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• 21. [Article] Hydrologic integration of forest roads with stream networks in two basins, western Cascades, Oregon

  This study assessed how logging-access roads may have contributed to observed historical increases in peak discharges associated with small and large logged basins in the western Cascades of Oregon. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrologic integration of forest roads with stream networks in two basins, western Cascades, Oregon Author: Wemple, Beverly C. This study assessed how logging-access roads may have contributed to observed historical increases in peak discharges associated with small and large logged basins in the western Cascades of Oregon. The study was conducted on the Lookout Creek (62km²) and the upper Blue River (118km²) basins. Potential road effects on hydrology were examined using a combination of field surveys and spatial modeling with a geographic information system (GIS). Road networks were similar in both basins with respect to hillslope position, orientation, and stream crossings, but roads in Blue River were constructed one or two decades later than roads in Lookout Creek. A total of 20% (62 km) of the road length was sampled to assess routing of surface flow, using 31 2-km transects stratified by decade of construction and hillslope position. Along each transect, ditches and culvert outlets were examined and this information used to predict the probable routing of water to (1) existing stream channels, (2) newly eroded gullies downslope of culvert outlets, or (3) subsurface flow. Nearly 60% of the surveyed road length appeared to route water directly to stream channels or into gullies. Over time, the length of road connected to stream crossings has decreased, while the length of road discharging runoff that reinfiltrates to subsurface flow has increased, as roads have progressed up hillslopes and onto ridges in Lookout Creek and Blue River. The relatively constant proportion of the road network draining to gullies over time suggests that roads have the potential to become integrated into stream networks, even when constructed on unchannelled hillslope positions. An extended stream network, assumed to exist under storm conditions, was simulated for the basins using a digital elevation model. Although gullies and ditches differ from natural channels, extrapolation of field surveys using the GIS suggested that roads might extend the stream network by as much as 40% during storm events. It is hypothesized that such an effect could decrease the time of concentration of stormflow and contribute to higher peak discharges observed after clearcutting and road construction in these basins. Differences in the magnitude of road effects on peak flow generation may occur among road systems according to hillslope position of roads, road age, soil saturation, geologic substrate, and climate. These differences may explain the range of observed results from paired-basin studies examining road effects on hydrologic response. Title: Hydrologic integration of forest roads with stream networks in two basins, western Cascades, Oregon Author: Wemple, Beverly C. This study assessed how logging-access roads may have contributed to observed historical increases in peak discharges associated with small and large logged basins in the western Cascades of Oregon. The study was conducted on the Lookout Creek (62km²) and the upper Blue River (118km²) basins. Potential road effects on hydrology were examined using a combination of field surveys and spatial modeling with a geographic information system (GIS). Road networks were similar in both basins with respect to hillslope position, orientation, and stream crossings, but roads in Blue River were constructed one or two decades later than roads in Lookout Creek. A total of 20% (62 km) of the road length was sampled to assess routing of surface flow, using 31 2-km transects stratified by decade of construction and hillslope position. Along each transect, ditches and culvert outlets were examined and this information used to predict the probable routing of water to (1) existing stream channels, (2) newly eroded gullies downslope of culvert outlets, or (3) subsurface flow. Nearly 60% of the surveyed road length appeared to route water directly to stream channels or into gullies. Over time, the length of road connected to stream crossings has decreased, while the length of road discharging runoff that reinfiltrates to subsurface flow has increased, as roads have progressed up hillslopes and onto ridges in Lookout Creek and Blue River. The relatively constant proportion of the road network draining to gullies over time suggests that roads have the potential to become integrated into stream networks, even when constructed on unchannelled hillslope positions. An extended stream network, assumed to exist under storm conditions, was simulated for the basins using a digital elevation model. Although gullies and ditches differ from natural channels, extrapolation of field surveys using the GIS suggested that roads might extend the stream network by as much as 40% during storm events. It is hypothesized that such an effect could decrease the time of concentration of stormflow and contribute to higher peak discharges observed after clearcutting and road construction in these basins. Differences in the magnitude of road effects on peak flow generation may occur among road systems according to hillslope position of roads, road age, soil saturation, geologic substrate, and climate. These differences may explain the range of observed results from paired-basin studies examining road effects on hydrologic response. Close

• 22. [Article] Progress Report of the Lake Survey at Mt. Hood National Forest, 1939

