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• 101. [Article] Chemical features of the Columbia River plume off Oregon

  An intensive chemical investigation, that includes the determinations of salinity, oxygen, nutrients, pH, alkalinity, and total carbon dioxide of the Columbia River plume off the Oregon coast in July 1967 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chemical features of the Columbia River plume off Oregon Author: Cissell, Milton Charles An intensive chemical investigation, that includes the determinations of salinity, oxygen, nutrients, pH, alkalinity, and total carbon dioxide of the Columbia River plume off the Oregon coast in July 1967 shows the following unique features: 1. Along the axis of the river plume both the salinity minimum and temperature maximum occur. The location of these extrema at zero, ten, twenty meters depths differ considerably, suggesting different patterns of water flow at different depths. 2. Throughout the plume region, at salinities less than 32.5%, the plume water is supersaturated with respect to dissolved oxygen, and a subsurface oxygen maximum exists at the depths of 3.0-50 meters. 3. The relationship between apparent oxygen production by marine organisms and nutrient concentrations shows biological production of dissolved oxygen is a definite cause for the oxygen supersaturation in the plume region. 4. The plume area off Oregon is a source of oxygen transfer from the ocean into the atmosphere. Title: Chemical features of the Columbia River plume off Oregon Author: Cissell, Milton Charles An intensive chemical investigation, that includes the determinations of salinity, oxygen, nutrients, pH, alkalinity, and total carbon dioxide of the Columbia River plume off the Oregon coast in July 1967 shows the following unique features: 1. Along the axis of the river plume both the salinity minimum and temperature maximum occur. The location of these extrema at zero, ten, twenty meters depths differ considerably, suggesting different patterns of water flow at different depths. 2. Throughout the plume region, at salinities less than 32.5%, the plume water is supersaturated with respect to dissolved oxygen, and a subsurface oxygen maximum exists at the depths of 3.0-50 meters. 3. The relationship between apparent oxygen production by marine organisms and nutrient concentrations shows biological production of dissolved oxygen is a definite cause for the oxygen supersaturation in the plume region. 4. The plume area off Oregon is a source of oxygen transfer from the ocean into the atmosphere. Close

• 102. [Article] Growth and production of salmonids exposed to a stabilized Kraft mill effluent in experimental stream channels

  The growth and production of brown trout, Salmo trutta Linnaeus, exposed to a concentration of 0.65 mg/l BOD (4.1 percent by volume) stabilized kraft mill effluent (KME) were studied from October 1973 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth and production of salmonids exposed to a stabilized Kraft mill effluent in experimental stream channels Author: Mower, Barry Francis The growth and production of brown trout, Salmo trutta Linnaeus, exposed to a concentration of 0.65 mg/l BOD (4.1 percent by volume) stabilized kraft mill effluent (KME) were studied from October 1973 until May 1974 in three experimental stream channels located near a kraft mill in Albany, Oregon. Growth rate was generrally influenced by stream temperature and was modified by changing food biomass until April, as productivities of the streams for fish constantly changed. On the basis of theoretical production-biomass and growth rate-biomass relationships developed from a model, there appeared to be no consistent adverse effect of 0.65 mg/l BOD SKME on the growth and production of brown trout. The model demonstrated possible periodic effects of SKME on growth and production. At times the fish may have been affected directly or indirectly through influences on the biomasses of important food organisms which were identified from analysis of trout stomach contents. In a separate experiment, the survival and development of steelhead, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, embryos and alevins were not adversely affected by the 0.65 mg/l BOD concentration of SKME in spawning channels under adequate conditions of water flow and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Title: Growth and production of salmonids exposed to a stabilized Kraft mill effluent in experimental stream channels Author: Mower, Barry Francis The growth and production of brown trout, Salmo trutta Linnaeus, exposed to a concentration of 0.65 mg/l BOD (4.1 percent by volume) stabilized kraft mill effluent (KME) were studied from October 1973 until May 1974 in three experimental stream channels located near a kraft mill in Albany, Oregon. Growth rate was generrally influenced by stream temperature and was modified by changing food biomass until April, as productivities of the streams for fish constantly changed. On the basis of theoretical production-biomass and growth rate-biomass relationships developed from a model, there appeared to be no consistent adverse effect of 0.65 mg/l BOD SKME on the growth and production of brown trout. The model demonstrated possible periodic effects of SKME on growth and production. At times the fish may have been affected directly or indirectly through influences on the biomasses of important food organisms which were identified from analysis of trout stomach contents. In a separate experiment, the survival and development of steelhead, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, embryos and alevins were not adversely affected by the 0.65 mg/l BOD concentration of SKME in spawning channels under adequate conditions of water flow and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Close

• 103. [Article] 2009 dryland agricultural research annual report

  Published June 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 2009 dryland agricultural research annual report Author: Long, Dan, Petrie, S. E., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published June 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: 2009 dryland agricultural research annual report Author: Long, Dan, Petrie, S. E., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published June 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 104. [Article] Emergent thermodynamics in a system of macroscopic, chaotic surface waves

  The properties of conventional materials are inextricably linked with their molecular composition; to make water flow like wine would require changing its molecular identity. To circumvent this restriction, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Emergent thermodynamics in a system of macroscopic, chaotic surface waves Author: Welch, Kyle Year: 2016 The properties of conventional materials are inextricably linked with their molecular composition; to make water flow like wine would require changing its molecular identity. To circumvent this restriction, I have contstructed and characterized a two-dimensional metafluid, so-called because its constitutive dynamics are derived not from atoms and molecules but from macroscopic, chaotic surface waves excited on a vertically agitated fluid. Unlike in conventional fluids, the viscosity and temperature of this metafluid are independantly tunable. Despite this unconventional property, our system is surprisingly consistent with equilibrium thermodynamics, despite being constructed from macroscopic, non-equilibrium elements. As a programmable material, our metafluid represents a new platform on which to study complex phenomena such as self-assembly and pattern formation. We demonstrate one such application in our study of short-chain polymer analogs embedded in our system. Title: Emergent thermodynamics in a system of macroscopic, chaotic surface waves Author: Welch, Kyle Year: 2016 The properties of conventional materials are inextricably linked with their molecular composition; to make water flow like wine would require changing its molecular identity. To circumvent this restriction, I have contstructed and characterized a two-dimensional metafluid, so-called because its constitutive dynamics are derived not from atoms and molecules but from macroscopic, chaotic surface waves excited on a vertically agitated fluid. Unlike in conventional fluids, the viscosity and temperature of this metafluid are independantly tunable. Despite this unconventional property, our system is surprisingly consistent with equilibrium thermodynamics, despite being constructed from macroscopic, non-equilibrium elements. As a programmable material, our metafluid represents a new platform on which to study complex phenomena such as self-assembly and pattern formation. We demonstrate one such application in our study of short-chain polymer analogs embedded in our system. Close

• 105. [Article] Connectivity among straits of the northwest Pacific marginal seas

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Connectivity among straits of the northwest Pacific marginal seas Author: Cho, Yang-Ki, Kim, Sangil, Choi, Byoung-Ju, Kim, Young-Gyu, Youn, Yong-Hoon, Seo, Gwang-Ho, Dever, Edward P. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Connectivity among straits of the northwest Pacific marginal seas Author: Cho, Yang-Ki, Kim, Sangil, Choi, Byoung-Ju, Kim, Young-Gyu, Youn, Yong-Hoon, Seo, Gwang-Ho, Dever, Edward P. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 106. [Article] Patterns of CaCO₃deposition in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean for the last 150 kyr: Evidence for a southeast Pacific depositional spike during marine isotope stage (MIS) 2

  Copyright 2002 by the American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns of CaCO₃deposition in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean for the last 150 kyr: Evidence for a southeast Pacific depositional spike during marine isotope stage (MIS) 2 Author: Pisias, Nicklas G., Mix, Alan C., Lyle, Mitchell Copyright 2002 by the American Geophysical Union Title: Patterns of CaCO₃deposition in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean for the last 150 kyr: Evidence for a southeast Pacific depositional spike during marine isotope stage (MIS) 2 Author: Pisias, Nicklas G., Mix, Alan C., Lyle, Mitchell Copyright 2002 by the American Geophysical Union Close

• 107. [Article] Surface Water Interaction with “Confined” Columbia River Basalt Aquifers – Impacts to Streams from Declining Groundwater Levels near Mosier, Oregon

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface Water Interaction with “Confined” Columbia River Basalt Aquifers – Impacts to Streams from Declining Groundwater Levels near Mosier, Oregon Author: Lite Jr., Kenneth E. Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Surface Water Interaction with “Confined” Columbia River Basalt Aquifers – Impacts to Streams from Declining Groundwater Levels near Mosier, Oregon Author: Lite Jr., Kenneth E. Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 108. [Article] Review of Estimates of ground-water recharge, base flow, and stream reach gains and losses in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon

  1 p. Review produced for HC 441: Science Colloquium: Willamette River Environmental Health, Robert D. Clark Honors College, University of Oregon, Spring term, 2004.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Review of Estimates of ground-water recharge, base flow, and stream reach gains and losses in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon Author: Gordon, Eleanor, Lee, Karl K., Risley, John C., Geological Survey (U.S.) Year: 2006, 2004 1 p. Review produced for HC 441: Science Colloquium: Willamette River Environmental Health, Robert D. Clark Honors College, University of Oregon, Spring term, 2004. Title: Review of Estimates of ground-water recharge, base flow, and stream reach gains and losses in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon Author: Gordon, Eleanor, Lee, Karl K., Risley, John C., Geological Survey (U.S.) Year: 2006, 2004 1 p. Review produced for HC 441: Science Colloquium: Willamette River Environmental Health, Robert D. Clark Honors College, University of Oregon, Spring term, 2004. Close

• 109. [Article] Development of a Numerical Model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM (Groundwater-surface water modeling of the Walla Walla Basin Using IWFM)

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a Numerical Model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM (Groundwater-surface water modeling of the Walla Walla Basin Using IWFM) Author: Scherberg, Jacob, Baker, Troy, Henry, Rick, Selker, John, Petrides-Jimenez, Aristides Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Development of a Numerical Model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM (Groundwater-surface water modeling of the Walla Walla Basin Using IWFM) Author: Scherberg, Jacob, Baker, Troy, Henry, Rick, Selker, John, Petrides-Jimenez, Aristides Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 110. [Article] An analysis of the control and economics of a three-pipe heat pump system

  The use of a three-pipe distribution system is known to impair the operating costs of an air conditioning system. Additional costs are encountered because heating water and cooling water are mixed in a ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of the control and economics of a three-pipe heat pump system Author: Waymire, James Lee The use of a three-pipe distribution system is known to impair the operating costs of an air conditioning system. Additional costs are encountered because heating water and cooling water are mixed in a common return pipe after use by the various air conditioning units. This investigation covers the design and installation of an automatic temperature control system to operate a heat pump air conditioning system utilizing a three-pipe distribution system. The investigation also was directed toward the study of the economics of the three-pipe system while in use providing heating and cooling to an industrial plant. The experiment was performed with a centrifugal refrigeration compressor heat pump of 497 tons of refrigeration capacity. Tests were conducted at outside air temperatures of 42, 51.5, and 53°F. During each test, heating water flow, cooling water flow, heating supply water temperature, cooling supply water temperature, common return water temperature, and cooling return water temperature were measured. Sufficient data were recorded, during each test, to determine the heating load, cooling load, and operating penalty due to the mixed flow condition in the common return. These results were correlated with outside temperature occurrence data to determine the additional annual operating cost encountered because of the use of a three-pipe system. The additional annual owning cost of a conventional four-pipe system above that of the three-pipe system was determined. This cost included items for depreciation, interest, and taxes. A comparison between the annual owning and operating costs of the three-pipe system and the four-pipe system was made. It was determined that the three-pipe system installed in the particular industrial plant investigated exhibits a cost approximately one-third of that of the conventional system used for comparison. It was determined that the three-pipe system would become relatively less costly to own and operate if applied to a system with similar loads in all areas, if used with a heat pump system, and if used with a system employing final heat transfer elements selected for as high a water temperature drop or rise as possible. The three-pipe system would become relatively more costly to own and operate if the system piping runs were short, if the individual air conditioning units were larger, and if a system employing separate heating and cooling sources was used. Title: An analysis of the control and economics of a three-pipe heat pump system Author: Waymire, James Lee The use of a three-pipe distribution system is known to impair the operating costs of an air conditioning system. Additional costs are encountered because heating water and cooling water are mixed in a common return pipe after use by the various air conditioning units. This investigation covers the design and installation of an automatic temperature control system to operate a heat pump air conditioning system utilizing a three-pipe distribution system. The investigation also was directed toward the study of the economics of the three-pipe system while in use providing heating and cooling to an industrial plant. The experiment was performed with a centrifugal refrigeration compressor heat pump of 497 tons of refrigeration capacity. Tests were conducted at outside air temperatures of 42, 51.5, and 53°F. During each test, heating water flow, cooling water flow, heating supply water temperature, cooling supply water temperature, common return water temperature, and cooling return water temperature were measured. Sufficient data were recorded, during each test, to determine the heating load, cooling load, and operating penalty due to the mixed flow condition in the common return. These results were correlated with outside temperature occurrence data to determine the additional annual operating cost encountered because of the use of a three-pipe system. The additional annual owning cost of a conventional four-pipe system above that of the three-pipe system was determined. This cost included items for depreciation, interest, and taxes. A comparison between the annual owning and operating costs of the three-pipe system and the four-pipe system was made. It was determined that the three-pipe system installed in the particular industrial plant investigated exhibits a cost approximately one-third of that of the conventional system used for comparison. It was determined that the three-pipe system would become relatively less costly to own and operate if applied to a system with similar loads in all areas, if used with a heat pump system, and if used with a system employing final heat transfer elements selected for as high a water temperature drop or rise as possible. The three-pipe system would become relatively more costly to own and operate if the system piping runs were short, if the individual air conditioning units were larger, and if a system employing separate heating and cooling sources was used. Close

