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• 21. [Article] The Effects of Scale Variation on Single-Family Residential Water Use in Portland, OR

  With growing urban populations and increasing concerns over the effects of climate change on water supplies, there has recently been a significant amount of interdisciplinary research focused on identifying ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Scale Variation on Single-Family Residential Water Use in Portland, OR Author: Bonnette, Matthew Ryan Lee Year: 2017 With growing urban populations and increasing concerns over the effects of climate change on water supplies, there has recently been a significant amount of interdisciplinary research focused on identifying the drivers of urban water use. Due to unavailability of individual or household level data, these studies are often limited to using spatially aggregated data. There is concern that this aggregation of data may be leading to misrepresentations of the drivers of urban water use, yet there have been few studies that have addressed this concern. As in all spatial quantitative analyses, studies in this area should consider how the spatial scales chosen for analysis are affecting the results. The purpose of this research is to use a case study of single-family residential (SFR) water use in Portland, Oregon to determine the extent to which scale variation significantly affects the patterns of SFR water use, and whether household scale water use is influenced by neighborhood and census tract characteristics. The results of this analysis provide evidence that aggregating household scale water use data can mask meaningful patterns in SFR water use and potentially provide misleading information on what is influencing water use habits. This research also shows that using the chosen exploratory variables, there is a statistically significant, but not substantial, cross-scale influence on household scale water use by neighborhood and census tract characteristics. Title: The Effects of Scale Variation on Single-Family Residential Water Use in Portland, OR Author: Bonnette, Matthew Ryan Lee Year: 2017 With growing urban populations and increasing concerns over the effects of climate change on water supplies, there has recently been a significant amount of interdisciplinary research focused on identifying the drivers of urban water use. Due to unavailability of individual or household level data, these studies are often limited to using spatially aggregated data. There is concern that this aggregation of data may be leading to misrepresentations of the drivers of urban water use, yet there have been few studies that have addressed this concern. As in all spatial quantitative analyses, studies in this area should consider how the spatial scales chosen for analysis are affecting the results. The purpose of this research is to use a case study of single-family residential (SFR) water use in Portland, Oregon to determine the extent to which scale variation significantly affects the patterns of SFR water use, and whether household scale water use is influenced by neighborhood and census tract characteristics. The results of this analysis provide evidence that aggregating household scale water use data can mask meaningful patterns in SFR water use and potentially provide misleading information on what is influencing water use habits. This research also shows that using the chosen exploratory variables, there is a statistically significant, but not substantial, cross-scale influence on household scale water use by neighborhood and census tract characteristics. Close

• 22. [Article] The Impacts of Gentrification on the African American Business Community of Portland, Oregon

  I focus this inquiry on the impact that gentrification has had on black business and entrepreneurship in the Albina District of Portland, Oregon. The Albina district of provides a unique opportunity to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Impacts of Gentrification on the African American Business Community of Portland, Oregon Author: Hosford, Alexandra Year: 2009 I focus this inquiry on the impact that gentrification has had on black business and entrepreneurship in the Albina District of Portland, Oregon. The Albina district of provides a unique opportunity to measure the effects of gentrification on black business and business development because the area has historically been a residentially segregated black community and has seen dramatic changes due to gentrification in the past decade, including an influx of middle class, white residents. I conduct this examination by subdividing my inquiry into three main sections. First, I provide an outline of the background and evolution of the discourse around gentrification and segregation, both in a U.S. and Portland-specific context, and define the connection between gentrification and the larger area of inquiry focused on racial residential segregation. In the second section, I present an analysis of demographic and housing characteristics in four Inner Northeast Portland census tracts, using them as a proxy for measuring overall change within the historically black neighborhoods of Portland. In the third section, I outline findings from interviews conducted with local entrepreneurs and members of economic development organizations in order to give a localized perspective to the effects of gentrification in Inner Northeast Portland. Title: The Impacts of Gentrification on the African American Business Community of Portland, Oregon Author: Hosford, Alexandra Year: 2009 I focus this inquiry on the impact that gentrification has had on black business and entrepreneurship in the Albina District of Portland, Oregon. The Albina district of provides a unique opportunity to measure the effects of gentrification on black business and business development because the area has historically been a residentially segregated black community and has seen dramatic changes due to gentrification in the past decade, including an influx of middle class, white residents. I conduct this examination by subdividing my inquiry into three main sections. First, I provide an outline of the background and evolution of the discourse around gentrification and segregation, both in a U.S. and Portland-specific context, and define the connection between gentrification and the larger area of inquiry focused on racial residential segregation. In the second section, I present an analysis of demographic and housing characteristics in four Inner Northeast Portland census tracts, using them as a proxy for measuring overall change within the historically black neighborhoods of Portland. In the third section, I outline findings from interviews conducted with local entrepreneurs and members of economic development organizations in order to give a localized perspective to the effects of gentrification in Inner Northeast Portland. Close

