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371. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2012 Annual Project Performance Report
Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2012 Annual Project Performance Report
Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2011- 30 September 2012. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR)
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372. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2011 Annual Project Performance Report
Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2011 Annual Project Performance Report
Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2010- 30 September 2011. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR)
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Six Tertiary rock units are exposed in the Buster Creek-Nehalem Valley area. They are, from oldest to youngest: upper Eocene Tillamook Volcanics; upper Eocene Cowlitz Formation; upper Eocene Keasey Formation; ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Geology of the Buster Creek-Nehalem Valley area, Clatsop County, northwest Oregon
- Author:
- Olbinski, James Steven
Six Tertiary rock units are exposed in the Buster Creek-Nehalem Valley area. They are, from oldest to youngest: upper Eocene Tillamook Volcanics; upper Eocene Cowlitz Formation; upper Eocene Keasey Formation; upper Eocene Vesper Church formation (informal); upper Eocene to Oligocene Pittsburg Bluff Formation; and middle Miocene Depoe Bay Basalt. The Tillamook Volcanics is composed of basaltic andesite subaerial flows (SiO2 54.19% to 55.67%) and volcanic debris flows. The platy jointed subaerial flows are generally porphyritic with a pilotaxitic groundmass; a few aphyric flows with well defined flow banding are present. Highly vesicular flow tops typically show alteration of ilmenite to leucoxene producing a diagnostic bleached white appearance. Debris flows are comprised of very poorly sorted, angular, volcanic and minor sedimentary rock clasts in a mud matrix. Commonly this lithology is intruded by porphyritic and vesicular dikes. Major oxides of the Tillamook basaltic andesites suggest that these volcanic rocks may have erupted in an oceanic island "spreading center" environment. The Cowlitz Formation unconformably overlies the Tillamook Volcanics in the study area. This formation is divided into five informal members: a basal basaltic andesite conglomerate; a unit of interbedded micaceous arkese, volcanic lithic arenite and mudstone; a thick structureless mudstone; rhythmically laminated turbidite sandstone and siltstone; and a thick upper arkosic sandstone. The basal conglomerate represents a fluvial braided stream to high energy marine shoreline environment. The finer grained middle members indicate a deepening up sequence. The upper sandstone member is a micaceous, well-sorted, hummocky bedded, porous, very friable sandstone deposited in a high energy storm-dominated shelf to nearshore environment. The upper sandstone member of the Cowlitz Formation ("Clark and Wilson sand" of the Mist gas field) is the current target of active drilling in adjacent areas by several petroleum companies. This upper sandstone and lower arkosic sandstones represent favorable targets in contact with organic-rich, but immature, source rocks in potential fault bounded structural highs and erosional pinchouts in the northern part of the study area. The Narizian to Refugian Keasey Formation is represented by the Jewell member (informal), in the study area. The Jewell member, a well-bedded to laminated, tuffaceous, indurated mudstone, unconformably overlies the more extensively faulted Cowlitz Formation. Upper slope water depths of 200-600 m are indicated by foraminiferal and molluscan assemblages. A lithologically distinct and mappable turbidite unit crops out in the study area and is informally named in this thesis the Vesper Church formation. The Vesper Church formation represents west- to northwest-trending turbidite-filled "sea gullies" deposited at bathyal depths (1,000-1,500 m) on the lower slope. Thin-bedded channelized turbidites with Bouma c, d and e sequences and local thick amalgamated sandstones characterize this unit. The upper Eocene (Refugian) Pittsburg Bluff Formation conformably overlies the Vesper Church formation. Molluscan assemblages from the basal part of this formation indicate water depths of 20-200 m; thus, a significant shallowing episode between the Vesper Church and Pittsburg Bluff formations is indicated. Thick, bioturbated, glauconitic to fine-grained tuffaceous sandstone and sandy mudstone suggest an inner to middle (possibly outer) continental shelf depositional environment for the Pittsburg Bluff strata. Following a period of