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• 151. [Article] Lower Cow Creek 2007 commercial thinning and density management finding of no significant impact

  3 pp. Section 13, T. 30 S., R. 7 W.; Sections 25, 27 and 35, T. 30 S., R. 8 W.; Sections 7, 13, 15, 17 and 19, T. 31 S., R. 6 W.; and Section 13, T. 31 S., R. 7 W., W.M. Captured March 7, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Cow Creek 2007 commercial thinning and density management finding of no significant impact Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Roseburg District Office Year: 2008 3 pp. Section 13, T. 30 S., R. 7 W.; Sections 25, 27 and 35, T. 30 S., R. 8 W.; Sections 7, 13, 15, 17 and 19, T. 31 S., R. 6 W.; and Section 13, T. 31 S., R. 7 W., W.M. Captured March 7, 2008. Title: Lower Cow Creek 2007 commercial thinning and density management finding of no significant impact Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Roseburg District Office Year: 2008 3 pp. Section 13, T. 30 S., R. 7 W.; Sections 25, 27 and 35, T. 30 S., R. 8 W.; Sections 7, 13, 15, 17 and 19, T. 31 S., R. 6 W.; and Section 13, T. 31 S., R. 7 W., W.M. Captured March 7, 2008. Close

• 152. [Image] A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest

  	Abstract Everest, Fred H.; Stouder, Deanna J.; Kakoyannis, Christina; Houston, Laurie; Stankey, George; Kline, Jeffery; Alig, Ralph. 2004. A review of scientific information ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest Year: 2004 Abstract Everest, Fred H.; Stouder, Deanna J.; Kakoyannis, Christina; Houston, Laurie; Stankey, George; Kline, Jeffery; Alig, Ralph. 2004. A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-595. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 128 p. Fresh water is a valuable and essential commodity in the Pacific Northwest States, specifically Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and one provided abundantly by forested watersheds in the region. The maintenance and growth of industrial, municipal, agricultural, and recreational activities in the region are dependent on adequate and sustainable supplies of fresh water from surface and ground-water sources. Future development, especially in the semiarid intermountain area, depends on the conservation and expansion of the region's water resource. This synthesis reviews the state of our knowledge and condition of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Keywords: Water distribution, flow regimes, water demand, conflicts, tools, water use. Title: A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest Year: 2004 Abstract Everest, Fred H.; Stouder, Deanna J.; Kakoyannis, Christina; Houston, Laurie; Stankey, George; Kline, Jeffery; Alig, Ralph. 2004. A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-595. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 128 p. Fresh water is a valuable and essential commodity in the Pacific Northwest States, specifically Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and one provided abundantly by forested watersheds in the region. The maintenance and growth of industrial, municipal, agricultural, and recreational activities in the region are dependent on adequate and sustainable supplies of fresh water from surface and ground-water sources. Future development, especially in the semiarid intermountain area, depends on the conservation and expansion of the region's water resource. This synthesis reviews the state of our knowledge and condition of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Keywords: Water distribution, flow regimes, water demand, conflicts, tools, water use. Close

• 153. [Article] Student personnel services in Negro colleges of the South Atlantic states

  The Problem The general purpose of this study was to determine the completeness and adequacy of student personnel services in Negro colleges of the South Atlantic States. Specifically, the problem was ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Student personnel services in Negro colleges of the South Atlantic states Author: Sanders, Charles Douglas The Problem The general purpose of this study was to determine the completeness and adequacy of student personnel services in Negro colleges of the South Atlantic States. Specifically, the problem was (1) to identify and analyze the nature of student personnel practices in Negro colleges of the South Atlantic States; (2) to compare student personnel practices in private colleges, public colleges, junior colleges, senior colleges, colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, and colleges not accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools; (3) to analyze these practices in light of significant trends as revealed through a review of the literature in the field of student personnel work; and (4) to offer suggestions and recommendations commensurate with what appears to be sound policy and practice prevailing in the field of student personnel work. methods of investigation 1. Permission to study the student personnel programs in the colleges was requested from the governing authorities of the institutions. 2. Cooperation in securing data was requested from the coordinators of student personnel services. 3. A personal visit was made to each institution and data were obtained by an interview with the coordinator of student personnel services. Administrative officers, faculty members, and students were also consulted for information. An interview instrument was designed for structuring the interviews. 4. Literature in the field of student personnel work was reviewed in order to discover what appears to be sound policy and practice prevailing in the field. This information was useful in devising the interview instrument; it served as a basis for making comparisons and inferences for suggesting improvements of student personnel services. 5. A rating scale was designed by the writer to serve as a self-evaluation device for each institution. Findings and conclusions The results of the cumulative point averages from the rating system and the percentage ratings of the different categories of colleges were as follows: (1) accredited colleges rated first; (2) senior colleges rated second; (3) private colleges rated third; (4) public colleges rated fourth; (5) nonaccredited colleges rated fifth; and (6) junior colleges rated sixth. Weaknesses were more pronounced in the deeper aspects of the services. The term "deeper aspects" refers to the use of methods which delve deep into the personality of the individual in assisting him in solving problems and making decisions and choices. Adequate provision was made for the development of the religious life of students, functional student governing bodies in residence halls, and part-time jobs for students. The recent establishment of the majority of junior colleges contributed to many of the inadequacies in their student personnel programs. Recommendations Several suggestions were made by the writer for the improvement of the many services and their different aspects; however, careful scrutiny revealed that the weaknesses in the deeper aspects of services and the following elements wore most in need of improvements (1) trained coordinators of student personnel services; (2) better communication between college personnel workers and high - school counselors; (3) involvement of the student personnel staff in the admissions program; (4) more attention directed toward remedial services, vocational counseling and testing, and placement in nonteaching positions; (5) referral by faculty advisers to special counselors; (6) provision for more student union buildings or similar structures; (7) use of more interest, personality and general achievement tests; and (8) making the research and evaluation service real and practical. Title: Student personnel services in Negro colleges of the South Atlantic states Author: Sanders, Charles Douglas The Problem The general purpose of this study was to determine the completeness and adequacy of student personnel services in Negro colleges of the South Atlantic States. Specifically, the problem was (1) to identify and analyze the nature of student personnel practices in Negro colleges of the South Atlantic States; (2) to compare student personnel practices in private colleges, public colleges, junior colleges, senior colleges, colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, and colleges not accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools; (3) to analyze these practices in light of significant trends as revealed through a review of the literature in the field of student personnel work; and (4) to offer suggestions and recommendations commensurate with what appears to be sound policy and practice prevailing in the field of student personnel work. methods of investigation 1. Permission to study the student personnel programs in the colleges was requested from the governing authorities of the institutions. 2. Cooperation in securing data was requested from the coordinators of student personnel services. 3. A personal visit was made to each institution and data were obtained by an interview with the coordinator of student personnel services. Administrative officers, faculty members, and students were also consulted for information. An interview instrument was designed for structuring the interviews. 4. Literature in the field of student personnel work was reviewed in order to discover what appears to be sound policy and practice prevailing in the field. This information was useful in devising the interview instrument; it served as a basis for making comparisons and inferences for suggesting improvements of student personnel services. 5. A rating scale was designed by the writer to serve as a self-evaluation device for each institution. Findings and conclusions The results of the cumulative point averages from the rating system and the percentage ratings of the different categories of colleges were as follows: (1) accredited colleges rated first; (2) senior colleges rated second; (3) private colleges rated third; (4) public colleges rated fourth; (5) nonaccredited colleges rated fifth; and (6) junior colleges rated sixth. Weaknesses were more pronounced in the deeper aspects of the services. The term "deeper aspects" refers to the use of methods which delve deep into the personality of the individual in assisting him in solving problems and making decisions and choices. Adequate provision was made for the development of the religious life of students, functional student governing bodies in residence halls, and part-time jobs for students. The recent establishment of the majority of junior colleges contributed to many of the inadequacies in their student personnel programs. Recommendations Several suggestions were made by the writer for the improvement of the many services and their different aspects; however, careful scrutiny revealed that the weaknesses in the deeper aspects of services and the following elements wore most in need of improvements (1) trained coordinators of student personnel services; (2) better communication between college personnel workers and high - school counselors; (3) involvement of the student personnel staff in the admissions program; (4) more attention directed toward remedial services, vocational counseling and testing, and placement in nonteaching positions; (5) referral by faculty advisers to special counselors; (6) provision for more student union buildings or similar structures; (7) use of more interest, personality and general achievement tests; and (8) making the research and evaluation service real and practical. Close

• 154. [Article] Spatial and temporal patterns of windthrow in the Bull Run Watershed, Oregon

  Throughout the 20th century, windthrow has affected forests in the Bull Run watershed, a 26,500 ha basin that is the principal water source for the city of Portland, Oregon. Windthrow from storms in 1973 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial and temporal patterns of windthrow in the Bull Run Watershed, Oregon Author: Sinton, Diana Stuart Throughout the 20th century, windthrow has affected forests in the Bull Run watershed, a 26,500 ha basin that is the principal water source for the city of Portland, Oregon. Windthrow from storms in 1973 and 1983 was mapped into a geographic information system (GIS) and compared to a 1931 windthrow pattern that had been determined through field work and photo interpretation. By relating the windthrow patterns to vegetation, topography, soils, and edges created by forest canopy openings such as lakes and clearcuts, the degree to which these factors influence the patterns was tested with a logistic regression. Distanced sampling was used to compensate for spatial autocorrelation among the data. The results showed that topographic exposure most strongly affected the 1931 windthrow patterns, while a greater number of 1973 and 1983 windthrow patches were associated with clearcut edges than other edges, and those edges were more likely to be affected when located on shallow soils with a high hazard for windthrow. All three storms were characterized by northeasterly winds, a common occurrence during winter months in the vicinity of the Columbia River Gorge. However, the particular combination of at least two-consecutive days of severe east winds, and sub-freezing temperatures, had only occurred four times between 1948 and 1994, including both the 1973 and 1983 windthrow events. Multiple approaches were taken to estimate future windthrow risk in the Bull Run that incorporated both spatial and temporal variables. Probabilistic windthrow maps showing zones of low, medium, and high risk were generated for current forest conditions, as well as conditions projected-to the years 2010 and 2075. Because variables such as vegetation height and clearcut edges are ephemeral, the prediction of future risk incorporates assumptions of vegetation succession. However, a mean return interval calculated for predicted windthrow-generating storms suggests that such events could occur as frequently as once every three years. While no model can predict the precise location of a disturbance as variable as windthrow, an understanding of the relative spatial and temporal probability of windthrow provides useful information for forest planners and managers. Title: Spatial and temporal patterns of windthrow in the Bull Run Watershed, Oregon Author: Sinton, Diana Stuart Throughout the 20th century, windthrow has affected forests in the Bull Run watershed, a 26,500 ha basin that is the principal water source for the city of Portland, Oregon. Windthrow from storms in 1973 and 1983 was mapped into a geographic information system (GIS) and compared to a 1931 windthrow pattern that had been determined through field work and photo interpretation. By relating the windthrow patterns to vegetation, topography, soils, and edges created by forest canopy openings such as lakes and clearcuts, the degree to which these factors influence the patterns was tested with a logistic regression. Distanced sampling was used to compensate for spatial autocorrelation among the data. The results showed that topographic exposure most strongly affected the 1931 windthrow patterns, while a greater number of 1973 and 1983 windthrow patches were associated with clearcut edges than other edges, and those edges were more likely to be affected when located on shallow soils with a high hazard for windthrow. All three storms were characterized by northeasterly winds, a common occurrence during winter months in the vicinity of the Columbia River Gorge. However, the particular combination of at least two-consecutive days of severe east winds, and sub-freezing temperatures, had only occurred four times between 1948 and 1994, including both the 1973 and 1983 windthrow events. Multiple approaches were taken to estimate future windthrow risk in the Bull Run that incorporated both spatial and temporal variables. Probabilistic windthrow maps showing zones of low, medium, and high risk were generated for current forest conditions, as well as conditions projected-to the years 2010 and 2075. Because variables such as vegetation height and clearcut edges are ephemeral, the prediction of future risk incorporates assumptions of vegetation succession. However, a mean return interval calculated for predicted windthrow-generating storms suggests that such events could occur as frequently as once every three years. While no model can predict the precise location of a disturbance as variable as windthrow, an understanding of the relative spatial and temporal probability of windthrow provides useful information for forest planners and managers. Close

• 155. [Article] Deep soil nitrogen survey, Lower Umatilla Basin, Oregon

  Soils of 49 agricultural and 2 "native condition" sites in the Lower Umatilla Basin, Oregon were sampled for nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, chloride, and pH beginning in Fall of 1992. Several sites ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Deep soil nitrogen survey, Lower Umatilla Basin, Oregon Author: del Nero, Zachary Augustus Soils of 49 agricultural and 2 "native condition" sites in the Lower Umatilla Basin, Oregon were sampled for nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, chloride, and pH beginning in Fall of 1992. Several sites were sampled in Spring and Fall 1993 in order to indicate movement or loss of residual soil nitrogen over time. This study was prompted by current concern over contamination of public drinking water supplies by nitrate and the designation of over 550 square miles of this region as a Ground Water Management Area. This study sought to identify links between agricultural management practices-primarily irrigation, fertilization, and crop rotation systems, and deep soil nitrate levels. Soil profiles were divided into 3 "management zones:" 0-3', 3-6', and beyond 6' in depth. These depths represent average rooting depths for the major agricultural crops of the study area. In general, the effective rooting depth of most area-crops does not extend beyond 6', therefore, it was determined that residual soil-nitrate found at this depth or beyond may be a potential source of ground water contamination if not managed correctly. Results of the study indicate that proper management of irrigation, fertilization, and cropping rotation can significantly reduce the potential for contaminating ground water. Deep soil nitrate levels under most agricultural fields were consistent with the concept that some loss of nitrate below the root zone is inevitable, however, this condition can be minimized through intensive crop management. This study concludes that responsible management of agriculture can minimize impacts on ground water, while providing quality food and fiber products to an ever-growing population. In addition, more research is needed in the area of crop physiology and response to intensively managed systems. Such research may provide insight into more efficient methods of crop production and environmental protection. Title: Deep soil nitrogen survey, Lower Umatilla Basin, Oregon Author: del Nero, Zachary Augustus Soils of 49 agricultural and 2 "native condition" sites in the Lower Umatilla Basin, Oregon were sampled for nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, chloride, and pH beginning in Fall of 1992. Several sites were sampled in Spring and Fall 1993 in order to indicate movement or loss of residual soil nitrogen over time. This study was prompted by current concern over contamination of public drinking water supplies by nitrate and the designation of over 550 square miles of this region as a Ground Water Management Area. This study sought to identify links between agricultural management practices-primarily irrigation, fertilization, and crop rotation systems, and deep soil nitrate levels. Soil profiles were divided into 3 "management zones:" 0-3', 3-6', and beyond 6' in depth. These depths represent average rooting depths for the major agricultural crops of the study area. In general, the effective rooting depth of most area-crops does not extend beyond 6', therefore, it was determined that residual soil-nitrate found at this depth or beyond may be a potential source of ground water contamination if not managed correctly. Results of the study indicate that proper management of irrigation, fertilization, and cropping rotation can significantly reduce the potential for contaminating ground water. Deep soil nitrate levels under most agricultural fields were consistent with the concept that some loss of nitrate below the root zone is inevitable, however, this condition can be minimized through intensive crop management. This study concludes that responsible management of agriculture can minimize impacts on ground water, while providing quality food and fiber products to an ever-growing population. In addition, more research is needed in the area of crop physiology and response to intensively managed systems. Such research may provide insight into more efficient methods of crop production and environmental protection. Close

• 156. [Article] Oregon streamflow duration assessment method

  This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon streamflow duration assessment method Year: 2009 This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes. Title: Oregon streamflow duration assessment method Year: 2009 This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes. Close

• 157. [Article] Present-day and future contributions of glacier runoff to summertime flows in a Pacific Northwest watershed: Implications for water resources

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Present-day and future contributions of glacier runoff to summertime flows in a Pacific Northwest watershed: Implications for water resources Author: Lewis, Sarah L., Jefferson, Anne, Phillippe, Jeff, Nolin, Anne W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/. Title: Present-day and future contributions of glacier runoff to summertime flows in a Pacific Northwest watershed: Implications for water resources Author: Lewis, Sarah L., Jefferson, Anne, Phillippe, Jeff, Nolin, Anne W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/. Close

• 158. [Article] Enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers for nitrogen management in the Columbia Basin, Oregon

