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• 61. [Article] Conifer, a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : documentation

  CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conifer, a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : documentation Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Coniferous Forest Biome Modeling Group CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Title: Conifer, a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : documentation Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Coniferous Forest Biome Modeling Group CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Close

• 62. [Image] TULE LAKE DIVISION, SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307, R-Canal

  	KP-2585-R2-Klamath Project - TULE LAKE DIVISION, SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307, R-Canal. Looking downstream from Station 37+07 of the R-Canal. Water flowing at the check at Station 37+36; January 18, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TULE LAKE DIVISION, SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307, R-Canal Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Renning, John A. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2585-R2-Klamath Project - TULE LAKE DIVISION, SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307, R-Canal. Looking downstream from Station 37+07 of the R-Canal. Water flowing at the check at Station 37+36; January 18, 1961; Photo by John A. Renning Title: TULE LAKE DIVISION, SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307, R-Canal Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Renning, John A. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2585-R2-Klamath Project - TULE LAKE DIVISION, SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307, R-Canal. Looking downstream from Station 37+07 of the R-Canal. Water flowing at the check at Station 37+36; January 18, 1961; Photo by John A. Renning Close

• 63. [Image] Gerber Dam

  	CN-12-201-533NA Klamath Project. View from right abutment of Gerber Dam, showing water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, 60 cfs.; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-533NA Klamath Project. View from right abutment of Gerber Dam, showing water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, 60 cfs.; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-533NA Klamath Project. View from right abutment of Gerber Dam, showing water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, 60 cfs.; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Close

• 64. [Image] Gerber Dam

  	CN-12-201-534NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Gerber Dam, from right side of plunge pool; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-534NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Gerber Dam, from right side of plunge pool; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-534NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Gerber Dam, from right side of plunge pool; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Close

• 65. [Image] Gerber Dam

  	CN-12-201-535NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Gerber Dam, from right side of plunge pool; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-535NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Gerber Dam, from right side of plunge pool; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-535NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Gerber Dam, from right side of plunge pool; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Close

• 66. [Image] Gerber Dam

  	CN-12-201-536NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-536NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-536NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Close

• 67. [Image] Gerber Dam

  	CN-12-201-537NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-537NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-537NA Klamath Project. View of water flowing over spillway into plunge pool at base of Dam, from area below left abutment; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Close

• 68. [Image] Gerber Dam

  	CN-12-201-543NA Klamath Project. View from Dam crest of water flow over Gerber spillway from left side. Spill was 60 cfs.; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-543NA Klamath Project. View from Dam crest of water flow over Gerber spillway from left side. Spill was 60 cfs.; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Title: Gerber Dam Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bardal, A.L. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-543NA Klamath Project. View from Dam crest of water flow over Gerber spillway from left side. Spill was 60 cfs.; May 22, 1975; USBR photo by A. L. Bardal Close

• 69. [Image] Sealing, Repair and Modification of Gerber Dam -Specs. 200C-888 - Dante Engineers & Contractors

  	CN-12-201-578NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. View of downstream face of Gerber Dam. Note new foot­bridge in foreground. Note water flowing over rock weir which was constructed under this specification ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sealing, Repair and Modification of Gerber Dam -Specs. 200C-888 - Dante Engineers & Contractors Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Rosten, T.J. Year: 1974, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-578NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. View of downstream face of Gerber Dam. Note new foot­bridge in foreground. Note water flowing over rock weir which was constructed under this specification number; June 1974; USBR photo by T. J. Rosten Title: Sealing, Repair and Modification of Gerber Dam -Specs. 200C-888 - Dante Engineers & Contractors Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Rosten, T.J. Year: 1974, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-578NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. View of downstream face of Gerber Dam. Note new foot­bridge in foreground. Note water flowing over rock weir which was constructed under this specification number; June 1974; USBR photo by T. J. Rosten Close

• 70. [Article] A real-time digital control system for two hydroelectric power plants

