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• 21. [Article] Heat source : stream, river and open channel temperature prediction

  Reach defined analysis concentrated on the water temperature change that occurred in a stream/river segment over the course of one full diurnal cycle. Digital thermistors, data loggers and computer model ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heat source : stream, river and open channel temperature prediction Author: Boyd, Matthew S. Reach defined analysis concentrated on the water temperature change that occurred in a stream/river segment over the course of one full diurnal cycle. Digital thermistors, data loggers and computer model development were utilized in reach analysis to link parameters of the stream system to a specific temperature change. The methodology employed was relatively simple and fast, and many successive stream segments were analyzed simultaneously. Reach analysis of stream temperature change identified the existing components of the stream system that caused increased water temperature and predicted the effectiveness of managed improvements to the stream system. Stream and river temperature regulation has focused on system and basin wide management. Often, the source of increased water temperature originates in only a part of the stream system. Reach defined analysis identified the portions of the stream system in which most water temperature change occurred, offered an explanation for the temperature response and provided specific information about the alternate strategies that may ameliorate undesired water temperatures. The development of the computer model Heat Source included physically based mathematical descriptions of stream energy and hydrologic processes. An implicit finite difference numerical method was implemented for simultaneous solution. The methodology presented in Heat Source is portable and applicable to all streams, rivers and open channels. Title: Heat source : stream, river and open channel temperature prediction Author: Boyd, Matthew S. Reach defined analysis concentrated on the water temperature change that occurred in a stream/river segment over the course of one full diurnal cycle. Digital thermistors, data loggers and computer model development were utilized in reach analysis to link parameters of the stream system to a specific temperature change. The methodology employed was relatively simple and fast, and many successive stream segments were analyzed simultaneously. Reach analysis of stream temperature change identified the existing components of the stream system that caused increased water temperature and predicted the effectiveness of managed improvements to the stream system. Stream and river temperature regulation has focused on system and basin wide management. Often, the source of increased water temperature originates in only a part of the stream system. Reach defined analysis identified the portions of the stream system in which most water temperature change occurred, offered an explanation for the temperature response and provided specific information about the alternate strategies that may ameliorate undesired water temperatures. The development of the computer model Heat Source included physically based mathematical descriptions of stream energy and hydrologic processes. An implicit finite difference numerical method was implemented for simultaneous solution. The methodology presented in Heat Source is portable and applicable to all streams, rivers and open channels. Close

• 22. [Article] Small-Scale Sea Surface Temperature Structure

  Observations of sea surface temperature and wave height were made from a large, manned spar buoy (R/P FLIP) ~100 km off the coast of Baja California. Surface temperature was measured with a radiation thermometer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Small-Scale Sea Surface Temperature Structure Author: Paulson, Clayton A., Simpson, James J. Observations of sea surface temperature and wave height were made from a large, manned spar buoy (R/P FLIP) ~100 km off the coast of Baja California. Surface temperature was measured with a radiation thermometer which viewed a disc on the surface 12 cm in diameter. The instrument responded to frequencies up to 3 Hz. Wave height was measured with a resistance gage located close to the field of view of the radiometer. Log-log plots of spectra of sea surface temperature exhibit a plateau between 0.05 and 0.5 Hz, followed by a rapid decrease in energy at frequencies >1 Hz. A coherence of 0.5 between waves and surface temperature occurs at the same frequency as the peak in the wave spectrum. Phase spectra show that warm temperatures associated with the thinning of the surface viscous layer occur systematically upwind of the crests of the dominant gravity waves and downwind of the crests of steeply sloping, shorter period gravity waves. The warm temperatures are hypothesized to be caused by enhanced wind stress upwind from the crests and by surface instability and surface convergence downwind from the crests. The magnitude of the mean temperature difference between the surface and the warmer, well-mixed water below is estimated from the surface temperature record. It is assumed that the warmest surface temperatures observed are associated with thinning of the viscous layer and are representative of the well-mixed water below. The dimensionless constant in a formula due to Saunders (1967), which relates the temperature difference to wind stress and heat flux, is found to be seven. Title: Small-Scale Sea Surface Temperature Structure Author: Paulson, Clayton A., Simpson, James J. Observations of sea surface temperature and wave height were made from a large, manned spar buoy (R/P FLIP) ~100 km off the coast of Baja California. Surface temperature was measured with a radiation thermometer which viewed a disc on the surface 12 cm in diameter. The instrument responded to frequencies up to 3 Hz. Wave height was measured with a resistance gage located close to the field of view of the radiometer. Log-log plots of spectra of sea surface temperature exhibit a plateau between 0.05 and 0.5 Hz, followed by a rapid decrease in energy at frequencies >1 Hz. A coherence of 0.5 between waves and surface temperature occurs at the same frequency as the peak in the wave spectrum. Phase spectra show that warm temperatures associated with the thinning of the surface viscous layer occur systematically upwind of the crests of the dominant gravity waves and downwind of the crests of steeply sloping, shorter period gravity waves. The warm temperatures are hypothesized to be caused by enhanced wind stress upwind from the crests and by surface instability and surface convergence downwind from the crests. The magnitude of the mean temperature difference between the surface and the warmer, well-mixed water below is estimated from the surface temperature record. It is assumed that the warmest surface temperatures observed are associated with thinning of the viscous layer and are representative of the well-mixed water below. The dimensionless constant in a formula due to Saunders (1967), which relates the temperature difference to wind stress and heat flux, is found to be seven. Close

