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• 61. [Article] Chinook salmon : life in the watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chinook salmon : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Chinook salmon : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 62. [Article] Coastal cutthroat trout : life in the watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal cutthroat trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Coastal cutthroat trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 63. [Article] Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop

  Oregon's perspectives, differences, and objectives as they pertain to monitoring biodiversity. Presented at the Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop on May 18, 2006.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Oregon's perspectives, differences, and objectives as they pertain to monitoring biodiversity. Presented at the Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop on May 18, 2006. Title: Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Oregon's perspectives, differences, and objectives as they pertain to monitoring biodiversity. Presented at the Regional Biodiversity Monitoring: Partnership Workshop on May 18, 2006. Close

• 64. [Article] An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  The identification and mapping of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, has been effectively completed through the utilization of LANDSAT digital data and NASA U-2 color infrared ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, 1951- The identification and mapping of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, has been effectively completed through the utilization of LANDSAT digital data and NASA U-2 color infrared aerial photography. Classification of LANDSAT data for surface cover type identification and mapping was accomplished through use of the Interactive Digital Image Manipulation System (IDIMS) which provided enormous classification flexibility due to the interactive capability of IDIMS and its color video display. LANDSAT data extraction techniques employed in this research include the generation of grayscales; density slice; spectral reflectance plots versus pixel frequency and LANDSAT bands for low sun angle and medium to high sun angle LANDSAT digital tape dates; spectral relationship plots; and control clustering of training set selection. The use of these techniques produced training statistics which show "good" class discrimination for study area classification. A covariance matrix, weighted divergence, and distance between clusters were generated for each of the 59 training classes to determine if any of the classes were statistically related and should be combined. Slope angle, slope aspect, and surface cover type variation, and to a lesser degree, crown size and crown density are the main environmental factors which account for spectral reflectance variation of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park. Through an understanding of the influence of environmental factors in the reflectance value of surface cover types, one can evaluate the quality of training statistics and the location of training areas in order to reduce mis-classification or non-classification possibilities. A regression analysis, analysis of variance, T-values, F-values, and beta values were used to determine the relative degree that certain environmental factors influence the spectral reflectance of surface cover types producing a change in the mean reflectance of surface cover types per LANDSAT band. LANDSAT classification accuracy levels for 12 major surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park range from 84 to 98 percent. Accuracy levels are inversely related to the level of detail sought and obtained. LANDSAT's primary advantages over NASA U-2 color infrared aerial photography for surface cover type identification and mapping include: repetitive coverage; computer compatibility of data without photographic digitizing; multi-spectral scanner capability; and the further extension of wavelengths into the near infrared. The NASA U-2 aerial photography's primary advantages (over LANDSAT) for surface cover type identification and mapping include: increased scale; greater resolution; and stereoscopic viewing. Stereoscopic viewing was accomplished through use of an Old Delft Scanning stereoscope which provided 1.5 to 4.5 magnification. "Ground truth" is the link between LANDSAT data, aerial photography, and actual ground conditions. "Ground truth" should measure and/or observe surface cover types and parameters which are capable of influencing the spectral reflectance as detected by LANDSAT. Geologic activity, soil conditions, vegetation, and climate have in the past and do in the present influence the spectral reflectance of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, 1951- The identification and mapping of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, has been effectively completed through the utilization of LANDSAT digital data and NASA U-2 color infrared aerial photography. Classification of LANDSAT data for surface cover type identification and mapping was accomplished through use of the Interactive Digital Image Manipulation System (IDIMS) which provided enormous classification flexibility due to the interactive capability of IDIMS and its color video display. LANDSAT data extraction techniques employed in this research include the generation of grayscales; density slice; spectral reflectance plots versus pixel frequency and LANDSAT bands for low sun angle and medium to high sun angle LANDSAT digital tape dates; spectral relationship plots; and control clustering of training set selection. The use of these techniques produced training statistics which show "good" class discrimination for study area classification. A covariance matrix, weighted divergence, and distance between clusters were generated for each of the 59 training classes to determine if any of the classes were statistically related and should be combined. Slope angle, slope aspect, and surface cover type variation, and to a lesser degree, crown size and crown density are the main environmental factors which account for spectral reflectance variation of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park. Through an understanding of the influence of environmental factors in the reflectance value of surface cover types, one can evaluate the quality of training statistics and the location of training areas in order to reduce mis-classification or non-classification possibilities. A regression analysis, analysis of variance, T-values, F-values, and beta values were used to determine the relative degree that certain environmental factors influence the spectral reflectance of surface cover types producing a change in the mean reflectance of surface cover types per LANDSAT band. LANDSAT classification accuracy levels for 12 major surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park range from 84 to 98 percent. Accuracy levels are inversely related to the level of detail sought and obtained. LANDSAT's primary advantages over NASA U-2 color infrared aerial photography for surface cover type identification and mapping include: repetitive coverage; computer compatibility of data without photographic digitizing; multi-spectral scanner capability; and the further extension of wavelengths into the near infrared. The NASA U-2 aerial photography's primary advantages (over LANDSAT) for surface cover type identification and mapping include: increased scale; greater resolution; and stereoscopic viewing. Stereoscopic viewing was accomplished through use of an Old Delft Scanning stereoscope which provided 1.5 to 4.5 magnification. "Ground truth" is the link between LANDSAT data, aerial photography, and actual ground conditions. "Ground truth" should measure and/or observe surface cover types and parameters which are capable of influencing the spectral reflectance as detected by LANDSAT. Geologic activity, soil conditions, vegetation, and climate have in the past and do in the present influence the spectral reflectance of surface cover types within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Close