  Abstract -- This is a progress report on the lake and stream survey being conducted on the Mt. Hood National Forest. The survey is being carried on under the joint cooperative agreement between the U.S. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Progress Report of the Lake Survey at Mt. Hood National Forest, 1939 Abstract -- This is a progress report on the lake and stream survey being conducted on the Mt. Hood National Forest. The survey is being carried on under the joint cooperative agreement between the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Department of Interior and the U.S. Forest Service, Department of Agriculture signed March 18, 1935. It is part of the cooperative program of the U.S. Forest Service and the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries for stream and lake surveys, detailed fresh water investigations, and stream and lake improvement in the National Forests of Region 6 approved June 25, 1937. Title: Progress Report of the Lake Survey at Mt. Hood National Forest, 1939 Abstract -- This is a progress report on the lake and stream survey being conducted on the Mt. Hood National Forest. The survey is being carried on under the joint cooperative agreement between the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Department of Interior and the U.S. Forest Service, Department of Agriculture signed March 18, 1935. It is part of the cooperative program of the U.S. Forest Service and the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries for stream and lake surveys, detailed fresh water investigations, and stream and lake improvement in the National Forests of Region 6 approved June 25, 1937. Close

• 23. [Article] Luckiamute Rapid Bio-Assessment

  Abstract -- The 2011 Rapid Bio-Assessment inventory of the Luckiamute Watershed was a replicate inventory that attempted to target the most productive salmonid habitats in the basin. This was the fourth ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Luckiamute Rapid Bio-Assessment Abstract -- The 2011 Rapid Bio-Assessment inventory of the Luckiamute Watershed was a replicate inventory that attempted to target the most productive salmonid habitats in the basin. This was the fourth consecutive inventory in the basin designed to describe the distribution and relative abundance of coho, cutthroat trout and winter steelhead. The entire basin (214 stream miles) was inventoried in 2008 utilizing the RBA protocol which included many miles of dysfunctional aquatic habitats that currently exhibit deep channel entrenchment, elevated summer temperature profiles and provided limited summer production potential. Survey efforts were reduced to 96.6 stream miles in 2009 and covered only the highest quality habitat reaches. Surveys were further refined in 2010 to a subset of the highest quality habitats (90.2 stream miles) and reduced again in 2011 to 84.6 stream miles. Some streams in the basin were also surveyed in 2002 and 2003 in a separate effort funded by Boise Cascade, the previous owner of the current Forest Capital holdings. These included Beaver, Boulder, Clayton, Cougar, Miller, Pedee, Ritner, Sheythe, West Fork Luckiamute, Wolf, and approximately 7 miles of the upper Luckiamute mainstem. Results and comparisons to those surveys are included below in the Site Specific observations. The intent of the RBA inventory was to gather information on the status of juvenile salmonid summer distributions and summer rearing densities. The inventory consisted of extensive snorkel surveys that began at the mouth of each stream and continued to the end of significant salmonid rearing potential (not to the end of cutthroat distribution). These surveys will be used to develop a base line for understanding how juvenile salmonids are currently utilizing habitats within the basin during summer flow regimes. Replicates of this inventory in high priority stream reaches (streams exhibiting residual system function) will be critical for identifying trends in the distribution and abundance of juvenile coho, steelhead and cutthroat in response to watershed restoration and management. The Rapid Bio-Assessment (RBA) survey method was designed to sub-sample 20 percent of the pool habitats using a Rapid Assay technique that could cover large distances and succeed in describing the current distribution of juvenile salmonids in all of the surveyed streams and their tributaries. Beaver dam frequency was also recorded. Title: Luckiamute Rapid Bio-Assessment Abstract -- The 2011 Rapid Bio-Assessment inventory of the Luckiamute Watershed was a replicate inventory that attempted to target the most productive salmonid habitats in the basin. This was the fourth consecutive inventory in the basin designed to describe the distribution and relative abundance of coho, cutthroat trout and winter steelhead. The entire basin (214 stream miles) was inventoried in 2008 utilizing the RBA protocol which included many miles of dysfunctional aquatic habitats that currently exhibit deep channel entrenchment, elevated summer temperature profiles and provided limited summer production potential. Survey efforts were reduced to 96.6 stream miles in 2009 and covered only the highest quality habitat reaches. Surveys were further refined in 2010 to a subset of the highest quality habitats (90.2 stream miles) and reduced again in 2011 to 84.6 stream miles. Some streams in the basin were also surveyed in 2002 and 2003 in a separate effort funded by Boise Cascade, the previous owner of the current Forest Capital holdings. These included Beaver, Boulder, Clayton, Cougar, Miller, Pedee, Ritner, Sheythe, West Fork Luckiamute, Wolf, and approximately 7 miles of the upper Luckiamute mainstem. Results and comparisons to those surveys are included below in the Site Specific observations. The intent of the RBA inventory was to gather information on the status of juvenile salmonid summer distributions and summer rearing densities. The inventory consisted of extensive snorkel surveys that began at the mouth of each stream and continued to the end of significant salmonid rearing potential (not to the end of cutthroat distribution). These surveys will be used to develop a base line for understanding how juvenile salmonids are currently utilizing habitats within the basin during summer flow regimes. Replicates of this inventory in high priority stream reaches (streams exhibiting residual system function) will be critical for identifying trends in the distribution and abundance of juvenile coho, steelhead and cutthroat in response to watershed restoration and management. The Rapid Bio-Assessment (RBA) survey method was designed to sub-sample 20 percent of the pool habitats using a Rapid Assay technique that could cover large distances and succeed in describing the current distribution of juvenile salmonids in all of the surveyed streams and their tributaries. Beaver dam frequency was also recorded. Close