• 23. [Article] Structure and Dynamics of Household Hazardous Wastes

  Municipal Solid wastes--the majority of which are household refuse--have, increasingly been implicated as a source of hazardous materials in landfill leachate discharges (U.S. EPA 1988). Data collected ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Structure and Dynamics of Household Hazardous Wastes Author: Wilson, Douglas C., Rathje, William L. Year: 1989 Municipal Solid wastes--the majority of which are household refuse--have, increasingly been implicated as a source of hazardous materials in landfill leachate discharges (U.S. EPA 1988). Data collected on the components of these wastes are critical for solid wastes systems planning--especially landfill design, hazardous materials collection systems, and resource recovery. A number of recent studies by the University of Arizona's Garbage Project have identified household products as a possible source of hazardous materials in landfills (Wilson 1985, Rathje et al. 1987a, 1987b). Studies have addressed (1) the definition of these "household hazardous wastes" (HHW), (2) the characteristics of HHW from hands-on analyses of residential solid wastes in four United States study cities and Mexico City, Mexico, (3) the relationships between derived waste characteristics and within-study city Socioeconomic variability and variability between the regions studied and (4) the potential biodegradation pathways and characteristics of municipal landfill leachates. Results of these studies suggest that: (1) While HHW comprises a very small proportion of the total residential solid wastes, total quantities generated per year are quite high. (2) Significant differences in HHW discard rates are observed between both study communities and census tracts within study communities. (3) Socioeconomic variability between census tracts (within study communities), are related to the differential discard of HHW and, we believe, can be used to estimate characteristics of HHW in U.S. cities without necessitating further large-scale, costly, refuse sorts. (4) Long-term discard trends for HHW may influence the levels of risk associated with these wastes. Garbage Project HHW studies have been funded at the national level by the Water Quality Engineering Division of the National Science Foundation and the Office of Solid Wastes of the Environmental Protection Agency and at the local level by city and county governments, private research organizations, and university departments. Title: Structure and Dynamics of Household Hazardous Wastes Author: Wilson, Douglas C., Rathje, William L. Year: 1989 Municipal Solid wastes--the majority of which are household refuse--have, increasingly been implicated as a source of hazardous materials in landfill leachate discharges (U.S. EPA 1988). Data collected on the components of these wastes are critical for solid wastes systems planning--especially landfill design, hazardous materials collection systems, and resource recovery. A number of recent studies by the University of Arizona's Garbage Project have identified household products as a possible source of hazardous materials in landfills (Wilson 1985, Rathje et al. 1987a, 1987b). Studies have addressed (1) the definition of these "household hazardous wastes" (HHW), (2) the characteristics of HHW from hands-on analyses of residential solid wastes in four United States study cities and Mexico City, Mexico, (3) the relationships between derived waste characteristics and within-study city Socioeconomic variability and variability between the regions studied and (4) the potential biodegradation pathways and characteristics of municipal landfill leachates. Results of these studies suggest that: (1) While HHW comprises a very small proportion of the total residential solid wastes, total quantities generated per year are quite high. (2) Significant differences in HHW discard rates are observed between both study communities and census tracts within study communities. (3) Socioeconomic variability between census tracts (within study communities), are related to the differential discard of HHW and, we believe, can be used to estimate characteristics of HHW in U.S. cities without necessitating further large-scale, costly, refuse sorts. (4) Long-term discard trends for HHW may influence the levels of risk associated with these wastes. Garbage Project HHW studies have been funded at the national level by the Water Quality Engineering Division of the National Science Foundation and the Office of Solid Wastes of the Environmental Protection Agency and at the local level by city and county governments, private research organizations, and university departments. Close