• 23. [Article] The Effect of Temperature on the Survival of Chinook Eggs and Fry

  Temperature data from above and below the Cougar Dam collected by the U.S. Geological Survey prior to the construction of the temperature control structure was analyzed to determine how the di®ering temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effect of Temperature on the Survival of Chinook Eggs and Fry Author: Teose, Maarika Temperature data from above and below the Cougar Dam collected by the U.S. Geological Survey prior to the construction of the temperature control structure was analyzed to determine how the di®ering temperature regimes a®ect the growth and survival of threatened spring- run Chinook salmon. An ARIMA time-series model was used to approximate each temperature record and a MATLAB program was written to simulate the growth of an individual Chinook salmon from egg to fry. Given a spawning distribution, the model was used to grow several hundred ¯sh in each temperature regime for a given period of time, and the distributions of ¯sh weights were recorded in histograms. The distributions of ¯sh weights above and below the dam were signi¯cantly di®erent (p < 0:001) and the temperature regime above the dam produced larger ¯sh than the temperature regime below the dam (p < 0:001). We conclude that the temperature regime below the dam (prior to the construction of the temperature control structure) is less conducive to the survival of Chinook than the temperature regime above. Title: The Effect of Temperature on the Survival of Chinook Eggs and Fry Author: Teose, Maarika Temperature data from above and below the Cougar Dam collected by the U.S. Geological Survey prior to the construction of the temperature control structure was analyzed to determine how the di®ering temperature regimes a®ect the growth and survival of threatened spring- run Chinook salmon. An ARIMA time-series model was used to approximate each temperature record and a MATLAB program was written to simulate the growth of an individual Chinook salmon from egg to fry. Given a spawning distribution, the model was used to grow several hundred ¯sh in each temperature regime for a given period of time, and the distributions of ¯sh weights were recorded in histograms. The distributions of ¯sh weights above and below the dam were signi¯cantly di®erent (p < 0:001) and the temperature regime above the dam produced larger ¯sh than the temperature regime below the dam (p < 0:001). We conclude that the temperature regime below the dam (prior to the construction of the temperature control structure) is less conducive to the survival of Chinook than the temperature regime above. Close

• 24. [Article] Water temperature prediction and control study, Umpqua River Basin