• 111. [Article] The Willamette River fishes as biological indicators of pollution

  An investigation of the fishes of the Willamette River and three of its larger tributaries was made during July, August, September, and November of 1951, to ascertain the possibility of using them as bio-indices ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Willamette River fishes as biological indicators of pollution Author: Noble, Richard Earl An investigation of the fishes of the Willamette River and three of its larger tributaries was made during July, August, September, and November of 1951, to ascertain the possibility of using them as bio-indices of pollution. Thirteen stations were established on the Willamette River and tributaries. These stations were selected in respect to the major tributaries, cities, and sources of pollution. Two stations were located on the McKenzie river; two on the North Fork of the Santiam River; eight on the main stem of the Willamette River from above Eugene to Oregon City; and one on the Clackamas River. Fishes were collected at each station by means of a seine. The fishes were preserved in a 10 percent formalin solution and returned to Corvallis where they were classified as to species and the numbers of each recorded. Stomach analysis were performed on a portion of the fishes collected from each of the stations. In an attempt to determine the affect of pollution on the fishes of an area, the samples from a clean-water station were compared with those taken from a polluted station. From this survey a tentative list of fishes which were sensitive, intermediate and tolerant to pollution was formed. In general, the trout, salmon, whitefishes and sculpins were found to be sensitive; falcate dace, white crappie, smallmouth black bass, mountain suckers, and longnosed dace were intermediate; and redsided shiner, blacksided dace, coarse-scaled sucker, three-spined stickle back, squawfish, bullhead catfish, chiselmouth, largemouth black bass, Columbia River chub, and larvae of the Pacific lamprey were tolerant. It was found that even the most tolerant fishes disappeared when pollution was excessive. In addition to the biological data collected at each station, certain chemical and physical tests were also determined. Air and water temperatures were taken, along with hydrogen-ion concentration (pH), and dissolved oxygen content of the water. Bio-chemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) readings were taken at some of the stations by the Oregon State Sanitary Authority. River flow measurements were obtained from U.S.G.S. records for the gage at Salem, Oregon. The physical and chemical tests were used in conjunction with the biological findings to determine the condition of each station. Water flow data was used to determine low water periods. Chemical, physical and water flow data are shown in table form as well as graphically. The numbers of each species of fish and the food organisms found by stomach analysis are listed for each monthly sample and these data are also shown in table form. According to observations from this survey there was a definite indication that pollution can be detected by using the species, numbers and stomach contents of fishes from a waterway. Title: The Willamette River fishes as biological indicators of pollution Author: Noble, Richard Earl An investigation of the fishes of the Willamette River and three of its larger tributaries was made during July, August, September, and November of 1951, to ascertain the possibility of using them as bio-indices of pollution. Thirteen stations were established on the Willamette River and tributaries. These stations were selected in respect to the major tributaries, cities, and sources of pollution. Two stations were located on the McKenzie river; two on the North Fork of the Santiam River; eight on the main stem of the Willamette River from above Eugene to Oregon City; and one on the Clackamas River. Fishes were collected at each station by means of a seine. The fishes were preserved in a 10 percent formalin solution and returned to Corvallis where they were classified as to species and the numbers of each recorded. Stomach analysis were performed on a portion of the fishes collected from each of the stations. In an attempt to determine the affect of pollution on the fishes of an area, the samples from a clean-water station were compared with those taken from a polluted station. From this survey a tentative list of fishes which were sensitive, intermediate and tolerant to pollution was formed. In general, the trout, salmon, whitefishes and sculpins were found to be sensitive; falcate dace, white crappie, smallmouth black bass, mountain suckers, and longnosed dace were intermediate; and redsided shiner, blacksided dace, coarse-scaled sucker, three-spined stickle back, squawfish, bullhead catfish, chiselmouth, largemouth black bass, Columbia River chub, and larvae of the Pacific lamprey were tolerant. It was found that even the most tolerant fishes disappeared when pollution was excessive. In addition to the biological data collected at each station, certain chemical and physical tests were also determined. Air and water temperatures were taken, along with hydrogen-ion concentration (pH), and dissolved oxygen content of the water. Bio-chemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) readings were taken at some of the stations by the Oregon State Sanitary Authority. River flow measurements were obtained from U.S.G.S. records for the gage at Salem, Oregon. The physical and chemical tests were used in conjunction with the biological findings to determine the condition of each station. Water flow data was used to determine low water periods. Chemical, physical and water flow data are shown in table form as well as graphically. The numbers of each species of fish and the food organisms found by stomach analysis are listed for each monthly sample and these data are also shown in table form. According to observations from this survey there was a definite indication that pollution can be detected by using the species, numbers and stomach contents of fishes from a waterway. Close

• 112. [Article] Dynamic simulation model of transpiration process with stomatal control mechanism

  Because the life processes of the plant are related in a complex way to the balance between the water demand of the atmosphere and the water availability to the plant root, an exploration of the dynamic status ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dynamic simulation model of transpiration process with stomatal control mechanism Author: Woo, Kwang Bang Because the life processes of the plant are related in a complex way to the balance between the water demand of the atmosphere and the water availability to the plant root, an exploration of the dynamic status of water in the plant is very important. The stomata constitute the main regulating system on the leaf transpiration. At the present time, no integrated analysis of the dynamic system of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and the stomatal control mechanism of the plant is possible by means of classical soil physics and biophysics. As an approach to the integrated analysis, a simulation model of the transpiration process with the stomatal control mechanism is presented. Van den Honert suggested the use of Ohm's law describing water flow into, through, and out of plants. In the present study, this hypothesis is expanded to include an analogous storage factor to deal with the dynamic flow of water in the plant. A set of differential equations for water transport in the plant is expressed in terms of the water potential variable. The dynamic description of the water status in the plant is then completed by introducing the system gain which is a function of both the transpiration rate and the soil water condition. The present study on the photosynthetic process is mainly concerned with the diffusion and photochemical processes of the plant-CO₂ system. For the diffusion process of CO₂ through the leaf, two kinds of storage factors have been developed: (1) one for CO₂ reduction process and (2) one for CO₂ storage process. The photosynthetic process is related to the light response of the stomatal movement. The real mechanism of stomatal movement in leaves is still unknown. Many biologists are reviewing (1) a turgor mechanism and (2) the active water transfer theory in the guard cells as an explanation of stomatal movement. Based on their conclusions, a possible model of the stomatal control mechanism is proposed. Adaptive control theory is applied to the development of a model. The resultant model shows a balancing type of the control mechanism. The transfer functions of each part of the system are derived. The dynamic system gain of the transpiration process is realized by the similar type of the Corbin's method of a computer-controlled adaptive control system. The entire system is then simulated on an analog computer; its dynamic characteristics with consideration of various environmental effects are investigated. Title: Dynamic simulation model of transpiration process with stomatal control mechanism Author: Woo, Kwang Bang Because the life processes of the plant are related in a complex way to the balance between the water demand of the atmosphere and the water availability to the plant root, an exploration of the dynamic status of water in the plant is very important. The stomata constitute the main regulating system on the leaf transpiration. At the present time, no integrated analysis of the dynamic system of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and the stomatal control mechanism of the plant is possible by means of classical soil physics and biophysics. As an approach to the integrated analysis, a simulation model of the transpiration process with the stomatal control mechanism is presented. Van den Honert suggested the use of Ohm's law describing water flow into, through, and out of plants. In the present study, this hypothesis is expanded to include an analogous storage factor to deal with the dynamic flow of water in the plant. A set of differential equations for water transport in the plant is expressed in terms of the water potential variable. The dynamic description of the water status in the plant is then completed by introducing the system gain which is a function of both the transpiration rate and the soil water condition. The present study on the photosynthetic process is mainly concerned with the diffusion and photochemical processes of the plant-CO₂ system. For the diffusion process of CO₂ through the leaf, two kinds of storage factors have been developed: (1) one for CO₂ reduction process and (2) one for CO₂ storage process. The photosynthetic process is related to the light response of the stomatal movement. The real mechanism of stomatal movement in leaves is still unknown. Many biologists are reviewing (1) a turgor mechanism and (2) the active water transfer theory in the guard cells as an explanation of stomatal movement. Based on their conclusions, a possible model of the stomatal control mechanism is proposed. Adaptive control theory is applied to the development of a model. The resultant model shows a balancing type of the control mechanism. The transfer functions of each part of the system are derived. The dynamic system gain of the transpiration process is realized by the similar type of the Corbin's method of a computer-controlled adaptive control system. The entire system is then simulated on an analog computer; its dynamic characteristics with consideration of various environmental effects are investigated. Close

• 113. [Article] Simulation and field validation of heat and water flow during soil freezing and thawing

  Freeze/thaw cycles are numerous in agricultural soils of the Pacific Northwest. Potential loss of soil by erosion is high whenever a soil thaws from the surface creating a saturated soil overlying an impermeable ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Simulation and field validation of heat and water flow during soil freezing and thawing Author: Pikul, Joseph Lawrence Freeze/thaw cycles are numerous in agricultural soils of the Pacific Northwest. Potential loss of soil by erosion is high whenever a soil thaws from the surface creating a saturated soil overlying an impermeable frozen layer. Field studies were conducted to investigate the effect of surface residue on soil freezing. Residue treatments were: 1) bare surface, B; 2) standing stubble with no straw mulch between the rows, SSNM; and 3) standing stubble with straw mulch between the rows, SSM. Water migration to the freezing surface and freezing depth were partially controlled through the mulch cover which thermally insulated the soil. The SSM and SSNM treatments reduced the depth of frost penetration by an average of 35% compared to the B treatment, even in the absence of snow cover. During one diurnal freeze/thaw cycle the soil froze to 1.5 cm on the B treatment; the soil on the SSM treatment did not freeze. Water content of the 0- to 0.5-cm layer increased from 0.31 at 1800 hours to 0.57 cm³ /cm³ at 0600 hours on the B treatment. On the unfrozen SSM treatment, water content increased from 0.34 to 0.40 cm³ /cm³ during this same time. Soil heat and water flux during a 19-hour freezing and thawing cycle was numerically simulated using finite differences. The model couples the heat and water flux equations at sub-zero temperatures by the change in soil ice content. An experimental relationship between unfrozen water and sub-zero temperature was used to couple the heat and water flow equations and estimate the change in soil ice content. Field measurements of soil temperature, water content and frost depth were used to validate the model. Measured versus simulated soil temperature at the 1-cm depth resulted in an r² = .995. Standard error of the estimate was .63 °C. Simulated ice and water content of the 0- to 1-cm soil layer, at the time of maximum frost penetration, was .48 g/g, which compares to a measured value of .44 g/g. Simulated maximum frost depth was 2 cm, which compares to a measured depth of 1.5 cm. These results validate the usefulness of this model in simulation studies and also support the methods used to obtain the heat and water transport coefficients for this field soil. Title: Simulation and field validation of heat and water flow during soil freezing and thawing Author: Pikul, Joseph Lawrence Freeze/thaw cycles are numerous in agricultural soils of the Pacific Northwest. Potential loss of soil by erosion is high whenever a soil thaws from the surface creating a saturated soil overlying an impermeable frozen layer. Field studies were conducted to investigate the effect of surface residue on soil freezing. Residue treatments were: 1) bare surface, B; 2) standing stubble with no straw mulch between the rows, SSNM; and 3) standing stubble with straw mulch between the rows, SSM. Water migration to the freezing surface and freezing depth were partially controlled through the mulch cover which thermally insulated the soil. The SSM and SSNM treatments reduced the depth of frost penetration by an average of 35% compared to the B treatment, even in the absence of snow cover. During one diurnal freeze/thaw cycle the soil froze to 1.5 cm on the B treatment; the soil on the SSM treatment did not freeze. Water content of the 0- to 0.5-cm layer increased from 0.31 at 1800 hours to 0.57 cm³ /cm³ at 0600 hours on the B treatment. On the unfrozen SSM treatment, water content increased from 0.34 to 0.40 cm³ /cm³ during this same time. Soil heat and water flux during a 19-hour freezing and thawing cycle was numerically simulated using finite differences. The model couples the heat and water flux equations at sub-zero temperatures by the change in soil ice content. An experimental relationship between unfrozen water and sub-zero temperature was used to couple the heat and water flow equations and estimate the change in soil ice content. Field measurements of soil temperature, water content and frost depth were used to validate the model. Measured versus simulated soil temperature at the 1-cm depth resulted in an r² = .995. Standard error of the estimate was .63 °C. Simulated ice and water content of the 0- to 1-cm soil layer, at the time of maximum frost penetration, was .48 g/g, which compares to a measured value of .44 g/g. Simulated maximum frost depth was 2 cm, which compares to a measured depth of 1.5 cm. These results validate the usefulness of this model in simulation studies and also support the methods used to obtain the heat and water transport coefficients for this field soil. Close