  The objective of this paper is to describe the design of a real-time system to control two hydroelectric power plants by a digital computer. The two controlling relations are stated as the continuity of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A real-time digital control system for two hydroelectric power plants Author: Hwang, John Dzen The objective of this paper is to describe the design of a real-time system to control two hydroelectric power plants by a digital computer. The two controlling relations are stated as the continuity of water flow and the inequality of power generation requirements. It contains the logical sequence in finding the solution of the allocation of power under the optimized condition, which is to use the least amount of discharge to generate any requested load, as the operation involves a pump-storage scheme. Theoretical proofs of existence and uniqueness of solutions are presented, which are based on the characteristics of the convexity of the performance curves of the generators. Finally, a set of FORTRAN programs is furnished to simulate the real-time situation for one specific example. Title: A real-time digital control system for two hydroelectric power plants Author: Hwang, John Dzen The objective of this paper is to describe the design of a real-time system to control two hydroelectric power plants by a digital computer. The two controlling relations are stated as the continuity of water flow and the inequality of power generation requirements. It contains the logical sequence in finding the solution of the allocation of power under the optimized condition, which is to use the least amount of discharge to generate any requested load, as the operation involves a pump-storage scheme. Theoretical proofs of existence and uniqueness of solutions are presented, which are based on the characteristics of the convexity of the performance curves of the generators. Finally, a set of FORTRAN programs is furnished to simulate the real-time situation for one specific example. Close

• 71. [Article] Crayfish management in the Ljungan river: Managing with shocks

  The noble crayfish fishery in the Ljungan river system in Sweden has been subjected to two major shocks; hydropower development in the 1970s, which reduced water flow throughout the system with attendant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crayfish management in the Ljungan river: Managing with shocks Author: Zimmerman, Jenny, Stage, Jesper The noble crayfish fishery in the Ljungan river system in Sweden has been subjected to two major shocks; hydropower development in the 1970s, which reduced water flow throughout the system with attendant effects on the crayfish stocks, and an outbreak of crayfish plague in the 1990s which wiped out the noble crayfish in most of the river system. Differing ownership structures for the fishing rights in different parts of the river system have led to different management systems, ranging from sole private ownership through management by fishermen's associations through to effective open access fishing. We study how these different systems of management have affected the crayfish, and compare the outcomes to those from the hydropower development in the 1970s. Title: Crayfish management in the Ljungan river: Managing with shocks Author: Zimmerman, Jenny, Stage, Jesper The noble crayfish fishery in the Ljungan river system in Sweden has been subjected to two major shocks; hydropower development in the 1970s, which reduced water flow throughout the system with attendant effects on the crayfish stocks, and an outbreak of crayfish plague in the 1990s which wiped out the noble crayfish in most of the river system. Differing ownership structures for the fishing rights in different parts of the river system have led to different management systems, ranging from sole private ownership through management by fishermen's associations through to effective open access fishing. We study how these different systems of management have affected the crayfish, and compare the outcomes to those from the hydropower development in the 1970s. Close

• 72. [Image] PH037_P250 Angelus Studio photographs; H383; 8556

  	A horse-drawn wagon and driver situated in front of a fountain identified as the Skidmore Fountain. Two horses harnessed to the wagon drink from the fountain as the driver looks on. He is dressed in a ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH037_P250 Angelus Studio photographs; H383; 8556 Year: 1880 A horse-drawn wagon and driver situated in front of a fountain identified as the Skidmore Fountain. Two horses harnessed to the wagon drink from the fountain as the driver looks on. He is dressed in a hat, jacket with pockets, trousers, and boots. From the wooden covered wagon hangs a torn tarp that conceals the wagon's contents. The fountain's base is octagonal with two central sculpted females in draped clothing supporting a bowl from which water flows. Behind the wagon a sign on a builidng reads, Western Union Telegraph and Cable Office. In the background are buildings and streets that are part of this business district. Title: PH037_P250 Angelus Studio photographs; H383; 8556 Year: 1880 A horse-drawn wagon and driver situated in front of a fountain identified as the Skidmore Fountain. Two horses harnessed to the wagon drink from the fountain as the driver looks on. He is dressed in a hat, jacket with pockets, trousers, and boots. From the wooden covered wagon hangs a torn tarp that conceals the wagon's contents. The fountain's base is octagonal with two central sculpted females in draped clothing supporting a bowl from which water flows. Behind the wagon a sign on a builidng reads, Western Union Telegraph and Cable Office. In the background are buildings and streets that are part of this business district. Close

