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• 301. [Article] The taxonomic significance of the male genitalia and associated structures in the genus Eucerceris cresson (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae)

  The male genitalia of 69 species, representing eight genera of sphecid wasps, were examined in order to ascertain their taxonomic value. In all, the male genitalia of approximately 1000 specimens were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The taxonomic significance of the male genitalia and associated structures in the genus Eucerceris cresson (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae) Author: Davidson, Jerry Mitchell The male genitalia of 69 species, representing eight genera of sphecid wasps, were examined in order to ascertain their taxonomic value. In all, the male genitalia of approximately 1000 specimens were critically studied. Emphasis was placed on the genitalia and associated sclerites of the known males in the genus Eucerceris. The genitalia of most species are so different that they can be defined by this structure alone. The pygidia, and to a lesser extent the seventh and eighth sterna, also offer reliable characteristics with which to distinguish species. The North American genera of the subfamily Philanthinae can be differentiated on the basis of male genitalic morphology. The morphology of the male genitalia of Eucerceris indicates a close relationship with Cerceris. This relationship is also indicated by external non-genitalic morphology. The genitalia of Didesmus males are radically different from those of Cerceris and Eucerceris but nevertheless, Didesmus is most closely related to these genera on the basis of non-genitalic characters, The male genitalia of the philanthine genera Aphilanthops, Clypeadon and Listropygia are very similar but differ considerably from those of the cercerine genera Cerceris, Eucerceris and Didesmus. These differences and similarities support the presently accepted classification and placement of these genera. Based on genitalic characters, Philanthus and Trachypus appear to be closely related to each other. On the basis of external non-genitalic characters, however, these genera appear to be only distantly related. Without examining other genera from Africa, Asia and South America, determination of the relationships of Philanthus and Trachypus to other groups is not possible. A key to the genera and a key to the species of Eucerceris based on male genitalia are provided. In addition, the genital structures of 33 species of Eucerceris are described in detail and the major key characteristics illustrated. Title: The taxonomic significance of the male genitalia and associated structures in the genus Eucerceris cresson (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae) Author: Davidson, Jerry Mitchell The male genitalia of 69 species, representing eight genera of sphecid wasps, were examined in order to ascertain their taxonomic value. In all, the male genitalia of approximately 1000 specimens were critically studied. Emphasis was placed on the genitalia and associated sclerites of the known males in the genus Eucerceris. The genitalia of most species are so different that they can be defined by this structure alone. The pygidia, and to a lesser extent the seventh and eighth sterna, also offer reliable characteristics with which to distinguish species. The North American genera of the subfamily Philanthinae can be differentiated on the basis of male genitalic morphology. The morphology of the male genitalia of Eucerceris indicates a close relationship with Cerceris. This relationship is also indicated by external non-genitalic morphology. The genitalia of Didesmus males are radically different from those of Cerceris and Eucerceris but nevertheless, Didesmus is most closely related to these genera on the basis of non-genitalic characters, The male genitalia of the philanthine genera Aphilanthops, Clypeadon and Listropygia are very similar but differ considerably from those of the cercerine genera Cerceris, Eucerceris and Didesmus. These differences and similarities support the presently accepted classification and placement of these genera. Based on genitalic characters, Philanthus and Trachypus appear to be closely related to each other. On the basis of external non-genitalic characters, however, these genera appear to be only distantly related. Without examining other genera from Africa, Asia and South America, determination of the relationships of Philanthus and Trachypus to other groups is not possible. A key to the genera and a key to the species of Eucerceris based on male genitalia are provided. In addition, the genital structures of 33 species of Eucerceris are described in detail and the major key characteristics illustrated. Close

• 302. [Article] Reviving Whychus Creek: Averting Collisions between the Endangered Species Act and Agricultural Water Use through Proactive Streamflow Restoration

  In the wake of policies catalyzing settlement through agrarian-based land ‘improvement’, private property rights absorbed water resources through Western water law. Consequently, these dominant user regimes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reviving Whychus Creek: Averting Collisions between the Endangered Species Act and Agricultural Water Use through Proactive Streamflow Restoration Author: Dengel, Jeff In the wake of policies catalyzing settlement through agrarian-based land ‘improvement’, private property rights absorbed water resources through Western water law. Consequently, these dominant user regimes and the doctrine of prior appropriation allocated nearly 80 percent of freshwater resources to agricultural use. Following enactment of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1973 agricultural water users and the federal government were set on a collision course, as private property was now subject to regulatory imposition. Within Western states water bodies contiguous to private agrarian lands host the majority of aquatic species listed under the ESA. Of all the effects associated with agricultural water use, streamflow depletion constitutes the primary source of species imperilment. Customary irrigation practices often dewater streams completely or render aquatic habitat inhospitable. Consequently, curtailment of water use is increasingly sought during enforcement of ESA regulations. Encounters between ESA regulation and impositions upon agricultural water use are largely reactionary, litigious, and costly; this begs the question of remedy. Responses attending to the matter indicate collaborative and precautionary measures as prospective solutions. Within the context of streamflow-based habitat modification the answer consistently indicates transactional mechanisms reallocating water to instream use. Due to priority-based allocation developed through the doctrine of prior appropriation acquisition of senior water rights is imperative for streamflow restoration. Within Oregon's Whychus Creek agricultural water users employed a series of water right transactions serving to bolster instream flow to avert ESA regulation. Many of these transactions have been implemented through Oregon's Conserved Water Program; a unique statute providing benefits for the environment and agricultural water users alike. Through these transactions senior water rights have been reallocated to instream use and are being met, resulting in a robust presence of instream flow. Title: Reviving Whychus Creek: Averting Collisions between the Endangered Species Act and Agricultural Water Use through Proactive Streamflow Restoration Author: Dengel, Jeff In the wake of policies catalyzing settlement through agrarian-based land ‘improvement’, private property rights absorbed water resources through Western water law. Consequently, these dominant user regimes and the doctrine of prior appropriation allocated nearly 80 percent of freshwater resources to agricultural use. Following enactment of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1973 agricultural water users and the federal government were set on a collision course, as private property was now subject to regulatory imposition. Within Western states water bodies contiguous to private agrarian lands host the majority of aquatic species listed under the ESA. Of all the effects associated with agricultural water use, streamflow depletion constitutes the primary source of species imperilment. Customary irrigation practices often dewater streams completely or render aquatic habitat inhospitable. Consequently, curtailment of water use is increasingly sought during enforcement of ESA regulations. Encounters between ESA regulation and impositions upon agricultural water use are largely reactionary, litigious, and costly; this begs the question of remedy. Responses attending to the matter indicate collaborative and precautionary measures as prospective solutions. Within the context of streamflow-based habitat modification the answer consistently indicates transactional mechanisms reallocating water to instream use. Due to priority-based allocation developed through the doctrine of prior appropriation acquisition of senior water rights is imperative for streamflow restoration. Within Oregon's Whychus Creek agricultural water users employed a series of water right transactions serving to bolster instream flow to avert ESA regulation. Many of these transactions have been implemented through Oregon's Conserved Water Program; a unique statute providing benefits for the environment and agricultural water users alike. Through these transactions senior water rights have been reallocated to instream use and are being met, resulting in a robust presence of instream flow. Close

• 303. [Article] A review of the family Eviphididae (Acarina: Mesostigmata)

  A complete taxonomic review of the Family Eviphididae was made for the first time. The family was found to contain forty-nine species and five genera. The genera included were: Eviphis Berlese, Scarabaspis ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A review of the family Eviphididae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) Author: Shoemake, Rodger Russell A complete taxonomic review of the Family Eviphididae was made for the first time. The family was found to contain forty-nine species and five genera. The genera included were: Eviphis Berlese, Scarabaspis Womersley, Alliphis Halbert, Pelethiphis Berlese, and Thinoseius Halbert. The new species described were: Eviphis oregonensis from Deschutes County, Oregon; Eviphis pugiosetosis from Central Africa; Alliphis reticulosternis from Mindanao Island, Philippines; Alliphis intermedius from Central Africa; Alliphis krantzi from Dutch East Africa and Tanganyika; Alliphis punctisternis from Central Africa; Alliphis crassicheles from Madagascar; Alliphis ritcheri from Oregon and Arizona, U.S.A.; Alliphis mellotti from Central Africa; Alliphis obesus from Kapanga, Congo; Pelethiphis lobosternis from Central Africa; and Pelethiphis garretis from Central Africa. The following genera were reduced to synonyms as indicated: Copriphis Berlese 1910 and Evimirus Karg 1963 for Eviphis Berlese 1903, and Crassicheles Karg 1963 for Alliphis Halbert 1923. The genus Iphidosoma Berlese 1892 was removed from the Eviphididae and transferred to the Family Rhodacaridae. The following species synonyms were noted: Alliphis alpinus Schweizer 1961 is Alliphis halleri Berlese 1892, and Alliphis halberti Ryke and Meyer 1957 is Alliphis evansi Ryke and Meyer 1957. The following species were shifted to other genera as indicated: Alliphis gurei Costa 1963 to Pelethiphis, and Pelethiphis equestris Berlese 1911 to Alliphis. Several species were removed from the family. These were: Eviphis concentricus Oudemans 1905, Alliphis oviforme Schweizer 1949, Alliphis bristowi Finnegan 1933, and Pelethiphis fragilis Vitzthum 1926. Their correct taxonomic position could not be determined. Most of the mites seen in this study were taken from scarabaeid beetles from the Central African Museum in Tervuren, Belgium. Additional material was obtained from private collections in the United States and Europe. The relationships between the genera and a possible phylogeny of the family were discussed. Title: A review of the family Eviphididae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) Author: Shoemake, Rodger Russell A complete taxonomic review of the Family Eviphididae was made for the first time. The family was found to contain forty-nine species and five genera. The genera included were: Eviphis Berlese, Scarabaspis Womersley, Alliphis Halbert, Pelethiphis Berlese, and Thinoseius Halbert. The new species described were: Eviphis oregonensis from Deschutes County, Oregon; Eviphis pugiosetosis from Central Africa; Alliphis reticulosternis from Mindanao Island, Philippines; Alliphis intermedius from Central Africa; Alliphis krantzi from Dutch East Africa and Tanganyika; Alliphis punctisternis from Central Africa; Alliphis crassicheles from Madagascar; Alliphis ritcheri from Oregon and Arizona, U.S.A.; Alliphis mellotti from Central Africa; Alliphis obesus from Kapanga, Congo; Pelethiphis lobosternis from Central Africa; and Pelethiphis garretis from Central Africa. The following genera were reduced to synonyms as indicated: Copriphis Berlese 1910 and Evimirus Karg 1963 for Eviphis Berlese 1903, and Crassicheles Karg 1963 for Alliphis Halbert 1923. The genus Iphidosoma Berlese 1892 was removed from the Eviphididae and transferred to the Family Rhodacaridae. The following species synonyms were noted: Alliphis alpinus Schweizer 1961 is Alliphis halleri Berlese 1892, and Alliphis halberti Ryke and Meyer 1957 is Alliphis evansi Ryke and Meyer 1957. The following species were shifted to other genera as indicated: Alliphis gurei Costa 1963 to Pelethiphis, and Pelethiphis equestris Berlese 1911 to Alliphis. Several species were removed from the family. These were: Eviphis concentricus Oudemans 1905, Alliphis oviforme Schweizer 1949, Alliphis bristowi Finnegan 1933, and Pelethiphis fragilis Vitzthum 1926. Their correct taxonomic position could not be determined. Most of the mites seen in this study were taken from scarabaeid beetles from the Central African Museum in Tervuren, Belgium. Additional material was obtained from private collections in the United States and Europe. The relationships between the genera and a possible phylogeny of the family were discussed. Close

• 304. [Article] Quantification of vegetation diversity and variation on intact and degraded rangelands

  Vegetation diversity in the Wyoming big sagebrush/Thurber needlegrass (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young/Achnatherum thurberianum (Piper) Barkworth. syn. Stipa thurberiana Piper) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantification of vegetation diversity and variation on intact and degraded rangelands Author: Dysart, Patricia L. Vegetation diversity in the Wyoming big sagebrush/Thurber needlegrass (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young/Achnatherum thurberianum (Piper) Barkworth. syn. Stipa thurberiana Piper) plant association was studied across a condition class gradient in southeastern Oregon. All observable vascular plant species were counted during 6 seasons and 2 years and diversity indices were calculated using both density and percent cover. Soil surface characteristics were evaluated once per year for 3 years. The measures of vegetation diversity evaluated in this thesis are: Species Richness, Simpson's Index, Shannon's Index, and Hill's diversity numbers, NO, NI, N2, and evenness ratio E5. Functional categories were addressed using Raunkiaer's Biological Classification system (1934) and life form classes used by the USDA. Soil surface patterns were evaluated using types described by Eckert et al. (1986a). High seasonal and yearly variation exhibited by all classification schemes studied (species richness counts, diversity indices, functional groups, and soil surface microtopography) confounded their ability to consistently distinguish among condition classes. Highest diversity was obtained in the spring and least in the fall. A significant correlation was obtained between diversity and a modified condition class index calculated using actual field data by season, and showed that based on diversity, sites might be classified as poor in one year and good in the next. Five distinct soil surface types showed apparent trends across the gradient, but no statistically significant results were obtained between the amount of cover of any of the soil surface types and range site condition. Significant natural changes in the amount of cover by soil surface microtopography category did occur in the year following grazing exclusion regardless of range condition. This may indicate system resilience is initially high and that recovery thresholds may be approached quickly regardless of initial range condition. Our results indicate that in ecosystems where distinct seasonal changes affect plant community composition, species richness numbers and diversity indices should be used with caution as a criterion for ecological assessment. An a priori delineation of the temporal scale for measurement is an essential condition of using any vegetation or soil indicator as an evaluation tool. Title: Quantification of vegetation diversity and variation on intact and degraded rangelands Author: Dysart, Patricia L. Vegetation diversity in the Wyoming big sagebrush/Thurber needlegrass (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young/Achnatherum thurberianum (Piper) Barkworth. syn. Stipa thurberiana Piper) plant association was studied across a condition class gradient in southeastern Oregon. All observable vascular plant species were counted during 6 seasons and 2 years and diversity indices were calculated using both density and percent cover. Soil surface characteristics were evaluated once per year for 3 years. The measures of vegetation diversity evaluated in this thesis are: Species Richness, Simpson's Index, Shannon's Index, and Hill's diversity numbers, NO, NI, N2, and evenness ratio E5. Functional categories were addressed using Raunkiaer's Biological Classification system (1934) and life form classes used by the USDA. Soil surface patterns were evaluated using types described by Eckert et al. (1986a). High seasonal and yearly variation exhibited by all classification schemes studied (species richness counts, diversity indices, functional groups, and soil surface microtopography) confounded their ability to consistently distinguish among condition classes. Highest diversity was obtained in the spring and least in the fall. A significant correlation was obtained between diversity and a modified condition class index calculated using actual field data by season, and showed that based on diversity, sites might be classified as poor in one year and good in the next. Five distinct soil surface types showed apparent trends across the gradient, but no statistically significant results were obtained between the amount of cover of any of the soil surface types and range site condition. Significant natural changes in the amount of cover by soil surface microtopography category did occur in the year following grazing exclusion regardless of range condition. This may indicate system resilience is initially high and that recovery thresholds may be approached quickly regardless of initial range condition. Our results indicate that in ecosystems where distinct seasonal changes affect plant community composition, species richness numbers and diversity indices should be used with caution as a criterion for ecological assessment. An a priori delineation of the temporal scale for measurement is an essential condition of using any vegetation or soil indicator as an evaluation tool. Close

• 305. [Article] Comparing Metacarcinus magister settlement preferences among the seagrasses Zostera marina and Zostera japonica

  Metacarcinus magister, the Dungeness crab, is a commercially important species on the Pacific Northwest coast as the most profitable fishery in Oregon and an important ecological player as both predator ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparing Metacarcinus magister settlement preferences among the seagrasses Zostera marina and Zostera japonica Author: Heidmann, Sarah, Jaco, Erin Metacarcinus magister, the Dungeness crab, is a commercially important species on the Pacific Northwest coast as the most profitable fishery in Oregon and an important ecological player as both predator and prey. Understanding the spatial distribution of Dungeness throughout different life history stages is beneficial both ecologically and economically. Zostera japonica is an established invasive species of seagrass in the Pacific Northwest and may also be important habitat for recently settled juvenile Dungeness. We examined the distribution of juvenile Dungeness in May 2013 among Z. japonica, Z. marina, and open habitats in the Yaquina Bay Estuary in Newport, Oregon. We correlated Dungeness abundance with habitat, shoot density and biomass of seagrass, tidal height, and abundance of Hemigrapsus oregonensis, another local species of crab. Our results indicate that Dungeness preferred seagrass habitats to open mud, but had no apparent preference among different species of seagrasses, despite the correlation of Dungeness abundance with seagrass biomass. This study increases scientific understanding of the life cycle of Dungeness crabs and the importance of estuarine habitats, which must be protected in order to achieve a sustainable fishery. Title: Comparing Metacarcinus magister settlement preferences among the seagrasses Zostera marina and Zostera japonica Author: Heidmann, Sarah, Jaco, Erin Metacarcinus magister, the Dungeness crab, is a commercially important species on the Pacific Northwest coast as the most profitable fishery in Oregon and an important ecological player as both predator and prey. Understanding the spatial distribution of Dungeness throughout different life history stages is beneficial both ecologically and economically. Zostera japonica is an established invasive species of seagrass in the Pacific Northwest and may also be important habitat for recently settled juvenile Dungeness. We examined the distribution of juvenile Dungeness in May 2013 among Z. japonica, Z. marina, and open habitats in the Yaquina Bay Estuary in Newport, Oregon. We correlated Dungeness abundance with habitat, shoot density and biomass of seagrass, tidal height, and abundance of Hemigrapsus oregonensis, another local species of crab. Our results indicate that Dungeness preferred seagrass habitats to open mud, but had no apparent preference among different species of seagrasses, despite the correlation of Dungeness abundance with seagrass biomass. This study increases scientific understanding of the life cycle of Dungeness crabs and the importance of estuarine habitats, which must be protected in order to achieve a sustainable fishery. Close

• 306. [Article] Regional Height-Diameter Equations for Maior Tree Species of Southwest Oregon

  Selected tree height and diameter functions were evaluated for their predictive abilities for major tree species of southwest Oregon. Two sets of equations were evaluated. The first set included four base ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Regional Height-Diameter Equations for Maior Tree Species of Southwest Oregon Author: Temesgen, Hailemariam, Monleon, Vincente J., Hann, David W. Selected tree height and diameter functions were evaluated for their predictive abilities for major tree species of southwest Oregon. Two sets of equations were evaluated. The first set included four base equations for estimating height as a function of individual tree diameter, and the remaining 16 equations enhanced the four base equations with alternative measures of stand density and relative position. The inclusion of the crown competition factor in larger trees (CCFL) and basal area (BA), which simultaneously indicates the relative position of a tree and stand density, into the base height-diameter equations increased the accuracy of prediction for all species. On the average, root mean square error values were reduced by 45 cm (15% improvement). On the basis of the residual plots and fit statistics, two equations are recommended for estimating tree heights for major tree species in southwest Oregon. The equation coefficients are documented for future use. Title: Regional Height-Diameter Equations for Maior Tree Species of Southwest Oregon Author: Temesgen, Hailemariam, Monleon, Vincente J., Hann, David W. Selected tree height and diameter functions were evaluated for their predictive abilities for major tree species of southwest Oregon. Two sets of equations were evaluated. The first set included four base equations for estimating height as a function of individual tree diameter, and the remaining 16 equations enhanced the four base equations with alternative measures of stand density and relative position. The inclusion of the crown competition factor in larger trees (CCFL) and basal area (BA), which simultaneously indicates the relative position of a tree and stand density, into the base height-diameter equations increased the accuracy of prediction for all species. On the average, root mean square error values were reduced by 45 cm (15% improvement). On the basis of the residual plots and fit statistics, two equations are recommended for estimating tree heights for major tree species in southwest Oregon. The equation coefficients are documented for future use. Close

• 307. [Article] Native wildlife species (Pseudacris regilla) utilizing invasive-dominated habitat in a highly disturbed ecosystem

  The Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla) is commonly encountered throughout the Pacific Northwest and can be an indicator for ecosystem health. At each life stage P. regilla utilizes a different habitat ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native wildlife species (Pseudacris regilla) utilizing invasive-dominated habitat in a highly disturbed ecosystem Author: Epperly, Haley K. The Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla) is commonly encountered throughout the Pacific Northwest and can be an indicator for ecosystem health. At each life stage P. regilla utilizes a different habitat and therefore it is important to understand habitat use at all life stages to properly manage the ecosystem, however, few studies have been conducted on the juvenile form. To determine juvenile P. regilla riparian habitat use, and thus create appropriate habitat management plans, field work must be conducted. Transect surveys were conducted at two highly disturbed ephemeral ponds with a variety of open and dense vegetative riparian habitats in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. P. regilla was found in the highest abundance in habitat shaded by a thin border of Oregon Ash around the pond perimeter, and was composed mainly of Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus). This habitat provided a moist region where P. regilla could avoid desiccation and possibly predation. Rubus armeniacus is non-native and often found in highly disturbed ecosystems. Pseudacris regilla’s use of R. armeniacus as habitat suggests that P. regilla is a generalist species capable of utilizing invasive plant species to its advantage. Future research is needed comparing P. regilla habitat use in invasive-dominated verse native-dominated ephemeral ponds. Title: Native wildlife species (Pseudacris regilla) utilizing invasive-dominated habitat in a highly disturbed ecosystem Author: Epperly, Haley K. The Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla) is commonly encountered throughout the Pacific Northwest and can be an indicator for ecosystem health. At each life stage P. regilla utilizes a different habitat and therefore it is important to understand habitat use at all life stages to properly manage the ecosystem, however, few studies have been conducted on the juvenile form. To determine juvenile P. regilla riparian habitat use, and thus create appropriate habitat management plans, field work must be conducted. Transect surveys were conducted at two highly disturbed ephemeral ponds with a variety of open and dense vegetative riparian habitats in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. P. regilla was found in the highest abundance in habitat shaded by a thin border of Oregon Ash around the pond perimeter, and was composed mainly of Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus). This habitat provided a moist region where P. regilla could avoid desiccation and possibly predation. Rubus armeniacus is non-native and often found in highly disturbed ecosystems. Pseudacris regilla’s use of R. armeniacus as habitat suggests that P. regilla is a generalist species capable of utilizing invasive plant species to its advantage. Future research is needed comparing P. regilla habitat use in invasive-dominated verse native-dominated ephemeral ponds. Close

• 308. [Article] Comparing Metacarcinus magister settlement preferences among the seagrasses Z. marina and Z. japonica

  Metacarcinus magister, the Dungeness crab, is a commercially important species on the Pacific Northwest coast as the most profitable fishery in Oregon and an important ecological player as both predator ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparing Metacarcinus magister settlement preferences among the seagrasses Z. marina and Z. japonica Author: Heidmann, Sarah, Jaco, Erin M. Metacarcinus magister, the Dungeness crab, is a commercially important species on the Pacific Northwest coast as the most profitable fishery in Oregon and an important ecological player as both predator and prey. Understanding the spatial distribution of Dungeness throughout different life history stages is beneficial both ecologically and economically. Zostera japonica is an established invasive species of seagrass in the Pacific Northwest and may also be important habitat for recently settled juvenile Dungeness. We examined the distribution of juvenile Dungeness in May 2013 among Z. japonica, Z. marina, and open habitats in the Yaquina Bay Estuary in Newport, Oregon. We correlated Dungeness abundance with habitat, shoot density and biomass of seagrass, tidal height, and abundance of Hemigrapsus oregonensis, another local species of crab. Our results indicate that Dungeness preferred seagrass habitats to open mud, but had no apparent preference among different species of seagrasses, despite the correlation of Dungeness abundance with seagrass biomass. This study increases scientific understanding of the life cycle of Dungeness crabs and the importance of estuarine habitats, which must be protected in order to achieve a sustainable fishery. Title: Comparing Metacarcinus magister settlement preferences among the seagrasses Z. marina and Z. japonica Author: Heidmann, Sarah, Jaco, Erin M. Metacarcinus magister, the Dungeness crab, is a commercially important species on the Pacific Northwest coast as the most profitable fishery in Oregon and an important ecological player as both predator and prey. Understanding the spatial distribution of Dungeness throughout different life history stages is beneficial both ecologically and economically. Zostera japonica is an established invasive species of seagrass in the Pacific Northwest and may also be important habitat for recently settled juvenile Dungeness. We examined the distribution of juvenile Dungeness in May 2013 among Z. japonica, Z. marina, and open habitats in the Yaquina Bay Estuary in Newport, Oregon. We correlated Dungeness abundance with habitat, shoot density and biomass of seagrass, tidal height, and abundance of Hemigrapsus oregonensis, another local species of crab. Our results indicate that Dungeness preferred seagrass habitats to open mud, but had no apparent preference among different species of seagrasses, despite the correlation of Dungeness abundance with seagrass biomass. This study increases scientific understanding of the life cycle of Dungeness crabs and the importance of estuarine habitats, which must be protected in order to achieve a sustainable fishery. Close

• 309. [Article] Incompatibility reactions and nuclear condition of three Phellinus species

  Phellinus arctostaphyli (Long) Niemela, P. igniarius (L. ex Fr.) Quel., and P. tremulae (Bond.) Bond. et Boriss., heartrotting hymenomycetes in the family Hymenochaetaceae (Aphyllophorales), all conform ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Incompatibility reactions and nuclear condition of three Phellinus species Author: Hennon, Paul E. Phellinus arctostaphyli (Long) Niemela, P. igniarius (L. ex Fr.) Quel., and P. tremulae (Bond.) Bond. et Boriss., heartrotting hymenomycetes in the family Hymenochaetaceae (Aphyllophorales), all conform to a multi-allelic heterothallic mating system. Both compatible and incompatible reactions result from pairings of homokaryons from the same basidiocarp. Homokaryons isolated from different basidiocarps, but the same species, are fully compatible. Cultural characteristics are not useful in distinguishing between homokaryons and heterokaryons. However, heterokaryons exhibit significantly faster growth rate in culture than homokaryons. Antagonistic responses between paired homokaryotic isolates serve as an indicator of sexual incompatibility; sexually compatible pairs acquire the faster growth rate of heterokaryons. Antagonistic characteristics similar in appearance to sexual incompatibility occur between paired heterokaryotic isolates displaying vegetative incompatibility. These three species are similar in the variation of the nuclear condition throughout their life cycles. Basidiospores are produced with one nucleus, but are ordinarily binucleate prior to germination. Both homokaryons and heterokaryons have a variable number of unpaired nuclei between septa. The dikaryophase is delayed until basidiocarp formation, when the dikaryon can be found in young basidia and mycelium underlying basidia. Incompatible reactions in hybridization attempts support the segregation of these three closely related species. Title: Incompatibility reactions and nuclear condition of three Phellinus species Author: Hennon, Paul E. Phellinus arctostaphyli (Long) Niemela, P. igniarius (L. ex Fr.) Quel., and P. tremulae (Bond.) Bond. et Boriss., heartrotting hymenomycetes in the family Hymenochaetaceae (Aphyllophorales), all conform to a multi-allelic heterothallic mating system. Both compatible and incompatible reactions result from pairings of homokaryons from the same basidiocarp. Homokaryons isolated from different basidiocarps, but the same species, are fully compatible. Cultural characteristics are not useful in distinguishing between homokaryons and heterokaryons. However, heterokaryons exhibit significantly faster growth rate in culture than homokaryons. Antagonistic responses between paired homokaryotic isolates serve as an indicator of sexual incompatibility; sexually compatible pairs acquire the faster growth rate of heterokaryons. Antagonistic characteristics similar in appearance to sexual incompatibility occur between paired heterokaryotic isolates displaying vegetative incompatibility. These three species are similar in the variation of the nuclear condition throughout their life cycles. Basidiospores are produced with one nucleus, but are ordinarily binucleate prior to germination. Both homokaryons and heterokaryons have a variable number of unpaired nuclei between septa. The dikaryophase is delayed until basidiocarp formation, when the dikaryon can be found in young basidia and mycelium underlying basidia. Incompatible reactions in hybridization attempts support the segregation of these three closely related species. Close

• 310. [Article] The use of flowering crab apples for the detection of latent viruses in apples

  Recent investigations indicate that several latent viruses of apples exist in common commercial apple stocks, but these viruses and their relationships are incompletely understood. This thesis describes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The use of flowering crab apples for the detection of latent viruses in apples Author: Reynolds, James Edward Recent investigations indicate that several latent viruses of apples exist in common commercial apple stocks, but these viruses and their relationships are incompletely understood. This thesis describes investigations of crab apples as indicators of latent viruses of apples. Eighty-eight varieties and species of crab apples were tested as indicators of latent virus of apples. Seventeen reacted to a single source of inoculum white 71 remained symptomless. Of those that reacted, five gave a severe reaction, six gave a moderate reaction, and six gave a mild reaction to this inoculum. Twelve of the 17 reactors were selected and inoculated with five selected inocula. These inocula produced a similar range of symptoms on the 12 indicator varieties. These results suggested that the crab apples were sensitive to the same virus or viruses. The crab apples that reacted severely to the virus were often killed before sprouting and therefore the results were inconclusive. Delaying inoculation for 14 days after planting in the greenhouse allowed the plants to start growing and produce a more conclusive virus reaction. The species M. huphensis was the most sensitive indicator in these trials. This indicator was capable of detecting a virus present in normal-appearing Hopa crab appIe, another indicator of latent virus of commercial apples. The indicator M. huphensis is recommended as a preliminary screening host in the search for disease-free varieties. Using single virus isolates of Chlorotic Leaf Spot, Spy Lethal, Stem Pit, and Line Pattern viruses, evidence is presented to show that the virus causing the reaction on crab apples is not identical with any of the viruses named above. The Bartlett pear seedling 138, an indicator for Pear Mosaic virus, is recommended as a filtering plant for the virus causing the reaction on Hopa crab apple. This virus can be removed frorn a culture by inoculating donor buds of the culture onto the Bartlett pear seedling 138. Data are presented indicating that Pear Mosaic virus is not identical with Chlorotic Leaf Spot virus nor is it identical with the virus causing the reaction on Hopa crab, Chlorotic Leaf Spot virus cannot be suitably detected under the conditions described in these experiments. These tests were designed for a maximum length of 60 days, and Chlorotic Leaf Spot virus sometimes fails to cause symptoms on Russian seedling R12740-7A until two years after inoculation. Movement of a latent virus of apple was followed in a newly infected apple seedling. The rate of movement was rapid with most of the seedling invaded within seven weeks after inoculation in most cases. The pattern of movement within the seedling was not uniform. Tissues adjacent to the site of inoculation were often free of the virus while more distant tissues were readily invaded. Knowledge of latent viruses of apple is still confused, and extensive work is needed with many indicators to determine if many strains of a few viruses or many individual viruses are involved. The list of indicators for latent viruses of apple is not complete, but the crab apples are an important part of this list. Title: The use of flowering crab apples for the detection of latent viruses in apples Author: Reynolds, James Edward Recent investigations indicate that several latent viruses of apples exist in common commercial apple stocks, but these viruses and their relationships are incompletely understood. This thesis describes investigations of crab apples as indicators of latent viruses of apples. Eighty-eight varieties and species of crab apples were tested as indicators of latent virus of apples. Seventeen reacted to a single source of inoculum white 71 remained symptomless. Of those that reacted, five gave a severe reaction, six gave a moderate reaction, and six gave a mild reaction to this inoculum. Twelve of the 17 reactors were selected and inoculated with five selected inocula. These inocula produced a similar range of symptoms on the 12 indicator varieties. These results suggested that the crab apples were sensitive to the same virus or viruses. The crab apples that reacted severely to the virus were often killed before sprouting and therefore the results were inconclusive. Delaying inoculation for 14 days after planting in the greenhouse allowed the plants to start growing and produce a more conclusive virus reaction. The species M. huphensis was the most sensitive indicator in these trials. This indicator was capable of detecting a virus present in normal-appearing Hopa crab appIe, another indicator of latent virus of commercial apples. The indicator M. huphensis is recommended as a preliminary screening host in the search for disease-free varieties. Using single virus isolates of Chlorotic Leaf Spot, Spy Lethal, Stem Pit, and Line Pattern viruses, evidence is presented to show that the virus causing the reaction on crab apples is not identical with any of the viruses named above. The Bartlett pear seedling 138, an indicator for Pear Mosaic virus, is recommended as a filtering plant for the virus causing the reaction on Hopa crab apple. This virus can be removed frorn a culture by inoculating donor buds of the culture onto the Bartlett pear seedling 138. Data are presented indicating that Pear Mosaic virus is not identical with Chlorotic Leaf Spot virus nor is it identical with the virus causing the reaction on Hopa crab, Chlorotic Leaf Spot virus cannot be suitably detected under the conditions described in these experiments. These tests were designed for a maximum length of 60 days, and Chlorotic Leaf Spot virus sometimes fails to cause symptoms on Russian seedling R12740-7A until two years after inoculation. Movement of a latent virus of apple was followed in a newly infected apple seedling. The rate of movement was rapid with most of the seedling invaded within seven weeks after inoculation in most cases. The pattern of movement within the seedling was not uniform. Tissues adjacent to the site of inoculation were often free of the virus while more distant tissues were readily invaded. Knowledge of latent viruses of apple is still confused, and extensive work is needed with many indicators to determine if many strains of a few viruses or many individual viruses are involved. The list of indicators for latent viruses of apple is not complete, but the crab apples are an important part of this list. Close

• 311. [Article] Subalpine revegetation on backcountry campsites near Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite National Park, California : third year results

  The National Park Service initiated a backcountry campsite restoration project in 1987 to restore native vegetation on severely degraded campsites in three subalpine lake basins in Yosemite National Park. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Subalpine revegetation on backcountry campsites near Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite National Park, California : third year results Author: Moritsch, Barbara J. The National Park Service initiated a backcountry campsite restoration project in 1987 to restore native vegetation on severely degraded campsites in three subalpine lake basins in Yosemite National Park. Restoration treatments included soil scarification, transplanting, manual seeding and site protection. Eight of the treated campsites were monitored in 1990 to evaluate changes in percent vegetation cover, species richness and volunteer establishment that had occurred over the three year period beginning prior to treatment application in the summer of 1987, and ending in the summer of 1990. Percent vegetation cover increased slightly across all sampled quadrats ([mean] = 0.71; N = 214) with mean percent cover changes ranging from -0.37 to 4.36 on individual campsites. Three sites had a loss of cover. Percent cover changes differed most among campsites within lake basins. Changes in percent cover did not differ among lake basins or impact strata (barren core, moderately trampled, and peripheral). Transplanting did not appear to be an important influence on changes in percent cover, as cover changes did not differ between planted and unplanted areas. Survival of transplants planted in 1987 was poor (19.2%), but survival of transplants planted in 1988 was higher (70.5%). Species richness increased slightly across all sampled quadrats ([mean] = 0.54 species per quadrat), with species richness changes on campsites ranging from -0.13 to 1.75 species per quadrat. One site had a mean decrease in species richness. Species richness changes differed among campsites, with the largest increases occurring on those campsites that also had the greatest increases in percent cover. Changes in species richness also differed among impact strata, with the largest increases occurring on barren core areas. There were small differences among lake basins, and species richness changes did not differ between planted and unplanted areas. Volunteer establishment occurred on all treated sites. The number of volunteers per site ranged from one to 45, and 29 species were represented. Individual quadrats had from one to four volunteers. Approximately 50% of the volunteers were producing seed, and overall vigor among volunteers was good. Numbers of volunteers per quadrat differed most strongly among campsites. Slight differences were detected among lake basins and impact strata, with numbers decreasing from barren core to peripheral quadrats. Differences in numbers of volunteers per quadrat between planted and unplanted areas were not detected. Soil scarification may enhance increases in cover, species richness and numbers of volunteers. However, the influence of scarification was tested on two sites only, and further study is recommended. The recovery process appeared to be strongly affected by factors operating at the campsite level. For example, sites with the greatest increases in percent cover also had the greatest increases in species richness and the most volunteers. These sites had coarse soils, relatively abundant sunlight and moisture, and were effectively protected from trampling after site treatment. Results indicate revegetation prescriptions should be made on a site-by-site basis. The performances of eleven species used in transplanting or occurring as volunteers were evaluated. Five species, Agrostis humilis, Calamagrostis breweri, Muhlenbergia filifonnis, Trisetum spicatum, and Calyptridium umbellatum show potential as colonizers in unassisted revegetation and may be useful in manual seeding treatments; three species, Calamagrostis breweri, Carex rossii, and Juncus panyi show potential for transplanting and nursery propagation; and two species, Carex spectabilis and Carex straminiformis, require further study to determine their effectiveness in subalpine revegetation treatments. Title: Subalpine revegetation on backcountry campsites near Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite National Park, California : third year results Author: Moritsch, Barbara J. The National Park Service initiated a backcountry campsite restoration project in 1987 to restore native vegetation on severely degraded campsites in three subalpine lake basins in Yosemite National Park. Restoration treatments included soil scarification, transplanting, manual seeding and site protection. Eight of the treated campsites were monitored in 1990 to evaluate changes in percent vegetation cover, species richness and volunteer establishment that had occurred over the three year period beginning prior to treatment application in the summer of 1987, and ending in the summer of 1990. Percent vegetation cover increased slightly across all sampled quadrats ([mean] = 0.71; N = 214) with mean percent cover changes ranging from -0.37 to 4.36 on individual campsites. Three sites had a loss of cover. Percent cover changes differed most among campsites within lake basins. Changes in percent cover did not differ among lake basins or impact strata (barren core, moderately trampled, and peripheral). Transplanting did not appear to be an important influence on changes in percent cover, as cover changes did not differ between planted and unplanted areas. Survival of transplants planted in 1987 was poor (19.2%), but survival of transplants planted in 1988 was higher (70.5%). Species richness increased slightly across all sampled quadrats ([mean] = 0.54 species per quadrat), with species richness changes on campsites ranging from -0.13 to 1.75 species per quadrat. One site had a mean decrease in species richness. Species richness changes differed among campsites, with the largest increases occurring on those campsites that also had the greatest increases in percent cover. Changes in species richness also differed among impact strata, with the largest increases occurring on barren core areas. There were small differences among lake basins, and species richness changes did not differ between planted and unplanted areas. Volunteer establishment occurred on all treated sites. The number of volunteers per site ranged from one to 45, and 29 species were represented. Individual quadrats had from one to four volunteers. Approximately 50% of the volunteers were producing seed, and overall vigor among volunteers was good. Numbers of volunteers per quadrat differed most strongly among campsites. Slight differences were detected among lake basins and impact strata, with numbers decreasing from barren core to peripheral quadrats. Differences in numbers of volunteers per quadrat between planted and unplanted areas were not detected. Soil scarification may enhance increases in cover, species richness and numbers of volunteers. However, the influence of scarification was tested on two sites only, and further study is recommended. The recovery process appeared to be strongly affected by factors operating at the campsite level. For example, sites with the greatest increases in percent cover also had the greatest increases in species richness and the most volunteers. These sites had coarse soils, relatively abundant sunlight and moisture, and were effectively protected from trampling after site treatment. Results indicate revegetation prescriptions should be made on a site-by-site basis. The performances of eleven species used in transplanting or occurring as volunteers were evaluated. Five species, Agrostis humilis, Calamagrostis breweri, Muhlenbergia filifonnis, Trisetum spicatum, and Calyptridium umbellatum show potential as colonizers in unassisted revegetation and may be useful in manual seeding treatments; three species, Calamagrostis breweri, Carex rossii, and Juncus panyi show potential for transplanting and nursery propagation; and two species, Carex spectabilis and Carex straminiformis, require further study to determine their effectiveness in subalpine revegetation treatments. Close

• 312. [Article] Applied Fisheries Oceanography: Ecosystem Indicators of Ocean Conditions Inform Fisheries Management in the California Current

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Oceanography ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Applied Fisheries Oceanography: Ecosystem Indicators of Ocean Conditions Inform Fisheries Management in the California Current Author: Burke, Brian J., Morgan, Cheryl A., Peterson, Jay O., Peterson, William T., Fisher, Jennifer L., Fresh, Kurt L. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Oceanography Society and can be found at: http://tos.org/oceanography/index.html. Title: Applied Fisheries Oceanography: Ecosystem Indicators of Ocean Conditions Inform Fisheries Management in the California Current Author: Burke, Brian J., Morgan, Cheryl A., Peterson, Jay O., Peterson, William T., Fisher, Jennifer L., Fresh, Kurt L. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Oceanography Society and can be found at: http://tos.org/oceanography/index.html. Close

