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• 3051. [Article] The readability of selected fourth, fifth and sixth grade social studies textbooks as determined by the Fry Readability Graph and group informal reading inventories

  The purpose of this study was to determine the readability of three series of selected fourth, fifth and sixth grade social studies textbooks, a total of nine textbooks. Two measurements were utilized: ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The readability of selected fourth, fifth and sixth grade social studies textbooks as determined by the Fry Readability Graph and group informal reading inventories Author: Pruitt, Janet Louise McCracken, 1930- The purpose of this study was to determine the readability of three series of selected fourth, fifth and sixth grade social studies textbooks, a total of nine textbooks. Two measurements were utilized: a readability formula (Fry Readability Graph; Knapp, 1971), and group informal reading inventories. The Fry Graph was applied to ten randomly selected 100-word passages in each text; proper nouns were included in the computations. The group informal reading inventories were constructed from the same textbooks on passages not previously taught. The tests were administered in May to 1467 students in 70 randomly selected classrooms. Procedures Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Readability levels derived by the application of the Fry Graph were reported for each text:, as was the range of readability within each text and the deviation of each sample from the overall readability of the textbook. The test scores from the group informal reading inventories were first reported in terms of the per cent of subjects scoring at the independent level (90, 95, 100 per cent), the instructional level (65, 70, 75, 80, 85 per cent) and the frustration level (60 per cent or lower) for the sample. Mean test scores were also computed for the sample, the urban and rural subsets, for each grade level, and for each publisher. To determine if there were significant differences among the subsets, the following null hypotheses were formulated: H1 There are no significant differences in the mean scores of the urban and rural subjects. H2 There are no significant differences in the mean scores of the subjects in grades four, five and six. H3 There are no significant differences among the mean scores of the subjects tested on the D. C. Heath, the Silver Burdett or the Benefic Press social studies series. The differences among groups were statistically analyzed at the .05 and .01 levels of significance by the pooled variance t-test or by the analysis of variance. When the analysis of variance resulted in a significant F value, the multiple range test was applied to determine the exact location of the mean difference. Findings of the Study Fry Readability Graph 1. Two textbooks, the fourth grade textbooks published by D. C. Heath and by Silver Burdett, had readability levels in agreement with the publishers' designated grade level. The remaining seven textbooks had readability levels one to four years above the designated grade level. 2. The average range of readability within the textbooks was 6.2 years with little evidence of a gradation from less difficult to more difficult reading material. 3. When the three series were ranked according to their relative difficulty on the basis of the Fry readability levels, it was determined that: a. The D. C. Heath series is the least difficult. b. The Silver Burdett series occupies an intermediate position. c. The Benefic Press series is the most difficult. Group Informal Reading Inventories 1. For the total sample 9.41 per cent of the subjects scored at the independent level, 32.04 per cent scored at the instructional level, and 58.55 per cent scored at the frustration level. The mean test score was 54.82 per cent. 2. The mean score (56.64 per cent) of the urban subjects was significantly higher (.01 level) than the mean score (52.35 per cent) of the rural subjects with a t value of 3.30. H1 was rejected. 3. The mean score for grade four was 50.35 per cent; for grade five, 53.96 per cent; and for grade six, 58.09 per cent. The analysis of variance resulted in a significant (.01 level) F value of 11.25. H2 was rejected. 4. The mean scores by publisher were: D. C. Heath, 55.88 per cent; Silver Burdett, 55.77 per cent; and Benefic Press, 50.38 per cent. The analysis of variance resulted in a significant (.01 level) F value of 5.47. The multiple range test showed significant differences between the Benefic Press and D. C. Heath series (.01 level) and between the Benefic Press and Silver Burdett series (.01 level). There were no significant differences between the D. C. Heath and Silver Burdett series. H3 was rejected. Implications 1. The findings of this study did not differ in any substantial way from the results reported by earlier investigators. Further studies of the readability of social studies textbooks similar in content to the three series analyzed in this investigation is not warranted. 2. Additional research is needed to determine if systematic instruction resembling the procedures prescribed for a well-developed basal reading lesson will significantly affect the ability of students to comprehend social studies textbooks. Recommendations 1. Current knowledge regarding the nature of concept development should be a major consideration for curriculum decisions in the social studies. Piaget's findings regarding the cognitive functioning of elementary school students provide insight regarding the capabilities of this age group. 2. Instructional alternatives that diminish heavy reliance on the textbook should be afforded a fair trial in the classroom, e.g., simulation and gaming (Cuetzkow, 1962; Inbar, 1972), process analog (Fielder, 1967; Joyce, 1972), role playing (Shaftel, 1967), problem solving (Fenton, 1967; Shaftel, 1967), inquiry approaches (Suchman, 1964; Clements, Fielder, Tabachnick, 1966), and inductive development of concepts and generalizations (Taba, 1966; Fenton, 1966; Hanna, 1965). 3. A publicly financed agency staffed by expert analysts and equipped with the necessary resources should be established to provide analysis services to publishers and to determine the difficulty level of all instructional materials as they appear on the market (Bormuth, 1971). 4. Pilot editions of all new textbooks should be field tested with a cross section of students using procedures similar to those utilized by the publishers of standardized tests. 