  Tiller Reservoir In an average year the reservoir is capable of holding water temperatures in South Umpqua River below 70° F. for a wide range of regulation schedules. In a year of maximum temperature, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water temperature prediction and control study, Umpqua River Basin Author: Delay, William H. Tiller Reservoir In an average year the reservoir is capable of holding water temperatures in South Umpqua River below 70° F. for a wide range of regulation schedules. In a year of maximum temperature, it will also hold temperatures below 700 F. but flexibility of operation will be restricted. Regulations designed to control water temperatures in South Umpqua River will have no significant influence on water temperatures in the main stem of the Umpqua River because of the large volume contributed by the unregulated North Umpqua River. Galesville Reservoir The reservoir has the capability to hold water temperatures in Cow Creek below 70° F. in an average year provided nearly the entire storage capacity is regulated for temperature control. In a year of maximum temperature, only about one-half of the length of Cow Creek below the reservoir can be held below 70° F. for the entire summer. Hinkle Reservoir The reservoir is capable of holding water temperatures in Calapooya Creek below 70° F. for all meteorological conditions. Substantial flexibility of reservoir regulation will be available in average years. Title: Water temperature prediction and control study, Umpqua River Basin Author: Delay, William H. Tiller Reservoir In an average year the reservoir is capable of holding water temperatures in South Umpqua River below 70° F. for a wide range of regulation schedules. In a year of maximum temperature, it will also hold temperatures below 700 F. but flexibility of operation will be restricted. Regulations designed to control water temperatures in South Umpqua River will have no significant influence on water temperatures in the main stem of the Umpqua River because of the large volume contributed by the unregulated North Umpqua River. Galesville Reservoir The reservoir has the capability to hold water temperatures in Cow Creek below 70° F. in an average year provided nearly the entire storage capacity is regulated for temperature control. In a year of maximum temperature, only about one-half of the length of Cow Creek below the reservoir can be held below 70° F. for the entire summer. Hinkle Reservoir The reservoir is capable of holding water temperatures in Calapooya Creek below 70° F. for all meteorological conditions. Substantial flexibility of reservoir regulation will be available in average years. Close

• 25. [Article] Long-term tracking of climate change by underground temperatures

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Long-term tracking of climate change by underground temperatures Author: Harris, Robert N., Ferguson, Grant, Beltrami, Hugo Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: Long-term tracking of climate change by underground temperatures Author: Harris, Robert N., Ferguson, Grant, Beltrami, Hugo Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 26. [Article] The effect of ultra-high pressure on the emf of thermocouples

  The effect of ultra-high pressure on the thermal emf of a chromelialumel thermocouple is investigated using an indirect method which does not require a direct knowledge of the temperature of the pressurized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of ultra-high pressure on the emf of thermocouples Author: Eide, Stuart Ames The effect of ultra-high pressure on the thermal emf of a chromelialumel thermocouple is investigated using an indirect method which does not require a direct knowledge of the temperature of the pressurized junction. The unknown temperature is written parametrically as a function of a directly measured quantity, the electrical power delivered to the internal furnace. The emf of the pressurized thermocouple is then written as a function of the temperature and a set of unknown coefficients. Combining the two functions to eliminate the unknown junction temperature, the pressurized emf is given as a function of the furnace power. The coefficients of both the temperature-versus-power function and the pressure-corrected emfver sus -temperature function are then obtained simultaneously by per forming a nonlinear least-squares fit to the directly measured emfversus -furnace power data. Results for the temperature correction due to pressure are compared with estimates obtained by other methods for pressures between 25.0 kbar and 60.6 kbar and temperatures up to approximately 900°C. Title: The effect of ultra-high pressure on the emf of thermocouples Author: Eide, Stuart Ames The effect of ultra-high pressure on the thermal emf of a chromelialumel thermocouple is investigated using an indirect method which does not require a direct knowledge of the temperature of the pressurized junction. The unknown temperature is written parametrically as a function of a directly measured quantity, the electrical power delivered to the internal furnace. The emf of the pressurized thermocouple is then written as a function of the temperature and a set of unknown coefficients. Combining the two functions to eliminate the unknown junction temperature, the pressurized emf is given as a function of the furnace power. The coefficients of both the temperature-versus-power function and the pressure-corrected emfver sus -temperature function are then obtained simultaneously by per forming a nonlinear least-squares fit to the directly measured emfversus -furnace power data. Results for the temperature correction due to pressure are compared with estimates obtained by other methods for pressures between 25.0 kbar and 60.6 kbar and temperatures up to approximately 900°C. Close