• 313. [Article] Price and Quantity Indices for Aquaculture Production in Europe

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Price and Quantity Indices for Aquaculture Production in Europe Author: Millán, Joaquín A., Aldaz, Natalia Research Paper Title: Price and Quantity Indices for Aquaculture Production in Europe Author: Millán, Joaquín A., Aldaz, Natalia Research Paper Close

• 314. [Image] Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

  	This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Author: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station; U.S.Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management. Year: 1998, 2006, 2005 This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia River basin and adjacent areas. Rare plants include many endemics associated with local conditions. Potential plant and invertebrate bioindicators are identified. Species ecological functions differ among communities and variously affect ecosystem diversity and productivity. Species of alpine and subalpine communities are identified that may be at risk from climate change. Maps of terrestrial ecological integrity are presented. Keywords: Macroecology, paleoecology, ecological integrity, terrestrial communities, ecosystems, wildlife, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, arthropods, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, endemism, interior Columbia River basin, Klamath Basin, Great Basin. Title: Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Author: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station; U.S.Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management. Year: 1998, 2006, 2005 This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia River basin and adjacent areas. Rare plants include many endemics associated with local conditions. Potential plant and invertebrate bioindicators are identified. Species ecological functions differ among communities and variously affect ecosystem diversity and productivity. Species of alpine and subalpine communities are identified that may be at risk from climate change. Maps of terrestrial ecological integrity are presented. Keywords: Macroecology, paleoecology, ecological integrity, terrestrial communities, ecosystems, wildlife, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, arthropods, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, endemism, interior Columbia River basin, Klamath Basin, Great Basin. Close

• 315. [Article] Synecology of the white-oak (Quercus garryana Douglas) woodlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  Quercus garryana dominated plant communities are found in the interior coastal valleys and on foothills from southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, south to San Francisco, California. They occur ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Synecology of the white-oak (Quercus garryana Douglas) woodlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Thilenius, John F., 1931- Quercus garryana dominated plant communities are found in the interior coastal valleys and on foothills from southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, south to San Francisco, California. They occur as savannas, intermixed with a variety of conifers, and in almost pure stands. The diversity of habitats occupied by the species and the variety of vegetation associated with it provide an opportunity for a basic synecological investigation of plant communities having a common, important member. The study was designed to describe the floristic composition and structure of the Quercus garryana communities, to determine their ecological relation to the physical environment, and clarify successional status. It provides a framework for future autecological investigations of the component species and is directed at furnishing a fuller understanding of the synecology of an important segment of the vegetation of western Oregon. Two levels of sampling were used during the study. The first was a rapidly applied, qualitative method. This reconnaissance technique was designed to provide an assessment of dominance, size-class distribution, and composition of the species comprising the vegetation. Information on influential habitat factors was also obtained. Sampling at this level enabled the examination of many stands, provided a record of each stand, and served as the basis for the selection of stands for more quantitative sampling. One hundred forty stands were examined during the reconnaissance phase of the study. Subjective evaluation of these stands supported by an analysis using marginal punch cards determined that only a few species were dominating the tall shrub and low shrub-herbaceous layers of the understory and that certain combinations of these dominant species were being repeated geographically through the study area. The second sampling phase was based on the reconnaissance information and was designed to provide a quantitative record of the species complexes or plant communities delineated during reconnaissance. This method was applicable by a single investigator and measured the dominance, frequency, size distribution, and density of tree species; and the percent coverage and percent frequency of shrubs, herbs, and grasses. Soil profile descriptions were made in each stand where the vegetation was quantitatively sampled. Salient features of the physical environment were also recorded as were indications of past and present land uses. Forty seven stands were sampled. Quercus garryana was the cverstory tree dominant in all of these stands. The understory pecies were found to fall into four major communities. From mesic to xeric these were: the Corylus cornuta/Polystichum munitum community, the Prunus avium/Symphoricarpos albus community, the Amelanchier alnifolia/Symphoricarpos albus community, and the Rhus diversiloba community. These communities were named for the species usually dominating the tall shrub and low shrub layers. Seven soil series served as the substrate of these communities; Steiwer, Carlton, Peavine, Dixonville, Nekia, Olympic, and Amity. The understory plant communities of the Quercus forest show considerable variation and intergradation. Changes are a matter of shifts in species dominance rather than alterations in species composition. The absence of environmental extremes in the Willamette Valley and heavy present and historical land use have increased this intergradation. The presence of large, open-form Quercus garryana trees surrounded by smaller forest-form trees indicates that the present Quercus forests have developed from a savanna. The cause of this change in gross physiognomy is probably the control of the repeated ground fires which swept the pre-settlement savanna. Mature Quercus trees are not harmed by ground fires, but such fires would tend to keep dense reproduction from occurring. The present abundance of Rhus diversiloba in the under story may be directly related to heavy livestock grazing. The interconnected root system of ground cover and liana-form Rhus provides the species with a grazing resistance mechanism. The liana Rhus is out of reach of grazing animals. Photosynthate transferred from the liana to the ground cover plants would aid the latter in retaining vigor even under heavy grazing pressure. Thus it would have an advantage over other plants that were also being grazed, eventually becoming the ground layer dominant. Both Pseudotsuga menziesii and Acer macrophyllum appear to be successional to Quercus garryana. Acer is better adapted to mesic sites than Quercus. Pseudotsuga will succeed Quercus on less mesic sites. The successional trends are promoted by livestock grazing which opens up the ground layer and facilitates seedling establishment especially for Pseudotsuga. On some sites Prunus avium, an introduced species, is becoming part of the overstory canopy. It reproduces vigorously in its own shade and will become an important member of the Quercus forest in the future. Quercus garryana reproduction was more abundant on drier, exposed sites and the species seems to be able to perpetuate itself on these locations. Title: Synecology of the white-oak (Quercus garryana Douglas) woodlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Thilenius, John F., 1931- Quercus garryana dominated plant communities are found in the interior coastal valleys and on foothills from southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, south to San Francisco, California. They occur as savannas, intermixed with a variety of conifers, and in almost pure stands. The diversity of habitats occupied by the species and the variety of vegetation associated with it provide an opportunity for a basic synecological investigation of plant communities having a common, important member. The study was designed to describe the floristic composition and structure of the Quercus garryana communities, to determine their ecological relation to the physical environment, and clarify successional status. It provides a framework for future autecological investigations of the component species and is directed at furnishing a fuller understanding of the synecology of an important segment of the vegetation of western Oregon. Two levels of sampling were used during the study. The first was a rapidly applied, qualitative method. This reconnaissance technique was designed to provide an assessment of dominance, size-class distribution, and composition of the species comprising the vegetation. Information on influential habitat factors was also obtained. Sampling at this level enabled the examination of many stands, provided a record of each stand, and served as the basis for the selection of stands for more quantitative sampling. One hundred forty stands were examined during the reconnaissance phase of the study. Subjective evaluation of these stands supported by an analysis using marginal punch cards determined that only a few species were dominating the tall shrub and low shrub-herbaceous layers of the understory and that certain combinations of these dominant species were being repeated geographically through the study area. The second sampling phase was based on the reconnaissance information and was designed to provide a quantitative record of the species complexes or plant communities delineated during reconnaissance. This method was applicable by a single investigator and measured the dominance, frequency, size distribution, and density of tree species; and the percent coverage and percent frequency of shrubs, herbs, and grasses. Soil profile descriptions were made in each stand where the vegetation was quantitatively sampled. Salient features of the physical environment were also recorded as were indications of past and present land uses. Forty seven stands were sampled. Quercus garryana was the cverstory tree dominant in all of these stands. The understory pecies were found to fall into four major communities. From mesic to xeric these were: the Corylus cornuta/Polystichum munitum community, the Prunus avium/Symphoricarpos albus community, the Amelanchier alnifolia/Symphoricarpos albus community, and the Rhus diversiloba community. These communities were named for the species usually dominating the tall shrub and low shrub layers. Seven soil series served as the substrate of these communities; Steiwer, Carlton, Peavine, Dixonville, Nekia, Olympic, and Amity. The understory plant communities of the Quercus forest show considerable variation and intergradation. Changes are a matter of shifts in species dominance rather than alterations in species composition. The absence of environmental extremes in the Willamette Valley and heavy present and historical land use have increased this intergradation. The presence of large, open-form Quercus garryana trees surrounded by smaller forest-form trees indicates that the present Quercus forests have developed from a savanna. The cause of this change in gross physiognomy is probably the control of the repeated ground fires which swept the pre-settlement savanna. Mature Quercus trees are not harmed by ground fires, but such fires would tend to keep dense reproduction from occurring. The present abundance of Rhus diversiloba in the under story may be directly related to heavy livestock grazing. The interconnected root system of ground cover and liana-form Rhus provides the species with a grazing resistance mechanism. The liana Rhus is out of reach of grazing animals. Photosynthate transferred from the liana to the ground cover plants would aid the latter in retaining vigor even under heavy grazing pressure. Thus it would have an advantage over other plants that were also being grazed, eventually becoming the ground layer dominant. Both Pseudotsuga menziesii and Acer macrophyllum appear to be successional to Quercus garryana. Acer is better adapted to mesic sites than Quercus. Pseudotsuga will succeed Quercus on less mesic sites. The successional trends are promoted by livestock grazing which opens up the ground layer and facilitates seedling establishment especially for Pseudotsuga. On some sites Prunus avium, an introduced species, is becoming part of the overstory canopy. It reproduces vigorously in its own shade and will become an important member of the Quercus forest in the future. Quercus garryana reproduction was more abundant on drier, exposed sites and the species seems to be able to perpetuate itself on these locations. Close

• 316. [Article] Indirect effects of fishing on predators and their prey

  Predators are fundamentally important for regulating and driving prey population dynamics as well as structuring ecological communities. Over-exploitation of marine resources has caused dramatic depletions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Indirect effects of fishing on predators and their prey Author: Stallings, Christopher Derek Predators are fundamentally important for regulating and driving prey population dynamics as well as structuring ecological communities. Over-exploitation of marine resources has caused dramatic depletions of predatory fish species and shifts in marine community composition, with attendant declines in productivity and diversity of marine ecosystems. Despite the important ramifications of these patterns for humankind, the specific ecological mechanisms and potential indirect effects underlying these trends have been largely unexplored. I combined small-scale experiments and broad-scale observations to investigate how fishing can affect interactions among predators and subsequently be transferred to interactions between predators and their prey. Previous observations had indicated that small, unfished predators increase in abundance on reefs where large, fished predators are removed. To test the effects of such shifts in relative abundance of different predatory fishes on community structure of lower trophic-level species, I manipulated the presence of fished and unfished predatory species on coral patch reefs in the Bahamas. This controlled field experiment demonstrated that different predatory fishes, which are often assumed to have similar effects on prey species, in fact had remarkably different effects on prey diversity and abundance. In a second field experiment, I found that increased abundance of a large, fished predatory species on coral reefs decreased the activity and growth of smaller, unfished predators. Although small, unfished predators had strong, negative effects on lower trophic-level prey on reefs with low abundances of larger, fished predators, these effects were reduced with increasing abundance of the fished species. Lastly, I used observational data from volunteer SCUBA-diver surveys to investigate how the structure of predatory fish communities on coral reefs across the greater Caribbean region has been affected by fishing. I used density of human populations as a proxy for fishing intensity. I found that, as human density increases, overall predator abundance and diversity decreases, and reef communities became dominated by only a few, small species. This research indicates that the effects of fishing on larger predatory species can permeate throughout ecological communities, well beyond simple reductions in the abundance of fished species. In light of these community-wide effects, ecosystem-based approaches are necessary for successful management of fisheries and conservation of coral reefs. Title: Indirect effects of fishing on predators and their prey Author: Stallings, Christopher Derek Predators are fundamentally important for regulating and driving prey population dynamics as well as structuring ecological communities. Over-exploitation of marine resources has caused dramatic depletions of predatory fish species and shifts in marine community composition, with attendant declines in productivity and diversity of marine ecosystems. Despite the important ramifications of these patterns for humankind, the specific ecological mechanisms and potential indirect effects underlying these trends have been largely unexplored. I combined small-scale experiments and broad-scale observations to investigate how fishing can affect interactions among predators and subsequently be transferred to interactions between predators and their prey. Previous observations had indicated that small, unfished predators increase in abundance on reefs where large, fished predators are removed. To test the effects of such shifts in relative abundance of different predatory fishes on community structure of lower trophic-level species, I manipulated the presence of fished and unfished predatory species on coral patch reefs in the Bahamas. This controlled field experiment demonstrated that different predatory fishes, which are often assumed to have similar effects on prey species, in fact had remarkably different effects on prey diversity and abundance. In a second field experiment, I found that increased abundance of a large, fished predatory species on coral reefs decreased the activity and growth of smaller, unfished predators. Although small, unfished predators had strong, negative effects on lower trophic-level prey on reefs with low abundances of larger, fished predators, these effects were reduced with increasing abundance of the fished species. Lastly, I used observational data from volunteer SCUBA-diver surveys to investigate how the structure of predatory fish communities on coral reefs across the greater Caribbean region has been affected by fishing. I used density of human populations as a proxy for fishing intensity. I found that, as human density increases, overall predator abundance and diversity decreases, and reef communities became dominated by only a few, small species. This research indicates that the effects of fishing on larger predatory species can permeate throughout ecological communities, well beyond simple reductions in the abundance of fished species. In light of these community-wide effects, ecosystem-based approaches are necessary for successful management of fisheries and conservation of coral reefs. Close

• 317. [Article] Oceanographic effects on the dynamics of food habits and growth condition of some groundfish species of the Pacific Northwest

  Marine fish are subject to direct and indirect oceanographic variations operating at short and long time scales. In this study feeding habits and long-term growth condition of several groundfish species ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oceanographic effects on the dynamics of food habits and growth condition of some groundfish species of the Pacific Northwest Author: Lee, Yong Woo Marine fish are subject to direct and indirect oceanographic variations operating at short and long time scales. In this study feeding habits and long-term growth condition of several groundfish species of the Pacific Northwest are examined to understand the relationship between variations in the fish's biological and life history components and the ocean environment. Stomach samples of three rockfish species, yellowtail rockfish (Sebastes flavidus), widow rockfish (S. entomelas), and canary rockfish (S. pinniger), which were collected seasonally off the Pacific Northwest in 1998 and 1999, provided quantitative information on the food habits of the species during and directly after the 1997-98 El Nino event. The diets of these co-occurring species were markedly different from each other. Unusual southern zooplankton species were found in the diets of all three species possibly due to the influence of the El Niflo event. The diet of S. flavidus in 1998 summer (El Nino) was contrasted with results from a previous study based on 1980 summer samples (non-El Nino), and found to be different. An assessment of long-term changes in fish growth condition was conducted using data from Oregon market samples, in which the fish weights are generally measured for aggregations of fish rather than individuals. Non-linear regression can be applied to this type of data to estimate the length-weight parameters and to detect long-term changes in growth condition. The reliability of the estimation method was tested using Monte Carlo simulation. The results demonstrate that the estimation method provides reasonably accurate estimates and is sufficiently powerful to detect small changes in the length-weight relationship. Using Oregon market sample data collected over several decades and the non-linear regression method, growth condition indices were developed and examined for five fish species: Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus), petrale sole (Eopsetta jordani), canary rockfish, yellowtail rockfish, and widow rockfish. No particular trend or close association with environmental variables was evident in the long-term growth condition indices for any of the species, but interannual and seasonal variations in condition were clearly evident. Possible reasons for the lack of long-term trends in condition and the lack of any close association with the environmental variables are discussed. Title: Oceanographic effects on the dynamics of food habits and growth condition of some groundfish species of the Pacific Northwest Author: Lee, Yong Woo Marine fish are subject to direct and indirect oceanographic variations operating at short and long time scales. In this study feeding habits and long-term growth condition of several groundfish species of the Pacific Northwest are examined to understand the relationship between variations in the fish's biological and life history components and the ocean environment. Stomach samples of three rockfish species, yellowtail rockfish (Sebastes flavidus), widow rockfish (S. entomelas), and canary rockfish (S. pinniger), which were collected seasonally off the Pacific Northwest in 1998 and 1999, provided quantitative information on the food habits of the species during and directly after the 1997-98 El Nino event. The diets of these co-occurring species were markedly different from each other. Unusual southern zooplankton species were found in the diets of all three species possibly due to the influence of the El Niflo event. The diet of S. flavidus in 1998 summer (El Nino) was contrasted with results from a previous study based on 1980 summer samples (non-El Nino), and found to be different. An assessment of long-term changes in fish growth condition was conducted using data from Oregon market samples, in which the fish weights are generally measured for aggregations of fish rather than individuals. Non-linear regression can be applied to this type of data to estimate the length-weight parameters and to detect long-term changes in growth condition. The reliability of the estimation method was tested using Monte Carlo simulation. The results demonstrate that the estimation method provides reasonably accurate estimates and is sufficiently powerful to detect small changes in the length-weight relationship. Using Oregon market sample data collected over several decades and the non-linear regression method, growth condition indices were developed and examined for five fish species: Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus), petrale sole (Eopsetta jordani), canary rockfish, yellowtail rockfish, and widow rockfish. No particular trend or close association with environmental variables was evident in the long-term growth condition indices for any of the species, but interannual and seasonal variations in condition were clearly evident. Possible reasons for the lack of long-term trends in condition and the lack of any close association with the environmental variables are discussed. Close

• 318. [Article] Part I : development and application of an arsenic speciation technique using ion-exchange solid phase extraction coupled with GFAAS ; Part II : investigation of zinc amalgam as a reductant

  Two related techniques, based upon ion-exchange solid phase extraction, have been developed for the determination of arsenic speciation. The inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Part I : development and application of an arsenic speciation technique using ion-exchange solid phase extraction coupled with GFAAS ; Part II : investigation of zinc amalgam as a reductant Author: Bos, Mark C. Two related techniques, based upon ion-exchange solid phase extraction, have been developed for the determination of arsenic speciation. The inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are separated by anion-exchange and detected with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GFAAS) with a nickel matrix modifier. The first separation technique, which is based on a published method, utilizes a strong anion-exchange resin in a column format. The method was refined to achieve a cleaner and more rapid separation of the As species. In the second separation technique, the recently available Empore[superscript TM] anion-extraction disks are used. In both cases, rapid separations of several samples are achieved with the use of a vacuum manifold. The simplicity of the separation techniques allows them to be applied in the field which eliminates potential problems due to sample storage. In the pH range of most natural water samples (5-9), As(III) exists as a neutral species which is not retained by the resin, while As(V) exists as a monovalent or divalent species which are subsequently retained by the resin. The two arsenic species are collected in 3 to 4 fractions with As(III) appearing in the first two fractions. The As(V) species is eluted from the resin with 0.1 M HCl and collected in the last one or two fractions. Percent recoveries for each species range from 94 to 99%. The detection limit for each species with GFAAS is 2 μg/L. The speciation techniques were used successfully in several applications. First, the resin technique was used to monitor the oxidation of As(III) by 0₂, H₂0₂, and δ-Mn0₂. The technique was also used to monitor the reduction of As(V) by Fe(II) and in solutions containing combinations of Fe(II), Fe(III), and a scorbic acid. Second, the resin technique was used to monitor the redox behavior of arsenic in soil slurries in bio-reactor systems. Upon spiking the soil slurry to a level of 500 μg/L As(V), 80 to 90% of the As(V) was immediately adsorbed, presumably to hydrous Fe(III) oxides. In general, as conditions became more reducing, total soluble arsenic increased as a result of either abiotic or biotic reduction of the As(V) to the more soluble As(III). Third, the disk technique was applied in the field to determine arsenic speciation in creek water at Sutter Creek, Ca., where homes are built upon a large pile of mine tailings containing arsenic. In the creek water, no As(III) was detected but As(V) was detected at a level of 8 μg/L. Fourth and finally, the resin technique was used to determine arsenic speciation when a sample of the mine tailings was placed in a reactor and combined with a soil slurry thus simulating a flooded condition. As conditions became more reducing, up to 800 μg/L As was detected in solution with As(III) accounting for almost 90% of total soluble species. Also presented here is an investigation of zinc amalgam as a reducing agent for Cr(III) and selected redox indicators. Zinc amalgam, in a column format, also known as the classic Jones Reductor, provides an efficient means for production of Crap and reduced forms of various redox indicators. Finally, the reduction capabilities of Ti(III) citrate and zinc amalgam were compared. Title: Part I : development and application of an arsenic speciation technique using ion-exchange solid phase extraction coupled with GFAAS ; Part II : investigation of zinc amalgam as a reductant Author: Bos, Mark C. Two related techniques, based upon ion-exchange solid phase extraction, have been developed for the determination of arsenic speciation. The inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are separated by anion-exchange and detected with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GFAAS) with a nickel matrix modifier. The first separation technique, which is based on a published method, utilizes a strong anion-exchange resin in a column format. The method was refined to achieve a cleaner and more rapid separation of the As species. In the second separation technique, the recently available Empore[superscript TM] anion-extraction disks are used. In both cases, rapid separations of several samples are achieved with the use of a vacuum manifold. The simplicity of the separation techniques allows them to be applied in the field which eliminates potential problems due to sample storage. In the pH range of most natural water samples (5-9), As(III) exists as a neutral species which is not retained by the resin, while As(V) exists as a monovalent or divalent species which are subsequently retained by the resin. The two arsenic species are collected in 3 to 4 fractions with As(III) appearing in the first two fractions. The As(V) species is eluted from the resin with 0.1 M HCl and collected in the last one or two fractions. Percent recoveries for each species range from 94 to 99%. The detection limit for each species with GFAAS is 2 μg/L. The speciation techniques were used successfully in several applications. First, the resin technique was used to monitor the oxidation of As(III) by 0₂, H₂0₂, and δ-Mn0₂. The technique was also used to monitor the reduction of As(V) by Fe(II) and in solutions containing combinations of Fe(II), Fe(III), and a scorbic acid. Second, the resin technique was used to monitor the redox behavior of arsenic in soil slurries in bio-reactor systems. Upon spiking the soil slurry to a level of 500 μg/L As(V), 80 to 90% of the As(V) was immediately adsorbed, presumably to hydrous Fe(III) oxides. In general, as conditions became more reducing, total soluble arsenic increased as a result of either abiotic or biotic reduction of the As(V) to the more soluble As(III). Third, the disk technique was applied in the field to determine arsenic speciation in creek water at Sutter Creek, Ca., where homes are built upon a large pile of mine tailings containing arsenic. In the creek water, no As(III) was detected but As(V) was detected at a level of 8 μg/L. Fourth and finally, the resin technique was used to determine arsenic speciation when a sample of the mine tailings was placed in a reactor and combined with a soil slurry thus simulating a flooded condition. As conditions became more reducing, up to 800 μg/L As was detected in solution with As(III) accounting for almost 90% of total soluble species. Also presented here is an investigation of zinc amalgam as a reducing agent for Cr(III) and selected redox indicators. Zinc amalgam, in a column format, also known as the classic Jones Reductor, provides an efficient means for production of Crap and reduced forms of various redox indicators. Finally, the reduction capabilities of Ti(III) citrate and zinc amalgam were compared. Close

• 319. [Article] Systematic studies of the genus Siphateles (Ostariophysi: Cyprinidae) from western North America

  The minnow genus Siphateles is distributed throughout the Great Basin and adjacent drainages of western North America. Three species are currently recognized in the genus: S. alvordensis, Alvord chub, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Systematic studies of the genus Siphateles (Ostariophysi: Cyprinidae) from western North America Author: Harris, Phillip M. The minnow genus Siphateles is distributed throughout the Great Basin and adjacent drainages of western North America. Three species are currently recognized in the genus: S. alvordensis, Alvord chub, S. boraxobius, Borax Lake chub, and S. bicolor, the tui chub. S. bicolor has long been recognized as a widespread species exhibiting geographic variation. Relationships of Siphateles are investigated through phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Patterns of relationships within S. bicolor do not reflect current taxonomy. Sequence data support recognition of nine allopatrically distributed species currently recognized under S. bicolor: S. bicolor, S. columbianus, S. eurysomas, S. isolatus, S. mohavensis, S. newarkensis, S. obesus, S. thalasinnus and an unnamed species from Silver Lake, Oregon. Phylogenetic relationships resolved among these taxa indicate S. mohavensis forms the sister species to all remaining tui chubs. Relationships among remaining taxa were resolved as a polytomy of three species groups: an S. isolatus group containing S. isolatus + S. newarkensis; an S. bicolor group containing S. bicolor, S. columbianus, S. eurysomas, S. thalasinnus and Siphateles sp. (Silver Lake); and an S. obesus group, consisting of a polytomy of populations from California, Nevada and southcentral Oregon. Examination of meristic and morphometric variation in the S. bicolor species group supports recognition of species proposed by the molecular phylogenetic hypothesis. Oregon populations of S. obesus exhibit temporal variation in five scale-count characters. Temporal variation occurred in all populations; comparisons among basins and three temporal groups (pre1958, 1975-1985 and 1993 collections) indicated approximately equal magnitudes of meristic variation in these two factors. No consistent trend to patterns of temporal variation was found, except within Summer Lake, where all mean scale counts were significantly different between pre1958 collections and 1975-1985 and 1993 collections. In addition, there was no correlation between mean meristic counts and average daily summer air temperatures. Consistent meristic differences in Summer Lake tui chubs may be due to the presence of S. thalassinus in this basin, either through hybridization or by biasing population characterization. Temporal variation in meristic characters is a widespread phenomena among tui chubs, and presumably among other fish species, in southern Oregon. Title: Systematic studies of the genus Siphateles (Ostariophysi: Cyprinidae) from western North America Author: Harris, Phillip M. The minnow genus Siphateles is distributed throughout the Great Basin and adjacent drainages of western North America. Three species are currently recognized in the genus: S. alvordensis, Alvord chub, S. boraxobius, Borax Lake chub, and S. bicolor, the tui chub. S. bicolor has long been recognized as a widespread species exhibiting geographic variation. Relationships of Siphateles are investigated through phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Patterns of relationships within S. bicolor do not reflect current taxonomy. Sequence data support recognition of nine allopatrically distributed species currently recognized under S. bicolor: S. bicolor, S. columbianus, S. eurysomas, S. isolatus, S. mohavensis, S. newarkensis, S. obesus, S. thalasinnus and an unnamed species from Silver Lake, Oregon. Phylogenetic relationships resolved among these taxa indicate S. mohavensis forms the sister species to all remaining tui chubs. Relationships among remaining taxa were resolved as a polytomy of three species groups: an S. isolatus group containing S. isolatus + S. newarkensis; an S. bicolor group containing S. bicolor, S. columbianus, S. eurysomas, S. thalasinnus and Siphateles sp. (Silver Lake); and an S. obesus group, consisting of a polytomy of populations from California, Nevada and southcentral Oregon. Examination of meristic and morphometric variation in the S. bicolor species group supports recognition of species proposed by the molecular phylogenetic hypothesis. Oregon populations of S. obesus exhibit temporal variation in five scale-count characters. Temporal variation occurred in all populations; comparisons among basins and three temporal groups (pre1958, 1975-1985 and 1993 collections) indicated approximately equal magnitudes of meristic variation in these two factors. No consistent trend to patterns of temporal variation was found, except within Summer Lake, where all mean scale counts were significantly different between pre1958 collections and 1975-1985 and 1993 collections. In addition, there was no correlation between mean meristic counts and average daily summer air temperatures. Consistent meristic differences in Summer Lake tui chubs may be due to the presence of S. thalassinus in this basin, either through hybridization or by biasing population characterization. Temporal variation in meristic characters is a widespread phenomena among tui chubs, and presumably among other fish species, in southern Oregon. Close

• 320. [Image] The Endangered Species Act : a primer

  	Report for Congress; "Updated March 31, 2005."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Endangered Species Act : a primer Author: Baldwin, Pamela; Buck, Eugene H.; Corn, M. Lynne (Mary Lynne), 1946- Year: 2005 Report for Congress; "Updated March 31, 2005." Title: The Endangered Species Act : a primer Author: Baldwin, Pamela; Buck, Eugene H.; Corn, M. Lynne (Mary Lynne), 1946- Year: 2005 Report for Congress; "Updated March 31, 2005." Close

• 321. [Article] Effects of Increased Nitrogen Deposition on the Dominance of Hedera helix in the Pacific Northwest

  Increased nitrogen deposition has been shown to promote the dominance of invasive species, and nitrogen deposition rates have steadily increased in most of the Western United States in recent years due ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Increased Nitrogen Deposition on the Dominance of Hedera helix in the Pacific Northwest Author: Dolan, Bianca Christine Year: 2013 Increased nitrogen deposition has been shown to promote the dominance of invasive species, and nitrogen deposition rates have steadily increased in most of the Western United States in recent years due to population increases. The purpose of this study was to determine if increased rates of nitrogen deposition are contributing to the success of Hedera helix in the Pacific Northwest. Plots were established in Lesser Park in Portland, Oregon and received monthly treatments of ammonium nitrate for one year. Growth, measured as change in percent cover, was compared between treated and untreated plots for both H. helix and native species. Additionally, a greenhouse experiment was employed wherein H. helix was grown in shared pots with two native species, Fragaria vesca and Polystichum munitum, and three treatment levels were compared; none, low, and high nitrogen. Relative growth rate was compared between treatments for each species after twelve weeks of treatment. Results from the greenhouse experiment were highly variable and no general conclusions could be drawn about the effects of increased nitrogen deposition on competition between H. helix and native species. In the field, treatment did not have a significant effect on growth but species did have a significant effect, as H. helix had a greater increase in percent cover than native species regardless of treatment. However, a marginally significant interaction was found between species and treatment. Native species cover actually increased in plots that received nitrogen addition and decreased in control plots, while H. helix had a slightly higher increase in cover in control plots. Though the growth of H. helix was significantly higher than the growth of native species in control plots, nitrogen addition caused the growth rates to converge towards more similar means in treated plots. Results indicate that increased nitrogen deposition may actually have a positive effect on the growth of native species by reducing the invasive potential of H. helix. Title: Effects of Increased Nitrogen Deposition on the Dominance of Hedera helix in the Pacific Northwest Author: Dolan, Bianca Christine Year: 2013 Increased nitrogen deposition has been shown to promote the dominance of invasive species, and nitrogen deposition rates have steadily increased in most of the Western United States in recent years due to population increases. The purpose of this study was to determine if increased rates of nitrogen deposition are contributing to the success of Hedera helix in the Pacific Northwest. Plots were established in Lesser Park in Portland, Oregon and received monthly treatments of ammonium nitrate for one year. Growth, measured as change in percent cover, was compared between treated and untreated plots for both H. helix and native species. Additionally, a greenhouse experiment was employed wherein H. helix was grown in shared pots with two native species, Fragaria vesca and Polystichum munitum, and three treatment levels were compared; none, low, and high nitrogen. Relative growth rate was compared between treatments for each species after twelve weeks of treatment. Results from the greenhouse experiment were highly variable and no general conclusions could be drawn about the effects of increased nitrogen deposition on competition between H. helix and native species. In the field, treatment did not have a significant effect on growth but species did have a significant effect, as H. helix had a greater increase in percent cover than native species regardless of treatment. However, a marginally significant interaction was found between species and treatment. Native species cover actually increased in plots that received nitrogen addition and decreased in control plots, while H. helix had a slightly higher increase in cover in control plots. Though the growth of H. helix was significantly higher than the growth of native species in control plots, nitrogen addition caused the growth rates to converge towards more similar means in treated plots. Results indicate that increased nitrogen deposition may actually have a positive effect on the growth of native species by reducing the invasive potential of H. helix. Close

• 322. [Article] The Effectiveness of Vertebrate Passage and Prevention Structures: A Study of Boeckman Road in Wilsonville

  One of the most obvious impacts roads have on the natural world is direct mortality to individual animals that attempt to cross roads. A less obvious but likely more important impact of roads on many species ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effectiveness of Vertebrate Passage and Prevention Structures: A Study of Boeckman Road in Wilsonville Author: de Rivera, Catherine E., Bliss-Ketchum, Leslie L. Year: 2010 One of the most obvious impacts roads have on the natural world is direct mortality to individual animals that attempt to cross roads. A less obvious but likely more important impact of roads on many species is habitat fragmentation. The ability for individuals to travel between subpopulations is the key to genetic diversity as well as ultimately the survival of the species. Considering these impacts and management goals to increase habitat connectivity, increased attention has been given to creating road design that reduces wildlife collisions. Most studies, however, have been in other countries or regions and most focus on connectivity for just one or a few species and rarely in urban settings. This study examines the effectiveness of a variety of under-road passage structures for a community of animals in an urban wetland. Wildlife passage was taken into great consideration in the construction of the Boeckman Road Extension, the new road (2006) in Wilsonville, Oregon, examined in this study. As a result it includes a bridge, two box culverts and eleven round concrete culverts to facilitate wildlife passage as well as a mammal fence atop an amphibian/reptile wall. In order to monitor passage use we used a combination of sand-track monitoring and motion-detect cameras. We compared passage structure use to movement in the habitats surrounding the road by monitoring four habitat transects in addition to the passage structures (Road transect). We also conducted tag and release studies targeted to small mammals. Finally, camera data collected in passage structures were compared to camera monitoring at the end of the exclusionary fencing. A total of 26 species were detected in this study, 73% (19) of which were found to be using passage structures. 15% (4) of the identified species were detected on transects but not in passages and 11.5% (3) were detected in locations other than transects or passage structures. The bridge structure provided passage to the highest number of species (16), followed by the 24” and 18” culverts, which had a combined total of 11 species, and lastly the 9x4 culverts, which were flooded, with 2 species detected. Our results indicate that large and medium mammals overall did not use passages less than would be expected based on their local movement in habitats. In pit and Sherman traps sixteen of the 48 small mammals that were captured and tagged were re-caught, but only four of these moved from one transect to another, with two moving away from the road and the other two moving toward and under the road. Of the species detected with cameras at the passage structures and circumventing fencing, excluding small mammals, reptiles and amphibians (139), 19% (33) were found potentially crossing on the road surface. The proportion of deer detected using over-road crossings (23%) is of particular concern for driver safety. The bridge structure provided the greatest passage, in not only frequency of crossings but also species present. When maintenance factors, driver safety and species of greatest concern are included, the higher cost of the bridge structure would likely be even further balanced by the benefits. This study highlights the effectiveness and potential problems (and possible fixes) of some of the passage and prevention structures. Including passage and prevention structures such as these in road design is imperative for habitat connectivity and the need for this becomes even more apparent as Oregon’s native wildlife face an ever increasing urban landscape as well as the potential impacts of climate change. Title: The Effectiveness of Vertebrate Passage and Prevention Structures: A Study of Boeckman Road in Wilsonville Author: de Rivera, Catherine E., Bliss-Ketchum, Leslie L. Year: 2010 One of the most obvious impacts roads have on the natural world is direct mortality to individual animals that attempt to cross roads. A less obvious but likely more important impact of roads on many species is habitat fragmentation. The ability for individuals to travel between subpopulations is the key to genetic diversity as well as ultimately the survival of the species. Considering these impacts and management goals to increase habitat connectivity, increased attention has been given to creating road design that reduces wildlife collisions. Most studies, however, have been in other countries or regions and most focus on connectivity for just one or a few species and rarely in urban settings. This study examines the effectiveness of a variety of under-road passage structures for a community of animals in an urban wetland. Wildlife passage was taken into great consideration in the construction of the Boeckman Road Extension, the new road (2006) in Wilsonville, Oregon, examined in this study. As a result it includes a bridge, two box culverts and eleven round concrete culverts to facilitate wildlife passage as well as a mammal fence atop an amphibian/reptile wall. In order to monitor passage use we used a combination of sand-track monitoring and motion-detect cameras. We compared passage structure use to movement in the habitats surrounding the road by monitoring four habitat transects in addition to the passage structures (Road transect). We also conducted tag and release studies targeted to small mammals. Finally, camera data collected in passage structures were compared to camera monitoring at the end of the exclusionary fencing. A total of 26 species were detected in this study, 73% (19) of which were found to be using passage structures. 15% (4) of the identified species were detected on transects but not in passages and 11.5% (3) were detected in locations other than transects or passage structures. The bridge structure provided passage to the highest number of species (16), followed by the 24” and 18” culverts, which had a combined total of 11 species, and lastly the 9x4 culverts, which were flooded, with 2 species detected. Our results indicate that large and medium mammals overall did not use passages less than would be expected based on their local movement in habitats. In pit and Sherman traps sixteen of the 48 small mammals that were captured and tagged were re-caught, but only four of these moved from one transect to another, with two moving away from the road and the other two moving toward and under the road. Of the species detected with cameras at the passage structures and circumventing fencing, excluding small mammals, reptiles and amphibians (139), 19% (33) were found potentially crossing on the road surface. The proportion of deer detected using over-road crossings (23%) is of particular concern for driver safety. The bridge structure provided the greatest passage, in not only frequency of crossings but also species present. When maintenance factors, driver safety and species of greatest concern are included, the higher cost of the bridge structure would likely be even further balanced by the benefits. This study highlights the effectiveness and potential problems (and possible fixes) of some of the passage and prevention structures. Including passage and prevention structures such as these in road design is imperative for habitat connectivity and the need for this becomes even more apparent as Oregon’s native wildlife face an ever increasing urban landscape as well as the potential impacts of climate change. Close

• 323. [Article] Food habits and species composition of neritic reef fishes off Depoe Bay, Oregon

  The distribution and trophic ecology of neritic reef fishes was studied to provide biological information useful in conserving these stocks. Houk and line fishing was conducted from July 1976 to July 1977 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Food habits and species composition of neritic reef fishes off Depoe Bay, Oregon Author: Steiner, Richard George The distribution and trophic ecology of neritic reef fishes was studied to provide biological information useful in conserving these stocks. Houk and line fishing was conducted from July 1976 to July 1977 on neritic reefs within 5 km of the Oregon coast adjacent to Depoe Bay. Sampling was designed to determine the seasonal and depth variations in species composition of nearshore reef-fish communities, and to determine the trophic relationships within these species. The species composition of fish communities on reefs shoreward of the 20 m depth contour was markedly different from that on deeper (20-50 m) reefs. While fish communities on shallow reefs were dominated by black rockfish (Sebastes melanops), those on deeper reefs were dominated collectively by lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrirnus), and black rockfish. The mean lengths of the two most abundant species, black rockfish and lingcod, were decidedly longer on the deep reefs than on the shallow reefs. Several neritic reef fish species were seldom found shoreward of the 20-30 m depth interval, suggesting that this zone constitutes a functional boundary to the distribution of these species. The catch per unit of effort for black rockfish was significantly (p = .01) greater on shallow reefs (10-20 m) during summer and winter than it was during spring and fall. The species composition of catches in all reef areas changed seasonally due mainly to a significant (p = . 10) increase in lingcod abundance in reef areas during their winter spawning period. Analysis of stomach contents of the five principal species using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity indices revealed that these nearshore reef fish communities are relatively uncoupled trophic systems. This suggests that the principal species do not exclude one another from reef areas through competition for food, and thus, for purposes of conservation, can probably be considered separately. Because of the continuing increase in sport and commercial fishing effort on neritic reef fishes, it is increasingly possible that these stocks could be overexploited. Restriction of the lingcod fishery during their winter spawning period and a maximum size limit for lingcod are possible strategies to help insure adequate recruitment of these species. However, before such restrictions are considered, the role of offshore stocks of lingcod with regard to spawning and recruitment needs to be better understood. Title: Food habits and species composition of neritic reef fishes off Depoe Bay, Oregon Author: Steiner, Richard George The distribution and trophic ecology of neritic reef fishes was studied to provide biological information useful in conserving these stocks. Houk and line fishing was conducted from July 1976 to July 1977 on neritic reefs within 5 km of the Oregon coast adjacent to Depoe Bay. Sampling was designed to determine the seasonal and depth variations in species composition of nearshore reef-fish communities, and to determine the trophic relationships within these species. The species composition of fish communities on reefs shoreward of the 20 m depth contour was markedly different from that on deeper (20-50 m) reefs. While fish communities on shallow reefs were dominated by black rockfish (Sebastes melanops), those on deeper reefs were dominated collectively by lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrirnus), and black rockfish. The mean lengths of the two most abundant species, black rockfish and lingcod, were decidedly longer on the deep reefs than on the shallow reefs. Several neritic reef fish species were seldom found shoreward of the 20-30 m depth interval, suggesting that this zone constitutes a functional boundary to the distribution of these species. The catch per unit of effort for black rockfish was significantly (p = .01) greater on shallow reefs (10-20 m) during summer and winter than it was during spring and fall. The species composition of catches in all reef areas changed seasonally due mainly to a significant (p = . 10) increase in lingcod abundance in reef areas during their winter spawning period. Analysis of stomach contents of the five principal species using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity indices revealed that these nearshore reef fish communities are relatively uncoupled trophic systems. This suggests that the principal species do not exclude one another from reef areas through competition for food, and thus, for purposes of conservation, can probably be considered separately. Because of the continuing increase in sport and commercial fishing effort on neritic reef fishes, it is increasingly possible that these stocks could be overexploited. Restriction of the lingcod fishery during their winter spawning period and a maximum size limit for lingcod are possible strategies to help insure adequate recruitment of these species. However, before such restrictions are considered, the role of offshore stocks of lingcod with regard to spawning and recruitment needs to be better understood. Close