5. When classroom teachers make reading assignments in social studies textbooks, they should faithfully adhere to the same procedures that are prescribed for a well-developed basal reading lesson. Title: The readability of selected fourth, fifth and sixth grade social studies textbooks as determined by the Fry Readability Graph and group informal reading inventories Author: Pruitt, Janet Louise McCracken, 1930- The purpose of this study was to determine the readability of three series of selected fourth, fifth and sixth grade social studies textbooks, a total of nine textbooks. Two measurements were utilized: a readability formula (Fry Readability Graph; Knapp, 1971), and group informal reading inventories. The Fry Graph was applied to ten randomly selected 100-word passages in each text; proper nouns were included in the computations. The group informal reading inventories were constructed from the same textbooks on passages not previously taught. The tests were administered in May to 1467 students in 70 randomly selected classrooms. Procedures Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Readability levels derived by the application of the Fry Graph were reported for each text:, as was the range of readability within each text and the deviation of each sample from the overall readability of the textbook. The test scores from the group informal reading inventories were first reported in terms of the per cent of subjects scoring at the independent level (90, 95, 100 per cent), the instructional level (65, 70, 75, 80, 85 per cent) and the frustration level (60 per cent or lower) for the sample. Mean test scores were also computed for the sample, the urban and rural subsets, for each grade level, and for each publisher. To determine if there were significant differences among the subsets, the following null hypotheses were formulated: H1 There are no significant differences in the mean scores of the urban and rural subjects. H2 There are no significant differences in the mean scores of the subjects in grades four, five and six. H3 There are no significant differences among the mean scores of the subjects tested on the D. C. Heath, the Silver Burdett or the Benefic Press social studies series. The differences among groups were statistically analyzed at the .05 and .01 levels of significance by the pooled variance t-test or by the analysis of variance. When the analysis of variance resulted in a significant F value, the multiple range test was applied to determine the exact location of the mean difference. Findings of the Study Fry Readability Graph 1. Two textbooks, the fourth grade textbooks published by D. C. Heath and by Silver Burdett, had readability levels in agreement with the publishers' designated grade level. The remaining seven textbooks had readability levels one to four years above the designated grade level. 2. The average range of readability within the textbooks was 6.2 years with little evidence of a gradation from less difficult to more difficult reading material. 3. When the three series were ranked according to their relative difficulty on the basis of the Fry readability levels, it was determined that: a. The D. C. Heath series is the least difficult. b. The Silver Burdett series occupies an intermediate position. c. The Benefic Press series is the most difficult. Group Informal Reading Inventories 1. For the total sample 9.41 per cent of the subjects scored at the independent level, 32.04 per cent scored at the instructional level, and 58.55 per cent scored at the frustration level. The mean test score was 54.82 per cent. 2. The mean score (56.64 per cent) of the urban subjects was significantly higher (.01 level) than the mean score (52.35 per cent) of the rural subjects with a t value of 3.30. H1 was rejected. 3. The mean score for grade four was 50.35 per cent; for grade five, 53.96 per cent; and for grade six, 58.09 per cent. The analysis of variance resulted in a significant (.01 level) F value of 11.25. H2 was rejected. 4. The mean scores by publisher were: D. C. Heath, 55.88 per cent; Silver Burdett, 55.77 per cent; and Benefic Press, 50.38 per cent. The analysis of variance resulted in a significant (.01 level) F value of 5.47. The multiple range test showed significant differences between the Benefic Press and D. C. Heath series (.01 level) and between the Benefic Press and Silver Burdett series (.01 level). There were no significant differences between the D. C. Heath and Silver Burdett series. H3 was rejected. Implications 1. The findings of this study did not differ in any substantial way from the results reported by earlier investigators. Further studies of the readability of social studies textbooks similar in content to the three series analyzed in this investigation is not warranted. 2. Additional research is needed to determine if systematic instruction resembling the procedures prescribed for a well-developed basal reading lesson will significantly affect the ability of students to comprehend social studies textbooks. Recommendations 1. Current knowledge regarding the nature of concept development should be a major consideration for curriculum decisions in the social studies. Piaget's findings regarding the cognitive functioning of elementary school students provide insight regarding the capabilities of this age group. 2. Instructional alternatives that diminish heavy reliance on the textbook should be afforded a fair trial in the classroom, e.g., simulation and gaming (Cuetzkow, 1962; Inbar, 1972), process analog (Fielder, 1967; Joyce, 1972), role playing (Shaftel, 1967), problem solving (Fenton, 1967; Shaftel, 1967), inquiry approaches (Suchman, 1964; Clements, Fielder, Tabachnick, 1966), and inductive development of concepts and generalizations (Taba, 1966; Fenton, 1966; Hanna, 1965). 3. A publicly financed agency staffed by expert analysts and equipped with the necessary resources should be established to provide analysis services to publishers and to determine the difficulty level of all instructional materials as they appear on the market (Bormuth, 1971). 4. Pilot editions of all new textbooks should be field tested with a cross section of students using procedures similar to those utilized by the publishers of standardized tests. 5. When classroom teachers make reading assignments in social studies textbooks, they should faithfully adhere to the same procedures that are prescribed for a well-developed basal reading lesson. Close