  Ammonia (NH₃) volatilization can result in a substantial amount of surface applied nitrogen (N) being lost into the atmosphere, making it an environmental pollutant as well as reducing plant-available ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers for nitrogen management in the Columbia Basin, Oregon Author: Holcomb, Jess Charles Ammonia (NH₃) volatilization can result in a substantial amount of surface applied nitrogen (N) being lost into the atmosphere, making it an environmental pollutant as well as reducing plant-available N. However, N can also be easily lost from the soil through leaching, and nitrous oxide (NO₂). Enhanced efficiency N fertilizers and cultural practices can be used to reduce N pollution and keep N plant-available. The use of these fertilizers and practices has not been examined in the Columbia Basin in Oregon. The objectives of this study were to: (i) examine the effective irrigation rate needed to reduce loss from volatilization from urea, (ii) examine the effectiveness of urease inhibitors in minimizing NH₃ loss, measure interactions between inhibitors and irrigation, and measure hydrolysis rates with inhibitors, and (iii) examine if enhanced efficiency N fertilizers could maintain or increase potato yields, whether petiole NO₃ accurately reflected plant N with these products, and if they release N according to plant uptake. In the first study, irrigation rates of 0.0 to 22 mm were applied over surface applied urea using a center pivot irrigation system on a wheat field. Ammonia was collected from each plot using the modified passive flux method for 23 days after application (DAA). Cumulative loss of N as NH₃ ranged from 3 to 67 kg N acre⁻¹, with the application of 8 mm irrigation reducing loss to 19 kg N ha⁻¹. Peak NH₃ loss occurred between 2 and 8 DAA. The reduction of N loss by 90% was obtained through the application of 15 mm irrigation. Increased wheat N concentration was associated with decreased NH₃ loss. The second study consisted of recording NH₃ loss on a grass seed field from urea, ammonium sulfate, and Agrotain-treated urea. This study also involved recording NH₃ loss on a wheat field from urea, Agrotain, and an organo acid complex containing co-polymers (OAC) treated urea at irrigation rates of 0.0, 1.25, and 7.6-mm. Volatilization loss was measured using the modified passive flux method. Urea, Agrotain, and OAC were incubated with soil at three temperatures to measure hydrolysis rates. In the grass seed study Agrotain reduced N loss from NH₃ by 71.8% compared to urea, while ammonium sulfate reduced loss by 60.4% compared to urea. In the wheat study, Agrotain lost 5.72 to 6.24% N applied at the 0.00 and 1.25-mm irrigation rate, compared to 53.44% to 60.05% N applied for urea and OAC. With the application of 7.6-mm irrigation, all loss declined with rates of 17.31, 8.11, and 3.17 N applied for urea, OAC, and Agrotain, respectively. Agrotain also decreased urease activity in the wheat field compared to urea and OAC. In incubation, Agrotain delayed complete hydrolysis by 7 days at 26.7°C, 15 days at 16.6°C, and 49 days at 4.4°C compared to urea and OAC. Urea and OAC had similar hydrolysis rates at all temperatures. The use of an effective urease inhibitor, such as Agrotain, can be used to delay hydrolysis and reduce NH₃ loss if urea cannot be incorporated. In the final study, enhanced efficiency N fertilizers were applied to Russet Norkota and Russet Burbank potatoes to compare yield and quality with grower standard practices (GSP). Plant N samples were taken from the third year to examine whether petiole nitrate accurately reflected plant N with these products. An incubation of all products for 104 DAA was performed at 4.4°C, 16.6°C, and 26.7°C to measure ammonium (NH₄) and nitrate (NO₃) formation. Similar yields were measured for both years with Russet Norkota. All N treatments were similar, even the 80% GSP, suggesting that N rates were in excess of crop need, thereby reducing sensitivity of N-inhibitor measurements. Reduced yields were measured in two years for Russet Burbank when enhanced efficiency fertilizers were applied compared to 100% GSP. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers maintained yields for one year compared to 100% GSP. Yields with N treatments were usually similar to the 80% GSP, suggesting that N release was not matched with N uptake. In the incubation study, all products except Nutrisphere-N (NSN) were able to delay N release compared to urea. Each product was influenced by temperature, with decreased temperature resulting in a longer delay in conversion of urea to NH₄ and conversion of NH₄ to NO₃ N. Nitamin and N-fusion had only 100% N available at 26.7°C after 104 day. Enhanced efficiency N fertilizers cannot sustain or increase yields on a yearly basis, making their incorporation into Columbia Basin potato production impracticable based on economics. Enhanced efficiency N fertilizers and cultural practices can reduce N loss. However, a reduction in N loss does not always lead to sustained or increased yields. The use of cultural practices can be implemented with minimal expense; however, the fertilizers must present an economical benefit, either as increased yield or a N reduction to be viable in most cropping systems. Title: Enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers for nitrogen management in the Columbia Basin, Oregon Author: Holcomb, Jess Charles Ammonia (NH₃) volatilization can result in a substantial amount of surface applied nitrogen (N) being lost into the atmosphere, making it an environmental pollutant as well as reducing plant-available N. However, N can also be easily lost from the soil through leaching, and nitrous oxide (NO₂). Enhanced efficiency N fertilizers and cultural practices can be used to reduce N pollution and keep N plant-available. The use of these fertilizers and practices has not been examined in the Columbia Basin in Oregon. The objectives of this study were to: (i) examine the effective irrigation rate needed to reduce loss from volatilization from urea, (ii) examine the effectiveness of urease inhibitors in minimizing NH₃ loss, measure interactions between inhibitors and irrigation, and measure hydrolysis rates with inhibitors, and (iii) examine if enhanced efficiency N fertilizers could maintain or increase potato yields, whether petiole NO₃ accurately reflected plant N with these products, and if they release N according to plant uptake. In the first study, irrigation rates of 0.0 to 22 mm were applied over surface applied urea using a center pivot irrigation system on a wheat field. Ammonia was collected from each plot using the modified passive flux method for 23 days after application (DAA). Cumulative loss of N as NH₃ ranged from 3 to 67 kg N acre⁻¹, with the application of 8 mm irrigation reducing loss to 19 kg N ha⁻¹. Peak NH₃ loss occurred between 2 and 8 DAA. The reduction of N loss by 90% was obtained through the application of 15 mm irrigation. Increased wheat N concentration was associated with decreased NH₃ loss. The second study consisted of recording NH₃ loss on a grass seed field from urea, ammonium sulfate, and Agrotain-treated urea. This study also involved recording NH₃ loss on a wheat field from urea, Agrotain, and an organo acid complex containing co-polymers (OAC) treated urea at irrigation rates of 0.0, 1.25, and 7.6-mm. Volatilization loss was measured using the modified passive flux method. Urea, Agrotain, and OAC were incubated with soil at three temperatures to measure hydrolysis rates. In the grass seed study Agrotain reduced N loss from NH₃ by 71.8% compared to urea, while ammonium sulfate reduced loss by 60.4% compared to urea. In the wheat study, Agrotain lost 5.72 to 6.24% N applied at the 0.00 and 1.25-mm irrigation rate, compared to 53.44% to 60.05% N applied for urea and OAC. With the application of 7.6-mm irrigation, all loss declined with rates of 17.31, 8.11, and 3.17 N applied for urea, OAC, and Agrotain, respectively. Agrotain also decreased urease activity in the wheat field compared to urea and OAC. In incubation, Agrotain delayed complete hydrolysis by 7 days at 26.7°C, 15 days at 16.6°C, and 49 days at 4.4°C compared to urea and OAC. Urea and OAC had similar hydrolysis rates at all temperatures. The use of an effective urease inhibitor, such as Agrotain, can be used to delay hydrolysis and reduce NH₃ loss if urea cannot be incorporated. In the final study, enhanced efficiency N fertilizers were applied to Russet Norkota and Russet Burbank potatoes to compare yield and quality with grower standard practices (GSP). Plant N samples were taken from the third year to examine whether petiole nitrate accurately reflected plant N with these products. An incubation of all products for 104 DAA was performed at 4.4°C, 16.6°C, and 26.7°C to measure ammonium (NH₄) and nitrate (NO₃) formation. Similar yields were measured for both years with Russet Norkota. All N treatments were similar, even the 80% GSP, suggesting that N rates were in excess of crop need, thereby reducing sensitivity of N-inhibitor measurements. Reduced yields were measured in two years for Russet Burbank when enhanced efficiency fertilizers were applied compared to 100% GSP. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers maintained yields for one year compared to 100% GSP. Yields with N treatments were usually similar to the 80% GSP, suggesting that N release was not matched with N uptake. In the incubation study, all products except Nutrisphere-N (NSN) were able to delay N release compared to urea. Each product was influenced by temperature, with decreased temperature resulting in a longer delay in conversion of urea to NH₄ and conversion of NH₄ to NO₃ N. Nitamin and N-fusion had only 100% N available at 26.7°C after 104 day. Enhanced efficiency N fertilizers cannot sustain or increase yields on a yearly basis, making their incorporation into Columbia Basin potato production impracticable based on economics. Enhanced efficiency N fertilizers and cultural practices can reduce N loss. However, a reduction in N loss does not always lead to sustained or increased yields. The use of cultural practices can be implemented with minimal expense; however, the fertilizers must present an economical benefit, either as increased yield or a N reduction to be viable in most cropping systems. Close

• 159. [Image] Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 2

  	Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 2 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005, 2004 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 2 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005, 2004 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Close

• 160. [Article] Estimating crop yield and production changes as a function of irrigation deficit based on watershed and county level data

  Response of agricultural crops to irrigation water deficit is well-understood at the field scale. Broader scale (watershed and county levels) studies have been less frequently performed. Data collection ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating crop yield and production changes as a function of irrigation deficit based on watershed and county level data Author: Darakjian, Priscila Response of agricultural crops to irrigation water deficit is well-understood at the field scale. Broader scale (watershed and county levels) studies have been less frequently performed. Data collection at the field level for extensive areas is time consuming and expensive. The importance of studies at a broader scale for evaluating future scenarios of agricultural land use justifies exploring alternative approaches that produce reasonable results in a faster and more economical manner. The objective of this study was to verify the ability of coarser level data to provide general trends of changes in agricultural cropping patterns as a function of water use management in the Willamette basin. In this study, watershed and county level data were used to analyze broader scale crop water relationships, since these data are abundant and easily accessible. Further, future estimates of crop water use, based on estimates of yield and acreage changes , were attempted for a study period spanning current conditions (2000) through 2050. FAO Yield Response to Water Model was used to relate crop yield and production to applied irrigation water. Assumptions made to apply this model at the basin level related mostly to climatic factors and dynamic change of the system. Changes in maximum crop yield for all important crops grown in the Willamette basin were estimated using a logistic function parameterized with historic and current datasets. It was important to consider the dynamic system response when modeling the system to incorporate environmental, technological and socio-economic factors not reflected in the original model. The results for crop yield showed a decrease through time for sweet corn, stable yield for cherries, ryegrass, and grapes, and increasing yield for alfalfa, strawberries and raspberries. Crops showing higher sensitivity to water deficit included snap beans, winter and spring wheat, oats and filberts. Production estimates showed 3 groups of crops: predominantly successful (filberts, cherries, ryegrass, oats and spring wheat), stable (strawberries, alfalfa, orchardgrass, mint and fescue) and predominantly unsuccessful crops (winter wheat, sweet corn, snap beans and berries). County level and watershed level data proved helpful in developing a more comprehensive view of crop production and its irrigation deficit response, using models incorporating information from finer spatial scale experiments. Socio-economic, technologic and environmental variables that might influence agriculture over time should be investigated in further studies. Title: Estimating crop yield and production changes as a function of irrigation deficit based on watershed and county level data Author: Darakjian, Priscila Response of agricultural crops to irrigation water deficit is well-understood at the field scale. Broader scale (watershed and county levels) studies have been less frequently performed. Data collection at the field level for extensive areas is time consuming and expensive. The importance of studies at a broader scale for evaluating future scenarios of agricultural land use justifies exploring alternative approaches that produce reasonable results in a faster and more economical manner. The objective of this study was to verify the ability of coarser level data to provide general trends of changes in agricultural cropping patterns as a function of water use management in the Willamette basin. In this study, watershed and county level data were used to analyze broader scale crop water relationships, since these data are abundant and easily accessible. Further, future estimates of crop water use, based on estimates of yield and acreage changes , were attempted for a study period spanning current conditions (2000) through 2050. FAO Yield Response to Water Model was used to relate crop yield and production to applied irrigation water. Assumptions made to apply this model at the basin level related mostly to climatic factors and dynamic change of the system. Changes in maximum crop yield for all important crops grown in the Willamette basin were estimated using a logistic function parameterized with historic and current datasets. It was important to consider the dynamic system response when modeling the system to incorporate environmental, technological and socio-economic factors not reflected in the original model. The results for crop yield showed a decrease through time for sweet corn, stable yield for cherries, ryegrass, and grapes, and increasing yield for alfalfa, strawberries and raspberries. Crops showing higher sensitivity to water deficit included snap beans, winter and spring wheat, oats and filberts. Production estimates showed 3 groups of crops: predominantly successful (filberts, cherries, ryegrass, oats and spring wheat), stable (strawberries, alfalfa, orchardgrass, mint and fescue) and predominantly unsuccessful crops (winter wheat, sweet corn, snap beans and berries). County level and watershed level data proved helpful in developing a more comprehensive view of crop production and its irrigation deficit response, using models incorporating information from finer spatial scale experiments. Socio-economic, technologic and environmental variables that might influence agriculture over time should be investigated in further studies. Close

• 161. [Article] Sensitivity analysis of the Catchment Modeling Framework (CMF) and use in evaluating two agricultural management scenarios

  Abstract Watershed-scale fate/transport modeling of contaminants is a tool that scientists and land managers can use to assess pesticide contamination to stream systems. The Catchment Modeling Framework ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sensitivity analysis of the Catchment Modeling Framework (CMF) and use in evaluating two agricultural management scenarios Author: Metta, John W. P. Abstract Watershed-scale fate/transport modeling of contaminants is a tool that scientists and land managers can use to assess pesticide contamination to stream systems. The Catchment Modeling Framework (CMF) is a catchment-scale fate/transport modeling tool. It was developed to help scientists and land managers assess the effects of possible land-use decisions on water quality. This study performed a sensitivity analysis on the CMF using Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Testing (FAST) methods. The hydrology model and the pesticide model were analysed separately. Additionally, results of a local sensitivity analysis are compared to a global analysis. Finally, the model is used to assess the effectiveness of two possible land-use strategies. The sensitivity analysis showed that initial soil moisture and porosity were the dominant first-order parameters for the hydrology model. Combined, they yielded greater than 50% of the total first-order sensitivity. Results from the local sensitivity analysis compared less than favorably with the global analysis. The sensitivity analysis of the pesticide model showed that initial soil moisture, porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity are the dominant first-order parameters, again combining to yield greater than 50% of the total first order sensitivity. The model was then used to assess the relative benefit of reducing the cultivated area of an agricultural catchment (field size) vs. reducing the amount of pesticides that land directly on the soil. Results show that reduction in field size yields little benefit when compared to reducing the amount of pesticides landing on the soil. Management implications of this finding are explored. Title: Sensitivity analysis of the Catchment Modeling Framework (CMF) and use in evaluating two agricultural management scenarios Author: Metta, John W. P. Abstract Watershed-scale fate/transport modeling of contaminants is a tool that scientists and land managers can use to assess pesticide contamination to stream systems. The Catchment Modeling Framework (CMF) is a catchment-scale fate/transport modeling tool. It was developed to help scientists and land managers assess the effects of possible land-use decisions on water quality. This study performed a sensitivity analysis on the CMF using Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Testing (FAST) methods. The hydrology model and the pesticide model were analysed separately. Additionally, results of a local sensitivity analysis are compared to a global analysis. Finally, the model is used to assess the effectiveness of two possible land-use strategies. The sensitivity analysis showed that initial soil moisture and porosity were the dominant first-order parameters for the hydrology model. Combined, they yielded greater than 50% of the total first-order sensitivity. Results from the local sensitivity analysis compared less than favorably with the global analysis. The sensitivity analysis of the pesticide model showed that initial soil moisture, porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity are the dominant first-order parameters, again combining to yield greater than 50% of the total first order sensitivity. The model was then used to assess the relative benefit of reducing the cultivated area of an agricultural catchment (field size) vs. reducing the amount of pesticides that land directly on the soil. Results show that reduction in field size yields little benefit when compared to reducing the amount of pesticides landing on the soil. Management implications of this finding are explored. Close

• 162. [Article] The development and analysis of future agricultural landscapes

  Alternative futures studies provide a way for policy-makers and stakeholders to investigate the future impacts of different management strategies by providing representations of possible outcomes. An alternative ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The development and analysis of future agricultural landscapes Author: Berger, Patricia A. Alternative futures studies provide a way for policy-makers and stakeholders to investigate the future impacts of different management strategies by providing representations of possible outcomes. An alternative futures study was undertaken by the Pacific Northwest-Ecosystem Research Consortium for the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, USA, to determine how this regional system would respond to various drivers of change. To support this effort required the development of a simulation model that generates future agricultural landscapes in response to these drivers of change and the evaluation of the resulting landscapes to derive information useful for policy analysis and community discussions. These goals were achieved by creating a characterization of the initial agricultural system, developing an agricultural land-cover change model, and finally, integrating this model with scenario elements to produce the final agricultural landscape evolution model. An important part of the initial landscape characterization was determining the crop suitability class of the basin's agricultural soils for 14 commonly grown crops. Suitability rankings were generated by using rough-set rule induction to create predictive if-then rules that related a soil's biophysical characteristics to crop production and then applying these rules to all the agricultural soils in the basin. After characterizing the agricultural system, a spatially explicit, multi-attribute decision model was developed to simulate a grower's crop-selection decision. This model used attributes describing a field's biophysical conditions and each crop's agronomic, economic, and management characteristics to select a field's preferred crop from a list of crop alternatives. Next, rules and constraints were formulated for each of the three policy scenarios: a continuation of current trends, an increased reliance on market forces to determine land use, and an increased emphasis on environmental restoration programs. The initial agricultural landscape depiction, crop selection model, and scenario rules were used to generate three future landscapes, each depicting an alternative state of the agricultural system in the year 2050. Then, landscape metrics and screening models were used to assess the agronomic and environmental condition of each agricultural landscape. Finally, this information was placed into the context of the Willamette River Basin, with suggestions for policy development and analysis. Title: The development and analysis of future agricultural landscapes Author: Berger, Patricia A. Alternative futures studies provide a way for policy-makers and stakeholders to investigate the future impacts of different management strategies by providing representations of possible outcomes. An alternative futures study was undertaken by the Pacific Northwest-Ecosystem Research Consortium for the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, USA, to determine how this regional system would respond to various drivers of change. To support this effort required the development of a simulation model that generates future agricultural landscapes in response to these drivers of change and the evaluation of the resulting landscapes to derive information useful for policy analysis and community discussions. These goals were achieved by creating a characterization of the initial agricultural system, developing an agricultural land-cover change model, and finally, integrating this model with scenario elements to produce the final agricultural landscape evolution model. An important part of the initial landscape characterization was determining the crop suitability class of the basin's agricultural soils for 14 commonly grown crops. Suitability rankings were generated by using rough-set rule induction to create predictive if-then rules that related a soil's biophysical characteristics to crop production and then applying these rules to all the agricultural soils in the basin. After characterizing the agricultural system, a spatially explicit, multi-attribute decision model was developed to simulate a grower's crop-selection decision. This model used attributes describing a field's biophysical conditions and each crop's agronomic, economic, and management characteristics to select a field's preferred crop from a list of crop alternatives. Next, rules and constraints were formulated for each of the three policy scenarios: a continuation of current trends, an increased reliance on market forces to determine land use, and an increased emphasis on environmental restoration programs. The initial agricultural landscape depiction, crop selection model, and scenario rules were used to generate three future landscapes, each depicting an alternative state of the agricultural system in the year 2050. Then, landscape metrics and screening models were used to assess the agronomic and environmental condition of each agricultural landscape. Finally, this information was placed into the context of the Willamette River Basin, with suggestions for policy development and analysis. Close

• 163. [Article] Influence of hillslope and instream processes on channel morphology of Esmond Creek in the Oregon Coast Range

  Esmond Creek is a tributary to the Siuslaw River located in the Oregon Coast Range. It is 18 km in length and drains a watershed area is 48.9 km². Average channel gradient of the study reach is 0.9%. In ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of hillslope and instream processes on channel morphology of Esmond Creek in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Dent, Elizabeth F. Esmond Creek is a tributary to the Siuslaw River located in the Oregon Coast Range. It is 18 km in length and drains a watershed area is 48.9 km². Average channel gradient of the study reach is 0.9%. In 1988 a landslide occurred in the Esmond Creek watershed involving approximately 250,000 cubic yards of material, of which a small portion was delivered to Esmond Creek. In 1984 and 1991 8% and 17.5%, respectively, of the study reach was influenced by beaver ponds. The effects of the landslide, log jams and beaver dams on channel morphology were assessed by comparing width and depth data collected in 1984 (pre-slide) to width and depth data collected in 1991 (post-slide). In addition, sediment samples were analyzed to investigate landslide, beaver-pond and log-jam influences on particle size distributions. Field observations in 1991 indicate the longitudinal influence of observed sediment deposition from the landslide extended approximately 2.5 km downstream from the slide input. These field observations concurred with analysis of 1990 aerial photograph. Statistical analysis revealed no changes in channel width and depth associated with the landslide. However, reaches in which major changes in channel width and depth had occurred were associated with the occurrence of beaver dams and ponds. In general, the presence of beaver ponds tends to increase channel width and depth. Particle size analysis of sediment from floodplain, point-bar and channel-bed locations revealed localized decreases in the geometric mean diameter of particles due to the interaction between sediment input from the landslide and instream structures (e.g., beaver dams and log jams). The channel bed, typically a zone of sediment transportation, was altered by these structures to function as a zone of fine sediment deposition upstream from the structures. Title: Influence of hillslope and instream processes on channel morphology of Esmond Creek in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Dent, Elizabeth F. Esmond Creek is a tributary to the Siuslaw River located in the Oregon Coast Range. It is 18 km in length and drains a watershed area is 48.9 km². Average channel gradient of the study reach is 0.9%. In 1988 a landslide occurred in the Esmond Creek watershed involving approximately 250,000 cubic yards of material, of which a small portion was delivered to Esmond Creek. In 1984 and 1991 8% and 17.5%, respectively, of the study reach was influenced by beaver ponds. The effects of the landslide, log jams and beaver dams on channel morphology were assessed by comparing width and depth data collected in 1984 (pre-slide) to width and depth data collected in 1991 (post-slide). In addition, sediment samples were analyzed to investigate landslide, beaver-pond and log-jam influences on particle size distributions. Field observations in 1991 indicate the longitudinal influence of observed sediment deposition from the landslide extended approximately 2.5 km downstream from the slide input. These field observations concurred with analysis of 1990 aerial photograph. Statistical analysis revealed no changes in channel width and depth associated with the landslide. However, reaches in which major changes in channel width and depth had occurred were associated with the occurrence of beaver dams and ponds. In general, the presence of beaver ponds tends to increase channel width and depth. Particle size analysis of sediment from floodplain, point-bar and channel-bed locations revealed localized decreases in the geometric mean diameter of particles due to the interaction between sediment input from the landslide and instream structures (e.g., beaver dams and log jams). The channel bed, typically a zone of sediment transportation, was altered by these structures to function as a zone of fine sediment deposition upstream from the structures. Close