high-angle northeast trending faulting, two middle Miocene Depoe Bay Basalt dikes intruded the sedimentary formations exposed in the area. The reversely polarized Northrup Creek dike can be traced over 8.5 km and has a paleomagnetic declination of 170° and a steep inclination of -74°, possibly a result of secular variation of the geomagnetic pole during cooling of the dike through its Cuire temperature (Nelson, 1983). These aphanitic to sparsely micro-porhyritic tholeiitic basalts are chemically identical to the Grande Ronde Basalt of the Columbia Plateau. A recent hypothesis by Beeson et al. (1979) suggests that all Miocene coastal basalts represent the distal ends of subaerial Columbia River basalts which reached the Miocene shoreline and intruded or "invaded" soft marine sediments. The reversed stratigraphic order of high and low MgO Depoe Bay (Grande Ronde) basaltic sills intruding Keasey and Cowlitz strata, as much as 1600 m below the surface in the petroleum exploration well Quintan_a Watzek 30-1 Watzek 30-1 in this study area, illustrates a complicating factor in the emplacement mechanism if these are "invasive" intrusions. In late middle Miocene the northern Oregon Coast Range anticline was formed, possibly in response to a period of underthrusting (Snavely et al., 1980b). Contemporaneously, a second set of left-lateral and right-lateral conjugate faults (N55°E and N55°W) cut the middle Miocene basalt dikes. This faulting may be related to north-south compression and clockwise rotation of western Oregon and southwest Washington associated with the oblique subduction of the Juan De Fuca Plate beneath the North American Plate as suggested by Magill et al. (1981) and Coe and Wells (1982).
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374. [Article] The oligocene and miocene geology of the Tillamook embayment Tillamook County, northwest Oregon
Eleven sedimentary and volcanic rock units are mapped and described in the thesis area, and chronicle the dynamic geologic history of the Tillamook embayment from the Oligocene through the middle Mlocene. ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- The oligocene and miocene geology of the Tillamook embayment Tillamook County, northwest Oregon
- Author:
- Parker, Michael J. (Michael John), 1958-
Eleven sedimentary and volcanic rock units are mapped and described in the thesis area, and chronicle the dynamic geologic history of the Tillamook embayment from the Oligocene through the middle Mlocene. The oldest unit is the Zemorrian to early Saucesian Smuggler Cove formation, a bathyal tuffaceous mudstone with some thin- to thick-bedded tuff layers deposited on the middle to upper continental slope during a period of explosive silicic volcanism in the Western Cascade arc. Uppermost Smuggler Cove strata are coarser grained, grading upward to arkosic turbidite sandstone and mudstone and thick bloturbated silty sandstone deposited on the outer shelf during marine regression. This regression heralded the progradation of the overlying shallow-marine Bewley Creek formation (informal) depositional system. The Bewley Creek formation (informal) is proposed in this study for a sequence of pumiceous, volcaniclastic-rich lower Miocene feldspathic litharenites and lithic arkoses deposited during the Pillarlan-stage near the mouth of an ancestral Columbia River. The unit grades from bioturbated silty sandstone to fine-grained hummocky cross-stratified and coarser grained channelized sandstones deposited within, or peripheral to a wave-dominated delta or ebb tidal-delta channel complex. Progradatlon of the Bewley Creek formation may have been caused, in part, by increased volcaniclastic sedimentation attending a pulse of explosive volcanism in the adjacent Western Cascade arc. Reduced volcanic activity, possibly coupled with basin subsidence or eustatic sea level rise, resulted in deposition of mudstones of the Sutton Creek member (informal; proposed) of the Nye Mudstone. The Saucesian Sutton Creek member consists of bathyal, laminated, carbonaceous, and moderately tuffaceous mudstone deposited in an upper continental slope basin. The upper part of the unit contains common lithic to arkosic turbidite sandstone interbeds within nested channel-fill deposits. These strata represent a channelized shelf-slope break environment adjacent to the shallow-marine Angora Peak member of the Astoria Formation depositlonal system. Subsequent marine regression resulted in progradation of the Pillarian- to Newportian-stage arkosic-micaceous sandstone-rich Angora Peak member into the Tillamook embayment. Grainsize analysis, sandstone petrography, scanning electron microscopy, and heavy mineral analyses suggest these lower to middle Miocene mollusk-bearing, fine- to medium-grained