chemical nature of the toxic constituent(s) of AcSS through pentobarbital sleeping times. Ashed and solvent extracted preparations of AcSS were incorporated into a diet at a level equivalent to 50 percent unaltered AcSS. Zero percent and 50 percent unaltered AcSS diets were included. Pentobarbital sleeping times (35 mg pentobarbital/kg body weight) of the groups fed ashed and solvent (hexane, ether) extracted AcSS were not different (P<.05) than the zero percent AcSS -'fed group. These results indicate the major toxic factor(s) in AcSS to be of an organic nature. These trials indicate because AcSS is a low quality protein with substantial quantities of heavy metals it is not likely to have application as a protein supplement for non-ruminant animals, The solvent extracted meal from a potential industrial oil seed crop, Limnanthes, was evaluated as a protein source in three trials, In the first trial the protein quality was measured through a PER. Unaltered Limnanthes meal is unacceptable as the sole source of protein in the monogastric diet. Limnanthes with the goitrogens extracted and the endogenous enzyme inactivated was shown to be a protein equal to that of cottonseed meal. Protein digestibility in Limnanthes was examined in a second trial. A 60 percent digestibility coefficient indicates likely interference of the fibrous hull fraction with protein digestibility. In a thrid trial the response of rats to increasing levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 50 percent) of an enzyme inactivated Limnanthes mealwere examined. Rats fed 20 percent Limnanthes had average daily gains and feed intake not different (P<.05) from the zero percent Limnanthes-fed rats. At the 25, 30 and 50 percent levels daily gains and feed intake were lower (P<.05) in the 25, 30 and 50 percent Limnanthes-fed groups. Limnanthes meal is a poor quality protein when used alone in non-ruminant diets. Protein digestibility appears to be reduced by the hull fraction. Adequate growth performance with no apparent side effects is obtained in rats with dietary levels of 20 percent or less. Low saponin alfalfa was evaluated as a protein source for nonruminants. The contribution of saponin to the negative effects of drying on the quality of alfalfa was examined in trial one. Average daily gains of rats fed air-dried, low saponin alfalfa were higher (P<.05) than rats fed freeze-dried low and high saponin alfalfa. These results indicate saponins do not undergo heat stimulated reactions which decreases the palatability of alfalfa, Freeze-drying appears to decrease the nutritive value of alfalfa. In a second trial the growth inhibitory effect of high saponin alfalfa was studied through a pair-feeding regime. Low saponin alfalfa-fed rats had daily gains not different (P<.05) than the high saponin alfalfa-fed group with which they were pair-fed, results which indicate growth inhibition is largely due to reduced feed intake. The level at which a low or high saponin alfalfa diet would be rejected in favor of a control diet was examined. Rats consistently preferred the control diet. Rabbits rejected low saponin at the five percent level and high saponin at the 15 percent level. These results indicate rabbits have a preference for bitterness whereas rats do not. In a second palatability study, intake of high saponin and low saponin alfalfa was examined. At all levels rats chose the low saponin diet over the high saponin diet. Rabbits rejected the high saponin diet at the 20 percent level, results which confirm the species difference of the previous study and indicate saponin to affect diet acceptability in the rat. The growth response of pigs to high and low saponin alfalfa diets was measured. Pigs on the low saponin diet had growth rates not different (P<.05) than the controls. The high saponin groups had growth rates different (P<.05) from the low saponin and control group. There were no differences (P<.05) in feed intake or feed efficiency. Dietary saponin is a significant factor in growth inhibition in pigs. Title: Potential new protein sources for monogastric animals Author: Kinzell, John Harold A series of four trials was conducted to evaluate activated sewage sludge (AcSS) as a protein source. In the first trial the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of sun-dried and auto-claved, sun-dried AcSS was measured with rats. Growth of AcSS-fed rats was extremely poor as compared to those rats fed casein, brewers yeast or cottonseed meal. Autoclaving did not increase performance. These findings indicate that the protein quality of AcSS is poor. The second trial examined the effects of increasing levels of AcSS (0, 30, 40, 50 percent) on growth rate, feed intake, sodium pentobarbital sleeping times, organ weights and tissue metals accumulation, in male Long-Evans rats. Average daily gain(g) for 30 days was 5.6, 4.9, 5.1 and 4.8 for 0, 30, 40 and 50 percent AcSS. Pentobarbital sleeping time(35 mg pentobarbital/kg body weight) was reduced (P<.01) in the 50 percent AcSS group as compared to the 0 percent AcSS group indicating stimulated hepatic drug metabolism. Liver weight as percent body weight was increased (P<.05) in the 40 and 50 percent AcSS groups. Tissue mercury, lead and cadmium in the liver, kidney, heart and muscle of the 50 percent AcSS-fed rats were 0.10, 0.11, 1.01; 0.78, 0.13, 1.22; 0.23, 0.08, 0.67 and 0.05. 0.03, 0.33 ppm respectively. The diet contained 3.2, 5.2 and 217 ppm mercury, cadmium and lead. These results indicated hepatic metabolism of toxic constituents in AcSS. The performance of zero and 30 percent AcSS-fed rats was assessed over three generations. Birth weight, weaning weights, average daily gain, feed intake and tissue heavy metals accumulation were studied. Birth weights were greater (P<.05) for the 30 percent AcSS -'fed groups; apparently average litter sizes were slightly less. Post weaning average daily gain was lower (P<.05) for the F3 male and female 30 percent AcSS-fed rats than the zero percent AcSS-fed rats. Performance and tissue heavy metals accumulation in this and the previous trial are sufficiently low that AcSS appears to have minimal use as a feed ingredient. A fourth trial was conducted to determine the general chemical nature of the toxic constituent(s) of AcSS through pentobarbital sleeping times. Ashed and solvent extracted preparations of AcSS were incorporated into a diet at a level equivalent to 50 percent unaltered AcSS. Zero percent and 50 percent unaltered AcSS diets were included. Pentobarbital sleeping times (35 mg pentobarbital/kg body weight) of the groups fed ashed and solvent (hexane, ether) extracted AcSS were not different (P<.05) than the zero percent AcSS -'fed group. These results indicate the major toxic factor(s) in AcSS to be of an organic nature. These trials indicate because AcSS is a low quality protein with substantial quantities of heavy metals it is not likely to have application as a protein supplement for non-ruminant animals, The solvent extracted meal from a potential industrial oil seed crop, Limnanthes, was evaluated as a protein source in three trials, In the first trial the protein quality was measured through a PER. Unaltered Limnanthes meal is unacceptable as the sole source of protein in the monogastric diet. Limnanthes with the goitrogens extracted and the endogenous enzyme inactivated was shown to be a protein equal to that of cottonseed meal. Protein digestibility in Limnanthes was examined in a second trial. A 60 percent digestibility coefficient indicates likely interference of the fibrous hull fraction with protein digestibility. In a thrid trial the response of rats to increasing levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 50 percent) of an enzyme inactivated Limnanthes mealwere examined. Rats fed 20 percent Limnanthes had average daily gains and feed intake not different (P<.05) from the zero percent Limnanthes-fed rats. At the 25, 30 and 50 percent levels daily gains and feed intake were lower (P<.05) in the 25, 30 and 50 percent Limnanthes-fed groups. Limnanthes meal is a poor quality protein when used alone in non-ruminant diets. Protein digestibility appears to be reduced by the hull fraction. Adequate growth performance with no apparent side effects is obtained in rats with dietary levels of 20 percent or less. Low saponin alfalfa was evaluated as a protein source for nonruminants. The contribution of saponin to the negative effects of drying on the quality of alfalfa was examined in trial one. Average daily gains of rats fed air-dried, low saponin alfalfa were higher (P<.05) than rats fed freeze-dried low and high saponin alfalfa. These results indicate saponins do not undergo heat stimulated reactions which decreases the palatability of alfalfa, Freeze-drying appears to decrease the nutritive value of alfalfa. In a second trial the growth inhibitory effect of high saponin alfalfa was studied through a pair-feeding regime. Low saponin alfalfa-fed rats had daily gains not different (P<.05) than the high saponin alfalfa-fed group with which they were pair-fed, results which indicate growth inhibition is largely due to reduced feed intake. The level at which a low or high saponin alfalfa diet would be rejected in favor of a control diet was examined. Rats consistently preferred the control diet. Rabbits rejected low saponin at the five percent level and high saponin at the 15 percent level. These results indicate rabbits have a preference for bitterness whereas rats do not. In a second palatability study, intake of high saponin and low saponin alfalfa was examined. At all levels rats chose the low saponin diet over the high saponin diet. Rabbits rejected the high saponin diet at the 20 percent level, results which confirm the species difference of the previous study and indicate saponin to affect diet acceptability in the rat. The growth response of pigs to high and low saponin alfalfa diets was measured. Pigs on the low saponin diet had growth rates not different (P<.05) than the controls. The high saponin groups had growth rates different (P<.05) from the low saponin and control group. There were no differences (P<.05) in feed intake or feed efficiency. Dietary saponin is a significant factor in growth inhibition in pigs. Close