• 24. [Article] Year 2000 Timber Sales - Confederated Tribes on Grand Ronde : Biological Opinion

  The Natural Resources Division (NRD) of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR), in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), proposes the regeneration harvest and commercial thinning ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Year 2000 Timber Sales - Confederated Tribes on Grand Ronde : Biological Opinion The Natural Resources Division (NRD) of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR), in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), proposes the regeneration harvest and commercial thinning of four timber sales on the Reservation of The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR). The CTGR has a 20-year management agreement with the BIA. For the purposes of this consultation the BIA is the action agency. The proposed timber harvest units are in the South Yamhill River subbasin, which supports two species listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) as threatened under the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). Upper Willamette River (UWR) chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were listed as threatened under the ESA on May 24, 1999. Upper Willamette River (UWR) steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were listed as threatened under the ESA on March 25, 1999. Critical habitat for both of these species was designated on February 16, 2000 (effective on March 17, 2000). According to the BA, UWR chinook do not currently reside in the action area and there is no recorded data indicating they were present historically. The nearest known occurrence of UWR chinook is near the confluence of Salt creek and the South Yamhill River, over 40 stream miles from the Reservation. Juvenile UWR steelhead reside within the action area and are known to occur in streams on the reservation. Based on the presence of juveniles, CTGR staff suspect that adult UWR steelhead spawn in streams on the Reservation, although little spawning survey work has been done. Title: Year 2000 Timber Sales - Confederated Tribes on Grand Ronde : Biological Opinion The Natural Resources Division (NRD) of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR), in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), proposes the regeneration harvest and commercial thinning of four timber sales on the Reservation of The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR). The CTGR has a 20-year management agreement with the BIA. For the purposes of this consultation the BIA is the action agency. The proposed timber harvest units are in the South Yamhill River subbasin, which supports two species listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) as threatened under the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). Upper Willamette River (UWR) chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were listed as threatened under the ESA on May 24, 1999. Upper Willamette River (UWR) steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were listed as threatened under the ESA on March 25, 1999. Critical habitat for both of these species was designated on February 16, 2000 (effective on March 17, 2000). According to the BA, UWR chinook do not currently reside in the action area and there is no recorded data indicating they were present historically. The nearest known occurrence of UWR chinook is near the confluence of Salt creek and the South Yamhill River, over 40 stream miles from the Reservation. Juvenile UWR steelhead reside within the action area and are known to occur in streams on the reservation. Based on the presence of juveniles, CTGR staff suspect that adult UWR steelhead spawn in streams on the Reservation, although little spawning survey work has been done. Close

• 25. [Article] Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Flood-Induced Travel Disruptions: A Case Study of Portland, Oregon, USA