• 324. [Article] Surfgrasses (Phyllospadix spp.) as dynamic foundation species for macroinvertebrates along the Oregon coast

  Foundation species are important components of ecosystems because they provide habitat and ameliorate stressful conditions for residents. This thesis considers the role of surfgrasses (Phyllospadix spp.) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surfgrasses (Phyllospadix spp.) as dynamic foundation species for macroinvertebrates along the Oregon coast Author: Moulton, Orissa M. Foundation species are important components of ecosystems because they provide habitat and ameliorate stressful conditions for residents. This thesis considers the role of surfgrasses (Phyllospadix spp.) as dynamic foundation species on the coast of Oregon in two studies. Chapter 2, which presents an observational survey of two Phyllospadix congeners, investigates the ways in which surfgrass morphology and observed oceanographic conditions influence associated macroinvertebrate communities throughout a calendar year. Chapter 3, which presents an experimental manipulation of the system, considers the ways in which macroinvertebrates and surfgrass interact. Surfgrasses (Phyllospadix spp.) are ubiquitous foundation species on the coast of Oregon, USA, protecting resident invertebrates from waves and providing them access to sandy substrate in an otherwise rocky habitat. We investigated whether native congeneric species function similarly by comparing the two species' resident macroinvertebrates, plant morphology, and sediment accretion at three capes that vary in oceanographic conditions. The results showed that while the macroinvertebrate abundance was the same between surfgrass species, species richness, composition, and functional groups varied considerably. P. serrulatus also had fewer tillers, rhizomes, and lower biomass per given area but greater sediment accretion than its congener P. scouleri. There was a large difference in macroinvertebrate abundance among capes, with Cape Perpetua having 2.5-3 times more animals per given area than Cape Foulweather or Cape Blanco. Overall, we found that while the two co-occurring surfgrass congeners provided functionally different habitat for resident macroinvertebrate species, regional oceanographic processes (upwelling, productivity) were more influential in determining the overall abundance and productivity of these highly diverse animal communities. The interaction between surfgrass (P. scouleri) and resident macroinvertebrates may be an example of mutual facilitation if surfgrass provides shelter and macroinvertebrate residents reciprocate with nutrient input. We hypothesized that this positive interaction could vary depending on oceanographic conditions. Sites with intermittent upwelling, low retention of upwelled waters, and high nutrient delivery to the intertidal are often dominated by macroalgae and seagrasses, while sessile invertebrates dominate intermittent upwelling sites with high water higher retention and relatively low nutrient delivery to the intertidal. We expected the positive influence of macroinvertebrates upon surfgrass to be strongest at a site with possible nutrient limitation stress. We used manipulative field experiments to examine the interaction between Phyllospadix and macroinvertebrate residents at sites known to differ in coastal oceanography. Treatments were applied in situ to vary presence/absence of residents and nutrient conditions. Results indicate that the community of macroinvertebrates varies greatly in both abundance and composition between the two sites (ca. three fold higher abundance at Strawberry Hill than at Fogarty Creek), but the amount Phyllospadix habitat available to macroinvertebrates does not vary between the two sites. This variation is therefore driven by something external to local habitat, and is likely related to regional oceanography. Furthermore, there is some evidence that macroinvertebrates do have some positive nutrient effect upon surfgrass productivity. Together, these studies provide critical descriptive information about community structure associated with the Phyllospadix system on the Oregon coast. This work contributes to the ever-increasing body of literature suggesting importance of regional oceanography in structuring coastal communities. Title: Surfgrasses (Phyllospadix spp.) as dynamic foundation species for macroinvertebrates along the Oregon coast Author: Moulton, Orissa M. Foundation species are important components of ecosystems because they provide habitat and ameliorate stressful conditions for residents. This thesis considers the role of surfgrasses (Phyllospadix spp.) as dynamic foundation species on the coast of Oregon in two studies. Chapter 2, which presents an observational survey of two Phyllospadix congeners, investigates the ways in which surfgrass morphology and observed oceanographic conditions influence associated macroinvertebrate communities throughout a calendar year. Chapter 3, which presents an experimental manipulation of the system, considers the ways in which macroinvertebrates and surfgrass interact. Surfgrasses (Phyllospadix spp.) are ubiquitous foundation species on the coast of Oregon, USA, protecting resident invertebrates from waves and providing them access to sandy substrate in an otherwise rocky habitat. We investigated whether native congeneric species function similarly by comparing the two species' resident macroinvertebrates, plant morphology, and sediment accretion at three capes that vary in oceanographic conditions. The results showed that while the macroinvertebrate abundance was the same between surfgrass species, species richness, composition, and functional groups varied considerably. P. serrulatus also had fewer tillers, rhizomes, and lower biomass per given area but greater sediment accretion than its congener P. scouleri. There was a large difference in macroinvertebrate abundance among capes, with Cape Perpetua having 2.5-3 times more animals per given area than Cape Foulweather or Cape Blanco. Overall, we found that while the two co-occurring surfgrass congeners provided functionally different habitat for resident macroinvertebrate species, regional oceanographic processes (upwelling, productivity) were more influential in determining the overall abundance and productivity of these highly diverse animal communities. The interaction between surfgrass (P. scouleri) and resident macroinvertebrates may be an example of mutual facilitation if surfgrass provides shelter and macroinvertebrate residents reciprocate with nutrient input. We hypothesized that this positive interaction could vary depending on oceanographic conditions. Sites with intermittent upwelling, low retention of upwelled waters, and high nutrient delivery to the intertidal are often dominated by macroalgae and seagrasses, while sessile invertebrates dominate intermittent upwelling sites with high water higher retention and relatively low nutrient delivery to the intertidal. We expected the positive influence of macroinvertebrates upon surfgrass to be strongest at a site with possible nutrient limitation stress. We used manipulative field experiments to examine the interaction between Phyllospadix and macroinvertebrate residents at sites known to differ in coastal oceanography. Treatments were applied in situ to vary presence/absence of residents and nutrient conditions. Results indicate that the community of macroinvertebrates varies greatly in both abundance and composition between the two sites (ca. three fold higher abundance at Strawberry Hill than at Fogarty Creek), but the amount Phyllospadix habitat available to macroinvertebrates does not vary between the two sites. This variation is therefore driven by something external to local habitat, and is likely related to regional oceanography. Furthermore, there is some evidence that macroinvertebrates do have some positive nutrient effect upon surfgrass productivity. Together, these studies provide critical descriptive information about community structure associated with the Phyllospadix system on the Oregon coast. This work contributes to the ever-increasing body of literature suggesting importance of regional oceanography in structuring coastal communities. Close

• 325. [Article] Phytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western Oregon

  The genus Phytophthora contains some of the most destructive pathogens of forest trees, including the most destructive pathogen of alder in recent times, Phytophthora alni. Alder trees were reported to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Phytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western Oregon Author: Sims, Laura L. The genus Phytophthora contains some of the most destructive pathogens of forest trees, including the most destructive pathogen of alder in recent times, Phytophthora alni. Alder trees were reported to be suffering from canopy dieback in riparian ecosystems in western Oregon, which prompted a survey of alder health and monitoring for P. alni. In 2010 surveys in western Oregon riparian ecosystems were initiated to gather baseline data on damage and on the Phytophthora species associated with alder. Damage was recorded and analyzed from transects containing alder trees with canopy dieback symptoms according to damage type: (1) pathogen, (2) insect, or (3) wound. Phytophthora species from western Oregon riparian ecosystems were systematically sampled, isolated, identified, stored and compared. Koch's Postulates were evaluated for three key Phytophthora species recovered: P. alni, P. siskiyouensis and P. taxon Oaksoil, and alder disease in the western United States was described. Then, the ecological role of the most abundant Phytophthora species from streams was evaluated. The data indicated that many of the same agents reported causing damage to alder trees in the western United States were also damaging alder trees in western Oregon including the alder flea beetle, sawflies, flood debris, Septoria alnifolia, and Mycopappus alni. The most important damage correlated with canopy dieback was incidence of Phytophthora cankers, and isolation of Phytophthora siskiyouensis. In the initial systematic survey of Phytophthora species, 1190 individual Phytophthora isolates were recovered but were of many different species. In the survey of alder roots, P. alni subsp. uniformis was one of the species recovered from necrotic red alder roots, but overall incidence was low; it was isolated four times. From the evaluation of Koch's postulates, Phytophthora canker of alder in the western United States was described, and is a bole canker caused by Phytophthora. Phytophthora canker of alder was only found caused by P. siskiyouensis in nature, and it was isolated 74 times. Isolation was mainly from bole cankers and diseased roots on red and white alder, and from water and alder leaf debris floating in the stream. The most abundant Phytophthora species associated with red alder is an informally described species P. taxon Oaksoil, which appears to be a relatively benign aquatic saprotroph of alder leaf debris. Canopy dieback was more prevalent in riparian alder trees from transects with P. siskiyouensis than from transects with P. taxon Oaksoil but without P. siskiyouensis (70% and 35%, respectively). The informally described P. taxon Oaksoil from western Oregon is formally described here as P. obrutafolium sp. nov., closely related to P. bilorbang from western Australia, and P. taxon Oaksoil ss from an oak forest in France. In summary, other agents besides Phytophthora can damage alder trees in western Oregon. Many Phytophthora species associate with alder in western Oregon but not all of them are important damaging agents of alder. However, Phytophthora canker of alder is widespread in western Oregon. In the United States, Phytophthora canker of alder has only been found to be caused by P. siskiyouensis. Title: Phytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western Oregon Author: Sims, Laura L. The genus Phytophthora contains some of the most destructive pathogens of forest trees, including the most destructive pathogen of alder in recent times, Phytophthora alni. Alder trees were reported to be suffering from canopy dieback in riparian ecosystems in western Oregon, which prompted a survey of alder health and monitoring for P. alni. In 2010 surveys in western Oregon riparian ecosystems were initiated to gather baseline data on damage and on the Phytophthora species associated with alder. Damage was recorded and analyzed from transects containing alder trees with canopy dieback symptoms according to damage type: (1) pathogen, (2) insect, or (3) wound. Phytophthora species from western Oregon riparian ecosystems were systematically sampled, isolated, identified, stored and compared. Koch's Postulates were evaluated for three key Phytophthora species recovered: P. alni, P. siskiyouensis and P. taxon Oaksoil, and alder disease in the western United States was described. Then, the ecological role of the most abundant Phytophthora species from streams was evaluated. The data indicated that many of the same agents reported causing damage to alder trees in the western United States were also damaging alder trees in western Oregon including the alder flea beetle, sawflies, flood debris, Septoria alnifolia, and Mycopappus alni. The most important damage correlated with canopy dieback was incidence of Phytophthora cankers, and isolation of Phytophthora siskiyouensis. In the initial systematic survey of Phytophthora species, 1190 individual Phytophthora isolates were recovered but were of many different species. In the survey of alder roots, P. alni subsp. uniformis was one of the species recovered from necrotic red alder roots, but overall incidence was low; it was isolated four times. From the evaluation of Koch's postulates, Phytophthora canker of alder in the western United States was described, and is a bole canker caused by Phytophthora. Phytophthora canker of alder was only found caused by P. siskiyouensis in nature, and it was isolated 74 times. Isolation was mainly from bole cankers and diseased roots on red and white alder, and from water and alder leaf debris floating in the stream. The most abundant Phytophthora species associated with red alder is an informally described species P. taxon Oaksoil, which appears to be a relatively benign aquatic saprotroph of alder leaf debris. Canopy dieback was more prevalent in riparian alder trees from transects with P. siskiyouensis than from transects with P. taxon Oaksoil but without P. siskiyouensis (70% and 35%, respectively). The informally described P. taxon Oaksoil from western Oregon is formally described here as P. obrutafolium sp. nov., closely related to P. bilorbang from western Australia, and P. taxon Oaksoil ss from an oak forest in France. In summary, other agents besides Phytophthora can damage alder trees in western Oregon. Many Phytophthora species associate with alder in western Oregon but not all of them are important damaging agents of alder. However, Phytophthora canker of alder is widespread in western Oregon. In the United States, Phytophthora canker of alder has only been found to be caused by P. siskiyouensis. Close

• 326. [Article] Hydric Soils in Eastern Oregon Temporary Pools

  Two types of temporary poois, known as playas, occur in semiarid southeast Oregon. Vegetated upland playas are found in the High Lava Plain province; barren alkaline-saline playas are found in the Basin ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydric Soils in Eastern Oregon Temporary Pools Author: Clausnitzer, David Two types of temporary poois, known as playas, occur in semiarid southeast Oregon. Vegetated upland playas are found in the High Lava Plain province; barren alkaline-saline playas are found in the Basin and Range province. Both types become ponded in most years, but they often lack redoximorphic features indicative of hydric soils. We studied the morphology, hydrology, temperature, chemistry, redox potentials, and vegetation in one pool of each type to elucidate processes of soil genesis, to determine if the soils are hydric soils, and to evaluate relevant field indicators of hydric soils. We collected data for 3 years from piezometers, Pt electrodes, and thermocouples installed at several depths at monitoring sites within and around the pools. Chemical and physical parameters of soil and water samples were analyzed. Plant species were identified and their cover estimated. The upland playa was ponded annually but never exhibited subsurface saturation. Its soils were hydric, meeting the hydric criteria for hydrology, redox potential, and temperature. Redox potentials indicated an anaerobic soil environment, but they were never low enough to significantly reduce iron. Depleted matrices and soft Fe-Mn concentrations were present; soft concentrations were too small and inconspicuous to meet the criteria of any current hydric indicators. We propose new indicators based on observed morphological features. Vegetation, soils, and hydrology at this site indicate great similarity with vernal pools in northern California. The pool meets all criteria for classification as a jurisdictional wetland. Effects of current management on the ecology of these pools is not known. The alkaline-saline playa was ponded annually and also saturated at depth. Its soils were hydric, but low soil organic carbon content, low soil Fe-Mn content, high pH, and redox potentials above the thresholds for Fe and Mn reduction suppress formation of hydric soil morphological indicators. Fe-Mn nodules, found throughout the profile, are probably not formed by redox processes. We propose that the limit of greasewood encroachment onto the playa be used as a field indicator of the boundary between hydric and non-hydric soils. Title: Hydric Soils in Eastern Oregon Temporary Pools Author: Clausnitzer, David Two types of temporary poois, known as playas, occur in semiarid southeast Oregon. Vegetated upland playas are found in the High Lava Plain province; barren alkaline-saline playas are found in the Basin and Range province. Both types become ponded in most years, but they often lack redoximorphic features indicative of hydric soils. We studied the morphology, hydrology, temperature, chemistry, redox potentials, and vegetation in one pool of each type to elucidate processes of soil genesis, to determine if the soils are hydric soils, and to evaluate relevant field indicators of hydric soils. We collected data for 3 years from piezometers, Pt electrodes, and thermocouples installed at several depths at monitoring sites within and around the pools. Chemical and physical parameters of soil and water samples were analyzed. Plant species were identified and their cover estimated. The upland playa was ponded annually but never exhibited subsurface saturation. Its soils were hydric, meeting the hydric criteria for hydrology, redox potential, and temperature. Redox potentials indicated an anaerobic soil environment, but they were never low enough to significantly reduce iron. Depleted matrices and soft Fe-Mn concentrations were present; soft concentrations were too small and inconspicuous to meet the criteria of any current hydric indicators. We propose new indicators based on observed morphological features. Vegetation, soils, and hydrology at this site indicate great similarity with vernal pools in northern California. The pool meets all criteria for classification as a jurisdictional wetland. Effects of current management on the ecology of these pools is not known. The alkaline-saline playa was ponded annually and also saturated at depth. Its soils were hydric, but low soil organic carbon content, low soil Fe-Mn content, high pH, and redox potentials above the thresholds for Fe and Mn reduction suppress formation of hydric soil morphological indicators. Fe-Mn nodules, found throughout the profile, are probably not formed by redox processes. We propose that the limit of greasewood encroachment onto the playa be used as a field indicator of the boundary between hydric and non-hydric soils. Close

• 327. [Article] Fishery-Based indicators of Management Impact: Assessing Relevance and Robustness Using A Bio-Economic Simulation Model

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fishery-Based indicators of Management Impact: Assessing Relevance and Robustness Using A Bio-Economic Simulation Model Author: Rivot, Etienne, Lehuta, Sigrid, Mahévas, Stéphanie, Vermard, Youen, Marchal, Paul, Le Floc'h, Pascal, Pelletier, Dominique Abstract only. Title: Fishery-Based indicators of Management Impact: Assessing Relevance and Robustness Using A Bio-Economic Simulation Model Author: Rivot, Etienne, Lehuta, Sigrid, Mahévas, Stéphanie, Vermard, Youen, Marchal, Paul, Le Floc'h, Pascal, Pelletier, Dominique Abstract only. Close

• 328. [Article] Simulation Model Evaluation of Some Fisheries Balance Indicators

  Chronic overcapacity has been identified as a major cause of the overfishing of Europe’s fish stocks and the poor economic performance of the European fishing fleets. Mechanisms are needed to ensure that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Simulation Model Evaluation of Some Fisheries Balance Indicators Author: Scott, Robert, Sampson, David Chronic overcapacity has been identified as a major cause of the overfishing of Europe’s fish stocks and the poor economic performance of the European fishing fleets. Mechanisms are needed to ensure that the capacity of European fishing fleets remain proportionate to available fish stocks. To that end, the European Commission developed “Guidelines for an improved analysis of the balance between fishing capacity and fishing opportunities”, which specify a minimum set of fleet-based technical, biological, economic, and social indicators that purportedly measure the balance between fishing fleets and fish resources. A bioeconomic simulation model was developed to assist in the evaluation of some of these balance indicators. The model is age-structured, like standard single-species stock assessment models, but accommodates multiple independent fish stocks that are harvested by multiple independent fishing fleets. The fish stocks occupy multiple spatial regions with diffusion of fish between regions. The fishing fleets choose where and how to fish based on anticipated profits. Randomness is included in the simulated system in the annual fish recruitments and their spatial distribution. The model was used to generate a series of balance indicators that were then compared against the true conditions in the simulated fisheries to evaluate whether the indicators provide accurate signals of system status. The simulations showed that randomness in recruitment propagates directly into randomness in the balance indicators implying that it will be difficult to detect meaningful signals from any short time series of balance indicator values. Title: Simulation Model Evaluation of Some Fisheries Balance Indicators Author: Scott, Robert, Sampson, David Chronic overcapacity has been identified as a major cause of the overfishing of Europe’s fish stocks and the poor economic performance of the European fishing fleets. Mechanisms are needed to ensure that the capacity of European fishing fleets remain proportionate to available fish stocks. To that end, the European Commission developed “Guidelines for an improved analysis of the balance between fishing capacity and fishing opportunities”, which specify a minimum set of fleet-based technical, biological, economic, and social indicators that purportedly measure the balance between fishing fleets and fish resources. A bioeconomic simulation model was developed to assist in the evaluation of some of these balance indicators. The model is age-structured, like standard single-species stock assessment models, but accommodates multiple independent fish stocks that are harvested by multiple independent fishing fleets. The fish stocks occupy multiple spatial regions with diffusion of fish between regions. The fishing fleets choose where and how to fish based on anticipated profits. Randomness is included in the simulated system in the annual fish recruitments and their spatial distribution. The model was used to generate a series of balance indicators that were then compared against the true conditions in the simulated fisheries to evaluate whether the indicators provide accurate signals of system status. The simulations showed that randomness in recruitment propagates directly into randomness in the balance indicators implying that it will be difficult to detect meaningful signals from any short time series of balance indicator values. Close

• 329. [Article] A new species of Sebastes (Scorpaeniformes: Sebastidae) from the northeastern Pacific, with a redescription of the blue rockfish, S. mystinus (Jordan and Gilbert, 1881)

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service and can ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A new species of Sebastes (Scorpaeniformes: Sebastidae) from the northeastern Pacific, with a redescription of the blue rockfish, S. mystinus (Jordan and Gilbert, 1881) Author: Sidlauskasi, Brian L., Frierson, Taylor N., Wagman, D. Wolfe, Frable, Benjamin W., Aguilar, Andres This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service and can be found at: http://fisherybulletin.nmfs.noaa.gov/ Title: A new species of Sebastes (Scorpaeniformes: Sebastidae) from the northeastern Pacific, with a redescription of the blue rockfish, S. mystinus (Jordan and Gilbert, 1881) Author: Sidlauskasi, Brian L., Frierson, Taylor N., Wagman, D. Wolfe, Frable, Benjamin W., Aguilar, Andres This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service and can be found at: http://fisherybulletin.nmfs.noaa.gov/ Close

• 330. [Article] Initial experimental effects of intensive forest management on avian abundance

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-a...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Initial experimental effects of intensive forest management on avian abundance Author: Giovanini, Jack, Kroll, Andrew J., Verschuyl, Jake, Stokely, Thomas, Betts, Matthew G. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-and-management/. Title: Initial experimental effects of intensive forest management on avian abundance Author: Giovanini, Jack, Kroll, Andrew J., Verschuyl, Jake, Stokely, Thomas, Betts, Matthew G. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-and-management/. Close

• 331. [Article] The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts Author: Reid, J. Leighton, Contu, Sara, Newbold, Tim, et al., Hudson, Lawrence N. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758. Title: The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts Author: Reid, J. Leighton, Contu, Sara, Newbold, Tim, et al., Hudson, Lawrence N. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758. Close

• 332. [Article] Ecology and applications of cutaneous mechanisms of resistance to amphibian chytridiomycosis

  Amphibian biodiversity is in rapid global decline, due in part to the fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Susceptibility to Bd and chytridiomycosis varies between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecology and applications of cutaneous mechanisms of resistance to amphibian chytridiomycosis Author: Nebergall, Emily E. Amphibian biodiversity is in rapid global decline, due in part to the fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Susceptibility to Bd and chytridiomycosis varies between species and populations. Skin peptides and symbiotic skin bacteria appear to be important mechanisms of Bd resistance. However, not much is known about the ways in which these mechanisms vary between species and locations or about the relative importance of these mechanisms to different amphibian species. This thesis sought to explore the ecology and applications of mechanisms of resistance to Bd. In the second chapter, I use an information theoretic approach to investigate the source of intraspecies and interspecies variation in three measures of predicted resistance against chytridiomycosis: skin peptide inhibition of Bd, skin peptide quantity, and prevalence of Bd-inhibitory bacteria. I collected peptide and bacterial samples from three amphibian species in Mt. Rainier National Park, which is characterized by landscape heterogeneity and low connectivity and hence is likely to produce high variability between amphibian populations in different park regions. I found that skin peptide defenses may vary primarily by species, whereas anti-Bd skin bacteria may vary primarily by location. In the third chapter, I investigate the feasibility of using anti- Bd bacteria to bioaugment an endangered amphibian species, Rana chiricahuensis, against infection with Bd. I screened skin bacterial communities from wild R. chiricahuensis for anti- Bd bacteria and selected Pseudomonas fluorescens as an experimental bioaugmentation agent. I tested P. fluorescens alongside Janthinobacterium lividum in Bd challenges studies with wild adult R. chiricahuensis. Results of these studies do not indicate bioaugmentation with either of these two bacteria as a feasible Bd management strategy for R. chiricahuensis. Title: Ecology and applications of cutaneous mechanisms of resistance to amphibian chytridiomycosis Author: Nebergall, Emily E. Amphibian biodiversity is in rapid global decline, due in part to the fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Susceptibility to Bd and chytridiomycosis varies between species and populations. Skin peptides and symbiotic skin bacteria appear to be important mechanisms of Bd resistance. However, not much is known about the ways in which these mechanisms vary between species and locations or about the relative importance of these mechanisms to different amphibian species. This thesis sought to explore the ecology and applications of mechanisms of resistance to Bd. In the second chapter, I use an information theoretic approach to investigate the source of intraspecies and interspecies variation in three measures of predicted resistance against chytridiomycosis: skin peptide inhibition of Bd, skin peptide quantity, and prevalence of Bd-inhibitory bacteria. I collected peptide and bacterial samples from three amphibian species in Mt. Rainier National Park, which is characterized by landscape heterogeneity and low connectivity and hence is likely to produce high variability between amphibian populations in different park regions. I found that skin peptide defenses may vary primarily by species, whereas anti-Bd skin bacteria may vary primarily by location. In the third chapter, I investigate the feasibility of using anti- Bd bacteria to bioaugment an endangered amphibian species, Rana chiricahuensis, against infection with Bd. I screened skin bacterial communities from wild R. chiricahuensis for anti- Bd bacteria and selected Pseudomonas fluorescens as an experimental bioaugmentation agent. I tested P. fluorescens alongside Janthinobacterium lividum in Bd challenges studies with wild adult R. chiricahuensis. Results of these studies do not indicate bioaugmentation with either of these two bacteria as a feasible Bd management strategy for R. chiricahuensis. Close

• 333. [Article] Evaluating Leucopis species (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) from the Pacific Northwest as potential biological control agents of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)

  Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, is a destructive introduced pest of hemlock trees in eastern North America, and management has focused on the use of natural enemies through classical biological ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating Leucopis species (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) from the Pacific Northwest as potential biological control agents of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Author: Grubin, Sarah M. Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, is a destructive introduced pest of hemlock trees in eastern North America, and management has focused on the use of natural enemies through classical biological control. Two species of chamaemyiid flies, Leucopis argenticollis Zetterstedt and Leucopis atrifacies (Aldrich) have been collected previously from western hemlock trees, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sargent, infested with A. tsugae in the Pacific Northwest. Leucopis spp. found associated with A. tsugae in the Pacific Northwest are known to be important predators of Adelgidae. Additionally, biological control programs for other adelgid species have employed chamaemyiid predators in the past with varying degrees of success, indicating that Leucopis spp. are good candidates for biological control of A. tsugae in eastern North America. This study was conducted to determine the degree of host specificity of the Leucopis spp. by evaluating prey suitability and host acceptance in no- choice tests using four adelgid species. While collecting immature Leucopis spp. to use in these tests, we identified a third species, Leucopis piniperda Malloch, associated with A. tsugae in Oregon and Washington. Leucopis spp. survival was highest on A. tsugae, but they were able to complete development on all four adelgid species. These results suggest that Leucopis spp. may have a conservative host range within the Adelgidae, but may not be specific to A. tsugae. Additionally, fourteen western hemlock trees infested with A. tsugae in Oregon and Washington were sampled over a period of 14 months to evaluate the seasonal abundance and synchrony of Leucopis spp. with A. tsugae in the field. Leucopis spp. larvae were collected year-round on branches infested with A. tsugae. There was a positive correlation between Leucopis spp. and A. tsugae abundance. Peak abundance of Leucopis spp. coincided with the presence of both progrediens and sistens eggs of A. tsugae in the field. Title: Evaluating Leucopis species (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) from the Pacific Northwest as potential biological control agents of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Author: Grubin, Sarah M. Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, is a destructive introduced pest of hemlock trees in eastern North America, and management has focused on the use of natural enemies through classical biological control. Two species of chamaemyiid flies, Leucopis argenticollis Zetterstedt and Leucopis atrifacies (Aldrich) have been collected previously from western hemlock trees, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sargent, infested with A. tsugae in the Pacific Northwest. Leucopis spp. found associated with A. tsugae in the Pacific Northwest are known to be important predators of Adelgidae. Additionally, biological control programs for other adelgid species have employed chamaemyiid predators in the past with varying degrees of success, indicating that Leucopis spp. are good candidates for biological control of A. tsugae in eastern North America. This study was conducted to determine the degree of host specificity of the Leucopis spp. by evaluating prey suitability and host acceptance in no- choice tests using four adelgid species. While collecting immature Leucopis spp. to use in these tests, we identified a third species, Leucopis piniperda Malloch, associated with A. tsugae in Oregon and Washington. Leucopis spp. survival was highest on A. tsugae, but they were able to complete development on all four adelgid species. These results suggest that Leucopis spp. may have a conservative host range within the Adelgidae, but may not be specific to A. tsugae. Additionally, fourteen western hemlock trees infested with A. tsugae in Oregon and Washington were sampled over a period of 14 months to evaluate the seasonal abundance and synchrony of Leucopis spp. with A. tsugae in the field. Leucopis spp. larvae were collected year-round on branches infested with A. tsugae. There was a positive correlation between Leucopis spp. and A. tsugae abundance. Peak abundance of Leucopis spp. coincided with the presence of both progrediens and sistens eggs of A. tsugae in the field. Close

• 334. [Article] Spatial Allocation of Fishing Effort Discriminated By Fishing Gear in A Multi-Species Fleet

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial Allocation of Fishing Effort Discriminated By Fishing Gear in A Multi-Species Fleet Author: Bello, Javier, Salas, Silvia, Monroy, Carmen Abstract only. Title: Spatial Allocation of Fishing Effort Discriminated By Fishing Gear in A Multi-Species Fleet Author: Bello, Javier, Salas, Silvia, Monroy, Carmen Abstract only. Close

• 335. [Article] Use of tethered prey for estimating the impact of the invasive European green crab

  Senior thesis for the Bachelor of Science in the Department of Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of tethered prey for estimating the impact of the invasive European green crab Author: Hauck, Laura L. Senior thesis for the Bachelor of Science in the Department of Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Title: Use of tethered prey for estimating the impact of the invasive European green crab Author: Hauck, Laura L. Senior thesis for the Bachelor of Science in the Department of Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Close

• 336. [Article] Within-population genetic structure differs between two sympatric sister-species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, Rhizopogon vinicolor and R. vesiculosus

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Mycological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.msafungi.org/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Within-population genetic structure differs between two sympatric sister-species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, Rhizopogon vinicolor and R. vesiculosus Author: Kretzer, Annette M., Spatafora, Joseph W., Mujic, Alija Bajro, Dunham, Susie M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Mycological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.msafungi.org/ Title: Within-population genetic structure differs between two sympatric sister-species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, Rhizopogon vinicolor and R. vesiculosus Author: Kretzer, Annette M., Spatafora, Joseph W., Mujic, Alija Bajro, Dunham, Susie M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Mycological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.msafungi.org/ Close

• 337. [Article] Enhanced Protein Homeostasis Mechanisms in Naked Mole Rats Cells

  Phylogenic studies suggest that cells from long-lived species are more resistant to a variety of stressors than short-lived species. However, there is little information on the cellular mechanisms that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enhanced Protein Homeostasis Mechanisms in Naked Mole Rats Cells Author: Richardson, Arlan, Mochnick, Jillian, Austad, Steve, Pride, Harrison, Zhang, Yiqiang, Buffenstein, Rochelle, Perez, Viviana I., Hornsby, Peter J., Coles, Alex Phylogenic studies suggest that cells from long-lived species are more resistant to a variety of stressors than short-lived species. However, there is little information on the cellular mechanisms that give rise to increased resistance to stress. Our previous studies have shown that liver proteins from a long-lived species have lower levels of protein ubiquitination which is associated with increased proteasome activity, suggesting that mechanisms of protein quality control could play a critical role in assuring longevity of long-lived species. In this study, we evaluated whether autophagy and heat shock chaperones proteins (HSPs) are associated with longevity in rodents using skin fibroblasts isolated from mice and naked mole rats (NMR); two species that are similar in body size but differ almost 10 fold in longevity. Our results indicate that macroautophagy induced by serum-starvation is significantly enhanced in NMR compared to mouse which correlates with an inhibition of the mTOR pathway and increased LC3 conversion. We also found that several HSPs (e.g., Hsp90, Hsp70, Hsp40, Hsp 27) were significantly higher at both basal and after heat shock conditions. These observations suggest that NMR, a long-lived species, has increased mechanisms to ensure protein quality (autophagy and HSPs) and support the idea that protein homeostasis could play an important role in promoting longevity. Title: Enhanced Protein Homeostasis Mechanisms in Naked Mole Rats Cells Author: Richardson, Arlan, Mochnick, Jillian, Austad, Steve, Pride, Harrison, Zhang, Yiqiang, Buffenstein, Rochelle, Perez, Viviana I., Hornsby, Peter J., Coles, Alex Phylogenic studies suggest that cells from long-lived species are more resistant to a variety of stressors than short-lived species. However, there is little information on the cellular mechanisms that give rise to increased resistance to stress. Our previous studies have shown that liver proteins from a long-lived species have lower levels of protein ubiquitination which is associated with increased proteasome activity, suggesting that mechanisms of protein quality control could play a critical role in assuring longevity of long-lived species. In this study, we evaluated whether autophagy and heat shock chaperones proteins (HSPs) are associated with longevity in rodents using skin fibroblasts isolated from mice and naked mole rats (NMR); two species that are similar in body size but differ almost 10 fold in longevity. Our results indicate that macroautophagy induced by serum-starvation is significantly enhanced in NMR compared to mouse which correlates with an inhibition of the mTOR pathway and increased LC3 conversion. We also found that several HSPs (e.g., Hsp90, Hsp70, Hsp40, Hsp 27) were significantly higher at both basal and after heat shock conditions. These observations suggest that NMR, a long-lived species, has increased mechanisms to ensure protein quality (autophagy and HSPs) and support the idea that protein homeostasis could play an important role in promoting longevity. Close

• 338. [Article] Quantification of Habitat and Community Relationships among Nearshore Temperate Fishes Through Analysis of Drop Camera Video

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Taylor & Francis. The published article can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantification of Habitat and Community Relationships among Nearshore Temperate Fishes Through Analysis of Drop Camera Video Author: Hannah, Robert W., Easton, Ryan R., Heppell, Selina S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Taylor & Francis. The published article can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19425120.2015.1007184 Title: Quantification of Habitat and Community Relationships among Nearshore Temperate Fishes Through Analysis of Drop Camera Video Author: Hannah, Robert W., Easton, Ryan R., Heppell, Selina S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Taylor & Francis. The published article can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19425120.2015.1007184 Close

• 339. [Article] Comparative carbohydrate catabolism in Chromobacterium species

  It is generally recognized that biochemical information is of great importance to microbial taxonomy. This is particularly true in the case of catabolic behavior of microorganisms in utilizing glucose ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative carbohydrate catabolism in Chromobacterium species Author: Wehr, Carol Meyer It is generally recognized that biochemical information is of great importance to microbial taxonomy. This is particularly true in the case of catabolic behavior of microorganisms in utilizing glucose and allied compounds. Once the pathways operating in a species are identified, and the relative participation of these pathways is determined, then differences in catabolic patterns among organisms or groups of organisms become taxonomically significant. There is evidence that microorganisms in a given genus may rely on a given set of primary pathways for glucose utilization, and that closely related genera will also display similar patterns of catabolic pathways. Thus, phylogenetic models may be constructed for whole groups of microorganisms by correlating catabolic information with other morphological and physiological data. In the present work, pathway identification and estimation has been made in species of Chromobacterium using a radiorespirometric method which provides yield data of respiratory ¹⁴CO₂ derived from carbohydrate substrates specifically labeled with ¹⁴C. Five representative species of the genus Chromobacterium were selected for the present study. Results from radiorespirometric experiments indicate that Ch. lividum catabolizes 86% of administered glucose via the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway and the remaining 14% via the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway. Ch. amethystinurn. catabolizes 87% of administered glucose via the ED pathway and the remaining 13% via the PP pathway. Ch. violaceum routes 80% of catabolized glucose through the ED pathway and 20% through the PP pathway. Ch. maris-mortui, on the other hand, relies heavily on the PP and PC pathways (100%) for glucose catabolism, while Ch. viscosum utilizes the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway for 84% of the catabolized glucose and the PP pathway for the remaining 16%. On the basis of the present understanding of carbohydrate catabolism, and other morphological and physiological data, it is recommended that 1) Ch. lividum and Ch. violaceum be retained as type species of the psychrophilic and mesophilic groups, respectively; 2) Ch. am.ethystinum be designated as a strain within the species Ch. lividum; 3) the halophile Ch. maris-mortui be excluded from the genus Chromobacterium; and 4) the organism Ch. viscosum be excluded from the genus Chromobacterium. Title: Comparative carbohydrate catabolism in Chromobacterium species Author: Wehr, Carol Meyer It is generally recognized that biochemical information is of great importance to microbial taxonomy. This is particularly true in the case of catabolic behavior of microorganisms in utilizing glucose and allied compounds. Once the pathways operating in a species are identified, and the relative participation of these pathways is determined, then differences in catabolic patterns among organisms or groups of organisms become taxonomically significant. There is evidence that microorganisms in a given genus may rely on a given set of primary pathways for glucose utilization, and that closely related genera will also display similar patterns of catabolic pathways. Thus, phylogenetic models may be constructed for whole groups of microorganisms by correlating catabolic information with other morphological and physiological data. In the present work, pathway identification and estimation has been made in species of Chromobacterium using a radiorespirometric method which provides yield data of respiratory ¹⁴CO₂ derived from carbohydrate substrates specifically labeled with ¹⁴C. Five representative species of the genus Chromobacterium were selected for the present study. Results from radiorespirometric experiments indicate that Ch. lividum catabolizes 86% of administered glucose via the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway and the remaining 14% via the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway. Ch. amethystinurn. catabolizes 87% of administered glucose via the ED pathway and the remaining 13% via the PP pathway. Ch. violaceum routes 80% of catabolized glucose through the ED pathway and 20% through the PP pathway. Ch. maris-mortui, on the other hand, relies heavily on the PP and PC pathways (100%) for glucose catabolism, while Ch. viscosum utilizes the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway for 84% of the catabolized glucose and the PP pathway for the remaining 16%. On the basis of the present understanding of carbohydrate catabolism, and other morphological and physiological data, it is recommended that 1) Ch. lividum and Ch. violaceum be retained as type species of the psychrophilic and mesophilic groups, respectively; 2) Ch. am.ethystinum be designated as a strain within the species Ch. lividum; 3) the halophile Ch. maris-mortui be excluded from the genus Chromobacterium; and 4) the organism Ch. viscosum be excluded from the genus Chromobacterium. Close

• 340. [Article] Vertical distribution and migration of fishes from the lower mesopelagic zone off Oregon

  A 50 m² pelagic trawl equipped with a codend opening-closing device was used to sample micronektonic fishes between 500 m and 1000 m. Horizontal tows were made at 500, 650, 800 and 1000 m. Twelve of 15 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vertical distribution and migration of fishes from the lower mesopelagic zone off Oregon Author: Willis, John Marcus A 50 m² pelagic trawl equipped with a codend opening-closing device was used to sample micronektonic fishes between 500 m and 1000 m. Horizontal tows were made at 500, 650, 800 and 1000 m. Twelve of 15 common species captured showed significant diel differences in abundance at one or more depths indicative of vertical migration. Distinct vertical separation of day and night peaks in abundance of Bathylagus milleri shows that it migrates from 650 m during the day to 500 m at night. Catches of Cyclothone acclinidens and C. atraria were significantly higher during night than day at 800 m, suggesting upward migration from deeper depths at night. Several species showed changes in migratory behavior with size. Only small (<240 mm) Tactostoma macropus migrated vertically, whereas only large (>110 mm) Bathylagus pacificus appeared to migrate. Many species exhibited trends in size with depth, with size either increasing or decreasing with depth. Congeneric species usually had well separated population centers. Bathylagus mulleri and B. pacificus had similar abundance peaks by day, but B. milleri were shallower at night. Stenobrachius leucopsarus and S. nannochir were clearly separated vertically both day and night. The four common Cyclothone species were divided into an upper and a lower mesopelagic pair. Cyclothone pseudopallida and C. signata were most abundant at 500 m day and night, whereas C. acclinidens and C. atraria were most abundant at 800 m. All four common Cyclothone species appeared to migrate. Title: Vertical distribution and migration of fishes from the lower mesopelagic zone off Oregon Author: Willis, John Marcus A 50 m² pelagic trawl equipped with a codend opening-closing device was used to sample micronektonic fishes between 500 m and 1000 m. Horizontal tows were made at 500, 650, 800 and 1000 m. Twelve of 15 common species captured showed significant diel differences in abundance at one or more depths indicative of vertical migration. Distinct vertical separation of day and night peaks in abundance of Bathylagus milleri shows that it migrates from 650 m during the day to 500 m at night. Catches of Cyclothone acclinidens and C. atraria were significantly higher during night than day at 800 m, suggesting upward migration from deeper depths at night. Several species showed changes in migratory behavior with size. Only small (<240 mm) Tactostoma macropus migrated vertically, whereas only large (>110 mm) Bathylagus pacificus appeared to migrate. Many species exhibited trends in size with depth, with size either increasing or decreasing with depth. Congeneric species usually had well separated population centers. Bathylagus mulleri and B. pacificus had similar abundance peaks by day, but B. milleri were shallower at night. Stenobrachius leucopsarus and S. nannochir were clearly separated vertically both day and night. The four common Cyclothone species were divided into an upper and a lower mesopelagic pair. Cyclothone pseudopallida and C. signata were most abundant at 500 m day and night, whereas C. acclinidens and C. atraria were most abundant at 800 m. All four common Cyclothone species appeared to migrate. Close