• 180. [Article] The Effects of Differing Hazelnut Concentrations in Hog Finishing Rations with Respect to Pork Shelf-life and Fatty Acid Composition

  Commercial hog diets in the United States commonly contain lipid sources high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, most notably linoleic acid (18:2). This may result in greater deposits of linoleic acid in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Differing Hazelnut Concentrations in Hog Finishing Rations with Respect to Pork Shelf-life and Fatty Acid Composition Author: Parker, Nathan B. Commercial hog diets in the United States commonly contain lipid sources high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, most notably linoleic acid (18:2). This may result in greater deposits of linoleic acid in pork adipose tissue, contributing to an increased potential for lipid oxidation, high n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio and increased fat softness. These factors lead to detrimental effects on shelf-life, potential negative nutritional impacts on humans and yield loss, respectively. The hazelnut is a crop abundant in nutritionally beneficial oleic acid (18:1) and the antioxidant α-tocopherol. Due to aesthetic or conformational characteristics, a cull portion of this crop is thought to be undesirable for human consumption, and offers a relatively low-cost potential feedstuff for livestock. Altering the fatty acid profile of pork to reduce proportions of linoleic acid and increase oleic acid presents the potential to improve shelf-life and impart a favorable nutritional profile in pork tissues. With this in mind, the objective of our study was to explore the effects of differing concentrations of cull hazelnuts as a lipid source in hog finishing rations, and their influence on pork shelf-life and fatty acid composition. Cull hazelnuts (95% kernel, 5% shell) were obtained and ground for replacement use in a commercially-sourced hog finishing ration. Berkshire-cross hogs (n=15, avg 97 Kg) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (5/treatment): basal diet fed commercial pelleted finishing ration with 0% hazelnut composition (H0), 15% by overall weight hazelnut composition (H15), and 30% by overall weight hazelnut composition (H30), respectively. Hogs were fed ad libitum for 42d and then slaughtered. The Longissimus from one side of each hog was extracted 72 hr postmortem, vacuum-packaged, held at 3 ºC for 4 d to simulate transportation, and then sliced into 2.54 cm thick chops. Chops were packaged in polystyrene trays and overwrapped with O₂ permeable film, placed into a simulated retail display with continuous fluorescent lighting (3500K CCT, 1600-2200 lux) and held at 3 °C. Instrumental color was evaluated daily with a portable spectrophotometer. Samples were removed from display at days 0, 2, 4 and 6 for determination of lipid oxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Additional samples were excised to measure fatty acid composition, α-tocopherol content and total phenols. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, and each hog served as the experimental unit. Diet treatment was denoted as the main effect, with analysis day serving as a repeated effect in the case of shelf-life analyses. Redness (CIE a*) values in chops declined during retail display for all treatments, however rate of decline based on treatment did not differ. Lipid oxidation (TBARS) was suppressed (P<0.05) at d 6 in both H15 and H30 chops compared to H0. Total phenols were not different (P>0.05) between diet treatments, however α-tocopherol levels were 82 and 130% higher (P<0.05) in H15 and H30, respectively, than H0. Palmitic acid (16:0) levels diminished (P<0.05) in H30 pork, while oleic acid (18:1) increased (P<0.05) from 43.7% in H0 to 48.2% in H15, and 50.4% in H30 in subcutaneous fat. No significant changes (P>0.05) in linoleic acid (18:2) or n-6/n-3 ratio were identified. Through the inclusion of hazelnut feed supplementation, the fatty acid composition of pork improved nutritionally via increases in oleic acid (18:1) and decreases in palmitic acid (16:0); however, no other definite benefits were identified in this study. The suppression of TBARS can likely be attributed to an increase in α-tocopherol content in muscle, yet suppression was not significant enough to produce discernable effects on shelf-life when evaluated for instrumental color and purge loss. Title: The Effects of Differing Hazelnut Concentrations in Hog Finishing Rations with Respect to Pork Shelf-life and Fatty Acid Composition Author: Parker, Nathan B. Commercial hog diets in the United States commonly contain lipid sources high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, most notably linoleic acid (18:2). This may result in greater deposits of linoleic acid in pork adipose tissue, contributing to an increased potential for lipid oxidation, high n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio and increased fat softness. These factors lead to detrimental effects on shelf-life, potential negative nutritional impacts on humans and yield loss, respectively. The hazelnut is a crop abundant in nutritionally beneficial oleic acid (18:1) and the antioxidant α-tocopherol. Due to aesthetic or conformational characteristics, a cull portion of this crop is thought to be undesirable for human consumption, and offers a relatively low-cost potential feedstuff for livestock. Altering the fatty acid profile of pork to reduce proportions of linoleic acid and increase oleic acid presents the potential to improve shelf-life and impart a favorable nutritional profile in pork tissues. With this in mind, the objective of our study was to explore the effects of differing concentrations of cull hazelnuts as a lipid source in hog finishing rations, and their influence on pork shelf-life and fatty acid composition. Cull hazelnuts (95% kernel, 5% shell) were obtained and ground for replacement use in a commercially-sourced hog finishing ration. Berkshire-cross hogs (n=15, avg 97 Kg) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (5/treatment): basal diet fed commercial pelleted finishing ration with 0% hazelnut composition (H0), 15% by overall weight hazelnut composition (H15), and 30% by overall weight hazelnut composition (H30), respectively. Hogs were fed ad libitum for 42d and then slaughtered. The Longissimus from one side of each hog was extracted 72 hr postmortem, vacuum-packaged, held at 3 ºC for 4 d to simulate transportation, and then sliced into 2.54 cm thick chops. Chops were packaged in polystyrene trays and overwrapped with O₂ permeable film, placed into a simulated retail display with continuous fluorescent lighting (3500K CCT, 1600-2200 lux) and held at 3 °C. Instrumental color was evaluated daily with a portable spectrophotometer. Samples were removed from display at days 0, 2, 4 and 6 for determination of lipid oxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Additional samples were excised to measure fatty acid composition, α-tocopherol content and total phenols. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, and each hog served as the experimental unit. Diet treatment was denoted as the main effect, with analysis day serving as a repeated effect in the case of shelf-life analyses. Redness (CIE a*) values in chops declined during retail display for all treatments, however rate of decline based on treatment did not differ. Lipid oxidation (TBARS) was suppressed (P<0.05) at d 6 in both H15 and H30 chops compared to H0. Total phenols were not different (P>0.05) between diet treatments, however α-tocopherol levels were 82 and 130% higher (P<0.05) in H15 and H30, respectively, than H0. Palmitic acid (16:0) levels diminished (P<0.05) in H30 pork, while oleic acid (18:1) increased (P<0.05) from 43.7% in H0 to 48.2% in H15, and 50.4% in H30 in subcutaneous fat. No significant changes (P>0.05) in linoleic acid (18:2) or n-6/n-3 ratio were identified. Through the inclusion of hazelnut feed supplementation, the fatty acid composition of pork improved nutritionally via increases in oleic acid (18:1) and decreases in palmitic acid (16:0); however, no other definite benefits were identified in this study. The suppression of TBARS can likely be attributed to an increase in α-tocopherol content in muscle, yet suppression was not significant enough to produce discernable effects on shelf-life when evaluated for instrumental color and purge loss. Close