• 164. [Article] Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon

  This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Murphy, Yarrow M. This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, located just east of Portland, Oregon. Information on landscape history, stream channels, and sediment dynamics was compiled. The effects of future land use changes on stream channel response were projected. The likely effects of engineered solutions (stormwater management detention or infiltration facilities) are compared to land-use controls in mitigating the impact of future development on channel erosion. The geology of Kelley Creek is shaped by volcanic processes and Missoula floods, leading to fine-textured soils and streambeds that are susceptible to erosion. Headwaters are buttes of the Boring Lava formation overlain by Springwater Formation mudflow deposits. Alluvial silts deposited during late Pleistocene catastrophic floods mantle the low-relief valley floor. Land use in Kelley Creek transitioned from forestry to agriculture in the 20th century, and more recently to urban expansion, increasing concerns of watershed managers about effects of development on sediment dynamics. Since 1930, land use on the valley floor of Kelley Creek has been dominated by nursery and berry agricultural production. Forested headwaters have been impacted by roads, culverts, and timber harvest. Seven percent of watershed area is currently impervious, with housing and commercial uses projected to increase following the incorporation of Kelley Creek into Portland's metropolitan urban growth boundary. Field surveys and engineering calculations were used to estimate sediment transport under current and future conditions in the watershed. Cross sectional geometry, slope and sediment size distributions were obtained from 15 locations in first to second-order channels in the watershed, and data were analyzed with sediment transport equations to simulate annual sediment transport rates given current and post-development flow patterns. Results indicate that the stream channel is most sensitive to altered discharge patterns where gravel-sized (D₅₀ > 10 mm) sediments currently are mobilized during annual peak events. In locations where fine (D₅₀ < 5 mm) particles dominate the stream bed, particles mobilize throughout the year and changes in discharge patterns do not increase the duration of transport or overall bedload yields. Because most of the sensitive locations with gravel sediments are located within or near the forested headwaters, preserving these headwater forests will protect sensitive stream channels as effectively as engineered stormwater retention or infiltration approaches. Kelley Creek's stream channel is still adjusting to recent mudflows and catastrophic floods, which provided abundant supplies of fine, erodible materials. Allowing this adjustment to continue without accelerating erosion in the face of rapid urban development poses an unusual challenge for managing geomorphic processes. Title: Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Murphy, Yarrow M. This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, located just east of Portland, Oregon. Information on landscape history, stream channels, and sediment dynamics was compiled. The effects of future land use changes on stream channel response were projected. The likely effects of engineered solutions (stormwater management detention or infiltration facilities) are compared to land-use controls in mitigating the impact of future development on channel erosion. The geology of Kelley Creek is shaped by volcanic processes and Missoula floods, leading to fine-textured soils and streambeds that are susceptible to erosion. Headwaters are buttes of the Boring Lava formation overlain by Springwater Formation mudflow deposits. Alluvial silts deposited during late Pleistocene catastrophic floods mantle the low-relief valley floor. Land use in Kelley Creek transitioned from forestry to agriculture in the 20th century, and more recently to urban expansion, increasing concerns of watershed managers about effects of development on sediment dynamics. Since 1930, land use on the valley floor of Kelley Creek has been dominated by nursery and berry agricultural production. Forested headwaters have been impacted by roads, culverts, and timber harvest. Seven percent of watershed area is currently impervious, with housing and commercial uses projected to increase following the incorporation of Kelley Creek into Portland's metropolitan urban growth boundary. Field surveys and engineering calculations were used to estimate sediment transport under current and future conditions in the watershed. Cross sectional geometry, slope and sediment size distributions were obtained from 15 locations in first to second-order channels in the watershed, and data were analyzed with sediment transport equations to simulate annual sediment transport rates given current and post-development flow patterns. Results indicate that the stream channel is most sensitive to altered discharge patterns where gravel-sized (D₅₀ > 10 mm) sediments currently are mobilized during annual peak events. In locations where fine (D₅₀ < 5 mm) particles dominate the stream bed, particles mobilize throughout the year and changes in discharge patterns do not increase the duration of transport or overall bedload yields. Because most of the sensitive locations with gravel sediments are located within or near the forested headwaters, preserving these headwater forests will protect sensitive stream channels as effectively as engineered stormwater retention or infiltration approaches. Kelley Creek's stream channel is still adjusting to recent mudflows and catastrophic floods, which provided abundant supplies of fine, erodible materials. Allowing this adjustment to continue without accelerating erosion in the face of rapid urban development poses an unusual challenge for managing geomorphic processes. Close

• 165. [Article] A study of in stream complexity in three Oregon Coast Range watersheds

  This study investigates patterns of physical structure organization in stream networks. In particular, it seeks to describe patterns of wood, boulders, pools and slope that are evident in stream channels ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of in stream complexity in three Oregon Coast Range watersheds Author: Anderson, Paul Khalil This study investigates patterns of physical structure organization in stream networks. In particular, it seeks to describe patterns of wood, boulders, pools and slope that are evident in stream channels and to determine whether patterns of these elements are influenced by network-level controls. The four in-stream parameters were combined to produce a metric of complexity, which was used to investigate differences in patters and organization of in-stream structure within and between watersheds. Research was conducted in three Oregon Coast Range watersheds' Rogers Creek in the Northern Oregon Coast Range, and Turner and Elk Creeks in the South Central Oregon Coast Range. Rogers, Turner and Elk Creeks were 26km2, 12km2, and 17km2 respectively and fell into two distinct geologic regions, basalt geology in the north and sandstone geology in the south. Fifteen km of stream were surveyed in 60 meter segments for a total of 246 stream segments observations. There were 77, 70, and 99 study segments in Rogers, Turner and Elk Creeks respectively. The network-level controls investigated were stream junctions, channel constraint, and debris flows. It was hypothesized that these network-level controls influence in-stream complexity by encouraging uneven distribution of large material which in turn influences stream slope and pooi abundance. Network-level controls where associated with differing patterns of complexity in each watershed. The influence of the network-level control was in part dependent on factors including: geologic setting, stream slope differences and difference in disturbance regimes. Stream junctions and constrained segments were found to be associated with some of the highest values of complexity, while recent debris flows were associated with lower complexity values. Several of the hypotheses described in the Network Dynamics Hypothesis (Benda et al. 2004b) were investigated using a geographic information system (GIS) and data derived from a digital elevation model (DEM). The GIS was used to test for relationships between field measured complexity and stream network parameters that were developed using a program for DEM analysis. DEM derived data for the contributing area, junction angle and debris flow potential at sample points illustrated a weak relationship with complexity. By better understanding the influence of network level controls on complexity it may be possible to improve the understanding of how stream networks connect hillslope and riparian environments, thereby aiding watershed management and identifying locations of diverse habitat in the stream network. Title: A study of in stream complexity in three Oregon Coast Range watersheds Author: Anderson, Paul Khalil This study investigates patterns of physical structure organization in stream networks. In particular, it seeks to describe patterns of wood, boulders, pools and slope that are evident in stream channels and to determine whether patterns of these elements are influenced by network-level controls. The four in-stream parameters were combined to produce a metric of complexity, which was used to investigate differences in patters and organization of in-stream structure within and between watersheds. Research was conducted in three Oregon Coast Range watersheds' Rogers Creek in the Northern Oregon Coast Range, and Turner and Elk Creeks in the South Central Oregon Coast Range. Rogers, Turner and Elk Creeks were 26km2, 12km2, and 17km2 respectively and fell into two distinct geologic regions, basalt geology in the north and sandstone geology in the south. Fifteen km of stream were surveyed in 60 meter segments for a total of 246 stream segments observations. There were 77, 70, and 99 study segments in Rogers, Turner and Elk Creeks respectively. The network-level controls investigated were stream junctions, channel constraint, and debris flows. It was hypothesized that these network-level controls influence in-stream complexity by encouraging uneven distribution of large material which in turn influences stream slope and pooi abundance. Network-level controls where associated with differing patterns of complexity in each watershed. The influence of the network-level control was in part dependent on factors including: geologic setting, stream slope differences and difference in disturbance regimes. Stream junctions and constrained segments were found to be associated with some of the highest values of complexity, while recent debris flows were associated with lower complexity values. Several of the hypotheses described in the Network Dynamics Hypothesis (Benda et al. 2004b) were investigated using a geographic information system (GIS) and data derived from a digital elevation model (DEM). The GIS was used to test for relationships between field measured complexity and stream network parameters that were developed using a program for DEM analysis. DEM derived data for the contributing area, junction angle and debris flow potential at sample points illustrated a weak relationship with complexity. By better understanding the influence of network level controls on complexity it may be possible to improve the understanding of how stream networks connect hillslope and riparian environments, thereby aiding watershed management and identifying locations of diverse habitat in the stream network. Close

• 166. [Article] Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) : what we can and cannot see in the forest for the trees

  Recently concerns over anthropogenic carbon pollution have received increased global attention and research in forest biomass and carbon sequestration has gained momentum. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) : what we can and cannot see in the forest for the trees Author: Edson, Curtis B. Recently concerns over anthropogenic carbon pollution have received increased global attention and research in forest biomass and carbon sequestration has gained momentum. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) remote sensing has in the last decade demonstrated forest measurement and biomass estimation potential. The project objective was to compare LiDAR forest biomass estimates to traditional field biomass estimates in a conifer predominant forest located in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Chapter 2 of this dissertation investigated mapping-grade GPS accuracy in determining tree locations. Results indicated that post processing of coded pseudorange satellite signals is the most accurate of those we tested for GPS surveying under a conifer dominant forest canopy. Chapter 3 compared LiDAR, total station, and GPS receiver discrete point elevations and DEMs across a range of forest settings. Average total station plot elevation differences ranged from -0.06 m (SD 0.40) to -0.59 m (SD 0.23) indicating that LiDAR elevations are higher than actual elevations. Average plot GPS elevation differences ranged from 0.24 (SD 1.55) to 2.82 m (SD 4.58), and from 0.27 (SD 2.33) to 2.69 m (SD 5.06) for LiDAR DEMs. Chapter 4 assessed LiDAR’s ability to measure three-dimensional forest structure and estimate biomass using single stem (trees and shrubs) remote sensing. The LiDAR data tree extraction computer software programs FUSION, TreeVaW, and watershed segmentation were compared. LiDAR spatial accuracy assessment resulted in overall average error and standard deviation (SD) for FUSION, TreeVaW, and watershed segmentation of 2.05 m (SD 1.67 m), 2.19 m (SD 1.83 m), and 2.31 m (SD 1.94 m) respectively. Overall average LiDAR tree height error and standard deviations (SD) respectively for FUSION, TreeVaW and watershed segmentation were -0.09 m (SD 2.43 m), 0.28 m (SD 1.86 m), and 0.22 m (2.45 m) in even-age, uneven-age, and old growth plots combined; and for one clearcut plot 0.56 m (SD 1.07 m), 0.28 m (SD 1.69 m), and 1.17 m (SD 0.68 m), respectively. Biomass comparisons included feature totals per plot, mean biomass per feature by plot, and total biomass by plot for each extraction method. Overall LiDAR biomass estimations resulted in FUSION and TreeVaW underestimating by 25 and 31% respectively, and watershed segmentation overestimating by approximately 10%. LiDAR biomass underestimation occurred in 66% and overestimation occurred in 34% of the plot comparisons. Title: Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) : what we can and cannot see in the forest for the trees Author: Edson, Curtis B. Recently concerns over anthropogenic carbon pollution have received increased global attention and research in forest biomass and carbon sequestration has gained momentum. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) remote sensing has in the last decade demonstrated forest measurement and biomass estimation potential. The project objective was to compare LiDAR forest biomass estimates to traditional field biomass estimates in a conifer predominant forest located in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Chapter 2 of this dissertation investigated mapping-grade GPS accuracy in determining tree locations. Results indicated that post processing of coded pseudorange satellite signals is the most accurate of those we tested for GPS surveying under a conifer dominant forest canopy. Chapter 3 compared LiDAR, total station, and GPS receiver discrete point elevations and DEMs across a range of forest settings. Average total station plot elevation differences ranged from -0.06 m (SD 0.40) to -0.59 m (SD 0.23) indicating that LiDAR elevations are higher than actual elevations. Average plot GPS elevation differences ranged from 0.24 (SD 1.55) to 2.82 m (SD 4.58), and from 0.27 (SD 2.33) to 2.69 m (SD 5.06) for LiDAR DEMs. Chapter 4 assessed LiDAR’s ability to measure three-dimensional forest structure and estimate biomass using single stem (trees and shrubs) remote sensing. The LiDAR data tree extraction computer software programs FUSION, TreeVaW, and watershed segmentation were compared. LiDAR spatial accuracy assessment resulted in overall average error and standard deviation (SD) for FUSION, TreeVaW, and watershed segmentation of 2.05 m (SD 1.67 m), 2.19 m (SD 1.83 m), and 2.31 m (SD 1.94 m) respectively. Overall average LiDAR tree height error and standard deviations (SD) respectively for FUSION, TreeVaW and watershed segmentation were -0.09 m (SD 2.43 m), 0.28 m (SD 1.86 m), and 0.22 m (2.45 m) in even-age, uneven-age, and old growth plots combined; and for one clearcut plot 0.56 m (SD 1.07 m), 0.28 m (SD 1.69 m), and 1.17 m (SD 0.68 m), respectively. Biomass comparisons included feature totals per plot, mean biomass per feature by plot, and total biomass by plot for each extraction method. Overall LiDAR biomass estimations resulted in FUSION and TreeVaW underestimating by 25 and 31% respectively, and watershed segmentation overestimating by approximately 10%. LiDAR biomass underestimation occurred in 66% and overestimation occurred in 34% of the plot comparisons. Close

• 167. [Article] Hydrology and geomorphic evolution of basaltic landscapes, High Cascades, Oregon

  The basaltic landscapes of the Oregon High Cascades form a natural laboratory for examining how geologic setting and history influence groundwater flowpaths, streamflow sensitivity to climate, and landscape ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrology and geomorphic evolution of basaltic landscapes, High Cascades, Oregon Author: Jefferson, Anne (Anne Jarvis) The basaltic landscapes of the Oregon High Cascades form a natural laboratory for examining how geologic setting and history influence groundwater flowpaths, streamflow sensitivity to climate, and landscape evolution. In the High Cascades, highly permeable young basaltic lavas form extensive aquifers. These aquifers are the dominant sources of summer streamflow for the Willamette River and its tributary, the McKenzie River, whose watershed forms the study area. Groundwater is discharged at large volume, cold springs, and discharge, temperature, and isotopic measurements at seven springs were used to constrain groundwater patterns. Lava flow geometries have a significant influence on groundwater recharge areas and flowpaths, sometimes superseding topographic controls. Transit times to springs are ~3-14 years, and flowpaths are generally shallow and have limited contact with deeper geothermal systems, except at fault zones. Time-series analyses of historical discharge, precipitation, snow, and temperature records reveal that the distribution of permeable rocks and resultant groundwater systems strongly influence streamflow response to climatic forcing. The annual hydrograph is shaped by groundwater storage and release, but inter-annual streamflow variability is largely the result of climatic forcing. Over the past 60 years, warmer winters and earlier snowmelt have lengthened the summer recession period and decreased autumn minimum discharges in a groundwater-dominated watershed. A chronosequence of dated rock units, combined with field observations and measurements of slopes, contributing areas, and drainage densities, shows that the geologic history of a watershed controls the stage of drainage development. Groundwater flowpaths remain the dominant drainage mechanism for up to one million years, but as chemical weathering, glaciation, and other processes reduce the land surface permeability, channel networks grow up-slope of the springs. Within three million years, water is carried via a fully developed runoff-dominated stream network, groundwater discharge is insubstantial, and the landscape is shaped by fluvial and mass-wasting processes. The geology of a landscape is important for understanding hydrological processes at time scales ranging from a single season to several million years. Title: Hydrology and geomorphic evolution of basaltic landscapes, High Cascades, Oregon Author: Jefferson, Anne (Anne Jarvis) The basaltic landscapes of the Oregon High Cascades form a natural laboratory for examining how geologic setting and history influence groundwater flowpaths, streamflow sensitivity to climate, and landscape evolution. In the High Cascades, highly permeable young basaltic lavas form extensive aquifers. These aquifers are the dominant sources of summer streamflow for the Willamette River and its tributary, the McKenzie River, whose watershed forms the study area. Groundwater is discharged at large volume, cold springs, and discharge, temperature, and isotopic measurements at seven springs were used to constrain groundwater patterns. Lava flow geometries have a significant influence on groundwater recharge areas and flowpaths, sometimes superseding topographic controls. Transit times to springs are ~3-14 years, and flowpaths are generally shallow and have limited contact with deeper geothermal systems, except at fault zones. Time-series analyses of historical discharge, precipitation, snow, and temperature records reveal that the distribution of permeable rocks and resultant groundwater systems strongly influence streamflow response to climatic forcing. The annual hydrograph is shaped by groundwater storage and release, but inter-annual streamflow variability is largely the result of climatic forcing. Over the past 60 years, warmer winters and earlier snowmelt have lengthened the summer recession period and decreased autumn minimum discharges in a groundwater-dominated watershed. A chronosequence of dated rock units, combined with field observations and measurements of slopes, contributing areas, and drainage densities, shows that the geologic history of a watershed controls the stage of drainage development. Groundwater flowpaths remain the dominant drainage mechanism for up to one million years, but as chemical weathering, glaciation, and other processes reduce the land surface permeability, channel networks grow up-slope of the springs. Within three million years, water is carried via a fully developed runoff-dominated stream network, groundwater discharge is insubstantial, and the landscape is shaped by fluvial and mass-wasting processes. The geology of a landscape is important for understanding hydrological processes at time scales ranging from a single season to several million years. Close

• 168. [Article] Limiting Factors Assessment and Restoration Plan: Olalla Creek Tributary of the Yaquina Estuary

