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• 21. [Image] Advanced Design and Economic Considerations for Commercial Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report

  	Two separate studies, involving advanced design and economic considerations for commercial geothermal power plants using liquid-dominated hydrothermal resources, are presented. In the first study, the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Advanced Design and Economic Considerations for Commercial Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report Author: Bechtel Corporation Year: 1977 Two separate studies, involving advanced design and economic considerations for commercial geothermal power plants using liquid-dominated hydrothermal resources, are presented. In the first study, the effects on design, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost caused by an anticipated decline in available geothermal fluid temperature over the lifetime of power plants are described. A two-stage, flashed-steam energy conversion process was used for the conceptual design of the power plants, which operate from the moderate-temperature, low-salinity reservoir at Heber, California. Plants with net capacities of 50, 100, and 200 MWe (net) were investigated. The results show that it is important to include provision for geothermal fluid temperature decline in the design of power plants to prevent loss of electric energy production capability and to reduce bus bar electric energy costs. In the second study, the technical, economic, and environmental effects of adding regeneration to a 50 MWe (net) power plant employing the multistage-flash/binary process are described. Regeneration is potentially attractive because it recovers waste heat from the turbine exhaust and uses it in the power cycle. However, the pressure drop caused by the introduction of the regenerator decreases the turbine expansion and thus decreases system performance. An innovative approach was taken in the design of the regenerator, which minimized the expected performance degradation of the turbine. The result was that the performance, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost are nearly the same for the processes with and without regeneration. On the other hand, the addition of regeneration has the environmental benefits of substantially reducing heat rejection to the atmosphere and cooling tower makeup and blowdown water requirements. It also increases the temperature of the brine returned to the field for reinjection Title: Advanced Design and Economic Considerations for Commercial Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report Author: Bechtel Corporation Year: 1977 Two separate studies, involving advanced design and economic considerations for commercial geothermal power plants using liquid-dominated hydrothermal resources, are presented. In the first study, the effects on design, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost caused by an anticipated decline in available geothermal fluid temperature over the lifetime of power plants are described. A two-stage, flashed-steam energy conversion process was used for the conceptual design of the power plants, which operate from the moderate-temperature, low-salinity reservoir at Heber, California. Plants with net capacities of 50, 100, and 200 MWe (net) were investigated. The results show that it is important to include provision for geothermal fluid temperature decline in the design of power plants to prevent loss of electric energy production capability and to reduce bus bar electric energy costs. In the second study, the technical, economic, and environmental effects of adding regeneration to a 50 MWe (net) power plant employing the multistage-flash/binary process are described. Regeneration is potentially attractive because it recovers waste heat from the turbine exhaust and uses it in the power cycle. However, the pressure drop caused by the introduction of the regenerator decreases the turbine expansion and thus decreases system performance. An innovative approach was taken in the design of the regenerator, which minimized the expected performance degradation of the turbine. The result was that the performance, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost are nearly the same for the processes with and without regeneration. On the other hand, the addition of regeneration has the environmental benefits of substantially reducing heat rejection to the atmosphere and cooling tower makeup and blowdown water requirements. It also increases the temperature of the brine returned to the field for reinjection Close

• 22. [Image] Draft 100 percent report: Crater Lake transportation study

  	ill.; "August 1989, prepared for: National Park Service." - T.p.; Missing page 39; Includes bibliographical references (p. 40).
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Draft 100 percent report: Crater Lake transportation study Author: Sno-Engineering Inc. Year: 1989, 2009, 2010 ill.; "August 1989, prepared for: National Park Service." - T.p.; Missing page 39; Includes bibliographical references (p. 40). Title: Draft 100 percent report: Crater Lake transportation study Author: Sno-Engineering Inc. Year: 1989, 2009, 2010 ill.; "August 1989, prepared for: National Park Service." - T.p.; Missing page 39; Includes bibliographical references (p. 40). Close

• 23. [Image] DHE (Downhole Heat Exchangers)