sandstones were predominantly deposited near the mouth of an ancestral Columbia River. They accumulated on a high-energy Inner shelf within or down drift of a wave-dominated delta or ebb-tidal delta complex, evidenced by paleocurrent analyses, hummocky cross-stratification and trough cross-stratified submarine channel-fill sequences. The Angora Peak member disconformably overlies Zemorrian mudstones of the Smuggler Cove formation at Cape Kiwanda suggesting local uplift and erosion in that area, followed by Newportian stage transgression in the Tillamook embayment. Exotic cobbles and boulders of two mica granite and sedimentary quartzite at Cape Kiwanda were probably derived from the Idaho Batholith and Precambrian sandstone terrains in Montana, transported via an ancestral Columbia River and longshore current to the shelf possibly bound within tree root bundles. The Netarts Bay member (informal) of the Astoria Formation Is proposed In this study for a late Sauceslan package of fine-grained to pebbly amalgamated and interbedded turbidite, grainflow, and fluldized flow friable thick-bedded lithic arkoses. These massive sandstones contain large penecontemporaneously emplaced channel wall-blocks and naller slltstone rip-ups. These lower to middle Miocene strata were deposited in a submarine canyon head and channel complex offshore of the shallow-marine Angora Peak member depositlonal system. Netarts Bay strata cut Into the underlying Angora Peak shelf strata, and cut and Interfinger with bathyal slope mudstones of the Cannon Beach member of the Astoria Formation. The overlying lower Cannon Beach member Is composed of laminated bathyal mudstones with rare turbidite sandstone interbeds deposited in a coarse clastic-starved slope environment. Upper Cannon Beach member strata In the Tillamook area are characterized by micaceous arkosic and lithic arkosic turbidite sandstones that underlie and occur within nested channel-fill sequences. Bloturbated carbonaceous cross-bedded sandstone In the upper Cannon Beach member records shallowing of the Tillamook embayment to a channelized upper slope to shelf environment. The Tillamook embayment was uplifted and dissected prior to the arrival of six to ten Intracanyon subaerial and submarine lava flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group. These middle Miocene flows, delineatedon the basis of geochemical composition and magnetic polarity, Include (in stratigraphic order) the Grouse Creek (R2 low MgO-low T102), Winterwater (N2 low MgO-low Ti02), and Sentinel Bluffs (high MgO) units of the Grande Ronde Basalt, and the Ginkgo unit of the Frenchman Springs member of the Wanapum Basalt. Orientation of Grande Ponde Basalt foreset-bedded pillow palagonite complexes and lava delta sequences indicate that these Columbia River Basalt units flowed westward into the Tillainook embayment, possibly through a saddle in the ancestral Oregon Coast Range. Marine transgression and deposition of hummocky cross-stratified arkosic marine strata of the Sandstone of Whale Cove followed emplacement of the last Grande Ronde flows. This was succeeded by a regression, as Indicated by the overlying subaerial plagioclase-phyric Ginkgo Unit flow of the Frenchman Springs Basalt. Locally, Winterwater and Sentinel Bluffs unit basalt occur as brecciated peperitic sills and dikes. These were emplaced through the process of "auto-invasion" when dense lava injected downward Into semi-lithifled Tertiary strata under the influence of both a pressure head augmented by flashing steam, and steam blasting. The thesis area is crossed by a complex network of high-angle northwest- and northeast-tending normal and reverse faults, and both low and high-angle east-trending reverse and thrust faults. These faults may have developed through a north-south compressional tectonic regime, a dextral shear couple, or a combination of these two tectonic regimes. Many faults cut Columbia River Basalt units and are thus middle Miocene or younger in age. Tertiary strata including the Columbia River Basalts are also folded within a broad westward-plunging syncline which suggests a middle Miocene or younger compressional event. Source rock analyses indicate that the mudstones of the Cannon Beach member, Sutton Creek member, and Smuggler Cove formation contain type III kerogen capable of generating natural gas only. Although these rocks have thermally innature vitrinite reflectance values, they contain sufficiently high total organic carbon content to be considered potential lean source rocks. Arkosic sandstones of the Angora Peak and Netarts Bay members have fair to good reservoir rock characteristics, and may represent reservoirs offshore for matured hydrocarbons generated from deeply buried source rocks.