• 73. [Article] Sedimentation within the Cocos Gap, Panama Basin

  The Cocos Gap is a deeper portion, or saddle, of the Cocos Ridge and forms part of the western boundary of the Panama Basing It is probably typical of saddles within most submarine ridges, In order to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sedimentation within the Cocos Gap, Panama Basin Author: Dowding, Lynn Gretton The Cocos Gap is a deeper portion, or saddle, of the Cocos Ridge and forms part of the western boundary of the Panama Basing It is probably typical of saddles within most submarine ridges, In order to determine the mechanisms controlling sediment dispersal, the nature and sources of the sediments at 23 core locations were defined by hydrodynamic size separation (> 63, 2- 63, <2 micron) and microscopic or X-ray diffraction analysis of the individual fractions. In addition, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, opal and quartz determinations were made for the total sediment. The silt sized fraction was resolved into eight textural modes, The coarse modes reflect the progressive breakage and winnowing of the corase fraction (foraminifera) under the influence of bottom currents and gravity. Above 2000 m mechanical breakdown, winnowing and relocation by bottom currents mask the effects of depth related dissolution of the carbonate fraction, Intermediate modes in general represent a transitional facies with both biogenic and terrigenous influences, while the finest modes characterize a distal regime of clay deposition, The clay fraction is amorphous material with very low percentages of well crystallized clays. Three main sources and transport paths were recognized, including one associated with the circulation of the Panama Basin. Sedimentation within the Gap is controlled by local processes, predominantly the interaction between tidally induced intensification of bottom water flow and directional (thermohaline) flow. The steep' ness of the sea floor slope is a major factor controlling the efficiency of winnowing of the sediment away from certain higher elevations (biogenic source areas) to the sheltered parts and flanks of the ridge. Superimposed upon this sediment dispersal is the influx of terrigenous material carried by directional bottom currents that operate as postulated upper and lower contour currents along the flanks of the ridge. The crest of the Cocos Gap acts as a catchment area for the biogenic components, while the adjacent more sloping region, the sub-plateau, acts as a source area. The extreme breakage of the foraminifera is most likely a function of the tidally induced intensification of the bottom water flow, characteristic of many shallow ridges, and is probably most significant in the subplateau. Hydrographic data indicates that there is no significant transport of bottom water across the Cocos Gap into the Panama Basin, but downslope transport of carbonate and siliceous fragments and minerals from the Gap into the basin is associated with cyclical tidal bottom water flow. Title: Sedimentation within the Cocos Gap, Panama Basin Author: Dowding, Lynn Gretton The Cocos Gap is a deeper portion, or saddle, of the Cocos Ridge and forms part of the western boundary of the Panama Basing It is probably typical of saddles within most submarine ridges, In order to determine the mechanisms controlling sediment dispersal, the nature and sources of the sediments at 23 core locations were defined by hydrodynamic size separation (> 63, 2- 63, <2 micron) and microscopic or X-ray diffraction analysis of the individual fractions. In addition, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, opal and quartz determinations were made for the total sediment. The silt sized fraction was resolved into eight textural modes, The coarse modes reflect the progressive breakage and winnowing of the corase fraction (foraminifera) under the influence of bottom currents and gravity. Above 2000 m mechanical breakdown, winnowing and relocation by bottom currents mask the effects of depth related dissolution of the carbonate fraction, Intermediate modes in general represent a transitional facies with both biogenic and terrigenous influences, while the finest modes characterize a distal regime of clay deposition, The clay fraction is amorphous material with very low percentages of well crystallized clays. Three main sources and transport paths were recognized, including one associated with the circulation of the Panama Basin. Sedimentation within the Gap is controlled by local processes, predominantly the interaction between tidally induced intensification of bottom water flow and directional (thermohaline) flow. The steep' ness of the sea floor slope is a major factor controlling the efficiency of winnowing of the sediment away from certain higher elevations (biogenic source areas) to the sheltered parts and flanks of the ridge. Superimposed upon this sediment dispersal is the influx of terrigenous material carried by directional bottom currents that operate as postulated upper and lower contour currents along the flanks of the ridge. The crest of the Cocos Gap acts as a catchment area for the biogenic components, while the adjacent more sloping region, the sub-plateau, acts as a source area. The extreme breakage of the foraminifera is most likely a function of the tidally induced intensification of the bottom water flow, characteristic of many shallow ridges, and is probably most significant in the subplateau. Hydrographic data indicates that there is no significant transport of bottom water across the Cocos Gap into the Panama Basin, but downslope transport of carbonate and siliceous fragments and minerals from the Gap into the basin is associated with cyclical tidal bottom water flow. Close