• 114. [Image] Pumping Plant A - showing subsurface conditions in Southeast corner of excavation for the plant

  	KP-1099-R2 - Klamath Project. Vertical cracks, varying in width up to 3" form subterranean channels for flow of water. Approximately 1/4 sec. ft. of water is shown flowing from the crack. The top surface ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pumping Plant A - showing subsurface conditions in Southeast corner of excavation for the plant Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Hopkins, R.S. Year: 1945, 2006, 2005 KP-1099-R2 - Klamath Project. Vertical cracks, varying in width up to 3" form subterranean channels for flow of water. Approximately 1/4 sec. ft. of water is shown flowing from the crack. The top surface of the cracked material is at approximate elevation 4023. The 2" X 6" X 15" piece of wood shown gives a comparison of size; March 15, 1945; Photo by R. S. Hopkins Title: Pumping Plant A - showing subsurface conditions in Southeast corner of excavation for the plant Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Hopkins, R.S. Year: 1945, 2006, 2005 KP-1099-R2 - Klamath Project. Vertical cracks, varying in width up to 3" form subterranean channels for flow of water. Approximately 1/4 sec. ft. of water is shown flowing from the crack. The top surface of the cracked material is at approximate elevation 4023. The 2" X 6" X 15" piece of wood shown gives a comparison of size; March 15, 1945; Photo by R. S. Hopkins Close

• 115. [Article] Feedback Between Residual Circulations and Sediment Distribution in Highly Turbid Estuaries: An Analytical Model

  Motivated by field studies of the Ems estuary which show longitudinal gradients in bottom sediment concentration as high as O(0.01 kg/m4), we develop an analytical model for estuarine residual circulation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Feedback Between Residual Circulations and Sediment Distribution in Highly Turbid Estuaries: An Analytical Model Author: Talke, Stefan A., de Swart, Huib E., Schuttelaars, H. M. Year: 2009 Motivated by field studies of the Ems estuary which show longitudinal gradients in bottom sediment concentration as high as O(0.01 kg/m4), we develop an analytical model for estuarine residual circulation based on currents from salinity gradients, turbidity gradients, and freshwater discharge. Salinity is assumed to be vertically well mixed, while the vertical concentration profile is assumed to result from a balance between a constant settling velocity and turbulent diffusive flux. Width and depth of the model estuary are held constant. Model results show that turbidity gradients enhance tidally averaged circulation upstream of the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM), but significantly reduce residual circulation downstream, where salinity and turbidity gradients oppose each other. We apply the condition of morphodynamic equilibrium (vanishing sediment transport) and develop an analytical solution for the position of the turbidity maximum and the distribution of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) along a longitudinal axis. A sensitivity study shows great variability in the longitudinal distribution of suspended sediment with the applied salinity gradient and six model parameters: settling velocity, vertical mixing, horizontal dispersion, total sediment supply, fresh water flow, and water depth. Increasing depth and settling velocity move the ETM upstream, while increasing freshwater discharge and vertical mixing move the ETM downstream. Moreover, the longitudinal distribution of SSC is inherently asymmetric around the ETM, and depends on spatial variations in the residual current structure and the vertical profile of SSC. Title: Feedback Between Residual Circulations and Sediment Distribution in Highly Turbid Estuaries: An Analytical Model Author: Talke, Stefan A., de Swart, Huib E., Schuttelaars, H. M. Year: 2009 Motivated by field studies of the Ems estuary which show longitudinal gradients in bottom sediment concentration as high as O(0.01 kg/m4), we develop an analytical model for estuarine residual circulation based on currents from salinity gradients, turbidity gradients, and freshwater discharge. Salinity is assumed to be vertically well mixed, while the vertical concentration profile is assumed to result from a balance between a constant settling velocity and turbulent diffusive flux. Width and depth of the model estuary are held constant. Model results show that turbidity gradients enhance tidally averaged circulation upstream of the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM), but significantly reduce residual circulation downstream, where salinity and turbidity gradients oppose each other. We apply the condition of morphodynamic equilibrium (vanishing sediment transport) and develop an analytical solution for the position of the turbidity maximum and the distribution of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) along a longitudinal axis. A sensitivity study shows great variability in the longitudinal distribution of suspended sediment with the applied salinity gradient and six model parameters: settling velocity, vertical mixing, horizontal dispersion, total sediment supply, fresh water flow, and water depth. Increasing depth and settling velocity move the ETM upstream, while increasing freshwater discharge and vertical mixing move the ETM downstream. Moreover, the longitudinal distribution of SSC is inherently asymmetric around the ETM, and depends on spatial variations in the residual current structure and the vertical profile of SSC. Close

• 116. [Article] Summer low flow characteristics of forest streams in northeast Oregon

  Summer low flow characteristics of six forest streams in Northeast Oregon were examined using long term streamflow records. Time series and trend analysis revealed highly significant (alpha=O.O1) increasing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summer low flow characteristics of forest streams in northeast Oregon Author: Widner, Gregory L. Summer low flow characteristics of six forest streams in Northeast Oregon were examined using long term streamflow records. Time series and trend analysis revealed highly significant (alpha=O.O1) increasing trends in summer low flow over the period of record on four of the selected streams, and significant (alpha=O.05) year-to-year dependence on three of the selected streams. Low flow frequency curves, flow duration curves, and flow-date curves were constructed for each stream from the long term flow records. A simple method of forecasting streamflow recessions using flow records is developed resulting in improvement over the average in forecasting recession volume, but little improvement in forecasting end-of-water year flow levels. Title: Summer low flow characteristics of forest streams in northeast Oregon Author: Widner, Gregory L. Summer low flow characteristics of six forest streams in Northeast Oregon were examined using long term streamflow records. Time series and trend analysis revealed highly significant (alpha=O.O1) increasing trends in summer low flow over the period of record on four of the selected streams, and significant (alpha=O.05) year-to-year dependence on three of the selected streams. Low flow frequency curves, flow duration curves, and flow-date curves were constructed for each stream from the long term flow records. A simple method of forecasting streamflow recessions using flow records is developed resulting in improvement over the average in forecasting recession volume, but little improvement in forecasting end-of-water year flow levels. Close

• 117. [Article] Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS)

  Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) is a physically based watershed model. In the OWLS model, a watershed is defined as a three-dimensional object with linkages between cells and their attributes (e.g., ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) Author: Chen, Huaisheng Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) is a physically based watershed model. In the OWLS model, a watershed is defined as a three-dimensional object with linkages between cells and their attributes (e.g., area, slope, soil type, etc.). A cell is defined as the linkages of edges and their attributes (e.g., length, slope, etc.) and an edge is defined as the linkage of nodes and their attributes (e.g., depth of soil, elevation). The watershed hydrologic components such as water depth, surface flow, etc., are features associated with the cells, edges and nodes of a watershed. Simulation of hydrologic processes across a watershed involves the calculation of flows and water balances for these cells, edges, and nodes and their linkages. Therefore, the OWLS model is a three-dimensional, object-linked, vector-based model. OWLS includes four sub-models that focus on (1) Data Processing, (2) Geomorphology, (3) Hydrology and (4) Visualization. The Data Processing Model handles conversions of raw data from watershed surveys into OWLS format. It also handles missing data interpolation and extrapolation for air temperature, precipitation, and streamflow. The Geomorphologic Model handles the automatic watershed delineation for flowpaths, streams, and boundaries, as well as stream geometry and macropore geometry. The Hydrologic Model handles water balance, flow calculation and flow routing for the canopy, surface, subsurface and macropore system associated with each cell. The Visualization Model handles 3-D watershed projection, 2-D watershed projection, hydrograph presentation, and 3-D dynamic watershed animation for simulated flows and other hydrologic components of the Hydrologic Model. The OWLS model was tested with data from the Bear Brook Watershed of Maine (BBWM). Results from parameter calibration and validation indicate that the model generally provided good estimation of streamflows for rain-based flood events and unstable estimations for rain-on-snow events or snowmelt-based events when air temperature was high. Title: Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) Author: Chen, Huaisheng Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) is a physically based watershed model. In the OWLS model, a watershed is defined as a three-dimensional object with linkages between cells and their attributes (e.g., area, slope, soil type, etc.). A cell is defined as the linkages of edges and their attributes (e.g., length, slope, etc.) and an edge is defined as the linkage of nodes and their attributes (e.g., depth of soil, elevation). The watershed hydrologic components such as water depth, surface flow, etc., are features associated with the cells, edges and nodes of a watershed. Simulation of hydrologic processes across a watershed involves the calculation of flows and water balances for these cells, edges, and nodes and their linkages. Therefore, the OWLS model is a three-dimensional, object-linked, vector-based model. OWLS includes four sub-models that focus on (1) Data Processing, (2) Geomorphology, (3) Hydrology and (4) Visualization. The Data Processing Model handles conversions of raw data from watershed surveys into OWLS format. It also handles missing data interpolation and extrapolation for air temperature, precipitation, and streamflow. The Geomorphologic Model handles the automatic watershed delineation for flowpaths, streams, and boundaries, as well as stream geometry and macropore geometry. The Hydrologic Model handles water balance, flow calculation and flow routing for the canopy, surface, subsurface and macropore system associated with each cell. The Visualization Model handles 3-D watershed projection, 2-D watershed projection, hydrograph presentation, and 3-D dynamic watershed animation for simulated flows and other hydrologic components of the Hydrologic Model. The OWLS model was tested with data from the Bear Brook Watershed of Maine (BBWM). Results from parameter calibration and validation indicate that the model generally provided good estimation of streamflows for rain-based flood events and unstable estimations for rain-on-snow events or snowmelt-based events when air temperature was high. Close

• 118. [Image] Geologic and hydrologic characterization and evaluation of the Basin and Range Province relative to the disposal of high-level radioactive waste [part 3 geologic and hydrologic evaluation]

  	SUMMARY This report describes the first phase in evaluating the geology and hydrology of the Basin and Range Province for potential suitability of geohydrologic environments for isolation of high-level ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geologic and hydrologic characterization and evaluation of the Basin and Range Province relative to the disposal of high-level radioactive waste [part 3 geologic and hydrologic evaluation] Author: Bedinger, M. S.; Sargent, Kenneth A.; Reed, J. E. Year: 2008, 2005 SUMMARY This report describes the first phase in evaluating the geology and hydrology of the Basin and Range Province for potential suitability of geohydrologic environments for isolation of high-level radioactive waste. The evaluation of the Province applies the guidelines, discussed in Part I (Bedinger, Sargent, and Reed, 1983) of this report to the geologic and hydrologic information compiled for the Province in Part II (Sargent and Bedinger, 1983). The geologic and hydrologic factors considered in the Province evaluation include distribution of potential host rocks, tectonic conditions and data on ground-water hydrology. Potential host media considered include argillaceous rocks, tuff, basaltic rocks, granitic rocks, evaporites, and the unsaturated zone. The tectonic factors considered are Quaternary faults, late Cenozoic volcanics, seismic activity, heat flow, and late Cenozoic rates of vertical uplift. Hydrologic conditions considered include length of flow path from potential host rocks to discharge areas, interbasin and geothermal flow systems and thick unsaturated sections as potential host media. The Basin and Range Province was divided into 12 subprovinces; each subprovince is evaluated separately and prospective areas for further study are identified. About one-half of the Province appears to have combinations of potential host rocks, tectonic conditions, and ground-water hydrology that merit consideration for further study. The prospective areas for further study in each subprovince are summarized in a brief list of the potentially favorable factors and the issues of concern. Data compiled for the entire Province do not permit a complete evaluation of the f avorability for high-level waste isolation. The evaluations here are intended to identify broad regions that contain potential geohydrologic environments containing multiple natural barriers to radionu-clide migration. Title: Geologic and hydrologic characterization and evaluation of the Basin and Range Province relative to the disposal of high-level radioactive waste [part 3 geologic and hydrologic evaluation] Author: Bedinger, M. S.; Sargent, Kenneth A.; Reed, J. E. Year: 2008, 2005 SUMMARY This report describes the first phase in evaluating the geology and hydrology of the Basin and Range Province for potential suitability of geohydrologic environments for isolation of high-level radioactive waste. The evaluation of the Province applies the guidelines, discussed in Part I (Bedinger, Sargent, and Reed, 1983) of this report to the geologic and hydrologic information compiled for the Province in Part II (Sargent and Bedinger, 1983). The geologic and hydrologic factors considered in the Province evaluation include distribution of potential host rocks, tectonic conditions and data on ground-water hydrology. Potential host media considered include argillaceous rocks, tuff, basaltic rocks, granitic rocks, evaporites, and the unsaturated zone. The tectonic factors considered are Quaternary faults, late Cenozoic volcanics, seismic activity, heat flow, and late Cenozoic rates of vertical uplift. Hydrologic conditions considered include length of flow path from potential host rocks to discharge areas, interbasin and geothermal flow systems and thick unsaturated sections as potential host media. The Basin and Range Province was divided into 12 subprovinces; each subprovince is evaluated separately and prospective areas for further study are identified. About one-half of the Province appears to have combinations of potential host rocks, tectonic conditions, and ground-water hydrology that merit consideration for further study. The prospective areas for further study in each subprovince are summarized in a brief list of the potentially favorable factors and the issues of concern. Data compiled for the entire Province do not permit a complete evaluation of the f avorability for high-level waste isolation. The evaluations here are intended to identify broad regions that contain potential geohydrologic environments containing multiple natural barriers to radionu-clide migration. Close