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To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Submarine Magmatic-Hydrothermal Systems at the Monowai Volcanic Centre, Kermadec Arc
- Author:
- Schwarz-Schampera, Ulrich, Lupton, John, Baker, Edward T., Butterfield, David A., Hannington, Mark D., Leybourne, Matthew I., Chadwick, William W., Jr., Faure, Kevin, Embley, Robert W., Walker, Sharon L., Clark, Malcolm, Timm, Christian, Wright, Ian C., Massoth, Gary J., Resing, Joe, de Ronde, Cornel E. J., Graham, Ian J.
To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Society of Economic Geologists and can be found at: http://econgeol.geoscienceworld.org/.
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376. [Article] Geology of the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area, southern Clatsop and northernmost Tillamook Counties, northwest Oregon
The middle to late Eocene tholeiitic Tillamook Volcanics compose the oldest rock unit in the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area. Geochemical plots and field relationships indicate that these rocks ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Geology of the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area, southern Clatsop and northernmost Tillamook Counties, northwest Oregon
- Author:
- Rarey, Phillip Jay
The middle to late Eocene tholeiitic Tillamook Volcanics compose the oldest rock unit in the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area. Geochemical plots and field relationships indicate that these rocks were produced in an extensional tectonic setting in the developing forearc and formed an extensive tholeiltic oceanic island. The volcanics consi5t of a thick sequence of normally and reversely polarized subaerial basalt and basaltic andesite flows in the Hamlet-North Fork of the Nehalem River area. The "Gray's River area" Goble Volcanics in southwest Washington are chemically and stratigraphically correlative to the Tillamook Volcanics. Cessation of Tillamook volcanism resulted in thermal subsidence and transgression of the overlying Hamlet formation. Upper Narizian (middle to upper Eccene) nearshore fossiliferous basaltic boulder-pebble conglomerates and basaltic sandstones of the Roy Creek member of the Hamlet formation (informal) were deposited along a rocky basaltic coastline over the subsiding volcanic "island". Scanning electron microscopy shows that radial pore-filling chloritic cement has significantly reduced porosity in Roy Creek member sandstones. Micaceous and carbonaceous silty mudstones and rare thin basaltic turbidite sandstones of the Sweet Home Creek member of the Hamlet formation (informal> were deposited on the outer shelf to upper slope above the Roy Creek member as the basin continued to deepen. The Sweet Home Creek member contains abundant bathyal benthtc foraminifera assignable to the upper Narizian stage. Calcareous nannofossils collected from the unit have been assigned to subzone CP-14a which is in agreement with foraminifera data. The upper part of the Sweet Home Creek member is in part a deep marine correlative to shelf arkosic sandstones of the Cowltiz Formation which pinches out into the Sweet Home Creek member in eastern Clatsop County. Much of the detritus in the Sweet Home Creek member was derived from plutonic and metamorphic sources in contrast to the locally derived Roy Creek member. Calc-alkaline Cole Mountain basalt (informal) intrudes and overlies the Sweet Home Creek member. Cole Mountain basalt was formed in a compressional tectonic environment and emplaced on the outer continental shelf as shallow intrusions and submarine flow. The unit is chemically and petrographically distinct from the Tillamook Volcanics and chemically similar to and stratigraphically correlative to the type Goble Volcanics (e.g. low Ti02 and low P205). Unconformably overlying the Cole Mountain basalt and the Sweet Home Creek member is the bathyal, Refugian (upper Eocene), Jewell member of the Keasey Formation. It consists of three parts a basal glauconitic sandstone-siltstone, a laminated tuffaceous sandstone unit with rare small arkosic sandstone channels and occasional clastic dikes, and an upper laminated to bioturbated tuffaceous silt-mudstone. trkosic sandstones were derived from an ancesteral Columbia River system whereas abundant tuffaceous detritus was derived locally from the Cascade arc. The Refugian lower Smuggler Cove formation (informal) gradationally overlies the Jewell member and consists of bioturbated, tuffaceous, bathyal mudstones. Outer shelf, very fine-grained tuffaceous sandstones of the David Douglas tongue (informal) of the Pittsburg Bluff Formation and deeper marine correlative outer shelf to upper slope glauconitic sanstones of the middle Smuggler Cove formation overlie the lower Smuggler Cove formation. The upper Smuggler Cove formation consists of uppermost Refugian to Zemmorian bathyal, bioturbated, fossiliferous, well-indurated tuffaceous siltstone. Laminated carbonaceous mudetones and thin (<1/2 m) arkosic sandstone beds of the ball park unit in the Smuggler Cove formation overlie and interfinger with (7) the upper Smuggler Cove formation. The ball park unit is late Zemorrian (Oligocene) or Saucesian (Early Miocene) in