• 74. [Article] Flux of ground water and nitrogen through the floodplain of a fourth-order stream

  Changes in the concentrations of dissolved ammonia (NH4+1), nitrate (NO3-1), organic nitrogen (DON) were monitored along ground water flow paths to determine the importance of the ground water system to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flux of ground water and nitrogen through the floodplain of a fourth-order stream Author: Wondzell, Steve Changes in the concentrations of dissolved ammonia (NH4+1), nitrate (NO3-1), organic nitrogen (DON) were monitored along ground water flow paths to determine the importance of the ground water system to the stream nitrogen budget. The study site was located on a wide floodplain along a fourth-order stream in the Oregon Cascades. A network of wells was installed during the summers of 1989 and 1990. Water table elevations and nitrogen chemistry was sampled seasonally and within individual storm events. Subsurface flows were dominated by the flow of advected channel water through the gravel bar. Flow rates were correlated to stream discharge during base-flow periods, but did not increase during storms. In contrast, ground-water flows through the aquifer beneath the floodplain were small during base flow, but nearly doubled during storm events. The mean residence time of water stored within the aquifer was long, exceeding 10 days for the gravel bar and 30 days for the floodplain. Even though precipitation inputs to the aquifer during storms equaled 12% of the water stored in the gravel bar and 23% of the water stored in the floodplain, the mean residence time of water remained long. Subsurface flow through the aquifer adjacent to the stream was a net source of nitrogen to the stream in all seasons of the year and during storms. Flows of water through the conifer forested floodplain supplied most of the nitrogen per unit length of stream - accounting for approximately two-thirds of the estimated flux, most of which is DON. The gravel bar was colonized by red alder, a nitrogen fixing tree, and on a unit area basis, supplied 2.5 times more nitrogen to the stream than did the floodplain. I estimate that 2 kg ha-1 yr-1 are leached from riparian forests into the aquifer, and transported to the stream. The study site covered only one-half of the valley floor. Assuming that similar fluxes occurred from the opposite side of the valley, I estimate that 17 g of nitrogen yr-1 m-1 channel length are input to the stream. The stream is approximately 10 m wide, thus these inputs equal 1.7 g N m2 streambed yr-1. Title: Flux of ground water and nitrogen through the floodplain of a fourth-order stream Author: Wondzell, Steve Changes in the concentrations of dissolved ammonia (NH4+1), nitrate (NO3-1), organic nitrogen (DON) were monitored along ground water flow paths to determine the importance of the ground water system to the stream nitrogen budget. The study site was located on a wide floodplain along a fourth-order stream in the Oregon Cascades. A network of wells was installed during the summers of 1989 and 1990. Water table elevations and nitrogen chemistry was sampled seasonally and within individual storm events. Subsurface flows were dominated by the flow of advected channel water through the gravel bar. Flow rates were correlated to stream discharge during base-flow periods, but did not increase during storms. In contrast, ground-water flows through the aquifer beneath the floodplain were small during base flow, but nearly doubled during storm events. The mean residence time of water stored within the aquifer was long, exceeding 10 days for the gravel bar and 30 days for the floodplain. Even though precipitation inputs to the aquifer during storms equaled 12% of the water stored in the gravel bar and 23% of the water stored in the floodplain, the mean residence time of water remained long. Subsurface flow through the aquifer adjacent to the stream was a net source of nitrogen to the stream in all seasons of the year and during storms. Flows of water through the conifer forested floodplain supplied most of the nitrogen per unit length of stream - accounting for approximately two-thirds of the estimated flux, most of which is DON. The gravel bar was colonized by red alder, a nitrogen fixing tree, and on a unit area basis, supplied 2.5 times more nitrogen to the stream than did the floodplain. I estimate that 2 kg ha-1 yr-1 are leached from riparian forests into the aquifer, and transported to the stream. The study site covered only one-half of the valley floor. Assuming that similar fluxes occurred from the opposite side of the valley, I estimate that 17 g of nitrogen yr-1 m-1 channel length are input to the stream. The stream is approximately 10 m wide, thus these inputs equal 1.7 g N m2 streambed yr-1. Close

• 75. [Article] Modeling surface water and groundwater interactions near Milton- Freewater, Oregon