• 65. [Article] Recommended NWI revisions and GIS layer development for tidal wetlands of the Yaquina and Alsea River Estuaries

  This project report provides a GIS map to accompany the 1999 tidal wetland prioritization in these estuaries. updates information on major changes at 1999 study sites, and recommends revisions to the NWI ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recommended NWI revisions and GIS layer development for tidal wetlands of the Yaquina and Alsea River Estuaries Author: Brophy, Laura This project report provides a GIS map to accompany the 1999 tidal wetland prioritization in these estuaries. updates information on major changes at 1999 study sites, and recommends revisions to the NWI wetland classification for tidal wetlands. Study included emergent, scrub-shrub and forested tidal wetlands but excluded other tidal wetland habitat classes. Title: Recommended NWI revisions and GIS layer development for tidal wetlands of the Yaquina and Alsea River Estuaries Author: Brophy, Laura This project report provides a GIS map to accompany the 1999 tidal wetland prioritization in these estuaries. updates information on major changes at 1999 study sites, and recommends revisions to the NWI wetland classification for tidal wetlands. Study included emergent, scrub-shrub and forested tidal wetlands but excluded other tidal wetland habitat classes. Close

• 66. [Article] Meadow classification in the Willamette National Forest and conifer encroachment patterns in the Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex, Western Cascade Range, Oregon

  This study delineates and characterizes the distribution of montane meadows in the Willamette National Forest, identifies encroachment patterns in relation to topographic features and proximity to trees ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Meadow classification in the Willamette National Forest and conifer encroachment patterns in the Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex, Western Cascade Range, Oregon Author: Dailey, Michele Meadows This study delineates and characterizes the distribution of montane meadows in the Willamette National Forest, identifies encroachment patterns in relation to topographic features and proximity to trees in the Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex, and examines tree species and age distributions in relation to distance from forest edges or isolated tree clusters in the West Middle Prairie meadow. The Willamette National Forest covers approximately 6780 km² and intersects two main physiographic provinces comprised of the Cascade Crest Montane Forests and Subalpine/Alpine regions to the east, and the Western Cascades Montane, Lowland, and Valley regions to the west. Tree species commonly found in the study area include firs, cedar, pine, larch, spruce, and hemlock. Non-forested openings, including meadows, are distributed throughout the study area. Matched Filtering analysis was applied to Landsat ETM+ imagery acquired in September 2002 and combined with ancillary data that delineates stand replacing fire and harvest disturbances that occurred between 1972 and 2004 to create a vegetation classification of the Willamette National Forest that identifies meadows. The meadow classification was then combined with data depicting topographic position, slope, aspect, and elevation. Chi-squared statistics were applied to determine if meadows were significantly concentrated in areas characterized by these physical factors. In the western extent of the Willamette National Forest, meadows are concentrated on steep, south and east facing ridges between 1000 and 2000m in elevation. In the eastern extent of the Willamette National Forest, meadows are concentrated in valleys between 500 and 1000 meters in elevation and occur on both gentle and steep, east and south facing slopes. The vegetation classification provides a consistent and comprehensive dataset of meadow distribution in the Willamette National Forest. The Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex is contained by the Chucksney Mountain roadless area and comprised of approximately 8 distinct meadows located 27 kilometers northeast of Oakridge in the Willamette National Forest. The meadows occur on mostly south and east facing steep slopes near the ridgeline, and host varied dry and mesic plant communities. Herbaceous cover for three snapshots in time was classified using aerial photographs taken in 1947, 1972, and 2005 to determine conifer encroachment into the meadows. Chi-squared statistics were applied to determine if encroachment patterns were associated with slope, aspect, or proximity to tree cover. Encroachment occurred significantly closer to existing trees in all meadows suggesting the ameliorating effects of forest create conditions favorable for seedling establishment. Encroachment was also significant on steep, south and east facing slopes in some meadows, but also on gentle, west facing slopes in other meadows indicating a complex interaction of land use history, physical, and biological factors. The encroachment history analysis provides the preliminary framework for a model that can be used to identify meadows at risk for invasion. The West Middle Prairie of the Chucksney-Grasshopper complex, also known as Meadow 4, is a 21 hectare meadow characterized by a dry meadow community at the northern boundary, a mesic forest-meadow mosaic towards the southern boundary, and a rock garden at the western boundary. This meadow underwent mechanical tree removal in 1964 and a prescribed burn in 1996 to thwart conifer invasion. Four transects intersecting burned and unburned areas at the forest edge and through isolated tree clusters were sampled to determine the distribution of tree species and ages relative to their position in the transect. Data imply Pinus contorta invasion was promoted by the 1996 