• 3052. [Article] Coral-reef fishes : insights into larval dispersal and invasion ecology

  Because many coral-reef fishes are observable in situ, are amenable to transplantation, have small home ranges and short generation times, they provide a excellent system to investigate many topics within ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coral-reef fishes : insights into larval dispersal and invasion ecology Author: Pusack, Timothy J. Because many coral-reef fishes are observable in situ, are amenable to transplantation, have small home ranges and short generation times, they provide a excellent system to investigate many topics within general ecology, fisheries biology, and conservation biology. The primary goal of this dissertation was to use the coral-reef fishes system to investigate two pressing sets of issues that face marine ecologists and managers of living marine resources. The first topic is the spatial and temporal patterns of larval dispersal and reproductive success in a marine metapopulation (Chapter 2). Because miniscule larvae are difficult to track in the vast pelagic environment, little is known about the patterns of larval dispersal. Yet, the more that is understood about the spatial and temporal variability in larval dispersal, the easier it will be to identify sites that are self-sustaining and exporting larvae to unprotect sites, a common goal of marine reserves. Incorporating this information into siting of marine reserves will improve their effectiveness. The second topic is fundamental in the ecology of biological invasions: species specific interactions between an invasive predator and native species. Specifically, I investigated the ability of an invasive predator to disrupt natural population regulation of a native prey species (Chapter 3), and the ability of a native predator to provide biotic resistance against the invasive species (Chapter 4). Because management of the lionfish invasion is needed throughout the Caribbean and Atlantic waters, it is necessary to understand not only how lionfish can change the native system, but also potential ways to moderate the negative effects. To address the first topic, we collected a total of 3,278 genetic tissue samples from bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus) over a four year period from reefs near four islands that encompass Exuma Sound, Bahamas (Chapter 2). Using a Bayesian parentage analysis, eight parent-offspring pairs were detected, which directly documented both connectivity between and self-recruitment on an ecological time scale. Remarkably, some larvae returned to the exact same reef where they were spawned, while others traveled to sites greater than 100 km distance. The only study island without a detected parent-offspring pair, Lee Stocking Island, was also the island that showed the most restrictive gene flow on evolutionary time scales. Additionally, variability was documented in the spatial and temporal signatures of sweepstakes reproduction and Wahlund effects. The variation we observed may be influenced by seasonal mesoscale gyres present in Exuma Sound, which play a prominent role in shaping local oceanographic patterns. Understanding how to identify pathways of larval dispersal is important to designing networks of marine reserves, because a common goal of reserves is to protect populations that are self-seeding and can export larvae. Thus, this research not only demonstrates that temporal variability is a prominent characteristic of larval dispersal, but provides an example of how to identify these populations. To address the second topic, two studies using both lab observations and manipulative field experiments were conducted to study the interaction between invasive Indo-Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans) and two different native species. In the first study (Chapter 3) three different data sets were used to document the effect of lionfish predation on their top prey species, the bridled goby (Coryphopterus glaucofraenum). The first data set was extracted from three previous studies to compare the change in abundance of bridled goby between patch reefs with lionfish and patch reefs that were predator-free. The second data set came from laboratory feeding trials to test for the presence of a size refuge for bridled goby caused by lionfish gape limitation. The third data set came from a manipulative field experiment using 22 nearshore reefs where the per capita mortality of bridled gobies was compared among four orthogonal predator treatments: (1) predator-free control, (2) a single native predator only -- the graysby grouper (Cephalopholis cruentatus) -- representing the pre-invasion system, (3) a single lionfish only, and (4) one native grouper and one lionfish, representing the invaded system. The combined results from these three data sets demonstrated that lionfish can consistently consume a significant amount and an extremely high proportion of bridled goby on small patch reefs. While small lionfish cannot eat bridled goby larger than 0.42 times their body size, large lionfish eat virtually the entire size range of bridled goby. These findings indicate that lionfish have the potential to extirpate local goby populations. In the second experiment, lionfish were exposed to different abundances of a native grouper, the Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus), on 28 nearshore patch reefs in the Bahamas. Lionfish persistence and growth was monitored over 10 weeks, as well as the abundance of small, < 5 cm total length (TL), native reef fishes. Nassau grouper did not affect lionfish persistence or growth. Yet, reefs with a lionfish and many Nassau grouper saw a significant increase in the abundance of small reef fishes compared to reefs with only lionfish or lionfish with few grouper. Thus, it appears that high densities of Nassau grouper provide some biotic resistance on Bahamian patch reefs by potentially interfering with lionfish predation on native fishes, perhaps by interrupting stalking behavior. This dissertation highlights the flexibility of the coral-reef fishes system for investigation of broadly different topics in basic and applied ecology. Coral-reef fishes are a tractable system for both large and small scale studies, as well as laboratory observations and manipulative field experiments. The findings of this dissertation advance the understanding of metapopulation dynamics and have implications for fisheries management and marine reserve design. This research also documents further