• 181. [Article] Girls on the Run: A Program Evaluation

  In an increasing sedentary society, it is becoming even more important to encourage adolescent girls to participate and value physical activity. This document provides a study grounded in scholarly research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Girls on the Run: A Program Evaluation Author: Carson, Ann M. In an increasing sedentary society, it is becoming even more important to encourage adolescent girls to participate and value physical activity. This document provides a study grounded in scholarly research exploring issues of importance to the promotion and implementation of programs relevant to motivating girls to be physically active, specifically with respect to the Girls on the Run® program. In-depth interviews with parents and coaches provide insight into parental values and perceptions of the program pertinent to achieving success. Three coaches and five parents were interviewed in this study, and participants were purposefully selected based on their association with Girls on the Run Willamette Valley®. Consistent themes emerged from the interviews. Specifically, strengths of the program include the ability of the program to promote selfreferenced achievement and self-competence without being competitive. Parents also appreciated discussions conducted within the running groups and valued additional support of female role models. Concerns were expressed regarding the organization of the program as well as the program’s ability to measure stated objectives. Rapport between coaches and parents appeared to be a major influence in parents’ perceptions of the program; high levels of rapport coincided with a high value of the program. Increasing parental value can potentially increase the number of girls enrolled in the program, which can effectively increase the number of girls encouraged to value physical activity and to be physically Title: Girls on the Run: A Program Evaluation Author: Carson, Ann M. In an increasing sedentary society, it is becoming even more important to encourage adolescent girls to participate and value physical activity. This document provides a study grounded in scholarly research exploring issues of importance to the promotion and implementation of programs relevant to motivating girls to be physically active, specifically with respect to the Girls on the Run® program. In-depth interviews with parents and coaches provide insight into parental values and perceptions of the program pertinent to achieving success. Three coaches and five parents were interviewed in this study, and participants were purposefully selected based on their association with Girls on the Run Willamette Valley®. Consistent themes emerged from the interviews. Specifically, strengths of the program include the ability of the program to promote selfreferenced achievement and self-competence without being competitive. Parents also appreciated discussions conducted within the running groups and valued additional support of female role models. Concerns were expressed regarding the organization of the program as well as the program’s ability to measure stated objectives. Rapport between coaches and parents appeared to be a major influence in parents’ perceptions of the program; high levels of rapport coincided with a high value of the program. Increasing parental value can potentially increase the number of girls enrolled in the program, which can effectively increase the number of girls encouraged to value physical activity and to be physically Close

• 182. [Article] Willamette National Forest land and resource management plan final environmental impact statement

  1585 pp. Tables, figures, references, glossary, maps, appendices. Captured April 14, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette National Forest land and resource management plan final environmental impact statement Author: United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region Year: 2008, 1990 1585 pp. Tables, figures, references, glossary, maps, appendices. Captured April 14, 2008. Title: Willamette National Forest land and resource management plan final environmental impact statement Author: United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region Year: 2008, 1990 1585 pp. Tables, figures, references, glossary, maps, appendices. Captured April 14, 2008. Close

• 183. [Article] What Drives Academic Bioscientists: Money or Values?

  The article determines the factors that drive academic bioscience to better understand the role of genetically engineered (GE) crops in the sustainability of U.S. agriculture. Some challenges brought about ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: What Drives Academic Bioscientists: Money or Values? Author: Ervin, David E., Nag, Sharmistha, Yang, Hui, Buccola, Steven T. Year: 2010 The article determines the factors that drive academic bioscience to better understand the role of genetically engineered (GE) crops in the sustainability of U.S. agriculture. Some challenges brought about by GE crops in the U.S. farm sustainability include tracking and controlling water pollution, protecting against herbicide resistance and nitrogen fixation. Professional norms are also considered as a great factor driving the academic bioscience. Title: What Drives Academic Bioscientists: Money or Values? Author: Ervin, David E., Nag, Sharmistha, Yang, Hui, Buccola, Steven T. Year: 2010 The article determines the factors that drive academic bioscience to better understand the role of genetically engineered (GE) crops in the sustainability of U.S. agriculture. Some challenges brought about by GE crops in the U.S. farm sustainability include tracking and controlling water pollution, protecting against herbicide resistance and nitrogen fixation. Professional norms are also considered as a great factor driving the academic bioscience. Close

• 184. [Article] Strip tillage for high-residue irrigated cropping systems

  Published August 2010. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Strip tillage for high-residue irrigated cropping systems Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Norberg, O. Steven Published August 2010. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Strip tillage for high-residue irrigated cropping systems Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Norberg, O. Steven Published August 2010. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 185. [Article] Use of MIKE SHE for estimation of evapotranspiration in the Sprague River Basin

  MIKE SHE is a fully distributed, physically-based hydrologic model that can simulate water movement over and under the Earth's surface. Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the components of this model. MIKE ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of MIKE SHE for estimation of evapotranspiration in the Sprague River Basin Author: Shakya, Suva R. MIKE SHE is a fully distributed, physically-based hydrologic model that can simulate water movement over and under the Earth's surface. Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the components of this model. MIKE SHE uses a modification of the Kristensen -Jensen (1975) method to calculate actual ET. This method is based on addition of the three evapotranspiration components – interception storage, transpiration by the plant and evaporation from the soil surface, to compute total actual evapotranspiration. The validity of the Kristensen-Jensen method has been tested on an arid region within the Sprague River subbasin of the Upper Klamath basin in southern Oregon. The model was setup on a 1,000 m by 1,000 m flat surface as a one-dimensional grid cell. There are sixteen computation layers which make three soil profile layers with varying soil properties. Meteorological data from the Pacific Northwest Cooperative Agricultural Weather Network (AgriMet) were used to setup the model. Soil physical properties were taken from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Values of the van Genuchten parameters for soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity as a function of soil texture from Carsel and Parrish (1988) were applied. Wetland vegetation such as duckweed and cattail, natural vegetation such as big sagebrush, ponderosa pine and juniper, and agricultural crops such as grass pasture and maize were used to test MIKE SHE evapotranspiration simulation. The length of growth stage, crop coefficient, leaf area index (LAI) and root depth values were taken from the literature. Actual crop ET rates were calculated based on AgriMet reference ET which uses the Kimberly Penman (Wright, 1982) method. The alfalfa reference ET was converted to a grass reference by multiplying by a factor of 0.833 (Jensen et al., 1990). The single crop coefficient method was used and soil stress was accounted for using the FAO 56 method (Allen et al, 1998). Simulated irrigation was applied to maize and grass to keep the root zone soil moisture close to field capacity. Crop ET rates from the MIKE SHE simulation were then compared to the AgriMet based ET rates, resulting in a comparison of Kristensen-Jensen method against the Kimberly Penman method. Both the Kristensen-Jensen and AgriMet simulation scenarios were driven by the same reference ET and the same FAO 56 basal crop coefficient. Differences are therefore a function of different methods for dealing with soil moisture stress. Results indicate that the MIKE SHE simulated evapotranspiration corresponds to the Kimberly Penman method for the duckweed and cattail wetlands species with resulting Nash and Sutcliffe (NS) efficiencies of 0.97 and 1.00, respectively. The big sagebrush, juniper, and ponderosa pine species required a soil stress correction factor for the crop coefficients and the results yielded NS efficiency values of 0.14, 0.59 and 0.68, respectively. Irrigation was automatically turned on for maize at a 20 percent soil moisture deficit to minimize the effects of water stress and the resulting NS efficiency was 0.85. For pasture, an irrigation based on average monthly water deficit for pasture in Klamath was used (Cuenca et al.,1992). This resulted in a NS efficiency of 0.77. Each crop requires unique treatment within the model. Required vegetation parameters such as crop coefficient and LAI, climatic factors such as reference ET, and soil hydraulic properties need to be based on local conditions to the extent possible. It should be noted that the MIKE SHE simulations were run in a one-dimensional mode which precluded accounting for spatial variability or lateral flow of surface or groundwater. The simulation results indicate that converting the study area into a well irrigated pasture would require application of substantial amounts of irrigation water by sprinkler or flooding. Wetlands would require even more water to flood the land, but would be well suited for development of regional habitat. Big sagebrush, juniper and ponderosa pine survive under natural conditions but experience considerable plant stress brought on by soil water deficits which limit plant production below the maximum possible growth. Title: Use of MIKE SHE for estimation of evapotranspiration in the Sprague River Basin Author: Shakya, Suva R. MIKE SHE is a fully distributed, physically-based hydrologic model that can simulate water movement over and under the Earth's surface. Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the components of this model. MIKE SHE uses a modification of the Kristensen -Jensen (1975) method to calculate actual ET. This method is based on addition of the three evapotranspiration components – interception storage, transpiration by the plant and evaporation from the soil surface, to compute total actual evapotranspiration. The validity of the Kristensen-Jensen method has been tested on an arid region within the Sprague River subbasin of the Upper Klamath basin in southern Oregon. The model was setup on a 1,000 m by 1,000 m flat surface as a one-dimensional grid cell. There are sixteen computation layers which make three soil profile layers with varying soil properties. Meteorological data from the Pacific Northwest Cooperative Agricultural Weather Network (AgriMet) were used to setup the model. Soil physical properties were taken from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Values of the van Genuchten parameters for soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity as a function of soil texture from Carsel and Parrish (1988) were applied. Wetland vegetation such as duckweed and cattail, natural vegetation such as big sagebrush, ponderosa pine and juniper, and agricultural crops such as grass pasture and maize were used to test MIKE SHE evapotranspiration simulation. The length of growth stage, crop coefficient, leaf area index (LAI) and root depth values were taken from the literature. Actual crop ET rates were calculated based on AgriMet reference ET which uses the Kimberly Penman (Wright, 1982) method. The alfalfa reference ET was converted to a grass reference by multiplying by a factor of 0.833 (Jensen et al., 1990). The single crop coefficient method was used and soil stress was accounted for using the FAO 56 method (Allen et al, 1998). Simulated irrigation was applied to maize and grass to keep the root zone soil moisture close to field capacity. Crop ET rates from the MIKE SHE simulation were then compared to the AgriMet based ET rates, resulting in a comparison of Kristensen-Jensen method against the Kimberly Penman method. Both the Kristensen-Jensen and AgriMet simulation scenarios were driven by the same reference ET and the same FAO 56 basal crop coefficient. Differences are therefore a function of different methods for dealing with soil moisture stress. Results indicate that the MIKE SHE simulated evapotranspiration corresponds to the Kimberly Penman method for the duckweed and cattail wetlands species with resulting Nash and Sutcliffe (NS) efficiencies of 0.97 and 1.00, respectively. The big sagebrush, juniper, and ponderosa pine species required a soil stress correction factor for the crop coefficients and the results yielded NS efficiency values of 0.14, 0.59 and 0.68, respectively. Irrigation was automatically turned on for maize at a 20 percent soil moisture deficit to minimize the effects of water stress and the resulting NS efficiency was 0.85. For pasture, an irrigation based on average monthly water deficit for pasture in Klamath was used (Cuenca et al.,1992). This resulted in a NS efficiency of 0.77. Each crop requires unique treatment within the model. Required vegetation parameters such as crop coefficient and LAI, climatic factors such as reference ET, and soil hydraulic properties need to be based on local conditions to the extent possible. It should be noted that the MIKE SHE simulations were run in a one-dimensional mode which precluded accounting for spatial variability or lateral flow of surface or groundwater. The simulation results indicate that converting the study area into a well irrigated pasture would require application of substantial amounts of irrigation water by sprinkler or flooding. Wetlands would require even more water to flood the land, but would be well suited for development of regional habitat. Big sagebrush, juniper and ponderosa pine survive under natural conditions but experience considerable plant stress brought on by soil water deficits which limit plant production below the maximum possible growth. Close