  	The use of downhole heat exchangers (DHE) for residential or commercial space and domestic water heating and other applications has several desirable features. Systems are nearly or completely passive ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: DHE (Downhole Heat Exchangers) Author: Culver, G. Year: 1990 The use of downhole heat exchangers (DHE) for residential or commercial space and domestic water heating and other applications has several desirable features. Systems are nearly or completely passive -- that is, no or very little geothermal water or steam is produced from the well either reducing or completely eliminating surface environmental concerns and the need for disposal systems or injection wells. Initial cost of pumps and installation are eliminated or reduced along with pumping power costs and maintenance costs associated with pumping often corrosive geothermal fluids. Many residential and small commercial systems do not require circulating pumps because the density difference in the incoming and outgoing sides of the loop are sufficient to overcome circulating friction losses in the entire system. The major disadvantage of DHEs is their dependence on natural heat flow. In areas where geological conditions provide high permeability and a natural hydraulic gradient, DHEs can provide a substantial quantity of heat. A single 500-ft (152 m) well in Klamath Falls, Oregon, supplies over one megawatt thermal and output is apparently limited by the surface area of pipe that can be installed in the well bore. In contrast, DHEs used in conjunction with heat pumps may supply less than 8 KW from a well of similar depth. Here output is limited by conductive heat flow with perhaps a small contribution from convection near the well bore. The highest capacity DHE reported to date, in Turkey, supplies 6 MW thermal from an 820-ft (250 m) well. There were two main goals for this project. The first was to gather, disseminate and exchange internationally information on DHEs. The second was to perform experiments that would provide insight into well bore/aquifer interaction and thereby provide more information on which to base DHE designs. 27 refs., 31 figs., 3 tabs. Title: DHE (Downhole Heat Exchangers) Author: Culver, G. Year: 1990 The use of downhole heat exchangers (DHE) for residential or commercial space and domestic water heating and other applications has several desirable features. Systems are nearly or completely passive -- that is, no or very little geothermal water or steam is produced from the well either reducing or completely eliminating surface environmental concerns and the need for disposal systems or injection wells. Initial cost of pumps and installation are eliminated or reduced along with pumping power costs and maintenance costs associated with pumping often corrosive geothermal fluids. Many residential and small commercial systems do not require circulating pumps because the density difference in the incoming and outgoing sides of the loop are sufficient to overcome circulating friction losses in the entire system. The major disadvantage of DHEs is their dependence on natural heat flow. In areas where geological conditions provide high permeability and a natural hydraulic gradient, DHEs can provide a substantial quantity of heat. A single 500-ft (152 m) well in Klamath Falls, Oregon, supplies over one megawatt thermal and output is apparently limited by the surface area of pipe that can be installed in the well bore. In contrast, DHEs used in conjunction with heat pumps may supply less than 8 KW from a well of similar depth. Here output is limited by conductive heat flow with perhaps a small contribution from convection near the well bore. The highest capacity DHE reported to date, in Turkey, supplies 6 MW thermal from an 820-ft (250 m) well. There were two main goals for this project. The first was to gather, disseminate and exchange internationally information on DHEs. The second was to perform experiments that would provide insight into well bore/aquifer interaction and thereby provide more information on which to base DHE designs. 27 refs., 31 figs., 3 tabs. Close