age. Fluvial-deltaic to shallow marine sandstones and conglomerates of the lower to middle Miocene angora Peek member of the astoria Formation unconformably overlies the Smuggler Cove formation. Numerous middle to upper Miocene basalts and gabbros intrude the sedimentary rocks in the thesis area. The intrusive rocks are chemically, magnetically, petrographically, and chronologically correlative to the Grande Ronde Basalt, Frenchman Springs Member, and Pomona Member of the Columbia River Basalt Group on the Columbia Plateau. The Grande Ronde Basalt intrusives have been divided into three chemical-magnetostratigraphic units in the thesis area and correlated to subaerial Columbia River Basalt flows located approximately 35 km to the northeast. The intrusive rocks are thought to have formed by invasion of voluminous subaerial flows into soft, semiconsolidated marine sediments as first envisioned by Beeson et. al. (1979). Uplift of the Coast Range forearc ridge from late Miocene to present has resulted in subaerial erosion and exposure of rock units. Thin alluvial gravels and sands were deposited in the southeastern corner of the thesis area during the Quaternary. Structure in the thesis area is dominated by a series of east-west trending high angle faults and a younger series of conjugate northeast-and northwest-trending high angle oblique slip faults. Proton precession magnetometer traverses confirm the presence of the faults. The structure may have been produced by partial coupling of the forearc region with the subducting Farallon plate. The thesis area has been actively explored for hydrocarbons. Geologic mapping, however, shows that significant sandstone reservoirs are not present in the subsurface and, therefore, the area has low potential of hydrocarbon production. Mudstones in the thesis area average approximately 0.9-1.1% total organic carbon with vitrinite reflectance values ranging from 0.53% Ro (unbaked) to 0.72% Ro (baked). Therefore, the mudstones are a marginal to poor source of thermogenic gas but a possible source of methane gas.
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Constraining the development, evolution, and timescales of large silicic magma systems is important to understanding the development of granite batholiths, the relationships between volcanoes and their ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Timescales of large silicic magma systems : implications from accessory minerals in Pleistocene lavas of the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, central Andes
- Author:
- Tierney, Casey R.
Constraining the development, evolution, and timescales of large silicic magma systems is important to understanding the development of granite batholiths, the relationships between volcanoes and their plutonic underpinnings, and the development of the continental crust. The ignimbrite flare up that produced the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex of the Central Andes is characterized by episodic volcanism over a ~11 Ma time-span that climaxed about 4 Ma. Since peak activity, the temporal and spatial record of volcanism suggests a waning of the system with only one other supervolcanic eruption at 2.6 Ma. The most recent phase of volcanism from the APVC comprises a series of late Pleistocene domes that share a general petrochemical resemblance to the ignimbrites. New U-Th/U-Pb data on zircons and high precision 40Ar/39Ar age determinations reveal that these effusive eruptions represent a temporally coherent magmatic episode. The five largest domes (Chao, Chillahuita, Chanka, Chascon-Runtu Jarita, and Tocopuri) have a combined volume >40 km³, and are distributed over a roughly elliptical area of almost 2000km² centered at 22°S 68°W. They are crystal rich (>50%) dacites to rhyolites. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages from biotite reveals eruption ages from 108±6 to 120±5 ka while more accurate sanidine for some of the domes reveal eruption ages from 87±4 to 97±2 ka. SIMS U-series crystallization ages from the rims of 215 zircon crystals from the domes show a similar age spectra from dome to dome, with common peaks in zircon ages at ~100ka and ~220ka. Furthermore, the ages reveal a fairly continuous spread of ages from near eruption to >300ka indicating that the residence time of this magma body was likely over a similar time interval. Ubiquitous andesitic inclusions evidence a vital role for recharge in sustaining and maybe eventual eruption of these magmas. Lastly, the interiors of crystals with rim U-Th secular equilibrium ages were re-analyzed and have yielded U-Pb ages of up to 3.5 Ma. The presence of these older interiors suggests that the source region of these magmas retained a record of an earlier history dating back to the last supervolcanic eruption in the region from the nearby Pastos Grandes caldera. This suggests that the thermal history of the system precluded complete resorption of antecrysts. The volcanological, petrological, temporal and spatial coherence of this series of eruptions combined with the similar ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and zircon age spectra argue for a long-lived and unitary magma chamber revealing perhaps the waning of this major continental magma system.