burns and that seedling establishment has occurred progressively from forest edges as well as simultaneously in a band along the forest edge. These findings suggest the prescribed burn was not adequate to control invasion and such management methods should be reviewed in the context of on-going research into alternate eradication measures. This research also supports other work that suggests initial seedling establishment accelerates subsequent seedling establishment and that eradication of early invaders is important for efficient management. This study can inform meadow habitat maintenance and restoration in three ways: it provides and inventory of meadows in the Willamette National Forest, a framework for a tool to predict which meadows are at risk for invasion and therefore are potential targets for action, and finally a report on past maintenance efforts and observation of invasion patterns at a fine scale. Title: Meadow classification in the Willamette National Forest and conifer encroachment patterns in the Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex, Western Cascade Range, Oregon Author: Dailey, Michele Meadows This study delineates and characterizes the distribution of montane meadows in the Willamette National Forest, identifies encroachment patterns in relation to topographic features and proximity to trees in the Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex, and examines tree species and age distributions in relation to distance from forest edges or isolated tree clusters in the West Middle Prairie meadow. The Willamette National Forest covers approximately 6780 km² and intersects two main physiographic provinces comprised of the Cascade Crest Montane Forests and Subalpine/Alpine regions to the east, and the Western Cascades Montane, Lowland, and Valley regions to the west. Tree species commonly found in the study area include firs, cedar, pine, larch, spruce, and hemlock. Non-forested openings, including meadows, are distributed throughout the study area. Matched Filtering analysis was applied to Landsat ETM+ imagery acquired in September 2002 and combined with ancillary data that delineates stand replacing fire and harvest disturbances that occurred between 1972 and 2004 to create a vegetation classification of the Willamette National Forest that identifies meadows. The meadow classification was then combined with data depicting topographic position, slope, aspect, and elevation. Chi-squared statistics were applied to determine if meadows were significantly concentrated in areas characterized by these physical factors. In the western extent of the Willamette National Forest, meadows are concentrated on steep, south and east facing ridges between 1000 and 2000m in elevation. In the eastern extent of the Willamette National Forest, meadows are concentrated in valleys between 500 and 1000 meters in elevation and occur on both gentle and steep, east and south facing slopes. The vegetation classification provides a consistent and comprehensive dataset of meadow distribution in the Willamette National Forest. The Chucksney-Grasshopper meadow complex is contained by the Chucksney Mountain roadless area and comprised of approximately 8 distinct meadows located 27 kilometers northeast of Oakridge in the Willamette National Forest. The meadows occur on mostly south and east facing steep slopes near the ridgeline, and host varied dry and mesic plant communities. Herbaceous cover for three snapshots in time was classified using aerial photographs taken in 1947, 1972, and 2005 to determine conifer encroachment into the meadows. Chi-squared statistics were applied to determine if encroachment patterns were associated with slope, aspect, or proximity to tree cover. Encroachment occurred significantly closer to existing trees in all meadows suggesting the ameliorating effects of forest create conditions favorable for seedling establishment. Encroachment was also significant on steep, south and east facing slopes in some meadows, but also on gentle, west facing slopes in other meadows indicating a complex interaction of land use history, physical, and biological factors. The encroachment history analysis provides the preliminary framework for a model that can be used to identify meadows at risk for invasion. The West Middle Prairie of the Chucksney-Grasshopper complex, also known as Meadow 4, is a 21 hectare meadow characterized by a dry meadow community at the northern boundary, a mesic forest-meadow mosaic towards the southern boundary, and a rock garden at the western boundary. This meadow underwent mechanical tree removal in 1964 and a prescribed burn in 1996 to thwart conifer invasion. Four transects intersecting burned and unburned areas at the forest edge and through isolated tree clusters were sampled to determine the distribution of tree species and ages relative to their position in the transect. Data imply Pinus contorta invasion was promoted by the 1996 burns and that seedling establishment has occurred progressively from forest edges as well as simultaneously in a band along the forest edge. These findings suggest the prescribed burn was not adequate to control invasion and such management methods should be reviewed in the context of on-going research into alternate eradication measures. This research also supports other work that suggests initial seedling establishment accelerates subsequent seedling establishment and that eradication of early invaders is important for efficient management. This study can inform meadow habitat maintenance and restoration in three ways: it provides and inventory of meadows in the Willamette National Forest, a framework for a tool to predict which meadows are at risk for invasion and therefore are potential targets for action, and finally a report on past maintenance efforts and observation of invasion patterns at a fine scale. Close