• 24. [Article] Unsubstantiated fears : assessing the effects of recent immigration on part I index crimes

  In this paper I examine the impact of recent immigration, in addition to other community predictors on community counts of violent and property crimes in Austin, Texas, a multi-ethnic city. I combine data ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Unsubstantiated fears : assessing the effects of recent immigration on part I index crimes Author: Stansfield, Richard In this paper I examine the impact of recent immigration, in addition to other community predictors on community counts of violent and property crimes in Austin, Texas, a multi-ethnic city. I combine data from the 2000 US census of population and housing with census tract level uniform crime report data from the Austin police department’s records management system in order to examine the impact of recently arrived immigrants predominantly from Mexico. Negative binomial regression models do not provide any support for the assumption that increased immigration is associated with an increased threat to public safety, and in fact show partial evidence to suggest a protective effect off recent immigration against property acquisition crimes and rape. The increase in exclusionary and restrictive immigration policies in the United States have been premised on the increased threat to public safety that immigrants, whether legal or illegal, pose. I discuss the impact of such practices that continue to overlook the empirical evidence. Title: Unsubstantiated fears : assessing the effects of recent immigration on part I index crimes Author: Stansfield, Richard In this paper I examine the impact of recent immigration, in addition to other community predictors on community counts of violent and property crimes in Austin, Texas, a multi-ethnic city. I combine data from the 2000 US census of population and housing with census tract level uniform crime report data from the Austin police department’s records management system in order to examine the impact of recently arrived immigrants predominantly from Mexico. Negative binomial regression models do not provide any support for the assumption that increased immigration is associated with an increased threat to public safety, and in fact show partial evidence to suggest a protective effect off recent immigration against property acquisition crimes and rape. The increase in exclusionary and restrictive immigration policies in the United States have been premised on the increased threat to public safety that immigrants, whether legal or illegal, pose. I discuss the impact of such practices that continue to overlook the empirical evidence. Close

• 25. [Article] Southeast Portland Comprehensive Housing Plan: Background Report

  The preliminary data collection and analysis of housing issues in Southeast Portland (S.E.) occurred during the Fall Quarter of 1988. General issues relating to housing stock were identified through group ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Southeast Portland Comprehensive Housing Plan: Background Report Author: Portland State University. College of Urban and Public Affairs Year: 1989 The preliminary data collection and analysis of housing issues in Southeast Portland (S.E.) occurred during the Fall Quarter of 1988. General issues relating to housing stock were identified through group methods. These issues were broken into two broad areas--housing stock issues and socio-economic concerns. The critical linkages between the issues were developed through research, interviews, and input from S.E. Coalitions (Inner and outer Southeast Portland, and the Land Use Committee). In order to provide for a quantitative framework for the purposes of analysis, 1980 census data, Metro's "Regional Pactbook" and the City of Portland's "Neighborhood Profiles" were used as source documents. The data was aggradated at the block group, census tract, and neighborhood boundary level in order to pinpoint specific trends and concentrations of housing issues in Southeast Portland. This report provides a detailed summary of the issue findings and their linkages to housing in S.E. Title: Southeast Portland Comprehensive Housing Plan: Background Report Author: Portland State University. College of Urban and Public Affairs Year: 1989 The preliminary data collection and analysis of housing issues in Southeast Portland (S.E.) occurred during the Fall Quarter of 1988. General issues relating to housing stock were identified through group methods. These issues were broken into two broad areas--housing stock issues and socio-economic concerns. The critical linkages between the issues were developed through research, interviews, and input from S.E. Coalitions (Inner and outer Southeast Portland, and the Land Use Committee). In order to provide for a quantitative framework for the purposes of analysis, 1980 census data, Metro's "Regional Pactbook" and the City of Portland's "Neighborhood Profiles" were used as source documents. The data was aggradated at the block group, census tract, and neighborhood boundary level in order to pinpoint specific trends and concentrations of housing issues in Southeast Portland. This report provides a detailed summary of the issue findings and their linkages to housing in S.E. Close