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378. [Article] The Siletz Indian Reservation, 1855-1900
The aim of my study was to try to bring forth the basic aspects and characteristics of the Siletz Reservation as it was in the nineteenth century. Concentration was placed on the life activities and concerns ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- The Siletz Indian Reservation, 1855-1900
- Author:
- Kent, William Eugene
- Year:
- 1973
The aim of my study was to try to bring forth the basic aspects and characteristics of the Siletz Reservation as it was in the nineteenth century. Concentration was placed on the life activities and concerns of a typical resident, while at the same time extremes in behavior and actions were also noted. Thus an entire spectrum of human life was recreated. Government policies and events and changes of the time were noted as to how they affected the life at the reservation. I did not include all of the information available to me .and all information is not known by any single authority or source of information. I feel that I have presented a broad and, satisfactory picture of my topic. It is hoped that someday more information and insight will be presented that will add depth to my initial study. Also out of necessity I could only briefly cover many topics which could easily be worthwhile covering in more detail. Thus there is more ground to cover. Despite its importance, there is correspondingly not much written about the Siletz Reservation. This is largely probably due to the fact that the reservation fades fast from a center of attention. The population fell below five hundred by the turn of the century, thus making the place far from a population center. A second factor was that the people became a new people in a new world and so, instead of continuing to be a home to change Indians, it was merely a home for people who lived like other Americans but were Indian by heart and appearance. Aside from a few studies and sources of information, there are two main sources of information. The first is the annual reports sent to the Secretary of Interior. These can be found in any major library. The second source is the manuscripts. These are the records and correspondence of the agency. The Siletz Manuscripts are in six boxes at the Oregon Historical Society Library in Portland. The material is unorganized and much of it is damaged. There is also material not related to Siletz. Some of Joel Palmer's Indian Treaties are there as well as quite a lot of records of the Grand Ronde Reservation. Unfortunately, it is largely correspondence to the Agency rather than that sent out. The government archives may have some of the correspondence. As every student and author knows, writing poses many problems. There are any number of ways to put together a study of this kind. I divided mine into three basic parts. The first section is a year by year analysis. The second is topic by topic, and finally the third is again yearly. This helped me keep on the general topic of the reservation itself while still being able to diverge and enlarge on important issues. It was a challenging and rewarding task which I hope will be enjoyed by others and will add to their knowledge and understanding of the Siletz Indians and their life on the Reservation.