• 119. [Article] Reduced Order Description of Experimental Two-Phase Pipe Flows: Characterization of Flow Structures and Dynamics via Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

  Multiphase pipe flow is investigated using proper orthogonal decomposition for tomographic X-ray data, where holdup, cross-sectional phase distributions and phase interface characteristics within the pipe ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reduced Order Description of Experimental Two-Phase Pipe Flows: Characterization of Flow Structures and Dynamics via Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Author: Viggiano, Bianca Fontanin Year: 2017 Multiphase pipe flow is investigated using proper orthogonal decomposition for tomographic X-ray data, where holdup, cross-sectional phase distributions and phase interface characteristics within the pipe are obtained. Six cases of stratified and mixed flow with water content of 10%, 30% and 80% are investigated to gain insight into effects of velocity and proportion of water on the flow fields. Dispersed and slug flows are separately analyzed to consider the added interface complexity of the flow fields. These regimes are also highly applicable to industry operational flows. Instantaneous and fluctuating phase fractions of the four flow regime are analyzed and reduced order dynamical descriptions are generated. Stratified flow cases display coherent structures that highlight the liquid-liquid interface location while the mixed flow cases show minimal coherence of the eigenmodes. The dispersed flow displays coherent structures for the first few modes near the horizontal center of the pipe, representing the liquid-liquid interface location while the slug flow case shows coherent structures that correspond to the cyclical formation and break up of the slug in the first 5 modes. The low order descriptions of the high water content, stratified flow field indicates that main characteristics can be captured with minimal degrees of freedom. Reconstructions of the dispersed flow and slug flow cases indicate that dominant features are observed in the low order dynamical description utilizing less than 1% of the full order model. POD temporal coefficients a1, a2 and a3 show a high level of interdependence for the slug flow case. The coefficients also describe the phase fraction holdup as a function of time for both dispersed and slug flow. The second coefficient, a2, and the centerline holdup profile show a mean percent difference below 9% between the two curves. The mathematical description obtained from the decomposition will deepen the understanding of multiphase flow characteristics and is applicable to long distance multiphase transport pipelines, fluidized beds, hydroelectric power and nuclear processes to name a few. Title: Reduced Order Description of Experimental Two-Phase Pipe Flows: Characterization of Flow Structures and Dynamics via Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Author: Viggiano, Bianca Fontanin Year: 2017 Multiphase pipe flow is investigated using proper orthogonal decomposition for tomographic X-ray data, where holdup, cross-sectional phase distributions and phase interface characteristics within the pipe are obtained. Six cases of stratified and mixed flow with water content of 10%, 30% and 80% are investigated to gain insight into effects of velocity and proportion of water on the flow fields. Dispersed and slug flows are separately analyzed to consider the added interface complexity of the flow fields. These regimes are also highly applicable to industry operational flows. Instantaneous and fluctuating phase fractions of the four flow regime are analyzed and reduced order dynamical descriptions are generated. Stratified flow cases display coherent structures that highlight the liquid-liquid interface location while the mixed flow cases show minimal coherence of the eigenmodes. The dispersed flow displays coherent structures for the first few modes near the horizontal center of the pipe, representing the liquid-liquid interface location while the slug flow case shows coherent structures that correspond to the cyclical formation and break up of the slug in the first 5 modes. The low order descriptions of the high water content, stratified flow field indicates that main characteristics can be captured with minimal degrees of freedom. Reconstructions of the dispersed flow and slug flow cases indicate that dominant features are observed in the low order dynamical description utilizing less than 1% of the full order model. POD temporal coefficients a1, a2 and a3 show a high level of interdependence for the slug flow case. The coefficients also describe the phase fraction holdup as a function of time for both dispersed and slug flow. The second coefficient, a2, and the centerline holdup profile show a mean percent difference below 9% between the two curves. The mathematical description obtained from the decomposition will deepen the understanding of multiphase flow characteristics and is applicable to long distance multiphase transport pipelines, fluidized beds, hydroelectric power and nuclear processes to name a few. Close

• 120. [Image] Computer programs for modeling flow and water quality of surface water systems

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Computer programs for modeling flow and water quality of surface water systems Author: Lorens, Joy A. Year: 1982 Title: Computer programs for modeling flow and water quality of surface water systems Author: Lorens, Joy A. Year: 1982 Close

• 121. [Article] Fouling characteristics of cooling tower water : pH effect

  The fouling characteristics of simulated cooling tower water flowing over a heated metallic surface has been studied. The bulk temperature of the water was maintained around 95°F. Mainly three different ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fouling characteristics of cooling tower water : pH effect Author: Roy, Bhasker Vilva The fouling characteristics of simulated cooling tower water flowing over a heated metallic surface has been studied. The bulk temperature of the water was maintained around 95°F. Mainly three different water qualities with respect to calcium hardness level were investigated. The pH was controlled by the addition of hydrochloric acid. The flow velocities ranged from 1.5 ft/sec to 6.0 ft/sec, and surface temperatures averaged between 150°F and 200 °F. Runs 102, 103 and 104 were particularly made to investigate the relative fouling behavior of three different metallic surfaces exposed to cooling tower water of the same quality. For cooling tower water of pH of 7.5 and flow velocity of 4.0 ft/sec, the following equation relates the asymptotic fouling resistance to the surface temperature. R[subscript f]* = 3.6902 x10⁶ exp(-14308/T[subscript s]) Similarly for cooling tower of pH 8.5 and flow velocity of 5.0 ft/sec, the following arrhenius relationship was obtained. R[subscript f]* = 0.3264 exp(-4314.8/T[subscript s]) For both values of pH of 7.5 and 8.5 for cooling tower water, it was shown that asymptotic fouling resistance decreased with increase of flow velocity. For a flow velocity of 4.0 ft/sec, it was shown that a minimum value of R[subscript f]* exists in the neighbourhood of pH of 8.0. The results of the deposit analysis for runs made at an average pH of 8.5 indicate calcium, magnesium, silicon and carbonate as the major constituents. The chemical analysis of scales of runs made at an average pH of 7.5 indicate silicon, iron and copper as the chief constituents. Also it was found that inner layer of deposit contained higher amounts of magnesium, copper and silicon and the outer layer had higher percentage of calcium. Title: Fouling characteristics of cooling tower water : pH effect Author: Roy, Bhasker Vilva The fouling characteristics of simulated cooling tower water flowing over a heated metallic surface has been studied. The bulk temperature of the water was maintained around 95°F. Mainly three different water qualities with respect to calcium hardness level were investigated. The pH was controlled by the addition of hydrochloric acid. The flow velocities ranged from 1.5 ft/sec to 6.0 ft/sec, and surface temperatures averaged between 150°F and 200 °F. Runs 102, 103 and 104 were particularly made to investigate the relative fouling behavior of three different metallic surfaces exposed to cooling tower water of the same quality. For cooling tower water of pH of 7.5 and flow velocity of 4.0 ft/sec, the following equation relates the asymptotic fouling resistance to the surface temperature. R[subscript f]* = 3.6902 x10⁶ exp(-14308/T[subscript s]) Similarly for cooling tower of pH 8.5 and flow velocity of 5.0 ft/sec, the following arrhenius relationship was obtained. R[subscript f]* = 0.3264 exp(-4314.8/T[subscript s]) For both values of pH of 7.5 and 8.5 for cooling tower water, it was shown that asymptotic fouling resistance decreased with increase of flow velocity. For a flow velocity of 4.0 ft/sec, it was shown that a minimum value of R[subscript f]* exists in the neighbourhood of pH of 8.0. The results of the deposit analysis for runs made at an average pH of 8.5 indicate calcium, magnesium, silicon and carbonate as the major constituents. The chemical analysis of scales of runs made at an average pH of 7.5 indicate silicon, iron and copper as the chief constituents. Also it was found that inner layer of deposit contained higher amounts of magnesium, copper and silicon and the outer layer had higher percentage of calcium. Close

• 122. [Article] Design of Managed Aquifer Recharge for Agricultural and Ecological Water Supply Assessed Through Numerical Modeling

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11269

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Design of Managed Aquifer Recharge for Agricultural and Ecological Water Supply Assessed Through Numerical Modeling Author: Baker, Troy, Selker, John S., Henry, Rick, Scherberg, Jacob This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11269 Title: Design of Managed Aquifer Recharge for Agricultural and Ecological Water Supply Assessed Through Numerical Modeling Author: Baker, Troy, Selker, John S., Henry, Rick, Scherberg, Jacob This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11269 Close

• 123. [Article] Modeling of flow and water quality in Henry Hagg Lake near Forest Grove, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling of flow and water quality in Henry Hagg Lake near Forest Grove, Oregon Author: Knutson, Michael T. Title: Modeling of flow and water quality in Henry Hagg Lake near Forest Grove, Oregon Author: Knutson, Michael T. Close

• 124. [Article] The flow of water through certain types of water bearing material as affected by well casing perforations

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The flow of water through certain types of water bearing material as affected by well casing perforations Author: King, Arthur Solomon, 1906-1972 Title: The flow of water through certain types of water bearing material as affected by well casing perforations Author: King, Arthur Solomon, 1906-1972 Close

• 125. [Article] Eugene Residents Risk Perceptions of Water Scarcity

  Graduation date: 2016

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Eugene Residents Risk Perceptions of Water Scarcity Author: Leitermann, Lily Graduation date: 2016 Title: Eugene Residents Risk Perceptions of Water Scarcity Author: Leitermann, Lily Graduation date: 2016 Close

• 126. [Article] Effects of Beaver Dams on Surface Water Flow During Storm Events in an Urban Landscape

  Urban land-use generally alters the hydrologic cycle, leading to changes in the natural flow regime of local streams. Runoff from impervious surfaces and routing of stormwater to streams causes urban streams ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Beaver Dams on Surface Water Flow During Storm Events in an Urban Landscape Author: Poor, Erin Year: 2017 Urban land-use generally alters the hydrologic cycle, leading to changes in the natural flow regime of local streams. Runoff from impervious surfaces and routing of stormwater to streams causes urban streams to respond quickly and more intensely to storm events-more so than then would be observed in a less urbanized landscape. The rapid pulse of water that is routed to streams during precipitation events can degrade the physical structure of the channel and alter water quality and habitat availability. To manage these common urban stream issues, agencies have been seeking alternative ways of restoring and enhancing resilience in urban stream networks within the constraints of existing infrastructure. One potential strategy may be to support beaver recolonization of urban streams. This is because beaver dam building activity has been found to attenuate streamflow in areas that have experienced minimal human impact. Currently, however, no studies have been published that examine how beaver dams affect stream flow in altered urban systems. This study seeks to determine if the presence of beaver dams and ponds in urban stream reaches in the Tualatin River basin, Oregon, modifies the stream’s response to storm events. Continuous surface water levels are being collected upstream and downstream of two beaver affected reaches in order to determine how the presence of dams and ponds affect the flow regime, and whether this more closely resembles a less degraded state. Title: Effects of Beaver Dams on Surface Water Flow During Storm Events in an Urban Landscape Author: Poor, Erin Year: 2017 Urban land-use generally alters the hydrologic cycle, leading to changes in the natural flow regime of local streams. Runoff from impervious surfaces and routing of stormwater to streams causes urban streams to respond quickly and more intensely to storm events-more so than then would be observed in a less urbanized landscape. The rapid pulse of water that is routed to streams during precipitation events can degrade the physical structure of the channel and alter water quality and habitat availability. To manage these common urban stream issues, agencies have been seeking alternative ways of restoring and enhancing resilience in urban stream networks within the constraints of existing infrastructure. One potential strategy may be to support beaver recolonization of urban streams. This is because beaver dam building activity has been found to attenuate streamflow in areas that have experienced minimal human impact. Currently, however, no studies have been published that examine how beaver dams affect stream flow in altered urban systems. This study seeks to determine if the presence of beaver dams and ponds in urban stream reaches in the Tualatin River basin, Oregon, modifies the stream’s response to storm events. Continuous surface water levels are being collected upstream and downstream of two beaver affected reaches in order to determine how the presence of dams and ponds affect the flow regime, and whether this more closely resembles a less degraded state. Close