• 67. [Article] Distribution of nearshore macroinvertebrates in lakes of the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA

  Although nearshore macroinvertebrates are integral members of high mountain lentic systems, knowledge of ecological factors influencing their distributions is limited. Factors affecting distributions of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution of nearshore macroinvertebrates in lakes of the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA Author: Hoffman, Robert L. Although nearshore macroinvertebrates are integral members of high mountain lentic systems, knowledge of ecological factors influencing their distributions is limited. Factors affecting distributions of nearshore macroinvertebrates were investigated, including microhabitat use and vertebrate predation, in the oligotrophic lakes of North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington, USA, and the conformity of distribution with a lake classification system was assessed (Lomnicky, unpublished manuscript; Liss et al. 1991). Forty-one lakes were assigned to six classification categories based on vegetation zone (forest, subalpine, alpine), elevation, and position relative to the west or east side of the crest of the Cascade Range. These classification variables represented fundamental characteristics of the terrestrial environment that indirectly reflected geology and climate. This geoclimatic perspective provided a broad, integrative framework for expressing the physical environment of lakes. Habitat conditions and macroinvertebrate distributions in study lakes were studied from 1989 through 1991. Distributions varied according to vegetation zone, elevation, and crest position, and reflected the concordance between habitat conditions and organism life history requirements. Habitat parameters affecting distributions included water temperature, the kinds of substrates in benthic microhabitats, water chemistry, and, to a limited extent, the presence of vertebrate predators. The number of taxa per lake was positively correlated with maximum temperature and negatively correlated with elevation. Forest zone lakes tended to have the highest number of taxa and alpine lakes the lowest. Substrates in nearshore microhabitats varied with vegetation zone. Organic substrates were more predominant than inorganic substrates in forest zone lakes. Organic substrates declined and inorganic substrates increased in the subalpine zone. There were virtually no organic substrates in alpine lakes. Taxa were placed into groups based on substrate preference. Ordinations indicated that the proportion of taxa in inorganic and organic-based substrate preference groups paralleled vegetation zone-substrate relationships. Lake water hardness and pH, as well as the presence of vertebrate predators affected the distribution of several taxa. Gastropods were limited to three forest lakes by their water hardness and pH requirements, and the dytiscid beetle, Potamonectes qriseostriatus appeared to be absent from forest lakes due, in part, to the pH requirements of this taxon. The distribution of three taxa (Taenionema, Ameletus, Desmona) appeared to be affected by the presence of vertebrate predators (salamanders and trout). Discriminant analysis was used to test the reliability of lake classification based on terrestrial characteristics. Discriminant analysis assigned lakes to categories based on similarities in kinds of substrates, substrate preference groups, and taxa. Strong concordance between both methods of lake classification supported the interconnection between terrestrial characteristics and processes and the abiotic and biotic conditions in lakes. Title: Distribution of nearshore macroinvertebrates in lakes of the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA Author: Hoffman, Robert L. Although nearshore macroinvertebrates are integral members of high mountain lentic systems, knowledge of ecological factors influencing their distributions is limited. Factors affecting distributions of nearshore macroinvertebrates were investigated, including microhabitat use and vertebrate predation, in the oligotrophic lakes of North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington, USA, and the conformity of distribution with a lake classification system was assessed (Lomnicky, unpublished manuscript; Liss et al. 1991). Forty-one lakes were assigned to six classification categories based on vegetation zone (forest, subalpine, alpine), elevation, and position relative to the west or east side of the crest of the Cascade Range. These classification variables represented fundamental characteristics of the terrestrial environment that indirectly reflected geology and climate. This geoclimatic perspective provided a broad, integrative framework for expressing the physical environment of lakes. Habitat conditions and macroinvertebrate distributions in study lakes were studied from 1989 through 1991. Distributions varied according to vegetation zone, elevation, and crest position, and reflected the concordance between habitat conditions and organism life history requirements. Habitat parameters affecting distributions included water temperature, the kinds of substrates in benthic microhabitats, water chemistry, and, to a limited extent, the presence of vertebrate predators. The number of taxa per lake was positively correlated with maximum temperature and negatively correlated with elevation. Forest zone lakes tended to have the highest number of taxa and alpine lakes the lowest. Substrates in nearshore microhabitats varied with vegetation zone. Organic substrates were more predominant than inorganic substrates in forest zone lakes. Organic substrates declined and inorganic substrates increased in the subalpine zone. There were virtually no organic substrates in alpine lakes. Taxa were placed into groups based on substrate preference. Ordinations indicated that the proportion of taxa in inorganic and organic-based substrate preference groups paralleled vegetation zone-substrate relationships. Lake water hardness and pH, as well as the presence of vertebrate predators affected the distribution of several taxa. Gastropods were limited to three forest lakes by their water hardness and pH requirements, and the dytiscid beetle, Potamonectes qriseostriatus appeared to be absent from forest lakes due, in part, to the pH requirements of this taxon. The distribution of three taxa (Taenionema, Ameletus, Desmona) appeared to be affected by the presence of vertebrate predators (salamanders and trout). Discriminant analysis was used to test the reliability of lake classification based on terrestrial characteristics. Discriminant analysis assigned lakes to categories based on similarities in kinds of substrates, substrate preference groups, and taxa. Strong concordance between both methods of lake classification supported the interconnection between terrestrial characteristics and processes and the abiotic and biotic conditions in lakes. Close

• 68. [Article] The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Close

• 69. [Article] A guide to placing large wood in streams

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A guide to placing large wood in streams Author: Oregon. Forest Practices Section, Oregon. Habitat Conservation Division Title: A guide to placing large wood in streams Author: Oregon. Forest Practices Section, Oregon. Habitat Conservation Division Close

• 70. [Article] Vegetation-soil relations as a basis for resource management on the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon

  The study was conducted on the Ochoco National Forest in central Oregon. Vegetation-soil relationships were evaluated for the following objectives: 1. Develop a sound ecological foundation on which total ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation-soil relations as a basis for resource management on the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon Author: Hall, Frederick C. The study was conducted on the Ochoco National Forest in central Oregon. Vegetation-soil relationships were evaluated for the following objectives: 1. Develop a sound ecological foundation on which total land management decisions may be based. 2. Evaluate forest succession, stocking, and growth to improve management. 3. Develop accurate range condition and trend guides. The concept of non-random distribution of plant communities in a continuum gradient was used to guide the investigation. This philosophy requires sampling the entire spectrum of vegetation and environmental variability in order to determine plant community groupings for classification purposes. Data were collected on a fifth-acre plot for trees, and on two 100-foot three-quarter-inch loop transects for subordinate vegetation. Forage production was determined on ten 9.6-square foot plots. Soil profiles were described according to standard procedure. Only vegetation free from grazing or logging disturbance was sampled. Vegetation was classified by use of association tables. Mathematical computations included standard errors and correlation analysis. Non-forest associations were: Artemisia rigida/Poa secunda on about six inches of soil, Artemisia arbuscula/Festuca idahoensis on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from acid igneous rock, and Artemisia arbuscula/Agropyron spicatum on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from basic igneous rock. These associations occur as natural openings in the forest zone due to soil properties inimical to tree establishment. Climax pine associations occurred on 12 to 30 inches of sandy, stony soil. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum occurs at lower elevations. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Sitanion hystrix occurs on acid igneous derived soils. Pinus ponderosa/Carex geyeri occurs on basic igneous derived soils. All are grazed by livestock and require open tree stocking for optimum tree growth. The Abies grandis/Calamagrostis rubescens association occupies more land area than all other forest types combined. It has been maintained in open Pinus ponderosa by natural, recurrent ground fires. With fire control, this association gradually moves toward a climax of fir. The Abies grandis/Bromus vulgaris association occurs at upper elevations. Dense forest cover makes it unsuitable for grazing. Management is different than for the Abies/Calamagrostis. Even though the Pinus contorta/Vaccnium scoparurn/Calamagrostis rubescens is successional, it was classified as an associes for management purposes. It pioneers on Abies/Bromus sites following conflagration fires. Four other vegetation associations were briefly described. Numerical variability within associations poses problems for development of range and forest management guides. In most cases, correlation analysis permits refinement of data. Variability is caused by the continuum effect of vegetation and environment. The information derived from this study is discussed for application in management. Mapping recommendations include a basic vegetation map with overlays for timber and range management use. Guides are presented for development of range condition and trend standards, interpretation of trend, and evaluation of management. Forestry guides include suggestions for silviculture, stocking and growth, and timber management. In addition, application in watershed and multiple use is briefly discussed. Title: Vegetation-soil relations as a basis for resource management on the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon Author: Hall, Frederick C. The study was conducted on the Ochoco National Forest in central Oregon. Vegetation-soil relationships were evaluated for the following objectives: 1. Develop a sound ecological foundation on which total land management decisions may be based. 2. Evaluate forest succession, stocking, and growth to improve management. 3. Develop accurate range condition and trend guides. The concept of non-random distribution of plant communities in a continuum gradient was used to guide the investigation. This philosophy requires sampling the entire spectrum of vegetation and environmental variability in order to determine plant community groupings for classification purposes. Data were collected on a fifth-acre plot for trees, and on two 100-foot three-quarter-inch loop transects for subordinate vegetation. Forage production was determined on ten 9.6-square foot plots. Soil profiles were described according to standard procedure. Only vegetation free from grazing or logging disturbance was sampled. Vegetation was classified by use of association tables. Mathematical computations included standard errors and correlation analysis. Non-forest associations were: Artemisia rigida/Poa secunda on about six inches of soil, Artemisia arbuscula/Festuca idahoensis on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from acid igneous rock, and Artemisia arbuscula/Agropyron spicatum on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from basic igneous rock. These associations occur as natural openings in the forest zone due to soil properties inimical to tree establishment. Climax pine associations occurred on 12 to 30 inches of sandy, stony soil. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum occurs at lower elevations. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Sitanion hystrix occurs on acid igneous derived soils. Pinus ponderosa/Carex geyeri occurs on basic igneous derived soils. All are grazed by livestock and require open tree stocking for optimum tree growth. The Abies grandis/Calamagrostis rubescens association occupies more land area than all other forest types combined. It has been maintained in open Pinus ponderosa by natural, recurrent ground fires. With fire control, this association gradually moves toward a climax of fir. The Abies grandis/Bromus vulgaris association occurs at upper elevations. Dense forest cover makes it unsuitable for grazing. Management is different than for the Abies/Calamagrostis. Even though the Pinus contorta/Vaccnium scoparurn/Calamagrostis rubescens is successional, it was classified as an associes for management purposes. It pioneers on Abies/Bromus sites following conflagration fires. Four other vegetation associations were briefly described. Numerical variability within associations poses problems for development of range and forest management guides. In most cases, correlation analysis permits refinement of data. Variability is caused by the continuum effect of vegetation and environment. The information derived from this study is discussed for application in management. Mapping recommendations include a basic vegetation map with overlays for timber and range management use. Guides are presented for development of range condition and trend standards, interpretation of trend, and evaluation of management. Forestry guides include suggestions for silviculture, stocking and growth, and timber management. In addition, application in watershed and multiple use is briefly discussed. Close

• 71. [Article] Vegetation changes in the Willamette River Greenway, Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon, 1972-1981

  The nature and extent of niparian vegetation change from 1972 to 1981 in the Willamette River Greenway in Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon was quantitatively investigated. The study was primarily by aerial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation changes in the Willamette River Greenway, Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon, 1972-1981 Author: Wickramaratne, Siri Nimal The nature and extent of niparian vegetation change from 1972 to 1981 in the Willamette River Greenway in Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon was quantitatively investigated. The study was primarily by aerial imagery analysis and associated field verification. A classification of vegetation and land cover within the study area was developed and employed in imagery interpretation. Vegetation cover within the Greenway based on this classification was mapped at a scale of 1:12,000 using 1981 color infrared and 1976 natural color imagery. Two additional sets of working maps, each consisting of 29 sheets, were prepared from 1972 and 1981 airphoto coverage respectively. Each set portrayed total vegetation cover, agricultural cover, and urban/industrial cover. Comparison of the two sets of maps facilitated completion of a single set of vegetation and land cover change maps depicting loss of vegetation at the expense of gains in agricultural and urban/industrial cover within the Greenway. Area in vegetation, agriculture, and urban/industrial development was measured for 1972 and 1981 for Benton and Linn Counties and change in each category determined. In Benton County a total loss of 436 acres of vegetation within the Greenway was found. This is about 8% of the total Benton County Greenway area of 5,505 acres. In Linri County the total loss was 290 acres which amounts to about 4% of the total Linn County Greenway area of 7,308 acres. Of the total Greenway vegetation lost in both counties, 60% was in Benton County and 40% was in Linn County. No gain in vegetation in the Willainette River Greenway was observed. A net loss of vegetation to agriculture and development was found in each county. Title: Vegetation changes in the Willamette River Greenway, Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon, 1972-1981 Author: Wickramaratne, Siri Nimal The nature and extent of niparian vegetation change from 1972 to 1981 in the Willamette River Greenway in Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon was quantitatively investigated. The study was primarily by aerial imagery analysis and associated field verification. A classification of vegetation and land cover within the study area was developed and employed in imagery interpretation. Vegetation cover within the Greenway based on this classification was mapped at a scale of 1:12,000 using 1981 color infrared and 1976 natural color imagery. Two additional sets of working maps, each consisting of 29 sheets, were prepared from 1972 and 1981 airphoto coverage respectively. Each set portrayed total vegetation cover, agricultural cover, and urban/industrial cover. Comparison of the two sets of maps facilitated completion of a single set of vegetation and land cover change maps depicting loss of vegetation at the expense of gains in agricultural and urban/industrial cover within the Greenway. Area in vegetation, agriculture, and urban/industrial development was measured for 1972 and 1981 for Benton and Linn Counties and change in each category determined. In Benton County a total loss of 436 acres of vegetation within the Greenway was found. This is about 8% of the total Benton County Greenway area of 5,505 acres. In Linri County the total loss was 290 acres which amounts to about 4% of the total Linn County Greenway area of 7,308 acres. Of the total Greenway vegetation lost in both counties, 60% was in Benton County and 40% was in Linn County. No gain in vegetation in the Willainette River Greenway was observed. A net loss of vegetation to agriculture and development was found in each county. Close