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379. [Article] Writing Chinuk Wawa: A Materials Development Case Study
This study explored the development of new texts by fluent non-native speakers of Chinuk Wawa, an endangered indigenous contact language of the Pacific Northwest United States. The texts were developed ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Writing Chinuk Wawa: A Materials Development Case Study
- Author:
- Hamilton, Sarah A. Braun
- Year:
- 2010
This study explored the development of new texts by fluent non-native speakers of Chinuk Wawa, an endangered indigenous contact language of the Pacific Northwest United States. The texts were developed as part of the language and culture program of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon for use in university-sponsored language classes. The collaborative process of developing 12 texts was explored through detailed revision analysis and interviews with the materials developers and other stakeholders. Fluent non-native speakers relied on collaboration, historical documentation, reference materials, grammatical models, and their own intuitions and cultural sensibilities to develop texts that would be both faithful to the speech of previous generations and effective for instruction. The texts studied were stories and cultural information developed through research-based composition, translation from interlinear and narrative English in ethnographic sources, and editing of transcribed oral narrative. The revision analysis identified points of discussion in the lexical development and grammatical standardization of the language. The preferred strategy for developing new vocabulary was use of language-internal resources such as compounding although borrowing and loan translation from other local Native languages were also sometimes considered appropriate. The multifunctionality of the lexicon and evidence of dialectal and idiolectal usage problematicized the description of an “ideal” language for pedagogical purposes. Concerns were also expressed about detailed grammatical modeling due to potential influence on non-native speaker intuitions and the non-utility of such models for revitalization goals. Decisions made in the process of developing texts contributed to the development of a written form of Chinuk Wawa that would honor and perpetuate the oral language while adapting it for the requirements of inscription. The repeated inclusion of discourse markers and the frequent removal of nominal reference brought final versions of texts closer to oral style, while inclusion of background information and the avoidance of shortened pronouns and auxiliaries customized the presentation for a reading audience. The results of this study comprise a sketch of one aspect of the daily work of language revitalization, in which non-native speakers shoulder responsibility for the growth of a language and its transfer to new generations of speakers.
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380. [Article] Partial melting of tonalite at the margins of a Columbia River Basalt Group dike, Wallowa Mountains, northeastern Oregon
Columbia River Basalt Group dikes cut the tonalite-granodiorite Wallowa Batholith in northeastern Oregon, providing a natural setting in which to examine partial melting. Many dikes have up to 5 m-wide ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Partial melting of tonalite at the margins of a Columbia River Basalt Group dike, Wallowa Mountains, northeastern Oregon
- Author:
- Petcovic, Heather L.
Columbia River Basalt Group dikes cut the tonalite-granodiorite Wallowa Batholith in northeastern Oregon, providing a natural setting in which to examine partial melting. Many dikes have up to 5 m-wide zones of quenched partially melted wallrock at their margins. This paper examines the progressive partial melting reactions in biotite-and hornblende-bearing tonalite at the margin of a near-vertical Grande Ronde dike in the vicinity of Maxwell Lake. Paleodepth at the time of dike emplacement is estimated at 1- 2 km, and dike temperature was about 1140°C. Samples collected from the dike margin represent five successive stages of melt reaction over a distance of about 5 m from unmolten wallrock (Stage 1) to about 40 volume percent (vol%) quenched melt (Stage 5). This melt is now represented by about 31 vol% silicic glass that has undergone little to no devitrification and about 9 vol% plagioclase, pyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxide quench crystals. Whole rock major and trace element bulk compositional data are nearly identical to unmolten rock at each stage, suggesting that the melt did not separate from the restite and each stage represents essentially a chemically closed system. With progressive melting, primary hornblende, biotite, and orthoclase are entirely consumed but residual plagioclase, quartz, Fe-Ti oxides and apatite persist in the restite. Hornblende dehydration initially produces a dusty intergrowth of augite, pigeonite, lesser enstatite, and sparse Fe-Ti oxides. Initial biotite dehydration produces titaniferous magnetite and lesser ilmenite aligned in bands in an intergrowth of enstatite and plagioclase. Andesine plagioclase develops a spongy texture as the albite component is lost to the melt. Reaction of hornblende, quartz, and feldspar produces sparse tonalitic (high-Ca) glass, while the reaction of biotite, quartz, and feldspar produces abundant granitic (high-K) glass. The two glass types are irregularly distributed around mafic reaction sites and in up to 2 mm seams on quartz-feldspar contacts. With progressive melting, replacement phases become compositionally more homogeneous, clinopyroxene is consumed, the proportion of plagioclase decreases, and glasses become slightly more mafic. Granitic and tonalitic glasses persist in just over 31 vol% glass suggesting that deformation is required to mix these melt types.