evidence of the negative effects of lionfish, yet provides some promising findings that may indicate some native biotic resistance to this devastating of marine invasions. Title: Coral-reef fishes : insights into larval dispersal and invasion ecology Author: Pusack, Timothy J. Because many coral-reef fishes are observable in situ, are amenable to transplantation, have small home ranges and short generation times, they provide a excellent system to investigate many topics within general ecology, fisheries biology, and conservation biology. The primary goal of this dissertation was to use the coral-reef fishes system to investigate two pressing sets of issues that face marine ecologists and managers of living marine resources. The first topic is the spatial and temporal patterns of larval dispersal and reproductive success in a marine metapopulation (Chapter 2). Because miniscule larvae are difficult to track in the vast pelagic environment, little is known about the patterns of larval dispersal. Yet, the more that is understood about the spatial and temporal variability in larval dispersal, the easier it will be to identify sites that are self-sustaining and exporting larvae to unprotect sites, a common goal of marine reserves. Incorporating this information into siting of marine reserves will improve their effectiveness. The second topic is fundamental in the ecology of biological invasions: species specific interactions between an invasive predator and native species. Specifically, I investigated the ability of an invasive predator to disrupt natural population regulation of a native prey species (Chapter 3), and the ability of a native predator to provide biotic resistance against the invasive species (Chapter 4). Because management of the lionfish invasion is needed throughout the Caribbean and Atlantic waters, it is necessary to understand not only how lionfish can change the native system, but also potential ways to moderate the negative effects. To address the first topic, we collected a total of 3,278 genetic tissue samples from bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus) over a four year period from reefs near four islands that encompass Exuma Sound, Bahamas (Chapter 2). Using a Bayesian parentage analysis, eight parent-offspring pairs were detected, which directly documented both connectivity between and self-recruitment on an ecological time scale. Remarkably, some larvae returned to the exact same reef where they were spawned, while others traveled to sites greater than 100 km distance. The only study island without a detected parent-offspring pair, Lee Stocking Island, was also the island that showed the most restrictive gene flow on evolutionary time scales. Additionally, variability was documented in the spatial and temporal signatures of sweepstakes reproduction and Wahlund effects. The variation we observed may be influenced by seasonal mesoscale gyres present in Exuma Sound, which play a prominent role in shaping local oceanographic patterns. Understanding how to identify pathways of larval dispersal is important to designing networks of marine reserves, because a common goal of reserves is to protect populations that are self-seeding and can export larvae. Thus, this research not only demonstrates that temporal variability is a prominent characteristic of larval dispersal, but provides an example of how to identify these populations. To address the second topic, two studies using both lab observations and manipulative field experiments were conducted to study the interaction between invasive Indo-Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans) and two different native species. In the first study (Chapter 3) three different data sets were used to document the effect of lionfish predation on their top prey species, the bridled goby (Coryphopterus glaucofraenum). The first data set was extracted from three previous studies to compare the change in abundance of bridled goby between patch reefs with lionfish and patch reefs that were predator-free. The second data set came from laboratory feeding trials to test for the presence of a size refuge for bridled goby caused by lionfish gape limitation. The third data set came from a manipulative field experiment using 22 nearshore reefs where the per capita mortality of bridled gobies was compared among four orthogonal predator treatments: (1) predator-free control, (2) a single native predator only -- the graysby grouper (Cephalopholis cruentatus) -- representing the pre-invasion system, (3) a single lionfish only, and (4) one native grouper and one lionfish, representing the invaded system. The combined results from these three data sets demonstrated that lionfish can consistently consume a significant amount and an extremely high proportion of bridled goby on small patch reefs. While small lionfish cannot eat bridled goby larger than 0.42 times their body size, large lionfish eat virtually the entire size range of bridled goby. These findings indicate that lionfish have the potential to extirpate local goby populations. In the second experiment, lionfish were exposed to different abundances of a native grouper, the Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus), on 28 nearshore patch reefs in the Bahamas. Lionfish persistence and growth was monitored over 10 weeks, as well as the abundance of small, < 5 cm total length (TL), native reef fishes. Nassau grouper did not affect lionfish persistence or growth. Yet, reefs with a lionfish and many Nassau grouper saw a significant increase in the abundance of small reef fishes compared to reefs with only lionfish or lionfish with few grouper. Thus, it appears that high densities of Nassau grouper provide some biotic resistance on Bahamian patch reefs by potentially interfering with lionfish predation on native fishes, perhaps by interrupting stalking behavior. This dissertation highlights the flexibility of the coral-reef fishes system for investigation of broadly different topics in basic and applied ecology. Coral-reef fishes are a tractable system for both large and small scale studies, as well as laboratory observations and manipulative field experiments. The findings of this dissertation advance the understanding of metapopulation dynamics and have implications for fisheries management and marine reserve design. This research also documents further evidence of the negative effects of lionfish, yet provides some promising findings that may indicate some native biotic resistance to this devastating of marine invasions. Close