  Abstract -- This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Olalla Creek subbasin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The report contains information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Limiting Factors Assessment and Restoration Plan: Olalla Creek Tributary of the Yaquina Estuary Abstract -- This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Olalla Creek subbasin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The report contains information on the physical setting, current status of Coho, resources used in developing the plan, general questions that guided the assessment, pre-survey mapping/location of habitat subdivisions, secondary branch habitats, critical contributing areas, lowland area, summer and winter habitat assessment, lake habitat, location of other resources, juvenile Coho, evaluation of habitat quality and Coho production, Field Assessment, location of potential migration barriers, potential sites for restoration work, morphology, rank of restoration efforts, riparian corridor, and core area. Title: Limiting Factors Assessment and Restoration Plan: Olalla Creek Tributary of the Yaquina Estuary Abstract -- This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Olalla Creek subbasin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The report contains information on the physical setting, current status of Coho, resources used in developing the plan, general questions that guided the assessment, pre-survey mapping/location of habitat subdivisions, secondary branch habitats, critical contributing areas, lowland area, summer and winter habitat assessment, lake habitat, location of other resources, juvenile Coho, evaluation of habitat quality and Coho production, Field Assessment, location of potential migration barriers, potential sites for restoration work, morphology, rank of restoration efforts, riparian corridor, and core area. Close

• 169. [Article] Limiting Factors Assessment and Restoration Plan: Rock Creek Tributary to Devil's Lake Lincoln County

  Abstract -- This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Rock Creek / Devils Lake basin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The report contains ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Limiting Factors Assessment and Restoration Plan: Rock Creek Tributary to Devil's Lake Lincoln County Abstract -- This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Rock Creek / Devils Lake basin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The report contains information on the physical setting, current status of Coho, resources used in developing the plan, general questions that guided the assessment, pre-survey mapping/location of habitat subdivisons, secondary branch habitats, critical contributing areas, lowland area, summer and winter habitat assessment, lake habitat, location of other resources, juvenile Coho, evaluation of habitat quality and Coho production, Field Assessment, location of potential migration barriers, potential sites for restoration work, morphology, rank of restoration efforts, riparian corridor, and core area. Title: Limiting Factors Assessment and Restoration Plan: Rock Creek Tributary to Devil's Lake Lincoln County Abstract -- This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Rock Creek / Devils Lake basin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The report contains information on the physical setting, current status of Coho, resources used in developing the plan, general questions that guided the assessment, pre-survey mapping/location of habitat subdivisons, secondary branch habitats, critical contributing areas, lowland area, summer and winter habitat assessment, lake habitat, location of other resources, juvenile Coho, evaluation of habitat quality and Coho production, Field Assessment, location of potential migration barriers, potential sites for restoration work, morphology, rank of restoration efforts, riparian corridor, and core area. Close

• 170. [Article] Movement of water through forested soils in steep topography

  Field and laboratory studies are being conducted to describe the hydrologic properties of soil and to determine the timing pathway of precipitation and snowmelt water as it moved through forested soil ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Movement of water through forested soils in steep topography Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Harr, R. Dennis (Robert Dennis), 1941-, Ranken, Darren W., University of Washington Field and laboratory studies are being conducted to describe the hydrologic properties of soil and to determine the timing pathway of precipitation and snowmelt water as it moved through forested soil on a steep slope. Hydrologic properties include hydraulic conductivity, porosity, pore-size distribution, moisture characteristics, stone content, and soil depth. Laboratory analyses indicated an abrupt change in hydrologic properties within the top 1.5 m of soil. Water input and movement through the soil are being monitored during winter storm events. Title: Movement of water through forested soils in steep topography Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Harr, R. Dennis (Robert Dennis), 1941-, Ranken, Darren W., University of Washington Field and laboratory studies are being conducted to describe the hydrologic properties of soil and to determine the timing pathway of precipitation and snowmelt water as it moved through forested soil on a steep slope. Hydrologic properties include hydraulic conductivity, porosity, pore-size distribution, moisture characteristics, stone content, and soil depth. Laboratory analyses indicated an abrupt change in hydrologic properties within the top 1.5 m of soil. Water input and movement through the soil are being monitored during winter storm events. Close

• 171. [Article] Oregon Wildlife; Vol.44 No.5 (September-October 1988)

  Contents: The Starkey Project: Questions of Multiple Use [Researching elk, deer, and cattle in Oregon National Forests] - p.5-9; Bringing Back the Streams [Teachers participate in field work to bring stream ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Wildlife; Vol.44 No.5 (September-October 1988) Author: Oregon. Department of Fish and Wildlife Contents: The Starkey Project: Questions of Multiple Use [Researching elk, deer, and cattle in Oregon National Forests] - p.5-9; Bringing Back the Streams [Teachers participate in field work to bring stream and watershed activities back to their students] - p.10-12; Ducks Suffer from Canadian Drought - p.13; Thirty Years and a Brass Buckle [Experience working for the Fish Commission of Oregon] - p.14-15 Title: Oregon Wildlife; Vol.44 No.5 (September-October 1988) Author: Oregon. Department of Fish and Wildlife Contents: The Starkey Project: Questions of Multiple Use [Researching elk, deer, and cattle in Oregon National Forests] - p.5-9; Bringing Back the Streams [Teachers participate in field work to bring stream and watershed activities back to their students] - p.10-12; Ducks Suffer from Canadian Drought - p.13; Thirty Years and a Brass Buckle [Experience working for the Fish Commission of Oregon] - p.14-15 Close

• 172. [Article] Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses

  This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon Department of Forestry This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department of Forestry Northwestern Oregon State Forest Management Plan. Title: Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon Department of Forestry This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department of Forestry Northwestern Oregon State Forest Management Plan. Close

• 173. [Article] Adams Apple commercial thinning and density management finding of no significant impact

  4 pp. Section 19 of T. 23 S., R. 4 W. Captured July 7, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Adams Apple commercial thinning and density management finding of no significant impact Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Roseburg District Office Year: 2008 4 pp. Section 19 of T. 23 S., R. 4 W. Captured July 7, 2008. Title: Adams Apple commercial thinning and density management finding of no significant impact Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Roseburg District Office Year: 2008 4 pp. Section 19 of T. 23 S., R. 4 W. Captured July 7, 2008. Close

• 174. [Article] FY 2003 commercial thinning harvest environmental assessment for the Swiftwater Field Office

  41 pp. Tables, references, maps. The Boyd Howdy Timber Sale is located in Section 7, T.24S., R.3W.; Sections 1,11,13, and 15, T.24S., R.4W.; and the Copeland Divide Timber Sale in Sections 19,29, & 32, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: FY 2003 commercial thinning harvest environmental assessment for the Swiftwater Field Office Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Roseburg District Office Year: 2008, 2003 41 pp. Tables, references, maps. The Boyd Howdy Timber Sale is located in Section 7, T.24S., R.3W.; Sections 1,11,13, and 15, T.24S., R.4W.; and the Copeland Divide Timber Sale in Sections 19,29, & 32, T.25S., R.3W.; W.M. Captured July 26, 2007. Title: FY 2003 commercial thinning harvest environmental assessment for the Swiftwater Field Office Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Roseburg District Office Year: 2008, 2003 41 pp. Tables, references, maps. The Boyd Howdy Timber Sale is located in Section 7, T.24S., R.3W.; Sections 1,11,13, and 15, T.24S., R.4W.; and the Copeland Divide Timber Sale in Sections 19,29, & 32, T.25S., R.3W.; W.M. Captured July 26, 2007. Close

• 175. [Article] Tidal wetland prioritization for the Umpqua River Estuary

  Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Oregon Coastal Program - Newport Field Office.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tidal wetland prioritization for the Umpqua River Estuary Author: Brophy, Laura, So, Khemarith Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Oregon Coastal Program - Newport Field Office. Title: Tidal wetland prioritization for the Umpqua River Estuary Author: Brophy, Laura, So, Khemarith Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Oregon Coastal Program - Newport Field Office. Close

• 176. [Article] Phosphorus Export from a Restored Wetland Ecosystem in Response to Natural and Experimental Hydrologic Fluctuations

  Wetland restoration is a commonly used approach to reduce nutrient loading to freshwater and coastal ecosystems, with many wetland restoration efforts occurring in former agricultural fields. Restored ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Phosphorus Export from a Restored Wetland Ecosystem in Response to Natural and Experimental Hydrologic Fluctuations Author: Ardón, Marcelo, Montanari, Shaena, Morse, Jennifer L., Doyle, Martin W., Bernhardt, Emily S. Year: 2010 Wetland restoration is a commonly used approach to reduce nutrient loading to freshwater and coastal ecosystems, with many wetland restoration efforts occurring in former agricultural fields. Restored wetlands are expected to be effective at retaining or removing both nitrogen and phosphorus (P), yet restoring wetland hydrology to former agricultural fields can lead to the release of legacy fertilizer P. Here, we examined P cycling and export following rewetting of the Timberlake Restoration Project, a 440 ha restored riverine wetland complex in the coastal plain of North Carolina. We also compared P cycling within the restored wetland to two minimally disturbed nearby wetlands and an adjacent active agricultural field. In the restored wetland we observed increased soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations following initial flooding, consistent with our expectations that P bound to iron would be released under reducing conditions. SRP concentrations in spring were 2.5 times higher leaving the restored wetland than a forested wetland and an agricultural field. During two large- scale drawdown and rewetting experiments we decreased the water depth by 1 m in ∼10 ha of inundated wetland for 2 weeks, followed by reflooding. Rewetting following experimental drainage had no effect on SRP concentrations in winter, but SRP concentrations did increase when the experiment was repeated during summer. Our best estimates suggest that this restored wetland could release legacy fertilizer P for up to a decade following hydrologic restoration. The time lag between restoration and biogeochemical recovery should be incorporated into management strategies of restored wetlands. Title: Phosphorus Export from a Restored Wetland Ecosystem in Response to Natural and Experimental Hydrologic Fluctuations Author: Ardón, Marcelo, Montanari, Shaena, Morse, Jennifer L., Doyle, Martin W., Bernhardt, Emily S. Year: 2010 Wetland restoration is a commonly used approach to reduce nutrient loading to freshwater and coastal ecosystems, with many wetland restoration efforts occurring in former agricultural fields. Restored wetlands are expected to be effective at retaining or removing both nitrogen and phosphorus (P), yet restoring wetland hydrology to former agricultural fields can lead to the release of legacy fertilizer P. Here, we examined P cycling and export following rewetting of the Timberlake Restoration Project, a 440 ha restored riverine wetland complex in the coastal plain of North Carolina. We also compared P cycling within the restored wetland to two minimally disturbed nearby wetlands and an adjacent active agricultural field. In the restored wetland we observed increased soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations following initial flooding, consistent with our expectations that P bound to iron would be released under reducing conditions. SRP concentrations in spring were 2.5 times higher leaving the restored wetland than a forested wetland and an agricultural field. During two large- scale drawdown and rewetting experiments we decreased the water depth by 1 m in ∼10 ha of inundated wetland for 2 weeks, followed by reflooding. Rewetting following experimental drainage had no effect on SRP concentrations in winter, but SRP concentrations did increase when the experiment was repeated during summer. Our best estimates suggest that this restored wetland could release legacy fertilizer P for up to a decade following hydrologic restoration. The time lag between restoration and biogeochemical recovery should be incorporated into management strategies of restored wetlands. Close

• 177. [Article] International Education in the Public Community Colleges of Oregon and Washington

  There were at least five purposes in pursuing research on international education in the public community colleges of Oregon and Washington states. The first purpose was to fully demonstrate a new and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: International Education in the Public Community Colleges of Oregon and Washington Author: Cragg, Stephan Ernest Year: 1992 There were at least five purposes in pursuing research on international education in the public community colleges of Oregon and Washington states. The first purpose was to fully demonstrate a new and original taxonomy of ten elements, or dimensions, found in defining and describing international education. A second purpose was to add to the body of knowledge and research on international education practices at the nation's community colleges through an extensive literature search and original research. A third purpose of the study was to identify and describe the current status of international educational programs and activities of the forty-three public community colleges of the two state region through the use of quantitative data obtained in a survey questionnaire. Another purpose was to identify and describe three case studies of the most highly developed community colleges, at least one from each of the two states, in the arena of international education. A fifth purpose of this study was to provide several conclusions and recommendations to those community college leaders interested in improving upon international education programs and practices. Two research questions led the investigator to utilize two different research methods: The survey questionnaire and the case study. The research questions were: 1. What is the current status of international education programs among the public community colleges of Oregon and Washington? And 2. How and why did the international education programs and activities evolve and develop at the three most highly developed public community colleges of Oregon and Washington? The first method was used to survey the field of international education and to select three of the most highly developed community colleges in the two state region. The case study method, or the second method, was used to probe deeply into the international education programs and activities of the three most highly developed community colleges in Oregon and Washington. The results of the research methodology were reported in two different chapters and provide the findings and recommendations about the field of international education. The research was also defined by nine propositions suggested at the outset of the study. It was thought that international education programs and activities of Oregon and Washington community colleges evolved and developed through: The efforts of strong presidential leadership; large community colleges found in urban areas; the presence of international students; the presence of full-time international education administrators; the presence of international education grants from external funding sources; the presence of a strong global curriculum; the presence of strong foreign language programs; the presence of full-time faculty born in other countries; and, the presence of full-time faculty who have lived and travelled abroad. The results of the nine study propositions were mixed. The research led to twelve specific recommendations for those wanting to either evaluate their existing efforts and for those wanting to enter the very dynamic and exciting field of international education Title: International Education in the Public Community Colleges of Oregon and Washington Author: Cragg, Stephan Ernest Year: 1992 There were at least five purposes in pursuing research on international education in the public community colleges of Oregon and Washington states. The first purpose was to fully demonstrate a new and original taxonomy of ten elements, or dimensions, found in defining and describing international education. A second purpose was to add to the body of knowledge and research on international education practices at the nation's community colleges through an extensive literature search and original research. A third purpose of the study was to identify and describe the current status of international educational programs and activities of the forty-three public community colleges of the two state region through the use of quantitative data obtained in a survey questionnaire. Another purpose was to identify and describe three case studies of the most highly developed community colleges, at least one from each of the two states, in the arena of international education. A fifth purpose of this study was to provide several conclusions and recommendations to those community college leaders interested in improving upon international education programs and practices. Two research questions led the investigator to utilize two different research methods: The survey questionnaire and the case study. The research questions were: 1. What is the current status of international education programs among the public community colleges of Oregon and Washington? And 2. How and why did the international education programs and activities evolve and develop at the three most highly developed public community colleges of Oregon and Washington? The first method was used to survey the field of international education and to select three of the most highly developed community colleges in the two state region. The case study method, or the second method, was used to probe deeply into the international education programs and activities of the three most highly developed community colleges in Oregon and Washington. The results of the research methodology were reported in two different chapters and provide the findings and recommendations about the field of international education. The research was also defined by nine propositions suggested at the outset of the study. It was thought that international education programs and activities of Oregon and Washington community colleges evolved and developed through: The efforts of strong presidential leadership; large community colleges found in urban areas; the presence of international students; the presence of full-time international education administrators; the presence of international education grants from external funding sources; the presence of a strong global curriculum; the presence of strong foreign language programs; the presence of full-time faculty born in other countries; and, the presence of full-time faculty who have lived and travelled abroad. The results of the nine study propositions were mixed. The research led to twelve specific recommendations for those wanting to either evaluate their existing efforts and for those wanting to enter the very dynamic and exciting field of international education Close

• 178. [Article] Distribution, phenology, and parasitism of the winter moth, (Operophtera brumata L.), in western Oregon

  An exotic pest of deciduous plants, Operophtera brumata (L.), was discovered in Portland, Oregon in 1978. O. brumata, the winter moth, is native to northern Africa and temperate Eurasia. Its range extends ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution, phenology, and parasitism of the winter moth, (Operophtera brumata L.), in western Oregon Author: Kimberling, Diana Nalani An exotic pest of deciduous plants, Operophtera brumata (L.), was discovered in Portland, Oregon in 1978. O. brumata, the winter moth, is native to northern Africa and temperate Eurasia. Its range extends from Scandanavia, Britain, and France to Japan. It is also now well established on the North American continent in Nova Scotia and on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Surveys for distribution, host range, and levels of parasitism were conducted in the Willamette Valley of Oregon from 1978 to 1980. The seasonal occurrence of all life stages was also monitored. In particular, an investigation to determine the time of larval eclosion was conducted in the field and laboratory. The information obtained from these studies helped to optimize the time of release of two exotic parasitoids, Cyzenis albicans (Fallen) and Agrypon flaveolatum (Gravenhorst), for biological control of the winter moth. O. brumata is distributed throughout the northern Willamette Valley and has been detected as far south as Salem. Distribution was determined by the presence of adults in the winter and larvae in the spring on a variety of host plants. Highest numbers of larvae (5+ larvae/ten leaf clusters) were found on Corylus spp. (commercial and native filbert), Prunus cerasifera J.F. Ehrh. (flowering plum), and Malus sylvestris Mill, (crabapple). The widely distributed native oak, Quercus garryana Dougl., was not heavily infested. The seasonal occurrence of each life stage was monitored in 1979 and 1980. Peak emergence of adult females occurred between 15 November and 5 December in 1979 and 1980. Males were observed in flight early in November of both years. Larvae generally eclose in mid-March and pupate by mid-May. However, there were significant differences in the timing of instar development between years. The occurrence of first instar larvae (50 percent of the accumulated total) differed by 21 days on a calendar time scale. The occurrence of fifty percent of fifth instar larvae differed by 8 days between years. These differences can be attributed to environmental conditions. Laboratory and field work was conducted each winter from 1981 to 1984 to determine the timing of larval eclosion. The developmental threshold temperature for larval eclosion was determined to be 4C. Chilling eggs below the developmental threshold temperature affected the subsequent number of thermal units required for eclosion. Chilling accelerated the rate of diapause development and shortened the hatching period. The state of diapause is terminated in mid-January when temperatures above the lower developmental threshold become more frequent. Surveys for larval parasitism in 1980 and 1981 resulted in the recovery of six species of indigenous parasitoids. However, rates of larval parasitism were low, averaging only 4.5% and 12.2% in both years, respectively. Two exotic parasitoids, C. albicans and A. flaveolatum, were introduced into areas of known winter moth infestations in 1981 and 1982. C. albicans has been recovered by trapping adults or rearing flies from field collected hosts from four release sites, but no A. flaveolatum have been recovered. Title: Distribution, phenology, and parasitism of the winter moth, (Operophtera brumata L.), in western Oregon Author: Kimberling, Diana Nalani An exotic pest of deciduous plants, Operophtera brumata (L.), was discovered in Portland, Oregon in 1978. O. brumata, the winter moth, is native to northern Africa and temperate Eurasia. Its range extends from Scandanavia, Britain, and France to Japan. It is also now well established on the North American continent in Nova Scotia and on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Surveys for distribution, host range, and levels of parasitism were conducted in the Willamette Valley of Oregon from 1978 to 1980. The seasonal occurrence of all life stages was also monitored. In particular, an investigation to determine the time of larval eclosion was conducted in the field and laboratory. The information obtained from these studies helped to optimize the time of release of two exotic parasitoids, Cyzenis albicans (Fallen) and Agrypon flaveolatum (Gravenhorst), for biological control of the winter moth. O. brumata is distributed throughout the northern Willamette Valley and has been detected as far south as Salem. Distribution was determined by the presence of adults in the winter and larvae in the spring on a variety of host plants. Highest numbers of larvae (5+ larvae/ten leaf clusters) were found on Corylus spp. (commercial and native filbert), Prunus cerasifera J.F. Ehrh. (flowering plum), and Malus sylvestris Mill, (crabapple). The widely distributed native oak, Quercus garryana Dougl., was not heavily infested. The seasonal occurrence of each life stage was monitored in 1979 and 1980. Peak emergence of adult females occurred between 15 November and 5 December in 1979 and 1980. Males were observed in flight early in November of both years. Larvae generally eclose in mid-March and pupate by mid-May. However, there were significant differences in the timing of instar development between years. The occurrence of first instar larvae (50 percent of the accumulated total) differed by 21 days on a calendar time scale. The occurrence of fifty percent of fifth instar larvae differed by 8 days between years. These differences can be attributed to environmental conditions. Laboratory and field work was conducted each winter from 1981 to 1984 to determine the timing of larval eclosion. The developmental threshold temperature for larval eclosion was determined to be 4C. Chilling eggs below the developmental threshold temperature affected the subsequent number of thermal units required for eclosion. Chilling accelerated the rate of diapause development and shortened the hatching period. The state of diapause is terminated in mid-January when temperatures above the lower developmental threshold become more frequent. Surveys for larval parasitism in 1980 and 1981 resulted in the recovery of six species of indigenous parasitoids. However, rates of larval parasitism were low, averaging only 4.5% and 12.2% in both years, respectively. Two exotic parasitoids, C. albicans and A. flaveolatum, were introduced into areas of known winter moth infestations in 1981 and 1982. C. albicans has been recovered by trapping adults or rearing flies from field collected hosts from four release sites, but no A. flaveolatum have been recovered. Close