• 341. [Article] Barnacle Feeding: Comparing Cirral Anatomy, Feeding Behavior, Reynolds Numbers, and Cirral Fan Leakiness Across Three Size Classes of Three Species of Common Acorn Barnacles

  xv, 97 p. : ill. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call numbers: SCIENCE QL444.C58 G45 2007

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Barnacle Feeding: Comparing Cirral Anatomy, Feeding Behavior, Reynolds Numbers, and Cirral Fan Leakiness Across Three Size Classes of Three Species of Common Acorn Barnacles Author: Geierman, Christina, 1982- Year: 2008, 2007 xv, 97 p. : ill. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call numbers: SCIENCE QL444.C58 G45 2007 Title: Barnacle Feeding: Comparing Cirral Anatomy, Feeding Behavior, Reynolds Numbers, and Cirral Fan Leakiness Across Three Size Classes of Three Species of Common Acorn Barnacles Author: Geierman, Christina, 1982- Year: 2008, 2007 xv, 97 p. : ill. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call numbers: SCIENCE QL444.C58 G45 2007 Close

• 342. [Image] Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database

  	"September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database Author: Marcot, Bruce G. Year: 1997, 2005, 2004 "September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24) Title: Research information needs on terrestrial vertebrate species of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great basins: research, development, and application database Author: Marcot, Bruce G. Year: 1997, 2005, 2004 "September 1997"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 24) Close

• 343. [Article] Relationships of exotic species and wildfire to the threatened plant Silene spaldingii

  In the canyon grasslands of Garden Creek Ranch Preserve in Idaho, where the threatened plant Silene spaldingii occurs and invasion by the exotic species Centaurea solstitialis and Bromus tectorum is proceeding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationships of exotic species and wildfire to the threatened plant Silene spaldingii Author: Menke, Carolyn A. In the canyon grasslands of Garden Creek Ranch Preserve in Idaho, where the threatened plant Silene spaldingii occurs and invasion by the exotic species Centaurea solstitialis and Bromus tectorum is proceeding rapidly, I examined environmental and community patterns of site invasion, and evaluated the apparent influence of invasion on Silene population vigor. In addition, two separate lightning fires at the preserve presented the opportunity to examine the short-term influence of late-season fire on this species and its associated bunchgrass plant community. I found that Silene-supporting sites most often invaded by exotics were on relatively gentle slopes that received more incident radiation. This pattern may relate, in part, to light requirements of Centaurea solstitialis. Invaded sites were also typically at higher elevations, which may indicate they were moister and therefore more productive. The plant communities in invaded Silene-supporting sites were similar to plant communities in uninvaded sites, although invaded sites tended to have greater legume and exotic annual grass cover. Exotic species invasion did not appear to influence negatively the vigor of Silene populations, as indicated by similar plant height and comparable levels of flowering, fruit and seed set in invaded and uninvaded populations. The similarity in Silene vigor between invaded and uninvaded sites may reflect a moderating influence of site productivity in invaded populations, or may indicate that mature Silene plants and the exotic species partition space or resources differently, potentially reducing competition between them. However, Silene recruitment may be limited by competition from weeds; my data did not allow a rigorous test of this possibility. Fire apparently decreased cover of Festuca idahoensis and increased cover of Lupinus sericeus in the first year after burning, while cover of Pseudoroegneria spicata, exotic grasses, and most other forb species did not differ between burned and unburned areas. Silene cover and abundance within populations were similar before and after fire. Burning did not appear to influence levels of flowering, change the number of flowers or capsules produced per stem, or alter the number of seeds per capsule. Burning decreased plant size slightly, and decreased the proportion of flowers that matured to seed-filled capsules. Silene and the plant communities that support this species appear well suited to late season fire, however the response to burning in other seasons or at higher frequencies remains unknown in this study area. Title: Relationships of exotic species and wildfire to the threatened plant Silene spaldingii Author: Menke, Carolyn A. In the canyon grasslands of Garden Creek Ranch Preserve in Idaho, where the threatened plant Silene spaldingii occurs and invasion by the exotic species Centaurea solstitialis and Bromus tectorum is proceeding rapidly, I examined environmental and community patterns of site invasion, and evaluated the apparent influence of invasion on Silene population vigor. In addition, two separate lightning fires at the preserve presented the opportunity to examine the short-term influence of late-season fire on this species and its associated bunchgrass plant community. I found that Silene-supporting sites most often invaded by exotics were on relatively gentle slopes that received more incident radiation. This pattern may relate, in part, to light requirements of Centaurea solstitialis. Invaded sites were also typically at higher elevations, which may indicate they were moister and therefore more productive. The plant communities in invaded Silene-supporting sites were similar to plant communities in uninvaded sites, although invaded sites tended to have greater legume and exotic annual grass cover. Exotic species invasion did not appear to influence negatively the vigor of Silene populations, as indicated by similar plant height and comparable levels of flowering, fruit and seed set in invaded and uninvaded populations. The similarity in Silene vigor between invaded and uninvaded sites may reflect a moderating influence of site productivity in invaded populations, or may indicate that mature Silene plants and the exotic species partition space or resources differently, potentially reducing competition between them. However, Silene recruitment may be limited by competition from weeds; my data did not allow a rigorous test of this possibility. Fire apparently decreased cover of Festuca idahoensis and increased cover of Lupinus sericeus in the first year after burning, while cover of Pseudoroegneria spicata, exotic grasses, and most other forb species did not differ between burned and unburned areas. Silene cover and abundance within populations were similar before and after fire. Burning did not appear to influence levels of flowering, change the number of flowers or capsules produced per stem, or alter the number of seeds per capsule. Burning decreased plant size slightly, and decreased the proportion of flowers that matured to seed-filled capsules. Silene and the plant communities that support this species appear well suited to late season fire, however the response to burning in other seasons or at higher frequencies remains unknown in this study area. Close

• 344. [Article] Directing ecological succession : the role of competition in restoring semi-arid grasslands dominated by invasive plants

  Successful ecosystem restoration requires an understanding of the ecological processes directing succession. One of the challenges in the semi-arid grasslands of western United States is replacement of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Directing ecological succession : the role of competition in restoring semi-arid grasslands dominated by invasive plants Author: Mangla, Seema Successful ecosystem restoration requires an understanding of the ecological processes directing succession. One of the challenges in the semi-arid grasslands of western United States is replacement of native species by invasive annual grasses. Solutions to this problem require identifying and manipulating ecological processes that direct succession to favor desired vegetation. The overall objective of this research was to identify and understand processes or factors directing restoration of semi-arid grassland ecosystems dominated with invasive annual grasses. Two invasive annual (Bromus tectorum L. and Taeniatherum caput-medusae L. Nevski) and two native perennial (Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A) and Poa secunda J. Presl) grass species were used to provide a model system of semi-arid grasslands of western United States. Plant competition is considered to be the primary ecological process limiting the success of grassland restoration. Successful restoration requires knowing the relative strength and magnitude of competition during the early stages of plant growth and how this might be impacted by nitrogen (N) availability. My research involved three experiments designed to compare competition and growth rates of native and invasive species. First, in order to understand the degree to which intra- versus inter-specific competition controls invasive and native plant growth during the early phase of establishment, I performed a diallel competition experiment with species grown either alone or in 1:1 binary combinations in a greenhouse. I hypothesized that the type and intensity of competition for invasive and native species would vary among harvest times and competitive intensity for invasive species will be higher than native species with higher N availability. My results indicated that invasive and native species are subject to both intra- and inter-specific competition; however, the dominant type differed among harvests. Invasive species also became more competitive than native species with increasing N. I suggest that opportunities to improve restoration success exist by determining the optimum combination of density, species proportion, and their spatial arrangement in various ecosystems and environments. Second, I performed an addition series competition experiment in the field for two years to determine the intensity and importance of competition in an arid, resource poor production system. My results indicated that in resource poor environments, the intensity of competition did not significantly influence plant dominance during the first two years of plant establishment, and thus, competition was not important. I suggest that land managers may be most successful at restoration of resource poor ecosystems by overcoming the barriers associated with plant establishment other than plant-plant interactions, such as abiotic factors. Third, I studied growth rate and growth patterns of medusahead with bluebunch wheatgrass and cheatgrass in the field for two years. I hypothesized that medusahead would have a higher RGR, a longer period of growth, and as a consequence, more total biomass at the end of the growing season than bluebunch wheatgrass and cheatgrass. Medusahead had a longer period of growth, more total biomass and higher RGR than cheatgrass. However, bluebunch wheatgrass had more biomass and higher RGR than medusahead in 2008, but the relationship was reversed in 2009. Weather data identified that precipitation in 2008 was well below average, and this level of drought was very infrequent. Collectively, my results suggest that the continued invasion and dominance of medusahead onto native and cheatgrass dominated grasslands will continue to increase in severity because of its higher RGR and extended period of growth. The inability to identify key ecological processes important in directing invasion and succession has limited the adoption and implementation of ecologically based invasive plant management (EBIPM). A framework that allows ecologist to identify and prioritize ecological processes most in need of repair would help overcome this barrier. I developed an initial framework that allows ecologists to prioritize the ecological processes that appear to play a dominate role in vegetation dynamics. This was accomplished by using sensitivity analysis to identify the most important transitions in the life cycle of associated species and linking those transitions with key ecological processes and their modifying factors. This method could increase land manager's ability to implement EBIPM by allowing identification and prioritization of those ecological processes that appear to play a dominating role in vegetation dynamics. Title: Directing ecological succession : the role of competition in restoring semi-arid grasslands dominated by invasive plants Author: Mangla, Seema Successful ecosystem restoration requires an understanding of the ecological processes directing succession. One of the challenges in the semi-arid grasslands of western United States is replacement of native species by invasive annual grasses. Solutions to this problem require identifying and manipulating ecological processes that direct succession to favor desired vegetation. The overall objective of this research was to identify and understand processes or factors directing restoration of semi-arid grassland ecosystems dominated with invasive annual grasses. Two invasive annual (Bromus tectorum L. and Taeniatherum caput-medusae L. Nevski) and two native perennial (Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A) and Poa secunda J. Presl) grass species were used to provide a model system of semi-arid grasslands of western United States. Plant competition is considered to be the primary ecological process limiting the success of grassland restoration. Successful restoration requires knowing the relative strength and magnitude of competition during the early stages of plant growth and how this might be impacted by nitrogen (N) availability. My research involved three experiments designed to compare competition and growth rates of native and invasive species. First, in order to understand the degree to which intra- versus inter-specific competition controls invasive and native plant growth during the early phase of establishment, I performed a diallel competition experiment with species grown either alone or in 1:1 binary combinations in a greenhouse. I hypothesized that the type and intensity of competition for invasive and native species would vary among harvest times and competitive intensity for invasive species will be higher than native species with higher N availability. My results indicated that invasive and native species are subject to both intra- and inter-specific competition; however, the dominant type differed among harvests. Invasive species also became more competitive than native species with increasing N. I suggest that opportunities to improve restoration success exist by determining the optimum combination of density, species proportion, and their spatial arrangement in various ecosystems and environments. Second, I performed an addition series competition experiment in the field for two years to determine the intensity and importance of competition in an arid, resource poor production system. My results indicated that in resource poor environments, the intensity of competition did not significantly influence plant dominance during the first two years of plant establishment, and thus, competition was not important. I suggest that land managers may be most successful at restoration of resource poor ecosystems by overcoming the barriers associated with plant establishment other than plant-plant interactions, such as abiotic factors. Third, I studied growth rate and growth patterns of medusahead with bluebunch wheatgrass and cheatgrass in the field for two years. I hypothesized that medusahead would have a higher RGR, a longer period of growth, and as a consequence, more total biomass at the end of the growing season than bluebunch wheatgrass and cheatgrass. Medusahead had a longer period of growth, more total biomass and higher RGR than cheatgrass. However, bluebunch wheatgrass had more biomass and higher RGR than medusahead in 2008, but the relationship was reversed in 2009. Weather data identified that precipitation in 2008 was well below average, and this level of drought was very infrequent. Collectively, my results suggest that the continued invasion and dominance of medusahead onto native and cheatgrass dominated grasslands will continue to increase in severity because of its higher RGR and extended period of growth. The inability to identify key ecological processes important in directing invasion and succession has limited the adoption and implementation of ecologically based invasive plant management (EBIPM). A framework that allows ecologist to identify and prioritize ecological processes most in need of repair would help overcome this barrier. I developed an initial framework that allows ecologists to prioritize the ecological processes that appear to play a dominate role in vegetation dynamics. This was accomplished by using sensitivity analysis to identify the most important transitions in the life cycle of associated species and linking those transitions with key ecological processes and their modifying factors. This method could increase land manager's ability to implement EBIPM by allowing identification and prioritization of those ecological processes that appear to play a dominating role in vegetation dynamics. Close

• 345. [Article] Biology of the microsporidan parasite, Pleistophora sp., in three species of Crangonid sand shrimp

  The microsporidan Pleistophora sp. is a common parasite of Crangon franciscorum, C. nigricauda, and C. stylirostris in the vicinity of Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Characteristics of the parasite are described. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biology of the microsporidan parasite, Pleistophora sp., in three species of Crangonid sand shrimp Author: Breed, Gail Miner The microsporidan Pleistophora sp. is a common parasite of Crangon franciscorum, C. nigricauda, and C. stylirostris in the vicinity of Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Characteristics of the parasite are described. Skeletal muscle was the only host tissue infected. The seasonal prevalence and intensity of the parasite in crangonids are described, based on examination of 1,556 C. franciscorum, 3,877 C. nigricauda, and 1,674 C. stylirostris collected at monthly intervals from June, 1975, through June, 1976. Prevalence in C. franciscorum and C. stylirostris increased through the fall and reached winter peaks of 30.3% and 41.0% respectively, then decreased in the spring. Prevalence in C. nigricauda remained below 8% through the year. Intensity increased with size of the shrimp in the three species. Infection experiments and field observations indicate that only very young shrimp are susceptible to infection during a relatively short period during the summer months. Following initial exposure, the infection spread within the host, indicating repeated schizogonic cycles. Parasitic castration was indicated by the absence of gravid infected female shrimp and was confirmed by histological examination. Ovaries of infected shrimp did not develop beyond a very early stage. A shift in sex ratio toward females in infected shrimp also indicates that the parasite may influence sex determination. Shrimp showed little cellular response to infection. Only rarely in heavily infected shrimp was encapsulation of the parasite cysts observed, and necrotic tissue was occasionally observed. Infected shrimp succumbed before uninfected shrimp under low oxygen stress. The collection of unusually large infected shrimp indicates that these shrimp either experienced accelerated growth or lived longer than uninfected shrimp. Title: Biology of the microsporidan parasite, Pleistophora sp., in three species of Crangonid sand shrimp Author: Breed, Gail Miner The microsporidan Pleistophora sp. is a common parasite of Crangon franciscorum, C. nigricauda, and C. stylirostris in the vicinity of Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Characteristics of the parasite are described. Skeletal muscle was the only host tissue infected. The seasonal prevalence and intensity of the parasite in crangonids are described, based on examination of 1,556 C. franciscorum, 3,877 C. nigricauda, and 1,674 C. stylirostris collected at monthly intervals from June, 1975, through June, 1976. Prevalence in C. franciscorum and C. stylirostris increased through the fall and reached winter peaks of 30.3% and 41.0% respectively, then decreased in the spring. Prevalence in C. nigricauda remained below 8% through the year. Intensity increased with size of the shrimp in the three species. Infection experiments and field observations indicate that only very young shrimp are susceptible to infection during a relatively short period during the summer months. Following initial exposure, the infection spread within the host, indicating repeated schizogonic cycles. Parasitic castration was indicated by the absence of gravid infected female shrimp and was confirmed by histological examination. Ovaries of infected shrimp did not develop beyond a very early stage. A shift in sex ratio toward females in infected shrimp also indicates that the parasite may influence sex determination. Shrimp showed little cellular response to infection. Only rarely in heavily infected shrimp was encapsulation of the parasite cysts observed, and necrotic tissue was occasionally observed. Infected shrimp succumbed before uninfected shrimp under low oxygen stress. The collection of unusually large infected shrimp indicates that these shrimp either experienced accelerated growth or lived longer than uninfected shrimp. Close

• 346. [Article] Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species

  Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species Author: Crowhurst, Rachel Selena Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene flow among protected areas for many species of large mammals. Wildlife linkages can mitigate population isolation, but linkage designs lacking empirical justification may be controversial and ineffective. Connectivity conservation requires an understanding of how biogeographic factors shaped gene flow prior to habitat loss or fragmentation, however the history of interaction among populations is rarely known. The goal of my study was to provide context for connectivity conservation in central and southern Tanzania by identifying landscape features that have shaped gene flow for three ungulate species with different dispersal capabilities. I investigated historical patterns of connectivity for Maasai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and eland (Tragelaphus oryx) by estimating genetic structure among four to eight protected areas per species. Genetic structure changes very slowly among large populations and thus is likely to reflect historical processes instead of recent anthropogenic influences. I collected noninvasive DNA samples and generated microsatellite genotypes at 8 to 15 loci per species, then estimated genetic diversity metrics (allelic richness, AR, and expected heterozygosity, H[subscript E]) for each population (defined by reserve). I also calculated genetic distance (F[subscript ST] and Nei's unbiased genetic distance, D[subscript hat]) and an estimate of gene flow (Nm) between all population pairs for each species. To elucidate the possible causes of genetic structure between these populations, I tested for isolation by distance and isolation by resistance based on a suite of biogeographic factors hypothesized to affect gene flow. To do this, I created GIS-based resistance surfaces that assigned different costs of movement to landscape features. I created one or more resistance surfaces for each hypothesis of landscape effect. I used circuit theory to estimate the cumulative resistance between each pair of reserves for each weighting scheme, and then performed Mantel tests to calculate the correlation between these resistances and the observed population pairwise genetic distances (D[subscript hat]). I chose the optimal resistance model for each species as the model that was most highly correlated with observed genetic patterns. To verify that the correlation of resistance models with genetic distance was not an artefact of geographic distance, I performed partial Mantel tests to calculate correlation while controlling for the effect of geographic distance. Finally, I compared historical gene flow patterns to the distribution of contemporary human activity to predict areas that are at risk of a loss of connectivity. Indices of genetic diversity were moderate for all three species and comparable to previously reported values for other savannah ungulates. Diversity (both H[subscript E] and A[subscript R]) was highest in eland and lowest in giraffe for these populations, and was not consistently correlated with reserve size as has been reported for other species in East Africa. Although patterns in genetic distance were broadly similar across all three species there were also striking differences in connectivity, highlighting the importance of cross-species comparisons in connectivity conservation. At this scale, resistance models based on slope strongly predicted population structure for all three species; distance to water was also highly correlated with genetic distance in eland. For all three species, the greatest genetic distances occurred between populations separated by the Eastern Arc Mountains, suggesting that the topography of this area has long acted as a barrier to gene flow, but this effect is present in varying degrees for each species. I observed high levels of historical gene flow between centrally located populations (Ruaha National Park and Rungwa Game Reserve) and those in the southwest (Katavi National Park and Rukwa Game Reserve). Although human settlement in this area has been low relative to other areas, the connection between the Katavi/Rukwa and Ruaha ecosystems may be threatened by increased human activity and warrants conservation. High levels of historical gene flow were also seen between reserves in the northeast (Tarangire National Park, Swagaswaga Game Reserve) and the central and southwest populations. These connections appear highly threatened due to current land use practices, and may have already suffered a loss of gene flow. Field surveys in the lands surrounding the northeastern reserves are needed to quantify current levels of connectivity and determine whether corridors could be established to maintain or restore gene flow with other reserves. Title: Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species Author: Crowhurst, Rachel Selena Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene flow among protected areas for many species of large mammals. Wildlife linkages can mitigate population isolation, but linkage designs lacking empirical justification may be controversial and ineffective. Connectivity conservation requires an understanding of how biogeographic factors shaped gene flow prior to habitat loss or fragmentation, however the history of interaction among populations is rarely known. The goal of my study was to provide context for connectivity conservation in central and southern Tanzania by identifying landscape features that have shaped gene flow for three ungulate species with different dispersal capabilities. I investigated historical patterns of connectivity for Maasai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and eland (Tragelaphus oryx) by estimating genetic structure among four to eight protected areas per species. Genetic structure changes very slowly among large populations and thus is likely to reflect historical processes instead of recent anthropogenic influences. I collected noninvasive DNA samples and generated microsatellite genotypes at 8 to 15 loci per species, then estimated genetic diversity metrics (allelic richness, AR, and expected heterozygosity, H[subscript E]) for each population (defined by reserve). I also calculated genetic distance (F[subscript ST] and Nei's unbiased genetic distance, D[subscript hat]) and an estimate of gene flow (Nm) between all population pairs for each species. To elucidate the possible causes of genetic structure between these populations, I tested for isolation by distance and isolation by resistance based on a suite of biogeographic factors hypothesized to affect gene flow. To do this, I created GIS-based resistance surfaces that assigned different costs of movement to landscape features. I created one or more resistance surfaces for each hypothesis of landscape effect. I used circuit theory to estimate the cumulative resistance between each pair of reserves for each weighting scheme, and then performed Mantel tests to calculate the correlation between these resistances and the observed population pairwise genetic distances (D[subscript hat]). I chose the optimal resistance model for each species as the model that was most highly correlated with observed genetic patterns. To verify that the correlation of resistance models with genetic distance was not an artefact of geographic distance, I performed partial Mantel tests to calculate correlation while controlling for the effect of geographic distance. Finally, I compared historical gene flow patterns to the distribution of contemporary human activity to predict areas that are at risk of a loss of connectivity. Indices of genetic diversity were moderate for all three species and comparable to previously reported values for other savannah ungulates. Diversity (both H[subscript E] and A[subscript R]) was highest in eland and lowest in giraffe for these populations, and was not consistently correlated with reserve size as has been reported for other species in East Africa. Although patterns in genetic distance were broadly similar across all three species there were also striking differences in connectivity, highlighting the importance of cross-species comparisons in connectivity conservation. At this scale, resistance models based on slope strongly predicted population structure for all three species; distance to water was also highly correlated with genetic distance in eland. For all three species, the greatest genetic distances occurred between populations separated by the Eastern Arc Mountains, suggesting that the topography of this area has long acted as a barrier to gene flow, but this effect is present in varying degrees for each species. I observed high levels of historical gene flow between centrally located populations (Ruaha National Park and Rungwa Game Reserve) and those in the southwest (Katavi National Park and Rukwa Game Reserve). Although human settlement in this area has been low relative to other areas, the connection between the Katavi/Rukwa and Ruaha ecosystems may be threatened by increased human activity and warrants conservation. High levels of historical gene flow were also seen between reserves in the northeast (Tarangire National Park, Swagaswaga Game Reserve) and the central and southwest populations. These connections appear highly threatened due to current land use practices, and may have already suffered a loss of gene flow. Field surveys in the lands surrounding the northeastern reserves are needed to quantify current levels of connectivity and determine whether corridors could be established to maintain or restore gene flow with other reserves. Close

• 347. [Article] Mechanisms of Adaptation in the Newly Invasive Species <i>Brachypodium sylvaticum</i> (Hudson) Beauv.

  It is common knowledge that invasive species cause worldwide ecological and economic damage, and are nearly impossible to eradicate. However, upon introduction to a novel environment, alien species should ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mechanisms of Adaptation in the Newly Invasive Species <i>Brachypodium sylvaticum</i> (Hudson) Beauv. Author: Marchini, Gina Lola Year: 2015 It is common knowledge that invasive species cause worldwide ecological and economic damage, and are nearly impossible to eradicate. However, upon introduction to a novel environment, alien species should be the underdogs: They are present in small numbers, possess low genetic diversity, and have not adapted to the climate and competitors present in the new habitat. So, how are alien species able to invade an environment occupied by native species that have already adapted to the local environment? To discover some answers to this apparent paradox I conducted four ecological genetic studies that utilized the invasive species Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. to determine mechanisms contributing to adaptation and success in the novel habitat. The first study used simulations and experiments to test the hypothesis that genetic purging, the process where genetic load is reduced by selection against the recessive deleterious alleles expressed in the homozygous state, promotes invasive range expansion. I found that homozygous populations on B. sylvaticum's range periphery displayed lower inbreeding depression compared to heterozygous populations near introduction sites. Empirical tests with B. sylvaticum further demonstrate that purging of genetic load is a plausible scenario promoting range expansion during invasion. Next, I explored how the interaction between population genetic diversity and the environment contributed to the establishment and spread of Brachypodium sylvaticum. I found that nitrogen application increases both final size and shoot biomass for B. sylvaticum individuals from source populations with low HS levels to levels found in individuals from populations with high HS. A coefficient of relative competition intensity index (RCI) displayed reduced effects of interspecific competition on B. sylvaticum biomass in high nitrogen plots. Results show that elevated nitrogen deposition is a factor that increases establishment of introduced species with historically small effective population sizes. Thirdly, I investigated phenotypic differentiation during the establishment and range expansion of Brachypodium sylvaticum. Utilizing a novel approach, unique alleles were used to determine the genetic probability of contribution from native source regions to invasive regions. These probabilities were integrated into QST-FST comparisons to determine the influence of selection and genetic drift on twelve physiological and anatomical traits associated with drought stress. Phenotypic divergence greater than neutral expectations was found for five traits between native and invasive populations, indicating selective divergence. Results from this study show that the majority of divergence in B. sylvaticum occurred after introduction to the novel environment, but prior to invasive range expansion. The final chapter of my dissertation investigates the adaptive role of genetic differentiation and plasticity for Brachypodium sylvaticum invasion. Plasticity was measured across treatments of contrasting water availability. Linear and nonlinear selection gradients determined the effect of directional and quadratic selection on plasticity and genetic differentiation. Invasive trait divergence was a consequence of post-introduction selection leading to genetic differentiation, as there were no plastic responses to contrasting water availability for any measured traits. Genetic divergence of invasive plants was not consistently in the direction indicated by selection, suggesting limitations of selection that may be a consequence of physical constraints and/or tradeoffs between growth and abiotic tolerance. Results suggest that selection, rather than plasticity, is driving phenotypic change in the invaded environment. The combined volume of these studies contributes significantly to the field of invasion and plant biology by providing novel insights into the processes underlying range expansion, adaptation, and ultimately, evolution of introduced species. Title: Mechanisms of Adaptation in the Newly Invasive Species <i>Brachypodium sylvaticum</i> (Hudson) Beauv. Author: Marchini, Gina Lola Year: 2015 It is common knowledge that invasive species cause worldwide ecological and economic damage, and are nearly impossible to eradicate. However, upon introduction to a novel environment, alien species should be the underdogs: They are present in small numbers, possess low genetic diversity, and have not adapted to the climate and competitors present in the new habitat. So, how are alien species able to invade an environment occupied by native species that have already adapted to the local environment? To discover some answers to this apparent paradox I conducted four ecological genetic studies that utilized the invasive species Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. to determine mechanisms contributing to adaptation and success in the novel habitat. The first study used simulations and experiments to test the hypothesis that genetic purging, the process where genetic load is reduced by selection against the recessive deleterious alleles expressed in the homozygous state, promotes invasive range expansion. I found that homozygous populations on B. sylvaticum's range periphery displayed lower inbreeding depression compared to heterozygous populations near introduction sites. Empirical tests with B. sylvaticum further demonstrate that purging of genetic load is a plausible scenario promoting range expansion during invasion. Next, I explored how the interaction between population genetic diversity and the environment contributed to the establishment and spread of Brachypodium sylvaticum. I found that nitrogen application increases both final size and shoot biomass for B. sylvaticum individuals from source populations with low HS levels to levels found in individuals from populations with high HS. A coefficient of relative competition intensity index (RCI) displayed reduced effects of interspecific competition on B. sylvaticum biomass in high nitrogen plots. Results show that elevated nitrogen deposition is a factor that increases establishment of introduced species with historically small effective population sizes. Thirdly, I investigated phenotypic differentiation during the establishment and range expansion of Brachypodium sylvaticum. Utilizing a novel approach, unique alleles were used to determine the genetic probability of contribution from native source regions to invasive regions. These probabilities were integrated into QST-FST comparisons to determine the influence of selection and genetic drift on twelve physiological and anatomical traits associated with drought stress. Phenotypic divergence greater than neutral expectations was found for five traits between native and invasive populations, indicating selective divergence. Results from this study show that the majority of divergence in B. sylvaticum occurred after introduction to the novel environment, but prior to invasive range expansion. The final chapter of my dissertation investigates the adaptive role of genetic differentiation and plasticity for Brachypodium sylvaticum invasion. Plasticity was measured across treatments of contrasting water availability. Linear and nonlinear selection gradients determined the effect of directional and quadratic selection on plasticity and genetic differentiation. Invasive trait divergence was a consequence of post-introduction selection leading to genetic differentiation, as there were no plastic responses to contrasting water availability for any measured traits. Genetic divergence of invasive plants was not consistently in the direction indicated by selection, suggesting limitations of selection that may be a consequence of physical constraints and/or tradeoffs between growth and abiotic tolerance. Results suggest that selection, rather than plasticity, is driving phenotypic change in the invaded environment. The combined volume of these studies contributes significantly to the field of invasion and plant biology by providing novel insights into the processes underlying range expansion, adaptation, and ultimately, evolution of introduced species. Close

• 348. [Article] Movement of tagged lingcod and rockfishes off Depoe Bay, Oregon

  A tagging study was conducted from June 1978 through January 1982 to provide information on the movements of adult neritic reef fishes off the central Oregon coast. To evaluate the cause of low tag returns ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Movement of tagged lingcod and rockfishes off Depoe Bay, Oregon Author: DeMott, Glenn E. A tagging study was conducted from June 1978 through January 1982 to provide information on the movements of adult neritic reef fishes off the central Oregon coast. To evaluate the cause of low tag returns of previous tagging studies of reef fish in this area, tag retention, post-tagging mortality, and tag reporting rates were analyzed. The retention of Floy FD-68C tags was analyzed in a double tagging study in the research area. Short term tag retention (0-450 days) was good (0.66) at the dorsal position. However, tag retention over the long term (0-900 days) was low (0.28) at the dorsal position and contributed to reducing the number of tag returns. The tag at the operculum position had a significantly lower rate of retention than the tag at the dorsal position. The activity at release and extent of air bladder inflation were assessed to determine if these factors affected rates of survival of tagged rockfishes. The results were inconclusive. However, the results suggest that mortality of rockfishes exhibiting inflated air bladders can be reduced by puncturing their air bladders with a syringe either through the mouth or through the side of the abdomen. The rate of tag reporting by fish cleaners and personnel of charter offices was estimated by seeding the catch of charter vessels as they were unloaded at the docks. The rate of tag reporting was 71.4%. An intensive educational program and frequent spot-checking of the catches were largely responsible for this favorable rate of tag reporting by charter fishing personnel. The rate of tag reporting by private sportfishermen was not assessed. A total of 8,471 reef fish was tagged during a 27-month period. The tagged fish were predominately black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) (69.7%) with relatively small percentages of other species of reef fishes. Over a 44-month period the average return rate of tags from all species was 1.71%. The zero return rate (of 859 tagged) of blue rockfish (Sebastes niystinus) was significantly (X2, p 0.005) lower than the average return rate for the other species except cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus) and China rockfish (Sebastes nebulosus). The low return rate may indicate low utilization of this species. Analysis of tag returns indicates that the population of yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes rubberimus) is characterized by local sedentary stocks. Recaptures of tagged black rockfish, lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), yellowtail rockfish (Sebastes flavidus), and canary rockfish (Sebastes pinniger) suggest that some individuals of each species are resident while others move extensive distances. However, the actual amount of movement and stock mixing of each of these species could not be quantified. The results of this study suggest that this fishery can best be managed by catch limits of combined species of rockfishes on a statewide basis. Other species of reef fishes including lingcod could effectively be managed separately. Because of significant increases in fishing pressure and advances in fishing techniques considerations should be given to reducing the total catch. Title: Movement of tagged lingcod and rockfishes off Depoe Bay, Oregon Author: DeMott, Glenn E. A tagging study was conducted from June 1978 through January 1982 to provide information on the movements of adult neritic reef fishes off the central Oregon coast. To evaluate the cause of low tag returns of previous tagging studies of reef fish in this area, tag retention, post-tagging mortality, and tag reporting rates were analyzed. The retention of Floy FD-68C tags was analyzed in a double tagging study in the research area. Short term tag retention (0-450 days) was good (0.66) at the dorsal position. However, tag retention over the long term (0-900 days) was low (0.28) at the dorsal position and contributed to reducing the number of tag returns. The tag at the operculum position had a significantly lower rate of retention than the tag at the dorsal position. The activity at release and extent of air bladder inflation were assessed to determine if these factors affected rates of survival of tagged rockfishes. The results were inconclusive. However, the results suggest that mortality of rockfishes exhibiting inflated air bladders can be reduced by puncturing their air bladders with a syringe either through the mouth or through the side of the abdomen. The rate of tag reporting by fish cleaners and personnel of charter offices was estimated by seeding the catch of charter vessels as they were unloaded at the docks. The rate of tag reporting was 71.4%. An intensive educational program and frequent spot-checking of the catches were largely responsible for this favorable rate of tag reporting by charter fishing personnel. The rate of tag reporting by private sportfishermen was not assessed. A total of 8,471 reef fish was tagged during a 27-month period. The tagged fish were predominately black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) (69.7%) with relatively small percentages of other species of reef fishes. Over a 44-month period the average return rate of tags from all species was 1.71%. The zero return rate (of 859 tagged) of blue rockfish (Sebastes niystinus) was significantly (X2, p 0.005) lower than the average return rate for the other species except cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus) and China rockfish (Sebastes nebulosus). The low return rate may indicate low utilization of this species. Analysis of tag returns indicates that the population of yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes rubberimus) is characterized by local sedentary stocks. Recaptures of tagged black rockfish, lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), yellowtail rockfish (Sebastes flavidus), and canary rockfish (Sebastes pinniger) suggest that some individuals of each species are resident while others move extensive distances. However, the actual amount of movement and stock mixing of each of these species could not be quantified. The results of this study suggest that this fishery can best be managed by catch limits of combined species of rockfishes on a statewide basis. Other species of reef fishes including lingcod could effectively be managed separately. Because of significant increases in fishing pressure and advances in fishing techniques considerations should be given to reducing the total catch. Close

• 349. [Article] Fish assemblage organization in the Amazon River floodplain : species richness, spatial distribution and recruitment processes

  The composition and distribution of fish assemblages was examined in a floodplain lake system in the Amazon basin. Quantitative samples were collected during the 1992-1993 flooding season at Marchantaria ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish assemblage organization in the Amazon River floodplain : species richness, spatial distribution and recruitment processes Author: Petry, Paulo The composition and distribution of fish assemblages was examined in a floodplain lake system in the Amazon basin. Quantitative samples were collected during the 1992-1993 flooding season at Marchantaria Island, Solimoes River. A total of 25,819 specimens representing 8 orders, 30 families, 101 genera and 139 species of fish were collected. Analysis of species richness distribution among 7 vegetation strata showed that vegetated sites had higher species richness than unvegetated sites. Stands of Paspalum repens had the most diverse fish fauna. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to investigate relationship between fish assemblages and 16 environmental variables. CCA revealed that dissolved oxygen, water transparency, water depth and aquatic vegetation structure were significantly related to fish assemblage organization. The results suggest that physiological adaptations to hypoxia and habitat complexity play a major role in the organization of these assemblages. The morphology, ontogenetic development, shape variability and deposition of otolith microincrements are described for floodplain serrasalmin fishes. Serrasalmin otoliths were similar to other ostariophysan, nevertheless their shape was species-specific. Elliptical Fourier analysis showed that Mylossoma aureum lapilli were highly variable in shape when compared to closely related species. PCA and discriminant function analysis indicated that two distinct forms of lapillus can be recognized for M. aureum, and intra-species variation was higher than inter-species variation. Otolith microincrement analysis was tested for these fishes, and microincrement deposition validation showed that Piaractus brachipomus deposits otolith increments on a daily basis. Patterns of spatial distribution, growth and mortality characteristics of larvae and juvenile were examined for M. aureum inhabiting the Marchantaria Island floodplain. Otolith-derived birth date reconstruction showed that M. aureum spawning season extended from late November to March, and peak larvae recruitment to the island occurred in mid-December. Larvae and juveniles had different spatial distributions in relation to habitat usage. Instantaneous growth coefficients (g) varied from 0.0197(d⁻¹) to 0.265(d⁻¹) among cohorts. Early-season cohorts had wider otolith microincrements and higher instantaneous growth coefficients than late-season cohorts. Mortality estimated by the decline of loge (abundance) regressed on age indicated that cohort-specific instantaneous mortality varied significantly among cohorts, ranging from 0.027(d⁻¹) (2.6%/d) to 0.103(d⁻¹) (9.7%/d). Title: Fish assemblage organization in the Amazon River floodplain : species richness, spatial distribution and recruitment processes Author: Petry, Paulo The composition and distribution of fish assemblages was examined in a floodplain lake system in the Amazon basin. Quantitative samples were collected during the 1992-1993 flooding season at Marchantaria Island, Solimoes River. A total of 25,819 specimens representing 8 orders, 30 families, 101 genera and 139 species of fish were collected. Analysis of species richness distribution among 7 vegetation strata showed that vegetated sites had higher species richness than unvegetated sites. Stands of Paspalum repens had the most diverse fish fauna. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to investigate relationship between fish assemblages and 16 environmental variables. CCA revealed that dissolved oxygen, water transparency, water depth and aquatic vegetation structure were significantly related to fish assemblage organization. The results suggest that physiological adaptations to hypoxia and habitat complexity play a major role in the organization of these assemblages. The morphology, ontogenetic development, shape variability and deposition of otolith microincrements are described for floodplain serrasalmin fishes. Serrasalmin otoliths were similar to other ostariophysan, nevertheless their shape was species-specific. Elliptical Fourier analysis showed that Mylossoma aureum lapilli were highly variable in shape when compared to closely related species. PCA and discriminant function analysis indicated that two distinct forms of lapillus can be recognized for M. aureum, and intra-species variation was higher than inter-species variation. Otolith microincrement analysis was tested for these fishes, and microincrement deposition validation showed that Piaractus brachipomus deposits otolith increments on a daily basis. Patterns of spatial distribution, growth and mortality characteristics of larvae and juvenile were examined for M. aureum inhabiting the Marchantaria Island floodplain. Otolith-derived birth date reconstruction showed that M. aureum spawning season extended from late November to March, and peak larvae recruitment to the island occurred in mid-December. Larvae and juveniles had different spatial distributions in relation to habitat usage. Instantaneous growth coefficients (g) varied from 0.0197(d⁻¹) to 0.265(d⁻¹) among cohorts. Early-season cohorts had wider otolith microincrements and higher instantaneous growth coefficients than late-season cohorts. Mortality estimated by the decline of loge (abundance) regressed on age indicated that cohort-specific instantaneous mortality varied significantly among cohorts, ranging from 0.027(d⁻¹) (2.6%/d) to 0.103(d⁻¹) (9.7%/d). Close

• 350. [Article] Influence of host and non-host plants upon populations of Verticillium dahliae in soil