• 186. [Article] Value added in Norwegian Fisheries; The Creation, the distribution, and value added strategies

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Value added in Norwegian Fisheries; The Creation, the distribution, and value added strategies Author: Vassdal, Terje, Trondsen, Torbjørn Research Paper Title: Value added in Norwegian Fisheries; The Creation, the distribution, and value added strategies Author: Vassdal, Terje, Trondsen, Torbjørn Research Paper Close

• 187. [Article] An economic study of irrigation potential for Columbia Plateau farms in Oregon

  The farmers of the Columbia Plateau region of Oregon, as well as other individuals and groups, have expressed a desire for information on the economic feasibility of irrigated farming in their area. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic study of irrigation potential for Columbia Plateau farms in Oregon Author: Bowman, Thomas Michael The farmers of the Columbia Plateau region of Oregon, as well as other individuals and groups, have expressed a desire for information on the economic feasibility of irrigated farming in their area. This recent interest in irrigation is a result of reduced lifts and lower pumping costs brought about by the construction of The Dalles, John Day and McNary Dams, the appearance of alternative uses for Columbia River water, and the introduction of new crops. Linear programming models were developed for farms of four different sizes to determine if enough additional income would be produced by irrigation to pay for its added costs. Profit maximization was assumed to be the goal of the farm operator, realizing that other goals are undoubtedly involved. The resources of interest for this study include land, labor, water, operating capital, and management. The MVPs or shadow prices found by the models identified the restricting resources for each respective farm, thereby providing some hints about the most efficient use of additional resources. It was assumed that a large amount of the cultural practices necessary for crop production would be custom hired, which reduced the quantity of labor needed for the production of the various crops selected by the models. Other assumptions included; better than average management, successful production of crops selected by the models, contracts or other marketing arrangements for the sale of these products at given prices, and the availability of labor, water, and operating capital at the levels used by the model farms. The results of this study, based on the linear programming models, indicate that irrigation may be profitable for some farms in this area. The model farms returned gross profits of from 55.50 to 150 dollars per acre as a return to irrigation and management. However, to enable these farms to cover the costs of relatively expensive irrigation systems it is necessary that they raise some high income producing horticultural crops. While some of these crops have been grown here, there are horticulturists that question whether such crops can be widely produced in this area. Many technical production problems remain to be solved before these crops can be produced extensively. The availability of capital for investment and operating purposes presents another problem when these high income producing crops are raised. Although irrigation appears to be profitable under certain circumstances, it is evident that many economic and technical problems remain to be solved. Title: An economic study of irrigation potential for Columbia Plateau farms in Oregon Author: Bowman, Thomas Michael The farmers of the Columbia Plateau region of Oregon, as well as other individuals and groups, have expressed a desire for information on the economic feasibility of irrigated farming in their area. This recent interest in irrigation is a result of reduced lifts and lower pumping costs brought about by the construction of The Dalles, John Day and McNary Dams, the appearance of alternative uses for Columbia River water, and the introduction of new crops. Linear programming models were developed for farms of four different sizes to determine if enough additional income would be produced by irrigation to pay for its added costs. Profit maximization was assumed to be the goal of the farm operator, realizing that other goals are undoubtedly involved. The resources of interest for this study include land, labor, water, operating capital, and management. The MVPs or shadow prices found by the models identified the restricting resources for each respective farm, thereby providing some hints about the most efficient use of additional resources. It was assumed that a large amount of the cultural practices necessary for crop production would be custom hired, which reduced the quantity of labor needed for the production of the various crops selected by the models. Other assumptions included; better than average management, successful production of crops selected by the models, contracts or other marketing arrangements for the sale of these products at given prices, and the availability of labor, water, and operating capital at the levels used by the model farms. The results of this study, based on the linear programming models, indicate that irrigation may be profitable for some farms in this area. The model farms returned gross profits of from 55.50 to 150 dollars per acre as a return to irrigation and management. However, to enable these farms to cover the costs of relatively expensive irrigation systems it is necessary that they raise some high income producing horticultural crops. While some of these crops have been grown here, there are horticulturists that question whether such crops can be widely produced in this area. Many technical production problems remain to be solved before these crops can be produced extensively. The availability of capital for investment and operating purposes presents another problem when these high income producing crops are raised. Although irrigation appears to be profitable under certain circumstances, it is evident that many economic and technical problems remain to be solved. Close

• 188. [Article] Alternative methods of raw product valuation for agricultural cooperatives : a forecasting approach