• 179. [Article] Socially mediated vs. contextually driven vocabulary strategies: Which are most effective?

  xii, 79 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Socially mediated vs. contextually driven vocabulary strategies: Which are most effective? Author: Curtis, Consuelo Yvonne, 1958- Year: 2008 xii, 79 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: Socially mediated vs. contextually driven vocabulary strategies: Which are most effective? Author: Curtis, Consuelo Yvonne, 1958- Year: 2008 xii, 79 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 180. [Image] Middle Klamath River sub-basin planning : final report

  	ABSTRACT Phase VI of the School-Based Klamath Restoration Project (319h) is a collaborative effort between seven Siskiyou County schools, the Siskiyou County Office of Education (SCOE), and the United ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Middle Klamath River sub-basin planning : final report Author: Karuk Tribe of California, Dept. of Natural Resources Year: 2001, 2005 ABSTRACT Phase VI of the School-Based Klamath Restoration Project (319h) is a collaborative effort between seven Siskiyou County schools, the Siskiyou County Office of Education (SCOE), and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The objectives of the project include: ? Expanding hands-on field science watershed education. ? Encouraging a sense of resource stewardship among students at all grade levels. ? Collecting quality data for inclusion in the 319h data base. ? Teaching applications of the scientific method. ? Providing on-going inservice training for teachers to increase the effectiveness of the project. Project tasks that were completed include acquisition and analysis of Klamath River Watershed Data, including river water temperatures, river cross sectional profiles and spawning ground surveys. Descriptions of methodology are included in the report. Many other watershed-related projects were undertaken by schools. In some cases the field data was collected and compiled by agency personnel. The spawning ground survey data collected by student volunteers was part of a project conducted by the California Department of Fish and Game and the U.S. Forest Service. Although a substantial amount of excellent work has been accomplished by the schools, the opportunity exists to improve the program at all levels. Increased field and technical support is needed to successfully integrate the goals of the project. Computer training for teachers and students is an essential component of the project, which would allow analysis of data and creation of web sites within classrooms. Data analysis and reporting is the critical component of the project that would provide students with a complete understanding of scientific research methodology. Providing a forum for communication between the 319h participants is another important area of the project that needs to be expanded. Travel time, mountainous topography, and intense winter storms can be barriers to travel in Siskiyou County. Communication helps to increase the level of standardization of data collection and transfer and gives teachers a chance to share successful ideas. Communication also sustains the positive momentum of the project, reinforcing the idea of working as a team towards establishing common goals for watershed education. Title: Middle Klamath River sub-basin planning : final report Author: Karuk Tribe of California, Dept. of Natural Resources Year: 2001, 2005 ABSTRACT Phase VI of the School-Based Klamath Restoration Project (319h) is a collaborative effort between seven Siskiyou County schools, the Siskiyou County Office of Education (SCOE), and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The objectives of the project include: ? Expanding hands-on field science watershed education. ? Encouraging a sense of resource stewardship among students at all grade levels. ? Collecting quality data for inclusion in the 319h data base. ? Teaching applications of the scientific method. ? Providing on-going inservice training for teachers to increase the effectiveness of the project. Project tasks that were completed include acquisition and analysis of Klamath River Watershed Data, including river water temperatures, river cross sectional profiles and spawning ground surveys. Descriptions of methodology are included in the report. Many other watershed-related projects were undertaken by schools. In some cases the field data was collected and compiled by agency personnel. The spawning ground survey data collected by student volunteers was part of a project conducted by the California Department of Fish and Game and the U.S. Forest Service. Although a substantial amount of excellent work has been accomplished by the schools, the opportunity exists to improve the program at all levels. Increased field and technical support is needed to successfully integrate the goals of the project. Computer training for teachers and students is an essential component of the project, which would allow analysis of data and creation of web sites within classrooms. Data analysis and reporting is the critical component of the project that would provide students with a complete understanding of scientific research methodology. Providing a forum for communication between the 319h participants is another important area of the project that needs to be expanded. Travel time, mountainous topography, and intense winter storms can be barriers to travel in Siskiyou County. Communication helps to increase the level of standardization of data collection and transfer and gives teachers a chance to share successful ideas. Communication also sustains the positive momentum of the project, reinforcing the idea of working as a team towards establishing common goals for watershed education. Close

• 181. [Article] Habitat selection of hatchery and wild juvenile salmonids in Eagle Creek Basin, Oregon

  To best manage Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery and minimize any negative impacts that the current hatchery program may be having on Endangered Species Act-listed salmonids in the Eagle Creek Basin, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat selection of hatchery and wild juvenile salmonids in Eagle Creek Basin, Oregon Author: Brignon, William R. To best manage Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery and minimize any negative impacts that the current hatchery program may be having on Endangered Species Act-listed salmonids in the Eagle Creek Basin, I determined if wild fish are being displaced from preferred habitats by hatchery salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. This thesis had two goals. The first goal was to determine the possible effect of hatchery smolts on resident salmonids. I determined the density and distribution of wild juvenile steelhead O. mykiss and coho salmon O. kisutch in Eagle Creek and North Fork Eagle Creek, Oregon. My first objective was to compare summer rearing densities and distributions of wild salmonids in Eagle Creek, which receives a release of hatchery fish, and North Fork Eagle Creek, which does not receive a release of hatchery fish. Next, I determined if residual hatchery winter steelhead were present in Eagle Creek and/or North Fork Eagle Creek and if so whether or not they have an impact on mesohabitat selection, distribution, and density of wild fish in Eagle Creek basin. By conducting a comprehensive snorkel survey I identified significantly higher densities (P < 0.05) of juvenile coho salmon rearing in North Fork Eagle Creek as compared to upper and lower Eagle Creek. Age 0 winter steelhead occurred in significantly higher densities (P < 0.05) in upper Eagle Creek compared to lower Eagle Creek and North Fork Eagle Creek. Residual hatchery steelhead were located only in Eagle Creek and found rearing in the same 15 mesohabitat units that contained the estimated majority of wild fish populations. Residual hatchery steelhead comprised 0.9% of the winter steelhead population (1.1% of age 0 winter steelhead and 9.3% of age 1 winter steelhead), and 2.2% of the coho salmon population estimated to be rearing in Eagle Creek. From these data it is unclear if residual hatchery steelhead are affecting densities, distributions, and mesohabitat selection of wild salmonids in the basin. However, while I was unable to detect any direct impacts of residual hatchery fish on the wild population, these results do suggest a significant potential for ecological interaction between hatchery and wild populations. I began this study with the intention of constructing a statistical model that would explain microhabitat preference of wild salmonids given the presence or absence of residual hatchery winter steelhead. To produce an unbiased model, ideally fish would behave as if there were no observer present (i.e., undisturbed). This is not always the case. Therefore, I addressed a second goal using underwater video to test the prediction that the presence of an in-water observer can elicit a change in fish movement. I analyzed underwater video recordings to document changes in four metrics that can be used to infer a change in fish behavior, which can ultimately result in collection of erroneous microhabitat use data. My four behavior metrics were upstream movement, downstream movement, total movement, and relative abundance of fish in the field-of-view. I detected significant differences in 9 of 10 replicates (ANOVA, P < 0.05) in at least one of the four behavior metrics. These results suggest that when attempting to document small-scale microhabitat preference by juvenile salmonids, an in-water observer may alter fish behavior thereby producing erroneous results. I suggest that researchers use caution in making inferences to entire populations when using results of models in which data were collected from only "undisturbed" fish by direct observation. Title: Habitat selection of hatchery and wild juvenile salmonids in Eagle Creek Basin, Oregon Author: Brignon, William R. To best manage Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery and minimize any negative impacts that the current hatchery program may be having on Endangered Species Act-listed salmonids in the Eagle Creek Basin, I determined if wild fish are being displaced from preferred habitats by hatchery salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. This thesis had two goals. The first goal was to determine the possible effect of hatchery smolts on resident salmonids. I determined the density and distribution of wild juvenile steelhead O. mykiss and coho salmon O. kisutch in Eagle Creek and North Fork Eagle Creek, Oregon. My first objective was to compare summer rearing densities and distributions of wild salmonids in Eagle Creek, which receives a release of hatchery fish, and North Fork Eagle Creek, which does not receive a release of hatchery fish. Next, I determined if residual hatchery winter steelhead were present in Eagle Creek and/or North Fork Eagle Creek and if so whether or not they have an impact on mesohabitat selection, distribution, and density of wild fish in Eagle Creek basin. By conducting a comprehensive snorkel survey I identified significantly higher densities (P < 0.05) of juvenile coho salmon rearing in North Fork Eagle Creek as compared to upper and lower Eagle Creek. Age 0 winter steelhead occurred in significantly higher densities (P < 0.05) in upper Eagle Creek compared to lower Eagle Creek and North Fork Eagle Creek. Residual hatchery steelhead were located only in Eagle Creek and found rearing in the same 15 mesohabitat units that contained the estimated majority of wild fish populations. Residual hatchery steelhead comprised 0.9% of the winter steelhead population (1.1% of age 0 winter steelhead and 9.3% of age 1 winter steelhead), and 2.2% of the coho salmon population estimated to be rearing in Eagle Creek. From these data it is unclear if residual hatchery steelhead are affecting densities, distributions, and mesohabitat selection of wild salmonids in the basin. However, while I was unable to detect any direct impacts of residual hatchery fish on the wild population, these results do suggest a significant potential for ecological interaction between hatchery and wild populations. I began this study with the intention of constructing a statistical model that would explain microhabitat preference of wild salmonids given the presence or absence of residual hatchery winter steelhead. To produce an unbiased model, ideally fish would behave as if there were no observer present (i.e., undisturbed). This is not always the case. Therefore, I addressed a second goal using underwater video to test the prediction that the presence of an in-water observer can elicit a change in fish movement. I analyzed underwater video recordings to document changes in four metrics that can be used to infer a change in fish behavior, which can ultimately result in collection of erroneous microhabitat use data. My four behavior metrics were upstream movement, downstream movement, total movement, and relative abundance of fish in the field-of-view. I detected significant differences in 9 of 10 replicates (ANOVA, P < 0.05) in at least one of the four behavior metrics. These results suggest that when attempting to document small-scale microhabitat preference by juvenile salmonids, an in-water observer may alter fish behavior thereby producing erroneous results. I suggest that researchers use caution in making inferences to entire populations when using results of models in which data were collected from only "undisturbed" fish by direct observation. Close

• 182. [Article] Vegetation-soil relations as a basis for resource management on the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon

  The study was conducted on the Ochoco National Forest in central Oregon. Vegetation-soil relationships were evaluated for the following objectives: 1. Develop a sound ecological foundation on which total ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation-soil relations as a basis for resource management on the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon Author: Hall, Frederick C. The study was conducted on the Ochoco National Forest in central Oregon. Vegetation-soil relationships were evaluated for the following objectives: 1. Develop a sound ecological foundation on which total land management decisions may be based. 2. Evaluate forest succession, stocking, and growth to improve management. 3. Develop accurate range condition and trend guides. The concept of non-random distribution of plant communities in a continuum gradient was used to guide the investigation. This philosophy requires sampling the entire spectrum of vegetation and environmental variability in order to determine plant community groupings for classification purposes. Data were collected on a fifth-acre plot for trees, and on two 100-foot three-quarter-inch loop transects for subordinate vegetation. Forage production was determined on ten 9.6-square foot plots. Soil profiles were described according to standard procedure. Only vegetation free from grazing or logging disturbance was sampled. Vegetation was classified by use of association tables. Mathematical computations included standard errors and correlation analysis. Non-forest associations were: Artemisia rigida/Poa secunda on about six inches of soil, Artemisia arbuscula/Festuca idahoensis on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from acid igneous rock, and Artemisia arbuscula/Agropyron spicatum on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from basic igneous rock. These associations occur as natural openings in the forest zone due to soil properties inimical to tree establishment. Climax pine associations occurred on 12 to 30 inches of sandy, stony soil. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum occurs at lower elevations. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Sitanion hystrix occurs on acid igneous derived soils. Pinus ponderosa/Carex geyeri occurs on basic igneous derived soils. All are grazed by livestock and require open tree stocking for optimum tree growth. The Abies grandis/Calamagrostis rubescens association occupies more land area than all other forest types combined. It has been maintained in open Pinus ponderosa by natural, recurrent ground fires. With fire control, this association gradually moves toward a climax of fir. The Abies grandis/Bromus vulgaris association occurs at upper elevations. Dense forest cover makes it unsuitable for grazing. Management is different than for the Abies/Calamagrostis. Even though the Pinus contorta/Vaccnium scoparurn/Calamagrostis rubescens is successional, it was classified as an associes for management purposes. It pioneers on Abies/Bromus sites following conflagration fires. Four other vegetation associations were briefly described. Numerical variability within associations poses problems for development of range and forest management guides. In most cases, correlation analysis permits refinement of data. Variability is caused by the continuum effect of vegetation and environment. The information derived from this study is discussed for application in management. Mapping recommendations include a basic vegetation map with overlays for timber and range management use. Guides are presented for development of range condition and trend standards, interpretation of trend, and evaluation of management. Forestry guides include suggestions for silviculture, stocking and growth, and timber management. In addition, application in watershed and multiple use is briefly discussed. Title: Vegetation-soil relations as a basis for resource management on the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon Author: Hall, Frederick C. The study was conducted on the Ochoco National Forest in central Oregon. Vegetation-soil relationships were evaluated for the following objectives: 1. Develop a sound ecological foundation on which total land management decisions may be based. 2. Evaluate forest succession, stocking, and growth to improve management. 3. Develop accurate range condition and trend guides. The concept of non-random distribution of plant communities in a continuum gradient was used to guide the investigation. This philosophy requires sampling the entire spectrum of vegetation and environmental variability in order to determine plant community groupings for classification purposes. Data were collected on a fifth-acre plot for trees, and on two 100-foot three-quarter-inch loop transects for subordinate vegetation. Forage production was determined on ten 9.6-square foot plots. Soil profiles were described according to standard procedure. Only vegetation free from grazing or logging disturbance was sampled. Vegetation was classified by use of association tables. Mathematical computations included standard errors and correlation analysis. Non-forest associations were: Artemisia rigida/Poa secunda on about six inches of soil, Artemisia arbuscula/Festuca idahoensis on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from acid igneous rock, and Artemisia arbuscula/Agropyron spicatum on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from basic igneous rock. These associations occur as natural openings in the forest zone due to soil properties inimical to tree establishment. Climax pine associations occurred on 12 to 30 inches of sandy, stony soil. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum occurs at lower elevations. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Sitanion hystrix occurs on acid igneous derived soils. Pinus ponderosa/Carex geyeri occurs on basic igneous derived soils. All are grazed by livestock and require open tree stocking for optimum tree growth. The Abies grandis/Calamagrostis rubescens association occupies more land area than all other forest types combined. It has been maintained in open Pinus ponderosa by natural, recurrent ground fires. With fire control, this association gradually moves toward a climax of fir. The Abies grandis/Bromus vulgaris association occurs at upper elevations. Dense forest cover makes it unsuitable for grazing. Management is different than for the Abies/Calamagrostis. Even though the Pinus contorta/Vaccnium scoparurn/Calamagrostis rubescens is successional, it was classified as an associes for management purposes. It pioneers on Abies/Bromus sites following conflagration fires. Four other vegetation associations were briefly described. Numerical variability within associations poses problems for development of range and forest management guides. In most cases, correlation analysis permits refinement of data. Variability is caused by the continuum effect of vegetation and environment. The information derived from this study is discussed for application in management. Mapping recommendations include a basic vegetation map with overlays for timber and range management use. Guides are presented for development of range condition and trend standards, interpretation of trend, and evaluation of management. Forestry guides include suggestions for silviculture, stocking and growth, and timber management. In addition, application in watershed and multiple use is briefly discussed. Close

• 183. [Article] River Influences on Shelf Ecosystems: Introduction and Synthesis

  River Influences on Shelf Ecosystems (RISE) is the first comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the rates and dynamics governing the mixing of river and coastal waters in an eastern boundary current ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: River Influences on Shelf Ecosystems: Introduction and Synthesis Author: Hickey, Barbara M., Kudela, Raphael M., Nash, Jonathan, Bruland, Kenneth W., Peterson, William T., MacCready, P., Lessard, Evelyn J., Jay, David A., Banas, Neil S., Baptista, Antonio M., Dever, Edward P., Kosro, P. Michael, Kilcher, Levi, Horner-Devine, Alexander R., Zaron, Edward D., McCabe, Ryan M., Peterson, Jay O., Orton, Philip M., Pan, Jiayi Year: 2010 River Influences on Shelf Ecosystems (RISE) is the first comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the rates and dynamics governing the mixing of river and coastal waters in an eastern boundary current system, as well as the effects of the resultant plume on phytoplankton standing stocks, growth and grazing rates, and community structure. The RISE Special Volume presents results deduced from four field studies and two different numerical model applications, including an ecosystem model, on the buoyant plume originating from the Columbia River. This introductory paper provides background information on variability during RISE field efforts as well as a synthesis of results, with particular attention to the questions and hypotheses that motivated this research. RISE studies have shown that the maximum mixing of Columbia River and ocean water occurs primarily near plume liftoff inside the estuary and in the near field of the plume. Most plume nitrate originates from upwelled shelf water, and plume phytoplankton species are typically the same as those found in the adjacent coastal ocean. River-supplied nitrate can help maintain the ecosystem during periods of delayed upwelling. The plume inhibits iron limitation, but nitrate limitation is observed in aging plumes. The plume also has significant effects on rates of primary productivity and growth (higher in new plume water) and microzooplankton grazing (lower in the plume near field and north of the river mouth); macrozooplankton concentration (enhanced at plume fronts); offshelf chlorophyll export; as well as the development of a chlorophyll ?shadow zone? off northern Oregon. Title: River Influences on Shelf Ecosystems: Introduction and Synthesis Author: Hickey, Barbara M., Kudela, Raphael M., Nash, Jonathan, Bruland, Kenneth W., Peterson, William T., MacCready, P., Lessard, Evelyn J., Jay, David A., Banas, Neil S., Baptista, Antonio M., Dever, Edward P., Kosro, P. Michael, Kilcher, Levi, Horner-Devine, Alexander R., Zaron, Edward D., McCabe, Ryan M., Peterson, Jay O., Orton, Philip M., Pan, Jiayi Year: 2010 River Influences on Shelf Ecosystems (RISE) is the first comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the rates and dynamics governing the mixing of river and coastal waters in an eastern boundary current system, as well as the effects of the resultant plume on phytoplankton standing stocks, growth and grazing rates, and community structure. The RISE Special Volume presents results deduced from four field studies and two different numerical model applications, including an ecosystem model, on the buoyant plume originating from the Columbia River. This introductory paper provides background information on variability during RISE field efforts as well as a synthesis of results, with particular attention to the questions and hypotheses that motivated this research. RISE studies have shown that the maximum mixing of Columbia River and ocean water occurs primarily near plume liftoff inside the estuary and in the near field of the plume. Most plume nitrate originates from upwelled shelf water, and plume phytoplankton species are typically the same as those found in the adjacent coastal ocean. River-supplied nitrate can help maintain the ecosystem during periods of delayed upwelling. The plume inhibits iron limitation, but nitrate limitation is observed in aging plumes. The plume also has significant effects on rates of primary productivity and growth (higher in new plume water) and microzooplankton grazing (lower in the plume near field and north of the river mouth); macrozooplankton concentration (enhanced at plume fronts); offshelf chlorophyll export; as well as the development of a chlorophyll ?shadow zone? off northern Oregon. Close