• 72. [Article] Numerical classification of range vegetation and statistical analysis of its ecology

  The purpose of the research was to computerize mathematical procedures for the analysis of range vegetation and environmental data. The specific objectives were as follows: 1. to develop and apply computer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Numerical classification of range vegetation and statistical analysis of its ecology Author: Pyott, William Tucker, 1936- The purpose of the research was to computerize mathematical procedures for the analysis of range vegetation and environmental data. The specific objectives were as follows: 1. to develop and apply computer techniques to the classification of vegetation in order to provide a phytosociological framework within which to investigate the ecology of range vegetation, and 2. to adapt computer software for multivariate statistical techniques to the analysis of vegetation-environment relationships. In fulfilling these objectives a synthesis of classical phytosociological principles and methods with techniques of numerical taxonomy was achieved. A Euclidean mathematical model for numerical taxonomy was selected. Hierarchical, polythetic-agglomerative classification procedures, measures of interspecies and interstand relationships, and forms of data (species presence vs. species amount) were compared. Computer programs were written in FORTRAN for classification. Data used were from sagebrush-grass ranges of eastern Oregon as well as from the literature. Classification results were evaluated according to the principles of the Braun-Blanquet system, by the chaining coefficient, and by stepwise discriminant analysis. The latter analysis was also used to determine the degree of correlation of environmental variables with vegetation pattern (from classification). Ward's method, which minimizes the within groups sum of squares (error S. S.), was selected as the classification strategy for both species and stands. Squared Euclidean distance for presence only data was selected as the coefficient of interspecies relationships. It produced the best definition of species groups and had the lowest chaining coefficient. Squared Euclidean distance calculated from standardized vegetation data (such as % foliage cover transformed to zero mean and unit variance by species) gave as good or better results for stand classification as the squared distance calculated from presence only data (depending on the data set). Species were classified first to determine groups of potential differential species (internally cohesive, mutually exclusive species groups). Only these species were retained as the basis of stand classification. In the stepwise discriminant analysis of stand groups, differential species were invariably the first few entered as discriminating variables. Patterns of similarities and differences appeared in the environmental data which were highly similar to patterns in the results of the vegetation classification. In stepwise discriminant analysis of environmental data, site variables and soil physical and chemical variables were equally prominent as the first discriminants entered. The hierarchical nature of the classification procedure makes possible the determination of species groups which identify vegetation units (and thus environments) at different levels of synthesis. Thus the same data base can be used for broad land use planning purposes as well as for intensive management of individual range units. The necessarily large sample sizes make computer aid essential for efficient data analysis. These computer classification procedures take only a few hours (11 hours maximum total elapsed time at a remote console) in contrast with weeks (at best) for error-prone classical phytosociological data manipulation. The substantial time-saving frees the researcher to concentrate on classification results interpretation and application to land use and management problems rather than data manipulation. Title: Numerical classification of range vegetation and statistical analysis of its ecology Author: Pyott, William Tucker, 1936- The purpose of the research was to computerize mathematical procedures for the analysis of range vegetation and environmental data. The specific objectives were as follows: 1. to develop and apply computer techniques to the classification of vegetation in order to provide a phytosociological framework within which to investigate the ecology of range vegetation, and 2. to adapt computer software for multivariate statistical techniques to the analysis of vegetation-environment relationships. In fulfilling these objectives a synthesis of classical phytosociological principles and methods with techniques of numerical taxonomy was achieved. A Euclidean mathematical model for numerical taxonomy was selected. Hierarchical, polythetic-agglomerative classification procedures, measures of interspecies and interstand relationships, and forms of data (species presence vs. species amount) were compared. Computer programs were written in FORTRAN for classification. Data used were from sagebrush-grass ranges of eastern Oregon as well as from the literature. Classification results were evaluated according to the principles of the Braun-Blanquet system, by the chaining coefficient, and by stepwise discriminant analysis. The latter analysis was also used to determine the degree of correlation of environmental variables with vegetation pattern (from classification). Ward's method, which minimizes the within groups sum of squares (error S. S.), was selected as the classification strategy for both species and stands. Squared Euclidean distance for presence only data was selected as the coefficient of interspecies relationships. It produced the best definition of species groups and had the lowest chaining coefficient. Squared Euclidean distance calculated from standardized vegetation data (such as % foliage cover transformed to zero mean and unit variance by species) gave as good or better results for stand classification as the squared distance calculated from presence only data (depending on the data set). Species were classified first to determine groups of potential differential species (internally cohesive, mutually exclusive species groups). Only these species were retained as the basis of stand classification. In the stepwise discriminant analysis of stand groups, differential species were invariably the first few entered as discriminating variables. Patterns of similarities and differences appeared in the environmental data which were highly similar to patterns in the results of the vegetation classification. In stepwise discriminant analysis of environmental data, site variables and soil physical and chemical variables were equally prominent as the first discriminants entered. The hierarchical nature of the classification procedure makes possible the determination of species groups which identify vegetation units (and thus environments) at different levels of synthesis. Thus the same data base can be used for broad land use planning purposes as well as for intensive management of individual range units. The necessarily large sample sizes make computer aid essential for efficient data analysis. These computer classification procedures take only a few hours (11 hours maximum total elapsed time at a remote console) in contrast with weeks (at best) for error-prone classical phytosociological data manipulation. The substantial time-saving frees the researcher to concentrate on classification results interpretation and application to land use and management problems rather than data manipulation. Close