  The incitant of Verticillium wilt of peppermint (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) causes disease symptoms only in the genera Mentha (the mints) and Monarda. This fungus is unable to grow saprophytically through ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of host and non-host plants upon populations of Verticillium dahliae in soil Author: Lacy, Melvyn Leroy The incitant of Verticillium wilt of peppermint (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) causes disease symptoms only in the genera Mentha (the mints) and Monarda. This fungus is unable to grow saprophytically through natural soil. V. dahliae survives in soil by colonizing and forming microsclerotia in susceptible plants, living root tissue of many resistant plants, and, to a limited extent, non-living plant residues. Fluctuations in populations of V. dahliae in the rhizosphere and penetration of the roots of host and non-host plants were studied in the greenhouse. Rhizosphere soil was collected from plants and diluted into ethanol-streptomycin agar (ESA) by standard soil dilution techniques. Rhizosphere soils from all plants tested had significantly higher populations of V. dahliae than did non-rhizosphere soils. V. dahliae populations in non-rhizosphere soil always remained relatively stable over an eight week period. Resistant and susceptible mint species supported in the rhizosphere, indicating that similar populations of V. dahliae susceptible mint species do not selectively stimulate the pathogen near the root surface. Tomato, a symptomless host of the mint strain of V. dahliae, also supported large populations of V. dahliae in the rhizosphere, but plants such as wheat, corn, and beans (non-hosts) tended to support fewer numbers of Verticillium propagules in the rhizosphere than host plants. Roots from the rhizosphere test plants were thoroughly washed, coarsely chopped, placed in petri dishes, and covered with ESA to determine relative numbers of root penetrations. There were no statistically significant differences in numbers of root penetrations between resistant and susceptible mint species, but if roots were finely fragmented to release the contents of the vascular system, many more V. dahliae propagules were recovered from susceptible mint roots than from resistant mint roots. of susceptible mints were invaded to a much those of resistant mints. Symptomless host fewer penetration sites on roots than either mint species. The vascular systems greater extent than and non-host plants had resistant or susceptible Three mint species of low, medium, and high resistance were grown in field soil infested with 10, 100, and 1000 V. dahliae microsclerotia per gram of soil. Susceptible Mentha piperita L. exhibited severe disease symptoms at all inoculum density levels. Symptoms on moderately resistant Hybrid 88-148 increased from mild to moderate to severe with each increase in inoculum density. Resistant M. crispa L. showed only mild to moderate symptoms at all inoculum density levels. However, yields were drastically reduced in all species at the lowest inoculum density compared to non-infested controls. Higher levels of inoculum density reduced yields still more, but not as much as the low inoculum density, which was the most critical level of infestation for yield reduction. Soil assays after two years' cropping showed that V. dahliae populations increased over the original level of infestation only at the low inoculum density, regardless of the mint species grown. The amount of increase in V. dahliae populations was correlated with susceptibility. Soil assays after a six month fallow period showed that increases in V, dahliae populations at the low inoculum density were temporary; all plots had populations lower than the original level of infestation. Susceptible indicator plants were grown in all plots after the fallow period to measure inoculum potential. Disease symptoms and reductions in yields were unusually severe in low inoculum density plots on which susceptible M. piperita was originally grown. The susceptible mint apparently maintained a higher inoculum potential at the low inoculum density than did resistant species. Title: Influence of host and non-host plants upon populations of Verticillium dahliae in soil Author: Lacy, Melvyn Leroy The incitant of Verticillium wilt of peppermint (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) causes disease symptoms only in the genera Mentha (the mints) and Monarda. This fungus is unable to grow saprophytically through natural soil. V. dahliae survives in soil by colonizing and forming microsclerotia in susceptible plants, living root tissue of many resistant plants, and, to a limited extent, non-living plant residues. Fluctuations in populations of V. dahliae in the rhizosphere and penetration of the roots of host and non-host plants were studied in the greenhouse. Rhizosphere soil was collected from plants and diluted into ethanol-streptomycin agar (ESA) by standard soil dilution techniques. Rhizosphere soils from all plants tested had significantly higher populations of V. dahliae than did non-rhizosphere soils. V. dahliae populations in non-rhizosphere soil always remained relatively stable over an eight week period. Resistant and susceptible mint species supported in the rhizosphere, indicating that similar populations of V. dahliae susceptible mint species do not selectively stimulate the pathogen near the root surface. Tomato, a symptomless host of the mint strain of V. dahliae, also supported large populations of V. dahliae in the rhizosphere, but plants such as wheat, corn, and beans (non-hosts) tended to support fewer numbers of Verticillium propagules in the rhizosphere than host plants. Roots from the rhizosphere test plants were thoroughly washed, coarsely chopped, placed in petri dishes, and covered with ESA to determine relative numbers of root penetrations. There were no statistically significant differences in numbers of root penetrations between resistant and susceptible mint species, but if roots were finely fragmented to release the contents of the vascular system, many more V. dahliae propagules were recovered from susceptible mint roots than from resistant mint roots. of susceptible mints were invaded to a much those of resistant mints. Symptomless host fewer penetration sites on roots than either mint species. The vascular systems greater extent than and non-host plants had resistant or susceptible Three mint species of low, medium, and high resistance were grown in field soil infested with 10, 100, and 1000 V. dahliae microsclerotia per gram of soil. Susceptible Mentha piperita L. exhibited severe disease symptoms at all inoculum density levels. Symptoms on moderately resistant Hybrid 88-148 increased from mild to moderate to severe with each increase in inoculum density. Resistant M. crispa L. showed only mild to moderate symptoms at all inoculum density levels. However, yields were drastically reduced in all species at the lowest inoculum density compared to non-infested controls. Higher levels of inoculum density reduced yields still more, but not as much as the low inoculum density, which was the most critical level of infestation for yield reduction. Soil assays after two years' cropping showed that V. dahliae populations increased over the original level of infestation only at the low inoculum density, regardless of the mint species grown. The amount of increase in V. dahliae populations was correlated with susceptibility. Soil assays after a six month fallow period showed that increases in V, dahliae populations at the low inoculum density were temporary; all plots had populations lower than the original level of infestation. Susceptible indicator plants were grown in all plots after the fallow period to measure inoculum potential. Disease symptoms and reductions in yields were unusually severe in low inoculum density plots on which susceptible M. piperita was originally grown. The susceptible mint apparently maintained a higher inoculum potential at the low inoculum density than did resistant species. Close

• 351. [Article] Ecological relationships between Columbian white-tailed and black-tailed deer in southwest Oregon

  I examined ecological relationships and mechanisms of coexistence for sympatric populations of Columbian white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological relationships between Columbian white-tailed and black-tailed deer in southwest Oregon Author: Whitney, Lowell W. I examined ecological relationships and mechanisms of coexistence for sympatric populations of Columbian white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in Douglas County, Oregon, from September 1997 to August 1998. Horseback transects were used to describe spatial distributions, population overlap, and habitat use for both species. Behavioral observations were conducted to examine intraspecific and interspecific social interactions. Diets were studied with microhistological analysis, and fecal nitrogen and neutral detergent fiber in fecal samples were used as indices of diet quality. Interspecific differences in foraging micro-site use and selection were investigated using vegetative surveys. Distribution patterns indicated that white-tailed and black-tailed deer maintained a degree spatial separation during most seasons, with spatial overlap ranging from 5 to 40% seasonally. White-tailed deer were more concentrated and tended to occur in the southern portions of the study area, which was characterized by lower elevations, more gradual slopes, and closer proximity to streams. Black-tailed deer were more wide ranging and tended to occur in the northern portions of the study area, which had higher elevations and greater topological relief. Coefficients of species association were negative suggesting that the species maintained spatial separation through mutual avoidance. In regions of population overlap, the species maintained separation by choosing different micro-sites in which to forage. Habitat use patterns were similar seasonally between white-tailed and black-tailed deer with overlap ranging from 89 to 96%. White-tailed deer used nearly all habitats available on the study area except those associated with conifers. They used oak-hardwood savanna shrub, open grassland, oak-hardwood savanna and riparian habitats the most. Black-tailed deer exhibited high use for open grassland and oak-hardwood savanna shrub habitats and lower use of all others. Columbian white-tailed and black-tailed deer exhibited strong seasonal similarities in diets with overlap ranging from 89 to 95%. White-tailed deer diets were dominated by forbs, shrubs, grasses, and other food sources (e.g., nuts, lichens). Columbian black-tailed deer diets were dominated mostly by forbs and other food sources. Seasonal diet diversity followed similar patterns for both species with the most diverse diets occurring in the fall and the least diverse diets in the spring. Detailed observation of behavioral interactions among white-tailed and black-tailed deer groups revealed that intraspecific interactions were more likely than interspecific interactions. Interactions among white-tailed deer groups were equally likely to be passive or active, while those among black-tailed groups were more likely to be passive. Interspecific interactions between white-tailed and black-tailed deer were infrequent. When they did occur, little aggression was observed and evidence of consistent dominance by either species was lacking. High overlap in habitat use and diets resulted in high trophic overlap (81 to 85% seasonally) between white-tailed and black-tailed deer; however, the low spatial overlap reduced the potential for exploitative competition between the species. High habitat heterogeneity on the study area created diverse niche characteristics that allowed white-tailed and black-tailed deer to have strong similarities in diets and habitat use, while coexisting. I hypothesized that the two species were competitively excluding each other. Title: Ecological relationships between Columbian white-tailed and black-tailed deer in southwest Oregon Author: Whitney, Lowell W. I examined ecological relationships and mechanisms of coexistence for sympatric populations of Columbian white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in Douglas County, Oregon, from September 1997 to August 1998. Horseback transects were used to describe spatial distributions, population overlap, and habitat use for both species. Behavioral observations were conducted to examine intraspecific and interspecific social interactions. Diets were studied with microhistological analysis, and fecal nitrogen and neutral detergent fiber in fecal samples were used as indices of diet quality. Interspecific differences in foraging micro-site use and selection were investigated using vegetative surveys. Distribution patterns indicated that white-tailed and black-tailed deer maintained a degree spatial separation during most seasons, with spatial overlap ranging from 5 to 40% seasonally. White-tailed deer were more concentrated and tended to occur in the southern portions of the study area, which was characterized by lower elevations, more gradual slopes, and closer proximity to streams. Black-tailed deer were more wide ranging and tended to occur in the northern portions of the study area, which had higher elevations and greater topological relief. Coefficients of species association were negative suggesting that the species maintained spatial separation through mutual avoidance. In regions of population overlap, the species maintained separation by choosing different micro-sites in which to forage. Habitat use patterns were similar seasonally between white-tailed and black-tailed deer with overlap ranging from 89 to 96%. White-tailed deer used nearly all habitats available on the study area except those associated with conifers. They used oak-hardwood savanna shrub, open grassland, oak-hardwood savanna and riparian habitats the most. Black-tailed deer exhibited high use for open grassland and oak-hardwood savanna shrub habitats and lower use of all others. Columbian white-tailed and black-tailed deer exhibited strong seasonal similarities in diets with overlap ranging from 89 to 95%. White-tailed deer diets were dominated by forbs, shrubs, grasses, and other food sources (e.g., nuts, lichens). Columbian black-tailed deer diets were dominated mostly by forbs and other food sources. Seasonal diet diversity followed similar patterns for both species with the most diverse diets occurring in the fall and the least diverse diets in the spring. Detailed observation of behavioral interactions among white-tailed and black-tailed deer groups revealed that intraspecific interactions were more likely than interspecific interactions. Interactions among white-tailed deer groups were equally likely to be passive or active, while those among black-tailed groups were more likely to be passive. Interspecific interactions between white-tailed and black-tailed deer were infrequent. When they did occur, little aggression was observed and evidence of consistent dominance by either species was lacking. High overlap in habitat use and diets resulted in high trophic overlap (81 to 85% seasonally) between white-tailed and black-tailed deer; however, the low spatial overlap reduced the potential for exploitative competition between the species. High habitat heterogeneity on the study area created diverse niche characteristics that allowed white-tailed and black-tailed deer to have strong similarities in diets and habitat use, while coexisting. I hypothesized that the two species were competitively excluding each other. Close

• 352. [Article] The Effects of Urbanization and Human Disturbance Upon Plant Community Structure and Bird Species Richness, Diversity, and Abundance in a Natural Forested Area (Forest Park) in Portland, Oregon

  The effects of urbanization and continual human disturbance on the plant and avian communities of Forest Park and forested lands surrounding Portland, Oregon, were studied. I examined characteristics of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Urbanization and Human Disturbance Upon Plant Community Structure and Bird Species Richness, Diversity, and Abundance in a Natural Forested Area (Forest Park) in Portland, Oregon Author: Broshot, Nancy Ellen Year: 1999 The effects of urbanization and continual human disturbance on the plant and avian communities of Forest Park and forested lands surrounding Portland, Oregon, were studied. I examined characteristics of plant and avian communities at 25 sites, 24 which were in Forest Park and surrounding areas and one which was in the Ancient Forest Preserve (old-growth stand) northwest of Forest Park. Data were analyzed using multiple regression, ANOV A, and Bonferonni/Dunn. Seven variables were selected representing different urbanization gradients. An additional covariable coded for the old-growth stand, allowing it to be used as a control. Many tree variables, especially those related to shade-tolerant species, were positively correlated with both the distance from downtown Portland and the number of houses in the surrounding area, and negatively correlated with the distance from the nearest forest edge; however, many shrub and herbaceous variables were negatively correlated with the distance from downtown Portland. Species diversity for herbaceous and shrub species was greater at more urban sites, but diversity of trees was lower at more urban sites. There were significantly more non-native species of plants in the city section. I found significantly fewer saplings and small trees, especially shade-tolerant species, in the section of Forest Park closest to downtown Portland, although tree mortality was positively correlated with distance from Portland. Summer bird data revealed significant increases in the abundances of urban and edge species at more urban sites, with concomitant reductions in forest species. There were significantly more ground gleaning birds and short distance migratory species. I also found a significantly greater abundance of birds in the old-growth stand during the winter. This increase was positively correlated with the depth of snow in the nearby Cascade Mountains. My results indicate that Forest Park is apparently progressing in a normal successional pattern with the exception of the city section. The reduction in shade tolerant saplings and small trees in the city section suggest that rate of succession has been slower at more urban sites. Avian data suggest that urbanization affects bird species abundance and guild composition in the more urban areas. Title: The Effects of Urbanization and Human Disturbance Upon Plant Community Structure and Bird Species Richness, Diversity, and Abundance in a Natural Forested Area (Forest Park) in Portland, Oregon Author: Broshot, Nancy Ellen Year: 1999 The effects of urbanization and continual human disturbance on the plant and avian communities of Forest Park and forested lands surrounding Portland, Oregon, were studied. I examined characteristics of plant and avian communities at 25 sites, 24 which were in Forest Park and surrounding areas and one which was in the Ancient Forest Preserve (old-growth stand) northwest of Forest Park. Data were analyzed using multiple regression, ANOV A, and Bonferonni/Dunn. Seven variables were selected representing different urbanization gradients. An additional covariable coded for the old-growth stand, allowing it to be used as a control. Many tree variables, especially those related to shade-tolerant species, were positively correlated with both the distance from downtown Portland and the number of houses in the surrounding area, and negatively correlated with the distance from the nearest forest edge; however, many shrub and herbaceous variables were negatively correlated with the distance from downtown Portland. Species diversity for herbaceous and shrub species was greater at more urban sites, but diversity of trees was lower at more urban sites. There were significantly more non-native species of plants in the city section. I found significantly fewer saplings and small trees, especially shade-tolerant species, in the section of Forest Park closest to downtown Portland, although tree mortality was positively correlated with distance from Portland. Summer bird data revealed significant increases in the abundances of urban and edge species at more urban sites, with concomitant reductions in forest species. There were significantly more ground gleaning birds and short distance migratory species. I also found a significantly greater abundance of birds in the old-growth stand during the winter. This increase was positively correlated with the depth of snow in the nearby Cascade Mountains. My results indicate that Forest Park is apparently progressing in a normal successional pattern with the exception of the city section. The reduction in shade tolerant saplings and small trees in the city section suggest that rate of succession has been slower at more urban sites. Avian data suggest that urbanization affects bird species abundance and guild composition in the more urban areas. Close

• 353. [Article] Species specific phytoplankton production rates during a spring diatom bloom in Yaquina Bay, Oregon

  A simplified autoradiographic method for estimating species-specific phytoplankton production rates in mixed natural communities was evaluated in the laboratory and employed in the field. Laboratory experiments ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Species specific phytoplankton production rates during a spring diatom bloom in Yaquina Bay, Oregon Author: McMurray, Gregory R., 1925- A simplified autoradiographic method for estimating species-specific phytoplankton production rates in mixed natural communities was evaluated in the laboratory and employed in the field. Laboratory experiments were designed to test the reliability and variability of the simplified method. Assays of ¹⁴C uptake by liquid scintillation spectrometry were used to evaluate assays by autoradiographic silver grain counts. Linear relationships between the two assays were found for varying activities within a species. With corrections for radiation geometry and self-absorption, a linear relationship was obtained for species from 400 to 50,000 μm³ in cell volume. The coefficient of variation for microscopic grain counting at densities from 10 to 70 grains per 100 μm² was 4% of the mean. Counts of replicate autoradiographs from individual incubations yielded coefficients of variation of 7 and 14% for grain densities of 11 and 30 per 100 μm², respectively. The frequency distribution of grains deposited over different cells of a species with varying photosynthetic activities is indicative of the physiological state of the alga. Samples from five depths at one station in Yaquina Bay, Oregon were incubated in situ with ¹⁴C, daily from 2 April to 7 May 1974. Phytoplankton biomass during the spring bloom reached 7106 μm³ cell volume l⁻¹ and integral production reached 172 mgC m⁻² hr⁻¹. Total community carbon uptake increased with biomass during the study but species-specific uptake decreased as ambient nitrate + nitrite levels decreased. Species-specific production rates were estimated for 22 consecutive days: 16 April to 7 May 1974. Three taxa, Chaetoceros debilis Cleve, Thalassiosira decipiens (Grun.) Jorg., and unidentified flagellates were responsible for over 65% of the community biomass and over 85% of the primary production after 20 April 1974, Carbon-specific uptake rates were calculated for 20 species. Maximum carbon-specific uptake rates (expressed as the percent of the estimated cell carbon content assimilated per hour) for six abundant diatom species ranged from 111 to 158%, but average activity over the study period for 20 species was much lower. Carbon-specific uptake rates (% cell C hr⁻¹) averaged over all samples for the three dominant taxa were: Chaetoceros debilis, 22%; Thalassiosira decipiens, 21%; and flagellates, 54%. Flagellates were always two to three times more productive than the dominant diatoms on a carbon specific basis. Photosynthesis:biomass ratios (P/B) of the three dominant taxa decreased proportionately during the study The percent of total biomass and percent of total carbon uptake contributed by the three dominant taxa were proportional over the period studied. Average daily carbon-specific uptake rates demonstrate that Thalassiosira decipiens succeeded Chaetoceros debilis due to a change in their relative production rates. Title: Species specific phytoplankton production rates during a spring diatom bloom in Yaquina Bay, Oregon Author: McMurray, Gregory R., 1925- A simplified autoradiographic method for estimating species-specific phytoplankton production rates in mixed natural communities was evaluated in the laboratory and employed in the field. Laboratory experiments were designed to test the reliability and variability of the simplified method. Assays of ¹⁴C uptake by liquid scintillation spectrometry were used to evaluate assays by autoradiographic silver grain counts. Linear relationships between the two assays were found for varying activities within a species. With corrections for radiation geometry and self-absorption, a linear relationship was obtained for species from 400 to 50,000 μm³ in cell volume. The coefficient of variation for microscopic grain counting at densities from 10 to 70 grains per 100 μm² was 4% of the mean. Counts of replicate autoradiographs from individual incubations yielded coefficients of variation of 7 and 14% for grain densities of 11 and 30 per 100 μm², respectively. The frequency distribution of grains deposited over different cells of a species with varying photosynthetic activities is indicative of the physiological state of the alga. Samples from five depths at one station in Yaquina Bay, Oregon were incubated in situ with ¹⁴C, daily from 2 April to 7 May 1974. Phytoplankton biomass during the spring bloom reached 7106 μm³ cell volume l⁻¹ and integral production reached 172 mgC m⁻² hr⁻¹. Total community carbon uptake increased with biomass during the study but species-specific uptake decreased as ambient nitrate + nitrite levels decreased. Species-specific production rates were estimated for 22 consecutive days: 16 April to 7 May 1974. Three taxa, Chaetoceros debilis Cleve, Thalassiosira decipiens (Grun.) Jorg., and unidentified flagellates were responsible for over 65% of the community biomass and over 85% of the primary production after 20 April 1974, Carbon-specific uptake rates were calculated for 20 species. Maximum carbon-specific uptake rates (expressed as the percent of the estimated cell carbon content assimilated per hour) for six abundant diatom species ranged from 111 to 158%, but average activity over the study period for 20 species was much lower. Carbon-specific uptake rates (% cell C hr⁻¹) averaged over all samples for the three dominant taxa were: Chaetoceros debilis, 22%; Thalassiosira decipiens, 21%; and flagellates, 54%. Flagellates were always two to three times more productive than the dominant diatoms on a carbon specific basis. Photosynthesis:biomass ratios (P/B) of the three dominant taxa decreased proportionately during the study The percent of total biomass and percent of total carbon uptake contributed by the three dominant taxa were proportional over the period studied. Average daily carbon-specific uptake rates demonstrate that Thalassiosira decipiens succeeded Chaetoceros debilis due to a change in their relative production rates. Close

• 354. [Article] Biostratigraphy of the type Weberg Member, Snowshoe Formation, Grant County, Oregon

  Thirty three species of ammonites are recorded from the composite type section of the Weberg Member of the Snowshoe Formation in the Suplee area, Grant County, Oregon. Holcophylloceras burkei, Euhoploceras ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biostratigraphy of the type Weberg Member, Snowshoe Formation, Grant County, Oregon Author: Taylor, David G. Year: 1977 Thirty three species of ammonites are recorded from the composite type section of the Weberg Member of the Snowshoe Formation in the Suplee area, Grant County, Oregon. Holcophylloceras burkei, Euhoploceras westi, E. tubereulosum and Strigoceras taylori are described as new, while four new species belonging to the genera Sonninia [?], Bradfordia, Pseudotoites and Witchellia are not formally named. Three ammonite zonules characterize the ammonite sequence of the type Weberg composite section. The sequence correlates with parts of the standard lower and middle Bajocian (Jurassic) of northwestern Europe. In addition, four associations (paleo-communities) of benthic mega invertebrates, the Gervillia, Protocardia, Isocyprina and Bositra buahii associations are delineated. The type Weberg composite section is a record of a local marine transgression westward onto an island system. The section also represents sedimentation over an irregular pre-Snowshoe topographic high, and indicates a progressive change from proximal to distal source of pre-Snowshoe sediments, from high to low energy conditions, and perhaps a slight deepening of the ocean bottom. Ammonites are rare in the lower division of the Weberg Member, locally present in fine sandy limestones of the lower part of the upper division, abundant and most diverse in silt-rich, clay-poor limestones of the upper part of the upper division, and locally abundant in mudstones of the Warm Springs Member. Recurrent associations of certain ammonite species, strong correlation of the associations with lithofacies and biofacies, and pervasive faunal differences of ammonites between facies indicate in general that the distributional patterns of the ammonites reflect spatial life-habitats. The spotty yet widespread geographic occurrence of several ammonite species suggest they had undergone extensive planktic dispersal, thus ocean currents probably played an important role in their distributional patterns. Title: Biostratigraphy of the type Weberg Member, Snowshoe Formation, Grant County, Oregon Author: Taylor, David G. Year: 1977 Thirty three species of ammonites are recorded from the composite type section of the Weberg Member of the Snowshoe Formation in the Suplee area, Grant County, Oregon. Holcophylloceras burkei, Euhoploceras westi, E. tubereulosum and Strigoceras taylori are described as new, while four new species belonging to the genera Sonninia [?], Bradfordia, Pseudotoites and Witchellia are not formally named. Three ammonite zonules characterize the ammonite sequence of the type Weberg composite section. The sequence correlates with parts of the standard lower and middle Bajocian (Jurassic) of northwestern Europe. In addition, four associations (paleo-communities) of benthic mega invertebrates, the Gervillia, Protocardia, Isocyprina and Bositra buahii associations are delineated. The type Weberg composite section is a record of a local marine transgression westward onto an island system. The section also represents sedimentation over an irregular pre-Snowshoe topographic high, and indicates a progressive change from proximal to distal source of pre-Snowshoe sediments, from high to low energy conditions, and perhaps a slight deepening of the ocean bottom. Ammonites are rare in the lower division of the Weberg Member, locally present in fine sandy limestones of the lower part of the upper division, abundant and most diverse in silt-rich, clay-poor limestones of the upper part of the upper division, and locally abundant in mudstones of the Warm Springs Member. Recurrent associations of certain ammonite species, strong correlation of the associations with lithofacies and biofacies, and pervasive faunal differences of ammonites between facies indicate in general that the distributional patterns of the ammonites reflect spatial life-habitats. The spotty yet widespread geographic occurrence of several ammonite species suggest they had undergone extensive planktic dispersal, thus ocean currents probably played an important role in their distributional patterns. Close

• 355. [Article] Live Diatoms as Indicators of Urban Stormwater Runoff

  Diatom bioassessment of streams/rivers does not distinguish between live (cells with intact chloroplasts) and dead (empty cells) individuals, even though most diatom samples collected from the field will ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Live Diatoms as Indicators of Urban Stormwater Runoff Author: Gillett, Nadia D., Oudsema, Maggie E., Steinman, Alan D. Year: 2017 Diatom bioassessment of streams/rivers does not distinguish between live (cells with intact chloroplasts) and dead (empty cells) individuals, even though most diatom samples collected from the field will be composed of a mixture of both. This study aimed to evaluate whether percentage of live diatoms (PLD), live diatom density and chlorophyll a, and diatom species compositions can be used as indicators of hydrologic disturbance in an urban stream. We deployed artificial substrates on a monthly basis and collected periphyton samples weekly over the course of one calendar year (n = 182) in three tributaries of urbanized Ruddiman Creek (Michigan, USA). We also collected samples before and after six major storm events (>0.5 cm rain). We found no temporal patterns in PLD (Mann-Kendall test p > 0.05) or species composition (non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination), which may be explained by a diatom composition already tolerant to frequent disturbance. There was no difference in PLD before and after storm events, which might partially be explained by their disturbance resistance due to different assemblage ages (1, 2, and 4 weeks old) before the storms. High flow had differential effects on diatom species; loosely attached Navicula and Nitzschia species were more easily removed compared to stalk-forming Gomphonema parvulum. The most important environmental variable that was found to affect live diatom density and chlorophyll was stream width, which has an indirect effect (as a measure of discharge) on periphyton assemblages. In conclusion, PLD was found to be unsuitable metric for assessing stormwater runoff in urban streams where periphyton may not have enough time to form mature communities. Title: Live Diatoms as Indicators of Urban Stormwater Runoff Author: Gillett, Nadia D., Oudsema, Maggie E., Steinman, Alan D. Year: 2017 Diatom bioassessment of streams/rivers does not distinguish between live (cells with intact chloroplasts) and dead (empty cells) individuals, even though most diatom samples collected from the field will be composed of a mixture of both. This study aimed to evaluate whether percentage of live diatoms (PLD), live diatom density and chlorophyll a, and diatom species compositions can be used as indicators of hydrologic disturbance in an urban stream. We deployed artificial substrates on a monthly basis and collected periphyton samples weekly over the course of one calendar year (n = 182) in three tributaries of urbanized Ruddiman Creek (Michigan, USA). We also collected samples before and after six major storm events (>0.5 cm rain). We found no temporal patterns in PLD (Mann-Kendall test p > 0.05) or species composition (non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination), which may be explained by a diatom composition already tolerant to frequent disturbance. There was no difference in PLD before and after storm events, which might partially be explained by their disturbance resistance due to different assemblage ages (1, 2, and 4 weeks old) before the storms. High flow had differential effects on diatom species; loosely attached Navicula and Nitzschia species were more easily removed compared to stalk-forming Gomphonema parvulum. The most important environmental variable that was found to affect live diatom density and chlorophyll was stream width, which has an indirect effect (as a measure of discharge) on periphyton assemblages. In conclusion, PLD was found to be unsuitable metric for assessing stormwater runoff in urban streams where periphyton may not have enough time to form mature communities. Close

• 356. [Article] The Wealth of Ecosystems: Valuing Natural Capital in the Context of Ecosystem Based Management

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Wealth of Ecosystems: Valuing Natural Capital in the Context of Ecosystem Based Management Author: Abbott, Joshua, Hutniczak, Barbara, Seong, Do Yun, Fenichel, Eli Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: The Wealth of Ecosystems: Valuing Natural Capital in the Context of Ecosystem Based Management Author: Abbott, Joshua, Hutniczak, Barbara, Seong, Do Yun, Fenichel, Eli Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 357. [Article] The structure and dynamics of old-growth Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) forest of the Oregon Coast Range

  The objectives of this study are to: 1) study the variations among stands of old-growth Sitka spruce forest located within a relatively restricted geographical area, 2) determine the relationship between species ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The structure and dynamics of old-growth Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) forest of the Oregon Coast Range Author: Quaye, Eric Charles The objectives of this study are to: 1) study the variations among stands of old-growth Sitka spruce forest located within a relatively restricted geographical area, 2) determine the relationship between species distribution, vegetational pattern, and such site factors as slope and aspect, and 3) ascertain the abruptness of phytosociological change which might permit the recognition of separate vegetational units. The power function regression model has been used to describe the frequency distribution in size-classes of Sitka spruce and western hemlock on thirty-five plots from three coastal sites in Oregon. The diameter distribution and the reproductive potential of both spruce and hemlock seem to indicate that the forest stands at Cape Lookout, Cascade Head, and Cape Perpetua are in a steady-state condition regardless of the relatively low number of seedlings and saplings. Linear correlation and regression analyses indicate no significant relationship between species diversity and topographic variables, thus emphasizing forest homogeneity within the study area. Other stand characteristics, however, were significantly correlated with some of the topographic variables. For instance, the basal area of hemlock was negatively correlated with slope inclination, whereas, the density of spruce was positively correlated with relative moisture value derived from slope aspect. Pit-and-mound topography or microrelief plays an important role in forest dynamics by influencing species composition and structure. Since pits and mounds are the result of windthrows, wind becomes a very important allogenic factor in controlling cyclic microsuccession in the spruce forest. Clustering analysis was used to group stands into phytosociological units or community types. Stand ordinations using polar ordination, principal components analysis, and reciprocal averaging were employed to relate the spatial distribution of the vegetation units to environmental gradients. Six community types have been identified and described on the basis of the dominant species in each vegetation stratum, topographic preference, and soil physical characteristics. The first ordination axis of all three ordination techniques corresponded to a "complex" slope gradient but the second axis did not correspond to any of the measured or derived site factors. Title: The structure and dynamics of old-growth Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) forest of the Oregon Coast Range Author: Quaye, Eric Charles The objectives of this study are to: 1) study the variations among stands of old-growth Sitka spruce forest located within a relatively restricted geographical area, 2) determine the relationship between species distribution, vegetational pattern, and such site factors as slope and aspect, and 3) ascertain the abruptness of phytosociological change which might permit the recognition of separate vegetational units. The power function regression model has been used to describe the frequency distribution in size-classes of Sitka spruce and western hemlock on thirty-five plots from three coastal sites in Oregon. The diameter distribution and the reproductive potential of both spruce and hemlock seem to indicate that the forest stands at Cape Lookout, Cascade Head, and Cape Perpetua are in a steady-state condition regardless of the relatively low number of seedlings and saplings. Linear correlation and regression analyses indicate no significant relationship between species diversity and topographic variables, thus emphasizing forest homogeneity within the study area. Other stand characteristics, however, were significantly correlated with some of the topographic variables. For instance, the basal area of hemlock was negatively correlated with slope inclination, whereas, the density of spruce was positively correlated with relative moisture value derived from slope aspect. Pit-and-mound topography or microrelief plays an important role in forest dynamics by influencing species composition and structure. Since pits and mounds are the result of windthrows, wind becomes a very important allogenic factor in controlling cyclic microsuccession in the spruce forest. Clustering analysis was used to group stands into phytosociological units or community types. Stand ordinations using polar ordination, principal components analysis, and reciprocal averaging were employed to relate the spatial distribution of the vegetation units to environmental gradients. Six community types have been identified and described on the basis of the dominant species in each vegetation stratum, topographic preference, and soil physical characteristics. The first ordination axis of all three ordination techniques corresponded to a "complex" slope gradient but the second axis did not correspond to any of the measured or derived site factors. Close

• 358. [Article] Seasonal and geographical distribution of pelagic copepods in Oregon coastal waters

  The copepod population in Oregon coastal waters was examined from 116 oblique plankton tows taken during 1962. Quantitative Clarke- Bumpus samplers were used and stations ranged from 5-105 miles from shore ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal and geographical distribution of pelagic copepods in Oregon coastal waters Author: Cross, Ford A. The copepod population in Oregon coastal waters was examined from 116 oblique plankton tows taken during 1962. Quantitative Clarke- Bumpus samplers were used and stations ranged from 5-105 miles from shore along four hydrographic lines. Forty-six species of copepods were identified. The total adult population varied according to distance from shore, season and hydrographic line sampled. Populations in neritic regions reached highest abundance during the spring and summer months while offshore populations reached peaks only during April and May. Two unusually high populations recorded during July appeared to be linked to the effects of upwelling and/or discharge from the Columbia River. Population diversity indices were calculated to show temporal and spatial change in percent species composition. The seasonal and spatial abundance of the total copepodite population was very similar to that of the adult population. Oithona similis Claus was the dominant cyclopoid species, and often the most abundant of all species. Pseudocalanus minutus (KrOyer) was the most abundant calanoid copepod. Acartia longiremis (Lilljeborg) was an important member of the copepod community during the summer months, and only in neritic areas. It is suggested that Acartia danae Giesbrecht and Centropages mcmurrichi Willey may be used as reciprocal indicators of seasonal change in surface current movement off Oregon. Their distributions appeared to correlate closely with surface water characteristics during different seasons of the year. Title: Seasonal and geographical distribution of pelagic copepods in Oregon coastal waters Author: Cross, Ford A. The copepod population in Oregon coastal waters was examined from 116 oblique plankton tows taken during 1962. Quantitative Clarke- Bumpus samplers were used and stations ranged from 5-105 miles from shore along four hydrographic lines. Forty-six species of copepods were identified. The total adult population varied according to distance from shore, season and hydrographic line sampled. Populations in neritic regions reached highest abundance during the spring and summer months while offshore populations reached peaks only during April and May. Two unusually high populations recorded during July appeared to be linked to the effects of upwelling and/or discharge from the Columbia River. Population diversity indices were calculated to show temporal and spatial change in percent species composition. The seasonal and spatial abundance of the total copepodite population was very similar to that of the adult population. Oithona similis Claus was the dominant cyclopoid species, and often the most abundant of all species. Pseudocalanus minutus (KrOyer) was the most abundant calanoid copepod. Acartia longiremis (Lilljeborg) was an important member of the copepod community during the summer months, and only in neritic areas. It is suggested that Acartia danae Giesbrecht and Centropages mcmurrichi Willey may be used as reciprocal indicators of seasonal change in surface current movement off Oregon. Their distributions appeared to correlate closely with surface water characteristics during different seasons of the year. Close

• 359. [Article] Overstory density and disturbance impacts on the resilience of coniferous forests of western Oregon

  A trait based approach was used to assess impacts of overstory density and thinning on understory vegetation components related to wildlife habitat. The relationship between overstory basal area and understory ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Overstory density and disturbance impacts on the resilience of coniferous forests of western Oregon Author: Neill, Andrew R. (Andrew Rhodes) A trait based approach was used to assess impacts of overstory density and thinning on understory vegetation components related to wildlife habitat. The relationship between overstory basal area and understory vegetation for species grouped by traits, such as production of flowers, fleshy-fruit and palatable leaves, was characterized in thinned and unthinned stands at seven Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests in western Oregon six years following harvests. The ranges of overstory densities within thinned and unthinned stands represent gradients of resource availability and thinning disturbance. Lower overstory densities and thinnings were associated with improved ecosystem functions, specifically the provision of wildlife habitat, as evident by higher cover of flowering and fleshy-fruit and palatable leaf producing species. Greater cover of drought, fire and heat tolerant species in low density stands and after thinnings suggested that these ecosystem functions are more likely to be maintained under climate change conditions, indicating higher resilience. The response of specific functions and response types reflect the traits characteristic for each species group and the impact of these traits on sensitivity to resource availability and disturbances. Thus, the correlation between grouping criteria and the main gradients created by management activities can provide an indication of the expected vegetation response, and therefore the impact of management practices on resilience. Title: Overstory density and disturbance impacts on the resilience of coniferous forests of western Oregon Author: Neill, Andrew R. (Andrew Rhodes) A trait based approach was used to assess impacts of overstory density and thinning on understory vegetation components related to wildlife habitat. The relationship between overstory basal area and understory vegetation for species grouped by traits, such as production of flowers, fleshy-fruit and palatable leaves, was characterized in thinned and unthinned stands at seven Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests in western Oregon six years following harvests. The ranges of overstory densities within thinned and unthinned stands represent gradients of resource availability and thinning disturbance. Lower overstory densities and thinnings were associated with improved ecosystem functions, specifically the provision of wildlife habitat, as evident by higher cover of flowering and fleshy-fruit and palatable leaf producing species. Greater cover of drought, fire and heat tolerant species in low density stands and after thinnings suggested that these ecosystem functions are more likely to be maintained under climate change conditions, indicating higher resilience. The response of specific functions and response types reflect the traits characteristic for each species group and the impact of these traits on sensitivity to resource availability and disturbances. Thus, the correlation between grouping criteria and the main gradients created by management activities can provide an indication of the expected vegetation response, and therefore the impact of management practices on resilience. Close

• 360. [Article] Amount and chemical composition of understory vegetation in Alsea basin forest communities

  The understory vegetation was sampled in eight plant communities of a Douglas-fir ecosystem to determine the organic matter production and mineral composition. Four sample sites were selected in each plant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Amount and chemical composition of understory vegetation in Alsea basin forest communities Author: Tarnócai, Charles The understory vegetation was sampled in eight plant communities of a Douglas-fir ecosystem to determine the organic matter production and mineral composition. Four sample sites were selected in each plant community and the understory vegetation sampled using the method of quadrats of successively increasing size. All herbaceous plants were separated by species while shrubs were first separated by species and then, for each species, by leaves or needles and woody parts. The samples were immediately weighed to obtain the green weight and then were taken to the laboratory, dried, and re-weighed to obtain the dry weight of organic matter produced. After suitable preparation the samples were analyzed chemically to determine their nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and manganese concentrations. Using the amount of dry organic matter produced (in kg. /ha.) and the mineral concentrations (in %), the percentage concentrations of these nutrients were converted to the kilogram per hectare basis. It appeared that the organic matter production and mineral content of understory vegetation varied significantly between plant communities. In other words, organic matter production and mineral content tended to be characteristic of each plant community. It was found, however, that unstable, immature communities showed a greater variation in total organic matter production than did climax communities. It was further found that, considering a limited area, the organic matter production of different sample sites within a community was similar. One of the limiting factors for organic matter production, as well as for total mineral content, of understory vegetation was light intensity at ground level as indicated by the percentage crown cover. The mineral concentration of the shrub layer was found to be lower than that of the herb layer with the exception of manganese, for which the shrubs had a higher concentration than did the herbs. It was also noted that certain plant species appeared to be selective for certain minerals. The results of this investigation seem to indicate that the understory plays a very important role in the nutrient cycle. Although it contributes a smaller amount of organic matter than does the overstory, the under story has a much higher mineral concentration and its annual turnover appears to be a very important factor in determining the fertility level of the forest floor. Title: Amount and chemical composition of understory vegetation in Alsea basin forest communities Author: Tarnócai, Charles The understory vegetation was sampled in eight plant communities of a Douglas-fir ecosystem to determine the organic matter production and mineral composition. Four sample sites were selected in each plant community and the understory vegetation sampled using the method of quadrats of successively increasing size. All herbaceous plants were separated by species while shrubs were first separated by species and then, for each species, by leaves or needles and woody parts. The samples were immediately weighed to obtain the green weight and then were taken to the laboratory, dried, and re-weighed to obtain the dry weight of organic matter produced. After suitable preparation the samples were analyzed chemically to determine their nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and manganese concentrations. Using the amount of dry organic matter produced (in kg. /ha.) and the mineral concentrations (in %), the percentage concentrations of these nutrients were converted to the kilogram per hectare basis. It appeared that the organic matter production and mineral content of understory vegetation varied significantly between plant communities. In other words, organic matter production and mineral content tended to be characteristic of each plant community. It was found, however, that unstable, immature communities showed a greater variation in total organic matter production than did climax communities. It was further found that, considering a limited area, the organic matter production of different sample sites within a community was similar. One of the limiting factors for organic matter production, as well as for total mineral content, of understory vegetation was light intensity at ground level as indicated by the percentage crown cover. The mineral concentration of the shrub layer was found to be lower than that of the herb layer with the exception of manganese, for which the shrubs had a higher concentration than did the herbs. It was also noted that certain plant species appeared to be selective for certain minerals. The results of this investigation seem to indicate that the understory plays a very important role in the nutrient cycle. Although it contributes a smaller amount of organic matter than does the overstory, the under story has a much higher mineral concentration and its annual turnover appears to be a very important factor in determining the fertility level of the forest floor. Close