• 184. [Image] Annual project history and O. & M. report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1918

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials and contracts, land acquired, land leased, project organization chart, litigations, photographs, maps, hydrographs, etc.; Includes ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual project history and O. & M. report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1918 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1918, 2008, 2004 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials and contracts, land acquired, land leased, project organization chart, litigations, photographs, maps, hydrographs, etc.; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years for 1918 – 1943; Description based on Annual project history and O.M. report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California Annual for calendar year 1918; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Annual project history and O. & M. report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1918 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1918, 2008, 2004 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials and contracts, land acquired, land leased, project organization chart, litigations, photographs, maps, hydrographs, etc.; Includes index; Title covers: calendar years for 1918 – 1943; Description based on Annual project history and O.M. report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California Annual for calendar year 1918; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from the 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 185. [Article] Make it Rain : A Lagrangian Approach to Investigate Land Surface Controls on Moisture Recycling in the Columbia River Basin

  Linkages between land use and its influence on the atmosphere have been a long-standing research area. For example, what is the impact of irrigated agriculture on downwind rainfall? Global-scale models ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Make it Rain : A Lagrangian Approach to Investigate Land Surface Controls on Moisture Recycling in the Columbia River Basin Author: Tai, Leah Chung-Mei Linkages between land use and its influence on the atmosphere have been a long-standing research area. For example, what is the impact of irrigated agriculture on downwind rainfall? Global-scale models show that moisture recycling is an important source of water for inland regions around the world, but they do not resolve land surface characteristics that may affect recycling ratios. Observational studies at the local scale report both increased and decreased rainfall likelihood as a result of deforestation. I present a Lagrangian framework based on biophysical land - atmosphere interactions to estimate the influence of land cover on the spatial and temporal scale of rainfall recycling. My results demonstrate that convective rainfall conditions occur more frequently over coniferous forests and irrigated crops relative to bare soils and mixed-use land cover. The increased likelihood of rainfall over vegetated surfaces is caused by the response of the atmospheric boundary layer to high water vapor fluxes from evapotranspiration and the partitioning of available energy at the ground surface. The presence of vegetation causes large variability in rainfall likelihood, but free atmosphere conditions are found to be the primary controls on rainfall initiation. Multi-day model simulations suggest that an initially dry atmosphere will experience rainfall recycling along a Lagrangian trajectory every 2 to 3 days over a completely vegetated surface and every 12 days over bare soils. Application of my model focused on the lower Columbia Basin because it is a major source region of continental evaporation and has a history of dramatic change in land use. The increased rainfall trends observed over the 20th century in the lower Columbia Basin cannot be significantly associated with land use changes, but modeled estimates suggest an increase in rainfall likelihood of less than 9% from the change in land cover this region has experienced. The results of this simple physically-based model can be used to quantify the effects of land cover on moisture recycling to better understand processes influencing rainfall patterns at regional scales. Title: Make it Rain : A Lagrangian Approach to Investigate Land Surface Controls on Moisture Recycling in the Columbia River Basin Author: Tai, Leah Chung-Mei Linkages between land use and its influence on the atmosphere have been a long-standing research area. For example, what is the impact of irrigated agriculture on downwind rainfall? Global-scale models show that moisture recycling is an important source of water for inland regions around the world, but they do not resolve land surface characteristics that may affect recycling ratios. Observational studies at the local scale report both increased and decreased rainfall likelihood as a result of deforestation. I present a Lagrangian framework based on biophysical land - atmosphere interactions to estimate the influence of land cover on the spatial and temporal scale of rainfall recycling. My results demonstrate that convective rainfall conditions occur more frequently over coniferous forests and irrigated crops relative to bare soils and mixed-use land cover. The increased likelihood of rainfall over vegetated surfaces is caused by the response of the atmospheric boundary layer to high water vapor fluxes from evapotranspiration and the partitioning of available energy at the ground surface. The presence of vegetation causes large variability in rainfall likelihood, but free atmosphere conditions are found to be the primary controls on rainfall initiation. Multi-day model simulations suggest that an initially dry atmosphere will experience rainfall recycling along a Lagrangian trajectory every 2 to 3 days over a completely vegetated surface and every 12 days over bare soils. Application of my model focused on the lower Columbia Basin because it is a major source region of continental evaporation and has a history of dramatic change in land use. The increased rainfall trends observed over the 20th century in the lower Columbia Basin cannot be significantly associated with land use changes, but modeled estimates suggest an increase in rainfall likelihood of less than 9% from the change in land cover this region has experienced. The results of this simple physically-based model can be used to quantify the effects of land cover on moisture recycling to better understand processes influencing rainfall patterns at regional scales. Close

• 186. [Article] A comparative assessment of deliberative claims: The Health Services Commission, the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board, and New Community Meeting I and II

  xiv, 310 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparative assessment of deliberative claims: The Health Services Commission, the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board, and New Community Meeting I and II Author: Smith, Ryan Atkinson, 1976- Year: 2010, 2009 xiv, 310 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: A comparative assessment of deliberative claims: The Health Services Commission, the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board, and New Community Meeting I and II Author: Smith, Ryan Atkinson, 1976- Year: 2010, 2009 xiv, 310 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 187. [Article] Riparian Shade Assessment and Restoration Priorities Analysis in the Damascus Urban Growth Boundary Expansion Area

  An important component of progressive urban planning is the protection and restoration of riparian environments, particularly in the Pacific Northwest where increasing stream temperatures threaten the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Riparian Shade Assessment and Restoration Priorities Analysis in the Damascus Urban Growth Boundary Expansion Area Author: Leferink, Robin K. Year: 2007 An important component of progressive urban planning is the protection and restoration of riparian environments, particularly in the Pacific Northwest where increasing stream temperatures threaten the survival of endangered salmonids and other cold-water biota. Restoration projects are often led by watershed councils or other grassroots organizations with limited resources, and it is essential that these groups have an efficient and effective approach to determine priority areas where their efforts can be directed to achieve the greatest ecological benefit. The purpose of this project was to quantify existing riparian shade levels and identify priority reaches for shade restoration on Clackamas River basin streams in the Damascus area expansion of the Portland, Oregon urban growth boundary. Additionally, potential errors in the Metro Regional Land Information System (RLIS) Lite geographic information system (GIS) coverage of the area’s streams were identified and corrected where possible. Riparian shade levels were quantified through interpretation of digital aerial photographs using GIS. At the start of the shade analysis six 50 m reaches in the study area were surveyed using a spherical densiometer to calibrate the aerial photo interpretation. Following the analysis, the method accuracy was assessed by comparing GIS-derived shade classes with field data from 25 sites in the study area that were surveyed in 2003. Stream reaches were identified and prioritized for restoration based on riparian shade level, presence or absence of late-summer flow (as determined through field investigations), and GISevaluated stream aspect (i.e. the direction of stream flow). Generally, the headwaters were found to have less shade than the downstream areas and many of the headwater reaches were identified as the highest restoration priority. Of the 60.5 km of streams assessed in the riparian shade analysis, 24.7 km were identified as potential restoration reaches based on shade levels and late-summer flow conditions. These 24.7 km were further broken into five priority ranks, with 4.1 km of stream reaches assigned to the highest shade restoration priority class. Potential errors in the GIS stream coverage were identified in conjunction with the riparian shade assessment. Where possible, these errors were corrected based on the aerial photographs. Although in many cases access was limited, a total of 18 site visits were made to verify stream locations. The results of this watershed-scale restoration priorities analysis are being used by Clackamas River Basin Council and others to guide restoration planning in the new urban area. While focusing on the high priority stream reaches identified, restoration managers will also need to consider reach-scale factors including land use plans, riparian continuity, parcel size, and landowner cooperation in the final selection of restoration sites. The GIS stream layer corrections were provided to Metro and to the City of Damascus for use in their 2007 natural resource inventory. Title: Riparian Shade Assessment and Restoration Priorities Analysis in the Damascus Urban Growth Boundary Expansion Area Author: Leferink, Robin K. Year: 2007 An important component of progressive urban planning is the protection and restoration of riparian environments, particularly in the Pacific Northwest where increasing stream temperatures threaten the survival of endangered salmonids and other cold-water biota. Restoration projects are often led by watershed councils or other grassroots organizations with limited resources, and it is essential that these groups have an efficient and effective approach to determine priority areas where their efforts can be directed to achieve the greatest ecological benefit. The purpose of this project was to quantify existing riparian shade levels and identify priority reaches for shade restoration on Clackamas River basin streams in the Damascus area expansion of the Portland, Oregon urban growth boundary. Additionally, potential errors in the Metro Regional Land Information System (RLIS) Lite geographic information system (GIS) coverage of the area’s streams were identified and corrected where possible. Riparian shade levels were quantified through interpretation of digital aerial photographs using GIS. At the start of the shade analysis six 50 m reaches in the study area were surveyed using a spherical densiometer to calibrate the aerial photo interpretation. Following the analysis, the method accuracy was assessed by comparing GIS-derived shade classes with field data from 25 sites in the study area that were surveyed in 2003. Stream reaches were identified and prioritized for restoration based on riparian shade level, presence or absence of late-summer flow (as determined through field investigations), and GISevaluated stream aspect (i.e. the direction of stream flow). Generally, the headwaters were found to have less shade than the downstream areas and many of the headwater reaches were identified as the highest restoration priority. Of the 60.5 km of streams assessed in the riparian shade analysis, 24.7 km were identified as potential restoration reaches based on shade levels and late-summer flow conditions. These 24.7 km were further broken into five priority ranks, with 4.1 km of stream reaches assigned to the highest shade restoration priority class. Potential errors in the GIS stream coverage were identified in conjunction with the riparian shade assessment. Where possible, these errors were corrected based on the aerial photographs. Although in many cases access was limited, a total of 18 site visits were made to verify stream locations. The results of this watershed-scale restoration priorities analysis are being used by Clackamas River Basin Council and others to guide restoration planning in the new urban area. While focusing on the high priority stream reaches identified, restoration managers will also need to consider reach-scale factors including land use plans, riparian continuity, parcel size, and landowner cooperation in the final selection of restoration sites. The GIS stream layer corrections were provided to Metro and to the City of Damascus for use in their 2007 natural resource inventory. Close

• 188. [Article] A Landscape Approach to Determining and Predicting Juvenile Coho Salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i>) Movement Timing and Growth Patterns Prior to Ocean Entry

  Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) rely on unique habitats during the winter season, which may dictate how much individuals may grow and when migration from freshwater rearing habitat to the ocean occurs. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Landscape Approach to Determining and Predicting Juvenile Coho Salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i>) Movement Timing and Growth Patterns Prior to Ocean Entry Author: Johnson, Amelia Lee Year: 2016 Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) rely on unique habitats during the winter season, which may dictate how much individuals may grow and when migration from freshwater rearing habitat to the ocean occurs. Here I analyze movement timing and growth patterns for coho salmon through a field-based study and a literature review. For the field portion, I examined hatchery-stocked juvenile coho salmon across four stream basins in the Russian River watershed, California to determine the relative importance of climate, landscape, and fish size metrics in predicting movement and growth patterns over a winter rearing and spring smolt outmigration time period (December 2014-June 2015). I observed three unique movement strategies: winter parr movement, spring smolt movement, and inter-tributary movement. Movement was predicted in relation to daily temperature and precipitation, followed by in-stream and upslope basin conditions in random forest modeling. Specifically, fish that moved later were associated with basins that contained higher productivity and low-gradient floodplain habitats, while fish that moved earlier came from streams that lacked invertebrate prey and had limited low-gradient rearing habitat. Fish size and timing of movement were the primary predictors of growth, with relatively larger fish in the spring growing faster than fish that were relatively smaller prior to winter. These relationships suggest that hatchery-release fish are still highly influenced by environmental conditions once released, especially in terms of initial seasonal movement, and that watershed conditions should be considered when utilizing hatchery-rearing programs to supplement wild fish populations. In North America, coho salmon populations are distributed from Alaska through California, and may exhibit unique movement and growth patterns in relationship to population-scale vulnerability (Endangered Species Act listing), basin area, and availability and types of rearing habitat. For the second part of my thesis, I conducted a literature review to assess what factors are commonly considered in predicting movement and growth patterns for these fish, as well as the types (season and life stage) and number of movement strategies reported. Eighteen studies were summarized, of which sixteen identified unique movement strategies, ranging from one to four. Despite a wide range of basin areas and latitudes, winter parr and spring smolt movements were commonly observed, with authors primarily relating these behaviors to in-stream habitat and fish size metrics. Additionally, growth was linked positively and primarily with off-channel winter rearing, which may outweigh the importance of fish size in predicting growth when high quality rearing habitats are available during the winter season. Recognizing movement timing diversity and its drivers can help recover threatened coho salmon populations. More widely distributed populations may have unique phenotypic expressions based on localized genetic and environmental interactions, increasing diversity and overall stability across the population, a concept known as the portfolio effect. Understanding fish-habitat relationships can aid recovery efforts by providing a framework of climatic and watershed conditions that support unique behaviors, even in already severely limited populations. Title: A Landscape Approach to Determining and Predicting Juvenile Coho Salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i>) Movement Timing and Growth Patterns Prior to Ocean Entry Author: Johnson, Amelia Lee Year: 2016 Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) rely on unique habitats during the winter season, which may dictate how much individuals may grow and when migration from freshwater rearing habitat to the ocean occurs. Here I analyze movement timing and growth patterns for coho salmon through a field-based study and a literature review. For the field portion, I examined hatchery-stocked juvenile coho salmon across four stream basins in the Russian River watershed, California to determine the relative importance of climate, landscape, and fish size metrics in predicting movement and growth patterns over a winter rearing and spring smolt outmigration time period (December 2014-June 2015). I observed three unique movement strategies: winter parr movement, spring smolt movement, and inter-tributary movement. Movement was predicted in relation to daily temperature and precipitation, followed by in-stream and upslope basin conditions in random forest modeling. Specifically, fish that moved later were associated with basins that contained higher productivity and low-gradient floodplain habitats, while fish that moved earlier came from streams that lacked invertebrate prey and had limited low-gradient rearing habitat. Fish size and timing of movement were the primary predictors of growth, with relatively larger fish in the spring growing faster than fish that were relatively smaller prior to winter. These relationships suggest that hatchery-release fish are still highly influenced by environmental conditions once released, especially in terms of initial seasonal movement, and that watershed conditions should be considered when utilizing hatchery-rearing programs to supplement wild fish populations. In North America, coho salmon populations are distributed from Alaska through California, and may exhibit unique movement and growth patterns in relationship to population-scale vulnerability (Endangered Species Act listing), basin area, and availability and types of rearing habitat. For the second part of my thesis, I conducted a literature review to assess what factors are commonly considered in predicting movement and growth patterns for these fish, as well as the types (season and life stage) and number of movement strategies reported. Eighteen studies were summarized, of which sixteen identified unique movement strategies, ranging from one to four. Despite a wide range of basin areas and latitudes, winter parr and spring smolt movements were commonly observed, with authors primarily relating these behaviors to in-stream habitat and fish size metrics. Additionally, growth was linked positively and primarily with off-channel winter rearing, which may outweigh the importance of fish size in predicting growth when high quality rearing habitats are available during the winter season. Recognizing movement timing diversity and its drivers can help recover threatened coho salmon populations. More widely distributed populations may have unique phenotypic expressions based on localized genetic and environmental interactions, increasing diversity and overall stability across the population, a concept known as the portfolio effect. Understanding fish-habitat relationships can aid recovery efforts by providing a framework of climatic and watershed conditions that support unique behaviors, even in already severely limited populations. Close

• 189. [Article] Representation of a subsurface storm flow and a more responsive water table in a TOPMODEL-based hydrology model

  This study presents two new modeling strategies. First, a methodology for representing the physical process of subsurface storm flow within a TOPMODEL framework is developed. In using this approach, discharge ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Representation of a subsurface storm flow and a more responsive water table in a TOPMODEL-based hydrology model Author: Stieglitz, Marc, Engel, Victor, Shaman, Jeffrey, Koster, Randal This study presents two new modeling strategies. First, a methodology for representing the physical process of subsurface storm flow within a TOPMODEL framework is developed. In using this approach, discharge at quick flow timescales is simulated, and a fuller depiction of hydrologic activity is brought about. Discharge of water from the vadose zone is permitted in a physically realistic manner without a priori assumption of the level within the soil column at which subsurface storm flow saturation can take place. Determination of the subsurface storm flow contribution to discharge is made using the equation for groundwater flow. No new parameters are needed. Instead, regions in excess of field capacity that develop during storm events, producing vertical recharge, are also allowed to contribute to soil zone discharge. These subsurface storm flow contributions to river runoff, as for groundwater flow contributions, are a function of catchment topography and hydraulic conductivity at the depth at which such regions in excess of field capacity occur. The second approach improves groundwater flow response through a reduction of porosity and field capacity with depth in the soil column. Large storm events are better captured and a more dynamic water table develops with application of this modified soil column profile (MSCP). The MSCP predominantly reflects soil depth differences in upland and lowland regions of a watershed. Combined, these two approaches, subsurface storm flow and the MSCP, provide a more accurate representation of the timescales at which discharge responds and a more complete depiction of hydrologic activity. Storm events large and small are better simulated, and some of the biases previously evident in TOPMODEL simulations are reduced. Title: Representation of a subsurface storm flow and a more responsive water table in a TOPMODEL-based hydrology model Author: Stieglitz, Marc, Engel, Victor, Shaman, Jeffrey, Koster, Randal This study presents two new modeling strategies. First, a methodology for representing the physical process of subsurface storm flow within a TOPMODEL framework is developed. In using this approach, discharge at quick flow timescales is simulated, and a fuller depiction of hydrologic activity is brought about. Discharge of water from the vadose zone is permitted in a physically realistic manner without a priori assumption of the level within the soil column at which subsurface storm flow saturation can take place. Determination of the subsurface storm flow contribution to discharge is made using the equation for groundwater flow. No new parameters are needed. Instead, regions in excess of field capacity that develop during storm events, producing vertical recharge, are also allowed to contribute to soil zone discharge. These subsurface storm flow contributions to river runoff, as for groundwater flow contributions, are a function of catchment topography and hydraulic conductivity at the depth at which such regions in excess of field capacity occur. The second approach improves groundwater flow response through a reduction of porosity and field capacity with depth in the soil column. Large storm events are better captured and a more dynamic water table develops with application of this modified soil column profile (MSCP). The MSCP predominantly reflects soil depth differences in upland and lowland regions of a watershed. Combined, these two approaches, subsurface storm flow and the MSCP, provide a more accurate representation of the timescales at which discharge responds and a more complete depiction of hydrologic activity. Storm events large and small are better simulated, and some of the biases previously evident in TOPMODEL simulations are reduced. Close