• 3053. [Image] Federal Register - Policy for Evaluation of Conservation Efforts When Making Listing Decisions

  	We, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (the Services), announce a final policy for the evaluation of conservation efforts when making listing decisions ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Federal Register - Policy for Evaluation of Conservation Efforts When Making Listing Decisions Year: 2003, 2008, 2005 We, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (the Services), announce a final policy for the evaluation of conservation efforts when making listing decisions (PECE) under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). While the Act requires us to take into account all conservation efforts being made to protect a species, the policy identifies criteria we will use in determining whether formalized conservation efforts that have yet to be implemented or to show effectiveness contribute to making listing a species as threatened or endangered unnecessary. The policy applies to conservation efforts identified in conservation agreements, conservation plans, management plans, or similar documents developed by Federal agencies, State and local governments, Tribal governments, businesses, organizations, and individuals Title: Federal Register - Policy for Evaluation of Conservation Efforts When Making Listing Decisions Year: 2003, 2008, 2005 We, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (the Services), announce a final policy for the evaluation of conservation efforts when making listing decisions (PECE) under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). While the Act requires us to take into account all conservation efforts being made to protect a species, the policy identifies criteria we will use in determining whether formalized conservation efforts that have yet to be implemented or to show effectiveness contribute to making listing a species as threatened or endangered unnecessary. The policy applies to conservation efforts identified in conservation agreements, conservation plans, management plans, or similar documents developed by Federal agencies, State and local governments, Tribal governments, businesses, organizations, and individuals Close

• 3054. [Image] Land use and vegetation community changes at Beswick Ranch, Klamath River Canyon, California from 1955 to 2003 : focus on relationship between the irrigation and the vegetation and the land use cover

  	Humans have altered the Klamath River Canyon in many ways. This study focuses on the years from 1955 to 2003. One substantial alteration is the conversion of terraces into irrigated pastures for agriculture ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land use and vegetation community changes at Beswick Ranch, Klamath River Canyon, California from 1955 to 2003 : focus on relationship between the irrigation and the vegetation and the land use cover Author: Bilka, Monika N. Year: 2002, 2005 Humans have altered the Klamath River Canyon in many ways. This study focuses on the years from 1955 to 2003. One substantial alteration is the conversion of terraces into irrigated pastures for agriculture and cattle ranching. This research project explains the relationships between the irrigation network and the vegetation and land use cover patterns that existed in the past and that exist today at Beswick Ranch. Data sources such as aerial photographs, maps, and other historical information are used to create Geographic Information System (GIS) maps and models of the area. Due to time constraints, the final maps and models are not complete at this time. However, the completed models were synthesized with observational data to come to preliminary conclusions. While the ditches of Shovel Creek Pasture have undergone little to no change at all since 1955, ranchers have added ditches to Faye Pasture. Ranch workers have also increased the amount of agricultural land use cover and decreased in tree cover of Faye Pasture. Conversely, ranchers increased the tree cover and non-agricultural land cover, and they have decreased the agricultural cover. The GIS coverages of Shovel Pasture remain in the preliminary stage, and further analyses of the calculated areas of land use cover and ditch lengths are needed to complete this study. In partnership with PacifiCorp and the BLM, this project aims to provide information about the impacts of the current and historical irrigation systems used on the pastures and riparian zones within this reach of the Klamath River Canyon from 1955 to 2003. Even at this stage, the preliminary coverages provide insight into the relationships between irrigation, vegetation communities, and land use cover that have occurred during the study period. Title: Land use and vegetation community changes at Beswick Ranch, Klamath River Canyon, California from 1955 to 2003 : focus on relationship between the irrigation and the vegetation and the land use cover Author: Bilka, Monika N. Year: 2002, 2005 Humans have altered the Klamath River Canyon in many ways. This study focuses on the years from 1955 to 2003. One substantial alteration is the conversion of terraces into irrigated pastures for agriculture and cattle ranching. This research project explains the relationships between the irrigation network and the vegetation and land use cover patterns that existed in the past and that exist today at Beswick Ranch. Data sources such as aerial photographs, maps, and other historical information are used to create Geographic Information System (GIS) maps and models of the area. Due to time constraints, the final maps and models are not complete at this time. However, the completed models were synthesized with observational data to come to preliminary conclusions. While the ditches of Shovel Creek Pasture have undergone little to no change at all since 1955, ranchers have added ditches to Faye Pasture. Ranch workers have also increased the amount of agricultural land use cover and decreased in tree cover of Faye Pasture. Conversely, ranchers increased the tree cover and non-agricultural land cover, and they have decreased the agricultural cover. The GIS coverages of Shovel Pasture remain in the preliminary stage, and further analyses of the calculated areas of land use cover and ditch lengths are needed to complete this study. In partnership with PacifiCorp and the BLM, this project aims to provide information about the impacts of the current and historical irrigation systems used on the pastures and riparian zones within this reach of the Klamath River Canyon from 1955 to 2003. Even at this stage, the preliminary coverages provide insight into the relationships between irrigation, vegetation communities, and land use cover that have occurred during the study period. Close