  The gravel aquifer of the Oregon side of Walla Walla River Basin has a strong hydrologic connection to surface water through a series of springs, unlined irrigation canals, the Walla Walla River, numerous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling surface water and groundwater interactions near Milton- Freewater, Oregon Author: Petrides Jimenez, Aristides Crisostomos The gravel aquifer of the Oregon side of Walla Walla River Basin has a strong hydrologic connection to surface water through a series of springs, unlined irrigation canals, the Walla Walla River, numerous wells and, since 2004, artificial recharge to the shallow aquifer using infiltration basins. The finite element Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM) developed by California Department of Water Resources was used to quantify all of the major hydrologic features of the basin. Using the information provided by the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council, irrigation districts, and previous studies conducted at Oregon State University and by consultants, the model was setup and calibrated, and a water budget simulation was performed for the years of 2003 to 2006. It is shown that close to 96 percent of the land use water demand goes to agriculture growing 16 major crops. 60 percent of the water comes from surface water diversions flowing through unlined irrigation canals , which themselves lose 28 percent of their inflow to the unconfined gravel aquifer. The calibrated and validated model was used to simulate the flow of the Johnson Creek Springs, which were shown to have increased flow due to the artificial recharge project. Title: Modeling surface water and groundwater interactions near Milton- Freewater, Oregon Author: Petrides Jimenez, Aristides Crisostomos The gravel aquifer of the Oregon side of Walla Walla River Basin has a strong hydrologic connection to surface water through a series of springs, unlined irrigation canals, the Walla Walla River, numerous wells and, since 2004, artificial recharge to the shallow aquifer using infiltration basins. The finite element Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM) developed by California Department of Water Resources was used to quantify all of the major hydrologic features of the basin. Using the information provided by the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council, irrigation districts, and previous studies conducted at Oregon State University and by consultants, the model was setup and calibrated, and a water budget simulation was performed for the years of 2003 to 2006. It is shown that close to 96 percent of the land use water demand goes to agriculture growing 16 major crops. 60 percent of the water comes from surface water diversions flowing through unlined irrigation canals , which themselves lose 28 percent of their inflow to the unconfined gravel aquifer. The calibrated and validated model was used to simulate the flow of the Johnson Creek Springs, which were shown to have increased flow due to the artificial recharge project. Close

• 76. [Article] Change in Hydraulic Conductivity of Expansive Soils

  Swelling soils cause millions of dollars of damage to buildings every year in the Unites States alone. One essential piece to understanding these soils is to understand how water moves through them. Hydraulic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Change in Hydraulic Conductivity of Expansive Soils Author: Hesseltine, Johnathon Swelling soils cause millions of dollars of damage to buildings every year in the Unites States alone. One essential piece to understanding these soils is to understand how water moves through them. Hydraulic conductivity is a measure of how easily water flows through a soil. Currently, the most common method of finding the hydraulic conductivity of a saturated soil is to confine the sample in a rigid container and saturate it for 24 hours, then measure the value and assume that it is constant. This method assumes that the hydraulic conductivity of the soil is not dependent on the swelling of the soil or the length of time that it is saturated. The validity of this assumption was evaluated in this project. The goal of this project is to quantify how the hydraulic conductivity and swelling of the Chilean soil changes over time with continuous saturation, when the soil is allowed to swell freely. A standard soil core was wrapped in latex and submerged it in a sealed jar full of water. Water was then allowed to flow from one end of the soil to the other, and a container was connected to the jar, that allowed water to flow between the two as water was displaced. The hydraulic conductivity of the soil was be calculated at each point in time using mass, pressure, and temperature measurements. The three significant samples used in this experiment each expanded about 10-15% initially then decreased in volume by about 2-3% slowly over time. A total of 90-100 pore volumes were flowed through each sample. Each of the samples initially increased in hydraulic conductivity during the first 24 hours then slowly decreased by about a factor of two in hydraulic conductivity from 1 day to 5-8 days. These data show that the assumption that saturated hydraulic conductivity is constant is violated by real soil. Title: Change in Hydraulic Conductivity of Expansive Soils Author: Hesseltine, Johnathon Swelling soils cause millions of dollars of damage to buildings every year in the Unites States alone. One essential piece to understanding these soils is to understand how water moves through them. Hydraulic conductivity is a measure of how easily water flows through a soil. Currently, the most common method of finding the hydraulic conductivity of a saturated soil is to confine the sample in a rigid container and saturate it for 24 hours, then measure the value and assume that it is constant. This method assumes that the hydraulic conductivity of the soil is not dependent on the swelling of the soil or the length of time that it is saturated. The validity of this assumption was evaluated in this project. The goal of this project is to quantify how the hydraulic conductivity and swelling of the Chilean soil changes over time with continuous saturation, when the soil is allowed to swell freely. A standard soil core was wrapped in latex and submerged it in a sealed jar full of water. Water was then allowed to flow from one end of the soil to the other, and a container was connected to the jar, that allowed water to flow between the two as water was displaced. The hydraulic conductivity of the soil was be calculated at each point in time using mass, pressure, and temperature measurements. The three significant samples used in this experiment each expanded about 10-15% initially then decreased in volume by about 2-3% slowly over time. A total of 90-100 pore volumes were flowed through each sample. Each of the samples initially increased in hydraulic conductivity during the first 24 hours then slowly decreased by about a factor of two in hydraulic conductivity from 1 day to 5-8 days. These data show that the assumption that saturated hydraulic conductivity is constant is violated by real soil. Close