• 26. [Article] Modeling spatial effects of PM₂.₅ on term low birth weight in Los Angeles County

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Elsevier. The published article can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/environmental...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling spatial effects of PM₂.₅ on term low birth weight in Los Angeles County Author: Gomez-Rubio, Virgilio, Coker, Eric, Li, Arthur, Su, Jason, Ritz, Beate, Molitor, John, Kile, Molly L., Liverani, Silvia, Jerrett, Michael, Cockburn, Myles, Ghosh, Jokay, Beckerman, Bernardo This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Elsevier. The published article can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/environmental-research/ Title: Modeling spatial effects of PM₂.₅ on term low birth weight in Los Angeles County Author: Gomez-Rubio, Virgilio, Coker, Eric, Li, Arthur, Su, Jason, Ritz, Beate, Molitor, John, Kile, Molly L., Liverani, Silvia, Jerrett, Michael, Cockburn, Myles, Ghosh, Jokay, Beckerman, Bernardo This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Elsevier. The published article can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/environmental-research/ Close

• 27. [Article] Employment growth, social capital, and spatial determinants of poverty change

  This study models poverty changes across the United States between 1990 and 2000 as a function of spatial poverty variables (variables that attempt to capture the spatial effects of poverty and poverty ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Employment growth, social capital, and spatial determinants of poverty change Author: Crandall, Mindy S. This study models poverty changes across the United States between 1990 and 2000 as a function of spatial poverty variables (variables that attempt to capture the spatial effects of poverty and poverty changes), social capital, local employment growth, and demographic controls. Newly available decennial census data at the tract level is used to capture the benefits of a more homogeneous geographic aggregation. The spatial variables account for the effects of own poverty, poverty pockets, and dynamic spatial spillovers on poverty changes. Local economic and social context variables include measures for social capital and employment growth. Spatial econometric model formulations are compared with OLS, and results indicate that spillovers (a spatial lag variable) as well as a spatial error correction are significant. Overall, being in a poverty pocket (being surrounded by high poverty tracts) had a detrimental effect on tract outcomes, while employment growth and social capital had positive ones. Interaction terms are used in a second model to assess the effects of initial own poverty level on poverty change determinants. Significant spatial lag and spatial error correction parameters again indicate that the fates of neighboring tracts are tied together. Results from the interaction model show that there are significant differences in poverty determinants based on tract poverty rate at the beginning of the period. Having higher levels of minorities or poverty pocket location had a negative effect on poverty reduction in low poverty tracts, while college education rates had a positive effect. Poverty reductions in high poverty tracts were speeded by employment growth and social capital. The results suggest that anti-poverty policies, to be most effective, need to be sensitive to the effects of geography, and that employment growth is effective in reducing poverty, particularly in high poverty areas. Title: Employment growth, social capital, and spatial determinants of poverty change Author: Crandall, Mindy S. This study models poverty changes across the United States between 1990 and 2000 as a function of spatial poverty variables (variables that attempt to capture the spatial effects of poverty and poverty changes), social capital, local employment growth, and demographic controls. Newly available decennial census data at the tract level is used to capture the benefits of a more homogeneous geographic aggregation. The spatial variables account for the effects of own poverty, poverty pockets, and dynamic spatial spillovers on poverty changes. Local economic and social context variables include measures for social capital and employment growth. Spatial econometric model formulations are compared with OLS, and results indicate that spillovers (a spatial lag variable) as well as a spatial error correction are significant. Overall, being in a poverty pocket (being surrounded by high poverty tracts) had a detrimental effect on tract outcomes, while employment growth and social capital had positive ones. Interaction terms are used in a second model to assess the effects of initial own poverty level on poverty change determinants. Significant spatial lag and spatial error correction parameters again indicate that the fates of neighboring tracts are tied together. Results from the interaction model show that there are significant differences in poverty determinants based on tract poverty rate at the beginning of the period. Having higher levels of minorities or poverty pocket location had a negative effect on poverty reduction in low poverty tracts, while college education rates had a positive effect. Poverty reductions in high poverty tracts were speeded by employment growth and social capital. The results suggest that anti-poverty policies, to be most effective, need to be sensitive to the effects of geography, and that employment growth is effective in reducing poverty, particularly in high poverty areas. Close