• 3055. [Image] ESA basics: 30 years of protecting endangered species

  	Electronic resource; Title from title screen;
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: ESA basics: 30 years of protecting endangered species Year: 2004, 2006, 2005 Electronic resource; Title from title screen; Title: ESA basics: 30 years of protecting endangered species Year: 2004, 2006, 2005 Electronic resource; Title from title screen; Close

• 3056. [Image] Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement

  	The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement Year: 1999, 2004 The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should refer to the Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement and attached appendices. The genesis of this study is the National Marine Fisheries Service's 1995 Biological Opinion for the Reinitiation of Consultation on 1994-1998 Operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System and Juvenile Transportation Program in 1995 and Future Years (95 Biological Opinion). While the focus of this study is the relationship between the four dams on the lower Snake River and their effects on juvenile fish traveling toward the ocean, the implications of the study are broader. The Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement includes the best available information on the biological effectiveness, engineering, economic effects, and other environmental effects associated with the four specific alternatives. It does not, however, include a recommendation or identify a preferred alternative. This will give the public and other agencies an opportunity to review and understand this information and provide input before a preferred alternative is selected. At the same time, this will allow the region to consider the Habitat, Hatcheries, Harvest, and Hydropower Working Paper on salmon recovery by the Federal Caucus. Information from this process will be fully examined to determine how it may influence decisions on actions for the lower Snake River. Title: Improving salmon passage: draft, the Lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement Year: 1999, 2004 The purpose of this summary report is to provide an overview of the findings developed for the Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study. For more detailed information, the reader should refer to the Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement and attached appendices. The genesis of this study is the National Marine Fisheries Service's 1995 Biological Opinion for the Reinitiation of Consultation on 1994-1998 Operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System and Juvenile Transportation Program in 1995 and Future Years (95 Biological Opinion). While the focus of this study is the relationship between the four dams on the lower Snake River and their effects on juvenile fish traveling toward the ocean, the implications of the study are broader. The Draft Feasibility Report/Environmental Impact Statement includes the best available information on the biological effectiveness, engineering, economic effects, and other environmental effects associated with the four specific alternatives. It does not, however, include a recommendation or identify a preferred alternative. This will give the public and other agencies an opportunity to review and understand this information and provide input before a preferred alternative is selected. At the same time, this will allow the region to consider the Habitat, Hatcheries, Harvest, and Hydropower Working Paper on salmon recovery by the Federal Caucus. Information from this process will be fully examined to determine how it may influence decisions on actions for the lower Snake River. Close

• 3057. [Image] The Chemical and biological impact of Klamath Marsh on the Williamson River, Oregon