• 361. [Article] Effect of two methylcarbamates on the toxiciity of isopropyl m-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) to safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)

  Addition of the methylcarbamate compounds p-chlorophenyl N-methylcarbamate (PPG-124) and 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl) to various herbicides has resulted in reduced rates of degradation. Carbaryl ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of two methylcarbamates on the toxiciity of isopropyl m-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) to safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) Author: Kirkland, Kenneth Addition of the methylcarbamate compounds p-chlorophenyl N-methylcarbamate (PPG-124) and 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl) to various herbicides has resulted in reduced rates of degradation. Carbaryl affects the degradation of certain herbicides in both plants and soils while PPG-124 has only been demonstrated to affect degradation in soils. Both these materials are effective in increasing the persistence of isopropyl m-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) in the soil. No work has been published on the possible effect of these compounds on the response of plants to chlorpropham or other carbahilate herbicides. Studies were conducted in a growth-chamber to investigate the effect of PPG-124 and carbaryl on the response of two test species to chlorpropham. One species, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. ), was chosen for its resistance to chlorpropham; the other, common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. ) for its susceptibility. Plants were grown in Hoagland's solution to which the various treatments were added. This approach was used to avoid any soil effects such as differential adsorption and degradation of the chlorpropham. Four experiments were carried out with safflower and two with buckwheat. Varying doses and exposure periods to the chemicals were included but all experiments were of the same duration. The effects of mixtures of chlorpropham with PPG-124 or carbaryl were compared with those of individual treatments of the three compounds applied at the same time. Dry weights of roots and shoots were taken as indicators of plant response. The method of Colby (1967) was used to compute the expected response of the test species to the various mixtures. Comparisons of the expected with the observed responses indicated that both PPG 124 and carbaryl had an antagonistic effect on chlorpropham activity when applied to roots of safflower. In contrast, a slight synergistic effect at certain concentrations was noted when buckwheat was used as the test species. An explanation of these effects would require uptake and metabolism studies with labeled materials. The slight alterations in response to chlorpropham noted in these experiments probably would be masked in the field by the increased persistence of chlorpropham in soil treated with mixtures of this herbicide with PPG-124 or carbaryl. Title: Effect of two methylcarbamates on the toxiciity of isopropyl m-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) to safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) Author: Kirkland, Kenneth Addition of the methylcarbamate compounds p-chlorophenyl N-methylcarbamate (PPG-124) and 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl) to various herbicides has resulted in reduced rates of degradation. Carbaryl affects the degradation of certain herbicides in both plants and soils while PPG-124 has only been demonstrated to affect degradation in soils. Both these materials are effective in increasing the persistence of isopropyl m-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) in the soil. No work has been published on the possible effect of these compounds on the response of plants to chlorpropham or other carbahilate herbicides. Studies were conducted in a growth-chamber to investigate the effect of PPG-124 and carbaryl on the response of two test species to chlorpropham. One species, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. ), was chosen for its resistance to chlorpropham; the other, common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. ) for its susceptibility. Plants were grown in Hoagland's solution to which the various treatments were added. This approach was used to avoid any soil effects such as differential adsorption and degradation of the chlorpropham. Four experiments were carried out with safflower and two with buckwheat. Varying doses and exposure periods to the chemicals were included but all experiments were of the same duration. The effects of mixtures of chlorpropham with PPG-124 or carbaryl were compared with those of individual treatments of the three compounds applied at the same time. Dry weights of roots and shoots were taken as indicators of plant response. The method of Colby (1967) was used to compute the expected response of the test species to the various mixtures. Comparisons of the expected with the observed responses indicated that both PPG 124 and carbaryl had an antagonistic effect on chlorpropham activity when applied to roots of safflower. In contrast, a slight synergistic effect at certain concentrations was noted when buckwheat was used as the test species. An explanation of these effects would require uptake and metabolism studies with labeled materials. The slight alterations in response to chlorpropham noted in these experiments probably would be masked in the field by the increased persistence of chlorpropham in soil treated with mixtures of this herbicide with PPG-124 or carbaryl. Close

• 362. [Article] A revised checklist and preliminary assessment of the macrobenthic marine algae and seagrasses of Oregon

  A new checklist of the macrobenthic marine algae of Oregon is presented. The new list includes 50 new records and 90 new names, providing an overall nomenclatural change in the recorded flora of 36 percent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A revised checklist and preliminary assessment of the macrobenthic marine algae and seagrasses of Oregon Author: Hansen, Gayle I. A new checklist of the macrobenthic marine algae of Oregon is presented. The new list includes 50 new records and 90 new names, providing an overall nomenclatural change in the recorded flora of 36 percent since the earlier list of Phinney (1977). Of the 387 taxa reported, 20 percent have distributional boundaries within the state, indicating that Oregon is an area of relatively minor floristic change. Species overlap analyses with the floras of SE Alaska-Washington and California show that the Oregon flora is closer in composition to its northern neighbor than to its southern (Jaccard Coefficients of 54 and 44 respectively). Species richness is surprisingly low: Oregon has 227 fewer taxa than SE Alaska-Washington and 336 fewer than California. The depauperate nature of the flora has been proposed to be caused by latitudinal range and temperature differences, lack of sheltered habitats, sand domination, seasonal upwelling, and human disturbance. Some of these factors are influential. However, an analysis of taxa with west-coast distributions skipping Oregon indicates that many taxa may have been overlooked because of their small size, crustose morphology, and/or subtidal location. The lack of species richness is therefore also attributed to insufficient study. Additional surveys concentrating on the cryptic taxa will be necessary to determine if Oregon's seaweed flora is truly species-poor. Within the checklist, the following new binomials have been proposed: Botrytella pacifica (Hollenberg) comb nov., Cryptopleura farlowiana (J. Agardh) ver Steeg et Josslyn comb. nov., and Kallymeniopsis oblongifructa (Setchell) comb. nov Title: A revised checklist and preliminary assessment of the macrobenthic marine algae and seagrasses of Oregon Author: Hansen, Gayle I. A new checklist of the macrobenthic marine algae of Oregon is presented. The new list includes 50 new records and 90 new names, providing an overall nomenclatural change in the recorded flora of 36 percent since the earlier list of Phinney (1977). Of the 387 taxa reported, 20 percent have distributional boundaries within the state, indicating that Oregon is an area of relatively minor floristic change. Species overlap analyses with the floras of SE Alaska-Washington and California show that the Oregon flora is closer in composition to its northern neighbor than to its southern (Jaccard Coefficients of 54 and 44 respectively). Species richness is surprisingly low: Oregon has 227 fewer taxa than SE Alaska-Washington and 336 fewer than California. The depauperate nature of the flora has been proposed to be caused by latitudinal range and temperature differences, lack of sheltered habitats, sand domination, seasonal upwelling, and human disturbance. Some of these factors are influential. However, an analysis of taxa with west-coast distributions skipping Oregon indicates that many taxa may have been overlooked because of their small size, crustose morphology, and/or subtidal location. The lack of species richness is therefore also attributed to insufficient study. Additional surveys concentrating on the cryptic taxa will be necessary to determine if Oregon's seaweed flora is truly species-poor. Within the checklist, the following new binomials have been proposed: Botrytella pacifica (Hollenberg) comb nov., Cryptopleura farlowiana (J. Agardh) ver Steeg et Josslyn comb. nov., and Kallymeniopsis oblongifructa (Setchell) comb. nov Close

• 363. [Article] The role and function of fruit trees and fruit tree-based agroforestry systems in a highland watershed in northern Thailand

  Field studies were conducted from 1996 to 1998 in three villages in a Highland watershed in Mae Hong Son Province, northern Thailand. The objectives of the study were to classify and define the fruit-based ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The role and function of fruit trees and fruit tree-based agroforestry systems in a highland watershed in northern Thailand Author: Withrow-Robinson, Bradford A. Field studies were conducted from 1996 to 1998 in three villages in a Highland watershed in Mae Hong Son Province, northern Thailand. The objectives of the study were to classify and define the fruit-based agroforestry cropping system and investigate management activities used by villagers. In the first part of the study, we developed a conventional classification, which identified 11 fruit-based agroforestry subsystems subdivided into four larger groups. The subsystems were formed subjectively, primarily according to purpose or function of the gardens, and especially of the tree crop component, with secondary definitions relating more to the herbaceous crops grown. In the second part of the study, we developed a separate classification based largely on species composition using multivariate analysis methods. A classification of seven groups was proposed and three key factors characterizing groups were identified. The multivariate analysis showed a wide range and large overlap of group characteristics which seemed to indicate that these gardens did not represent discrete categories as hypothesized, but rather were part of a continuum of gardens with gradually changing and overlapping characteristics. Patterns indicated that landowners tended to mix functions as well as plant species, without a strong organizational pattern. In the third section, a supporting data set was developed with crop composition, cover, and production input and output factors. The objective was to develop a better understanding of the performance of the fruit-based agroforestry system. We examined a group of economic, environmental and social factors relating to composition, cover, inputs of labor and agricultural chemicals, and the distribution and yield of crops by garden and by household units. Most of the sample households (93%) had one or more garden parcels, which together accounted for 85% of the sample households' upland cropping area. A total of 96 crop species were recorded, with an average of about 24 species raised per household. Fruit crop production was low in 1998 and most of the economic activity in gardens related to herbaceous crops. Title: The role and function of fruit trees and fruit tree-based agroforestry systems in a highland watershed in northern Thailand Author: Withrow-Robinson, Bradford A. Field studies were conducted from 1996 to 1998 in three villages in a Highland watershed in Mae Hong Son Province, northern Thailand. The objectives of the study were to classify and define the fruit-based agroforestry cropping system and investigate management activities used by villagers. In the first part of the study, we developed a conventional classification, which identified 11 fruit-based agroforestry subsystems subdivided into four larger groups. The subsystems were formed subjectively, primarily according to purpose or function of the gardens, and especially of the tree crop component, with secondary definitions relating more to the herbaceous crops grown. In the second part of the study, we developed a separate classification based largely on species composition using multivariate analysis methods. A classification of seven groups was proposed and three key factors characterizing groups were identified. The multivariate analysis showed a wide range and large overlap of group characteristics which seemed to indicate that these gardens did not represent discrete categories as hypothesized, but rather were part of a continuum of gardens with gradually changing and overlapping characteristics. Patterns indicated that landowners tended to mix functions as well as plant species, without a strong organizational pattern. In the third section, a supporting data set was developed with crop composition, cover, and production input and output factors. The objective was to develop a better understanding of the performance of the fruit-based agroforestry system. We examined a group of economic, environmental and social factors relating to composition, cover, inputs of labor and agricultural chemicals, and the distribution and yield of crops by garden and by household units. Most of the sample households (93%) had one or more garden parcels, which together accounted for 85% of the sample households' upland cropping area. A total of 96 crop species were recorded, with an average of about 24 species raised per household. Fruit crop production was low in 1998 and most of the economic activity in gardens related to herbaceous crops. Close

• 364. [Article] The effects of infaunal biodiversity on biogeochemistry of coastal marine sediments

  We tested the role of benthic infaunal functional diversity in regulating the biogeochemistry of nearshore sediments using laboratory microcosms. Single and multispecies assemblages of deposit-feeding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of infaunal biodiversity on biogeochemistry of coastal marine sediments Author: Whitlatch, Robert B., Visscher, Pieter T., Waldbusser, George G., Marinelli, Roberta L. We tested the role of benthic infaunal functional diversity in regulating the biogeochemistry of nearshore sediments using laboratory microcosms. Single and multispecies assemblages of deposit-feeding polychaetes (Clymenella torquata, Spio setosa, and Leitoscoloplos fragilis) were used, and fluxes of oxygen and phosphate, as well as profiles of oxygen and pH in the sediment pore water, were measured. Significant differences in flux rates were found among treatments that were unrelated to polychaete abundance or biomass alone. Multispecies assemblages had lower flux rates of both oxygen and phosphate than rates calculated from the single-species treatments. Depthintegrated oxygen and pH profiles also showed significant differences between multispecies assemblages and selected single-species treatments. These differences were most likely from species-specific feeding and burrowing behavior and species-related interactions. Coefficients of variance for both oxygen and pH were highest for microcosms with no polychaetes and lowest for the assemblages, indicating a dampening effect of multispecies assemblages on porewater heterogeneity. When oxygen flux data was incorporated into a model of oxygen dynamics in Long Island Sound, results indicated that shifts in the benthic community composition could change sediment oxygen consumption rates sufficiently to disrupt the balance between the physical supply of oxygenated water and biological oxygen demand. The results of this study confirm the importance of benthic functional biodiversity to nearshore sedimentary processes and suggest that losses of functional diversity can have significant effects on ecosystem function. Title: The effects of infaunal biodiversity on biogeochemistry of coastal marine sediments Author: Whitlatch, Robert B., Visscher, Pieter T., Waldbusser, George G., Marinelli, Roberta L. We tested the role of benthic infaunal functional diversity in regulating the biogeochemistry of nearshore sediments using laboratory microcosms. Single and multispecies assemblages of deposit-feeding polychaetes (Clymenella torquata, Spio setosa, and Leitoscoloplos fragilis) were used, and fluxes of oxygen and phosphate, as well as profiles of oxygen and pH in the sediment pore water, were measured. Significant differences in flux rates were found among treatments that were unrelated to polychaete abundance or biomass alone. Multispecies assemblages had lower flux rates of both oxygen and phosphate than rates calculated from the single-species treatments. Depthintegrated oxygen and pH profiles also showed significant differences between multispecies assemblages and selected single-species treatments. These differences were most likely from species-specific feeding and burrowing behavior and species-related interactions. Coefficients of variance for both oxygen and pH were highest for microcosms with no polychaetes and lowest for the assemblages, indicating a dampening effect of multispecies assemblages on porewater heterogeneity. When oxygen flux data was incorporated into a model of oxygen dynamics in Long Island Sound, results indicated that shifts in the benthic community composition could change sediment oxygen consumption rates sufficiently to disrupt the balance between the physical supply of oxygenated water and biological oxygen demand. The results of this study confirm the importance of benthic functional biodiversity to nearshore sedimentary processes and suggest that losses of functional diversity can have significant effects on ecosystem function. Close

• 365. [Article] Multivariate Models of Adult Pacific Salmon Returns

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multivariate Models of Adult Pacific Salmon Returns Author: Morgan, Cheryl, Litz, Marisa, Burke, Brian J., Peterson, William T., Daly, Elizabeth A., Beckman, Brian R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Title: Multivariate Models of Adult Pacific Salmon Returns Author: Morgan, Cheryl, Litz, Marisa, Burke, Brian J., Peterson, William T., Daly, Elizabeth A., Beckman, Brian R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Close

• 366. [Article] Predicting fish recruitment from juvenile abundance and environmental indices

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/home/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predicting fish recruitment from juvenile abundance and environmental indices Author: Hunsicker, Mary E., Hunt, George L. Jr., Yaragina, Natalia A., Bailey, Kevin M., Stige, Leif Christian This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/home/. Title: Predicting fish recruitment from juvenile abundance and environmental indices Author: Hunsicker, Mary E., Hunt, George L. Jr., Yaragina, Natalia A., Bailey, Kevin M., Stige, Leif Christian This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/home/. Close

• 367. [Article] Evaluating the Accuracy of Trawl Logbook Estimates of Groundfish Discards

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating the Accuracy of Trawl Logbook Estimates of Groundfish Discards Author: Sampson, David B., Lee, Yong-Woo Research Paper Title: Evaluating the Accuracy of Trawl Logbook Estimates of Groundfish Discards Author: Sampson, David B., Lee, Yong-Woo Research Paper Close

• 368. [Article] Mammals of the Bull Run

  This study of mammals of the Bull Run Planning Unit has a dual character. First, mammals of special scientific or natural history interest such as threatened or endangered species were sought. This was ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mammals of the Bull Run Author: Thatcher, Edward M. Year: 1976 This study of mammals of the Bull Run Planning Unit has a dual character. First, mammals of special scientific or natural history interest such as threatened or endangered species were sought. This was in conjunction with a Mt. Hood Bull Run Planning Unit. Second, a zoogeographical study of mammals of the Bull Run was performed. Abundance and distributional data was recorded for each species observed. This data was related to availability to moisture as indicated by plant associations trapped. Difference in habitat utilization along a moisture gradient was investigated as a possible coexistence mechanism for sympatric small mammals in the Bull Run Planning Unit. Title: Mammals of the Bull Run Author: Thatcher, Edward M. Year: 1976 This study of mammals of the Bull Run Planning Unit has a dual character. First, mammals of special scientific or natural history interest such as threatened or endangered species were sought. This was in conjunction with a Mt. Hood Bull Run Planning Unit. Second, a zoogeographical study of mammals of the Bull Run was performed. Abundance and distributional data was recorded for each species observed. This data was related to availability to moisture as indicated by plant associations trapped. Difference in habitat utilization along a moisture gradient was investigated as a possible coexistence mechanism for sympatric small mammals in the Bull Run Planning Unit. Close

• 369. [Article] Preservative treatment of Scots pine and Norway spruce

  The ability to treat Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate or with waterborne chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate, or ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preservative treatment of Scots pine and Norway spruce Author: El-Kasmi, Silham, Rhatigan, Ron, Morrell, Jeffrey J., Freitag, Camille The ability to treat Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate or with waterborne chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate, or ammoniacal copper quaternary was assessed using commercial treatment facilities in the Pacific Northwest. In general, Scots pine was more easily treated than was Norway spruce, although neither species could be treated to the standards of the American Wood-Preservers' Association for dimension lumber without incising. Treatment was better with ammonia-based solutions, reflecting the ability of these systems to overcome the effects of pit aspiration and encrustation, and their ability to swell the wood to improve permeability. The results indicate that successful treatment of both species will require the use of incising. In addition, further research will be required to identify suitable schedules for successfully treating Norway spruce with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate. Title: Preservative treatment of Scots pine and Norway spruce Author: El-Kasmi, Silham, Rhatigan, Ron, Morrell, Jeffrey J., Freitag, Camille The ability to treat Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate or with waterborne chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate, or ammoniacal copper quaternary was assessed using commercial treatment facilities in the Pacific Northwest. In general, Scots pine was more easily treated than was Norway spruce, although neither species could be treated to the standards of the American Wood-Preservers' Association for dimension lumber without incising. Treatment was better with ammonia-based solutions, reflecting the ability of these systems to overcome the effects of pit aspiration and encrustation, and their ability to swell the wood to improve permeability. The results indicate that successful treatment of both species will require the use of incising. In addition, further research will be required to identify suitable schedules for successfully treating Norway spruce with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate. Close

• 370. [Article] Carcinogenicity and acute toxicity of dimethylnitrosamine in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

  A dose related carcinogenic response was established for dimethylnitrosamine administered in the diet of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). An equation was derived for the relationship between dose and hepatocellular carcinoma ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Carcinogenicity and acute toxicity of dimethylnitrosamine in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) Author: Grieco, Mary Porter A dose related carcinogenic response was established for dimethylnitrosamine administered in the diet of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). An equation was derived for the relationship between dose and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence. From a published dose response study using Porton rats as a test animal, a second equation was derived for comparison. The rat and the trout were approximately equivalent in their sensitivity to dimethylnitrosamine carcinogenesis. The histological nature of the carcinogenic response in trout was similar to to that of mammalian species. Apart from carcinogenesis, no indications of chronic toxicity were observed after a one year feeding experiment. The median lethal dose after intraperitoneal injection of dimethylnitrosamine was 1,770 mg/kg body weight in rainbow trout. Relative to the range of 15 to 50 mg/kg body weight reported for several mammalian species, trout were resistant to the acutely toxic effects of dimethylnitrosamine. Title: Carcinogenicity and acute toxicity of dimethylnitrosamine in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) Author: Grieco, Mary Porter A dose related carcinogenic response was established for dimethylnitrosamine administered in the diet of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). An equation was derived for the relationship between dose and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence. From a published dose response study using Porton rats as a test animal, a second equation was derived for comparison. The rat and the trout were approximately equivalent in their sensitivity to dimethylnitrosamine carcinogenesis. The histological nature of the carcinogenic response in trout was similar to to that of mammalian species. Apart from carcinogenesis, no indications of chronic toxicity were observed after a one year feeding experiment. The median lethal dose after intraperitoneal injection of dimethylnitrosamine was 1,770 mg/kg body weight in rainbow trout. Relative to the range of 15 to 50 mg/kg body weight reported for several mammalian species, trout were resistant to the acutely toxic effects of dimethylnitrosamine. Close

• 371. [Article] Use of nondestructive spectroscopy to assess chlorophyll and nitrogen in fresh leaves

  Four aspects of factors influencing the accuracy of nondestructive chlorophyll (Chl) and nitrogen (N) measurement in fresh leaves were studied: (1) optimum wavelength (OW) identification; (2) indices development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of nondestructive spectroscopy to assess chlorophyll and nitrogen in fresh leaves Author: Ding, Pinghai Four aspects of factors influencing the accuracy of nondestructive chlorophyll (Chl) and nitrogen (N) measurement in fresh leaves were studied: (1) optimum wavelength (OW) identification; (2) indices development and evaluation; (3) influence of leaf properties; and (4) influence of meter parameters and sampling technique. Results were used to develop indices and prototype meters for Chl and N assessment. Our results indicated that the simple linear coefficient of determination (R2) between spectral reflectance or transmission and Chl or N in combination with spectral sensitivity was the most reliable method for determining the OW for Chl and N measurement in fresh leaves. There were two ranges of wavelengths, one in visible region (550 - 580 nm) and the other in the red edge region (700 - 730 nm), we determined that had the highest spectral sensitivity and largest R2 with smallest root mean square error over a wide-range of Chl concentrations (160 – 1188 µmol.m-2), and could be used as the OW to develop indices for Chl and N assessment. The OW in the red edge region could be used for Chl assessment across all species tested and the OW in the visible region could be used across anthocyanins-free species. The best indices were the indices developed with the Chl-related OW either from visible or red edge region in combination with a reference wavelength (RW) from the near infrared (NIR) region (750 – 1100 nm) that was sensitive to leaf texture but insensitive to Chl as the form of a simple ratio (RRW/ROW) or normalized difference vegetation index (RRW – ROW)/( RRW + ROW). With RW, the differences in reflectance in the visible and red edge regions caused by variation in leaf texture or other optical properties could be eliminated. This was particularly important when the R2 of a single-wavelength index was small for Chl or N measurement (e.g. R2<0.8000 for Chl or R2<0.6000 for N). Parameters used by hand-held Chl meters (CCM-200, SPAD-502, and CM-1000) affected their accuracy for Chl and N assessment. Our results showed that SPAD-502 was more accurate than CCM-200 and CM-1000 for assessing Chl and N in fresh leaves. The Chl-sensitive wavelength used by CM-1000 (700 nm) was more accurate for estimating Chl than the wavelengths used by SPAD-502 (650 nm) and CCM-200 (660nm); however, we found that variation in sampling distance, orientation, light intensity, and the inconsistency of light intensity between ambient light sensor and the target leaf made the CM-1000 less accurate than the other two meters. Using the indices and OW determined through our research, we developed three prototype meters that were more accurate than or similar to the commercial hand-held meters in measuring Chl or N in fresh leaves. Among them, the prototype-III was more accurate than all the commercial hand-held meters for Chl and than the CM-1000 for N assessments across all the species we tested. Title: Use of nondestructive spectroscopy to assess chlorophyll and nitrogen in fresh leaves Author: Ding, Pinghai Four aspects of factors influencing the accuracy of nondestructive chlorophyll (Chl) and nitrogen (N) measurement in fresh leaves were studied: (1) optimum wavelength (OW) identification; (2) indices development and evaluation; (3) influence of leaf properties; and (4) influence of meter parameters and sampling technique. Results were used to develop indices and prototype meters for Chl and N assessment. Our results indicated that the simple linear coefficient of determination (R2) between spectral reflectance or transmission and Chl or N in combination with spectral sensitivity was the most reliable method for determining the OW for Chl and N measurement in fresh leaves. There were two ranges of wavelengths, one in visible region (550 - 580 nm) and the other in the red edge region (700 - 730 nm), we determined that had the highest spectral sensitivity and largest R2 with smallest root mean square error over a wide-range of Chl concentrations (160 – 1188 µmol.m-2), and could be used as the OW to develop indices for Chl and N assessment. The OW in the red edge region could be used for Chl assessment across all species tested and the OW in the visible region could be used across anthocyanins-free species. The best indices were the indices developed with the Chl-related OW either from visible or red edge region in combination with a reference wavelength (RW) from the near infrared (NIR) region (750 – 1100 nm) that was sensitive to leaf texture but insensitive to Chl as the form of a simple ratio (RRW/ROW) or normalized difference vegetation index (RRW – ROW)/( RRW + ROW). With RW, the differences in reflectance in the visible and red edge regions caused by variation in leaf texture or other optical properties could be eliminated. This was particularly important when the R2 of a single-wavelength index was small for Chl or N measurement (e.g. R2<0.8000 for Chl or R2<0.6000 for N). Parameters used by hand-held Chl meters (CCM-200, SPAD-502, and CM-1000) affected their accuracy for Chl and N assessment. Our results showed that SPAD-502 was more accurate than CCM-200 and CM-1000 for assessing Chl and N in fresh leaves. The Chl-sensitive wavelength used by CM-1000 (700 nm) was more accurate for estimating Chl than the wavelengths used by SPAD-502 (650 nm) and CCM-200 (660nm); however, we found that variation in sampling distance, orientation, light intensity, and the inconsistency of light intensity between ambient light sensor and the target leaf made the CM-1000 less accurate than the other two meters. Using the indices and OW determined through our research, we developed three prototype meters that were more accurate than or similar to the commercial hand-held meters in measuring Chl or N in fresh leaves. Among them, the prototype-III was more accurate than all the commercial hand-held meters for Chl and than the CM-1000 for N assessments across all the species we tested. Close

• 372. [Article] All hosts are not created equal : variation in amphibian responses to an emerging fungal pathogen and why it matters

  Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are a threat to human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), or amphibian chytrid fungus, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: All hosts are not created equal : variation in amphibian responses to an emerging fungal pathogen and why it matters Author: Gervasi, Stephanie S. Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are a threat to human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), or amphibian chytrid fungus, is associated with worldwide amphibian population declines and extinctions. Bd has been found on every continent where amphibians exist and has been documented to infect hundreds of species. As with other multi-host pathogens, the outcome of infection with Bd appears to vary among individuals, species, and populations. Variation in host responses to infection can lead to changes in the structure and composition of amphibian assemblages and can affect disease dynamics including pathogen persistence or fadeouts in ecological communities. Understanding the feedback between hosts and pathogens requires disentangling the influence of multiple interacting biotic and abiotic factors, yet fundamentally depends on characterizing intrinsic host responses to infection. This thesis broadly examines variation in species-specific susceptibility to the chytrid fungus among amphibians. I have characterized patterns of mortality, quantitative infection load, feeding behavior, and pathogen avoidance behavior of twenty different amphibian species exposed to the fungus or control conditions (Chapter 2). We found a high degree of variation in pathogen-induced responses to chytrid fungus, ranging from zero mortality to 100% mortality after only six days of pathogen exposure. Variation in infection load was also significant at the species level and there was not always a direct relationship between infection load and mortality. Behavior of pathogen exposed animals was significantly different from that of control animals, and reduced feeding behavior of pathogen-exposed animals is likely to be related to the decline in health of pathogen-exposed animals. In Chapter 3, I examined a special case of amphibian susceptibility to chytrid fungus in the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). Bullfrogs are widely reported to be a tolerant host and a carrier of Bd that spreads the pathogen to less tolerant hosts. However, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested using an experimental approach. In Chapter 3, co-authors and I tested whether bullfrogs raised from eggs to metamorphosis in outdoor mesocosms were susceptible to two different strains of Bd (one strain isolated from a "non susceptible" species, the American bullfrog; the second strain isolated from a highly susceptible species, the Western toad (Anaxyrus boreas)). Bullfrogs were susceptible to strain JEL 274, and this is the first documented case of susceptibility to chytrid fungus in this species. Bullfrogs were not susceptible to strain JEL 630, indicating variation in virulence among chytrid fungus strains and important context dependency when considering the effect of infection non individuals, species, and populations of amphibians. In Chapter 4, I examined fine- scale variation in responses of three key amphibian hosts, and examine the evidence for tolerance (the ability to maintain health as infection severity increases) or resistance (the ability to reduce pathogen infection load) of larval and post-metamorphic animals to Bd. I saw pronounced variation in responses to chytrid fungus among species, between life history stages, over time, and found that responses to the fungal inoculate were not dose dependent in two out of the three species examined. In the final data chapter, Chapter 5, I investigated immunological responses that underlie variation in species-specific responses to Bd. I looked at temporal patterns of functional immune responses during a time-course of early and later stage exposure to Bd, spanning 24 hours after experimental inoculation to 15 days post-inoculation. I uncovered patterns in immune responses that were distinctly associated with susceptibility and temporal patterns in infection load associated with susceptibility and immune response. This thesis provides critical information about variation in host responses to a conservation relevant pathogen. Differences in how host hosts acquire, transmit, and persist with infection have important implications for spatiotemporal disease dynamics. Further, understanding host sensitivity to infection allows for predictive risk management of imperiled species. Title: All hosts are not created equal : variation in amphibian responses to an emerging fungal pathogen and why it matters Author: Gervasi, Stephanie S. Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are a threat to human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), or amphibian chytrid fungus, is associated with worldwide amphibian population declines and extinctions. Bd has been found on every continent where amphibians exist and has been documented to infect hundreds of species. As with other multi-host pathogens, the outcome of infection with Bd appears to vary among individuals, species, and populations. Variation in host responses to infection can lead to changes in the structure and composition of amphibian assemblages and can affect disease dynamics including pathogen persistence or fadeouts in ecological communities. Understanding the feedback between hosts and pathogens requires disentangling the influence of multiple interacting biotic and abiotic factors, yet fundamentally depends on characterizing intrinsic host responses to infection. This thesis broadly examines variation in species-specific susceptibility to the chytrid fungus among amphibians. I have characterized patterns of mortality, quantitative infection load, feeding behavior, and pathogen avoidance behavior of twenty different amphibian species exposed to the fungus or control conditions (Chapter 2). We found a high degree of variation in pathogen-induced responses to chytrid fungus, ranging from zero mortality to 100% mortality after only six days of pathogen exposure. Variation in infection load was also significant at the species level and there was not always a direct relationship between infection load and mortality. Behavior of pathogen exposed animals was significantly different from that of control animals, and reduced feeding behavior of pathogen-exposed animals is likely to be related to the decline in health of pathogen-exposed animals. In Chapter 3, I examined a special case of amphibian susceptibility to chytrid fungus in the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). Bullfrogs are widely reported to be a tolerant host and a carrier of Bd that spreads the pathogen to less tolerant hosts. However, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested using an experimental approach. In Chapter 3, co-authors and I tested whether bullfrogs raised from eggs to metamorphosis in outdoor mesocosms were susceptible to two different strains of Bd (one strain isolated from a "non susceptible" species, the American bullfrog; the second strain isolated from a highly susceptible species, the Western toad (Anaxyrus boreas)). Bullfrogs were susceptible to strain JEL 274, and this is the first documented case of susceptibility to chytrid fungus in this species. Bullfrogs were not susceptible to strain JEL 630, indicating variation in virulence among chytrid fungus strains and important context dependency when considering the effect of infection non individuals, species, and populations of amphibians. In Chapter 4, I examined fine- scale variation in responses of three key amphibian hosts, and examine the evidence for tolerance (the ability to maintain health as infection severity increases) or resistance (the ability to reduce pathogen infection load) of larval and post-metamorphic animals to Bd. I saw pronounced variation in responses to chytrid fungus among species, between life history stages, over time, and found that responses to the fungal inoculate were not dose dependent in two out of the three species examined. In the final data chapter, Chapter 5, I investigated immunological responses that underlie variation in species-specific responses to Bd. I looked at temporal patterns of functional immune responses during a time-course of early and later stage exposure to Bd, spanning 24 hours after experimental inoculation to 15 days post-inoculation. I uncovered patterns in immune responses that were distinctly associated with susceptibility and temporal patterns in infection load associated with susceptibility and immune response. This thesis provides critical information about variation in host responses to a conservation relevant pathogen. Differences in how host hosts acquire, transmit, and persist with infection have important implications for spatiotemporal disease dynamics. Further, understanding host sensitivity to infection allows for predictive risk management of imperiled species. Close

• 373. [Article] The influence of biophysical feedbacks and species interactions on grass invasions and coastal dune morphology in the Pacific Northwest, USA

  Biological invasions provide a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms that regulate community composition and ecosystem function. Invasive species that are also ecosystem engineers can substantially ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of biophysical feedbacks and species interactions on grass invasions and coastal dune morphology in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Zarnetske, Phoebe Lehmann, 1979- Biological invasions provide a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms that regulate community composition and ecosystem function. Invasive species that are also ecosystem engineers can substantially alter physical features in an environment, and this can lead to cascading effects on the biological community. Aquatic-terrestrial interface ecosystems are excellent systems to study the interactions among invasive ecosystem engineers, physical features, and biological communities, because interactions among vegetation, sediment, and fluids within biophysical feedbacks create and modify distinct physical features. Further, these systems provide important ecosystem services including coastal protection afforded by their natural features. In this dissertation, I investigate the interactions and feedbacks among sand-binding beach grass species (a native, Elymus mollis (Trin.), and two non-natives, Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link and A. breviligulata Fernald), sediment supply, and dune shape along the U.S. Pacific Northwest coast. Dunes dominated by A. arenaria tend to be taller and narrower compared to the shorter, wider dunes dominated by A. breviligulata. These patterns suggest an ecological control on dune shape, and thus, coastal vulnerability to overtopping waves. I investigate the causes and consequences of these patterns with experiments, field observations, and modeling. Specifically, I investigate the relative roles of vegetation and sediment supply in shaping coastal dunes over inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales (Chapter 2), characterize a biophysical feedback between beach grass species growth habit and sediment supply (Chapter 3), uncover the mechanisms leading to beach grass coexistence and whether A. breviligulata can invade and dominate new sections of coastline (Chapter 4), and examine the non-target effects resulting from management actions that remove Ammophila for the recovery of the threatened Western Snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) (Chapter 5). I found that vegetation and sediment supply play important roles in dune shape changes across inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales (Chapter 2). I determined that a biophysical feedback between the beach grass growth habits and sediment supply results in species-specific differences in sand capture ability, and thus, is a likely explanation for differences in dune shape (Chapter 3). I found that all three beach grass species can coexist across different sediment deposition rates, and that this coexistence is largely mediated by positive direct and indirect species interactions. I further determined that A. breviligulata is capable of invading and dominating the beach grass community in regions where it is currently absent (Chapter 4). Combined, these findings indicate that A. breviligulata is an inferior dune building species as compared to A. arenaria, and suggest that in combination with sediment supply gradients, these species differences ultimately lead to differences in dune shape. Potential further invasions of A. breviligulata into southern regions of the Pacific Northwest may diminish the coastal protection ability of dunes currently dominated by A. arenaria, but this effect could be moderated by the predicted near co-dominance of A. arenaria in these lower sediment supply conditions. Finally, I found that the techniques used to remove Ammophila for plover recovery have unintended consequences for the native and endemic dune plant communities, and disrupt the natural disturbance regime of shifting sand. A whole-ecosystem restoration focus would be an improvement over the target-species approach, as it would promote the return of the natural disturbance regime, which in turn, would help recover the native biological community. The findings from this dissertation research provide a robust knowledge base that can guide further investigations of biological and physical changes to the coastal dunes, can help improve the management of dune ecosystem services and the restoration of native communities, and can help anticipate the impacts of future beach grass invasions and climate change induced changes to the coast. Title: The influence of biophysical feedbacks and species interactions on grass invasions and coastal dune morphology in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Zarnetske, Phoebe Lehmann, 1979- Biological invasions provide a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms that regulate community composition and ecosystem function. Invasive species that are also ecosystem engineers can substantially alter physical features in an environment, and this can lead to cascading effects on the biological community. Aquatic-terrestrial interface ecosystems are excellent systems to study the interactions among invasive ecosystem engineers, physical features, and biological communities, because interactions among vegetation, sediment, and fluids within biophysical feedbacks create and modify distinct physical features. Further, these systems provide important ecosystem services including coastal protection afforded by their natural features. In this dissertation, I investigate the interactions and feedbacks among sand-binding beach grass species (a native, Elymus mollis (Trin.), and two non-natives, Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link and A. breviligulata Fernald), sediment supply, and dune shape along the U.S. Pacific Northwest coast. Dunes dominated by A. arenaria tend to be taller and narrower compared to the shorter, wider dunes dominated by A. breviligulata. These patterns suggest an ecological control on dune shape, and thus, coastal vulnerability to overtopping waves. I investigate the causes and consequences of these patterns with experiments, field observations, and modeling. Specifically, I investigate the relative roles of vegetation and sediment supply in shaping coastal dunes over inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales (Chapter 2), characterize a biophysical feedback between beach grass species growth habit and sediment supply (Chapter 3), uncover the mechanisms leading to beach grass coexistence and whether A. breviligulata can invade and dominate new sections of coastline (Chapter 4), and examine the non-target effects resulting from management actions that remove Ammophila for the recovery of the threatened Western Snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) (Chapter 5). I found that vegetation and sediment supply play important roles in dune shape changes across inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales (Chapter 2). I determined that a biophysical feedback between the beach grass growth habits and sediment supply results in species-specific differences in sand capture ability, and thus, is a likely explanation for differences in dune shape (Chapter 3). I found that all three beach grass species can coexist across different sediment deposition rates, and that this coexistence is largely mediated by positive direct and indirect species interactions. I further determined that A. breviligulata is capable of invading and dominating the beach grass community in regions where it is currently absent (Chapter 4). Combined, these findings indicate that A. breviligulata is an inferior dune building species as compared to A. arenaria, and suggest that in combination with sediment supply gradients, these species differences ultimately lead to differences in dune shape. Potential further invasions of A. breviligulata into southern regions of the Pacific Northwest may diminish the coastal protection ability of dunes currently dominated by A. arenaria, but this effect could be moderated by the predicted near co-dominance of A. arenaria in these lower sediment supply conditions. Finally, I found that the techniques used to remove Ammophila for plover recovery have unintended consequences for the native and endemic dune plant communities, and disrupt the natural disturbance regime of shifting sand. A whole-ecosystem restoration focus would be an improvement over the target-species approach, as it would promote the return of the natural disturbance regime, which in turn, would help recover the native biological community. The findings from this dissertation research provide a robust knowledge base that can guide further investigations of biological and physical changes to the coastal dunes, can help improve the management of dune ecosystem services and the restoration of native communities, and can help anticipate the impacts of future beach grass invasions and climate change induced changes to the coast. Close

• 374. [Article] Responses of Aquatic Non-Native Species to Novel Predator Cues and Increased Mortality