• 73. [Article] Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP) Title: Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP) Close

• 74. [Image] An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, Year: 1977, 2009 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978; Includes bibliographical references Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, Year: 1977, 2009 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 75. [Article] Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring

  The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Close

• 76. [Article] Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon

  This report summarizes vegetation data collected in July 2015 in wet meadow and marshy habitats on the Double O Unit of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR). Because vegetation sampled at the Double ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Year: 2016 This report summarizes vegetation data collected in July 2015 in wet meadow and marshy habitats on the Double O Unit of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR). Because vegetation sampled at the Double O was wetter and more alkaline than wet meadows sampled at the south end of the refuge in 2012 and 2013 (Christy 2014), data from the Double O Unit were analyzed and summarized separately. A total of 83 plots were sampled in 2015, and analysis of the data identified 14 plant associations: Alopecurus aequalis - Juncus balticus, Alopecurus pratensis - Potentilla anserina, Carex praegracilis - Juncus balticus, Cicuta douglasii - Carex nebrascensis, Distichlis spicata - Amphiscirpus nevadensis, Distichlis spicata - Nitrophila occidentalis, Eleocharis palustris - Juncus balticus, Eleocharis rostellata, Juncus balticus - Glaux maritima, Hippuris vulgaris - Triglochin maritima, Leymus triticoides - Juncus balticus, Schoenoplectus americanus, Spartina gracilis, and Triglochin maritima. Plant associations spanned a wetland gradient from seasonally moist to seasonally or perennially flooded, but surface water had left most stands at time of sampling. Mean Wetland Indicator Status scores and species composition help to place the plant associations within gradients in soil moisture and alkalinity. Seven of the 14 plant associations are listed in the International Vegetation Classification, and the remaining types are provisional Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Year: 2016 This report summarizes vegetation data collected in July 2015 in wet meadow and marshy habitats on the Double O Unit of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR). Because vegetation sampled at the Double O was wetter and more alkaline than wet meadows sampled at the south end of the refuge in 2012 and 2013 (Christy 2014), data from the Double O Unit were analyzed and summarized separately. A total of 83 plots were sampled in 2015, and analysis of the data identified 14 plant associations: Alopecurus aequalis - Juncus balticus, Alopecurus pratensis - Potentilla anserina, Carex praegracilis - Juncus balticus, Cicuta douglasii - Carex nebrascensis, Distichlis spicata - Amphiscirpus nevadensis, Distichlis spicata - Nitrophila occidentalis, Eleocharis palustris - Juncus balticus, Eleocharis rostellata, Juncus balticus - Glaux maritima, Hippuris vulgaris - Triglochin maritima, Leymus triticoides - Juncus balticus, Schoenoplectus americanus, Spartina gracilis, and Triglochin maritima. Plant associations spanned a wetland gradient from seasonally moist to seasonally or perennially flooded, but surface water had left most stands at time of sampling. Mean Wetland Indicator Status scores and species composition help to place the plant associations within gradients in soil moisture and alkalinity. Seven of the 14 plant associations are listed in the International Vegetation Classification, and the remaining types are provisional Close

• 77. [Article] U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon

  On February 11, 1998, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) requested that a representative of NIOSH conduct a health hazard evaluation (HHE) to evaluate and compare timber marker's (also called Forestry Technicians) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon Author: Esswein, Eric J., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health., Roegner, Kevin C. On February 11, 1998, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) requested that a representative of NIOSH conduct a health hazard evaluation (HHE) to evaluate and compare timber marker's (also called Forestry Technicians) exposures to a new waterborne formulation of tree marking paint developed for use by the U.S. Forestry Service. NIOSH performed several previous investigations to document Forestry Technician's exposures to alkyd enamel tree marking paint traditionally used by the USFS for timber marking operations. On May 18, 1998, two NIOSH industrial hygienists met with USFS employees and management representatives in LaGrande, Oregon, where an opening conference was conducted to discuss details of this investigation which occurred on may 19-21, 1998, at the Little Bear timber sale in the Catherine Creek Wildlife Unit located approximately 25 miles southeast of LaGrande. Title: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon Author: Esswein, Eric J., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health., Roegner, Kevin C. On February 11, 1998, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) requested that a representative of NIOSH conduct a health hazard evaluation (HHE) to evaluate and compare timber marker's (also called Forestry Technicians) exposures to a new waterborne formulation of tree marking paint developed for use by the U.S. Forestry Service. NIOSH performed several previous investigations to document Forestry Technician's exposures to alkyd enamel tree marking paint traditionally used by the USFS for timber marking operations. On May 18, 1998, two NIOSH industrial hygienists met with USFS employees and management representatives in LaGrande, Oregon, where an opening conference was conducted to discuss details of this investigation which occurred on may 19-21, 1998, at the Little Bear timber sale in the Catherine Creek Wildlife Unit located approximately 25 miles southeast of LaGrande. Close