  This study investigated potential impacts of climate change on travel disruption resulting from road closures in two urban watersheds in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area. We used ensemble climate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Flood-Induced Travel Disruptions: A Case Study of Portland, Oregon, USA Author: Chang, Heejun, Lafrenz, Martin, Jung, Il-won, Figliozzi, Miguel, Platman, Deena, Pederson, Cindy Year: 2010 This study investigated potential impacts of climate change on travel disruption resulting from road closures in two urban watersheds in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area. We used ensemble climate change scenarios, a hydrologic model, a stream channel survey, a hydraulic model, and a travel forecast model to develop an integrated impact assessment method. High-resolution climate change scenarios are based on the combinations of two emission scenarios and eight general circulation models. The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System was calibrated and validated for the historical period of 1988 and 2006 and simulated for determining the probability of floods for 2020 through 2049. We surveyed stream cross-sections at five road crossings for stream channel geometry and determined flood water surface elevations using the Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model. Four of the surveyed bridges and roadways were lower in elevation than the current 100-year flood water surface elevation, leading to relatively frequent nuisance flooding. These roadway flooding events will become more frequent under some climate change scenarios in the future, but climate change impacts will depend on local geomorphic conditions. Whereas vehicle miles traveled was not significantly affected by road closure, vehicle hours delay demonstrated a greater impact from road closures, increasing by 10 percent in the Fanno Creek area. Our research demonstrated the usefulness of the integration of top-down and bottom-up approaches in climate change impact assessment and the need for spatially explicit modeling and participatory planning in flood management and transportation planning under increasing climate uncertainty. Title: Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Flood-Induced Travel Disruptions: A Case Study of Portland, Oregon, USA Author: Chang, Heejun, Lafrenz, Martin, Jung, Il-won, Figliozzi, Miguel, Platman, Deena, Pederson, Cindy Year: 2010 This study investigated potential impacts of climate change on travel disruption resulting from road closures in two urban watersheds in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area. We used ensemble climate change scenarios, a hydrologic model, a stream channel survey, a hydraulic model, and a travel forecast model to develop an integrated impact assessment method. High-resolution climate change scenarios are based on the combinations of two emission scenarios and eight general circulation models. The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System was calibrated and validated for the historical period of 1988 and 2006 and simulated for determining the probability of floods for 2020 through 2049. We surveyed stream cross-sections at five road crossings for stream channel geometry and determined flood water surface elevations using the Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model. Four of the surveyed bridges and roadways were lower in elevation than the current 100-year flood water surface elevation, leading to relatively frequent nuisance flooding. These roadway flooding events will become more frequent under some climate change scenarios in the future, but climate change impacts will depend on local geomorphic conditions. Whereas vehicle miles traveled was not significantly affected by road closure, vehicle hours delay demonstrated a greater impact from road closures, increasing by 10 percent in the Fanno Creek area. Our research demonstrated the usefulness of the integration of top-down and bottom-up approaches in climate change impact assessment and the need for spatially explicit modeling and participatory planning in flood management and transportation planning under increasing climate uncertainty. Close

• 26. [Image] Yankee Fork Dredge

  	Gold dredge on Yankee Fork of Salmon River It was the largest dredge in Idaho Dredge was reputed to be recovering $10,000 in flour gold each week
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yankee Fork Dredge Year: 1941 Gold dredge on Yankee Fork of Salmon River It was the largest dredge in Idaho Dredge was reputed to be recovering $10,000 in flour gold each week Title: Yankee Fork Dredge Year: 1941 Gold dredge on Yankee Fork of Salmon River It was the largest dredge in Idaho Dredge was reputed to be recovering $10,000 in flour gold each week Close

• 27. [Image] Snagging for chinook salmon

  	Indian snagging for chinook salmon at Kettle Falls
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Snagging for chinook salmon Year: 1935 Indian snagging for chinook salmon at Kettle Falls Title: Snagging for chinook salmon Year: 1935 Indian snagging for chinook salmon at Kettle Falls Close

• 28. [Image] Upper Kettle Falls on the Columbia River

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Kettle Falls on the Columbia River Year: 1935 Title: Upper Kettle Falls on the Columbia River Year: 1935 Close

• 29. [Image] Jump trap at Kettle Falls

  	Photo showing "jump trap" at Kettle Falls
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jump trap at Kettle Falls Year: 1935 Photo showing "jump trap" at Kettle Falls Title: Jump trap at Kettle Falls Year: 1935 Photo showing "jump trap" at Kettle Falls Close

• 30. [Image] Fishing for whitefish

  	Fishing for whitefish on the Columbia River at Kettle Falls
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fishing for whitefish Year: 1935 Fishing for whitefish on the Columbia River at Kettle Falls Title: Fishing for whitefish Year: 1935 Fishing for whitefish on the Columbia River at Kettle Falls Close