  Lethal biotic interactions strongly influence the potential for aquatic non-native species to establish and endure in habitats to which they are introduced. Predators in the recipient area, including native ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Responses of Aquatic Non-Native Species to Novel Predator Cues and Increased Mortality Author: Turner, Brian Christopher Year: 2017 Lethal biotic interactions strongly influence the potential for aquatic non-native species to establish and endure in habitats to which they are introduced. Predators in the recipient area, including native and previously established non-native predators, can prevent establishment, limit habitat use, and reduce abundance of non-native species. Management efforts by humans using methods designed to cause mass mortality (e.g., trapping, biocide applications) can reduce or eradicate non-native populations. However, the impacts of predator and human induced mortality may be mitigated by the behavior or population-level responses of a given non-native species. My dissertation examined the responses of non-native aquatic species to the risk of predation by novel (i.e., no previous exposure) predators in the recipient community and indicators of potential compensatory responses by non-native populations to increased mortality resulting from removal efforts. My dissertation addresses four primary questions. 1) Can first generation, naïve invaders recognize and defend against predators found within the region of invasion through the expression of inducible defenses? 2) Can the overcompensatory potential of a population be predicted though examinations of intraspecific interactions of individuals from the population? 3) What is the relationship between removal effort outcome (i.e., successful or unsuccessful reduction of the target population) and compensatory population responses? 4) Is there a relationship between characteristics of removal efforts that are typically available to managers (e.g., target area size, target area connectivity, removal methodology) and compensatory population responses that could indicate the relative likelihood of compensation resulting from removal efforts? An invading species should be more likely to establish if it can successfully identify and defend against predators in the recipient range, such as through the expression of inducible defenses. Inducible defenses are behavioral or physiological changes that reduce an organism's susceptibility to predation. Through a series of laboratory experiments, I tested whether inducible defenses, in the form of increased burrowing depth, may have benefited the early stage of invasion of Nuttallia obscurata (purple varnish clam), an established Northeast Pacific invader. Specimens of N. obscurata were collected from introduced populations in the Northeast Pacific and from a native population in Japan. The clams were exposed to chemical and physical cues from Northeast Pacific crab predators, including the native Metacarcinus magister (Dungeness crab), an abundant and frequent predator of N. obscurata. While introduced N. obscurata increased their burrowing depth in the physical presence of M. magister, clams collected from their native range showed no such response. This lack of increased burrowing depth by naïve clams in response to a predator native to the newly invaded range, but a significant increase in depth for clams from populations established in the range suggests that while inducible defenses likely did not contribute to the initial establishment of N. obscurata in the Northeast Pacific, they may contribute to their continued persistence and expansion in their introduced range. Some efforts to reduce invasive populations have paradoxically led to population increases. This phenomenon, referred to as overcompensation, occurs when strong negative density-dependent interactions are reduced through increased mortality within a population, resulting in an increase in the population's recruitment rate sufficient to increase the population's overall abundance. Increases in a population's recruitment rate can result from reduced cannibalism of juveniles resulting in lower mortality of new recruits, from increased adult reproductive output, which increases the number of potential recruits, or from reductions in size and/or age at maturity of the unharvested population, which increases the number of reproductive individuals. I predicted the overcompensatory potential of a population of Carcinus maenas (European green crab) in Bodega Harbor, California, using a series of laboratory and field experiments examining intraspecific pressures of adults on juveniles in the population. This measure of intraspecific pressure was used to predict the overcompensatory potential of the population in response to increased mortality from ongoing removal efforts. This prediction was then assessed using pre- and post-removal surveys of juvenile recruitment in Bodega Harbor compared to nearby populations, testing for evidence of overcompensation. While adult C. maenas in Bodega Harbor had limited negative impacts on juveniles, I concluded it was unlikely to result in overcompensation. Relative juvenile abundance did not statistically increase in removal compared to reference populations, consistent with my conclusion from the experiments. Increases in recruitment rates can occur as a result of efforts to remove non-native species. This increase in recruitment can result in overcompensation, but more commonly results in compensation, where recruitment rates increase relative to pre-removal recruitment but does not result in in the population's abundance exceeding pre-removal levels. However, a detailed and accurate prediction of the response of a population to harvest is time consuming and data intensive. This is not feasible for most efforts to eradicate non-native species, which have the greatest chance of success when enacted rapidly after detection. For my final chapter, I performed a literature review and accompanying statistical analysis to determine if typically available information related to the removal effort (site size, site connectivity, and removal technique) could be used to determine increased risk of compensation for a given effort to remove aquatic invasive species. Compensation was closely linked to unsuccessful removal efforts and was observed only among efforts utilizing physical removal methods. However, the frequency with which compensation occurred varied with the exact technique employed, occurring most frequently in removal utilizing electrofishing. Additionally, evidence of compensation was more frequent among larger removal areas with variable connectivity. While other predictors (temperature, effort, etc) might add to the predicative power, the findings of the review provide criteria for managers to determine the relative risk of compensation prior to the start of removal. Further understanding of how invasive species respond to lethal biotic interactions, including anthropogenically mediated control measures, can aid in assessing the risk of invasion for a given species and inform managers of the risk of complications resulting from removal efforts. While inducible defenses may contribute to the long-term success of an introduced species in their recipient range, my findings did not support the idea that inducible defenses triggered by predator cues contributed to their initial introduction in this case. However, research on other non-native species and offspring of previously naïve prey would allow for a clearer picture of the role of inducible defenses in the invasion process. Compensation resulting from removal efforts does not guarantee failure, and certain characteristics of removal efforts seem to indicate increased risk of compensation. Together these components help identify how biotic interactions surrounding mortality risk of an invading species help shape the trajectory of invasion. Title: Responses of Aquatic Non-Native Species to Novel Predator Cues and Increased Mortality Author: Turner, Brian Christopher Year: 2017 Lethal biotic interactions strongly influence the potential for aquatic non-native species to establish and endure in habitats to which they are introduced. Predators in the recipient area, including native and previously established non-native predators, can prevent establishment, limit habitat use, and reduce abundance of non-native species. Management efforts by humans using methods designed to cause mass mortality (e.g., trapping, biocide applications) can reduce or eradicate non-native populations. However, the impacts of predator and human induced mortality may be mitigated by the behavior or population-level responses of a given non-native species. My dissertation examined the responses of non-native aquatic species to the risk of predation by novel (i.e., no previous exposure) predators in the recipient community and indicators of potential compensatory responses by non-native populations to increased mortality resulting from removal efforts. My dissertation addresses four primary questions. 1) Can first generation, naïve invaders recognize and defend against predators found within the region of invasion through the expression of inducible defenses? 2) Can the overcompensatory potential of a population be predicted though examinations of intraspecific interactions of individuals from the population? 3) What is the relationship between removal effort outcome (i.e., successful or unsuccessful reduction of the target population) and compensatory population responses? 4) Is there a relationship between characteristics of removal efforts that are typically available to managers (e.g., target area size, target area connectivity, removal methodology) and compensatory population responses that could indicate the relative likelihood of compensation resulting from removal efforts? An invading species should be more likely to establish if it can successfully identify and defend against predators in the recipient range, such as through the expression of inducible defenses. Inducible defenses are behavioral or physiological changes that reduce an organism's susceptibility to predation. Through a series of laboratory experiments, I tested whether inducible defenses, in the form of increased burrowing depth, may have benefited the early stage of invasion of Nuttallia obscurata (purple varnish clam), an established Northeast Pacific invader. Specimens of N. obscurata were collected from introduced populations in the Northeast Pacific and from a native population in Japan. The clams were exposed to chemical and physical cues from Northeast Pacific crab predators, including the native Metacarcinus magister (Dungeness crab), an abundant and frequent predator of N. obscurata. While introduced N. obscurata increased their burrowing depth in the physical presence of M. magister, clams collected from their native range showed no such response. This lack of increased burrowing depth by naïve clams in response to a predator native to the newly invaded range, but a significant increase in depth for clams from populations established in the range suggests that while inducible defenses likely did not contribute to the initial establishment of N. obscurata in the Northeast Pacific, they may contribute to their continued persistence and expansion in their introduced range. Some efforts to reduce invasive populations have paradoxically led to population increases. This phenomenon, referred to as overcompensation, occurs when strong negative density-dependent interactions are reduced through increased mortality within a population, resulting in an increase in the population's recruitment rate sufficient to increase the population's overall abundance. Increases in a population's recruitment rate can result from reduced cannibalism of juveniles resulting in lower mortality of new recruits, from increased adult reproductive output, which increases the number of potential recruits, or from reductions in size and/or age at maturity of the unharvested population, which increases the number of reproductive individuals. I predicted the overcompensatory potential of a population of Carcinus maenas (European green crab) in Bodega Harbor, California, using a series of laboratory and field experiments examining intraspecific pressures of adults on juveniles in the population. This measure of intraspecific pressure was used to predict the overcompensatory potential of the population in response to increased mortality from ongoing removal efforts. This prediction was then assessed using pre- and post-removal surveys of juvenile recruitment in Bodega Harbor compared to nearby populations, testing for evidence of overcompensation. While adult C. maenas in Bodega Harbor had limited negative impacts on juveniles, I concluded it was unlikely to result in overcompensation. Relative juvenile abundance did not statistically increase in removal compared to reference populations, consistent with my conclusion from the experiments. Increases in recruitment rates can occur as a result of efforts to remove non-native species. This increase in recruitment can result in overcompensation, but more commonly results in compensation, where recruitment rates increase relative to pre-removal recruitment but does not result in in the population's abundance exceeding pre-removal levels. However, a detailed and accurate prediction of the response of a population to harvest is time consuming and data intensive. This is not feasible for most efforts to eradicate non-native species, which have the greatest chance of success when enacted rapidly after detection. For my final chapter, I performed a literature review and accompanying statistical analysis to determine if typically available information related to the removal effort (site size, site connectivity, and removal technique) could be used to determine increased risk of compensation for a given effort to remove aquatic invasive species. Compensation was closely linked to unsuccessful removal efforts and was observed only among efforts utilizing physical removal methods. However, the frequency with which compensation occurred varied with the exact technique employed, occurring most frequently in removal utilizing electrofishing. Additionally, evidence of compensation was more frequent among larger removal areas with variable connectivity. While other predictors (temperature, effort, etc) might add to the predicative power, the findings of the review provide criteria for managers to determine the relative risk of compensation prior to the start of removal. Further understanding of how invasive species respond to lethal biotic interactions, including anthropogenically mediated control measures, can aid in assessing the risk of invasion for a given species and inform managers of the risk of complications resulting from removal efforts. While inducible defenses may contribute to the long-term success of an introduced species in their recipient range, my findings did not support the idea that inducible defenses triggered by predator cues contributed to their initial introduction in this case. However, research on other non-native species and offspring of previously naïve prey would allow for a clearer picture of the role of inducible defenses in the invasion process. Compensation resulting from removal efforts does not guarantee failure, and certain characteristics of removal efforts seem to indicate increased risk of compensation. Together these components help identify how biotic interactions surrounding mortality risk of an invading species help shape the trajectory of invasion. Close

• 375. [Article] Agroforestry farming in American Samoa : a classification and assessment

  Agroforestry is a traditional farming practice in American Samoa that has helped to sustain the livelihood of the native population for centuries. These once self-sufficient islands have become economically ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agroforestry farming in American Samoa : a classification and assessment Author: Tuitele-Lewis, Jeannette D. Agroforestry is a traditional farming practice in American Samoa that has helped to sustain the livelihood of the native population for centuries. These once self-sufficient islands have become economically dependent on U.S monies and other external resources during the past century. Dependency has caused a shift in the carrying capacity of the islands and has changed cultural attitudes regarding land use. This attitude is expressed on the landscape of changing agricultural and communal lands. Preserving traditional agroforestry practices and improving these systems may be important factors contributing to the future ecological, economic, and cultural sustainability of the territory. The goal of this study was to document and describe agroforestry farming in American Samoa in order to provide base-line information regarding the utilization of agroforestry species, agroforestry farming incentives and constraints, and current practices and systems. Thirty-eight farmers were randomly selected and farmer interviews and field surveys were conducted between the months of May-August 2003. Formal survey questions for the interview were divided into five major sections: woody species usage, livestock, inputs and soil, land tenure, and farmer demographics. Site selection corresponded with the participant farmers. Basic topographical information was collected for each site. Agroforestry practices mentioned during the interview process that were observed on site were documented. Each agroforestry site was placed into an initial classification type based on a visual assessment of plot size, species diversity, and vertical vegetative structure. Subplot data regarding species composition and vertical canopy structure was measured for each site. Data collection was divided into five vertical layers primarily by height: 1) low crop (<1.5m), 2) shrub/sapling (1.5-4m), 3) small tree (4-l0m), 4) large tree (10+m) and 5) climbing vines. For each subplot all ethnobotanically useful plant species were identified. Percent cover of useful species in each stratum layer was estimated and assigned one of seven percent cover classes. Subplot cover classes were averaged to obtain a single site estimate for each species in each stratum. Results from the farmer interviews suggest that agroforestry systems continue to be an important cultural and product resource in American Samoa. Although there is no longer the same level of dependency on these systems for meeting basic needs, agroforestry products continue to supplement household diets and are utilized for a variety of non-timber forest products and ecological services. Several agroforestry practices were observed among the farms in the study. However, the effectiveness of some of the practices including windbreaks, fallow, and erosion control was not optimal. This indicated that farmers could greatly benefit from institutionalized agroforestry practices such as appropriate spacing for wind filtration, improved fallow, and contour farming. Incentives and constraints for practicing agroforestry farming were identified. Some incentives included product variety, tradition, and a growing need for land-use efficiency. Identified constraints included time investment for production and poor labor resources, decreased profit when compared to mono-cultural farming, and the lack of planning prior to agroforestry implementation. The communal land tenure system acted as both an incentive and a disincentive for practicing agroforestry. The initial classification of agroforestry systems included home tree gardens, mixed crop plantations, transitional systems, and open canopy with dispersed tree systems. Agroforestry systems existed along an ecological complexity continuum, where complexity was measured by species diversity and vertical structure. A quantitative assessment of species composition and structure was used as a more objective approach to classifying local agroforestry systems. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to ordinate sites along a gradient based on species composition and structure. Several environmental and socio-economic variables were investigated to determine whether any of them demonstrated relationships with vegetative patterns. Species diversity, average number of canopy stratum layers, and elevation were three variables correlated with vegetative patterns. Sites that had high species diversity and were multi-structured were placed at the upper end of the gradient, while sites that had lower diversity with simple structure were generally placed at the lower end of the gradient. This supported the ecological complexity continuum. Less complex sites were associated with high elevations indicating that systems on the heavily populated lowland regions were more species rich and structurally diverse. The classification based on the cluster analysis indicated that distinct groups did not exist, as there was significant overlap. In general, groups derived from the cluster analysis were similar to those based on the visual assessment. One difference was that in the cluster analysis taro and gatae (Erythrina spp.) dominated sites emerged as a separate group. In addition, the cluster analysis was able to distinguish several subgroups within the mixed crop plantation type. No single socio-economic variable was correlated with vegetative patterns. This suggests that socio-economic variables do not determine vegetation in agroforestry systems and that human preference may be more of a driving factor than initially expected. It is likely that the availability of external resources allows for the selection of species within agroforestry systems to be based on choice rather than need. This trend is likely to increase as people become less dependent upon agroforestry systems to supplement needs. Traditional and institutionalized agroforestry systems have the potential to contribute to increasing self-sufficiency among American Samoan households. Because the importance of these systems is often not realized, the active promotion and education of agroforestry practices is essential. The classification of agroforestry systems provides an organizational framework for future research to build upon. The concept of the ecological complexity continuum where agroforestry systems fall along major points may be useful for answering socio-economic and ecological questions related to local agroforestry production. Title: Agroforestry farming in American Samoa : a classification and assessment Author: Tuitele-Lewis, Jeannette D. Agroforestry is a traditional farming practice in American Samoa that has helped to sustain the livelihood of the native population for centuries. These once self-sufficient islands have become economically dependent on U.S monies and other external resources during the past century. Dependency has caused a shift in the carrying capacity of the islands and has changed cultural attitudes regarding land use. This attitude is expressed on the landscape of changing agricultural and communal lands. Preserving traditional agroforestry practices and improving these systems may be important factors contributing to the future ecological, economic, and cultural sustainability of the territory. The goal of this study was to document and describe agroforestry farming in American Samoa in order to provide base-line information regarding the utilization of agroforestry species, agroforestry farming incentives and constraints, and current practices and systems. Thirty-eight farmers were randomly selected and farmer interviews and field surveys were conducted between the months of May-August 2003. Formal survey questions for the interview were divided into five major sections: woody species usage, livestock, inputs and soil, land tenure, and farmer demographics. Site selection corresponded with the participant farmers. Basic topographical information was collected for each site. Agroforestry practices mentioned during the interview process that were observed on site were documented. Each agroforestry site was placed into an initial classification type based on a visual assessment of plot size, species diversity, and vertical vegetative structure. Subplot data regarding species composition and vertical canopy structure was measured for each site. Data collection was divided into five vertical layers primarily by height: 1) low crop (<1.5m), 2) shrub/sapling (1.5-4m), 3) small tree (4-l0m), 4) large tree (10+m) and 5) climbing vines. For each subplot all ethnobotanically useful plant species were identified. Percent cover of useful species in each stratum layer was estimated and assigned one of seven percent cover classes. Subplot cover classes were averaged to obtain a single site estimate for each species in each stratum. Results from the farmer interviews suggest that agroforestry systems continue to be an important cultural and product resource in American Samoa. Although there is no longer the same level of dependency on these systems for meeting basic needs, agroforestry products continue to supplement household diets and are utilized for a variety of non-timber forest products and ecological services. Several agroforestry practices were observed among the farms in the study. However, the effectiveness of some of the practices including windbreaks, fallow, and erosion control was not optimal. This indicated that farmers could greatly benefit from institutionalized agroforestry practices such as appropriate spacing for wind filtration, improved fallow, and contour farming. Incentives and constraints for practicing agroforestry farming were identified. Some incentives included product variety, tradition, and a growing need for land-use efficiency. Identified constraints included time investment for production and poor labor resources, decreased profit when compared to mono-cultural farming, and the lack of planning prior to agroforestry implementation. The communal land tenure system acted as both an incentive and a disincentive for practicing agroforestry. The initial classification of agroforestry systems included home tree gardens, mixed crop plantations, transitional systems, and open canopy with dispersed tree systems. Agroforestry systems existed along an ecological complexity continuum, where complexity was measured by species diversity and vertical structure. A quantitative assessment of species composition and structure was used as a more objective approach to classifying local agroforestry systems. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to ordinate sites along a gradient based on species composition and structure. Several environmental and socio-economic variables were investigated to determine whether any of them demonstrated relationships with vegetative patterns. Species diversity, average number of canopy stratum layers, and elevation were three variables correlated with vegetative patterns. Sites that had high species diversity and were multi-structured were placed at the upper end of the gradient, while sites that had lower diversity with simple structure were generally placed at the lower end of the gradient. This supported the ecological complexity continuum. Less complex sites were associated with high elevations indicating that systems on the heavily populated lowland regions were more species rich and structurally diverse. The classification based on the cluster analysis indicated that distinct groups did not exist, as there was significant overlap. In general, groups derived from the cluster analysis were similar to those based on the visual assessment. One difference was that in the cluster analysis taro and gatae (Erythrina spp.) dominated sites emerged as a separate group. In addition, the cluster analysis was able to distinguish several subgroups within the mixed crop plantation type. No single socio-economic variable was correlated with vegetative patterns. This suggests that socio-economic variables do not determine vegetation in agroforestry systems and that human preference may be more of a driving factor than initially expected. It is likely that the availability of external resources allows for the selection of species within agroforestry systems to be based on choice rather than need. This trend is likely to increase as people become less dependent upon agroforestry systems to supplement needs. Traditional and institutionalized agroforestry systems have the potential to contribute to increasing self-sufficiency among American Samoan households. Because the importance of these systems is often not realized, the active promotion and education of agroforestry practices is essential. The classification of agroforestry systems provides an organizational framework for future research to build upon. The concept of the ecological complexity continuum where agroforestry systems fall along major points may be useful for answering socio-economic and ecological questions related to local agroforestry production. Close

• 376. [Image] Endangered Species Act of 1973 (as amended through December 2004)

  	"February 2005."; "Serial no. 109-A."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Endangered Species Act of 1973 (as amended through December 2004) Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Year: 2005 "February 2005."; "Serial no. 109-A." Title: Endangered Species Act of 1973 (as amended through December 2004) Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Year: 2005 "February 2005."; "Serial no. 109-A." Close

• 377. [Article] An examination of several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon

  Headwater streams are generally small, first-order streams that can comprise up to 80% (by stream length) of the drainage network in mountainous areas of the Pacific Northwest. These streams are intimately ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An examination of several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon Author: Haxton, Zane A. Headwater streams are generally small, first-order streams that can comprise up to 80% (by stream length) of the drainage network in mountainous areas of the Pacific Northwest. These streams are intimately connected with downstream reaches, serving as a source of sediment, woody debris, organic matter and nutrients. The surrounding forests can strongly influence the ecology of headwater streams by regulating microclimate, influencing nutrient and organic matter cycling process, and providing habitat for wildlife species. Central to the provision of ecosystem services by these headwater forests is their structure, the three-dimensional arrangement of trees, shrubs, snags and down wood in space. This thesis explored several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon. N-tree distance sampling, a sampling method where the nearest n trees to a sample point are measured, was compared with fixed plot and variable plot sampling for estimation of density and basal area in a simulation study using stem-mapped data taken from 8 headwater sites across western Oregon. In general, variable plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of basal area, while fixed plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of density. While n- tree distance sampling gave reasonable performance on some stem maps, the sampling method performed poorly for estimating density of populations with a clumped spatial pattern. Relative root mean square error of the best n-tree distance sampling estimator was up to 75% higher than for fixed plot sampling under these conditions. Neighborhood-based indices are a set of diversity measures that are based on the relationship between a reference tree and a certain number of nearest neighbors (i.e. trees to which it has the lowest horizontal distance). I compared the bias and relative root mean square error of several different methods of choosing reference trees for neighborhood-based index calculation, using stem-mapped data from the same 8 headwater sites. The selection of a random tree from a fixed plot gave the lowest absolute relative bias, but results with this method were quite variable, with relative root mean square error ranging from 33-67% for the species mingling index and 21-25% for the diameter differentiation index. The nearest-tree (selection of the nearest tree to the sample point) and azimuth (selection of the first tree from north in a fixed plot) methods were biased, but had lower variability, with relative root mean square error ranging from 31-64% for the species mingling index and 18-22% for the diameter differentiation index. The variable plot method gave highly variable results for all species combined, but performed well for some individual species. I close with an exploration of the use of measures of forest structure in characterizing the Trask Watershed, located in the headwaters of the northern Oregon Coast Range. The structure of the Trask Watershed is essentially even-aged, having regenerated in the aftermath of the Tillamook Burn. Douglas-fir and red alder are the most prevalent species, with western hemlock, western redcedar and noble fir locally abundant. While neighborhood-based indices were somewhat informative, they offered an impoverished picture of structural diversity in the Trask Watershed by ignoring the contribution made by tall shrubs such as vine maple and western hazelnut. Title: An examination of several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon Author: Haxton, Zane A. Headwater streams are generally small, first-order streams that can comprise up to 80% (by stream length) of the drainage network in mountainous areas of the Pacific Northwest. These streams are intimately connected with downstream reaches, serving as a source of sediment, woody debris, organic matter and nutrients. The surrounding forests can strongly influence the ecology of headwater streams by regulating microclimate, influencing nutrient and organic matter cycling process, and providing habitat for wildlife species. Central to the provision of ecosystem services by these headwater forests is their structure, the three-dimensional arrangement of trees, shrubs, snags and down wood in space. This thesis explored several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon. N-tree distance sampling, a sampling method where the nearest n trees to a sample point are measured, was compared with fixed plot and variable plot sampling for estimation of density and basal area in a simulation study using stem-mapped data taken from 8 headwater sites across western Oregon. In general, variable plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of basal area, while fixed plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of density. While n- tree distance sampling gave reasonable performance on some stem maps, the sampling method performed poorly for estimating density of populations with a clumped spatial pattern. Relative root mean square error of the best n-tree distance sampling estimator was up to 75% higher than for fixed plot sampling under these conditions. Neighborhood-based indices are a set of diversity measures that are based on the relationship between a reference tree and a certain number of nearest neighbors (i.e. trees to which it has the lowest horizontal distance). I compared the bias and relative root mean square error of several different methods of choosing reference trees for neighborhood-based index calculation, using stem-mapped data from the same 8 headwater sites. The selection of a random tree from a fixed plot gave the lowest absolute relative bias, but results with this method were quite variable, with relative root mean square error ranging from 33-67% for the species mingling index and 21-25% for the diameter differentiation index. The nearest-tree (selection of the nearest tree to the sample point) and azimuth (selection of the first tree from north in a fixed plot) methods were biased, but had lower variability, with relative root mean square error ranging from 31-64% for the species mingling index and 18-22% for the diameter differentiation index. The variable plot method gave highly variable results for all species combined, but performed well for some individual species. I close with an exploration of the use of measures of forest structure in characterizing the Trask Watershed, located in the headwaters of the northern Oregon Coast Range. The structure of the Trask Watershed is essentially even-aged, having regenerated in the aftermath of the Tillamook Burn. Douglas-fir and red alder are the most prevalent species, with western hemlock, western redcedar and noble fir locally abundant. While neighborhood-based indices were somewhat informative, they offered an impoverished picture of structural diversity in the Trask Watershed by ignoring the contribution made by tall shrubs such as vine maple and western hazelnut. Close

• 378. [Article] Cell wall chemistry, deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and pathogenesis of the kidney disease bacterium in salmonid fishes

  Experiments were designed to more precisely evaluate the effects of water temperature on the progress of bacterial kidney disease ( BKD) in three species of salmonid fishes. Infections were produced by ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cell wall chemistry, deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and pathogenesis of the kidney disease bacterium in salmonid fishes Author: Sanders, James Edward Experiments were designed to more precisely evaluate the effects of water temperature on the progress of bacterial kidney disease ( BKD) in three species of salmonid fishes. Infections were produced by intraperitoneal injection of suspensions of the causative organism into fish held at seven temperatures ranging from 3.9 to 20.5°C. Mortality was highest ( 78-100 percent) in coho salmon (Oncorhnchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) in the range of 6. 7 to 12.2 °C. At temperatures above 12.2 °C mortality decreased progressively to 8-14 percent at 20.5°C. In sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) the suppressing effect on the disease process at these higher temperatures was, not apparent and mortality was essentially 100 percent at all temperatures from 6.7 to 20.5°C. Water temperature also influenced the mean number of days between infection and death. The interval was shortest in all three species at the higher temperatures, varying from 21 to 34 days at 15.0 to 20.5°C. As the temperature decreased the mean time to death increased progressively; at 6. 7 °C it varied from 60 to 71 days. To obtain data useful in further determining the taxonomic identification of the kidney disease bacterium (KDB) several biochemical characteristics of this organism were determined. The percent guanine plus cytosine in deoxyribonucleic acid from KDB was found to be 53.00 + 0.46 (95 percent confidence interval). Amino acid analysis of purified cell walls of KDB indicated that glutamic acid, lysine and glycine were present in equimolar concentrations. The principal sugars detected by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of KDB cell wall hydrolyzates were glucose, arabinose, mannose and rhamnose. These results indicated the percent guanine plus cytosine was similar to that of species belonging to the genus Corynebacterium, however, the cell wall composition of the KDB isolates was markedly different from the type species of this genus. The biochemical properties reported here together with those of previous investigators indicate the existence of a bacterium sufficiently different from any other coryneform so as to be considered a new species. The KDB has only been isolated from species of fish in the subfamily Salmoninae, the salmon, trout and char, of the family Salmonidae. This limited host range supports the proposal of the name Corynebacterium salmoninus sp. nov. for KDB. Title: Cell wall chemistry, deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and pathogenesis of the kidney disease bacterium in salmonid fishes Author: Sanders, James Edward Experiments were designed to more precisely evaluate the effects of water temperature on the progress of bacterial kidney disease ( BKD) in three species of salmonid fishes. Infections were produced by intraperitoneal injection of suspensions of the causative organism into fish held at seven temperatures ranging from 3.9 to 20.5°C. Mortality was highest ( 78-100 percent) in coho salmon (Oncorhnchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) in the range of 6. 7 to 12.2 °C. At temperatures above 12.2 °C mortality decreased progressively to 8-14 percent at 20.5°C. In sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) the suppressing effect on the disease process at these higher temperatures was, not apparent and mortality was essentially 100 percent at all temperatures from 6.7 to 20.5°C. Water temperature also influenced the mean number of days between infection and death. The interval was shortest in all three species at the higher temperatures, varying from 21 to 34 days at 15.0 to 20.5°C. As the temperature decreased the mean time to death increased progressively; at 6. 7 °C it varied from 60 to 71 days. To obtain data useful in further determining the taxonomic identification of the kidney disease bacterium (KDB) several biochemical characteristics of this organism were determined. The percent guanine plus cytosine in deoxyribonucleic acid from KDB was found to be 53.00 + 0.46 (95 percent confidence interval). Amino acid analysis of purified cell walls of KDB indicated that glutamic acid, lysine and glycine were present in equimolar concentrations. The principal sugars detected by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of KDB cell wall hydrolyzates were glucose, arabinose, mannose and rhamnose. These results indicated the percent guanine plus cytosine was similar to that of species belonging to the genus Corynebacterium, however, the cell wall composition of the KDB isolates was markedly different from the type species of this genus. The biochemical properties reported here together with those of previous investigators indicate the existence of a bacterium sufficiently different from any other coryneform so as to be considered a new species. The KDB has only been isolated from species of fish in the subfamily Salmoninae, the salmon, trout and char, of the family Salmonidae. This limited host range supports the proposal of the name Corynebacterium salmoninus sp. nov. for KDB. Close

• 379. [Article] Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Coaledo and Bastendorff Formations, southwestern Oregon

  Fossil foraminifers from the Coaledo and Bastendorff Formations near Coos Bay in southwestern Oregon were studied in an attempt to determine the age and environment of deposition. Fresh unweathered samples ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Coaledo and Bastendorff Formations, southwestern Oregon Author: Rooth, Guy Harlan Fossil foraminifers from the Coaledo and Bastendorff Formations near Coos Bay in southwestern Oregon were studied in an attempt to determine the age and environment of deposition. Fresh unweathered samples were collected from sea cliffs between Cape Arago and Charleston, Oregon. A large late Eocene delta is preserved in the rocks near Coos Bay, Oregon. The interpretations of previous workers, that the sandstones of the Coaledo Formation represent regressive offlap and the mudstones of the middle Coaledo and Bastendorff are the result of transgressive onlap of late Eocene seas, remain unchanged. The number of known species of fossil foraminifers from the Coaledo and Bastendorff Formations has been increased as a result of this study from 46 species to 148 species. The number of known planktonic species reported from the rocks of the region has been increased from 13 species to 28 species. The Coaledo Formation is middle late Eocene in age and is correlated in part with the Uvigerina garzaensis Subzone of the Bullmina corrugata Zone and in part with the Amphimorphina jenkinsi Zone of the standard West Coast Narizian Stage. The Bastendorff Formation has been considered in previous studies to be partly Eocene and partly Oligocene in age. Study of benthic foraminifers indicates that the Bastendorff contains a Uvigerina cocoaensis fauna, which can be correlated with the lower part of the Refugian Stage of the Tertiary of California and with the late Eocene Cocoa sandstone of the Gulf Coast. Planktonic foraminifers from the Bastendorff are entirely late Eocene in age and are correlated with confidence with the Runangan Stage of New Zealand and tentatively with the P17 (=Globigerina gortani- Globorotalia (T.) centralis) partial range zone of tropical regions. The lower part of the Refugian Stage of the West Coast is considered here to be late Eocene rather than early Oligocene in age. The entire Bastendorff Formation is considered to be late Eocene in age. The mudstones and siltstones of the middle Coaledo and Bastendorff have been previously interpreted as having been deposited in a shallow marine bay or upon the continental shelf. The present study of the fossil foraminifers of these formations has indicated that deposition of the middle Coaledo probably occurred at upper bathyal to lower neritic depths and that the Bastendorff Formation was deposited at lower bathyal to upper abyssal depths. High numbers of fossil radiolarians and planktonic foraminifers found in samples from the Bastendorff Formation suggest that deposition occurred in a region influenced by an open-ocean, mid-latitude water-mass, rather than on the continental shelf or in a restricted embayment. The presence of a normal marine, deep-water microfauna in mudstone units, located stratigraphically between non-marine deltaic sandstones, implies that strong vertical movements occurred during and immediately following the deposition of the Coaledo delta. The idea of a simple lateral shifting of a prograding deltaic complex is not supported by the study of benthic foraminiferal faunas. Vertical movements in southwest Oregon in late Eocene time may have been the result of underthrusting of an oceanic plate beneath the North American plate. The stratigraphic position, the sequence of sedimentary facies, and the occurrence of unique sandstone-filled channels with mudstone breccias all indicate that the beds at North and South Coves of Cape Arago should be correlated with similar strata of the Elkton Formation five miles south at Sacchi Beach rather than being considered a part of the Coaledo Formation. Title: Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Coaledo and Bastendorff Formations, southwestern Oregon Author: Rooth, Guy Harlan Fossil foraminifers from the Coaledo and Bastendorff Formations near Coos Bay in southwestern Oregon were studied in an attempt to determine the age and environment of deposition. Fresh unweathered samples were collected from sea cliffs between Cape Arago and Charleston, Oregon. A large late Eocene delta is preserved in the rocks near Coos Bay, Oregon. The interpretations of previous workers, that the sandstones of the Coaledo Formation represent regressive offlap and the mudstones of the middle Coaledo and Bastendorff are the result of transgressive onlap of late Eocene seas, remain unchanged. The number of known species of fossil foraminifers from the Coaledo and Bastendorff Formations has been increased as a result of this study from 46 species to 148 species. The number of known planktonic species reported from the rocks of the region has been increased from 13 species to 28 species. The Coaledo Formation is middle late Eocene in age and is correlated in part with the Uvigerina garzaensis Subzone of the Bullmina corrugata Zone and in part with the Amphimorphina jenkinsi Zone of the standard West Coast Narizian Stage. The Bastendorff Formation has been considered in previous studies to be partly Eocene and partly Oligocene in age. Study of benthic foraminifers indicates that the Bastendorff contains a Uvigerina cocoaensis fauna, which can be correlated with the lower part of the Refugian Stage of the Tertiary of California and with the late Eocene Cocoa sandstone of the Gulf Coast. Planktonic foraminifers from the Bastendorff are entirely late Eocene in age and are correlated with confidence with the Runangan Stage of New Zealand and tentatively with the P17 (=Globigerina gortani- Globorotalia (T.) centralis) partial range zone of tropical regions. The lower part of the Refugian Stage of the West Coast is considered here to be late Eocene rather than early Oligocene in age. The entire Bastendorff Formation is considered to be late Eocene in age. The mudstones and siltstones of the middle Coaledo and Bastendorff have been previously interpreted as having been deposited in a shallow marine bay or upon the continental shelf. The present study of the fossil foraminifers of these formations has indicated that deposition of the middle Coaledo probably occurred at upper bathyal to lower neritic depths and that the Bastendorff Formation was deposited at lower bathyal to upper abyssal depths. High numbers of fossil radiolarians and planktonic foraminifers found in samples from the Bastendorff Formation suggest that deposition occurred in a region influenced by an open-ocean, mid-latitude water-mass, rather than on the continental shelf or in a restricted embayment. The presence of a normal marine, deep-water microfauna in mudstone units, located stratigraphically between non-marine deltaic sandstones, implies that strong vertical movements occurred during and immediately following the deposition of the Coaledo delta. The idea of a simple lateral shifting of a prograding deltaic complex is not supported by the study of benthic foraminiferal faunas. Vertical movements in southwest Oregon in late Eocene time may have been the result of underthrusting of an oceanic plate beneath the North American plate. The stratigraphic position, the sequence of sedimentary facies, and the occurrence of unique sandstone-filled channels with mudstone breccias all indicate that the beds at North and South Coves of Cape Arago should be correlated with similar strata of the Elkton Formation five miles south at Sacchi Beach rather than being considered a part of the Coaledo Formation. Close

• 380. [Article] Cryptolepiota, a new sequestrate genus in the Agaricaceae with evidence for adaptive radiation in western North America

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Mycological Society of America and can be found at: msafungi.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cryptolepiota, a new sequestrate genus in the Agaricaceae with evidence for adaptive radiation in western North America Author: Trappe, James M., Kropp, Bradley R., Albee-Scott, Steve, Castellano, Michael A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Mycological Society of America and can be found at: msafungi.org/. Title: Cryptolepiota, a new sequestrate genus in the Agaricaceae with evidence for adaptive radiation in western North America Author: Trappe, James M., Kropp, Bradley R., Albee-Scott, Steve, Castellano, Michael A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Mycological Society of America and can be found at: msafungi.org/. Close

• 381. [Article] Pressure dependence of fluorescent and photolytic interferences in HO detection by laser-excited fluorescence

  In the measurement of HO concentrations by laser-excited fluorescence, expansion of the sampled air offers a way to reduce fluorescent and photolytic interference by other species. The decrease in [HO] ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pressure dependence of fluorescent and photolytic interferences in HO detection by laser-excited fluorescence Author: Hard, Thomas M., O'Brien, Robert J., Cook, T. B. Year: 1980 In the measurement of HO concentrations by laser-excited fluorescence, expansion of the sampled air offers a way to reduce fluorescent and photolytic interference by other species. The decrease in [HO] upon expansion is balanced by an increase in HO fluorescence yield over a wide range of pressures. Background air fluorescence is reduced if the responsible species have fluorescence yields higher than those of HO. Preliminary experiments indicate that most of the fluorescence observed in laboratory air is due to such species. Upon expansion, the suppression of fluorescent interference can be no greater than the reduction in pressure, whereas the suppression of photolytic interference can be no less. Title: Pressure dependence of fluorescent and photolytic interferences in HO detection by laser-excited fluorescence Author: Hard, Thomas M., O'Brien, Robert J., Cook, T. B. Year: 1980 In the measurement of HO concentrations by laser-excited fluorescence, expansion of the sampled air offers a way to reduce fluorescent and photolytic interference by other species. The decrease in [HO] upon expansion is balanced by an increase in HO fluorescence yield over a wide range of pressures. Background air fluorescence is reduced if the responsible species have fluorescence yields higher than those of HO. Preliminary experiments indicate that most of the fluorescence observed in laboratory air is due to such species. Upon expansion, the suppression of fluorescent interference can be no greater than the reduction in pressure, whereas the suppression of photolytic interference can be no less. Close

• 382. [Article] The significance of hypovolemia in dehydrational death in anurans

  The importance of hypovolemia in dehydrational death was assessed in two anuran species. Xenopus laeyis, a species which experiences a significant reduction in circulating plasma volume with dehydration, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The significance of hypovolemia in dehydrational death in anurans Author: Kimmel, Peter Blair Year: 1985 The importance of hypovolemia in dehydrational death was assessed in two anuran species. Xenopus laeyis, a species which experiences a significant reduction in circulating plasma volume with dehydration, was used to evaluate the role of sympathetic reflex compensation in hypovolemia. Adrenergic blockade with propranolol or phenoxybenzamine produced no significant reduction in dehydration tolerance in this species, although β-blockade with propranolol appeared to have a minor effect. The role of hypovolemic shock in the terminal circulatory collapse that precedes death in dehydrating anurans was investigated in the toad, Bufo marinus. The activity of lysosomal proteinases (cathepsins) was used as an indicator of the shock state. An assay was developed for the determination of cathepsin activity in toad plasma and was used to demonstrate the presence of proteinases similar in pH dependence to mammalian cathepsins Bl and D. Plasma cathepsin D-type activity increased with dehydration in toads but was not significantly different from the activity in controls or in toads subjected to splanchnic artery occlusion. Toads appear to maintain plasma volume to 20% water loss at the expense of other extracellular fluids. These results do not support the hypothesis that hypovolemia is a direct cause of dehydrational death in anurans. Title: The significance of hypovolemia in dehydrational death in anurans Author: Kimmel, Peter Blair Year: 1985 The importance of hypovolemia in dehydrational death was assessed in two anuran species. Xenopus laeyis, a species which experiences a significant reduction in circulating plasma volume with dehydration, was used to evaluate the role of sympathetic reflex compensation in hypovolemia. Adrenergic blockade with propranolol or phenoxybenzamine produced no significant reduction in dehydration tolerance in this species, although β-blockade with propranolol appeared to have a minor effect. The role of hypovolemic shock in the terminal circulatory collapse that precedes death in dehydrating anurans was investigated in the toad, Bufo marinus. The activity of lysosomal proteinases (cathepsins) was used as an indicator of the shock state. An assay was developed for the determination of cathepsin activity in toad plasma and was used to demonstrate the presence of proteinases similar in pH dependence to mammalian cathepsins Bl and D. Plasma cathepsin D-type activity increased with dehydration in toads but was not significantly different from the activity in controls or in toads subjected to splanchnic artery occlusion. Toads appear to maintain plasma volume to 20% water loss at the expense of other extracellular fluids. These results do not support the hypothesis that hypovolemia is a direct cause of dehydrational death in anurans. Close

• 383. [Article] Enhanced height-growth-rate equations for undamaged and damaged trees in southwest Oregon