• 27. [Article] A study of stream temperature using distributed temperature sensing fiber optics technology in Big Boulder Creek, a tributary to the Middle Fork John Day River in eastern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of stream temperature using distributed temperature sensing fiber optics technology in Big Boulder Creek, a tributary to the Middle Fork John Day River in eastern Oregon Author: Arik, Aida D. Title: A study of stream temperature using distributed temperature sensing fiber optics technology in Big Boulder Creek, a tributary to the Middle Fork John Day River in eastern Oregon Author: Arik, Aida D. Close

• 28. [Article] Temperature Monitoring and Modeling of the Mary's River Watershed

  Abstract -- Stream temperatures were monitored at 42 sites in the summer of 1998 and at 26 sites in the summer of 1999 throughout the Mary's River watershed. Segments of streams were identified where reduced ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature Monitoring and Modeling of the Mary's River Watershed Abstract -- Stream temperatures were monitored at 42 sites in the summer of 1998 and at 26 sites in the summer of 1999 throughout the Mary's River watershed. Segments of streams were identified where reduced temperatures would benefit native cutthroat trout. Computer modeling of riparian shade enhancement predicted temperature reductions. Title: Temperature Monitoring and Modeling of the Mary's River Watershed Abstract -- Stream temperatures were monitored at 42 sites in the summer of 1998 and at 26 sites in the summer of 1999 throughout the Mary's River watershed. Segments of streams were identified where reduced temperatures would benefit native cutthroat trout. Computer modeling of riparian shade enhancement predicted temperature reductions. Close

• 29. [Article] Growth and food consumption of juvenile coho salmon exposed to natural and elevated fluctuating temperatures