  Raw product value of vegetables for processing in the Northwest used to be established by a competitive market involving proprietary processors and growers. Due to the relocation of proprietary processors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Alternative methods of raw product valuation for agricultural cooperatives : a forecasting approach Author: Wiese, Arthur Michael Raw product value of vegetables for processing in the Northwest used to be established by a competitive market involving proprietary processors and growers. Due to the relocation of proprietary processors to the Midwest, this competitive market has eroded forcing cooperative processors to seek other means to set raw product values. In the absence of a competitive market for raw product, cooperatives must rely on an average of last year's prices paid by processors in a given region to value raw product. This method of lagged averages may be resulting in misallocated contracted acreage to grower-members of cooperatives, and inappropriate production levels of the processed good given market conditions. Therefore, the principal objective of this research is to develop and evaluate alternative methods of forecasting raw product value. Since the market for processed vegetables at the retail level is competitive, one alternative method employed was to use a forecast of supply and determinants of demand affecting retail price to forecast raw product value. These explanatory variables were regressed against raw product values of various crops obtained from a northwest processing and marketing cooperative. The raw product values were expressed as net returns/acre to the crops under investigation. The estimated equations, which had adjusted R²'s ranging from .267 to .851, were used to forecast raw product value. A second forecasting method investigated in this study was an exponential smoothing model. Raw product value forecasts were generated over two different time horizons, identified by the cooperatives' accounting procedures. The two alternative forecasting methods were compared to each other, and to the method currently in use by the cooperative, with the aim of determining the most accurate forecasting technique. Results showed that both the econometric and smoothing approaches fit the data better over the estimation period than did a naive lagged price estimate resembling the present method in use by the cooperative. The econometric method also fit the data better than did the smoothing approach. The econometric model provided poor forecasts for the longer forecast horizon, but proved to be effective in the shorter. The smoothing technique forecasted more effectively in the longer forecast horizon as compared with the shorter. These results suggest the importance of the forecast horizon in determining the more appropriate forecasting technique. Both forecasting techniques proposed in this study produced forecasts which were more accurate than the cooperative's present method at least half of the time. This suggests that viable alternatives to the present method of establishing raw product value exist for agricultural cooperatives. Title: Alternative methods of raw product valuation for agricultural cooperatives : a forecasting approach Author: Wiese, Arthur Michael Raw product value of vegetables for processing in the Northwest used to be established by a competitive market involving proprietary processors and growers. Due to the relocation of proprietary processors to the Midwest, this competitive market has eroded forcing cooperative processors to seek other means to set raw product values. In the absence of a competitive market for raw product, cooperatives must rely on an average of last year's prices paid by processors in a given region to value raw product. This method of lagged averages may be resulting in misallocated contracted acreage to grower-members of cooperatives, and inappropriate production levels of the processed good given market conditions. Therefore, the principal objective of this research is to develop and evaluate alternative methods of forecasting raw product value. Since the market for processed vegetables at the retail level is competitive, one alternative method employed was to use a forecast of supply and determinants of demand affecting retail price to forecast raw product value. These explanatory variables were regressed against raw product values of various crops obtained from a northwest processing and marketing cooperative. The raw product values were expressed as net returns/acre to the crops under investigation. The estimated equations, which had adjusted R²'s ranging from .267 to .851, were used to forecast raw product value. A second forecasting method investigated in this study was an exponential smoothing model. Raw product value forecasts were generated over two different time horizons, identified by the cooperatives' accounting procedures. The two alternative forecasting methods were compared to each other, and to the method currently in use by the cooperative, with the aim of determining the most accurate forecasting technique. Results showed that both the econometric and smoothing approaches fit the data better over the estimation period than did a naive lagged price estimate resembling the present method in use by the cooperative. The econometric method also fit the data better than did the smoothing approach. The econometric model provided poor forecasts for the longer forecast horizon, but proved to be effective in the shorter. The smoothing technique forecasted more effectively in the longer forecast horizon as compared with the shorter. These results suggest the importance of the forecast horizon in determining the more appropriate forecasting technique. Both forecasting techniques proposed in this study produced forecasts which were more accurate than the cooperative's present method at least half of the time. This suggests that viable alternatives to the present method of establishing raw product value exist for agricultural cooperatives. Close

• 189. [Article] Wetland ecosystem-a study on fish-aquatic food crops diversity for enhancing productivity and economic stability for fish-farm families in Indian subtropics

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wetland ecosystem-a study on fish-aquatic food crops diversity for enhancing productivity and economic stability for fish-farm families in Indian subtropics Author: Das, Dilip Kumar, Sarkar, Pranab Kumar, Puste, Anandamoy Research Paper Title: Wetland ecosystem-a study on fish-aquatic food crops diversity for enhancing productivity and economic stability for fish-farm families in Indian subtropics Author: Das, Dilip Kumar, Sarkar, Pranab Kumar, Puste, Anandamoy Research Paper Close

• 190. [Article] Rapid Quantification of Soilborne Pathogen Communities in Wheat-based Long-term Field Experiments

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by The American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://www.apsnet.o...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rapid Quantification of Soilborne Pathogen Communities in Wheat-based Long-term Field Experiments Author: Wuest, Stewart B., Rhinhart, Karl E. L., Machado, Stephen, Smiley, Richard W., Reardon, Catherine L. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by The American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://www.apsnet.org/publications/plantdisease/Pages/default.aspx Title: Rapid Quantification of Soilborne Pathogen Communities in Wheat-based Long-term Field Experiments Author: Wuest, Stewart B., Rhinhart, Karl E. L., Machado, Stephen, Smiley, Richard W., Reardon, Catherine L. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by The American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://www.apsnet.org/publications/plantdisease/Pages/default.aspx Close

• 191. [Article] An economic evaluation of on-farm strategies for reduction of nitrate groundwater pollution : the case of irrigated production in the Columbia basin

  Technological advances in agricultural production over the past 40 years have contributed to the high standard of living enjoyed by many in the United States. Extensive use of chemicals to enhance yield ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic evaluation of on-farm strategies for reduction of nitrate groundwater pollution : the case of irrigated production in the Columbia basin Author: Johnson, Scott Lee Technological advances in agricultural production over the past 40 years have contributed to the high standard of living enjoyed by many in the United States. Extensive use of chemicals to enhance yield and improve crop quality has played a major role in creating this highly productive U.S. agricultural system. Increased chemical use has imposed some significant environmental costs. One environmental concern receiving increased attention is pollution of groundwater by nitrates. The objective of this dissertation is to examine the economic effects on an irrigated Columbia Basin farm of adopting alternative strategies that reduce agricultural-related groundwater pollution from nitrates. The research involved the development and implementation of a multi-method approach which linked a farm-level linear programming crop mix model, field-level dynamic optimization models, crop simulators, and a geohydrology model of ground water nitrate movement. The analysis focused on optimal irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer scheduling for winter wheat, field corn, and potatoes, the principal crops in the study area, given the presence of various groundwater regulatory options. These options included input taxes, restriction on nitrogen applications, restrictions on nitrate leachate, and Pigovian taxes. The analysis also examined the relationships between the physical environment and the economic factors affecting nitrate pollution. The results of the dynamic optimization and linear programming models provide some important insights into the problem of nitrate pollution. First, careful management of soil moisture is critical to the reduction of pollution rates. Second, some nitrate leachate is unavoidable in the production of irrigated crops within the study area. Third, weather events play a significant role in explaining the existence of nitrate leachate under optimal irrigation and fertilization practices. Fourth, input taxes and restrictions on nitrogen application rate may not always reduce pollution rates. Fifth, Pigovian taxes appear to be the most efficient means of reducing nitrate levels, although they would be difficult to impose. Finally, federal government farm program provisions relating to price supports increase pollution rates and idlement requirements reduce pollution rates. Title: An economic evaluation of on-farm strategies for reduction of nitrate groundwater pollution : the case of irrigated production in the Columbia basin Author: Johnson, Scott Lee Technological advances in agricultural production over the past 40 years have contributed to the high standard of living enjoyed by many in the United States. Extensive use of chemicals to enhance yield and improve crop quality has played a major role in creating this highly productive U.S. agricultural system. Increased chemical use has imposed some significant environmental costs. One environmental concern receiving increased attention is pollution of groundwater by nitrates. The objective of this dissertation is to examine the economic effects on an irrigated Columbia Basin farm of adopting alternative strategies that reduce agricultural-related groundwater pollution from nitrates. The research involved the development and implementation of a multi-method approach which linked a farm-level linear programming crop mix model, field-level dynamic optimization models, crop simulators, and a geohydrology model of ground water nitrate movement. The analysis focused on optimal irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer scheduling for winter wheat, field corn, and potatoes, the principal crops in the study area, given the presence of various groundwater regulatory options. These options included input taxes, restriction on nitrogen applications, restrictions on nitrate leachate, and Pigovian taxes. The analysis also examined the relationships between the physical environment and the economic factors affecting nitrate pollution. The results of the dynamic optimization and linear programming models provide some important insights into the problem of nitrate pollution. First, careful management of soil moisture is critical to the reduction of pollution rates. Second, some nitrate leachate is unavoidable in the production of irrigated crops within the study area. Third, weather events play a significant role in explaining the existence of nitrate leachate under optimal irrigation and fertilization practices. Fourth, input taxes and restrictions on nitrogen application rate may not always reduce pollution rates. Fifth, Pigovian taxes appear to be the most efficient means of reducing nitrate levels, although they would be difficult to impose. Finally, federal government farm program provisions relating to price supports increase pollution rates and idlement requirements reduce pollution rates. Close

• 192. [Article] Canola

  Published February 2008. A more recent revision exists. Please Look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Canola Author: Ehrensing, D. T., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published February 2008. A more recent revision exists. Please Look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Canola Author: Ehrensing, D. T., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published February 2008. A more recent revision exists. Please Look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 193. [Article] The Value Chain of Yellow Fin Tuna in Sri Lanka