• 28. [Article] Groundwater arsenic concentrations and cancer incidence rates : a regional comparison in Oregon

  Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a global issue with national and local implications. Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water has been linked to both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Groundwater arsenic concentrations and cancer incidence rates : a regional comparison in Oregon Author: Fleming, Harmony S. Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a global issue with national and local implications. Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water has been linked to both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health outcomes. The primary exposure route of inorganic arsenic is ingestion from drinking water due to natural contamination in groundwater from dissolution of natural mineral deposits and anthropogenic sources. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a spatial relationship between groundwater arsenic concentrations and cancer incidences within two regions of Oregon. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine if there is a spatial relationship between arsenic concentrations in the Willamette Valley and Southeast Oregon and incidence rates of bladder, kidney, liver and lung cancers; (2) contribute to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s development of the Environmental Public Health Tracking network by using secondary data to investigate linkages of arsenic in groundwater and associated health effects; and (3) serve as an exploratory tool for identifying a public health concern that can be followed up with comprehensive analytical studies of the region. The study used four secondary data sets: Cancer data from the Oregon State Cancer Registry; community water system arsenic data from the Oregon Department of Human Services Drinking Water Program; groundwater arsenic data from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Inventory System; and population data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Data set were combined and then analyzed with statistical and spatial analysis methods. This study did incur challenges of data compatibility and required extensive data preparation activities of several of the data sets. One such data manipulation was the integration of two independent sources of water quality data which had not been done before in Oregon and may not have accurately defined the exposure risk of sub-populations. Another limitation was that missing cases due to geocoding were more likely to be in rural census tracts due to the P.O. Box and Rural Route addresses, thus possibly contributing to an underestimation of the number of cancer cases used in the study analyses. Results indicate several significant differences of risk between demographic and arsenic concentration intervals. However, the inherent limitations of secondary data have produced some unexpected results. Using the arsenic Quintile 1 (0 - 0.9 μg/L) as a reference point, the results showed that arsenic concentration levels in groundwater do not impact the incidence rates of bladder, kidney, liver or lung cancer in populations over the age of 40 in regions with arsenic concentrations above 1 μg/L. Further, although cancer incidence rates might be expected to increase with increasing groundwater arsenic concentrations in Quintiles 3, 4 and 5, the results in this study show otherwise. Maps of the study regions depicting arsenic concentration levels in groundwater show that arsenic is widely distributed but concentration levels can vary greatly between census tracts located in close proximity. The distribution of arsenic in the region may be affected by geological formations that are known to be associated with higher arsenic levels. Follow-up studies are recommended for regions of the state that were found to have arsenic concentration at or above the current MCL regulated by the Safe Drinking Water Act. Rural regions of the state that rely on private groundwater wells not regulated by the federal standard would also be appropriate. Results of this study will be shared with the Oregon Environmental Public Health Tracking network, their research partners and other interested state and local agencies. Title: Groundwater arsenic concentrations and cancer incidence rates : a regional comparison in Oregon Author: Fleming, Harmony S. Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a global issue with national and local implications. Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water has been linked to both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health outcomes. The primary exposure route of inorganic arsenic is ingestion from drinking water due to natural contamination in groundwater from dissolution of natural mineral deposits and anthropogenic sources. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a spatial relationship between groundwater arsenic concentrations and cancer incidences within two regions of Oregon. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine if there is a spatial relationship between arsenic concentrations in the Willamette Valley and Southeast Oregon and incidence rates of bladder, kidney, liver and lung cancers; (2) contribute to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s development of the Environmental Public Health Tracking network by using secondary data to investigate linkages of arsenic in groundwater and associated health effects; and (3) serve as an exploratory tool for identifying a public health concern that can be followed up with comprehensive analytical studies of the region. The study used four secondary data sets: Cancer data from the Oregon State Cancer Registry; community water system arsenic data from the Oregon Department of Human Services Drinking Water Program; groundwater arsenic data from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Inventory System; and population data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Data set were combined and then analyzed with statistical and spatial analysis methods. This study did incur challenges of data compatibility and required extensive data preparation activities of several of the data sets. One such data manipulation was the integration of two independent sources of water quality data which had not been done before in Oregon and may not have accurately defined the exposure risk of sub-populations. Another limitation was that missing cases due to geocoding were more likely to be in rural census tracts due to the P.O. Box and Rural Route addresses, thus possibly contributing to an underestimation of the number of cancer cases used in the study analyses. Results indicate several significant differences of risk between demographic and arsenic concentration intervals. However, the inherent limitations of secondary data have produced some unexpected results. Using the arsenic Quintile 1 (0 - 0.9 μg/L) as a reference point, the results showed that arsenic concentration levels in groundwater do not impact the incidence rates of bladder, kidney, liver or lung cancer in populations over the age of 40 in regions with arsenic concentrations above 1 μg/L. Further, although cancer incidence rates might be expected to increase with increasing groundwater arsenic concentrations in Quintiles 3, 4 and 5, the results in this study show otherwise. Maps of the study regions depicting arsenic concentration levels in groundwater show that arsenic is widely distributed but concentration levels can vary greatly between census tracts located in close proximity. The distribution of arsenic in the region may be affected by geological formations that are known to be associated with higher arsenic levels. Follow-up studies are recommended for regions of the state that were found to have arsenic concentration at or above the current MCL regulated by the Safe Drinking Water Act. Rural regions of the state that rely on private groundwater wells not regulated by the federal standard would also be appropriate. Results of this study will be shared with the Oregon Environmental Public Health Tracking network, their research partners and other interested state and local agencies. Close