  The growth and food consumption of juvenile coho salmon [Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)] exposed to natural and elevated fluctuating temperatures were studied in the laboratory with wild fish collected ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth and food consumption of juvenile coho salmon exposed to natural and elevated fluctuating temperatures Author: Everson, Larry B. The growth and food consumption of juvenile coho salmon [Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)] exposed to natural and elevated fluctuating temperatures were studied in the laboratory with wild fish collected from a salmonid rearing stream. Control temperatures were similar to the temperature regime of a natural stream and the elevated temperatures were increased incrementally 3-4 C and 7-8 C. Short-term, 30-day experiments were conducted during five different seasonal periods in 1969 and 1970. Concurrent long-term studies were carried out during the entire experimental period. Relationships between rates of food consumption, growth and food assimilation of the fish were determined for the different experimental temperature conditions during the short-term experiments. Relationships between maintenance ration and temperature were derived from curves relating rates of food consumption and growth. The efficiency of food assimilation was determined from measurements of the quantities of the food consumed and the amounts of fecal wastes produced. Caloric measurements were obtained from oxygen bomb calorimetry of the fish and food consumed, and from wet combustion of the fecal wastes collected during short intervals within each experiment. Bioenergetic measurements were used to estimate the major fates of the energy of food consumed under the different temperature conditions during a period of fluctuating high summer temperatures. Long-term studies were conducted over eight-month and four-month periods under temperature conditions similar to those of the short-term experiments. Growth rates of the juvenile coho salmon were obtained from measurement of changes in their wet weight during 15-day intervals. The growth rates of salmon at equivalent ration levels were compared between the short- and long-term experiments. Growth rates of juvenile coho salmon kept as controls were generally greater than those of fish exposed to elevated temperatures for each of the five short-term experiments. Increases of ration size generally ameliorated the effects of elevated temperatures on the salmon growth rates. Comparisons of the caloric values of coho salmon recorded for a natural rearing stream with those of experimentally fed fish suggest that wild fish subsist on a restricted ration. Results of the long-term studies showed that salmon exposed to naturally fluctuating temperatures in the laboratory and fed restricted rations reached sizes typical of downstream smolts in Oregon coastal streams, whereas the fish exposed to incremental temperature increases of 3-4 C and 7-8 C were respectively 25 and 47 percent smaller than the control fish. Comparison of results of studies based upon naturally fluctuating temperatures with those of other workers based upon constant temperatures indicates that at average temperatures above 20 C the fluctuation of temperature is favorable for coho salmon growth. The results of the study suggest that temperature criteria for juvenile coho salmon derived from measurements based upon constant temperatures may not be satisfactory for protecting the fish during the extended period of their freshwater existence. Measurements of the growth of the young salmon during long-term experiments indicated that any substantial increases of temperature would result in a reduction in the size of smolts. Significant reductions of juvenile salmon growth resulting from elevated stream temperatures could influence the production of salmon populations through decreased marine survival. Long-term studies of the fish as well as other components of stream communities influenced by elevated temperatures are necessary for establishing meaningful temperature criteria. Title: Growth and food consumption of juvenile coho salmon exposed to natural and elevated fluctuating temperatures Author: Everson, Larry B. The growth and food consumption of juvenile coho salmon [Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)] exposed to natural and elevated fluctuating temperatures were studied in the laboratory with wild fish collected from a salmonid rearing stream. Control temperatures were similar to the temperature regime of a natural stream and the elevated temperatures were increased incrementally 3-4 C and 7-8 C. Short-term, 30-day experiments were conducted during five different seasonal periods in 1969 and 1970. Concurrent long-term studies were carried out during the entire experimental period. Relationships between rates of food consumption, growth and food assimilation of the fish were determined for the different experimental temperature conditions during the short-term experiments. Relationships between maintenance ration and temperature were derived from curves relating rates of food consumption and growth. The efficiency of food assimilation was determined from measurements of the quantities of the food consumed and the amounts of fecal wastes produced. Caloric measurements were obtained from oxygen bomb calorimetry of the fish and food consumed, and from wet combustion of the fecal wastes collected during short intervals within each experiment. Bioenergetic measurements were used to estimate the major fates of the energy of food consumed under the different temperature conditions during a period of fluctuating high summer temperatures. Long-term studies were conducted over eight-month and four-month periods under temperature conditions similar to those of the short-term experiments. Growth rates of the juvenile coho salmon were obtained from measurement of changes in their wet weight during 15-day intervals. The growth rates of salmon at equivalent ration levels were compared between the short- and long-term experiments. Growth rates of juvenile coho salmon kept as controls were generally greater than those of fish exposed to elevated temperatures for each of the five short-term experiments. Increases of ration size generally ameliorated the effects of elevated temperatures on the salmon growth rates. Comparisons of the caloric values of coho salmon recorded for a natural rearing stream with those of experimentally fed fish suggest that wild fish subsist on a restricted ration. Results of the long-term studies showed that salmon exposed to naturally fluctuating temperatures in the laboratory and fed restricted rations reached sizes typical of downstream smolts in Oregon coastal streams, whereas the fish exposed to incremental temperature increases of 3-4 C and 7-8 C were respectively 25 and 47 percent smaller than the control fish. Comparison of results of studies based upon naturally fluctuating temperatures with those of other workers based upon constant temperatures indicates that at average temperatures above 20 C the fluctuation of temperature is favorable for coho salmon growth. The results of the study suggest that temperature criteria for juvenile coho salmon derived from measurements based upon constant temperatures may not be satisfactory for protecting the fish during the extended period of their freshwater existence. Measurements of the growth of the young salmon during long-term experiments indicated that any substantial increases of temperature would result in a reduction in the size of smolts. Significant reductions of juvenile salmon growth resulting from elevated stream temperatures could influence the production of salmon populations through decreased marine survival. Long-term studies of the fish as well as other components of stream communities influenced by elevated temperatures are necessary for establishing meaningful temperature criteria. Close

• 30. [Article] ArikAidaD2011.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: ArikAidaD2011.pdf Author: Arik, Aida D. Title: ArikAidaD2011.pdf Author: Arik, Aida D. Close