• 24. [Image] Santa Rosa Geysers Recharge Project: GEO-98-001 Final Report

  	In May of 1999, the City of Santa Rosa working cooperatively with Unocal, Calpine and the State Lands Commission submitted an application for funding from the California Energy Commission's Geothermal ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Santa Rosa Geysers Recharge Project: GEO-98-001 Final Report Author: Brauner, Jr. , E. Year: 2002 In May of 1999, the City of Santa Rosa working cooperatively with Unocal, Calpine and the State Lands Commission submitted an application for funding from the California Energy Commission's Geothermal Program for the City of Santa Rosa's Geysers Recharge project. On October 6, 2000 a contract for Project Number GEO-98-00 1 was executed by the California Energy Commission. This contract provided $3,563,000 in CEC funding. The project is now near completion and the CEC funding has been expended as anticipated. Prior to closing out the contract, Subtasks 5.2.3, - "Final Report" is required per the approved workplan Title: Santa Rosa Geysers Recharge Project: GEO-98-001 Final Report Author: Brauner, Jr. , E. Year: 2002 In May of 1999, the City of Santa Rosa working cooperatively with Unocal, Calpine and the State Lands Commission submitted an application for funding from the California Energy Commission's Geothermal Program for the City of Santa Rosa's Geysers Recharge project. On October 6, 2000 a contract for Project Number GEO-98-00 1 was executed by the California Energy Commission. This contract provided $3,563,000 in CEC funding. The project is now near completion and the CEC funding has been expended as anticipated. Prior to closing out the contract, Subtasks 5.2.3, - "Final Report" is required per the approved workplan Close

• 25. [Image] Trout studies and a stream survey of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	Ill., map; Typescript; Map of Crater Lake National Park and vicinity, issued by the U.S. Geological Survey, edition of 1946; Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State College, 1948; Includes bibliographical references ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trout studies and a stream survey of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Wallis, O. L. Year: 1948, 2008 Ill., map; Typescript; Map of Crater Lake National Park and vicinity, issued by the U.S. Geological Survey, edition of 1946; Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State College, 1948; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-120) Title: Trout studies and a stream survey of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Wallis, O. L. Year: 1948, 2008 Ill., map; Typescript; Map of Crater Lake National Park and vicinity, issued by the U.S. Geological Survey, edition of 1946; Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State College, 1948; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-120) Close

• 26. [Image] Industry Participation in DOE-Sponsored Geopressured Geothermal Resource Development

  	The Salt Water Disposal Study reviewed subsurface salt water disposal experience on the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast. This preliminary study concluded that subsurface brine disposal should be possible ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Industry Participation in DOE-Sponsored Geopressured Geothermal Resource Development Author: Coffer, H. F Year: 1979 The Salt Water Disposal Study reviewed subsurface salt water disposal experience on the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast. This preliminary study concluded that subsurface brine disposal should be possible in the areas of interest with adequate evaluation of the geology of each area and a well designed and constructed surface and subsurface facility. The industry survey indicated general satisfactory with the technical design of the resource evaluation program but felt the program should be moving faster. Excellent communication with industry had been maintained through the forum meetings and the status reports Title: Industry Participation in DOE-Sponsored Geopressured Geothermal Resource Development Author: Coffer, H. F Year: 1979 The Salt Water Disposal Study reviewed subsurface salt water disposal experience on the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast. This preliminary study concluded that subsurface brine disposal should be possible in the areas of interest with adequate evaluation of the geology of each area and a well designed and constructed surface and subsurface facility. The industry survey indicated general satisfactory with the technical design of the resource evaluation program but felt the program should be moving faster. Excellent communication with industry had been maintained through the forum meetings and the status reports Close

• 27. [Image] Utah Geothermal Commercialization Project, Final Report April 1979 - March 1985

  	This report summarizes the results of these tasks and references the specific reports in which they can be found. The benefits of the project to the state are discussed, including the passage of state ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Utah Geothermal Commercialization Project, Final Report April 1979 - March 1985 Author: Division of Water Rights Year: 1985 This report summarizes the results of these tasks and references the specific reports in which they can be found. The benefits of the project to the state are discussed, including the passage of state legislation dealing with the regulation of geothermal development in the state, and providing a source of information and assistance within the state for potential developers Title: Utah Geothermal Commercialization Project, Final Report April 1979 - March 1985 Author: Division of Water Rights Year: 1985 This report summarizes the results of these tasks and references the specific reports in which they can be found. The benefits of the project to the state are discussed, including the passage of state legislation dealing with the regulation of geothermal development in the state, and providing a source of information and assistance within the state for potential developers Close