• 77. [Article] Conservation of Mass in a Piping Network

  Using returnable bottles within a brewery setting can lower costs associated with purchasing new bottles as well as reduce the energy associated with recycling glass bottles. A commercial dishwasher was ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conservation of Mass in a Piping Network Author: Heim, Samantha Using returnable bottles within a brewery setting can lower costs associated with purchasing new bottles as well as reduce the energy associated with recycling glass bottles. A commercial dishwasher was retrofit specifically to wash bottles. The design and assembly of the piping flow network, testing of water flow through the network and testing of the cleanliness of the bottles post washing are presented in this study. This requires simultaneous analyses of mass and energy conservation equations. The flow out of the piping network was examined by running water through the network and collecting the exiting water in beakers for a specified period of time. These data were used to determine the exiting velocity and report the variations in nozzle mass flow rate. The measured exit velocity of water was found to vary from nozzle to nozzle by as much as 11%. All measured velocities were within 5.7% of those predicted from theory. The outer nozzles had a lower velocity than the nozzles closer to the water source. Although the velocity was different than the calculated values, the total mass exiting the piping network was equal to within ±0.25% of the calculated value. The bottles were swabbed to determine compliance with food safety standards. All cleaned bottles met food safety standards. Title: Conservation of Mass in a Piping Network Author: Heim, Samantha Using returnable bottles within a brewery setting can lower costs associated with purchasing new bottles as well as reduce the energy associated with recycling glass bottles. A commercial dishwasher was retrofit specifically to wash bottles. The design and assembly of the piping flow network, testing of water flow through the network and testing of the cleanliness of the bottles post washing are presented in this study. This requires simultaneous analyses of mass and energy conservation equations. The flow out of the piping network was examined by running water through the network and collecting the exiting water in beakers for a specified period of time. These data were used to determine the exiting velocity and report the variations in nozzle mass flow rate. The measured exit velocity of water was found to vary from nozzle to nozzle by as much as 11%. All measured velocities were within 5.7% of those predicted from theory. The outer nozzles had a lower velocity than the nozzles closer to the water source. Although the velocity was different than the calculated values, the total mass exiting the piping network was equal to within ±0.25% of the calculated value. The bottles were swabbed to determine compliance with food safety standards. All cleaned bottles met food safety standards. Close

• 78. [Article] Surface temperature effects on the fouling characteristics of cooling water