• 190. [Article] Airborne videography as a classification and validation technique for Landsat TM-based vegetation mapping

  The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife's (ODFW) Ecological Analysis Center (EAC) is in the process of creating, from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, a vegetation map of Oregon that will meet ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Airborne videography as a classification and validation technique for Landsat TM-based vegetation mapping Author: Barrett, Charley, 1965- The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife's (ODFW) Ecological Analysis Center (EAC) is in the process of creating, from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, a vegetation map of Oregon that will meet the latest standards set by the National Gap Analysis Program. Since field verification is often expensive and by nature intensive, ODFW wanted to determine the feasibility of using airborne videography to help classify and validate their Oregon vegetation map. In 1993, ODFW sampled approximately 4% of Oregon with airborne videography by flying north-south transects at 30-km intervals to be used for these purposes. This research was designed to examine how and to what extent airborne videography can be used for assessing the accuracy of classified satellite imagery in vegetation mapping. An accuracy assessment strategy incorporating the ODFW airborne videography was developed and tested on a pilot study area consisting of the Luckiamute and Rickreall watersheds in western Oregon. Airborne videography was found to have more potential as a classification aid than as an accuracy assessment tool. Its limited usefulness in accuracy assessment results primarily from the necessity to field verify any interpretation made of the videography before it can be successfully incorporated into an accuracy. assessment methodology. Additionally, the difficulty of obtaining a sufficient sample for all vegetation classes and the relatively poor spatial and spectral resolution of current airborne video systems impede its use in accuracy assessment. A field verification process combining global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies with a laptop computer is outlined as a more efficient and accurate alternative to using the ODFW airborne videography for accuracy assessment of the Oregon vegetation map. Title: Airborne videography as a classification and validation technique for Landsat TM-based vegetation mapping Author: Barrett, Charley, 1965- The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife's (ODFW) Ecological Analysis Center (EAC) is in the process of creating, from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, a vegetation map of Oregon that will meet the latest standards set by the National Gap Analysis Program. Since field verification is often expensive and by nature intensive, ODFW wanted to determine the feasibility of using airborne videography to help classify and validate their Oregon vegetation map. In 1993, ODFW sampled approximately 4% of Oregon with airborne videography by flying north-south transects at 30-km intervals to be used for these purposes. This research was designed to examine how and to what extent airborne videography can be used for assessing the accuracy of classified satellite imagery in vegetation mapping. An accuracy assessment strategy incorporating the ODFW airborne videography was developed and tested on a pilot study area consisting of the Luckiamute and Rickreall watersheds in western Oregon. Airborne videography was found to have more potential as a classification aid than as an accuracy assessment tool. Its limited usefulness in accuracy assessment results primarily from the necessity to field verify any interpretation made of the videography before it can be successfully incorporated into an accuracy. assessment methodology. Additionally, the difficulty of obtaining a sufficient sample for all vegetation classes and the relatively poor spatial and spectral resolution of current airborne video systems impede its use in accuracy assessment. A field verification process combining global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies with a laptop computer is outlined as a more efficient and accurate alternative to using the ODFW airborne videography for accuracy assessment of the Oregon vegetation map. Close

• 191. [Image] Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Determination of Critical Habitat for Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker

  	The Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) proposes to designate critical habitat for the Lost River sucker {Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose sucker [Chasmistes brevirostris), two species federally listed ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Determination of Critical Habitat for Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker Year: 1994, 2008, 2005 The Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) proposes to designate critical habitat for the Lost River sucker {Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose sucker [Chasmistes brevirostris), two species federally listed as endangered pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973. as amended (Act). Both species are large, long-lived fish endemic to the Upper Klamath River Basin of Oregon and California. The proposed designation includes a total of approximately 182,400 hectares (456,000 acres) of stream, river, lake, and shoreline areas as critical habitat for the shortnose sucker and approximately 170,000 hectares (424,000 acres) of stream, river, lake, and shoreline areas as critical habitat for the Lost River sucker. This proposed critical habitat designation would result in additional review requirements under section 7 of the Act with regard to Federal agency actions. Section 4 of the Act requires the Service to consider economic costs and benefits prior to making a final decision on the size and scope of critical habitat Title: Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Determination of Critical Habitat for Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker Year: 1994, 2008, 2005 The Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) proposes to designate critical habitat for the Lost River sucker {Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose sucker [Chasmistes brevirostris), two species federally listed as endangered pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973. as amended (Act). Both species are large, long-lived fish endemic to the Upper Klamath River Basin of Oregon and California. The proposed designation includes a total of approximately 182,400 hectares (456,000 acres) of stream, river, lake, and shoreline areas as critical habitat for the shortnose sucker and approximately 170,000 hectares (424,000 acres) of stream, river, lake, and shoreline areas as critical habitat for the Lost River sucker. This proposed critical habitat designation would result in additional review requirements under section 7 of the Act with regard to Federal agency actions. Section 4 of the Act requires the Service to consider economic costs and benefits prior to making a final decision on the size and scope of critical habitat Close

• 192. [Image] Natural flow estimates for streams in the Klamath Basin

  	"Open file report SW 04-001"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Natural flow estimates for streams in the Klamath Basin Author: Cooper, Richard M. Year: 2004, 2005 "Open file report SW 04-001" Title: Natural flow estimates for streams in the Klamath Basin Author: Cooper, Richard M. Year: 2004, 2005 "Open file report SW 04-001" Close

• 193. [Article] A National Research Project Revitalizes and Strengthens a SIG’s Membership, Leadership, and the Quality of Research in the Field

  A recent moratorium has temporarily halted the creation of new Special Interest Groups (SIGs) in the American Educational Research Association (AERA). The AERA SIG Executive Committee, the official governance ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A National Research Project Revitalizes and Strengthens a SIG’s Membership, Leadership, and the Quality of Research in the Field Author: Mertens, Steven B., Anfara, Vincent A., Jr., Flowers, Nancy, Caskey, Micki M. Year: 2011 A recent moratorium has temporarily halted the creation of new Special Interest Groups (SIGs) in the American Educational Research Association (AERA). The AERA SIG Executive Committee, the official governance body that oversees approximately 160 SIGs, requested this moratorium, which was subsequently approved by AERA Council. The purpose of the moratorium is to allow the SIG Executive Committee to gather data to facilitate a more critical examination of issues related to SIGs, including low membership numbers, leadership challenges, and specific membership needs addressed by SIGs. This article offers the Middle Level Education Research (MLER) SIG as an example of a SIG that grappled with low membership from the mid-1990s to early 2000; suffered from a lack of leaders willing to invest the time and energy to revitalize, sustain, and expand the organization; and included members who were facing important issues related to the nature and scope of research in their field (e.g., the lack of a national database and the need for large-scale studies to potentially influence policy and practice). In 2003, the officers of the MLER surveyed its membership to ascertain research interests, potential activities, and future directions. Based on the results of that survey, the SIG's officers and council members developed and implemented a five-year strategic plan. The five components of the strategic plan were to (1) Become more active in advocacy work at local, state, and national levels; (2) Disseminate information on middle grades education to policy makers and others; (3) Gather information from SIG members about their expectations and participation in the SIG; (4) Sponsor a symposium or summit to address a current and/or critical issue of middle grades education research; and (5) Sponsor and develop a "national" research project designed and implemented by the SIG membership. This article briefly describes and discusses the fifth component of the MLER strategic plan, the SIG's National Research Project on Common Planning Time. With this initiative the MLER offered its members an opportunity to participate in a national research project, combined with opportunities to present their research findings at national conferences and publish their results in a book series. Other AERA SIGs and divisions may benefit from the lessons learned as the MLER effectively revitalized its membership and leadership and contributed significantly to the quality of research in middle grades education. Title: A National Research Project Revitalizes and Strengthens a SIG’s Membership, Leadership, and the Quality of Research in the Field Author: Mertens, Steven B., Anfara, Vincent A., Jr., Flowers, Nancy, Caskey, Micki M. Year: 2011 A recent moratorium has temporarily halted the creation of new Special Interest Groups (SIGs) in the American Educational Research Association (AERA). The AERA SIG Executive Committee, the official governance body that oversees approximately 160 SIGs, requested this moratorium, which was subsequently approved by AERA Council. The purpose of the moratorium is to allow the SIG Executive Committee to gather data to facilitate a more critical examination of issues related to SIGs, including low membership numbers, leadership challenges, and specific membership needs addressed by SIGs. This article offers the Middle Level Education Research (MLER) SIG as an example of a SIG that grappled with low membership from the mid-1990s to early 2000; suffered from a lack of leaders willing to invest the time and energy to revitalize, sustain, and expand the organization; and included members who were facing important issues related to the nature and scope of research in their field (e.g., the lack of a national database and the need for large-scale studies to potentially influence policy and practice). In 2003, the officers of the MLER surveyed its membership to ascertain research interests, potential activities, and future directions. Based on the results of that survey, the SIG's officers and council members developed and implemented a five-year strategic plan. The five components of the strategic plan were to (1) Become more active in advocacy work at local, state, and national levels; (2) Disseminate information on middle grades education to policy makers and others; (3) Gather information from SIG members about their expectations and participation in the SIG; (4) Sponsor a symposium or summit to address a current and/or critical issue of middle grades education research; and (5) Sponsor and develop a "national" research project designed and implemented by the SIG membership. This article briefly describes and discusses the fifth component of the MLER strategic plan, the SIG's National Research Project on Common Planning Time. With this initiative the MLER offered its members an opportunity to participate in a national research project, combined with opportunities to present their research findings at national conferences and publish their results in a book series. Other AERA SIGs and divisions may benefit from the lessons learned as the MLER effectively revitalized its membership and leadership and contributed significantly to the quality of research in middle grades education. Close

• 194. [Article] Distribution of Pacific herring spawn in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, and observations on mortality through hatching

  Studies were conducted during late winter and spring of 1970 to establish the extent of spawning of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi Valenciennes) in the Yaquina estuary, and to define the degree of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution of Pacific herring spawn in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, and observations on mortality through hatching Author: Steinfeld, James David Studies were conducted during late winter and spring of 1970 to establish the extent of spawning of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi Valenciennes) in the Yaquina estuary, and to define the degree of egg mortality on certain substrates. Routine surveillance of the north shore of the estuary provided information on the length of the spawning season, the number of separate spawnings which occurred, the extent of spawning into brackish water, and the types of substrates utilized for spawn deposition. Random sampling of egg deposits at specific locations within the estuary, and at frequent intervals following deposition provided estimates of spawn mortality on two commonly used plant substrates, Fucus sp. and Zostera sp. These included estimates of the amount of eggs removed from the substrates prior to commencement of hatching, and estimates of the mortality among eggs which remained attached to the substrates. One series of samplings of a deposit of eggs on Fucus was designed to establish the extent of bird predation on the eggs. Results from the spawn survey indicated that at least five separate spawnings occurred during the season. Initial spawning took place on February 5 in the lower estuary (from the south jetty to a point three miles upriver from the mouth). Subsequent spawnings occurred in the third, fifth, sixth, and seventh weeks following this initial deposition, and appeared to take place exclusively in the middle and upper estuary (from three and one half miles to ten miles upriver from the mouth). Among the substrates observed with eggs Fucus appeared to be the most extensively utilized, while localized deposits were noted on Zostera, bare rocks and pilings. Spawning was predominantly located on substrates lying above mean lower low water. Analysis of the samples collected from four populations of eggs deposited on Fucus, and one population deposited on Zostera revealed that egg removal was extreme during the period of incubation. Recorded losses from initially sampled populations of eggs on Fucus ranged from 78% to 1OO% based on sample means. A 9l% loss was recorded for the one Zostera population sampled. A comparison of a protected with an unprotected segment of a sampled population on Fucus indicated that birds contributed at least 80% to the removal of eggs from the unprotected segment. The observed presence of birds on all of the sampling areas when eggs were present suggests that predators accounted for the extensive losses from these areas. Analysis of the ratios of dead eggs to the total number of eggs in samples collected from Fucus substrates provided estimates of natural mortality. Low rates of mortality (about 20%) were recorded for two populations sampled during a period in which the weather was cool and moist, while considerably higher rates (about 50%) were observed in samples from a population exposed to a dry and relatively warm climate. Dessication of eggs was therefore indicated as a significant cause of mortality of eggs remaining attached to substrates exposed to drying conditions in the atmosphere. In addition to these field studies, a study was conducted in the laboratory to define the effects, on the survival of herring eggs to hatching, of combinations of three environmental parameters: temperature, salinity, and exposure to air. Groups of artificially fertilized eggs were incubated in the 18 test environments provided by the different combinations of three temperatures, three salinities, and exposure and non-exposure to air. Survival of eggs to hatching remained high (from 60% to 86% of total eggs in each environment) except for eggs incubated in the highest temperature ( 11 °C.) and subjected to eight hour exposure periods. Average survival in these environments was 5.2% and 24.2% (for two replicates). These observations lend support to the findings from the field sampling studies that survival of herrings eggs can be tenuous when subjected to exposure to air. Title: Distribution of Pacific herring spawn in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, and observations on mortality through hatching Author: Steinfeld, James David Studies were conducted during late winter and spring of 1970 to establish the extent of spawning of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi Valenciennes) in the Yaquina estuary, and to define the degree of egg mortality on certain substrates. Routine surveillance of the north shore of the estuary provided information on the length of the spawning season, the number of separate spawnings which occurred, the extent of spawning into brackish water, and the types of substrates utilized for spawn deposition. Random sampling of egg deposits at specific locations within the estuary, and at frequent intervals following deposition provided estimates of spawn mortality on two commonly used plant substrates, Fucus sp. and Zostera sp. These included estimates of the amount of eggs removed from the substrates prior to commencement of hatching, and estimates of the mortality among eggs which remained attached to the substrates. One series of samplings of a deposit of eggs on Fucus was designed to establish the extent of bird predation on the eggs. Results from the spawn survey indicated that at least five separate spawnings occurred during the season. Initial spawning took place on February 5 in the lower estuary (from the south jetty to a point three miles upriver from the mouth). Subsequent spawnings occurred in the third, fifth, sixth, and seventh weeks following this initial deposition, and appeared to take place exclusively in the middle and upper estuary (from three and one half miles to ten miles upriver from the mouth). Among the substrates observed with eggs Fucus appeared to be the most extensively utilized, while localized deposits were noted on Zostera, bare rocks and pilings. Spawning was predominantly located on substrates lying above mean lower low water. Analysis of the samples collected from four populations of eggs deposited on Fucus, and one population deposited on Zostera revealed that egg removal was extreme during the period of incubation. Recorded losses from initially sampled populations of eggs on Fucus ranged from 78% to 1OO% based on sample means. A 9l% loss was recorded for the one Zostera population sampled. A comparison of a protected with an unprotected segment of a sampled population on Fucus indicated that birds contributed at least 80% to the removal of eggs from the unprotected segment. The observed presence of birds on all of the sampling areas when eggs were present suggests that predators accounted for the extensive losses from these areas. Analysis of the ratios of dead eggs to the total number of eggs in samples collected from Fucus substrates provided estimates of natural mortality. Low rates of mortality (about 20%) were recorded for two populations sampled during a period in which the weather was cool and moist, while considerably higher rates (about 50%) were observed in samples from a population exposed to a dry and relatively warm climate. Dessication of eggs was therefore indicated as a significant cause of mortality of eggs remaining attached to substrates exposed to drying conditions in the atmosphere. In addition to these field studies, a study was conducted in the laboratory to define the effects, on the survival of herring eggs to hatching, of combinations of three environmental parameters: temperature, salinity, and exposure to air. Groups of artificially fertilized eggs were incubated in the 18 test environments provided by the different combinations of three temperatures, three salinities, and exposure and non-exposure to air. Survival of eggs to hatching remained high (from 60% to 86% of total eggs in each environment) except for eggs incubated in the highest temperature ( 11 °C.) and subjected to eight hour exposure periods. Average survival in these environments was 5.2% and 24.2% (for two replicates). These observations lend support to the findings from the field sampling studies that survival of herrings eggs can be tenuous when subjected to exposure to air. Close

• 195. [Article] Management of variegated cutworm in peppermint

  A pest management program for variegated cutworm (VC), Peridroma saucia (Hubner), in Oregon peppermint was developed based on studies of pheromone trapping, sampling methods, and economic thresholds. Pheromone ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Management of variegated cutworm in peppermint Author: Coop, Leonard Bryan A pest management program for variegated cutworm (VC), Peridroma saucia (Hubner), in Oregon peppermint was developed based on studies of pheromone trapping, sampling methods, and economic thresholds. Pheromone traps effectively trapped VC males and were used to reflect development and oviposition trends. Trap height was linearly correlated to moth catch (P < 0.001); the largest catch occurred at a height of 80 cm. Male moths caught from mid-May through June, the number of egg masses collected on pheromone traps, and estimates of peppermint canopy height were used to estimate third and fourth instar larval densities by regression analysis (r² - 0.64). A discriminant analysis based on similar independent variables correctly placed 16 out of 18 fields into two threshold density classes by a validation procedure. Parasitism rates of variegated cutworm and peppermint leaf consumption rates of parasitized and unparasitized larvae were measured. Instars 4 to 6 consumed an average of 184 cm², equivalent to 888 mg (dry weight) of peppermint foliage. Consumption by VC larvae parasitized by Meteorus communis (Cresson) was reduced by 93%. Parasitism rates averaged 35.1% for instars 2 to 4 and 5.4% for instar 5. Addition of peppermint mainstem and lateral leaves, rates of leaf senescence, leaf specific oil yields, VC larval development, feeding behavior, feeding injury, and parasitism rates were all simulated by a computer model to determine economic threshold values. Significant injury occurred when fifth and sixth instar larvae were present in early August just prior to harvest. Fields harvested later in August had higher thresholds because of increased time for regrowth following cutworm injury. Economic threshold values calculated from this study ranged from 1.7 to 3.0 times higher than the previously used threshold of 0.9 larvae per 1000 cm². Larval damage units (LDUs) were used to express individual instar damage potential (kg/ha oil per cutworm) at various times in the growing season. Sweep-net samples (n = 10, 180° sweeps) were most efficient for sampling VC instars 2 to 4. Ground search (GS) samples (1000 cm² for 10 minutes) were more efficient for instars 5 and 6. Sweep-net sample means were regressed against GS sample means for each VC instar. Efficiency of GS sampling for each instar was determined by vacuuming and searching the soil surface sampled. Slope values from sampling method regressions were used with GS recovery efficiency percentages to derive approximate economic threshold (ET) estimates for instars 2 to 4 using the sweep-net method. Sample size requirements and sequential sampling plans for each sampling method also were developed. Title: Management of variegated cutworm in peppermint Author: Coop, Leonard Bryan A pest management program for variegated cutworm (VC), Peridroma saucia (Hubner), in Oregon peppermint was developed based on studies of pheromone trapping, sampling methods, and economic thresholds. Pheromone traps effectively trapped VC males and were used to reflect development and oviposition trends. Trap height was linearly correlated to moth catch (P < 0.001); the largest catch occurred at a height of 80 cm. Male moths caught from mid-May through June, the number of egg masses collected on pheromone traps, and estimates of peppermint canopy height were used to estimate third and fourth instar larval densities by regression analysis (r² - 0.64). A discriminant analysis based on similar independent variables correctly placed 16 out of 18 fields into two threshold density classes by a validation procedure. Parasitism rates of variegated cutworm and peppermint leaf consumption rates of parasitized and unparasitized larvae were measured. Instars 4 to 6 consumed an average of 184 cm², equivalent to 888 mg (dry weight) of peppermint foliage. Consumption by VC larvae parasitized by Meteorus communis (Cresson) was reduced by 93%. Parasitism rates averaged 35.1% for instars 2 to 4 and 5.4% for instar 5. Addition of peppermint mainstem and lateral leaves, rates of leaf senescence, leaf specific oil yields, VC larval development, feeding behavior, feeding injury, and parasitism rates were all simulated by a computer model to determine economic threshold values. Significant injury occurred when fifth and sixth instar larvae were present in early August just prior to harvest. Fields harvested later in August had higher thresholds because of increased time for regrowth following cutworm injury. Economic threshold values calculated from this study ranged from 1.7 to 3.0 times higher than the previously used threshold of 0.9 larvae per 1000 cm². Larval damage units (LDUs) were used to express individual instar damage potential (kg/ha oil per cutworm) at various times in the growing season. Sweep-net samples (n = 10, 180° sweeps) were most efficient for sampling VC instars 2 to 4. Ground search (GS) samples (1000 cm² for 10 minutes) were more efficient for instars 5 and 6. Sweep-net sample means were regressed against GS sample means for each VC instar. Efficiency of GS sampling for each instar was determined by vacuuming and searching the soil surface sampled. Slope values from sampling method regressions were used with GS recovery efficiency percentages to derive approximate economic threshold (ET) estimates for instars 2 to 4 using the sweep-net method. Sample size requirements and sequential sampling plans for each sampling method also were developed. Close