• 28. [Image] Geothermal Energy as a Source of Electricity

  	Work on this survey teaches that electricity from geothermal resources is viable, and that its commercial risks are no different from those associated with the established and more familiar technologies. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Energy as a Source of Electricity Author: DiPippo, R. (ed.) Year: 1980 Work on this survey teaches that electricity from geothermal resources is viable, and that its commercial risks are no different from those associated with the established and more familiar technologies. Geothermal power has proved beneficial for a number of countries, and will play a particularly important role in such developing countries as El Salvador and the Philippines, primarily because of its simplicity of construction, operation, and maintenance. It has demonstrated the ability to achieve capacity factors (ratio of kilowatt-hours produced per annum to the maximum possible) exceeding 80%. The comparable figure for fossil plants is only about 50%. In those applications, geothermal power has proved to be economical, and clearly less expensive than installations using oil, coal or nuclear fuel Title: Geothermal Energy as a Source of Electricity Author: DiPippo, R. (ed.) Year: 1980 Work on this survey teaches that electricity from geothermal resources is viable, and that its commercial risks are no different from those associated with the established and more familiar technologies. Geothermal power has proved beneficial for a number of countries, and will play a particularly important role in such developing countries as El Salvador and the Philippines, primarily because of its simplicity of construction, operation, and maintenance. It has demonstrated the ability to achieve capacity factors (ratio of kilowatt-hours produced per annum to the maximum possible) exceeding 80%. The comparable figure for fossil plants is only about 50%. In those applications, geothermal power has proved to be economical, and clearly less expensive than installations using oil, coal or nuclear fuel Close

• 29. [Image] Geothermal Injection Treatment: Process Chemistry, Field Experiences, And Design Options

  	The successful development of geothermal reservoirs to generate electric power will require the injection disposal of approximately 700,000 gal/h (2.0 x 106 l/h) of heat-depleted brine for every 50,000 ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Injection Treatment: Process Chemistry, Field Experiences, And Design Options Author: Kindle, C. H. Year: 1984 The successful development of geothermal reservoirs to generate electric power will require the injection disposal of approximately 700,000 gal/h (2.0 x 106 l/h) of heat-depleted brine for every 50,000 kW of generating capacity. To maintain injectability, the spent brine must be compatible with the receiving formation. The factors that influence this brine/formation compatibility and tests to quantify them are discussed in this report Title: Geothermal Injection Treatment: Process Chemistry, Field Experiences, And Design Options Author: Kindle, C. H. Year: 1984 The successful development of geothermal reservoirs to generate electric power will require the injection disposal of approximately 700,000 gal/h (2.0 x 106 l/h) of heat-depleted brine for every 50,000 kW of generating capacity. To maintain injectability, the spent brine must be compatible with the receiving formation. The factors that influence this brine/formation compatibility and tests to quantify them are discussed in this report Close

• 30. [Image] Issue Alert: Selling South: BPA Seeks Ways of Marketing Surplus Power to the Pacific Northwest

  	As the Federal wholesaler of electric energy in the Pacific Northwest, SPA currently finds itself with an embarrassment of riches: more power than the Northwest can use. In fact, for at least the next ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Issue Alert: Selling South: BPA Seeks Ways of Marketing Surplus Power to the Pacific Northwest Author: Bonneville Power Administration Year: 1985 As the Federal wholesaler of electric energy in the Pacific Northwest, SPA currently finds itself with an embarrassment of riches: more power than the Northwest can use. In fact, for at least the next five years, SPA expects to have enough guaranteed or "firm" surplus energy to serve the entire needs of another Seattle, with energy to spare. SPA also expects to have a surplus of "capacity" (to serve loads in peak periods) for a longer period probably for at least 20 years Title: Issue Alert: Selling South: BPA Seeks Ways of Marketing Surplus Power to the Pacific Northwest Author: Bonneville Power Administration Year: 1985 As the Federal wholesaler of electric energy in the Pacific Northwest, SPA currently finds itself with an embarrassment of riches: more power than the Northwest can use. In fact, for at least the next five years, SPA expects to have enough guaranteed or "firm" surplus energy to serve the entire needs of another Seattle, with energy to spare. SPA also expects to have a surplus of "capacity" (to serve loads in peak periods) for a longer period probably for at least 20 years Close