  	A comparative study of the Williamson River (before and after passage through Klamath Marsh) and the Sprague River (which is a major tributary of the Williamson River) in South Central Oregon has provided ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Chemical and biological impact of Klamath Marsh on the Williamson River, Oregon Author: Perdue, Edward M. Year: 1981, 2005 A comparative study of the Williamson River (before and after passage through Klamath Marsh) and the Sprague River (which is a major tributary of the Williamson River) in South Central Oregon has provided substantial insight into the effects of a marsh environment on the transport of iron and aquatic humus in river water. In the Sprague River and in the pre-marsh Williamson River, iron is transported primarily as 0.80 ym suspended particulate material. In Klamath Marsh, this coarse particulate material is "weathered11, yielding iron-aquatic humus "complexes'1. Thus, most iron and aquatic humus in the post-marsh Williamson River are in the 0.025 ?m size fraction. Presumably, other trace metals would be similarly affected. Klamath Marsh serves as an important source of biologically derived solutes such as amino acids and sugars. Fractionation studies have shown that amino acids are almost exclusively humic-bound in the Will-iamson River system, while sugars may be present as either polysacchar-ides (PS) or humic-bound saccharides (HS). The PS/HS ratio may reflect the relative importance of autochthonous and allochthonous sources of sugars. Major solute composition strongly indicates that ground waters flowing into the pre-marsh Williamson River and the Sprague River are derived from a different source than are ground waters which enter the post-marsh Williamson River from Big Springs, Spring Creek, and from unidentified springs below Klamath Marsh. Nutrient concentrations (H4SiO4, NO3, PO43) are significantly higher in spring waters than elsewhere in the system. While nitrate levels (3-11 ?m) were somewhat low, phosphate levels (1-3 ?m) were quite high throughout the Williamson River system. There was some evidence for nitrogen limitation of algal growth in the pre-marsh Williamson River. While Fragilaria construens was dominant throughout the Williamson River system, several Navicula spp. were restricted to the pre-marsh Williamson River and several Fragilaria spp. and Nitzschia, spp. were found only in the post-marsh Williamson River. In Upper Klamath Lake, Stephanodiscus astrea minuta, Fragilaria construens, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae appeared in succession, with nuisance blooms of the latter organism occurring July-November. The cessation of flow of humic-rich water from Klamath Marsh during the summer months drastically decreased the flux of aquatic humus, iron, amino acids, and other marsh-derived solutes in the post-marsh Williamson River. At the time of cessation of flow from Klamath Marsh, nuisance blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae appeared in Upper Klamath Lake. Furthermore, when flow from the marsh was re-established with the first major winter rains in November or December, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae abruptly ceased to grow in Upper Klamath Lake. Further studies are planned to determine whether this correlation is causal or coincidental. Title: The Chemical and biological impact of Klamath Marsh on the Williamson River, Oregon Author: Perdue, Edward M. Year: 1981, 2005 A comparative study of the Williamson River (before and after passage through Klamath Marsh) and the Sprague River (which is a major tributary of the Williamson River) in South Central Oregon has provided substantial insight into the effects of a marsh environment on the transport of iron and aquatic humus in river water. In the Sprague River and in the pre-marsh Williamson River, iron is transported primarily as 0.80 ym suspended particulate material. In Klamath Marsh, this coarse particulate material is "weathered11, yielding iron-aquatic humus "complexes'1. Thus, most iron and aquatic humus in the post-marsh Williamson River are in the 0.025 ?m size fraction. Presumably, other trace metals would be similarly affected. Klamath Marsh serves as an important source of biologically derived solutes such as amino acids and sugars. Fractionation studies have shown that amino acids are almost exclusively humic-bound in the Will-iamson River system, while sugars may be present as either polysacchar-ides (PS) or humic-bound saccharides (HS). The PS/HS ratio may reflect the relative importance of autochthonous and allochthonous sources of sugars. Major solute composition strongly indicates that ground waters flowing into the pre-marsh Williamson River and the Sprague River are derived from a different source than are ground waters which enter the post-marsh Williamson River from Big Springs, Spring Creek, and from unidentified springs below Klamath Marsh. Nutrient concentrations (H4SiO4, NO3, PO43) are significantly higher in spring waters than elsewhere in the system. While nitrate levels (3-11 ?m) were somewhat low, phosphate levels (1-3 ?m) were quite high throughout the Williamson River system. There was some evidence for nitrogen limitation of algal growth in the pre-marsh Williamson River. While Fragilaria construens was dominant throughout the Williamson River system, several Navicula spp. were restricted to the pre-marsh Williamson River and several Fragilaria spp. and Nitzschia, spp. were found only in the post-marsh Williamson River. In Upper Klamath Lake, Stephanodiscus astrea minuta, Fragilaria construens, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae appeared in succession, with nuisance blooms of the latter organism occurring July-November. The cessation of flow of humic-rich water from Klamath Marsh during the summer months drastically decreased the flux of aquatic humus, iron, amino acids, and other marsh-derived solutes in the post-marsh Williamson River. At the time of cessation of flow from Klamath Marsh, nuisance blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae appeared in Upper Klamath Lake. Furthermore, when flow from the marsh was re-established with the first major winter rains in November or December, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae abruptly ceased to grow in Upper Klamath Lake. Further studies are planned to determine whether this correlation is causal or coincidental. Close

• 3058. [Image] Klamath Basin Emergency Operation and Maintenance Refund Act of 2001 : report (to accompany H.R. 2828)

  	5 p.; Caption title; "November 13, 2001."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Basin Emergency Operation and Maintenance Refund Act of 2001 : report (to accompany H.R. 2828) Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources Year: 2001, 2006 5 p.; Caption title; "November 13, 2001." Title: Klamath Basin Emergency Operation and Maintenance Refund Act of 2001 : report (to accompany H.R. 2828) Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources Year: 2001, 2006 5 p.; Caption title; "November 13, 2001." Close

• 3059. [Image] Groundwater investigation of Bonanza Springs, Yonna, Poe and Langel valleys