• 196. [Article] Lateral cavities in streams : flow structure and mean residence times from channel hydraulics, morphology, and computational fluid dynamics

  Surface transient storage (STS) and hyporheic transient storage (HTS) have functional significance in stream ecology and hydrology. Both provide refugia for aquatic communities and their longer mean residence ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lateral cavities in streams : flow structure and mean residence times from channel hydraulics, morphology, and computational fluid dynamics Author: Jackson, Tracie R. (Tracie Robin) Surface transient storage (STS) and hyporheic transient storage (HTS) have functional significance in stream ecology and hydrology. Both provide refugia for aquatic communities and their longer mean residence times (compared to the main flow) increase the potential for biogeochemical reactions that can improve water quality. As STS and HTS have different storage and mass exchange mechanisms, hydrologists have proposed quantitatively separating STS from HTS to better predict solute fate and transport in streams. In addition, more accurate estimates of mass exchange parameters, such as mean residence times, are needed for STS and HTS. At present, effective solute transport parameters are estimated either from empirical relationships or by parameterizing effective transport metrics in solute transport models, resulting in empirical and nontransferrable parameters and an approximate equifinality in optimized numerical solutions. Through the development of relationships using field-measureable hydraulic and morphologic parameters, transient storage mass exchange parameters can be better constrained in solute transport models. To develop mass exchange relationships for transient storage, this dissertation focuses on the study of a prevalent and widelyrecognized type of STS termed lateral cavities. Lateral cavities have flow fields characterized by a recirculation region comprised of one or more gyres and a shear layer that spans the entire entrance. The goals of this dissertation are: (1) to develop a classification scheme that categorizes different types of STS in fluvial systems in order to quantitatively separate STS from HTS; and (2) to develop accurate estimates of mass exchange parameters (i.e., mean residence times) for lateral cavities in order to better understand and quantify solute transport and dispersion in fluvial systems. There are six major contributions of this work to the hydrology community. First, to quantitatively separate STS from HTS, a fluid-mechanics-based classification scheme is presented that identifies and categorizes different types of STS based on their characteristic mean flow structure. The classification scheme will allow for the systematic study of different STS types and development of predictive mean residence time relationships. Second, the best estimate of lateral cavity mean residence time, which represents the mean residence time of the primary gyre, is the first characteristic time of exponential decay. Third, a cavity shape factor--ratio of the square root of cavity width and depth to the cavity length--represents the degree of cavity equidimensionality and best quantifies the effect of cavity shape on mean residence time. Fourth, two roughness factors have good correlations with normalized mean residence time when computed using the median grain diameter of sediments measured in the shear layer: ratio of median grain diameter to channel depth and ratio of shear velocity to mean channel velocity. Fifth, mean residence time relationships are derived for lateral cavities in open channel flows with hydraulically smooth beds and for lateral cavities in gravel-bed rivers and streams. The mean residence time relationships are applicable for lateral cavities over a range of geometry, shape, roughness, and flow conditions. Sixth, cavity configuration (e.g., series or parallel) has a greater influence on breakthrough curve shape and transport parameters than the number of lateral cavities present. Therefore, the configuration and interaction of transient storage zones must be considered to accurately quantify stream solute transport and is a missing component in current solute transport theory. Title: Lateral cavities in streams : flow structure and mean residence times from channel hydraulics, morphology, and computational fluid dynamics Author: Jackson, Tracie R. (Tracie Robin) Surface transient storage (STS) and hyporheic transient storage (HTS) have functional significance in stream ecology and hydrology. Both provide refugia for aquatic communities and their longer mean residence times (compared to the main flow) increase the potential for biogeochemical reactions that can improve water quality. As STS and HTS have different storage and mass exchange mechanisms, hydrologists have proposed quantitatively separating STS from HTS to better predict solute fate and transport in streams. In addition, more accurate estimates of mass exchange parameters, such as mean residence times, are needed for STS and HTS. At present, effective solute transport parameters are estimated either from empirical relationships or by parameterizing effective transport metrics in solute transport models, resulting in empirical and nontransferrable parameters and an approximate equifinality in optimized numerical solutions. Through the development of relationships using field-measureable hydraulic and morphologic parameters, transient storage mass exchange parameters can be better constrained in solute transport models. To develop mass exchange relationships for transient storage, this dissertation focuses on the study of a prevalent and widelyrecognized type of STS termed lateral cavities. Lateral cavities have flow fields characterized by a recirculation region comprised of one or more gyres and a shear layer that spans the entire entrance. The goals of this dissertation are: (1) to develop a classification scheme that categorizes different types of STS in fluvial systems in order to quantitatively separate STS from HTS; and (2) to develop accurate estimates of mass exchange parameters (i.e., mean residence times) for lateral cavities in order to better understand and quantify solute transport and dispersion in fluvial systems. There are six major contributions of this work to the hydrology community. First, to quantitatively separate STS from HTS, a fluid-mechanics-based classification scheme is presented that identifies and categorizes different types of STS based on their characteristic mean flow structure. The classification scheme will allow for the systematic study of different STS types and development of predictive mean residence time relationships. Second, the best estimate of lateral cavity mean residence time, which represents the mean residence time of the primary gyre, is the first characteristic time of exponential decay. Third, a cavity shape factor--ratio of the square root of cavity width and depth to the cavity length--represents the degree of cavity equidimensionality and best quantifies the effect of cavity shape on mean residence time. Fourth, two roughness factors have good correlations with normalized mean residence time when computed using the median grain diameter of sediments measured in the shear layer: ratio of median grain diameter to channel depth and ratio of shear velocity to mean channel velocity. Fifth, mean residence time relationships are derived for lateral cavities in open channel flows with hydraulically smooth beds and for lateral cavities in gravel-bed rivers and streams. The mean residence time relationships are applicable for lateral cavities over a range of geometry, shape, roughness, and flow conditions. Sixth, cavity configuration (e.g., series or parallel) has a greater influence on breakthrough curve shape and transport parameters than the number of lateral cavities present. Therefore, the configuration and interaction of transient storage zones must be considered to accurately quantify stream solute transport and is a missing component in current solute transport theory. Close

• 197. [Article] Continuous Deflection Separation of Stormwater Particulates

  Capture of stormwater particulate matter is of concern to watershed managers trying to meet water quality guidelines by removing toxics associated with particulates from natural water bodies. A laboratory ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continuous Deflection Separation of Stormwater Particulates Author: Schwarz, Tracy S., Wells, Scott A. Year: 1999 Capture of stormwater particulate matter is of concern to watershed managers trying to meet water quality guidelines by removing toxics associated with particulates from natural water bodies. A laboratory investigation into particle removal efficiency of a prototype Continuous Deflective Separation (CDS) device was made in the laboratory. Particle size distributions were obtained for roadway drainage surfaces. These distributions were used to assess the predicted performance of a CDS unit in the field. Flow rates in the laboratory tests ranged from 125 GPM (7.9 l/s) to 270 GPM (17.0 l/s). Screen sizes used for testing were 1200 m and 2400 m. Using four different sand types and the two screen sizes, particle capture rates were determined for the CDS unit. Internal velocities were measured at seventy-two measuring positions within the main chamber of the CDS unit. At 270 GPM capture rates based on particle size ranged from 12% to 100% with the 2400 m screen, and 22% to 100% with the 1200 m screen. Cumulative mass capture rates were 73% and 70% for the 1200 m and 2400 m screens, respectively, at 270 gpm and 84% at 125 gpm for the given particle distribution used. Title: Continuous Deflection Separation of Stormwater Particulates Author: Schwarz, Tracy S., Wells, Scott A. Year: 1999 Capture of stormwater particulate matter is of concern to watershed managers trying to meet water quality guidelines by removing toxics associated with particulates from natural water bodies. A laboratory investigation into particle removal efficiency of a prototype Continuous Deflective Separation (CDS) device was made in the laboratory. Particle size distributions were obtained for roadway drainage surfaces. These distributions were used to assess the predicted performance of a CDS unit in the field. Flow rates in the laboratory tests ranged from 125 GPM (7.9 l/s) to 270 GPM (17.0 l/s). Screen sizes used for testing were 1200 m and 2400 m. Using four different sand types and the two screen sizes, particle capture rates were determined for the CDS unit. Internal velocities were measured at seventy-two measuring positions within the main chamber of the CDS unit. At 270 GPM capture rates based on particle size ranged from 12% to 100% with the 2400 m screen, and 22% to 100% with the 1200 m screen. Cumulative mass capture rates were 73% and 70% for the 1200 m and 2400 m screens, respectively, at 270 gpm and 84% at 125 gpm for the given particle distribution used. Close

• 198. [Article] Daily Discharge Forecasting Using Least Square Support Vector Regression and Regression Tree

  Prediction of river flow is one of the main issues in the field of water resources management. Because of the complexity of the rainfall-runoff process, data-driven methods have gained increased importance. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Daily Discharge Forecasting Using Least Square Support Vector Regression and Regression Tree Author: Sahraei, Shahram, Andalani, Saeed Zare, Zakermoshfegh, Mohammad, Sisakht, Babak Nikeghbal, Talebbeydokhti, Nasser, Moradkhani, Hamid Year: 2015 Prediction of river flow is one of the main issues in the field of water resources management. Because of the complexity of the rainfall-runoff process, data-driven methods have gained increased importance. In the current study, two newly developed models called Least Square Support Vector Regression (LSSVR) and Regression Tree (RT) are used. The LSSVR model is based on the constrained optimization method and applies structural risk minimization in order to yield a general optimized result. Also in the RT, data movement is based on laws discovered in the tree. Both models have been applied to the data in the Kashkan watershed. Variables include (a) recorded precipitation values in the Kashkan watershed stations, and (b) outlet discharge values of one and two previous days. Present discharge is considered as output of the two models. Following that, a sensitivity analysis has been carried out on the input features and less important features has been diminished so that both models have provided better prediction on the data. The final results of both models have been compared. It was found that the LSSVR model has better performance. Finally, the results present these models as a suitable models in river flow forecasting. Title: Daily Discharge Forecasting Using Least Square Support Vector Regression and Regression Tree Author: Sahraei, Shahram, Andalani, Saeed Zare, Zakermoshfegh, Mohammad, Sisakht, Babak Nikeghbal, Talebbeydokhti, Nasser, Moradkhani, Hamid Year: 2015 Prediction of river flow is one of the main issues in the field of water resources management. Because of the complexity of the rainfall-runoff process, data-driven methods have gained increased importance. In the current study, two newly developed models called Least Square Support Vector Regression (LSSVR) and Regression Tree (RT) are used. The LSSVR model is based on the constrained optimization method and applies structural risk minimization in order to yield a general optimized result. Also in the RT, data movement is based on laws discovered in the tree. Both models have been applied to the data in the Kashkan watershed. Variables include (a) recorded precipitation values in the Kashkan watershed stations, and (b) outlet discharge values of one and two previous days. Present discharge is considered as output of the two models. Following that, a sensitivity analysis has been carried out on the input features and less important features has been diminished so that both models have provided better prediction on the data. The final results of both models have been compared. It was found that the LSSVR model has better performance. Finally, the results present these models as a suitable models in river flow forecasting. Close

• 199. [Article] Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network

  We described and predicted spatial variation in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River watershed, Oregon. We collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network Author: Zimmerman, Christian E., Jordan, Chris E., McMillan, John R., Mills, Justin S., Dunham, Jason B., Reeves, Gordon H. We described and predicted spatial variation in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River watershed, Oregon. We collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and identified locations used by anadromous females by assigning maternal origin (anadromous versus non-anadromous) to each juvenile. These assignments used comparisons of strontium to calcium ratios in otolith primordia and freshwater growth regions to indicate maternal origin. We used logistic regression to predict probability of anadromy in relation to mean annual stream runoff using data from a subset of individuals. This model correctly predicted anadromy in a second sample of individuals with a moderate level of accuracy (e.g., 68% correctly predicted with a 0.5 classification threshold). Residuals from the models were not spatially autocorrelated, suggesting that remaining variability in the expression of anadromy was due to localized influences, as opposed to broad-scale gradients unrelated to mean annual stream runoff. These results are important for the management of O. mykiss because anadromous individuals (steelhead) within the John Day River watershed are listed as a threatened species, and it is difficult to discern juvenile steelhead from non-anadromous individuals (rainbow trout) in the field. Our results provide a broad-scale description and prediction of locations supporting anadromy, and new insight for habitat restoration, monitoring, and research to better manage and understand the expression of anadromy in O. mykiss. Title: Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network Author: Zimmerman, Christian E., Jordan, Chris E., McMillan, John R., Mills, Justin S., Dunham, Jason B., Reeves, Gordon H. We described and predicted spatial variation in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River watershed, Oregon. We collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and identified locations used by anadromous females by assigning maternal origin (anadromous versus non-anadromous) to each juvenile. These assignments used comparisons of strontium to calcium ratios in otolith primordia and freshwater growth regions to indicate maternal origin. We used logistic regression to predict probability of anadromy in relation to mean annual stream runoff using data from a subset of individuals. This model correctly predicted anadromy in a second sample of individuals with a moderate level of accuracy (e.g., 68% correctly predicted with a 0.5 classification threshold). Residuals from the models were not spatially autocorrelated, suggesting that remaining variability in the expression of anadromy was due to localized influences, as opposed to broad-scale gradients unrelated to mean annual stream runoff. These results are important for the management of O. mykiss because anadromous individuals (steelhead) within the John Day River watershed are listed as a threatened species, and it is difficult to discern juvenile steelhead from non-anadromous individuals (rainbow trout) in the field. Our results provide a broad-scale description and prediction of locations supporting anadromy, and new insight for habitat restoration, monitoring, and research to better manage and understand the expression of anadromy in O. mykiss. Close

• 200. [Article] Agroclimatic hazards of the Fort Rock Basin : perceptions and mitigation strategies among cow-calf operators and cash-crop agriculturalists

  A recent surge in the development of irrigated agriculture in the Fort Rock Basin of the Oregon High Desert has resulted in two principal types of agricultural operations in the area: cow-calf operators ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agroclimatic hazards of the Fort Rock Basin : perceptions and mitigation strategies among cow-calf operators and cash-crop agriculturalists Author: Lewis, Michael E. A recent surge in the development of irrigated agriculture in the Fort Rock Basin of the Oregon High Desert has resulted in two principal types of agricultural operations in the area: cow-calf operators and cash-crop agriculturalists. The agroclimatic hazards associated with the present situation and the implications of those hazards for public policy are the topic of this research. A lack of sufficient summer precipitation for field crops and freezing temperatures during the small grain growing season are cited as relevant to the past failure of dry farming under the Revised Homestead Act of 1906. The present situation is characterized by attempts to mitigate the hazards of the past through the use of irrigation technology and/or adoption of a mixed cow-calf and irrigated hay type of operation. A normative comparison of the Fort Rock Basin with other areas of commercial agriculture in eastern Oregon and Washington shows the hazard of freezing temperatures during the alfalfa growing season to be high. Settlement motivations, natural hazard perceptions and mitigation strategies are examined by means of a survey of resident agricultural operators in the area. The survey was a complete census of the population. Cash-crop operators appear to be motivated principally by favorable finance terms related to establishing an operation in the area. Cow-calf operators show a greater emphasis on quality of life as a motivating factor. Both groups gave little initial emphasis to climatic conditions in establishing an operation, but subsequently indicated climatic hazards to be a major source of economic loss. The principal hazard mitigation strategies of the two groups stressed either reliance on irrigation technology and acceptance of the risk of freezing temperatures during the cropping season, or combining hay production with raising livestock. Title: Agroclimatic hazards of the Fort Rock Basin : perceptions and mitigation strategies among cow-calf operators and cash-crop agriculturalists Author: Lewis, Michael E. A recent surge in the development of irrigated agriculture in the Fort Rock Basin of the Oregon High Desert has resulted in two principal types of agricultural operations in the area: cow-calf operators and cash-crop agriculturalists. The agroclimatic hazards associated with the present situation and the implications of those hazards for public policy are the topic of this research. A lack of sufficient summer precipitation for field crops and freezing temperatures during the small grain growing season are cited as relevant to the past failure of dry farming under the Revised Homestead Act of 1906. The present situation is characterized by attempts to mitigate the hazards of the past through the use of irrigation technology and/or adoption of a mixed cow-calf and irrigated hay type of operation. A normative comparison of the Fort Rock Basin with other areas of commercial agriculture in eastern Oregon and Washington shows the hazard of freezing temperatures during the alfalfa growing season to be high. Settlement motivations, natural hazard perceptions and mitigation strategies are examined by means of a survey of resident agricultural operators in the area. The survey was a complete census of the population. Cash-crop operators appear to be motivated principally by favorable finance terms related to establishing an operation in the area. Cow-calf operators show a greater emphasis on quality of life as a motivating factor. Both groups gave little initial emphasis to climatic conditions in establishing an operation, but subsequently indicated climatic hazards to be a major source of economic loss. The principal hazard mitigation strategies of the two groups stressed either reliance on irrigation technology and acceptance of the risk of freezing temperatures during the cropping season, or combining hay production with raising livestock. Close