  The fishing industry is particularly important for Sri Lankans for the domestic supply but there is also a small but growing export market for high value products. The potential for economic development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Value Chain of Yellow Fin Tuna in Sri Lanka Author: Thordarson, Gunnar, Gestsson, Helgi, Knútsson, Ögmundur The fishing industry is particularly important for Sri Lankans for the domestic supply but there is also a small but growing export market for high value products. The potential for economic development lies there with yellowfin tuna as the most important specie. In this research the efficiency and productivity of the yellowfin tuna value chain in Sri Lanka was studied. The main method emphasis was on interviews with value chain actors (primary data) but secondary data analysis was also used when available. The lack of reliable secondary data from Sri Lanka fisheries made the use of primary data necessary. Interviews were conducted from late 2007 until July 2008. The conclusion is that two different value chains are characteristic for the Sri Lankan yellowfin tuna industry; the domestic market value chain and the export market value chain. The local market is highly regulated and price oriented with low emphasis on quality. The export market is characterized by demand for quality and high prices. It relies heavily on the landings of foreign vessels. Additional emphasis on the export market could increase revenues of the sector but for that structural changes are essential. The local vessels are generally too small and poorly equipped to meet the quality requirements of the export market. For the local fleet there are considerable opportunities for improving quality and reducing costs. Main obstacles are the lack of knowledge and unstructured flow of information between fishermen and processors/exporters, as well as the lack of trust between actors. Title: The Value Chain of Yellow Fin Tuna in Sri Lanka Author: Thordarson, Gunnar, Gestsson, Helgi, Knútsson, Ögmundur The fishing industry is particularly important for Sri Lankans for the domestic supply but there is also a small but growing export market for high value products. The potential for economic development lies there with yellowfin tuna as the most important specie. In this research the efficiency and productivity of the yellowfin tuna value chain in Sri Lanka was studied. The main method emphasis was on interviews with value chain actors (primary data) but secondary data analysis was also used when available. The lack of reliable secondary data from Sri Lanka fisheries made the use of primary data necessary. Interviews were conducted from late 2007 until July 2008. The conclusion is that two different value chains are characteristic for the Sri Lankan yellowfin tuna industry; the domestic market value chain and the export market value chain. The local market is highly regulated and price oriented with low emphasis on quality. The export market is characterized by demand for quality and high prices. It relies heavily on the landings of foreign vessels. Additional emphasis on the export market could increase revenues of the sector but for that structural changes are essential. The local vessels are generally too small and poorly equipped to meet the quality requirements of the export market. For the local fleet there are considerable opportunities for improving quality and reducing costs. Main obstacles are the lack of knowledge and unstructured flow of information between fishermen and processors/exporters, as well as the lack of trust between actors. Close

• 194. [Article] Water use characteristics of ten newly established cool-season turfgrass species

  Water use restrictions are continuing to have an impact on the way turf is managed today and will be managed in the future. The objective of this research was to evaluate the irrigation requirements of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water use characteristics of ten newly established cool-season turfgrass species Author: Blankenship, Tod M. Water use restrictions are continuing to have an impact on the way turf is managed today and will be managed in the future. The objective of this research was to evaluate the irrigation requirements of ten newly established cool-season turfgrass species maintained under two different mowing height and nitrogen fertility regimes. The site was treated with glyphosate to eliminate existing plant material, scalped to remove foliage, leveled, and graded to provide adequate surface drainage. All plots were seeded with a blend of three cultivars for all turfgrass species (Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, velvet bentgrass, creeping bentgrass, colonial bentgrass, strong creeping red fescue, chewings fescue, slender creeping red fescue, tall fescue) except for annual bluegrass which was sodded. Plots were mowed at 1.6 and 5.1 cm three times and one time per week respectively. Nitrogen was applied at either 0.45 or 1.81 kg per 92.9 m² per year. Water moisture stress was assessed visually as well with a Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) moisture probe at a 3.8 cm depth for the same 45-day period in 2009 and 2010. Irrigation was applied based on predetermined water replacement values through a hand-held hose with a flow and batch meter attachment. Significant irrigation input differences were observed between mowing height treatments but not among nitrogen fertility treatments. Tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bentgrass and velvet bentgrass were all lower water users under both high and low heights of cut in this trial. The higher water use species, annual bluegrass and red fescues, all required more water in the low mown plots than the high mown plots. A lower crop coefficient for irrigation could be utilized for most species in the Pacific Northwest. Stress detection glasses were able to detect water stress in all turfgrass species tested by a minimum of 1.2 days on average and a maximum of 2.4 days in advance of the unaided visual assessment. The glasses were evaluated across a broad range of species and were effective regardless of the different turf canopies and variation in color present in the different species. The early detection of stress would enable turf managers to schedule irrigation in advance while conserving water. For most species the TDR could reliably measure the percent Volumetric Water Content (VWC) at which irrigation was required to maintain a functional turf surface. At the typical recommended mowing height of most species, if maturity was achieved, this was at approximately 30% VWC. The TDR could be used to more accurately guide irrigation scheduling and reduce water use. Title: Water use characteristics of ten newly established cool-season turfgrass species Author: Blankenship, Tod M. Water use restrictions are continuing to have an impact on the way turf is managed today and will be managed in the future. The objective of this research was to evaluate the irrigation requirements of ten newly established cool-season turfgrass species maintained under two different mowing height and nitrogen fertility regimes. The site was treated with glyphosate to eliminate existing plant material, scalped to remove foliage, leveled, and graded to provide adequate surface drainage. All plots were seeded with a blend of three cultivars for all turfgrass species (Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, velvet bentgrass, creeping bentgrass, colonial bentgrass, strong creeping red fescue, chewings fescue, slender creeping red fescue, tall fescue) except for annual bluegrass which was sodded. Plots were mowed at 1.6 and 5.1 cm three times and one time per week respectively. Nitrogen was applied at either 0.45 or 1.81 kg per 92.9 m² per year. Water moisture stress was assessed visually as well with a Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) moisture probe at a 3.8 cm depth for the same 45-day period in 2009 and 2010. Irrigation was applied based on predetermined water replacement values through a hand-held hose with a flow and batch meter attachment. Significant irrigation input differences were observed between mowing height treatments but not among nitrogen fertility treatments. Tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bentgrass and velvet bentgrass were all lower water users under both high and low heights of cut in this trial. The higher water use species, annual bluegrass and red fescues, all required more water in the low mown plots than the high mown plots. A lower crop coefficient for irrigation could be utilized for most species in the Pacific Northwest. Stress detection glasses were able to detect water stress in all turfgrass species tested by a minimum of 1.2 days on average and a maximum of 2.4 days in advance of the unaided visual assessment. The glasses were evaluated across a broad range of species and were effective regardless of the different turf canopies and variation in color present in the different species. The early detection of stress would enable turf managers to schedule irrigation in advance while conserving water. For most species the TDR could reliably measure the percent Volumetric Water Content (VWC) at which irrigation was required to maintain a functional turf surface. At the typical recommended mowing height of most species, if maturity was achieved, this was at approximately 30% VWC. The TDR could be used to more accurately guide irrigation scheduling and reduce water use. Close

• 195. [Article] Use of petroleum oils to prevent spread of stylet-borne viruses by aphids

  The use of petroleum oil prevented, to varying degrees: the transmission of three stylet-borne viruses in three different crops. The use of oils resulted in a marked improvement in the number of lily bulbs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of petroleum oils to prevent spread of stylet-borne viruses by aphids Author: Ascerno, Mark E. The use of petroleum oil prevented, to varying degrees: the transmission of three stylet-borne viruses in three different crops. The use of oils resulted in a marked improvement in the number of lily bulbs harvested from treated plots as compared to the number of lily bulbs harvested from untreated plots. A random sample of the harvested bulbs forced in the greenhouse showed that substantially more bulbs germinated from treated plots than from untreated plots. Lily virus symptoms were prevented in 13% of the plants in treated plots. All untreated plants were infected. However, this relatively small difference was probably due to the use of too many infector plants. Treated lilies showed more stunting and mottling than did the untreated lilies. The influences of oil sprays on the transmission of bean yellow mosaic virus in beans were studied in 1967 and 1968. Virus symptoms in 1967 were shown to vary significantly with planting dates. The early planting had a greater incidence of plants showing virus symptoms than did the later planting. Oil sprays reduced virus symptoms by 20.9% in the early planting and by 40.7% in the later planting. Oil sprays reduced BYMV symptoms from 10-30% in 1968, depending on the treatment. However, the statistical significance of these treatment effects was questionable. The spread of BYMV in 1968 was strongly correlated with the daily number of aphids trapped at two widely separated trap locations. These correlations were improved when the number of aphids trapped were adjusted for the possible effects of the oil sprays. The implications of the correlations were threefold. First, the direct relationship between virus symptoms and aphid numbers suggested that the timing of sprays to periods of high aphid migrations could improve virus prevention. Second, the prevention of virus spread could be improved by the application of oil during periods when one or more aphid species particularly efficient in virus transmission are migrating. Third, the value of oil could be improved by the maintenance of a highly efficient oil residue for longer periods of time. Oil sprays reduced white -break virus (cucumber mosaic virus) symptoms in gladiolus from 9.5% to 3.1% in the field. However, similar results were not obtained when sample corms from the field plots were forced in the greenhouse. Title: Use of petroleum oils to prevent spread of stylet-borne viruses by aphids Author: Ascerno, Mark E. The use of petroleum oil prevented, to varying degrees: the transmission of three stylet-borne viruses in three different crops. The use of oils resulted in a marked improvement in the number of lily bulbs harvested from treated plots as compared to the number of lily bulbs harvested from untreated plots. A random sample of the harvested bulbs forced in the greenhouse showed that substantially more bulbs germinated from treated plots than from untreated plots. Lily virus symptoms were prevented in 13% of the plants in treated plots. All untreated plants were infected. However, this relatively small difference was probably due to the use of too many infector plants. Treated lilies showed more stunting and mottling than did the untreated lilies. The influences of oil sprays on the transmission of bean yellow mosaic virus in beans were studied in 1967 and 1968. Virus symptoms in 1967 were shown to vary significantly with planting dates. The early planting had a greater incidence of plants showing virus symptoms than did the later planting. Oil sprays reduced virus symptoms by 20.9% in the early planting and by 40.7% in the later planting. Oil sprays reduced BYMV symptoms from 10-30% in 1968, depending on the treatment. However, the statistical significance of these treatment effects was questionable. The spread of BYMV in 1968 was strongly correlated with the daily number of aphids trapped at two widely separated trap locations. These correlations were improved when the number of aphids trapped were adjusted for the possible effects of the oil sprays. The implications of the correlations were threefold. First, the direct relationship between virus symptoms and aphid numbers suggested that the timing of sprays to periods of high aphid migrations could improve virus prevention. Second, the prevention of virus spread could be improved by the application of oil during periods when one or more aphid species particularly efficient in virus transmission are migrating. Third, the value of oil could be improved by the maintenance of a highly efficient oil residue for longer periods of time. Oil sprays reduced white -break virus (cucumber mosaic virus) symptoms in gladiolus from 9.5% to 3.1% in the field. However, similar results were not obtained when sample corms from the field plots were forced in the greenhouse. Close