  	PURPOSE, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY A reconnaissance study was designed to collect, compile, and analyze data to determine if ground-water use would interfere with surface water sources near Big Bonanza Springs. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Groundwater investigation of Bonanza Springs, Yonna, Poe and Langel valleys Author: Gorman, Kyle G. Year: 1994, 2004 PURPOSE, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY A reconnaissance study was designed to collect, compile, and analyze data to determine if ground-water use would interfere with surface water sources near Big Bonanza Springs. The study was to last one year from July 1992 to June 1993. Periodic water level measurements and stream flow measurements have been made since June 1993, to create a more complete data set. Water level measurements in selected wells were made periodically to determine groundwater level fluctuations over time. A continuous water level recorder was installed in one well in September 1992 and is currently scheduled to run until spring 1994, when its status will be evaluated. The emphasis on work in the local area around Bonanza included monthly water level measurements, Lost River stream flow measurements, and Bonanza Springs weir measurements. This area has the highest concentration of wells, both domestic and irrigation, and is of particular interest because of the large aggregate discharge of groundwater in a short reach of the Lost River. To quantify the discharge of the Bonanza Springs, wading stream flow measurements were made above and below the section of the Lost River where groundwater is known to discharge. The difference between the two measurements was assumed to give the discharge of the springs in that reach. To correlate the overall flow of Bonanza Springs to the direct measurement of some of the discharge points, various-sized rectangular weirs were placed in the northern channel of the springs in the Big Bonanza Springs Park. The comparison could then be made by making sets of measurements at all locations in a single day. The total potential use was determined by summing the number of cubic feet per second (cfs) on the pending applications filed with OWRD for the appropriation of groundwater in the area within the study boundaries. This area coincides with the valley lowland areas. The total maximum rate of appropriation under terms of existing permits was determined by valley only in Langell Valley for the 1992 irrigation season. This was done by summing the individual rates in permits for irrigation, stock and domestic purposes, if any. This total included all issued permits and emergency drought permits exclusively from groundwater. Sample drill cuttings were collected from wells under construction during the study period within the study boundaries. The samples were examined in an effort to correlate geology defined in past studies with present knowledge. They were also used to conceptualize the subsurface geology. A video log of the well bore in which the continuous water level recorder was installed was done in early October 1992. Since this well was constructed prior to the requirement of a well drilling report, a video log of the rock types throughout the well bore was recorded. This information was important in evaluating static water level information also collected by the recorder. Title: Groundwater investigation of Bonanza Springs, Yonna, Poe and Langel valleys Author: Gorman, Kyle G. Year: 1994, 2004 PURPOSE, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY A reconnaissance study was designed to collect, compile, and analyze data to determine if ground-water use would interfere with surface water sources near Big Bonanza Springs. The study was to last one year from July 1992 to June 1993. Periodic water level measurements and stream flow measurements have been made since June 1993, to create a more complete data set. Water level measurements in selected wells were made periodically to determine groundwater level fluctuations over time. A continuous water level recorder was installed in one well in September 1992 and is currently scheduled to run until spring 1994, when its status will be evaluated. The emphasis on work in the local area around Bonanza included monthly water level measurements, Lost River stream flow measurements, and Bonanza Springs weir measurements. This area has the highest concentration of wells, both domestic and irrigation, and is of particular interest because of the large aggregate discharge of groundwater in a short reach of the Lost River. To quantify the discharge of the Bonanza Springs, wading stream flow measurements were made above and below the section of the Lost River where groundwater is known to discharge. The difference between the two measurements was assumed to give the discharge of the springs in that reach. To correlate the overall flow of Bonanza Springs to the direct measurement of some of the discharge points, various-sized rectangular weirs were placed in the northern channel of the springs in the Big Bonanza Springs Park. The comparison could then be made by making sets of measurements at all locations in a single day. The total potential use was determined by summing the number of cubic feet per second (cfs) on the pending applications filed with OWRD for the appropriation of groundwater in the area within the study boundaries. This area coincides with the valley lowland areas. The total maximum rate of appropriation under terms of existing permits was determined by valley only in Langell Valley for the 1992 irrigation season. This was done by summing the individual rates in permits for irrigation, stock and domestic purposes, if any. This total included all issued permits and emergency drought permits exclusively from groundwater. Sample drill cuttings were collected from wells under construction during the study period within the study boundaries. The samples were examined in an effort to correlate geology defined in past studies with present knowledge. They were also used to conceptualize the subsurface geology. A video log of the well bore in which the continuous water level recorder was installed was done in early October 1992. Since this well was constructed prior to the requirement of a well drilling report, a video log of the rock types throughout the well bore was recorded. This information was important in evaluating static water level information also collected by the recorder. Close

• 3060. [Image] Recovery plan for the native fishes of the Warner Basin and Alkali Subbasin : Warner sucker (threatened) Catostomus warnerensis, Hutton tui chub (threatened) Gila bicolor ssp. Foskett speckled dace (threatened) Rhinichthys osculus ssp

  	"April 1998"--P. [4] of cover; Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-66)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recovery plan for the native fishes of the Warner Basin and Alkali Subbasin : Warner sucker (threatened) Catostomus warnerensis, Hutton tui chub (threatened) Gila bicolor ssp. Foskett speckled dace (threatened) Rhinichthys osculus ssp Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Oregon State Office Year: 1998, 2004 "April 1998"--P. [4] of cover; Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-66) Title: Recovery plan for the native fishes of the Warner Basin and Alkali Subbasin : Warner sucker (threatened) Catostomus warnerensis, Hutton tui chub (threatened) Gila bicolor ssp. Foskett speckled dace (threatened) Rhinichthys osculus ssp Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Oregon State Office Year: 1998, 2004 "April 1998"--P. [4] of cover; Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-66) Close