• 127. [Article] Calcium carbonate scaling in a deluged dry cooling system

  Scaling characteristics of calcium carbonate on a heated surface in a deluged dry cooling system were investigated. Bulk temperature of the deluge water was maintained constant at 90°F. Air flow velocity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Calcium carbonate scaling in a deluged dry cooling system Author: Barton, Kathleen Patricia Scaling characteristics of calcium carbonate on a heated surface in a deluged dry cooling system were investigated. Bulk temperature of the deluge water was maintained constant at 90°F. Air flow velocity was maintained constant at 181 cfm., and deluge water flow was maintained at the minimum level that provided thorough wetting on the heat transfer surface. The heat flow ranged from 540 Btu/hr-ft² to 1616 Btu/hr-ft². The wall temperatures ranged from 90°F with the deluge water on, to 120°F to 240°F with the deluge water off. Deluge water was supplied as city water fortified with dissolved calcium carbonate. The calcium hardness ranged from 144 ppm CaC0₃ to 177 ppm CaC0₃, and the pH ranged from 7.5 to 8.7. The deluge time ranged from 20 sec. to 8 min., and the drying time between deluges was maintained constant at 10 min. The amount of scale deposited on the horizontal cylindrical surface was a function of the radial position, with the greatest amount of fouling occurring at the bottom. The rate of growth of scale was a function of water chemistry, pH, number of deluge cycles, and duration of deluge cycle. The fouling resistances after 1500 cycles ranged from 0.2 x 10⁻⁴ hr-ft²-°F/Btu for Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) of -1.2 to 1.3 x 10⁻⁴ hr-ft²-°F/Btu for LSI of 1.0. The net deposition was dependent on both sensible and evaporative heat transfer effects. The deposition rate was constant for the first 1500 cycles, and it declined after that. The amount of data was insufficient to allow determination of the cause for the decline. It was not determined whether the fouling resistance had reached an asymptotic value. The heat flux appeared to have no effect on the fouling rate. Title: Calcium carbonate scaling in a deluged dry cooling system Author: Barton, Kathleen Patricia Scaling characteristics of calcium carbonate on a heated surface in a deluged dry cooling system were investigated. Bulk temperature of the deluge water was maintained constant at 90°F. Air flow velocity was maintained constant at 181 cfm., and deluge water flow was maintained at the minimum level that provided thorough wetting on the heat transfer surface. The heat flow ranged from 540 Btu/hr-ft² to 1616 Btu/hr-ft². The wall temperatures ranged from 90°F with the deluge water on, to 120°F to 240°F with the deluge water off. Deluge water was supplied as city water fortified with dissolved calcium carbonate. The calcium hardness ranged from 144 ppm CaC0₃ to 177 ppm CaC0₃, and the pH ranged from 7.5 to 8.7. The deluge time ranged from 20 sec. to 8 min., and the drying time between deluges was maintained constant at 10 min. The amount of scale deposited on the horizontal cylindrical surface was a function of the radial position, with the greatest amount of fouling occurring at the bottom. The rate of growth of scale was a function of water chemistry, pH, number of deluge cycles, and duration of deluge cycle. The fouling resistances after 1500 cycles ranged from 0.2 x 10⁻⁴ hr-ft²-°F/Btu for Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) of -1.2 to 1.3 x 10⁻⁴ hr-ft²-°F/Btu for LSI of 1.0. The net deposition was dependent on both sensible and evaporative heat transfer effects. The deposition rate was constant for the first 1500 cycles, and it declined after that. The amount of data was insufficient to allow determination of the cause for the decline. It was not determined whether the fouling resistance had reached an asymptotic value. The heat flux appeared to have no effect on the fouling rate. Close

• 128. [Article] Flow of water in pipe bends

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flow of water in pipe bends Author: Baird, Douglas George Title: Flow of water in pipe bends Author: Baird, Douglas George Close

• 129. [Image] Geothermal Heating System for the Children's Museum of Utah

  	The results of a study to determine the engineering and economic feasibility of using the Wasatch Hot Spring resource for space heating of the Children's Library building are presented. The Wasatch Hot ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Heating System for the Children's Museum of Utah Author: Karlsson, T. Year: 1984 The results of a study to determine the engineering and economic feasibility of using the Wasatch Hot Spring resource for space heating of the Children's Library building are presented. The Wasatch Hot Spring with a reported flow of about 63 gpm (240 l/min) at an average temperature of 104/sup 0/F is not capable of furnishing the needed heat for the Children's Museum building. The underground paths along which the thermal waters flow to their outlets at the Warm Springs Fault are not presently known. It is possible if the thermal water ascends from the deep layers of the earth along the Warm Springs Fault that increased geothermal flow at a higher temperature can be produced by drilling into the fault. Assuming that sufficient geothermal fluid quantity is produced by drilling in the area, an analysis is made of a geothermal heating system for the building based on different fluid temperatures. It is assumed that the present and planned heating systems be left intact with the gas fired boilers taking over during cold periods when the geothermal system fails to provide sufficient heat. Economic analysis shows that the geothermal system is very attractive, even for the lowest geothermal fluid temperature considered (110/sup 0/F) Title: Geothermal Heating System for the Children's Museum of Utah Author: Karlsson, T. Year: 1984 The results of a study to determine the engineering and economic feasibility of using the Wasatch Hot Spring resource for space heating of the Children's Library building are presented. The Wasatch Hot Spring with a reported flow of about 63 gpm (240 l/min) at an average temperature of 104/sup 0/F is not capable of furnishing the needed heat for the Children's Museum building. The underground paths along which the thermal waters flow to their outlets at the Warm Springs Fault are not presently known. It is possible if the thermal water ascends from the deep layers of the earth along the Warm Springs Fault that increased geothermal flow at a higher temperature can be produced by drilling into the fault. Assuming that sufficient geothermal fluid quantity is produced by drilling in the area, an analysis is made of a geothermal heating system for the building based on different fluid temperatures. It is assumed that the present and planned heating systems be left intact with the gas fired boilers taking over during cold periods when the geothermal system fails to provide sufficient heat. Economic analysis shows that the geothermal system is very attractive, even for the lowest geothermal fluid temperature considered (110/sup 0/F) Close

• 130. [Article] The Orange County Water District Riverbed Filtration Pilot Project: Solids and Organic Carbon Removal Using Induced Riverbed Infiltration

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Orange County Water District Riverbed Filtration Pilot Project: Solids and Organic Carbon Removal Using Induced Riverbed Infiltration Author: Rice, Robert, Hutchinson, Adam, Milczarek, Michael, Keller, Jason, Woodside, Greg Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: The Orange County Water District Riverbed Filtration Pilot Project: Solids and Organic Carbon Removal Using Induced Riverbed Infiltration Author: Rice, Robert, Hutchinson, Adam, Milczarek, Michael, Keller, Jason, Woodside, Greg Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 131. [Article] Calculated and field-measured soil heat flux : a comparison under two soil water regimes

  Heat and water vapor flow in summer-fallowed fields in the Pacific Northwest may significantly affect the position and supply of water for germination of fall sown crops. New tillage tools and drill openers ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Calculated and field-measured soil heat flux : a comparison under two soil water regimes Author: Pikul, Joseph L. Heat and water vapor flow in summer-fallowed fields in the Pacific Northwest may significantly affect the position and supply of water for germination of fall sown crops. New tillage tools and drill openers used in reduced tillage systems leave a trashy, residue covered surface in contrast to the traditional bare fallow systems. It is likely that these new management techniques cause changes in heat and water flow that produce unique profiles of soil temperature and water content. There is a need to elucidate heat and mass flow theory under field conditions appropriate to these new tillage systems. However, heat and mass flow theory has been studied almost exclusively in the laboratory using uniformly packed homogeneous soil. Heat flow theory in these experiments has generally consisted of two components: de Vries theoretical estimation of soil thermal conductivity and the Philip formulation of total heat flux consisting of heat flow responses to thermal and moisture gradients. The Philip-de Vries theory was field tested to determine if such theory could be used to project the water conservation aspects of reduced tillage systems. Soil heat flux was calculated using the theory of Philip-de Vries and then compared with soil heat fluxes experimentally determined in a Walla Walla silt loam using a null-alignment of soil temperatures and calorimetric heat flow. Comparisons at 20 depths in the top 60 cm of soil were made during mid-summer on no-till field plots with two soil moisture regimes. All components of heat flow including vapor heat flux terms were used in the theoretical calculations, but isothermal vapor flux accounted for less than 1% of the total vapor flux. Measured net daily heat flux at 0.25 cm was 22.3 and 21.7 cal cm⁻² day⁻¹ for the moist and dry treatments, respectively. Theoretical heat flux calculations at this same depth generally gave a tenfold overestimation of measured heat flux during those times of the day when large temperature gradients existed. At 9 cm, approximately the seeding depth of winter wheat, measured net daily heat flux was 14.5 and 20.6 cal cm⁻² day⁻¹ for the moist and dry treatments, respectively; respective theoretical fluxes were 15.7 and 32.8 cal cm⁻² day⁻¹. Calculated total fluxes in the top 35 cm generally overestimated by 20 and 40 percent, as compared to measured fluxes, for the moist and dry treatments, respectively. Theoretical heat flux vapor components were calculated as the difference between total and conduction heat fluxes. Soil water changes predicted by vapor flux theory agreed with measured seedzone diurnal water content changes on the dry plot. At 35 cm vapor fluxes were negligible. Heat flux by conduction at this same depth over estimated measured flux by 10% on both plots. At all depths theoretical heat flux by conduction was more seriously overestimated than the vapor components of heat flux. The Philip-de Vries heat flux model satisfactorily predicted water changes in dry soil seedbeds by vapor flux theory. Overestimation of the conduction component of the de Vries thermal conductivity produced an overestimation of calculated heat flux on both plots at all depths. Further calibration of the conduction components of the model will be needed to continue assessment of heat and vapor flux in dry seedbeds. Title: Calculated and field-measured soil heat flux : a comparison under two soil water regimes Author: Pikul, Joseph L. Heat and water vapor flow in summer-fallowed fields in the Pacific Northwest may significantly affect the position and supply of water for germination of fall sown crops. New tillage tools and drill openers used in reduced tillage systems leave a trashy, residue covered surface in contrast to the traditional bare fallow systems. It is likely that these new management techniques cause changes in heat and water flow that produce unique profiles of soil temperature and water content. There is a need to elucidate heat and mass flow theory under field conditions appropriate to these new tillage systems. However, heat and mass flow theory has been studied almost exclusively in the laboratory using uniformly packed homogeneous soil. Heat flow theory in these experiments has generally consisted of two components: de Vries theoretical estimation of soil thermal conductivity and the Philip formulation of total heat flux consisting of heat flow responses to thermal and moisture gradients. The Philip-de Vries theory was field tested to determine if such theory could be used to project the water conservation aspects of reduced tillage systems. Soil heat flux was calculated using the theory of Philip-de Vries and then compared with soil heat fluxes experimentally determined in a Walla Walla silt loam using a null-alignment of soil temperatures and calorimetric heat flow. Comparisons at 20 depths in the top 60 cm of soil were made during mid-summer on no-till field plots with two soil moisture regimes. All components of heat flow including vapor heat flux terms were used in the theoretical calculations, but isothermal vapor flux accounted for less than 1% of the total vapor flux. Measured net daily heat flux at 0.25 cm was 22.3 and 21.7 cal cm⁻² day⁻¹ for the moist and dry treatments, respectively. Theoretical heat flux calculations at this same depth generally gave a tenfold overestimation of measured heat flux during those times of the day when large temperature gradients existed. At 9 cm, approximately the seeding depth of winter wheat, measured net daily heat flux was 14.5 and 20.6 cal cm⁻² day⁻¹ for the moist and dry treatments, respectively; respective theoretical fluxes were 15.7 and 32.8 cal cm⁻² day⁻¹. Calculated total fluxes in the top 35 cm generally overestimated by 20 and 40 percent, as compared to measured fluxes, for the moist and dry treatments, respectively. Theoretical heat flux vapor components were calculated as the difference between total and conduction heat fluxes. Soil water changes predicted by vapor flux theory agreed with measured seedzone diurnal water content changes on the dry plot. At 35 cm vapor fluxes were negligible. Heat flux by conduction at this same depth over estimated measured flux by 10% on both plots. At all depths theoretical heat flux by conduction was more seriously overestimated than the vapor components of heat flux. The Philip-de Vries heat flux model satisfactorily predicted water changes in dry soil seedbeds by vapor flux theory. Overestimation of the conduction component of the de Vries thermal conductivity produced an overestimation of calculated heat flux on both plots at all depths. Further calibration of the conduction components of the model will be needed to continue assessment of heat and vapor flux in dry seedbeds. Close