• 78. [Image] Vegetation and fire history of Ponderosa Pine - White Fir forest in Crater Lake National Park

  	ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1975; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation and fire history of Ponderosa Pine - White Fir forest in Crater Lake National Park Author: McNeil, Robert Curlan Year: 1975, 2009, 2010 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1975; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127) Title: Vegetation and fire history of Ponderosa Pine - White Fir forest in Crater Lake National Park Author: McNeil, Robert Curlan Year: 1975, 2009, 2010 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1975; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127) Close

• 79. [Article] Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout

  On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The effective date for the final listing was May 24, 1999, and the ESU is defined as 'all naturally spawned populations of spring-run chinook salmon residing below impassable natural barriers' (64 FR 14308). Critical habitat for this ESU was proposed on March 9, 1998 (63 FR 11482), and this proposed designation is still pending at the time of this Biological Opinion. Upper Willamette River chinook salmon occur within the action area of this consultation. The Upper Willamette River steelhead ESU was listed as threatened under the ESA (64 FR 14517; March 25, 1999) simultaneously with Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, but its range does not include the action area for this consultation 1 , and it is not addressed in this Biological Opinion. The objective of this Biological Opinion is to address the effects of providing a license to operate the McKenzie project, as proposed by FERC, on listed UW chinook salmon and bull trout, and to determine if this federal action by FERC will jeopardize the continued existence of either species. It will also serve as a conference opinion on the effects of the proposed action on proposed UW chinook salmon critical habitat. Until FERC issues a license for the McKenzie project incorporating the reasonable and prudent measures of this Biological Opinion, the existing project has no authorization for take of listed species Title: Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The effective date for the final listing was May 24, 1999, and the ESU is defined as 'all naturally spawned populations of spring-run chinook salmon residing below impassable natural barriers' (64 FR 14308). Critical habitat for this ESU was proposed on March 9, 1998 (63 FR 11482), and this proposed designation is still pending at the time of this Biological Opinion. Upper Willamette River chinook salmon occur within the action area of this consultation. The Upper Willamette River steelhead ESU was listed as threatened under the ESA (64 FR 14517; March 25, 1999) simultaneously with Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, but its range does not include the action area for this consultation 1 , and it is not addressed in this Biological Opinion. The objective of this Biological Opinion is to address the effects of providing a license to operate the McKenzie project, as proposed by FERC, on listed UW chinook salmon and bull trout, and to determine if this federal action by FERC will jeopardize the continued existence of either species. It will also serve as a conference opinion on the effects of the proposed action on proposed UW chinook salmon critical habitat. Until FERC issues a license for the McKenzie project incorporating the reasonable and prudent measures of this Biological Opinion, the existing project has no authorization for take of listed species Close

• 80. [Article] Classification of native vegetation of Oregon

  This classification lists the native plant associations known to occur in Oregon, and includes both successional and climax vegetation types that were an important part of the presettlement landscape of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Classification of native vegetation of Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Titus, Jonathan A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, Kagan, James S., Murray, Michael P. This classification lists the native plant associations known to occur in Oregon, and includes both successional and climax vegetation types that were an important part of the presettlement landscape of Oregon. It serves as an index to the diversity, distribution and relative rarity of the state's native plant associations, and as a guide to their literature. Plant assocations are listed by scientific name, followed by common name and acronym. Listings include the global and state rank of each association, the ecoregion in which it occurs, its status as wetland or upland, and references describing the association. A bibliography lists all cited references. The classification is presented in a spreadsheet format, but can also be imported into a database format. Published and unpublished reports were the primary sources for the classification. Descriptions supported by quantitative data were used whenever possible. Publications from other states or provinces in the Pacific Northwest were used for associations known to occur in, but not described from Oregon. Sampling methods and concepts of species and associations differ greatly among researchers. To accommodate variation occurring in the field, some associations have been lumped. Title: Classification of native vegetation of Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Titus, Jonathan A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, Kagan, James S., Murray, Michael P. This classification lists the native plant associations known to occur in Oregon, and includes both successional and climax vegetation types that were an important part of the presettlement landscape of Oregon. It serves as an index to the diversity, distribution and relative rarity of the state's native plant associations, and as a guide to their literature. Plant assocations are listed by scientific name, followed by common name and acronym. Listings include the global and state rank of each association, the ecoregion in which it occurs, its status as wetland or upland, and references describing the association. A bibliography lists all cited references. The classification is presented in a spreadsheet format, but can also be imported into a database format. Published and unpublished reports were the primary sources for the classification. Descriptions supported by quantitative data were used whenever possible. Publications from other states or provinces in the Pacific Northwest were used for associations known to occur in, but not described from Oregon. Sampling methods and concepts of species and associations differ greatly among researchers. To accommodate variation occurring in the field, some associations have been lumped. Close