  Equations for predicting the 5-yr height growth rate of a tree are presented for six conifer species from southwest Oregon. Equations for the combination of undamaged and damaged trees were estimated with ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enhanced height-growth-rate equations for undamaged and damaged trees in southwest Oregon Author: Hanus, Mark L., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hann, David W. Equations for predicting the 5-yr height growth rate of a tree are presented for six conifer species from southwest Oregon. Equations for the combination of undamaged and damaged trees were estimated with weighted nonlinear regression techniques. These equations are being incorporated into the new southwest Oregon version of ORGANON, a model for predicting the development of stands. The equations extend the previous model to older stands and to stands with a heavier component of hardwood tree species. The effects of specific damaging agents on the 5-yr height growth rate were explored for Douglas-fir, the most frequently encountered species, and damage correction factors were estimated. The findings of this analysis indicated that damaging agents can have a significant impact upon 5-yr height growth rate, and as a result, they can lead, over time, to diversification in within-stand structure. Therefore, a full characterization of stand development should include the prediction of the presence and frequency of the various damaging agents affecting trees within the stand and their subsequent impact upon tree attributes such as total height, height to crown base, diameter growth rate, height growth rate, and mortality rate. Title: Enhanced height-growth-rate equations for undamaged and damaged trees in southwest Oregon Author: Hanus, Mark L., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hann, David W. Equations for predicting the 5-yr height growth rate of a tree are presented for six conifer species from southwest Oregon. Equations for the combination of undamaged and damaged trees were estimated with weighted nonlinear regression techniques. These equations are being incorporated into the new southwest Oregon version of ORGANON, a model for predicting the development of stands. The equations extend the previous model to older stands and to stands with a heavier component of hardwood tree species. The effects of specific damaging agents on the 5-yr height growth rate were explored for Douglas-fir, the most frequently encountered species, and damage correction factors were estimated. The findings of this analysis indicated that damaging agents can have a significant impact upon 5-yr height growth rate, and as a result, they can lead, over time, to diversification in within-stand structure. Therefore, a full characterization of stand development should include the prediction of the presence and frequency of the various damaging agents affecting trees within the stand and their subsequent impact upon tree attributes such as total height, height to crown base, diameter growth rate, height growth rate, and mortality rate. Close

• 384. [Article] Equations for predicting height to crown base for fourteen tree species in southwest Oregon

  Equations are presented for predicting height to crown base (or bole ratio) for fourteen species of trees common to the mixed-conifer zone of southwest Oregon. Nonlinear regression was used to fit a weighted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Equations for predicting height to crown base for fourteen tree species in southwest Oregon Author: Ritchie, Martin W., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hann, David W. Equations are presented for predicting height to crown base (or bole ratio) for fourteen species of trees common to the mixed-conifer zone of southwest Oregon. Nonlinear regression was used to fit a weighted logistic function for each species. The independent variables include height, crown competition factor in larger trees, stand basal area, site index, and diameter divided by height. Although a number of alternative model forms were considered, the logistic function was found to fit the data best. Validation of the model indicated possible difficulties with ponderosa pine and golden chinkapin, but these problems are probably due to inconsistencies in the validation data rather than shortcomings in the individual models. Title: Equations for predicting height to crown base for fourteen tree species in southwest Oregon Author: Ritchie, Martin W., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hann, David W. Equations are presented for predicting height to crown base (or bole ratio) for fourteen species of trees common to the mixed-conifer zone of southwest Oregon. Nonlinear regression was used to fit a weighted logistic function for each species. The independent variables include height, crown competition factor in larger trees, stand basal area, site index, and diameter divided by height. Although a number of alternative model forms were considered, the logistic function was found to fit the data best. Validation of the model indicated possible difficulties with ponderosa pine and golden chinkapin, but these problems are probably due to inconsistencies in the validation data rather than shortcomings in the individual models. Close

• 385. [Article] Effects of bark thickness estimates on optimal log merchandising

  Bark plays a critical role in the life of a tree when it is standing. Once the tree is felled, however, bark has minimal value and may be a net financial loss to the forest industry. Because of bark’s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of bark thickness estimates on optimal log merchandising Author: Lachenbruch, B., Marshall, H. D., Murphy, G. E. Bark plays a critical role in the life of a tree when it is standing. Once the tree is felled, however, bark has minimal value and may be a net financial loss to the forest industry. Because of bark’s limited worth, logs are often bought and sold based on under bark measurements. Removing bark in the forest is generally very difficult, so over bark measurements are often made and converted to under bark using a bark thickness model. This study investigated the effect of six bark thickness models on the predicted volume and value recovery obtained during the log bucking process. The results indicate that the type of bark thickness model used is of lesser importance than obtaining the correct model coefficients. This study investigated the effect of using a bark thickness model developed for a different species or using data from the same species but a different site. Using the wrong species coefficients for the chosen model can result in 34 percent of the logs being out-of-specification, volume estimates being incorrect, and a loss of value to the forest owner of up to 11 percent. The results show that, for the stands in this study, 2 to 5 percent value gains could be achieved simply by using stand-specific bark thickness coefficients. Title: Effects of bark thickness estimates on optimal log merchandising Author: Lachenbruch, B., Marshall, H. D., Murphy, G. E. Bark plays a critical role in the life of a tree when it is standing. Once the tree is felled, however, bark has minimal value and may be a net financial loss to the forest industry. Because of bark’s limited worth, logs are often bought and sold based on under bark measurements. Removing bark in the forest is generally very difficult, so over bark measurements are often made and converted to under bark using a bark thickness model. This study investigated the effect of six bark thickness models on the predicted volume and value recovery obtained during the log bucking process. The results indicate that the type of bark thickness model used is of lesser importance than obtaining the correct model coefficients. This study investigated the effect of using a bark thickness model developed for a different species or using data from the same species but a different site. Using the wrong species coefficients for the chosen model can result in 34 percent of the logs being out-of-specification, volume estimates being incorrect, and a loss of value to the forest owner of up to 11 percent. The results show that, for the stands in this study, 2 to 5 percent value gains could be achieved simply by using stand-specific bark thickness coefficients. Close

• 386. [Article] The introduction of myxozoan parasites through the release of feeder goldfish (Carassius auratus)

  Myxozoa have been found worldwide; these parasites infect a wide variety of hosts, but have been found most often in fish. Carassius auratus (goldfish), a popular aquarium fish and a widespread invasive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The introduction of myxozoan parasites through the release of feeder goldfish (Carassius auratus) Author: Karandashova, Sophia Myxozoa have been found worldwide; these parasites infect a wide variety of hosts, but have been found most often in fish. Carassius auratus (goldfish), a popular aquarium fish and a widespread invasive species, have been identified as an intermediate host for several myxozoan species. Some myxozoan parasites are pathogenic and can lead to the death of the fish host; others merely decrease the market value of the fish due to unsightly cysts. Goldfish from three different types of sites were sampled— rearing facilities, pet shops, and natural waterways, in order to assess the potential for the introduction of myxozoan parasites to the environment through the pet shop trade. Four different Myxozoa were identified via their morphology and morphometrics: Myxobolus cultus, Myxobolus diversus, Sphaerospora sp., and Hoferellus carassii. The four myxozoan species detected were previously identified; the data indicates a seasonal variation in myxospore presence, more data collection is needed for conclusive results. This survey showed that feeder goldfish can introduce novel Myxozoa to natural waterways, although whether the Myxozoa can establish an infectious cycle in those waterways is unknown. If the Myxozoa can establish an infectious cycle, they could have a serious impact on fish residing in those waterways. Title: The introduction of myxozoan parasites through the release of feeder goldfish (Carassius auratus) Author: Karandashova, Sophia Myxozoa have been found worldwide; these parasites infect a wide variety of hosts, but have been found most often in fish. Carassius auratus (goldfish), a popular aquarium fish and a widespread invasive species, have been identified as an intermediate host for several myxozoan species. Some myxozoan parasites are pathogenic and can lead to the death of the fish host; others merely decrease the market value of the fish due to unsightly cysts. Goldfish from three different types of sites were sampled— rearing facilities, pet shops, and natural waterways, in order to assess the potential for the introduction of myxozoan parasites to the environment through the pet shop trade. Four different Myxozoa were identified via their morphology and morphometrics: Myxobolus cultus, Myxobolus diversus, Sphaerospora sp., and Hoferellus carassii. The four myxozoan species detected were previously identified; the data indicates a seasonal variation in myxospore presence, more data collection is needed for conclusive results. This survey showed that feeder goldfish can introduce novel Myxozoa to natural waterways, although whether the Myxozoa can establish an infectious cycle in those waterways is unknown. If the Myxozoa can establish an infectious cycle, they could have a serious impact on fish residing in those waterways. Close

• 387. [Article] The long term effects of burning on plant succession

  The succession of plants over a period of 25 years was analyzed on clearcut areas in the western Cascades of Washington and Oregon. Thirty-three paired burned and unburned plots were reexamined in 1975. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The long term effects of burning on plant succession Author: Kraemer, James Fred The succession of plants over a period of 25 years was analyzed on clearcut areas in the western Cascades of Washington and Oregon. Thirty-three paired burned and unburned plots were reexamined in 1975. Data were combined with records from prior examinations by Morris (1970). Cover trends of six major brush species and five major herbaceous species were studied. Long term differences in plant succession between burned and unburned sites were identified. Total brush and herbaceous cover trends were similar on burned and unburned sites. Total herbaceous cover peaked approximately 14 years following logging and declined rapidly in subsequent years. Total brush cover steadily increased during the 25 year period. Increases in total brush cover were most rapid during the initial 14 years following logging. Ceanothus velutinus cover and occurrence was greater on burned plots while Rhododendron macrophylluni, Acer circinatum, and Gaultheria shallon had greater cover and occurrence on unburned plots. Greater cover of residual species on unburned sites was an important factor accounting for differences in successional trends. Variability between different plot pairs limited analyses which could be made. Results indicated secondary succession in the western Cascades varies greatly with elevation and between geographic localities. Title: The long term effects of burning on plant succession Author: Kraemer, James Fred The succession of plants over a period of 25 years was analyzed on clearcut areas in the western Cascades of Washington and Oregon. Thirty-three paired burned and unburned plots were reexamined in 1975. Data were combined with records from prior examinations by Morris (1970). Cover trends of six major brush species and five major herbaceous species were studied. Long term differences in plant succession between burned and unburned sites were identified. Total brush and herbaceous cover trends were similar on burned and unburned sites. Total herbaceous cover peaked approximately 14 years following logging and declined rapidly in subsequent years. Total brush cover steadily increased during the 25 year period. Increases in total brush cover were most rapid during the initial 14 years following logging. Ceanothus velutinus cover and occurrence was greater on burned plots while Rhododendron macrophylluni, Acer circinatum, and Gaultheria shallon had greater cover and occurrence on unburned plots. Greater cover of residual species on unburned sites was an important factor accounting for differences in successional trends. Variability between different plot pairs limited analyses which could be made. Results indicated secondary succession in the western Cascades varies greatly with elevation and between geographic localities. Close

• 388. [Article] Tidal exchange of decapod larvae and small benthic peracarids between the ocean and the Salmon River estuary, Oregon

  Zooplankton samples taken during daylight periods in a fast flushing estuary on the Central Oregon coast were analyzed for Brachyuran and Anomuran larvae and also for benthic gammaridean amphipods and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tidal exchange of decapod larvae and small benthic peracarids between the ocean and the Salmon River estuary, Oregon Author: Gonzalez, Exequiel Zooplankton samples taken during daylight periods in a fast flushing estuary on the Central Oregon coast were analyzed for Brachyuran and Anomuran larvae and also for benthic gammaridean amphipods and Myscidacea. Several larval stages of Pinnixa littoralis, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Pachycheles spp., Cancer oregonensis and Pagurus granosimanus were sufficiently abundant for quantitative analysis. Adults and juveniles of the amphipods Atylus tridens, Eogammarus confervicolus, Corophium brevis and the mysid Neomysis mercedis were present in both flood and ebb samples in numbers sufficient for analysis. All these species showed extensive tidal exchange. Larval stages of decapod crustaceans are exported from the estuary and an important input from the nearshore ocean also takes place. Larval recruits to the adult population of the Salmon River must include larvae flushed from other estuaries all along the coast. Adult benthic peracarid crustacean were abundant in samples taken at all tidal states indicating that their presence in the plankton is a normal occurrence. These benthic forms would not a priori be considered as extensively involved in tidal exchange, but according to our data they are. Tidal exchange of planktonic larvae and adults of small benthic species is clearly related to dispersal mechanisms of the species involved and contributes to maintaining the genetic variability of geographically separated populations. Title: Tidal exchange of decapod larvae and small benthic peracarids between the ocean and the Salmon River estuary, Oregon Author: Gonzalez, Exequiel Zooplankton samples taken during daylight periods in a fast flushing estuary on the Central Oregon coast were analyzed for Brachyuran and Anomuran larvae and also for benthic gammaridean amphipods and Myscidacea. Several larval stages of Pinnixa littoralis, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Pachycheles spp., Cancer oregonensis and Pagurus granosimanus were sufficiently abundant for quantitative analysis. Adults and juveniles of the amphipods Atylus tridens, Eogammarus confervicolus, Corophium brevis and the mysid Neomysis mercedis were present in both flood and ebb samples in numbers sufficient for analysis. All these species showed extensive tidal exchange. Larval stages of decapod crustaceans are exported from the estuary and an important input from the nearshore ocean also takes place. Larval recruits to the adult population of the Salmon River must include larvae flushed from other estuaries all along the coast. Adult benthic peracarid crustacean were abundant in samples taken at all tidal states indicating that their presence in the plankton is a normal occurrence. These benthic forms would not a priori be considered as extensively involved in tidal exchange, but according to our data they are. Tidal exchange of planktonic larvae and adults of small benthic species is clearly related to dispersal mechanisms of the species involved and contributes to maintaining the genetic variability of geographically separated populations. Close

• 389. [Article] How Do Harvest Rates Affect Angler Trip Behavior?

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How Do Harvest Rates Affect Angler Trip Behavior? Author: Lew, Daniel, Larson, Douglas Abstract only. Title: How Do Harvest Rates Affect Angler Trip Behavior? Author: Lew, Daniel, Larson, Douglas Abstract only. Close

• 390. [Article] Estimating A Supply Function for the Galician Fleet in the Celtic Sea Fishery

  The aim of this work is to estimate the supply elasticity of the fish regarding the variationsin one of the most important running costs (fuel cost) for the Galician fleet in the Celtic Sea. The Spanish ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating A Supply Function for the Galician Fleet in the Celtic Sea Fishery Author: Pérez-Pérez, Marcos, Varela-Lafuente, Manuel M., Torralba-Cano, Julia, Garza-Gil, M. Dolores The aim of this work is to estimate the supply elasticity of the fish regarding the variationsin one of the most important running costs (fuel cost) for the Galician fleet in the Celtic Sea. The Spanish fleet involved in the Celtic Sea fishing grounds, also known as the _300 fleet_, as when Spain joined the EEC it was made up of this number of vessels, presently has 199 vessels (the 70% of them operate from Galicia).This fleet mainly catches hake (merlucius merlucius), anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius and Lophius budegassa), horse mackerel (trauchurus trauchurus), megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis) and nephrops. Although it is currently possible to associate specific target species with particular fleets, various quantities of hake, anglerfish, megrim and nephrops are taken together, depending on the gear type. A supply function for each species has been estimated as an expression that depends on the price of fish, price of other fish landed by the fleet and the fuel price. The preliminary results indicate that the supply of some species is more elastic regarding the fluctuations in fuel prices than other ones. It could explain the strategy of the fleet for selecting the less elastic stocks to the fuel costs. Title: Estimating A Supply Function for the Galician Fleet in the Celtic Sea Fishery Author: Pérez-Pérez, Marcos, Varela-Lafuente, Manuel M., Torralba-Cano, Julia, Garza-Gil, M. Dolores The aim of this work is to estimate the supply elasticity of the fish regarding the variationsin one of the most important running costs (fuel cost) for the Galician fleet in the Celtic Sea. The Spanish fleet involved in the Celtic Sea fishing grounds, also known as the _300 fleet_, as when Spain joined the EEC it was made up of this number of vessels, presently has 199 vessels (the 70% of them operate from Galicia).This fleet mainly catches hake (merlucius merlucius), anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius and Lophius budegassa), horse mackerel (trauchurus trauchurus), megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis) and nephrops. Although it is currently possible to associate specific target species with particular fleets, various quantities of hake, anglerfish, megrim and nephrops are taken together, depending on the gear type. A supply function for each species has been estimated as an expression that depends on the price of fish, price of other fish landed by the fleet and the fuel price. The preliminary results indicate that the supply of some species is more elastic regarding the fluctuations in fuel prices than other ones. It could explain the strategy of the fleet for selecting the less elastic stocks to the fuel costs. Close

• 391. [Article] Causality and Price Transmission Between Fish Prices: New Evidence from Greece and UK

  This paper re-examines the evidence of causality and price transmission between fish prices of main species landed into Piraeus (Greece) and Cornwall (UK). To complete the analysis of cointegration and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Causality and Price Transmission Between Fish Prices: New Evidence from Greece and UK Author: Floros, Christos This paper re-examines the evidence of causality and price transmission between fish prices of main species landed into Piraeus (Greece) and Cornwall (UK). To complete the analysis of cointegration and causality, we use the data of Floros and Failler (2004) and Avdelas (2004). Our paper uses the Bivariate Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (BGARCH) model. The Bivariate cointegration model (with GARCH error structure) incorporates a time varying conditional correlation coefficient between fish prices and generates time-varying covariances. The results from BGARCH show evidence of volatility clustering in the change of fish prices, and report that most species lead Hake (this is stronger for Greece). Furthermore, the estimates of price transmission indicate that the rate of change of Shrimp/Dentex partially adjusts to the rate of change of Hake prices. Our results suggest significant imperfect price transmission between species (this is stronger for Greece). Title: Causality and Price Transmission Between Fish Prices: New Evidence from Greece and UK Author: Floros, Christos This paper re-examines the evidence of causality and price transmission between fish prices of main species landed into Piraeus (Greece) and Cornwall (UK). To complete the analysis of cointegration and causality, we use the data of Floros and Failler (2004) and Avdelas (2004). Our paper uses the Bivariate Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (BGARCH) model. The Bivariate cointegration model (with GARCH error structure) incorporates a time varying conditional correlation coefficient between fish prices and generates time-varying covariances. The results from BGARCH show evidence of volatility clustering in the change of fish prices, and report that most species lead Hake (this is stronger for Greece). Furthermore, the estimates of price transmission indicate that the rate of change of Shrimp/Dentex partially adjusts to the rate of change of Hake prices. Our results suggest significant imperfect price transmission between species (this is stronger for Greece). Close

• 392. [Article] Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems?

  We investigated how large carnivores, herbivores, and plants may be linked to the maintenance of native species biodiversity through trophic cascades. The extirpation of wolves (Canis lupus) from Yellowstone ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems? Author: Beschta, Robert L., Ripple, William J. We investigated how large carnivores, herbivores, and plants may be linked to the maintenance of native species biodiversity through trophic cascades. The extirpation of wolves (Canis lupus) from Yellowstone National Park in the mid-1920s and their reintroduction in 1995 provided the opportunity to examine the cascading effects of carnivore–herbivore interactions on woody browse species, as well as ecological responses involving riparian functions, beaver (Castor canadensis) populations, and general food webs. Our results indicate that predation risk may have profound effects on the structure of ecosystems and is an important constituent of native biodiversity. Our conclusions are based on theory involving trophic cascades, predation risk, and optimal foraging; on the research literature; and on our own recent studies in Yellowstone National Park. Additional research is needed to understand how the lethal effects of predation interact with its nonlethal effects to structure ecosystems. Title: Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems? Author: Beschta, Robert L., Ripple, William J. We investigated how large carnivores, herbivores, and plants may be linked to the maintenance of native species biodiversity through trophic cascades. The extirpation of wolves (Canis lupus) from Yellowstone National Park in the mid-1920s and their reintroduction in 1995 provided the opportunity to examine the cascading effects of carnivore–herbivore interactions on woody browse species, as well as ecological responses involving riparian functions, beaver (Castor canadensis) populations, and general food webs. Our results indicate that predation risk may have profound effects on the structure of ecosystems and is an important constituent of native biodiversity. Our conclusions are based on theory involving trophic cascades, predation risk, and optimal foraging; on the research literature; and on our own recent studies in Yellowstone National Park. Additional research is needed to understand how the lethal effects of predation interact with its nonlethal effects to structure ecosystems. Close

• 393. [Article] Re-examining the relationship between invasive lionfish and native grouper in the Caribbean

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Re-examining the relationship between invasive lionfish and native grouper in the Caribbean Author: Hackerott, Serena, Valdivia, Abel, Bruno, John F., Cox, Courtney E., Green, Stephanie J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/. Title: Re-examining the relationship between invasive lionfish and native grouper in the Caribbean Author: Hackerott, Serena, Valdivia, Abel, Bruno, John F., Cox, Courtney E., Green, Stephanie J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/. Close

• 394. [Article] Fungal endophyte diversity in foliage of native and cultivated Rhododendron species determined by culturing, ITS sequencing, and pyrosequencing

  Western Oregon is home to native Rhododendron species and is the center for cultivated Rhododendron production in the United States. These Rhododendron spp. are known to be infected with fungal endophytes. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fungal endophyte diversity in foliage of native and cultivated Rhododendron species determined by culturing, ITS sequencing, and pyrosequencing Author: Raizen, Nathaniel L. Western Oregon is home to native Rhododendron species and is the center for cultivated Rhododendron production in the United States. These Rhododendron spp. are known to be infected with fungal endophytes. However, the community structure of these endophytes in native and cultivated Rhododendron is poorly understood. Our study targeted the foliar fungal endophyte communities of two native Rhododendron spp. and two non-native commercially cultivated Rhododendron varieties. Parallel culturedependent (fungal isolation and identification based on ITS sequencing) and cultureindependent sequencing approaches (metagenomic sequencing of the ITS region using 454 pyrosequencing) were employed, and results provided evidence of distinctly different community structure in each host species. Additionally, results indicated higher diversity among cultivated and nursery grown Rhododendron. This suggests that the close proximity of the nurseries sampled to the forest environment allows exposure to two distinct sources of endophyte infection. Together, our results show the importance of host identity and environment in structuring the associated endophyte communities. Title: Fungal endophyte diversity in foliage of native and cultivated Rhododendron species determined by culturing, ITS sequencing, and pyrosequencing Author: Raizen, Nathaniel L. Western Oregon is home to native Rhododendron species and is the center for cultivated Rhododendron production in the United States. These Rhododendron spp. are known to be infected with fungal endophytes. However, the community structure of these endophytes in native and cultivated Rhododendron is poorly understood. Our study targeted the foliar fungal endophyte communities of two native Rhododendron spp. and two non-native commercially cultivated Rhododendron varieties. Parallel culturedependent (fungal isolation and identification based on ITS sequencing) and cultureindependent sequencing approaches (metagenomic sequencing of the ITS region using 454 pyrosequencing) were employed, and results provided evidence of distinctly different community structure in each host species. Additionally, results indicated higher diversity among cultivated and nursery grown Rhododendron. This suggests that the close proximity of the nurseries sampled to the forest environment allows exposure to two distinct sources of endophyte infection. Together, our results show the importance of host identity and environment in structuring the associated endophyte communities. Close

• 395. [Article] The Oligocene Fossil Caudates of Oregon: Classification, Analysis, and Insights on the Paleoecology and Conservation Biology of Pacific Newts

  Newts, abundant worldwide, have unclear pre-Pliocene evolution and phylogenetic relationships. North America has a sporadic pre-Pliocene newt record. Several undescribed fossils can address this lack ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Oligocene Fossil Caudates of Oregon: Classification, Analysis, and Insights on the Paleoecology and Conservation Biology of Pacific Newts Author: Jacisin, John Year: 2014 Newts, abundant worldwide, have unclear pre-Pliocene evolution and phylogenetic relationships. North America has a sporadic pre-Pliocene newt record. Several undescribed fossils can address this lack of information. I built a character matrix of >70 morphological characters for extant newts and two fossil species, Taricha oligocenica and Taricha lindoei. Phylogenetic analyses were used to investigate the relationships of the fossil taxa within newts. The morphology of the fossil taxa was compared with extant North American newts to redescribe the fossil specimens. The past ecology and biogeography of North American fossil newts was compared with their current ecologies and distribution to better understand their evolution and dispersal and to predict possible changes for newts in the face of environmental change. Results indicate that T. oligocenica and T. lindoei are closely-related species nested within Taricha, but their relationships with extant species are unresolved; the genus itself is rooted at least 32 Ma. Title: The Oligocene Fossil Caudates of Oregon: Classification, Analysis, and Insights on the Paleoecology and Conservation Biology of Pacific Newts Author: Jacisin, John Year: 2014 Newts, abundant worldwide, have unclear pre-Pliocene evolution and phylogenetic relationships. North America has a sporadic pre-Pliocene newt record. Several undescribed fossils can address this lack of information. I built a character matrix of >70 morphological characters for extant newts and two fossil species, Taricha oligocenica and Taricha lindoei. Phylogenetic analyses were used to investigate the relationships of the fossil taxa within newts. The morphology of the fossil taxa was compared with extant North American newts to redescribe the fossil specimens. The past ecology and biogeography of North American fossil newts was compared with their current ecologies and distribution to better understand their evolution and dispersal and to predict possible changes for newts in the face of environmental change. Results indicate that T. oligocenica and T. lindoei are closely-related species nested within Taricha, but their relationships with extant species are unresolved; the genus itself is rooted at least 32 Ma. Close

• 396. [Article] Invertebrates of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, western Cascade Mountains, Oregon. IV, the oribatid mites (Acari: Cryptostigmata)

  A fully illustrated key is presented for identifying genera of oribatid mites known from or suspected of occurring in the Pacific Northwest. The manual includes an introduction detailing sampling methodology; ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Invertebrates of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, western Cascade Mountains, Oregon. IV, the oribatid mites (Acari: Cryptostigmata) Author: Fichter, Becky L., H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest (Or.), Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Moldenke, Andrew R. A fully illustrated key is presented for identifying genera of oribatid mites known from or suspected of occurring in the Pacific Northwest. The manual includes an introduction detailing sampling methodology; an illustrated glossary of all terminology used; two color plates of all taxa from the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest; a diagramatic key to the 16 major groups of adult oribatids; illustrations to aid in quick recognition of the 16 adult groups; keys to all adult genera; and a diagramatic key to the major types of immature oribatid mites with local species illustrated. The text on adults is broken into 16 sections, each structured around a key to the genera within each major type of oribatid mite; the text associated with the keys describes each species from the Andrews Forest, its microhabitat preference, pattern of abundance, and seasonal phenology. A total of 246 scanning electron micrographs (with pointers indicating characters useful for identification) are provided to help in identifying species. Title: Invertebrates of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, western Cascade Mountains, Oregon. IV, the oribatid mites (Acari: Cryptostigmata) Author: Fichter, Becky L., H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest (Or.), Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Moldenke, Andrew R. A fully illustrated key is presented for identifying genera of oribatid mites known from or suspected of occurring in the Pacific Northwest. The manual includes an introduction detailing sampling methodology; an illustrated glossary of all terminology used; two color plates of all taxa from the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest; a diagramatic key to the 16 major groups of adult oribatids; illustrations to aid in quick recognition of the 16 adult groups; keys to all adult genera; and a diagramatic key to the major types of immature oribatid mites with local species illustrated. The text on adults is broken into 16 sections, each structured around a key to the genera within each major type of oribatid mite; the text associated with the keys describes each species from the Andrews Forest, its microhabitat preference, pattern of abundance, and seasonal phenology. A total of 246 scanning electron micrographs (with pointers indicating characters useful for identification) are provided to help in identifying species. Close

• 397. [Article] 2014 Aquatic Weed Surveys in Timothy Lake, Lake Harriet, North Fork Reservoir, Faraday Lake, and Estacada Lake

  The Clackamas River Hydroelectric Project No. 2195 (Project) is located on the Oak Grove Fork of the Clackamas River and the mainstem of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, Oregon. Reservoirs included ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 2014 Aquatic Weed Surveys in Timothy Lake, Lake Harriet, North Fork Reservoir, Faraday Lake, and Estacada Lake Author: Miller, Rich, Sytsma, Mark D., Brittain, Jeffrey Thomas Year: 2014 The Clackamas River Hydroelectric Project No. 2195 (Project) is located on the Oak Grove Fork of the Clackamas River and the mainstem of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, Oregon. Reservoirs included in the Project include Timothy Lake, Lake Harriet, North Fork Reservoir, Faraday Lake, and Estacada Lake. The operator of the Project, Portland General Electric (PGE), was issued a license on December 21, 2010 by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) for continued operations and maintenance. The Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) for the license noted that regular surveys for invasive aquatic weed species would be conducted as part of the Project’s Vegetation Management Plan. The term “aquatic weed” is used here to refer to any non-native aquatic plant species. Information from repeated aquatic surveys will help determine native species distributions and the need for treatment of problematic aquatic weed species, particularly hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa), and Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). Surveys conducted for PGE by Portland State University (PSU) in Timothy Lake, Lake Harriet, and North Fork Reservoir in 2011 did not locate any problematic submerged or floating leaved aquatic weed species. Earlier surveys of Timothy Lake, and Timothy Lake and Lake Harriet, also indicated the reservoirs were free of aquatic weeds. Heaton et al. (1996) noted that the native species Bidens beckii was present and had the potential to become weedy, however, this species was not found during the 2004 or 2011 surveys. This report covers the results of follow up aquatic vegetation surveys conducted in Lake Harriet, Timothy Lake, and North Fork Reservoir between August 14 and August 21, 2014, as well as new surveys of Faraday Lake and Estacada Lake. Shoreline surveys for emergent invasive species such as yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus) and purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) were included in surveys for the first time. Title: 2014 Aquatic Weed Surveys in Timothy Lake, Lake Harriet, North Fork Reservoir, Faraday Lake, and Estacada Lake Author: Miller, Rich, Sytsma, Mark D., Brittain, Jeffrey Thomas Year: 2014 The Clackamas River Hydroelectric Project No. 2195 (Project) is located on the Oak Grove Fork of the Clackamas River and the mainstem of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, Oregon. Reservoirs included in the Project include Timothy Lake, Lake Harriet, North Fork Reservoir, Faraday Lake, and Estacada Lake. The operator of the Project, Portland General Electric (PGE), was issued a license on December 21, 2010 by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) for continued operations and maintenance. The Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) for the license noted that regular surveys for invasive aquatic weed species would be conducted as part of the Project’s Vegetation Management Plan. The term “aquatic weed” is used here to refer to any non-native aquatic plant species. Information from repeated aquatic surveys will help determine native species distributions and the need for treatment of problematic aquatic weed species, particularly hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa), and Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). Surveys conducted for PGE by Portland State University (PSU) in Timothy Lake, Lake Harriet, and North Fork Reservoir in 2011 did not locate any problematic submerged or floating leaved aquatic weed species. Earlier surveys of Timothy Lake, and Timothy Lake and Lake Harriet, also indicated the reservoirs were free of aquatic weeds. Heaton et al. (1996) noted that the native species Bidens beckii was present and had the potential to become weedy, however, this species was not found during the 2004 or 2011 surveys. This report covers the results of follow up aquatic vegetation surveys conducted in Lake Harriet, Timothy Lake, and North Fork Reservoir between August 14 and August 21, 2014, as well as new surveys of Faraday Lake and Estacada Lake. Shoreline surveys for emergent invasive species such as yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus) and purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) were included in surveys for the first time. Close

• 398. [Article] Terrain and vegetation structural influences on local avian species richness in two mixed-conifer forests

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Terrain and vegetation structural influences on local avian species richness in two mixed-conifer forests Author: Vogeler, Jody C., Green, Patricia, Vierling, Lee A., Vierling, Kern I. T., Hudak, Andrew T., Evans, Jeffrey To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00344257. Title: Terrain and vegetation structural influences on local avian species richness in two mixed-conifer forests Author: Vogeler, Jody C., Green, Patricia, Vierling, Lee A., Vierling, Kern I. T., Hudak, Andrew T., Evans, Jeffrey To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00344257. Close

• 399. [Article] Seasonal floodplain wetlands as fish habitat in Oregon and Washington

  To begin to understand freshwater seasonal floodplain fish communities in the context of human alteration of the physical system, species introductions and wetland restoration efforts, I studied fish assemblages ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal floodplain wetlands as fish habitat in Oregon and Washington Author: Baker, Cynthia F. To begin to understand freshwater seasonal floodplain fish communities in the context of human alteration of the physical system, species introductions and wetland restoration efforts, I studied fish assemblages in fifteen seasonal floodplain wetlands within four geographic regions (coastal, upper Columbia River estuary, Puget Sound and eastern Oregon/Washington) in the Pacific Northwest from November through June, 2001 to 2006. Temporal patterns of species richness and diversity in fish assemblages were examined within a hierarchical framework of spatial and temporal factors in the context of the dynamic and variable nature of floodplains. At broad regional scales, fish assemblages diverged along a regional climactic gradient from wet, cool coastal sites to drier sites further inland with greater seasonal temperature fluctuations. Even though wetlands provide a dynamic environment for fish, species richness and diversity at most sites were relatively stable over the winter and spring. Community stability may have been due, in part, to the predictable duration of wetland inundation during winter and spring, but also to the presence of species that fulfill life history requirements (spawning, rearing) in wetlands, and the presence of juvenile salmon throughout the winter and spring. Once fish entered wetlands, wholesale movement of species into and out of wetlands did not occur until summer desiccation. Comparison of fish species richness between each wetland and adjacent rivers revealed that only about 60% of species present in the rivers were found in wetlands, indicating floodplain wetlands were not compatible with the biological traits of almost half of the fish species present in adjacent rivers. Functional groups of species utilized wetlands at different times of year, during different developmental stages, for different durations, and movements into and out of wetlands were triggered mostly by changing water levels. Juvenile salmon movements were triggered by water level, temperature, barometric pressure and lunar phase. Juvenile salmon were present at every wetland site. No evidence was found to support that floodplain wetlands are a ‘predator trap’ for juvenile salmon. Further understanding of the ecological value of floodplain systems may be useful to guide efforts to restore these systems to dynamic, self-sustaining levels of ecosystem function. Title: Seasonal floodplain wetlands as fish habitat in Oregon and Washington Author: Baker, Cynthia F. To begin to understand freshwater seasonal floodplain fish communities in the context of human alteration of the physical system, species introductions and wetland restoration efforts, I studied fish assemblages in fifteen seasonal floodplain wetlands within four geographic regions (coastal, upper Columbia River estuary, Puget Sound and eastern Oregon/Washington) in the Pacific Northwest from November through June, 2001 to 2006. Temporal patterns of species richness and diversity in fish assemblages were examined within a hierarchical framework of spatial and temporal factors in the context of the dynamic and variable nature of floodplains. At broad regional scales, fish assemblages diverged along a regional climactic gradient from wet, cool coastal sites to drier sites further inland with greater seasonal temperature fluctuations. Even though wetlands provide a dynamic environment for fish, species richness and diversity at most sites were relatively stable over the winter and spring. Community stability may have been due, in part, to the predictable duration of wetland inundation during winter and spring, but also to the presence of species that fulfill life history requirements (spawning, rearing) in wetlands, and the presence of juvenile salmon throughout the winter and spring. Once fish entered wetlands, wholesale movement of species into and out of wetlands did not occur until summer desiccation. Comparison of fish species richness between each wetland and adjacent rivers revealed that only about 60% of species present in the rivers were found in wetlands, indicating floodplain wetlands were not compatible with the biological traits of almost half of the fish species present in adjacent rivers. Functional groups of species utilized wetlands at different times of year, during different developmental stages, for different durations, and movements into and out of wetlands were triggered mostly by changing water levels. Juvenile salmon movements were triggered by water level, temperature, barometric pressure and lunar phase. Juvenile salmon were present at every wetland site. No evidence was found to support that floodplain wetlands are a ‘predator trap’ for juvenile salmon. Further understanding of the ecological value of floodplain systems may be useful to guide efforts to restore these systems to dynamic, self-sustaining levels of ecosystem function. Close

• 400. [Article] Systemic bacterial infections in broiler chickens

  In broiler operations, various health problems develop during the final two weeks of the growing period, resulting in increased mortality and condemnation losses. At this stage, sickly birds were found ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Systemic bacterial infections in broiler chickens Author: Awan, Mohammad Arif In broiler operations, various health problems develop during the final two weeks of the growing period, resulting in increased mortality and condemnation losses. At this stage, sickly birds were found to be systemically infected by various bacteria regardless of varied clinical signs. The main objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and nature of systemic bacterial infections in unthrifty commercial broiler chickens and to establish a reproducible infection model in the laboratory. Thirty-one unthrifty 6-week-old broilers were obtained from three farms, and bacterial isolations were conducted on blood, liver, and hock joint. Bacteria were isolated from 87, 90, and 71% of the blood, liver and hock joint samples, respectively. Mean bacterial counts (log₁₀ CFU/ml or g) of the blood and liver were 2.15 and 2.93, respectively. Among 132 bacterial isolates, major species were; Staphylococcus (60%), Corynebacterium (18%), Escherichia coli (5%), and Stomatococcus (4%). Among 79 Staphylococcus isolates, 77 were coagulase-negative. Major species of staphylococci were; S. lentus (19%), S. simulans (18%), S. cohnii (13%), S. gallinarum (10%) and S. captis (7%). In addition, 6 species of gram-positive and 5 species of gram-negative organisms were isolated. Apparently systemic infections were not caused by predominant pathogenic bacterial species, and adequately described as mixed infections. However, there were some significant relationships between isolated bacterial species and sampling sites, suggesting that certain organisms were abundant in the environment of a particular poultry house. These results indicate that systemic infections in market age broilers are caused by mixed bacterial species and suggest that they are caused by suppressed host antibacterial systems rather than pathogenic factors of microorganisms. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed 100% susceptibility of staphylococcal isolates (n=69) against vancomycin and enrofloxacin. Of these coagulase negative staphylococci showed 19% and 73% resistance against methicillin and penicillin G, respectively. There was also heterogeneity in antibiogram profiles within species of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Pathogenicity of representative field isolates from the above described study was tested in 5-day-old embryonated eggs and in 3- week-old broiler chicks. Consistent lethality was demonstrated with S. aureus in embryos. Staphylococcus intermedius or S. lentus demonstrated some pathogenicity, while S. gallinarum or Corynebacterium were non-pathogenic in embryos. In 3-week-old broilers, however, only S. aureus caused septicemia and death; other bacterial species mentioned above caused neither clinical signs of acute or chronic staphylococcosis nor mortality. Title: Systemic bacterial infections in broiler chickens Author: Awan, Mohammad Arif In broiler operations, various health problems develop during the final two weeks of the growing period, resulting in increased mortality and condemnation losses. At this stage, sickly birds were found to be systemically infected by various bacteria regardless of varied clinical signs. The main objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and nature of systemic bacterial infections in unthrifty commercial broiler chickens and to establish a reproducible infection model in the laboratory. Thirty-one unthrifty 6-week-old broilers were obtained from three farms, and bacterial isolations were conducted on blood, liver, and hock joint. Bacteria were isolated from 87, 90, and 71% of the blood, liver and hock joint samples, respectively. Mean bacterial counts (log₁₀ CFU/ml or g) of the blood and liver were 2.15 and 2.93, respectively. Among 132 bacterial isolates, major species were; Staphylococcus (60%), Corynebacterium (18%), Escherichia coli (5%), and Stomatococcus (4%). Among 79 Staphylococcus isolates, 77 were coagulase-negative. Major species of staphylococci were; S. lentus (19%), S. simulans (18%), S. cohnii (13%), S. gallinarum (10%) and S. captis (7%). In addition, 6 species of gram-positive and 5 species of gram-negative organisms were isolated. Apparently systemic infections were not caused by predominant pathogenic bacterial species, and adequately described as mixed infections. However, there were some significant relationships between isolated bacterial species and sampling sites, suggesting that certain organisms were abundant in the environment of a particular poultry house. These results indicate that systemic infections in market age broilers are caused by mixed bacterial species and suggest that they are caused by suppressed host antibacterial systems rather than pathogenic factors of microorganisms. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed 100% susceptibility of staphylococcal isolates (n=69) against vancomycin and enrofloxacin. Of these coagulase negative staphylococci showed 19% and 73% resistance against methicillin and penicillin G, respectively. There was also heterogeneity in antibiogram profiles within species of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Pathogenicity of representative field isolates from the above described study was tested in 5-day-old embryonated eggs and in 3- week-old broiler chicks. Consistent lethality was demonstrated with S. aureus in embryos. Staphylococcus intermedius or S. lentus demonstrated some pathogenicity, while S. gallinarum or Corynebacterium were non-pathogenic in embryos. In 3-week-old broilers, however, only S. aureus caused septicemia and death; other bacterial species mentioned above caused neither clinical signs of acute or chronic staphylococcosis nor mortality. Close