• 132. [Article] Data assimilation for prediction of shallow water flows with uncertain bathymetry

  A new method is introduced for incorporating bathymetric uncertainty into predictions of nearshore and river flows (i.e., unstratified flows primarily forced by pressure and radiation stress gradients). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Data assimilation for prediction of shallow water flows with uncertain bathymetry Author: Wilson, Gregory W. A new method is introduced for incorporating bathymetric uncertainty into predictions of nearshore and river flows (i.e., unstratified flows primarily forced by pressure and radiation stress gradients). The method involves the use of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) as a parameter estimation scheme, where the parameter to be estimated is the spatial field of bathymetry. That is, bathymetry is treated as a slowly varying uncertain parameter in the model, which can be corrected via the assimilation of other available observations. The reason bathymetry is targeted is, as we show, it is often a limiting factor for accuracy in real-world modeling applications. Results are shown using data from four field experiments. Two experiments involve measurements in the nearshore (surf zone) ocean at Duck, NC. There, we show that bathymetric uncertainty due to rapid bathymetric change (time scale of days), or simply lack of available measurements, can cause significant error in model predictions of waves and currents. We demonstrate the ability of the EnKF to reduce this error by correcting the bathymetry, which we then cross-validate using in-situ measurements. Specifically, the correction is achieved by assimilating in-situ observations of alongshore current and significant wave height, as well as (in a separate experiment) remote-sensing observations of alongshore current, wave celerity, and location of shoreline. Similarly in a river environment (Snohomish River, WA, and Kootenai River, ID), we demonstrate the EnKF using twin tests, assimilating pseudo-observations of currents from a variety of hypothesized platforms (fixed in-situ gages, passive drifters, and Doppler radar). Again, the EnKF is found to yield accurate estimates of bathymetry. Title: Data assimilation for prediction of shallow water flows with uncertain bathymetry Author: Wilson, Gregory W. A new method is introduced for incorporating bathymetric uncertainty into predictions of nearshore and river flows (i.e., unstratified flows primarily forced by pressure and radiation stress gradients). The method involves the use of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) as a parameter estimation scheme, where the parameter to be estimated is the spatial field of bathymetry. That is, bathymetry is treated as a slowly varying uncertain parameter in the model, which can be corrected via the assimilation of other available observations. The reason bathymetry is targeted is, as we show, it is often a limiting factor for accuracy in real-world modeling applications. Results are shown using data from four field experiments. Two experiments involve measurements in the nearshore (surf zone) ocean at Duck, NC. There, we show that bathymetric uncertainty due to rapid bathymetric change (time scale of days), or simply lack of available measurements, can cause significant error in model predictions of waves and currents. We demonstrate the ability of the EnKF to reduce this error by correcting the bathymetry, which we then cross-validate using in-situ measurements. Specifically, the correction is achieved by assimilating in-situ observations of alongshore current and significant wave height, as well as (in a separate experiment) remote-sensing observations of alongshore current, wave celerity, and location of shoreline. Similarly in a river environment (Snohomish River, WA, and Kootenai River, ID), we demonstrate the EnKF using twin tests, assimilating pseudo-observations of currents from a variety of hypothesized platforms (fixed in-situ gages, passive drifters, and Doppler radar). Again, the EnKF is found to yield accurate estimates of bathymetry. Close

• 133. [Article] Flume testing of underwater seep detection using temperature sensing on or just below the surface of sand or gravel sediments

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-7973.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flume testing of underwater seep detection using temperature sensing on or just below the surface of sand or gravel sediments Author: Selker, J. S., Selker, F. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-7973. Title: Flume testing of underwater seep detection using temperature sensing on or just below the surface of sand or gravel sediments Author: Selker, J. S., Selker, F. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-7973. Close

• 134. [Article] A water balance model for reforestation sites : description and sensitivity

  A model was developed for analysis of the soil water balance of individual reforestation sites in western Oregon. The numerical procedure for this model was programmed in compiled BASIC language and calculations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A water balance model for reforestation sites : description and sensitivity Author: Costello, Craig A model was developed for analysis of the soil water balance of individual reforestation sites in western Oregon. The numerical procedure for this model was programmed in compiled BASIC language and calculations for an entire season are made in about 180 seconds on an IBM AT microcomputer. The processes that define the water balance are represented in five model components: 1) An estimate of potential evapotranspiration using the energy-based Jensen-Haise method, 2) Partitioning of evapotranspiration from estimates of percentage cover by vegetation type and soil surface cover, 3) Actual evaporation at the soil surface, 4) Actual transpiration from calculations of soil water supply limit and the Nimah-Hanks uptake method, and 5) Soil water flow, including redistribution and drainage. The input data requirement consists of 20 parameters for characterizing site variation of climate, soil, and ground cover. Surface cover conditions (slash, mulch, and litter) and plant competition (grasses, forbs, and shrubs) are featured in the model because these ground cover variables are a major reforestation concern. The minimum input data requirement has been simplified in order to accomodate users with limited data for practical applications. Output of the model includes estimates of solar radiation, soil water storage, total water loss, and water allocation. To test the validity of model output, calculations of water loss were compared to measured values from a detailed field study of the environmental effects of site management practices. The results confirm that the model performs reasonably well and that theory and assumptions of the model are appropriate. Results of a sensitivity analysis are given in order to evaluate the importance of input parameters and to consider the effects of data error. The analysis demonstrates limitations and possible uses of the model. The predictive ability of the model was found to be most limited by the availability of precipitation data; this does not limit the model as a comparative tool. One important use of the model is the identification of harsh sites and potential water-limiting conditions. Model estimates will also facilitate the consideration of forest management options regarding type of harvest, modification of the seedling environment, species selection, and choice of stock characteristics. Title: A water balance model for reforestation sites : description and sensitivity Author: Costello, Craig A model was developed for analysis of the soil water balance of individual reforestation sites in western Oregon. The numerical procedure for this model was programmed in compiled BASIC language and calculations for an entire season are made in about 180 seconds on an IBM AT microcomputer. The processes that define the water balance are represented in five model components: 1) An estimate of potential evapotranspiration using the energy-based Jensen-Haise method, 2) Partitioning of evapotranspiration from estimates of percentage cover by vegetation type and soil surface cover, 3) Actual evaporation at the soil surface, 4) Actual transpiration from calculations of soil water supply limit and the Nimah-Hanks uptake method, and 5) Soil water flow, including redistribution and drainage. The input data requirement consists of 20 parameters for characterizing site variation of climate, soil, and ground cover. Surface cover conditions (slash, mulch, and litter) and plant competition (grasses, forbs, and shrubs) are featured in the model because these ground cover variables are a major reforestation concern. The minimum input data requirement has been simplified in order to accomodate users with limited data for practical applications. Output of the model includes estimates of solar radiation, soil water storage, total water loss, and water allocation. To test the validity of model output, calculations of water loss were compared to measured values from a detailed field study of the environmental effects of site management practices. The results confirm that the model performs reasonably well and that theory and assumptions of the model are appropriate. Results of a sensitivity analysis are given in order to evaluate the importance of input parameters and to consider the effects of data error. The analysis demonstrates limitations and possible uses of the model. The predictive ability of the model was found to be most limited by the availability of precipitation data; this does not limit the model as a comparative tool. One important use of the model is the identification of harsh sites and potential water-limiting conditions. Model estimates will also facilitate the consideration of forest management options regarding type of harvest, modification of the seedling environment, species selection, and choice of stock characteristics. Close

• 135. [Article] An experimental study of friction factors and mixed convection in the thermal entrance region of vertically narrow, horizontal rectangular channels for different heating conditions and aspect ratios

  Heat transfer and fluid mechanical behavior of water flowing horizontally in vertically-narrow rectangular channels was studied in this work. Friction factor and Nusselt number variations were determined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An experimental study of friction factors and mixed convection in the thermal entrance region of vertically narrow, horizontal rectangular channels for different heating conditions and aspect ratios Author: Hong, Seung-Ho Heat transfer and fluid mechanical behavior of water flowing horizontally in vertically-narrow rectangular channels was studied in this work. Friction factor and Nusselt number variations were determined experimentally for four different wall heating conditions, and for aspect ratios(height to width) of 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1. Wall heating conditions examined were: all surfaces heated; three surfaces heated, the top adiabatic; one side surface heated the others adiabatic; and the bottom surface heated, the others adiabatic. Friction factors, in laminar flow, varied as predicted from analysis. The critical Reynolds number varied linearly with 1n(D[subscript]). Local Nusselt numbers were determined, at each aspect ratio and heating condition, as functions of Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers. Mixed convection was the result of buoyancy-induced secondary flows. Local Nusselt numbers decreased in a manner common to pure forced convection, reaching minimum values some distance from the entrance, then increased due to the presence of the secondary flows. For given aspect ratio, local Nusselt numbers were found to increase and the thermal entrance lengths decreased, with increasing Rayleigh numbers. In the thermal entry region, for all heating conditions except the bottom-heating case, local Nusselt number behavior showed minor dependence on aspect ratio. Title: An experimental study of friction factors and mixed convection in the thermal entrance region of vertically narrow, horizontal rectangular channels for different heating conditions and aspect ratios Author: Hong, Seung-Ho Heat transfer and fluid mechanical behavior of water flowing horizontally in vertically-narrow rectangular channels was studied in this work. Friction factor and Nusselt number variations were determined experimentally for four different wall heating conditions, and for aspect ratios(height to width) of 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1. Wall heating conditions examined were: all surfaces heated; three surfaces heated, the top adiabatic; one side surface heated the others adiabatic; and the bottom surface heated, the others adiabatic. Friction factors, in laminar flow, varied as predicted from analysis. The critical Reynolds number varied linearly with 1n(D[subscript]). Local Nusselt numbers were determined, at each aspect ratio and heating condition, as functions of Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers. Mixed convection was the result of buoyancy-induced secondary flows. Local Nusselt numbers decreased in a manner common to pure forced convection, reaching minimum values some distance from the entrance, then increased due to the presence of the secondary flows. For given aspect ratio, local Nusselt numbers were found to increase and the thermal entrance lengths decreased, with increasing Rayleigh numbers. In the thermal entry region, for all heating conditions except the bottom-heating case, local Nusselt number behavior showed minor dependence on aspect ratio. Close

• 136. [Article] The Direct Breaking of Internal Waves at Steep Topography

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Oceanography Society, and can be found at: http://www.tos.org/oceanography/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Direct Breaking of Internal Waves at Steep Topography Author: Pinkel, Robert, Buijsman, Maarten, Klymak, Jody M., Nash, Jonathan D., Legg, Sonya, Alford, Matthew H. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Oceanography Society, and can be found at: http://www.tos.org/oceanography/. Title: The Direct Breaking of Internal Waves at Steep Topography Author: Pinkel, Robert, Buijsman, Maarten, Klymak, Jody M., Nash, Jonathan D., Legg, Sonya, Alford, Matthew H. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Oceanography Society, and can be found at: http://www.tos.org/oceanography/. Close

• 137. [Image] Za-zen for Marino / W.C; Title on lining paper: Water perpetual flow;Title on p. [1]: Za-zen free flowing like a flower

  	Title from p. [4] of cover; We did! it! March 28th, 1989, memorial-celebration for Michael Paul Marino--'The Bastards' Angelina, David, Thorsen, Doug Tincher, myself et al. W.C. Spring rite. On my mother's ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Za-zen for Marino / W.C; Title on lining paper: Water perpetual flow;Title on p. [1]: Za-zen free flowing like a flower Author: Curtis, Walt Title from p. [4] of cover; We did! it! March 28th, 1989, memorial-celebration for Michael Paul Marino--'The Bastards' Angelina, David, Thorsen, Doug Tincher, myself et al. W.C. Spring rite. On my mother's kitchen table--Oregon City, Or.--holcomb rd. --Colophon Title: Za-zen for Marino / W.C; Title on lining paper: Water perpetual flow;Title on p. [1]: Za-zen free flowing like a flower Author: Curtis, Walt Title from p. [4] of cover; We did! it! March 28th, 1989, memorial-celebration for Michael Paul Marino--'The Bastards' Angelina, David, Thorsen, Doug Tincher, myself et al. W.C. Spring rite. On my mother's kitchen table--Oregon City, Or.--holcomb rd. --Colophon Close

• 138. [Article] Laboratory experiments on counter-propagating collisions of solitary waves. Part 1. Wave interactions

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=FLM.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Laboratory experiments on counter-propagating collisions of solitary waves. Part 1. Wave interactions Author: Chen, Yongshuai, Yeh, Harry This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=FLM. Title: Laboratory experiments on counter-propagating collisions of solitary waves. Part 1. Wave interactions Author: Chen, Yongshuai, Yeh, Harry This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=FLM. Close

• 139. [Article] The Value of Well-Being: Advancing Urban Blue Infrastructure with Holistic Metrics