• 196. [Article] Palisade Russet: A Late Blight Resistant Potato Cultivar Having a Low Incidence of Sugar Ends and High Specific Gravity

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Palisade Russet: A Late Blight Resistant Potato Cultivar Having a Low Incidence of Sugar Ends and High Specific Gravity Author: Pavek, J. J., Charlton, B. A., Brandt, T. L., Gupta, S., Olsen, N., Corsini, D. L., James, S. R., Novy, R. G., Stark, J. C., Brown, C. R., Whitworth, J. L., Lozoya-Saldana, H., Knowles, N. R., Vales, M. I., Yilma, S., Thornton, M., Pavek, M. J., Hane, D. C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/?SGWID=0-102-0-0-0. Title: Palisade Russet: A Late Blight Resistant Potato Cultivar Having a Low Incidence of Sugar Ends and High Specific Gravity Author: Pavek, J. J., Charlton, B. A., Brandt, T. L., Gupta, S., Olsen, N., Corsini, D. L., James, S. R., Novy, R. G., Stark, J. C., Brown, C. R., Whitworth, J. L., Lozoya-Saldana, H., Knowles, N. R., Vales, M. I., Yilma, S., Thornton, M., Pavek, M. J., Hane, D. C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/?SGWID=0-102-0-0-0. Close

• 197. [Article] Long-term fertilizer input influences total and bioavailable metal in agricultural soils and crops

  Protection of the quality and integrity of food supplies is of global concern. Crops can accumulate non-nutritive and sometimes toxic metals and metalloids. Accumulated metals/metalloids can come in part, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Long-term fertilizer input influences total and bioavailable metal in agricultural soils and crops Author: Perez, Angela L. Protection of the quality and integrity of food supplies is of global concern. Crops can accumulate non-nutritive and sometimes toxic metals and metalloids. Accumulated metals/metalloids can come in part, from fertilizers, which may contain variable levels of non-nutritive metals or metalloids such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and mercury (Hg). Metal bioavailability measurements can estimate crop metal accumulation and potential offsite movement. Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) are used to measure labile, considered to be bioavailable, metal in soil solution. The DGT technique was applied in diverse agricultural soils receiving various applications of phosphate fertilizers. DGT was found to be marginally predictive of Cd accumulated in the edible portion of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and potato crops (Solanum tuberosum). A distinct approach was developed to estimate short and long-term changes to total and labile metal concentrations using a uniquely calculated distribution coefficient (Kd-BIO). Kd-BIO values for Cd and Ni did not decrease over the study period, indicating that soils may serve as a long-term contaminant sink. For As and Pb, there was a tendency for the Kd (As) and Kd-BIO (Pb) values to decrease with treatment and with yearly applications. If these tendencies were to continue, they may have long term implication for human health risk assessment. In general, total recoverable As, Pb, and Hg did not increase with fertilizer treatment level or over time in agricultural soils. Labile As and Pb dose response with fertilizer treatment was site specific. As and Pb were not detected in either crop throughout the study. Cd, Ni, and Hg were measured in wheat and potato. Kd-BIO was found to be a strong indicator of Ni and Cd accumulation in crops. Transfer coefficients (Tc) for Hg were calculated and determined to increase with time. Finally, the use of chemical profiling techniques to identify the geographic growing region of three fruits strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), blueberry (Vaccinium caesariense/ corymbosum, and pear (Pyrus communis) was considered. The data were modeled with successful regional, sub-regional, and varietal classification ranging from 70 to 100% depending on commodity and model. Title: Long-term fertilizer input influences total and bioavailable metal in agricultural soils and crops Author: Perez, Angela L. Protection of the quality and integrity of food supplies is of global concern. Crops can accumulate non-nutritive and sometimes toxic metals and metalloids. Accumulated metals/metalloids can come in part, from fertilizers, which may contain variable levels of non-nutritive metals or metalloids such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and mercury (Hg). Metal bioavailability measurements can estimate crop metal accumulation and potential offsite movement. Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) are used to measure labile, considered to be bioavailable, metal in soil solution. The DGT technique was applied in diverse agricultural soils receiving various applications of phosphate fertilizers. DGT was found to be marginally predictive of Cd accumulated in the edible portion of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and potato crops (Solanum tuberosum). A distinct approach was developed to estimate short and long-term changes to total and labile metal concentrations using a uniquely calculated distribution coefficient (Kd-BIO). Kd-BIO values for Cd and Ni did not decrease over the study period, indicating that soils may serve as a long-term contaminant sink. For As and Pb, there was a tendency for the Kd (As) and Kd-BIO (Pb) values to decrease with treatment and with yearly applications. If these tendencies were to continue, they may have long term implication for human health risk assessment. In general, total recoverable As, Pb, and Hg did not increase with fertilizer treatment level or over time in agricultural soils. Labile As and Pb dose response with fertilizer treatment was site specific. As and Pb were not detected in either crop throughout the study. Cd, Ni, and Hg were measured in wheat and potato. Kd-BIO was found to be a strong indicator of Ni and Cd accumulation in crops. Transfer coefficients (Tc) for Hg were calculated and determined to increase with time. Finally, the use of chemical profiling techniques to identify the geographic growing region of three fruits strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), blueberry (Vaccinium caesariense/ corymbosum, and pear (Pyrus communis) was considered. The data were modeled with successful regional, sub-regional, and varietal classification ranging from 70 to 100% depending on commodity and model. Close

• 198. [Article] Persistence of prodiamine and norflurazon herbicides in soil and their activity on alfalfa rotational crops

  Norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2(3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl)- 3(2H)- pyridazinone] and prodiamine (N3, N3-di-n-propy1-2,4- dinitro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-m-phenylenediamine) are two herbicides being ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Persistence of prodiamine and norflurazon herbicides in soil and their activity on alfalfa rotational crops Author: Fischer, Vernon F. Norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2(3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl)- 3(2H)- pyridazinone] and prodiamine (N3, N3-di-n-propy1-2,4- dinitro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-m-phenylenediamine) are two herbicides being considered for weed control in alfalfa. Rotational crops following alfalfa may be sensitive to residues of these herbicides. Studies were conducted in Oregon and Washington to examine the soil persistence and activity of these herbicides on alfalfa rotational crops. Norflurazon at 1.6 and 2.4 lb ai/a and prodiamine at 1.0 and 2.0 lb ai/a were applied during the fall of 1987 or spring of 1988 in Oregon and Washington. Soil samples were collected from plots treated with the highest herbicide rate when rotational crops were planted and again at harvest during 1988 and 1989. These samples were chemically analyzed for herbicide residues. Rotational crops were planted 3 and 15 months after treatment (MAT) in the spring-applied sites and 6 and 18 MAT in the fall-applied site to assess the activity of the herbicides. For both soils and application timings, dissipation of norflurazon and prodiamine was characterized by a rapid initial loss followed by slow disappearance of the remaining herbicide. The logarithm of herbicide loss was a linear function of days after treatment (DAT). The rate of norflurazon loss was not different among locations. Degradation of prodiamine tended to be slowest in the fall-applied site in Washington, followed in turn by the springapplied site in Washington and the Oregon site (p = 0.25). Relative crop sensitivity to norflurazon, ranked from most sensitive, was barley > spring wheat > field corn > potatoes > and beans. Crop sensitivity to prodiamine was ranked as field corn > barley > spring wheat > potatoes > and beans. Injury to barley and spring wheat planted 18 MAT resulted from residues of norflurazon applied at the high rate. Field corn and potatoes were injured significantly only when planted 3 and 5 MAT. No significant norflurazon injury was observed to beans during any planting interval. Prodiamine caused injury to field corn, barley, and spring wheat when planted 18 MAT. No injury to potatoes and beans was observed during any planting interval. Prodiamine was more toxic to susceptible crops at the low concentrations than norflurazon. Severe corn injury resulted from prodiamine residues of 0.01 ppm at all locations. The norflurazon and prodiamine residues from chemical analyses corresponded well with the observed injury from each of the plant-back species when soil characteristics were considered. Similar amounts of norflurazon and prodiamine residues were detected in the fall- and spring-applied sites in Washington during the 3 and 5 MAT sample interval. However, spring wheat and potato injury were greater in the fall-applied trial. More precipitation fell immediately after the fall application, moving the herbicides into soil solution and the crop root zone more readily. Title: Persistence of prodiamine and norflurazon herbicides in soil and their activity on alfalfa rotational crops Author: Fischer, Vernon F. Norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2(3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl)- 3(2H)- pyridazinone] and prodiamine (N3, N3-di-n-propy1-2,4- dinitro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-m-phenylenediamine) are two herbicides being considered for weed control in alfalfa. Rotational crops following alfalfa may be sensitive to residues of these herbicides. Studies were conducted in Oregon and Washington to examine the soil persistence and activity of these herbicides on alfalfa rotational crops. Norflurazon at 1.6 and 2.4 lb ai/a and prodiamine at 1.0 and 2.0 lb ai/a were applied during the fall of 1987 or spring of 1988 in Oregon and Washington. Soil samples were collected from plots treated with the highest herbicide rate when rotational crops were planted and again at harvest during 1988 and 1989. These samples were chemically analyzed for herbicide residues. Rotational crops were planted 3 and 15 months after treatment (MAT) in the spring-applied sites and 6 and 18 MAT in the fall-applied site to assess the activity of the herbicides. For both soils and application timings, dissipation of norflurazon and prodiamine was characterized by a rapid initial loss followed by slow disappearance of the remaining herbicide. The logarithm of herbicide loss was a linear function of days after treatment (DAT). The rate of norflurazon loss was not different among locations. Degradation of prodiamine tended to be slowest in the fall-applied site in Washington, followed in turn by the springapplied site in Washington and the Oregon site (p = 0.25). Relative crop sensitivity to norflurazon, ranked from most sensitive, was barley > spring wheat > field corn > potatoes > and beans. Crop sensitivity to prodiamine was ranked as field corn > barley > spring wheat > potatoes > and beans. Injury to barley and spring wheat planted 18 MAT resulted from residues of norflurazon applied at the high rate. Field corn and potatoes were injured significantly only when planted 3 and 5 MAT. No significant norflurazon injury was observed to beans during any planting interval. Prodiamine caused injury to field corn, barley, and spring wheat when planted 18 MAT. No injury to potatoes and beans was observed during any planting interval. Prodiamine was more toxic to susceptible crops at the low concentrations than norflurazon. Severe corn injury resulted from prodiamine residues of 0.01 ppm at all locations. The norflurazon and prodiamine residues from chemical analyses corresponded well with the observed injury from each of the plant-back species when soil characteristics were considered. Similar amounts of norflurazon and prodiamine residues were detected in the fall- and spring-applied sites in Washington during the 3 and 5 MAT sample interval. However, spring wheat and potato injury were greater in the fall-applied trial. More precipitation fell immediately after the fall application, moving the herbicides into soil solution and the crop root zone more readily. Close

• 199. [Article] Using advanced spreadsheet features for agricultural GIS applications

  A GIS analysis procedure was developed to explore relationships between imagery, yield data, soil information, and other assessments of a field or orchard. A set of conversion utilities, a spreadsheet, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using advanced spreadsheet features for agricultural GIS applications Author: Halbleib, Michael D. A GIS analysis procedure was developed to explore relationships between imagery, yield data, soil information, and other assessments of a field or orchard. A set of conversion utilities, a spreadsheet, and an inexpensive shape file viewer were used to manipulate, plot, and display data. Specific features described include procedures used to: 1) display automated yield monitoring and aerial imagery data as surface maps for visual analysis, 2) generate maps from gridded soil sampling schemes that display either the collected soil data values or management information derived from further manipulation of the sample values, 3) evaluate relationships among data layers such as yield monitor, imagery, and soil data, 4) conduct an upper boundary line evaluation of potential yield-limiting factors. The analysis process is demonstrated on wheat, meadowfoam, and hazelnut data, from crops grown in Oregon. Title: Using advanced spreadsheet features for agricultural GIS applications Author: Halbleib, Michael D. A GIS analysis procedure was developed to explore relationships between imagery, yield data, soil information, and other assessments of a field or orchard. A set of conversion utilities, a spreadsheet, and an inexpensive shape file viewer were used to manipulate, plot, and display data. Specific features described include procedures used to: 1) display automated yield monitoring and aerial imagery data as surface maps for visual analysis, 2) generate maps from gridded soil sampling schemes that display either the collected soil data values or management information derived from further manipulation of the sample values, 3) evaluate relationships among data layers such as yield monitor, imagery, and soil data, 4) conduct an upper boundary line evaluation of potential yield-limiting factors. The analysis process is demonstrated on wheat, meadowfoam, and hazelnut data, from crops grown in Oregon. Close

• 200. [Article] Assessing Unique Core Values with the Competing Values Framework: The CCVI Technique for Guiding Organizational Culture Change

  Extensive research suggests organizations have unique guiding principles, called core values, which play a central role in strategic decision making, sustaining high-performance cultures, and guiding organizational ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Unique Core Values with the Competing Values Framework: The CCVI Technique for Guiding Organizational Culture Change Author: Santoriello, Anthony John Year: 2015 Extensive research suggests organizations have unique guiding principles, called core values, which play a central role in strategic decision making, sustaining high-performance cultures, and guiding organizational culture change. Although the Competing Values Framework (CVF) has been widely used to identify a standardized set of core values, it has not been used to identify unique core values at a given organizations. Unique core values help to distinguish organizations and drive market success. The present research focused on development of a technique to extend the application of the CVF to identify the core values unique to a given organization. The CVF-based Core Values Identification Technique (CCVI) was developed and empirically tested at three companies. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews, review of documents, participant observation and the standard CVF-based Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI). The data analysis employed grounded theory methods in conjunction with the standard OCAI analysis. The primary research result is the iteratively developed and empirically tested tool, the CCVI Technique. Secondary research results include the identification of unique core values at each of the three participating companies. Lessons learned and the rationale for making modifications to the technique based on the case studies, along with best practices for utilization and opportunities for informing organizational change efforts are discussed. Title: Assessing Unique Core Values with the Competing Values Framework: The CCVI Technique for Guiding Organizational Culture Change Author: Santoriello, Anthony John Year: 2015 Extensive research suggests organizations have unique guiding principles, called core values, which play a central role in strategic decision making, sustaining high-performance cultures, and guiding organizational culture change. Although the Competing Values Framework (CVF) has been widely used to identify a standardized set of core values, it has not been used to identify unique core values at a given organizations. Unique core values help to distinguish organizations and drive market success. The present research focused on development of a technique to extend the application of the CVF to identify the core values unique to a given organization. The CVF-based Core Values Identification Technique (CCVI) was developed and empirically tested at three companies. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews, review of documents, participant observation and the standard CVF-based Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI). The data analysis employed grounded theory methods in conjunction with the standard OCAI analysis. The primary research result is the iteratively developed and empirically tested tool, the CCVI Technique. Secondary research results include the identification of unique core values at each of the three participating companies. Lessons learned and the rationale for making modifications to the technique based on the case studies, along with best practices for utilization and opportunities for informing organizational change efforts are discussed. Close