• 29. [Article] Economic impact study for Detroit Lake and the Upper North Santiam Canyon

  Published May 2006. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic impact study for Detroit Lake and the Upper North Santiam Canyon Author: Sorte, Bruce, Buerger, Chris, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published May 2006. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Economic impact study for Detroit Lake and the Upper North Santiam Canyon Author: Sorte, Bruce, Buerger, Chris, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published May 2006. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 30. [Article] Immigration and crime: Is public opinion pragmatic?

  There are record numbers of immigrants in the U.S., with no indication of declining in the future. Social debates surrounding issues such as immigration are fragile. It is critical that research and knowledge ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Immigration and crime: Is public opinion pragmatic? Author: Zojonc, Angelique, D There are record numbers of immigrants in the U.S., with no indication of declining in the future. Social debates surrounding issues such as immigration are fragile. It is critical that research and knowledge put out to the public and used by policy makers to create or reform immigration legislation must accurately portray the societal facts. This research explores the relationship between anomie and deviance, using immigration as the measurement for anomie and crime as the measurement for deviance. Data measured at the census tract level came from the 2010 U.S. Census and 2009-2011 Uniform Crime Report for Tucson, Arizona. Using an OLS regression model, the results from this research find a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) between anomie and deviance, after controlling for young males, poverty, and ethnicity, three factors known to affect crime. Title: Immigration and crime: Is public opinion pragmatic? Author: Zojonc, Angelique, D There are record numbers of immigrants in the U.S., with no indication of declining in the future. Social debates surrounding issues such as immigration are fragile. It is critical that research and knowledge put out to the public and used by policy makers to create or reform immigration legislation must accurately portray the societal facts. This research explores the relationship between anomie and deviance, using immigration as the measurement for anomie and crime as the measurement for deviance. Data measured at the census tract level came from the 2010 U.S. Census and 2009-2011 Uniform Crime Report for Tucson, Arizona. Using an OLS regression model, the results from this research find a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) between anomie and deviance, after controlling for young males, poverty, and ethnicity, three factors known to affect crime. Close