  The design of urban infrastructure has emerging, documented impacts on the environment, local economy, and public well-being, yet conventional design and policy goals fail to account for these emergent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Value of Well-Being: Advancing Urban Blue Infrastructure with Holistic Metrics Author: White, Lisa Marie Year: 2014 The design of urban infrastructure has emerging, documented impacts on the environment, local economy, and public well-being, yet conventional design and policy goals fail to account for these emergent properties. These impacts also lack consistent quantifiable metrics and classification in the realm of city planning. Without adequately holistic cost-benefit analyses, the true value of infrastructure projects fails to be ascertained, preventing consideration of design that provides additional benefits not yet incorporated into city policy and metrics. With more people living in cities than ever before, the built environment of cities has become an increasingly important area of study, and the creation and replacement of aging infrastructure presents an unprecedented opportunity to innovate and rethink best practices. Does urban water infrastructure stand to benefit, in design and paradigm advancement, from more holistic economic assessment that incorporates the financial value of potential human well-being benefits? This paper explores the motivational and physical evolution of urban water infrastructure, including advancements in ecologically conscious, low-impact designs, and how the value of projects has largely been based on narrow metrics of measurable engineering utility, like quantification of reduced storm water flows. One missing evaluative consideration, human well-being, is then discussed, including its development and quantification in urban areas. Stream daylighting, a relatively new and difficult to classify storm-water management design, is explored as an example of promising new practices that would benefit from holistic cost-benefit analyses, and that cities may forgo when emergent properties are absent from metrics equating value. This paper argues that incorporating the economic value of human well-being when assessing the cost and benefit of water management infrastructure stands to substantiate more sustainable and innovative designs, opening urban water infrastructure to further evolution that may better serve the populace and ecology for which it is designed. Title: The Value of Well-Being: Advancing Urban Blue Infrastructure with Holistic Metrics Author: White, Lisa Marie Year: 2014 The design of urban infrastructure has emerging, documented impacts on the environment, local economy, and public well-being, yet conventional design and policy goals fail to account for these emergent properties. These impacts also lack consistent quantifiable metrics and classification in the realm of city planning. Without adequately holistic cost-benefit analyses, the true value of infrastructure projects fails to be ascertained, preventing consideration of design that provides additional benefits not yet incorporated into city policy and metrics. With more people living in cities than ever before, the built environment of cities has become an increasingly important area of study, and the creation and replacement of aging infrastructure presents an unprecedented opportunity to innovate and rethink best practices. Does urban water infrastructure stand to benefit, in design and paradigm advancement, from more holistic economic assessment that incorporates the financial value of potential human well-being benefits? This paper explores the motivational and physical evolution of urban water infrastructure, including advancements in ecologically conscious, low-impact designs, and how the value of projects has largely been based on narrow metrics of measurable engineering utility, like quantification of reduced storm water flows. One missing evaluative consideration, human well-being, is then discussed, including its development and quantification in urban areas. Stream daylighting, a relatively new and difficult to classify storm-water management design, is explored as an example of promising new practices that would benefit from holistic cost-benefit analyses, and that cities may forgo when emergent properties are absent from metrics equating value. This paper argues that incorporating the economic value of human well-being when assessing the cost and benefit of water management infrastructure stands to substantiate more sustainable and innovative designs, opening urban water infrastructure to further evolution that may better serve the populace and ecology for which it is designed. Close

• 140. [Article] Trait-mediated indirect interactions among residents of rocky shore tidepools

  This article is Open Access. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Inter-Research. The published article can be found at: http://www....

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trait-mediated indirect interactions among residents of rocky shore tidepools Author: Lipus, Adam C., Grabiel, Marcos, Gravem, Sarah A., Morgan, Steven G., Miner, Benjamin G. This article is Open Access. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Inter-Research. The published article can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Title: Trait-mediated indirect interactions among residents of rocky shore tidepools Author: Lipus, Adam C., Grabiel, Marcos, Gravem, Sarah A., Morgan, Steven G., Miner, Benjamin G. This article is Open Access. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Inter-Research. The published article can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Close

• 141. [Article] Breeding Trouble: West Nile on the Willamette?

  From the Roman aqueducts to Bonneville Dam, humans have built structures to moderate the extremes of natural water flow. Some of these structures, from Roman cisterns to the catch basins under modern city ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breeding Trouble: West Nile on the Willamette? Author: Karr, Merilee Year: 2005 From the Roman aqueducts to Bonneville Dam, humans have built structures to moderate the extremes of natural water flow. Some of these structures, from Roman cisterns to the catch basins under modern city streets, have inadvertently supplied mosquitoes with the standing water in which they thrive and multiply. Even more mosquito habitat may have been created in the last decade by a change in the Clean Water Act. The original drive behind the Act, in 1972, was the elimination of point-source pollution: sewage and industrial discharge into waterways. In the 1990s new regulations aimed to prevent non-point-source pollution, due to urban stormwater runoff. There are two basic methods of cleaning stormwater: filtering, through earth, vegetation or manufactured filters; and settling, retaining the water behind a barrier to let particulates sink to the bottom. New studies show that water retention methods, such as the familiar catch basin, may breed mosquitoes. Even if retention structures are designed to minimize mosquito habitat by draining quickly, they may clog and accumulate standing water without regular maintenance. Title: Breeding Trouble: West Nile on the Willamette? Author: Karr, Merilee Year: 2005 From the Roman aqueducts to Bonneville Dam, humans have built structures to moderate the extremes of natural water flow. Some of these structures, from Roman cisterns to the catch basins under modern city streets, have inadvertently supplied mosquitoes with the standing water in which they thrive and multiply. Even more mosquito habitat may have been created in the last decade by a change in the Clean Water Act. The original drive behind the Act, in 1972, was the elimination of point-source pollution: sewage and industrial discharge into waterways. In the 1990s new regulations aimed to prevent non-point-source pollution, due to urban stormwater runoff. There are two basic methods of cleaning stormwater: filtering, through earth, vegetation or manufactured filters; and settling, retaining the water behind a barrier to let particulates sink to the bottom. New studies show that water retention methods, such as the familiar catch basin, may breed mosquitoes. Even if retention structures are designed to minimize mosquito habitat by draining quickly, they may clog and accumulate standing water without regular maintenance. Close

• 142. [Article] An approach to understanding hydrologic connectivity on the hillslope and the implications for nutrient transport

  Hydrologic processes control much of the export of organic matter and nutrients from the land surface. It is the variability of these hydrologic processes that produces variable patterns of nutrient transport ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An approach to understanding hydrologic connectivity on the hillslope and the implications for nutrient transport Author: Kling, George W., Shanley, Jamie, Shaman, Jeff, Stieglitz, Marc, Engel, Victor, McNamara, James Hydrologic processes control much of the export of organic matter and nutrients from the land surface. It is the variability of these hydrologic processes that produces variable patterns of nutrient transport in both space and time. In this paper, we explore how hydrologic ‘‘connectivity’’ potentially affects nutrient transport. Hydrologic connectivity is defined as the condition by which disparate regions on the hillslope are linked via subsurface water flow. We present simulations that suggest that for much of the year, water draining through a catchment is spatially isolated. Only rarely, during storm and snowmelt events when antecedent soil moisture is high, do our simulations suggest that mid-slope saturation (or near saturation) occurs and that a catchment connects from ridge to valley. Observations during snowmelt at a small headwater catchment in Idaho are consistent with these model simulations. During early season discharge episodes, in which the mid-slope soil column is not saturated, the electrical conductivity in the stream remains low, reflecting a restricted, local (lower slope) source of stream water and the continued isolation of upper and mid-slope soil water and nutrients from the stream system. Increased streamflow and higher stream water electrical conductivity, presumably reflecting the release of water from the upper reaches of the catchment, are simultaneously observed when the mid-slope becomes sufficiently wet. This study provides preliminary evidence that the seasonal timing of hydrologic connectivity may affect a range of ecological processes, including downslope nutrient transport, C/N cycling, and biological productivity along the toposequence. A better elucidation of hydrologic connectivity will be necessary for understanding local processes as well as material export from land to water at regional and global scales. Title: An approach to understanding hydrologic connectivity on the hillslope and the implications for nutrient transport Author: Kling, George W., Shanley, Jamie, Shaman, Jeff, Stieglitz, Marc, Engel, Victor, McNamara, James Hydrologic processes control much of the export of organic matter and nutrients from the land surface. It is the variability of these hydrologic processes that produces variable patterns of nutrient transport in both space and time. In this paper, we explore how hydrologic ‘‘connectivity’’ potentially affects nutrient transport. Hydrologic connectivity is defined as the condition by which disparate regions on the hillslope are linked via subsurface water flow. We present simulations that suggest that for much of the year, water draining through a catchment is spatially isolated. Only rarely, during storm and snowmelt events when antecedent soil moisture is high, do our simulations suggest that mid-slope saturation (or near saturation) occurs and that a catchment connects from ridge to valley. Observations during snowmelt at a small headwater catchment in Idaho are consistent with these model simulations. During early season discharge episodes, in which the mid-slope soil column is not saturated, the electrical conductivity in the stream remains low, reflecting a restricted, local (lower slope) source of stream water and the continued isolation of upper and mid-slope soil water and nutrients from the stream system. Increased streamflow and higher stream water electrical conductivity, presumably reflecting the release of water from the upper reaches of the catchment, are simultaneously observed when the mid-slope becomes sufficiently wet. This study provides preliminary evidence that the seasonal timing of hydrologic connectivity may affect a range of ecological processes, including downslope nutrient transport, C/N cycling, and biological productivity along the toposequence. A better elucidation of hydrologic connectivity will be necessary for understanding local processes as well as material export from land to water at regional and global scales. Close

• 143. [Article] Phillips Creek Watershed Assessment

  Abstract -- Watershed Assessments for the Grande Ronde River Subwatersheds are being prepared for the Grande Ronde Model Watershed Program. This Watershed Assessment addresses the Phillips Creek Watershed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Phillips Creek Watershed Assessment Abstract -- Watershed Assessments for the Grande Ronde River Subwatersheds are being prepared for the Grande Ronde Model Watershed Program. This Watershed Assessment addresses the Phillips Creek Watershed located near Elgin, Oregon. Phillips Creek is a relatively small watershed (4th order HUC – Hydrologic Unit Classification) containing about 33 square miles or slightly over 24,000 acres. Phillips Creek empties into the Grande Ronde River in Elgin. It is an intermittent stream in some reaches, but water flows year around in other reaches. In this Assessment the main emphasis is on the nonfederal lands. The USDA Forest Service – Umatilla National Forest recently completed a watershed assessment on the National Forest area that includes Phillips, Cabin, Gordon and Dry Creeks. For more complete information on watershed condition on federal lands, please refer to the Umatilla National Forest’s Phillips-Gordon Ecosystem Analysis (PGEA). This assessment will describe the Phillips Creek watershed and help to identify the stream processes and features that are working well, and those that are not. Information that is already available from state and federal agencies as well as from private sources (including people that live in the area) will be used. Several public meetings were held to obtain information and insights from people that live in the area. The assessment will identify human’s positive and negative influences to the immediate stream environment. The assessment should provide enough information to develop project plans and monitoring plans that will help to protect and improve water quality and fish habitat in Phillips Creek and its tributaries. This assessment includes a description of Phillips Creek Watershed, historical conditions assessment, channel habitat type classification, hydrology and water use, riparian assessment, wetlands assessment, sediment sources assessment, channel modification assessment, water quality assessment, water rights assessment, fish and fish habitat assessment, upland conditions assessment – Forest, upland conditions assessment – Range, developed area assessment, noxious weeds assessment, and a watershed condition evaluation. Title: Phillips Creek Watershed Assessment Abstract -- Watershed Assessments for the Grande Ronde River Subwatersheds are being prepared for the Grande Ronde Model Watershed Program. This Watershed Assessment addresses the Phillips Creek Watershed located near Elgin, Oregon. Phillips Creek is a relatively small watershed (4th order HUC – Hydrologic Unit Classification) containing about 33 square miles or slightly over 24,000 acres. Phillips Creek empties into the Grande Ronde River in Elgin. It is an intermittent stream in some reaches, but water flows year around in other reaches. In this Assessment the main emphasis is on the nonfederal lands. The USDA Forest Service – Umatilla National Forest recently completed a watershed assessment on the National Forest area that includes Phillips, Cabin, Gordon and Dry Creeks. For more complete information on watershed condition on federal lands, please refer to the Umatilla National Forest’s Phillips-Gordon Ecosystem Analysis (PGEA). This assessment will describe the Phillips Creek watershed and help to identify the stream processes and features that are working well, and those that are not. Information that is already available from state and federal agencies as well as from private sources (including people that live in the area) will be used. Several public meetings were held to obtain information and insights from people that live in the area. The assessment will identify human’s positive and negative influences to the immediate stream environment. The assessment should provide enough information to develop project plans and monitoring plans that will help to protect and improve water quality and fish habitat in Phillips Creek and its tributaries. This assessment includes a description of Phillips Creek Watershed, historical conditions assessment, channel habitat type classification, hydrology and water use, riparian assessment, wetlands assessment, sediment sources assessment, channel modification assessment, water quality assessment, water rights assessment, fish and fish habitat assessment, upland conditions assessment – Forest, upland conditions assessment – Range, developed area assessment, noxious weeds assessment, and a watershed condition evaluation. Close