  A cooling tower system was built and fouling resistances were studied for cooling water flowing over a heated tubular surface. The cooling water studied was formulated in an effort to match industrial cooling ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface temperature effects on the fouling characteristics of cooling water Author: Story, Michael Kenneth A cooling tower system was built and fouling resistances were studied for cooling water flowing over a heated tubular surface. The cooling water studied was formulated in an effort to match industrial cooling water quality. The water used in this study had an average Ryznar Stability Index of 6.23 and was formulated by adding calcium chloride and magnesium carbonate to tap water. Fouling resistance versus time was plotted for each experimental run, and the resulting curves indicate a close approximation to industrial conditions can be made in a laboratory environment. Fouling resistances were obtained at surface temperatures from 136°F to 199°F. The flow velocity and water quality were held constant during these runs. A correlation modeled after the Arrhenius temperature function was developed for surface temperature and asymptotic fouling resistance values. The model obtained has a correlation coefficient of .95 and a standard deviation of 4. 08% for data obtained in this study. The Ryznar Stability Index proved to be a poor indicator of water fouling tendency with the cooling water used in the present study. Title: Surface temperature effects on the fouling characteristics of cooling water Author: Story, Michael Kenneth A cooling tower system was built and fouling resistances were studied for cooling water flowing over a heated tubular surface. The cooling water studied was formulated in an effort to match industrial cooling water quality. The water used in this study had an average Ryznar Stability Index of 6.23 and was formulated by adding calcium chloride and magnesium carbonate to tap water. Fouling resistance versus time was plotted for each experimental run, and the resulting curves indicate a close approximation to industrial conditions can be made in a laboratory environment. Fouling resistances were obtained at surface temperatures from 136°F to 199°F. The flow velocity and water quality were held constant during these runs. A correlation modeled after the Arrhenius temperature function was developed for surface temperature and asymptotic fouling resistance values. The model obtained has a correlation coefficient of .95 and a standard deviation of 4. 08% for data obtained in this study. The Ryznar Stability Index proved to be a poor indicator of water fouling tendency with the cooling water used in the present study. Close

• 79. [Article] Design and testing of intrustive conductivity probes for the measurement of two-phase flow parameters

  This thesis examines two techniques for measuring two-phase flow parameters in an air/water system using intrusive conductivity probes. Specifically, the theoretical derivation for measuring void fraction ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Design and testing of intrustive conductivity probes for the measurement of two-phase flow parameters Author: McCreary, David M. This thesis examines two techniques for measuring two-phase flow parameters in an air/water system using intrusive conductivity probes. Specifically, the theoretical derivation for measuring void fraction and interfacial area using a two-sensor needle-type probe is derived, and a statistical analysis of the accuracy using the two-sensor probe for measuring interfacial area will be determined from a comprehensive literature review. The second technique used to measure void fraction in air/water flows is with a half-ring type conductivity probe. This half-ring type probe measures an area-averaged void fraction, while the needle-type probe measures local two-phase parameters. A single-sensor needle-type probe is used to experimentally measure void fraction in a test section, and is then benchmarked with another instrument as well as the drift-flux model. The half-ring type probe is then cross-calibrated with the needle-type probe. A complete system for measurement of local void fraction in an air/water two-phase mixture using two measurement techniques is presented. A detailed design procedure for a single-sensor conductivity probe as well as a half-ring type probe, and the corresponding circuits to power them are discussed. The two techniques discussed are accurate, simple, reliable, and inexpensive. Title: Design and testing of intrustive conductivity probes for the measurement of two-phase flow parameters Author: McCreary, David M. This thesis examines two techniques for measuring two-phase flow parameters in an air/water system using intrusive conductivity probes. Specifically, the theoretical derivation for measuring void fraction and interfacial area using a two-sensor needle-type probe is derived, and a statistical analysis of the accuracy using the two-sensor probe for measuring interfacial area will be determined from a comprehensive literature review. The second technique used to measure void fraction in air/water flows is with a half-ring type conductivity probe. This half-ring type probe measures an area-averaged void fraction, while the needle-type probe measures local two-phase parameters. A single-sensor needle-type probe is used to experimentally measure void fraction in a test section, and is then benchmarked with another instrument as well as the drift-flux model. The half-ring type probe is then cross-calibrated with the needle-type probe. A complete system for measurement of local void fraction in an air/water two-phase mixture using two measurement techniques is presented. A detailed design procedure for a single-sensor conductivity probe as well as a half-ring type probe, and the corresponding circuits to power them are discussed. The two techniques discussed are accurate, simple, reliable, and inexpensive. Close

• 80. [Article] Estuaries in Motion: Teaching Estuarine Flow Concepts through Video

  A video explaining estuarine flow concepts was produced for a target audience of high school students in physics and earth science classes. This honors thesis explains the video production and concepts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estuaries in Motion: Teaching Estuarine Flow Concepts through Video Author: Cameron, Marina R. A video explaining estuarine flow concepts was produced for a target audience of high school students in physics and earth science classes. This honors thesis explains the video production and concepts introduced in the video. Title: Estuaries in Motion: Teaching Estuarine Flow Concepts through Video Author: Cameron, Marina R. A video explaining estuarine flow concepts was produced for a target audience of high school students in physics and earth science classes. This honors thesis explains the video production and concepts introduced in the video. Close