• 144. [Article] International Mekong River Basin: Events, Conflicts or Cooperation, and Policy Implications

  “International river basin is defined as an area extending over two or more states determined by the watershed limits of the system of waters, including surface and underground waters, flowing into a ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: International Mekong River Basin: Events, Conflicts or Cooperation, and Policy Implications Author: Yorth, Bunny “International river basin is defined as an area extending over two or more states determined by the watershed limits of the system of waters, including surface and underground waters, flowing into a common terminus” (Shapiro-Libai, 1969, p. 22). There are 276 international river basins providing almost 60% of global freshwater and supporting at least 40% of the world population. Over recent decades, the riparian governments of the Lancang-Mekong River, like other international river basin leaders, may have had different and sometimes conflicting interests in promoting their economies through exploiting shared water, preserving their aquatic resources, or both, in the basin. Accordingly, their interactions have created water events, which can be neutral, conflictive, or cooperative. In this secondary-data paper, there are seven levels of conflicts and seven levels of cooperation, ranging from -7 to -1 and from +1 to +7, respectively. The main discussions of this paper focus on frequencies in each level, outstanding factors found in either conflicts or cooperation of the events, and policy implications. The 190 events from 1952 to 2010 in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin are found to be overwhelmingly cooperative. The result means that six riparian governments – China, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam – would like to work together. However, these nations will need to do more, especially relating to three outstanding factors found in the conflictive events: dam development, navigation projects, and droughts. In addition, memberships of both China and Burma are strongly needed in the Mekong River Committee (MRC). Title: International Mekong River Basin: Events, Conflicts or Cooperation, and Policy Implications Author: Yorth, Bunny “International river basin is defined as an area extending over two or more states determined by the watershed limits of the system of waters, including surface and underground waters, flowing into a common terminus” (Shapiro-Libai, 1969, p. 22). There are 276 international river basins providing almost 60% of global freshwater and supporting at least 40% of the world population. Over recent decades, the riparian governments of the Lancang-Mekong River, like other international river basin leaders, may have had different and sometimes conflicting interests in promoting their economies through exploiting shared water, preserving their aquatic resources, or both, in the basin. Accordingly, their interactions have created water events, which can be neutral, conflictive, or cooperative. In this secondary-data paper, there are seven levels of conflicts and seven levels of cooperation, ranging from -7 to -1 and from +1 to +7, respectively. The main discussions of this paper focus on frequencies in each level, outstanding factors found in either conflicts or cooperation of the events, and policy implications. The 190 events from 1952 to 2010 in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin are found to be overwhelmingly cooperative. The result means that six riparian governments – China, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam – would like to work together. However, these nations will need to do more, especially relating to three outstanding factors found in the conflictive events: dam development, navigation projects, and droughts. In addition, memberships of both China and Burma are strongly needed in the Mekong River Committee (MRC). Close

• 145. [Article] The effects of water velocity on the Ceratomyxa shasta infectious cycle

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The article can be found ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of water velocity on the Ceratomyxa shasta infectious cycle Author: Bartholomew, Jerri L., Bjork, Sarah J. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2761. Title: The effects of water velocity on the Ceratomyxa shasta infectious cycle Author: Bartholomew, Jerri L., Bjork, Sarah J. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2761. Close

• 146. [Article] A farm-level economic analysis of water-conserving irrigation systems and commercial agricultural water transfers to instream flows in central Oregon

  The middle Deschutes River between Bend, Oregon and Lake Billy Chinook typically experiences critically low flows during the irrigation season. Commercial agriculture in the North Unit Irrigation District ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A farm-level economic analysis of water-conserving irrigation systems and commercial agricultural water transfers to instream flows in central Oregon Author: Turner, Brenda The middle Deschutes River between Bend, Oregon and Lake Billy Chinook typically experiences critically low flows during the irrigation season. Commercial agriculture in the North Unit Irrigation District and Central Oregon Irrigation District is one major user of Deschutes River water. The overall objective of this research was to estimate the cost to transfer water from commercial agriculture operations to instream flow use assuming a water market existed. Two methods of providing water within commercial agriculture were considered; 1) lining irrigation district canals that supply water to farms and 2) changing on-farm water use. On-farm practices include adopting water conserving irrigation technologies and involvement in Oregon's water conservation program. Supply curves were generated for these alternatives assuming expected and alternative streamfiow levels. Results indicated that changing crop rotations, adopting water conserving technologies and participating in Oregon's conservation program were used, depending on the market price for water. Canal lining, however, was generally the most cost-effective means of providing water to enhance flows in the middle Deschutes River. Title: A farm-level economic analysis of water-conserving irrigation systems and commercial agricultural water transfers to instream flows in central Oregon Author: Turner, Brenda The middle Deschutes River between Bend, Oregon and Lake Billy Chinook typically experiences critically low flows during the irrigation season. Commercial agriculture in the North Unit Irrigation District and Central Oregon Irrigation District is one major user of Deschutes River water. The overall objective of this research was to estimate the cost to transfer water from commercial agriculture operations to instream flow use assuming a water market existed. Two methods of providing water within commercial agriculture were considered; 1) lining irrigation district canals that supply water to farms and 2) changing on-farm water use. On-farm practices include adopting water conserving irrigation technologies and involvement in Oregon's water conservation program. Supply curves were generated for these alternatives assuming expected and alternative streamfiow levels. Results indicated that changing crop rotations, adopting water conserving technologies and participating in Oregon's conservation program were used, depending on the market price for water. Canal lining, however, was generally the most cost-effective means of providing water to enhance flows in the middle Deschutes River. Close

• 147. [Image] CLEAR LAKE - Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M.

  	KP-2506-R2-Klamath Project - CLEAR LAKE - Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. This shows the two enlargements in the fracture channel. The water actually flows into ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: CLEAR LAKE - Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bunger, D.E. Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2506-R2-Klamath Project - CLEAR LAKE - Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. This shows the two enlargements in the fracture channel. The water actually flows into the ground at the south end of the pond which has the shovel in it; September 28, 1959; Photo by D.E. Bunger Title: CLEAR LAKE - Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bunger, D.E. Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2506-R2-Klamath Project - CLEAR LAKE - Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. This shows the two enlargements in the fracture channel. The water actually flows into the ground at the south end of the pond which has the shovel in it; September 28, 1959; Photo by D.E. Bunger Close

• 148. [Article] Floodplains: Balancing Nature and Human Needs

  For countless years, the interaction between climatic conditions and water flow has forged the rolling hills and rivers in the metroscape. The floods that forced a deluge of water down the Columbia River ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Floodplains: Balancing Nature and Human Needs Author: Shandas, Vivek, Merrick, Meg Year: 2008 For countless years, the interaction between climatic conditions and water flow has forged the rolling hills and rivers in the metroscape. The floods that forced a deluge of water down the Columbia River between 13 and 17 thousand years ago established the fertile and absorptive landscape of the Willamette Valley. The lush vegetation controlled the regional climate and stabilized the soils, while the thirsty wetlands reduced flood potential, provided habitat, and purified the water. Over geological time, these natural processes have created ideal conditions for humans. The Pacific Northwest was home to some of the most densely populated communities of Native Americans, due partly to mild climate, plentiful water, and abundant sources of food and shelter. In the 19th century, Anglo settlers flooded the region for the same amenities, which continues to create ideal conditions for all that the region is known for today, including hiking, kayaking, and sailing - not to mention the provision of climate, topography, and fertile soils for growing some of the world?s best wines! Land surveys from the 1860s suggest that the current form of the metroscape started to take shape at the end of the 19th century. The conifers, alders, and maples that covered the region were slowly removed to make way for new urban settlements, and wetlands were drained to create farms and agricultural areas. In this atlas, we journey 140 years into the past to examine how and where the metroscape has changed. Our aim is to illustrate historic flooding of the region, and ponder what changes might mean to its future. Title: Floodplains: Balancing Nature and Human Needs Author: Shandas, Vivek, Merrick, Meg Year: 2008 For countless years, the interaction between climatic conditions and water flow has forged the rolling hills and rivers in the metroscape. The floods that forced a deluge of water down the Columbia River between 13 and 17 thousand years ago established the fertile and absorptive landscape of the Willamette Valley. The lush vegetation controlled the regional climate and stabilized the soils, while the thirsty wetlands reduced flood potential, provided habitat, and purified the water. Over geological time, these natural processes have created ideal conditions for humans. The Pacific Northwest was home to some of the most densely populated communities of Native Americans, due partly to mild climate, plentiful water, and abundant sources of food and shelter. In the 19th century, Anglo settlers flooded the region for the same amenities, which continues to create ideal conditions for all that the region is known for today, including hiking, kayaking, and sailing - not to mention the provision of climate, topography, and fertile soils for growing some of the world?s best wines! Land surveys from the 1860s suggest that the current form of the metroscape started to take shape at the end of the 19th century. The conifers, alders, and maples that covered the region were slowly removed to make way for new urban settlements, and wetlands were drained to create farms and agricultural areas. In this atlas, we journey 140 years into the past to examine how and where the metroscape has changed. Our aim is to illustrate historic flooding of the region, and ponder what changes might mean to its future. Close

• 149. [Article] The changing carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Oceanography Society and can be found at: www.tos.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The changing carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean Author: Takahashi, Taro, Newberger, Timothy, Goddard, John G., Chipman, David W., Sweeney, Colm, Hales, Burke, Sutherland, Stewart C., Iannuzzi, Richard A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Oceanography Society and can be found at: www.tos.org/. Title: The changing carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean Author: Takahashi, Taro, Newberger, Timothy, Goddard, John G., Chipman, David W., Sweeney, Colm, Hales, Burke, Sutherland, Stewart C., Iannuzzi, Richard A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Oceanography Society and can be found at: www.tos.org/. Close

• 150. [Article] A closed root environment for plant production

  Thesis research focused on: 1) Water and fertilizer gradients within the plant root zone, and effects of chemical and physical gradients on Trichoderma harzianum populations. 2) Regulation of root growth ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A closed root environment for plant production Author: Blackburn, Bryan (Bryan Keith), 1955- Thesis research focused on: 1) Water and fertilizer gradients within the plant root zone, and effects of chemical and physical gradients on Trichoderma harzianum populations. 2) Regulation of root growth physically with permeable fabric containers and chemically with copper compounds. 3) Effects of copper coatings for fabric containers on Glomus intraradix vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and plant growth. Notable results were: 1) Potassium and nitrate movement in the medium was slower than would occur by diffusion in water; therefore, movement can be explained by diffusion alone. Lack of visible water-stress symptoms, plant height, and shoot dry weights and fresh weights indicate that water flow rates were adequate to meet the demand of plant transpiration. Populations of T. harzianum increased with increasing concentrations of K⁺ and NO₃, and populations were higher when a corn plant was present. 2) A nonwoven polypropylene fabric container physically prevented root penetration, and reduced, but did not eliminate root circling. A Cu(OH)₂-latex paint suspension applied to the fabric containers increased root density, and improved root distribution. Neither the fabric container nor the copper treatment had an adverse effect on plant growth. 3) Treating fabric root pouches with either copper treatment, Spinout or Texcide, significantly increased the percentage of corn root length colonized by the VA endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradix without adversely affecting plant shoot growth. Both copper treatments significantly increased the root density and root distribution in the pouches. Title: A closed root environment for plant production Author: Blackburn, Bryan (Bryan Keith), 1955- Thesis research focused on: 1) Water and fertilizer gradients within the plant root zone, and effects of chemical and physical gradients on Trichoderma harzianum populations. 2) Regulation of root growth physically with permeable fabric containers and chemically with copper compounds. 3) Effects of copper coatings for fabric containers on Glomus intraradix vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and plant growth. Notable results were: 1) Potassium and nitrate movement in the medium was slower than would occur by diffusion in water; therefore, movement can be explained by diffusion alone. Lack of visible water-stress symptoms, plant height, and shoot dry weights and fresh weights indicate that water flow rates were adequate to meet the demand of plant transpiration. Populations of T. harzianum increased with increasing concentrations of K⁺ and NO₃, and populations were higher when a corn plant was present. 2) A nonwoven polypropylene fabric container physically prevented root penetration, and reduced, but did not eliminate root circling. A Cu(OH)₂-latex paint suspension applied to the fabric containers increased root density, and improved root distribution. Neither the fabric container nor the copper treatment had an adverse effect on plant growth. 3) Treating fabric root pouches with either copper treatment, Spinout or Texcide, significantly increased the percentage of corn root length colonized by the VA endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradix without adversely affecting plant shoot growth. Both copper treatments significantly increased the root density and root distribution in the pouches. Close